Buying an Exchange Traded Fund or ETF is Level 4 of the Income Pyramid in the DIY Income Investor approach, and should be done only after paying off debts and building up a safety buffer of cash in 'easy access' bank accounts and in fixed rate savings bonds.
Which one you choose depends on your own tolerance for risk and the inevitable ups and downs of the market. Government gilts are pretty secure but the rate of return is lower. As with all investments of this type the value of the ETF will fluctuate - and may be less that you paid when if you need to sell quickly. This is why you need a good cash cushion to avoid the need for a 'fire sale'. On the other hand the income is likely to remain stable or even to grow (in the case of the dividend ETFs).
Any ETF should be bought within a tax-protected account - in the UK an ISA.
In this post I'm looking at a ETFs available in London but similar ETFs are available in most major markets - List of worldwide high-dividend ETFs.
iShares FTSE UK Dividend Plus ETF aims to track the performance of the FTSE UK Dividend+ Index as closely as possible. The ETF invests in physical index securities and offers exposure to the 50 highest yielding UK stocks within the universe of the FTSE 350 Index, excluding investment trusts. Stocks are selected and weighted by one-year forecast dividend yield.
For further information about the ETF see here. The top holdings are shown here - and include the biggest names in the London Stock Exchange.
The ETF is bought like any other stock and - beyond the normal 'spread' (between buy and sell prices) - there are no initial fees; the annual fee is only 0.4%.
Dividends are paid quarterly.In mid-February 2011, the dividend yield was 4.4% and the one-year return was over 21% (although over 3 and 5 years the ETF was showing a loss - like most of the stock market).
See a discussion from Motley Fool on this ETF when it was launched here and an analysis here of the costs of an ETF (compared to the more sophisticated DIY approach - which I would expect most people to advance to eventually). A more recent appreciation here - the sentiment is that it is perhaps more a capital growth seeker using income streams as a buy/sell signal.
iShares Markit iBoxx £ Corporate Bond is an exchange traded fund (ETF) that aims to track the performance of the Markit iBoxx £ Liquid Corporates Long-Dated Bond Index as closely as possible. The ETF invests in physical index securities and offers exposure to the 40 largest and most liquid Sterling denominated corporate bonds with investment grade rating. Only bonds with a minimum remaining time to maturity of 1.5 years and a minimum amount outstanding of £250 million are included in the index.
In February 2011 the fund had 57 holdings with a distribution yield of 5.7%, although then one-year return was only 4.5%; the expense ratio was 0.2%. For more details see here.
iShares Markit iBoxx £ Corporate Bond ex-Financials is similar to SLXX above but excludes bonds issued by financial institutions, which have been at the heart of recent worldwide financial turmoil.
More details here. The mid-February 2011 distribution yield was 4.7% and the one-year total return was 7.1%.
iShares FTSE UK All Stocks Gilt ETF aims to track the performance of the FTSE Actuaries Government Securities UK Gilts All Stock Index as closely as possible. The ETF invests in physical index securities and offers exposure to Sterling denominated UK government bonds (conventional gilts) quoted on the London Stock Exchange, other than index-linked bonds.
For more details see here. In mid-February the distribution yield was 3.5% and one-year total returns were 4.6%. Distributions are made every half-year.
In mid-February 2011, the distribution yield was just under 2.3%; the one-year total returns were just under 7.5%.


text:
How Sales Lead Management Software is Breaking from CRM
It was just a matter of time before CRM Software took another hit with the breakoff of Sales Lead Management as a separate platform. This program is offered as a replay from CRM Radio's show of January 23, 2020, where CRM Host Paul Petersen and Sales Lead Management Association founder, Jim Obermayer, discuss the modern definition of Sales Lead Management, how some companies are separating themselves from being defined as just CRM solutions and what salespeople expect from marketing and sales management.
What KPI's do Sales Managers need to Track?
