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Alien_hand_syndrome
Alien hand syndrome
Alien hand syndrome (anarchic hand or Dr. Strangelove syndrome) is an unusual neurological disorder, in which one of the sufferer's hands seems to take on a mind of its own. AHS is best documented in cases where a person has had the two hemispheres of their brain surgically separated, a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of epilepsy. It also occurs in some cases after other brain surgery, strokes, or infections.
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1 Symptoms
2 Subtypes
3 Explanatory theories
4 Proposed strategies for treatment
5 Cultural references
An alien hand sufferer can feel normal sensation in the hand, but believes that the hand, while still being a part of their body, behaves in a manner that is totally distinct from the sufferer's normal behavior. They feel that they have no control over the movements of the 'alien' hand, but that, instead, the hand has the capability of acting independent of their conscious voluntary control. Alien hands can perform complex acts such as undoing buttons, removing clothing, and manipulation of tools. Alien behavior can be distinguished from reflexive behavior in that the former is flexibly purposive while the latter is obligatory. Sometimes the sufferer will not be aware of what the alien hand is doing until it is brought to his or her attention, or until the hand does something that draws their attention to its behavior.
A related syndrome described by the French neurologist Francois L'Hermitte involves the release through disinhibition of a tendency to compulsively utilize objects that present themselves in the surrounding environment around the patient. The behavior of the patient is, in a sense, obligatorily linked to the "affordances" (using terminology introduced by the American ecological psychologist, J.J. Gibson) presented by objects that are located within the immediate environment. This condition, termed "Utilization Behavior", is most often associated with extensive bilateral frontal lobe damage and might actually be thought of as "bilateral" Alien Hand Syndrome in which the patient is compulsively directed by external environmental contingencies (e.g., the presence of a hairbrush on the table in front of them) and has no capacity to "hold back" and inhibit pre-potent motor programs that are obligatorily linked to the presence of specific external objects in the peri-personal space of the patient. When the frontal lobe damage is bilateral and generally more extensive, the patient completely loses the ability to act in a self-directed manner and becomes totally dependent upon the surrounding environmental indicators to guide their behavior, a condition also identified by L'Hermitte, and referred to as "Environmental Dependency Syndrome".
Sufferers of Alien Hand will often personify the rogue limb, for example believing it "possessed" by some intelligent or alien spirit or entity that they may name or identify, and may fight or punish it in an attempt to control it. There is a clear distinction between the behaviors of the two hands in which the affected hand is viewed as "wayward" and sometimes "disobedient" and generally out of the realm of their own voluntary control, while the unaffected hand is under normal volitional control. At times, particularly in patients who have sustained damage to the corpus callosum that connects the two cerebral hemispheres (see also split-brain), the hands appear to be acting in opposition to each other. For example, one patient was observed putting a cigarette into her mouth with her intact, 'controlled' hand (her right, dominant hand), following which her alien, non-dominant, left hand came up to grasp the cigarette, pull the cigarette out of her mouth, and toss it away before it could be lit by the controlled, dominant, right hand. The patient then surmised that "I guess 'he' doesn't want me to smoke that cigarette". This type of problem has been termed "intermanual conflict" or "diagonistic apraxia".
This condition has been thought to provide a fascinating window into the nature of human consciousness as it relates to voluntary action, processes underlying decision making and conscious volition, as well as the general nature of human agency and intentionality. Besides its relevancy to the understanding of the neurobiologic basis of human action, these observations would appear to have significant relevance for the general philosophy of action. In that the recognition of this condition depends upon linking an observation of a particular behavior--the appearance of a purposeful limb behavior--to either a direct report or inference regarding the experience of the actor in the course of producing the movement, and then correlating this relation to brain pathophysiology, alien hand syndrome and its study may be viewed as within the purview of neurophenomenology.
Subtypes
There are several distinct subtypes of Alien Hand that appear to be associated with specific types of triggering brain injury. Damage to the corpus callosum can give rise to "purposeful" actions in the sufferer's non-dominant hand (a right-handed sufferer's left hand will turn alien, and the right hand will turn alien in the left-handed) as well as a problem termed "intermanual conflict" in which the two hands appear to be directed at opposing purposes, whereas unilateral injury to the brain's frontal lobe can trigger reaching, grasping and other purposeful movements in the contralateral hand. With frontal lobe injury, these movements are often exploratory reaching movements in which external objects are frequently grasped and utilized functionally, without the simultaneous perception on the part of the patient that they are "in control" of these movements. Once an object is maintained in the grasp of the "frontal" form of alien hand, the patient often has difficulty with voluntarily releasing the object from grasp and can sometimes be seen to be peeling the fingers of the hand back off the grasped object using the opposite controlled hand to enable the release of the grasped object.
A distinct "posterior" form of alien hand syndrome is associated with damage to the parietal lobe and/or occipital lobe of the brain. The movements in this situation tend to be more likely to withdraw the palmar surface of the hand away from environmental contact rather than reaching out to grasp onto objects to produce palmar tactile stimulation, as is most often seen in the frontal form of the condition. Alien movements in the posterior form of the syndrome also tend to be less coordinated and show a coarse ataxic motion that is generally not observed in the frontal form of the condition. The alien limb in the posterior form of the syndrome may be seen to 'levitate' upward and away from contact surfaces. Alien hand movement in the posterior form may show a typical posture, sometimes referred to as a 'parietal hand' or 'instinctive avoidance reaction' (a term introduced by neurologist Derek Denny-Brown), in which the digits move into a fully extended position and the palmar surface is pulled back away from approaching objects. The 'alien' movements, however, remain purposeful and goal-directed, a point which clearly differentiates these movements from other forms of involuntary limb movement (e.g., chorea, or myoclonus). In both the frontal and the posterior forms of the alien hand syndrome, the patient's reactions to the limb's apparent capability to perform goal-directed actions independent of conscious volition is similar.
Patients thus will often indicate that the apparently purposeful movements of the alien hand are "wayward" or "disobedient", in that they are not being generated through the exertion of their own voluntary will or directed toward goals that have been consciously produced, but, instead, the alien hand appears to behave independent of conscious will, effectively "on its own". The alien hand may even engage in socially inappropriate behavior in a public venue causing significant embarrassment and distress. Patients may react with dismay and concern at the ability of the hand to perform purposeful actions that are independent of their own sense of control over the movement, a phenomenon termed "auto-criticism".
Alternatively, they may attribute the forces initiating and controlling these purposeful movements to some external being that is somehow "alien" to their self-perceived being. For example, a particularly religious woman with alien hand syndrome, when asked who or what was actually controlling the alien movements of her hand, replied that "God must be doing all of that". Some patients choose to "personify" the hand and dissociate themselves from the behavior of the hand by giving it a proper name and attributing to it a separate and distinct personality and personhood. They may choose to "hold back" these unwanted "alien" movements and behaviors by grasping and constraining the "wayward" hand with the controlled contralateral hand, an action that has been termed "self-restriction" or "self-grasping". Injuries to the cerebral cortex can give rise to aimless movements of either hand, and more complex alien hand movements are usually associated with brain tumors, aneurysm or stroke. Such alien movements and behaviors can also be seen in progressive degenerative diseases that produce a process of steady disintegration within the central nervous system, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, and corticobasal degeneration.
Explanatory theories
Alien hand syndrome is due to damage in the medial motor frontal region of the brain.
It is theorized that Alien Hand Syndrome results when disconnection occurs between different parts of the brain that are engaged in different aspects of the control of bodily movement. As a result, different regions of the brain are able to command bodily movements, but cannot generate a conscious feeling of self-control over these movements. There is thus a dissociation between the process associated with the actual execution of the physical movements of the limb and the process that produces an internal sense of voluntary control over the movements, with this latter process thus creating the internal conscious sensation that the movements are being internally initiated, controlled and produced by an active self. This may involve an abnormality in the brain mechanism that differentiates between "re-afference" (i.e., the return of kinesthetic sensation from the self-generated 'active' limb movement) and "ex-afference" (i.e., kinesthetic sensation generated from an externally-produced 'passive' limb movement).
One theory posed to explain these phenomena proposes that the brain has separable neural "premotor" or "agency" systems for managing the process of transforming intent into overt action. A medial frontal system is engaged in the process of directing exploratory actions based on "internal" drive by releasing or reducing inhibitory control over such actions. Damage to this system produces disinhibition and release of such actions which then occur autonomously. A lateral parieto-occipital system has a similar inhibitory control over actions that withdraw from environmental stimuli as well as the ability to excite actions that are contingent upon and driven by external stimulation, as distinct from internal drive. These two hemispheric systems interact through mutual inhibition that maintains a balance between responding to and withdrawing from environmental stimuli in the behavior of the contralateral limbs. Together, these hemispheric agency systems form an integrated intrahemispheric agency system.
When the medial frontal component system is damaged, involuntary but purposive movements of an exploratory reach-and-grasp nature are released in the contralateral limb. When the posterior parieto-occipital system is damaged, involuntary purposive movements of a release-and-retract nature are released. Furthermore, each intrahemispheric agency system has the capability of acting autonomously in its control over the contralateral limb although unitary control is maintained through interhemispheric communication between these systems via the corpus callosum at the cortical level and other interhemispheric commissures linking the two hemispheres at the subcortical level. Thus, human agency can be thought of as emerging through the linked and coordinated action of at least four major agency systems, two in each hemisphere.