Key Performance Indicators aren't new, but for many sales managers KPI's aren't defined, tracked or used as pointers to help them manage salespeople. Maybe it is the lack of easy to use tools to track KPIs. Maybe it is the sales manager's inability to understand how they can use KPIs to look at the past and predict the future; regardless, the excuses aren't valid anymore. In this interview with Pipeliner CEO Nikoluas Kimla and John Golden, Chief Strategy officer for Pipeliner, they discuss the five KPIs that every sales manager should use to understand how to coach their teams to extraordinary success. The host is SLMA's Jim Obermayer.
About Nikolaus Kimla
Nikolaus is a true entrepreneur: over the last 40 years he has created six businesses, three of which are still going strong today. His experience in the software industry goes back over 20 years to his founding of uptime ITechnology. Through his work at uptime he learned software development from the ground up and, as noted above, the company has been a resounding success.
Following the project of World Check (World Check was acquired by Thomson Reuters 2011), which uptime has completed developed and overseen the IT for more than 10 years and still working today on it, Nikolaus' attention turned to sales—for he felt that salespeople were seriously undervalued and unsupported in today's business world.
Thus began the 8-year journey that ultimately resulted in Pipeliner CRM—a unique solution that actually empowers salespeople to sell instead of burdening them with cumbersome administrative duties as traditional CRM solutions have.
"Technology is nothing. What's important is that you have a faith in people, that they're basically good and smart, and if you give them tools, they'll do wonderful things with them."
About John Golden
John Golden, Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) with Pipeliner is the best selling author of two books "Social Upheaval: How to Win @ Social Selling" & "Winning the Battle for Sales". An acknowledged thought leader and speaker on sales and business strategy, he is the former CEO of Huthwaite(SPIN Selling) and Omega Performance, both global consulting companies and Focused Revenue Results, a management consultancy group.
Role at Pipeliner
Provides strategic direction to Pipeliner sales to increase market penetration through effective direct and channel sales strategies while ensuring that the organization is aligned with its target buyers, and that the platform continues to deliver optimum value to sales people, sales managers and business executives.
This episode is generously sponsored by The Vanella Group
The Vanella Group, Inc. is the only firm that delivers telebased lead generation programs exclusively for enterprise technology providers. They achieve results 5 times higher than industry standards for outbound lead generation based on the research published by implementing their unique Telesales 2.0 methodology. We are an award winning leader in this space and get results like no other firms.The Vanella Group supports firms from Fortune 500 companies to startups.To learn more, visit BuildPipeline.com or call 888-335-0340
and by Validar
Whether you're producing a seminar series, user's conference, lunch and learn, or exhibiting at a tradeshow, Validar has a solution. From capturing leads at tradeshows to managing onsite registration, tracking session attendance, gathering feedback, and providing sponsors lead retrieval we have a full suite of solutions for you. Since 2005 Validar has been turning Corporate Events and Trade Shows into Better Business. Call 888 784 2929 or visit us at www.validar.com
CRM's Shouldn't be the Leaders in Technology.
Our guest is GoldMine Vice President, Paul Petersen. We were talking about technology iOS systems and not wanting to be the pioneer in these technologies, but to be able to respond properly and to have your product evolve to meet needs that are continuously evolving monthly; it seems like that they change and very rapidly.
Paul Petersen cited:
We have people ask us,
"What do you have this function?" "No we don't."
We ask, "Do you use it?"
"Well no."
"Have you thought about how you would use it?" "No." Or, "Then why is it
important?"
CRMs and why there are so stinking many of them!
Unlike accounting which is a pretty stable environment once you get your network going and how you want your invoices to look and things like that, you can turn that out for years in some cases without having to do much. But when you look at CRM it is a very evolving workspace. So CRM right? Customer relationship management is a bit of a misnomer because you are including customers, prospective customers, prospects.
It turns into a lead management; it becomes this combination all-encompassing tool.
CRM is all those places that connect all the muscles, connect the brain, nerve reaction so yeah lead processing which in all marketing you've got the sales department then you have customer service which can be run integrated or standalone and of course management wants to know what's happening.
Which is CRM is the best for you, whether it's a proprietary one or some overall layer that knows how to play nicely with other systems?