The critical difference between the two hemispheres, however, is the connection between the agency system in the dominant hemisphere and the encoding system based primarily in the dominant hemisphere that links action production and interpretation with language. Thus, the overarching unitary agent that emerges in the intact brain is based primarily in the dominant hemisphere and is closely connected to the organization of language capacity. It is proposed that while action precedes linguistic capacity during development, a process ensues through the course of development through which linguistic constructs are linked to action elements in order to produce a language-based encoding of action-oriented knowledge. Through this process of basically "telling oneself a story" about how an act occurs, a language-based "action-capable" self is constructed.
When there is a major disconnection between the two hemispheres resulting from callosal injury, the language-linked dominant hemisphere agent which maintains its primary control over the dominant limb effectively loses its direct and linked control over the separate "agent" based in the nondominant hemisphere (and, thus, the nondominant limb), which had been previously responsive and "obedient" to the dominant agent. The possibility of purposeful action occurring outside of the realm of influence of the dominant agent, thus can occur and the basic assumption that both hands are controlled through and subject to the dominant agent is proven incorrect. A new explanatory "story" is thus necessitated.
Under such circumstances, the two agents therefore can direct actions in the two limbs that are directed at opposing purposes although the dominant hand remains linked to the dominant agent and is thus viewed as continuing to be under "conscious control" and obedient to conscious will, while the nondominant hand is no longer "tied in" to the dominant agent and is thus identified by the conscious language-based dominant agent as having a separate and alien agency. This theory would explain the emergence of alien behavior in the nondominant limb and intermanual conflict between the two limbs in the presence of damage to the corpus callosum. The distinct frontal and posterior forms of the alien hand syndrome would be explained by selective injury to either the frontal or the posterior agency systems within a particular hemisphere, with the alien behavior developing in the limb contralateral to the damaged hemisphere.
Proposed strategies for treatment
Although there is no known formal (primary) treatment for Alien Hand Syndrome at this time, the symptoms can be reduced and managed to some degree by keeping the alien hand occupied and involved in a task, for example by giving it an object to hold in its grasp. Also, specific learned tasks can restore voluntary control of the hand to a significant degree. For example, one patient with the "frontal" form of alien hand who would reach out to grasp onto different objects (e.g., door handles) as he was walking, was given a cane to hold in the alien hand while walking, even though he really did not need a cane for its usual purpose of assisting with balance and facilitating ambulation. With the cane firmly in the grasp of the alien hand, it would generally not release the grasp and drop the cane in order to reach out to grasp onto a different object. Thus, different strategies can be employed to reduce the interference of the alien hand behavior on the ongoing coherent controlled actions of the patient.
Furthermore, in the presence of unilateral damage to a single cerebral hemisphere, there is generally a gradual reduction in the frequency of alien behaviors observed over time and a gradual restoration of voluntary control over the affected hand, suggesting that neuroplasticity in the bihemispheric and subcortical brain systems involved in voluntary movement production can serve to re-establish the connection between the executive production process and the internal self-generation and registration process. Exactly how this may occur is not well-understood but a process of gradual recovery from alien hand syndrome when the damage involves a single hemisphere has been reported.
In another approach, the patient is trained to perform a specific task, such as moving the alien hand to contact a specific object or a highly salient environmental target, which is a movement that the patient can learn to generate voluntarily through training in order to effectively override the alien behavior. Yet another approach involves simultaneously "muffling" the action of the alien hand and limiting the sensory feedback coming back to the hand from environmental contact by placing it in a restrictive "cloak" such as a specialized soft foam hand orthosis or, alternatively, an everyday oven mitt. Of course, this then limits the degree to which the hand can subserve functional goals for the patient. Theoretically, this approach could slow down the process through which voluntary control of the hand is restored if the neuroplasticity that underlies recovery involves the exercise of voluntary will to control the actions of the hand in a functional context.
There is a deep human fascination with the possibility of dissociation of intent from action/behavior and its implications. This is because of the deeply held belief in "common-sense" psychology regarding the unitary nature of behavior (i.e. that there is a single 'agent' within a single being generally built into its central nervous system) and the necessity for being able to hold a person (i.e., conscious behaving human agent) directly responsible for the production and therefore the consequences of his actions produced through the physical movement of his body segments. When this general "rule" or widely held belief regarding nature is transgressed by nature, the recognition of such disturbance has significant impact. Hence, the potential to move and entertain us and to be picked up and incorporated into various cultural references and fictional accounts that derive from a core of truth and observed reality.
The movie Body Parts (1991), starring Jeff Fahey, has the lead character lose his arm in an accident, only to have it replaced with the arm of a death row inmate. Soon after, he realizes that the arm has a mind of its own, only to watch in horror as mayhem ensues.
In the movie Mad Love (1935) starring Peter Lorre, a pianist's hands are replaced with those of a murderer and take on a life of their own.