When you get to areas like finance or your general marketing and sales, people have tried to integrate things but are finding that day, if I have an integrated accounting pick it's got CRM. The CRM doesn't do such a great job after all or they focus on the wrong things – integration. I am spending a lot of money to create a record and accounting systems when I may be only do that 10 times a month right? So is that really a high-value area or it just creates a lot of technical complexity?
I don't think… CRM's shouldn't be the leaders in technology.
What they need to do is accommodate the most common technology and we are commonly going through things and saying… So for example we missed the quickness with which Android was becoming adopted. We looked at it, it was kind of a fragmented marketplace. We had iOS solutions smart phones, 98% of the market, it seemed like a no-brainer. Within six months of releasing the product, android had sorted that out primarily through Samsung driving it. They got one version of the operating system and they had some major carriers now carrying the devices and it was kind of a "Whoops!" So we did get there but we tend not to like to be the first in the market.
You'll have to listen to the replay for the full conversation.
The Vanella Group, Inc. is the only firm that delivers telebased lead generation programs exclusively for enterprise technology providers. They achieve results 5 times higher than industry standards for outbound lead generation based on the research published by implementing their unique Telesales 2.0 methodology. We are an award winning leader in this space and get results like no other firms. The Vanella Group supports firms from Fortune 500 companies to startups. To learn more, visit BuildPipeline.com or call 888-335-0340
How to Avoid the 3 Reasons for CRM Failure!
There seems to be as many discussions about CRM failure as there are about CRM successes. A research report from Merkle Inc., in DM News said that 63% of the CRM Initiatives Fail. And yet there are roadmaps to avoid failure and experienced people can tell us how it's done right the first time. In our show this week, Traci Whetzel the Director of CRM at Concept Services outlines how to avoid CRM failure. The host is Jim Obermayer.
About Traci Whetzel
Traci Whetzel, Director – CRM, began her career with Concept Services as a BDM, and during her tenure she has held a multitude of roles within the organization. Traci is a strategic and process driven manager with a passion for sales process design, results, CRM and all things technical.
Traci has over a decade of experience working with and implementing various CRM solutions. She is an inspiring person to work with on both a personal and professional level because of her knowledge, optimism and "can-do" attitude. Traci is a great representation of our company's spirit of an optimal blend of hard work and fun, which she displays on a daily basis to her employees and customers.
Core Expertise
The University of Akron
Certified Salesforce.com Administrator
About Concept Services
Concept Services is a growing company of over 80 employees that is looking to add talented and professional individuals to our team. We work with companies across the United States, Canada and Europe providing them with new business opportunities. We are strategically located between Cleveland and Canton for the purpose of attracting, acquiring and developing the best talent possible.
Concept Services is primarily a New Business Development/Lead Management group. We work directly with our client's sales force and provide them with an integrated solution for managing the front-end part of the sales process. Our services include prospecting, cold-calling, managing and qualifying inbound leads from your website or phone, customer care surveys and more, all for the purpose of uncovering new business opportunities.
We also offer services for Driver Recruitment, CRM Development & Implementation and others. In addition, Concept Services has a dedicated CRM Division that is a Certified salesforce.com Implementation Partner, which assists companies with the design, implementation and management of their salesforce.com instance. www.conceptservicesltd.com Ph: 330-336-2571
This episode of SLMA Radio is generously sponsored by:
The Vanella Group The only firm that delivers tele-based lead generation programs exclusively for enterprise technology providers. and Direct Marketing Partners. A leading service provider specializing in sales lead management
Why CRM is NOT a settled science!
CRM has been around as a "new" process for 30+ years in various forms. And yet even with giants in the industry, new entrants emerge almost monthly and new capabilities continue to be added to even the pioneers in the industry. In the interview with industry veteran Paul Petersen, Vice President of Goldmine, we discuss why CRM is not yet a settled science and what the future may hold for this vital but aging process. The host this week in Jim Obermayer.