In The Beast with Five Fingers (1946) a pianist's hand moves independently and malevolently. (The film's score includes classical music arranged for the left hand.)
In the movie The Fly (1958) Al (David) Hedison's human right arm is replaced with a fly's right 'arm' which tries to act against his will.
The character Dr. Strangelove in the movie Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb suffers from the syndrome. His hand seems to act in a more complex manner, so that it acts in accordance with his subconscious urges (e.g. punching himself in the face, giving a Hitler salute when he speaks about eugenics).
The character Ash in the Evil Dead series of movies is forced to cut his hand off with a chainsaw because it has been (quite literally) possessed by evil, and has taken on a life of its own.
Mentioned in the Elliott Smith documentary film Strange Parallel as it relates to Elliott's paranoia of futuristic "robot hands" that control themselves.
In Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, virtuoso gunman Revolver Ocelot suffers from an alien arm controlled by the dispossessed personality of its original owner, Liquid Snake. On several occasions the arm takes complete control of his body.
Anton Tobias's (Devon Sawa) hand is possessed in the movie Idle Hands (1999).
In Clive Barker's short story "The Body Politic", the hands of several people start a rebellion against their human hosts which leads to a full-scale massacre when more hands join this revolution.
In Ray Bradbury's short story "Fever Dream", the main character contracts a disease which slowly takes over the use of his body, beginning with his right hand.
In Angel's episode "Dead End", Lindsey McDonald's new hand begins to write "kill" by itself. The hand is not possessed, only psychically linked to its original owner, who wants to be killed.
In The Angry Beavers, Scientist No.1 was once transformed into a beaver by one of his own experiments. In addition to his new form, he also had a "possessed hand".
In The Shadow of the Torturer by Gene Wolfe, the Chatelaine Thecla is sentenced to punishment by a device known as "the Revolutionary", the effect of which is to make her hands take on a seeming life of their own and cause self-injury.
In the movies and television series depicting the adventures of the The Addams Family, "Thing", an invention of originator Charles Addams, is a "disembodied" hand which takes on a life and flamboyant personality of its own, without any apparent central nervous system directing its actions. The notion is taken to the extent of one disembodied hand developing amorous feelings directed at another: Thing develops a 'thing' for Cousin Millie's 'hand-maiden' (another disembodied hand known as Lady Fingers), creating a new connotation to the idea of "holding hands".
See also the comedic potential of dissociation concepts and the invasion of 'alien' control over directed behavior in Steve Martin's work in The Man with Two Brains and All of Me. Martin studied as a college philosophy major in preparation for these roles.
Can also be found in a scene from Liar, Liar as depicted by Jim Carrey.
In the Futurama episode "The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings," Fry exchanges his hands for those of the Robot Devil, which immediately try to strangle him. The Devil is also afflicted with the syndrome- "These things are always touching me in places!"
In the first season of Red Dwarf, Rimmer's hologram is altered to have the arm of Peterson, who always disliked Rimmer. Rimmer is promptly poked in the eyes, then punched in the groin.
In the 1981 film The Hand with Michael Caine, a comic book artist loses his hand in a car accident, after which the hand starts leading a life of its own.
In the 1987 novel Peace on Earth by Stanisław Lem, the main character Ijon Tichy's left hand appears to be connected to an alternative personality inside Ijon's brain and is even able to communicate that personality's thoughts through Morse Code tapping.
In Harry Harrison's 1965 book Bill, the Galactic Hero, the eponymous character has lost his left arm, and has it replaced with his dead friend's right arm. While this allows him to salute with both arms, his arm occasionally performs actions according to its previous owner's wishes, such as punching superior officers, much to Bill's horror.
In Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke, Ashitaka is cursed with a mark on his arm when he saves his village from a demon. When he experiences rage, the cursed arm often appears to act violently of its own accord, giving Ashitaka superhuman strength, but causing the mark (and the curse) to spread.
Hannah and Patricia's One act features a character named Hunter Thomas, who is plagued by Alien Hand Syndrome.
In the episode Fat Butt and Pancake Head in the South Park TV series, Cartman has a hand puppet on his left hand, "Ms. Lopez", who takes on a glamorous life of her own and creates a conflict of wills between Cartman and "Ms. Lopez" that peaks when Ben Affleck makes sexual advances on "Ms. Lopez," much to Cartman's dismay. There is a brief moment where Cartman is arguing with his hand and "they" are both shouting over each other. The close captioning at this point says "Both" when Cartman is arguing with his own hand, a hand that has been effectively transformed into the very independent and audacious "Ms. Lopez."
In The Simpsons Ralph Wiggum seems to have this, along with several other neurological disorders. In one episode, Ralph is seen to have his finger stab him in the eye, to which he replies "You've betrayed me for the last time!" and going to cut off his finger with a pair of scissors. Ralph was originally about to pick his nose when this happened. It is most likely that Ralph (being unintelligent) merely missed his nose and poked himself in the eye out of voluntary movement rather than involuntary movement.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Wormtail's silver hand given to him by Voldemort turns on Wormtail himself and strangles him, apparently because Wormtail owed his life to Harry.
Body integrity identity disorder
Split-brain
Categories: Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD | Syndromes
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Alien_hand_syndrome". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Alien_hand_syndrome.html