About Paul Petersen
Mr. Petersen is the general manager and vice president of the GoldMine business unit of HeatSoftware Inc. His career spans working with sales & marketing systems and process having developed, managed, and sold for companies including McDonald's Corp, General Electric , Symantec, Allied Van Lines and now has 16 years with CRM background at GoldMine. Mr. Petersen holds a JD from Loyola University of Chicago and was one of the first to be awarded the Professional Certified Marketer designation by the American Marketing Association.
About GoldMine
Headquartered in Milpitas, CA., USA, GoldMine is a division of FrontRange Solutions. GoldMine is a leading provider of mobile relationship management solutions for small businesses worldwide. Over 1 million users have selected GoldMine to help them manage over 1 billion relationships. GoldMine has been selected by businesses in more than 80 verticals and 45 countries to grow their businesses and build enduring relationships.
Measuring Marketing with your CRM (Especially Salesforce)
Of all the reasons to install and use Salesforce as a CRM system, measuring marketing performance is one of the biggies. And yet we still hear that campaign results are not measured consistently. Some will say that metrics will only be important if the campaign has metrics attached to them going into the launch. How can you measure something that marketing didn't have the foresight to forecast the goals before launch? In this interview with industry veteran Bonnie Crater, CEO of Full Circle CRM, we explore how can you get intelligence to make decisions and not hum and haw when the CEO says, "What does Salesforce report on our marketing spend? What worked and what didn't and why not?" The host for this program is Jim Obermayer, author of several books on managing sales leads.
About Bonnie Crater
Prior to joining Full Circle CRM, Bonnie Crater was Vice President of Marketing for VoiceObjects and Realization. Bonnie has held Vice President and Senior Vice President roles at Genesys, Netscape, Network Computer Inc., salesforce.com, and Stratify, as well. A 10-year veteran of Oracle Corporation and its various subsidiaries, Bonnie served as Vice President, Compaq Products Division and Vice President, Workgroup Products Division. In addition, Bonnie was President and CEO of Zelerate, a provider of open source e-commerce solutions. In 2000, Bonnie was named one of the "Top 20 Female Executives in Silicon Valley" by San Jose Magazine. Bonnie holds a B.A. in Biology from Princeton University.
About Full Circle CRM
Full Circle CRM provides Salesforce users a complete Marketing Performance Management solution that answers all of their marketing questions in one place and helps drive more revenue from every campaign with best-practice response lifecycle management, powerful weighted campaign influence models, and comprehensive marketing and sales funnel metrics. The company's cloud-based products are built 100 percent on the Salesforce1 Platform and are compatible with the leading marketing automation solutions. All of your marketing data is in Salesforce, and so are the answers.
Founded by former Salesforce executives, product managers, and marketing automation specialists – the Full Circle CRM team knows what it takes to run a successful marketing organization. Our team is passionate about giving marketers the answers they need to prove marketing's contribution to the bottom line, plan with confidence, and grow revenue. Learn more at www.fullcirclecrm.com.
Tips for Improving CRM Sales Outcomes with Ian Moyse
We know that just buying and installing a CRM system is not a guarantee of success. And we also hear that 50% of CRM installations fail to meet a satisfaction level (some studies say failure is much higher). In our program this week we interview a well-known CRM Sales Executive, Ian Moyse as he discusses tips that can improve the chances for a successful CRM installation. Ian has been on our show several times (January 6, 2015 and Oct 21, 2014).