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Is health dependent on more than race and socioeconomic status?
In class, we have watched several short films that suggest that socioeconomic status and an individual's environment play a large role in determining health. What struck me was the last piece of information we looked at in class on Tuesday; the Hispanic paradox. This paradox seemed to suggest that even though Black and Hispanic Americans are both minorities who share lower socioeconomic statuses in our country, there is an alarming difference in the health of African Americans and Hispanics. On average, Hispanics tend to be healthier. This has nothing to do with race, African citizens from Africa tend to have better health in Africa than most Blacks here in the United States. The short film we watched suggested that culture and interpersonal relationships had something to do with determining health. I found this very interesting because there are theories in sociology that discuss the nature of individuals who are isolated from a community and how it affects them. Hispanics have a tight knit culture and often times older family members stay with their children rather than being left alone or forced into nursing homes. Other than strong social bonds, how else does Hispanic culture compared to African American culture tie into health? What other differences affect African Americans?


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HomeNewsJewellery shop owner reveals how he disarmed man swinging an axe in Ramsgate town centre
Jewellery shop owner reveals how he disarmed man swinging an axe in Ramsgate town centre
HEROIC: Simon Johnson
A Ramsgate jewellery shop owner risked his own life to disarm a man with an axe who had terrified shoppers in the town centre.
Simon Johnson, who runs The Gold and Silver Mine in Harbour Street, stepped into action last Wednesday (April 17) after being told of the commotion by a fellow trader.
The 52-year-old, from Manston, said: "He told me there was a guy walking around the streets, waving an axe around and a lot of people were distressed.
"I looked out and could see people at the bottom of the street looking round, on their phones to, I think, the police, or just getting out of the way.
"So, I went out and my friend Adrian (Chang) came with me as I wanted a witness, and I saw this girl screaming and shouting that the man had an axe."
Simon and Adrian (pictured below) followed the man as he made his way up Madeira Walk and then back through to La Belle Alliance.
Simon said: "He was swinging the axe to and fro. I picked up a steel bar from someone's garden and put it behind my back so I could follow him until he was cornered.
"He went through the Camden Park and definitely seemed to want to intimidate people. Then we went along and down Artillery Road but there were still people about."
Cornered
Eventually the man turned into Brights Place and Simon knew he would be able to corner him.
He said: "He was about half way down and I shouted to him to put down the axe. He said 'mind your own business' but I told him again to put it down and circled around him, getting Adrian to stand back so he could keep an eye on what was happening.
"He was backed into a corner and I pulled the steel bar out and told him to drop the axe so I could take it away. He waved it in the air so I lifted the bar up and that's when he decided to drop it. I put the steel bar up against his chest and then picked up the axe."
At this point police were on the scene and arrested the man.
'He needed to be stopped'
Simon got a severe telling off from his wife Linda but says it was something he felt he had to do, He said: "That axe was a good 16 inches long. If he lost control people could have been injured or even killed. He had to understand that he was not walking off anywhere with that axe, he needed to be stopped."
Police arrested a 43-year-old man on suspicion of the possession of an offensive weapon.
The man, of no fixed address, received a caution for possessing an axe in a public place without good reason or lawful authority.
He has since been released.
Prison for Thanet and Dover tobacco thieves who amassed £235,000
Van seized in Dreamland flytipping investigation
Hmmm . . I do not understand . . .
I thought that carrying a knife in a public place was a serious offence for which there was a mandatory prison sentence – especially if used or displayed in a threatening and intimidating manner.
However – it appears ok to be waving an axe about as is far less serious "cos you get let off with a caution. Let's hope the miscreant does not maim or kill somebody next time eh ?
I suppose Mr Johnson should consider himself lucky he did not get arrested for carrying an offensive weapon. I doubt Mr Johnson will bother wasting his time facing down someone waving an axe about next time he sees one – and who could name him ?
Please accept my thanks and appreciation for what you did Mr J.
I don't think you can presume what a public spirited individual might or might not do in the future.
This is the same event as the one in which someone posted a message on Facebook saying there was a man with an axe walking round town. When the poster was asked if she'd phoned the police, she asked "What's the point?"
The point is, if the police don't know, they can't do anything.
Liberal judges, politicians and social workers are giving the thugs and scum the upper hand. It's about time that the judges and solicitors who keep scum like this on the streets are then punished themselves when the scum they protect then reoffend. The criminal justice system is out of touch with public opinion and needs reorganising, the vast majority of the public want scum like this locked up for years not given a pathetic police caution that means nothing.
Until the liberals in the criminal justice system who believe that every criminal is a result of the system are replaced by real people, the criminals and scum will continue to commit crimes and make ordinary people afraid to go out at night.
Christine Philpott
I totally agree with comments made by 'Concerned'. Our Justice system is so weak and ineffectual with the Police unwillingly to get involved. What a pathetic society we live in, commit a crime, seriously threaten innocent people and all you get is a 'slap on the wrist'.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Infinite Scrolling of dynamic data with ionic 1 and angular js 1 How can I do infinite scrolling in ionic 1 and angular js 1 with dynamic data (Http request)from database ?

A: HTML :
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For the first time GetDefault is called after scrolling GetLoadMore will be called with page =2 and limit=10 with next 10 new data.
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  });

  $scope.loadMore = function() {
    CountryService.GetLoadMore().then(function(items){
      $scope.items = $scope.items.concat(items);
      if(items.length>0)
      {
        $scope.$broadcast('scroll.infiniteScrollComplete'); // If has data then load more
      }
      else
      {
        $scope.hasData=0;      // If no more data to load
      }

    });
  };
 })
.factory('CountryService',
            ['$http','serviceconfig',function($http,serviceconfig){
    var items = [];
    var page =1;

    var formdata = {limit:serviceconfig.showlimit,page:page};

return {
    GetDefault: function(){
      formdata = {limit:serviceconfig.showlimit,page:page};
      return $http.post(serviceconfig.serviceUrl+ "all-countries",formdata).then(function(response){

        if(response.data.status==1)
          {
            items = response.data.countries;
          }
          else
          {
            items =[];
          }
        return items;
      });
    },
    GetLoadMore: function(){
      formdata = {limit:serviceconfig.showlimit,page:page};
      return $http.post(serviceconfig.serviceUrl+ "all-countries",formdata).then(function(response){
        page = page+1;
        if(response.data.status==1)
          {
            items = response.data.countries;
          }
          else
          {
            items =[];
          }
        return items;
      });
    }
  }
}]);

Config.js For configuration
In this config.js I set the server url and limit, how many data I want to fetch from server each scroll. 'configService' service I inject in my js controller.
angular.module('starter.configService', [])
.service('serviceconfig',function(){
 this.serviceUrl='http://192.168.1.116/ionicserver/service/';
 this.showlimit=10;
})

PHP SERVER SITE CODE:
I am using php laravel 5.1. So this is my php controller function for getting county list by  below function
public function postAllCountries() // Countries
    {
        $data = Request::all();
        $limit= $data['limit'];
        $page = $data['page'];
        $offset = ($page - 1) * $limit;
        $countries = Country::where('id','>',0)->take($limit)->skip($offset);
        $countries = $countries->get()->toArray();
        if(!empty($countries))
        {
            echo json_encode(array('status'=>1,'msg'=>'Successfully Registered','countries'=>$countries));
        }
        else
        {
          echo json_encode(array('status'=>0,'msg'=>'No data found'));
        }
        exit;
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This program gives you two different options. You do not have to re-encrypt your documents in order to completely remove any password protection in this file and retrieve another missing password.
Sometimes sudden important information suddenly lose memory and PDF password recovery sometimes take care of everything for you.


Why ASAP Locksmith Manhattan Beach?
There are increasing number of businesses reporting breeches in security or mismanaged security leading to unwanted situations and losses.
It can be stressful and an exhausting experience to contact multiple locksmith services around you to help you solve your problems.
There are so many locksmiths but not all are able to fully understand the needs of businesses and offer the best solutions and quality services.
ASAP Locksmith Manhattan Beach is one such expert service provider that delivers quick and quality services in an affordable and convenient manner. Just call and get assured results!
Locksmith services in Manhattan Beach are in high demand, In the fast paced life it is very easy to lose and misplace things.
Running from one place to another with many issues pressing our mind, more and more people are sharing their experience of losing or misplacing essential things.
One of the most commonly lost/misplaced things is one's house key! Now that's a situation many of us have been in and it is not the best situation to be in! It can be stressful and an exhausting experience to tumble through all your bags and pockets to look for that one tiny key to your home.
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text:
Q: Suggest template for Joomla membership site I need to build a membership site using Joomla 2.5
For membership I'm using Membership Pro plugin from ossolutions team.
Please suggest me a premium template to use with Joomla 2.5 for membership.

A: I would strongly suggest looking through the Yootheme and Rockettheme websites. I have always used their templates for my websites and always will.
Yootheme Demo site: http://www.yootheme.com/demo/
Rockettheme Demo site: http://demo.rockettheme.com/
I just find they bring a certain uniqueness to Joomla template designs and their support has always been first class.


text:
Douglas Lee Baker (born April 3, 1961) is a former infielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) player who played with the Detroit Tigers from 1984–1987 and the Minnesota Twins from 1988–1990.  Baker played in 136 Major League games and had a .207 batting average with 51 hits, 38 runs, 22 runs batted in, and 11 doubles.

Baker was the younger brother of Dave Baker who also played in the Major Leagues. In high school, Doug Baker played for Granada Hills and one of his teammates was future Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway.

Pro career
Baker was first selected by the Oakland Athletics in the ninth round of the 1981 MLB draft. He did not sign with Oakland, then later transferred from Los Angeles Valley Community college to Arizona State. In the June Draft of 1982, Baker was selected again, this time in the ninth round by the Detroit Tigers. Baker signed with the Tigers and was assigned to their minor league team in the Southern League, the Birmingham Barons. Playing third base for Birmingham that season, Baker played in 70 games, batted .225 and drove in 21 runs. The next season was Baker's first full season in pro baseball. The Tigers made a change, relieving Ed Brinkman of his duties and named Roy Majtyka as manager. Majtyka moved Baker from third to short and Baker played in 120 games and lifted his batting average to .241.

On July 2, 1984, Baker made his MLB debut, going hitless in three at bats against the Chicago White Sox.  Baker spent most of the season as a back-up, playing third and second base as well as shortstop. Doug even got a taste of post season baseball in the big leagues, as he appeared in one game during the American league Championship, as a defensive replacement for Alan Trammell in Detroit's 8-1 win over the Kansas City Royals. It would be his only post season appearance as he did not play in the World Series.

Over the course of the next few seasons, with Trammell and Lou Whitaker entrenched at Shortstop and Second base respectively, Baker bounced around from Triple-A to the majors. In February 1988, Baker was traded to the Minnesota Twins for journeyman minor leaguer Julius McDougal. Baker would appear in just three games for the Twins that season. After the season was over, he signed a contract with the Houston Astros but spent the entire season in the minors. At the age of thirty, and not thrilled about the prospect playing another season in the minors, Baker retired from baseball.

Not long after he won a ring with the 1984 Tigers, Baker's World Series ring was stolen after which a replacement was made. The original ring was eventually located and returned to Baker who would later auction off the original, which sold on eBay for $12,000. However, that would not be the only ring Baker would earn in his baseball career as he also received two more as a scout with the Chicago White Sox and Miami Marlins.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Detroit Tigers players
Minnesota Twins players
Baseball players from California
Los Angeles Valley Monarchs baseball players
Major League Baseball infielders
Birmingham Barons players
Evansville Triplets players
Nashville Sounds players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Portland Beavers players
Tucson Toros players
People from Fullerton, California
Granada Hills Charter High School alumni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
American Annals of the Deaf
Another Handful of Stories (review)
Gertrude S. Galloway
Gallaudet University Press
Volume 131, Number 3, July 1986
10.1353/aad.2012.0809
Buy Article for $14.00 (USD)
In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:
Reviews iconic in nature. He does include well-drawn illustrations, but this is not a Sign instructional book per se. Rather it is a fine reference tool on the language. Noteworthy is the compassion and deep understanding Schein demonstrates. The author shows an appreciation not only for deaf persons and their friends who have struggled valiantly for artistic and scientific recognition of Sign and Deaf culture, but also for the fledgling Sign student and the interpreters attempting against great odds to bridge the communication gap. This book should be required reading in all university and community college courses in Sign and the sociology of Deaf culture. It should prove quite useful to many Sign teachers and their students throughout the country. For the casual reader, it offers much practical insight into a language and people still often misunderstood by millions of Americans. Betty Broecker Director El Paso Center of DEAF, Inc. El Paso, TX 79902 Another Handful of Stories, 124 pp., $5.95, paperback, Gallaudet College Press, Kendall Green, Washington, DC 20002, 1984. Another Handful of Stories is the second volume in the Deaf Storyteller series. Like the original volume, A Handful of Stories , this volume, which includes seven vidéocassettes, is a compilation of 37 stories told by 24 deaf storytellers. In addition to stories about experiences growing up deaf in a hearing world, some fantasy stories and anecdotes are included. The stories in the book are edited versions of the stories on the tapes. This book is a valuable resource for people interested in deaf culture. Sign language teachers will also find the book and vidéocassettes useful in their ASL classes. Gertrude S. Galloway Assistant Principal Maryland School for the Deaf Columbia, MD 21044 Living and Learning in the Least Restrictive Environment, Robert H. Bruininks and K. Charlie Lakin (Eds.), 288 pp., $22.95, paperback , Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21204, 1985. The first research monograph issued by the Council for Exceptional Children was Quigley and Frisina's Institutionalization and Psychoeducational Development of Deaf Children (Series A, 1961). The conclusion reached then was that, on the average, deaf children educated in residential schools did as well as or better than those in day schools. Concern about educational placement, however, has remained an issue among educators of exceptional children. This concern culminated in 1975 with the passage of RL. 94-142, which requires that children be educated in the "least restrictive environment (LRE)." That phrase has been interpreted to mean that exceptional children should be taught in regular classes. But is that in the children's best interests? Is mainstreaming sometimes an administrative, economic decision that ignores individual differences? Is the educational setting more important than the instructors, the curriculum, and the support services? Readers of this journal who turn to the reviewed monograph for answers to these and related questions may be disappointed. Physical and sensory disabilities are not mentioned ; only mentally retarded and mentally ill persons are considered. While the editors appreciate the need for research , they cite a United Nations resolution declaring "the inherent right to respect for their human dignity" as "the most relevant counterclaim" to arguments that research has not supported LRE (page 264). As would be expected in a volume containing 14 chapters written by 17 authors, discussions overlap, contradictions are not resolved, and presentations lack cohesiveness. Among the good features are chapters on reactions of families of mentally retarded and mentally ill persons to deinstitutionalization, extensive treatment of methodological problems, and two lawyers' views of LRE. Jerome D. Schein Professor New York University New York 10003 CID Preschool Performance Scale, AE. Stoelting Co., Chicago, IL, 1984. Geers and H.S. Lane, There has long been a need for a good IQ test for use with deaf preschoolers (ages 7>h to 5). This is such a test. It samples a broad range of performance-type tasks. Thus, the examiner has an adequate opportunity for clinical observation and analyses. Most of the test items have appeal to children. Factors such as reliability (correlation coefficient = .71) and validity (coefficient of .485 when correlated with WISCR Performance Scale) leave something to be desired. These data were obtained retrospectively...
Buy Complete Digital Issue for $24.00 (USD)


interacting with and providing advice to a wide range of stakeholders including government departments.
assessment and inspection of local authority emergency plans.
Much of this work requires a high level of expert judgment.
Decisions associated with this work are often based on management and administration of the analysis of various forms of information and material. The role of the B4 nuclear associate primarily is to provide technical support to ONR inspectors in managing, planning and carrying out their regulatory duties with day to day administrative support provided by the programmes' business support teams. Targeting support to inspection activities is intended to allow increased technical expertise to be directed to the core regulatory functions exercised by ONR inspectors whilst promoting the development of the B4 Nuclear Associate.
This role provides a potential development route to become a Band 3 Non-Nuclear, or Band 3 Nuclear Safety or Security Inspector.
To support in the planning for and conduct of compliance inspections and permissioning activities on UK Nuclear Licensed sites, and in respect of local authorities emergency plans.
To support planning and organising meetings, including preparing comment and briefing material, provide technical information for internal use where appropriate.
Management of timely ONR response to permissioning requests, organisation of specialist inputs to permissioning work and preparation/assembly of supporting information.
To attend appropriate meetings, including visits to licensed sites, gather relevant information on technical, regulatory and operational activities, review licensee's documents, and produce appropriate summary reports.
Other activities relating to the delivery of effective regulation such as management of Operational Experience Feedback (OEF) information into programme thinking, analytical input to strategic thinking, management of analysis and research/support associated with regulatory effectiveness, risk and issues management.
To provide additional technical understanding to other support functions.
Liaise as necessary with sites in order to carry out defined duties.
Appropriate and relevant degree plus work experience in a scientific, engineering security or project management field.
A willingness to pursue corporate/chartered membership of a professional institution.
Have a working knowledge of the nuclear or a high hazard industry.
A full driving licence that permits you to drive in the UK. However, ONR is willing to consider any proposals put forward by disabled applicants that would allow them to do the job by any other means.
Able to demonstrate ability to plan work and adopt a methodical approach to organising a wide range of activities.
Demonstrate ability to work unsupervised and be self-motivated, and identify areas where additional issues are relevant.
Have ability to understand and analyse data and prioritise activities.
Able to make sound recommendations after gathering and assessing all relevant information, to support the work of ONR nuclear inspectors.
Able to provide justification for recommendations made or actions taken.
Ability to communicate effectively with colleagues, licensee's staff, dutyholders and stakeholders.
Capable of sustaining effective relationships across all roles throughout ONR.
Able to understand sensitivities of security and commercial issues.
Able to prepare relevant, concise and focussed written reports.
Ability to represent ONR with licensees, stakeholders, dutyholders and external organisations.
Adopt a professional and systematic approach to undertaking work, reporting outcomes, presenting findings, drawing conclusions and making recommendations.
Undertake professional training as necessary to improve effectiveness in the role and develop professionally.
The maximum for this salary band is £35,573. You will be appointed on a salary dependent on skills and experience.
Option of a competitive occupational pension scheme. From 1 April 2015 a new Civil Service pension scheme Alpha was introduced, Alpha is a Career Average pension scheme. This means the final pension is based on a percentage of pensionable earnings from each year of active membership. You will still have the option of joining a Partnership pension. You are encouraged to visit Civil Service Pensions for more information.
As a newly appointed Nuclear Associate, you will undertake a programme of training (and possibly externally provided nuclear qualifications) designed to introduce you to both your work and that of others. Attendance at appropriate discipline conferences and training events will also be included.
ONR offers a comprehensive training and development programme to new recruits at all levels coming into the organisation. Specifically, this focuses on providing new recruits with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they will need to undertake their roles in a nuclear regulatory capacity. This is a necessary complement to the technical skills and knowledge which new recruits will bring with them into ONR. Training will continue as new recruits progress through the organisation, to allow staff to progress and develop their careers, and to undertake the variety of roles which ONR offers.
Throughout your career, support is provided by ONR for any studying required in connection with your work and agreed professional development.
Please visit our recruitment portal.