About Ian Moyse
Ian Moyse is a well-known CRM expert. In 2014 he was named in the top ten of the 50 Most Influential People in Sales Lead Management by the SLMA. Located in the UK, he sits on the board of Eurocloud UK, & Governance Board of the Cloud Industry Forum (CIF). Ian has a number of awards and accolades to his name including 2012 & 2013 bring in the Top 25 of the worldwide SMB Nation 150 Channel Influencers list, 2012: First in the UK to pass the CompTIA Cloud Essentials specialty certification exam, 2011: Channelnomics Influencer of the year for Europe and TalkinCloud named Ian as one of the global top 200 cloud channel experts In 2013 Ian was listed as the 40th most connected person on LinkedIn Worldwide and 4th most connected in the UK, being the most connected Cloud Evangelist on LinkedIn globally. He was recently named Sales Director of the Year by the Institute of Sales & Marketing (BESMA-Feb 2015) #BESMA
Copyright © 2019 James Obermayer. All rights reserved. SLMA Radio is produced by Funnel Media Group on the Funnel Radio Channel.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It has been a good week but I'm glad it's the weekend… I put a few styling Xmas shots for clients to bed. I also got nominated again by Vuelio as UK Top Ten Interior Design Blogs (happy dance 1) and Mila's desk area makeover got featured on Babyccino (happy dance 2). This weekend will be all about stocking up on lemons for my seasonal detox (let me know if you have any questions about it), chilling out, surfing, re-charging my batteries ahead of next week. I'm planning to tackle Mila's bed makeover and I'm hoping to be able to make her a new headboard out of plywood. For those interested, the light fitting is the Tolemeo by Artemide and our bed linen is the white King size from the Brisa collection by Made. I'm going to change them now as Plum just got sick on it while I was finishing off this blog post. What are you up to this weekend!?


I second that request. btw trying out this new code [drm next tree + mesa git + hyperz patches for drm/mesa] resulted in several system hangs for me on E-350 [HD 6310] playing Ufo-AI. reverting to regular 3.7 kernal brought situation back to normal.
On my AMD E350 (Radeon HD 6310) even youtube in 720p doesn't play well (aka unusable), so I would this area to be improved.
The problem here would be that it has nothing to do with your graphic card. Flash/html5 are both CPU bound with radeon at the moment AFAIK.
But great news seeing all this coming in the 3.8 kernel! really looking forward to it.
Smokin' Guns' ten-fold increase is something to go after.
Why did Smokin' Guns benefit from the new drivers?
If I watch a youtube video as flash in fullscreen (1920x1080), my laptop goes nuts with the open radeon driver. If I use html5, the CPU uses somewhat 20%.
click 'join the html5 trial' and you get the html5 player if available for the video. I watched nearly all episodes of 'Sledge Hammer!' yesterday in fullscreen on an AMD C-50 netbook with the html5 player (ok, only 1366?768).
Radeon driver benchmarks are useless; everyone KNOWS that they are gaining ground against fglrx.
Where are the latest RadeonSI benchmarks? Performance so bad that nobody wants to talk about it and thus conveniently pretend that they don't exist?
I want to preface this by saying I love the site and I appreciate the work you guys do.
But in my biased opinion, all of these graphics benchmarks would be far more valuable if you could include video playback benchmarks. Specifically, I would be very interested to see CPU utilization while playing high definition video.
This is by far the most interesting metric for me. It is also an area where I have seen the greatest inconsistency across drivers, kernels, and video players.
4 years ago, I had my 5050e with an on board radeon 3000 playing high def flawlessly at about 75% cpu usage. Today I am struggling to get my C2D 6850 with my radeon 6850 to play high def smoothly.
Along these lines, I would be curious to know people opinion on the best video player/driver to use to achieve GPU offload on an AMD graphics card.
What are the real benefits ofr HD3850 AGP videocards having opnegl 2.0? I think that legacy hardware will be penalized by this new kernel and new open drivers. Inthe first bench appear that 3.7 kernel offers better performace about hd4770 how is it possible?


The Perfect location and Choice for your Summer large Group or large Family Reunion.
Our Beautiful Quite light mountain setting offer the best of both worlds. A Beautiful Nature setting with all of the city Convenience's just around the corner.
Our Newly Custom Built Guest Picnic Pavilion is now available for your large Group Get Together or your Large Family Reunion.
No need to worry about your Big Group Gathering being a Rain/ Wash Out……………….
We've Got you Covered here with our Beautiful Custom Built On-Site Picnic Pavilion. Your Group can Now stay High and Dry and Enjoy the entire Get-Away Stay.
or Call 1-716-945-0882 for assitance.


text:
\section{Incremental model and corresponding energy expression}

The incremental material response measured from the cylindrical pressurized state is taken to be linear and governed by the general orthotropic relation for stress and strain increments in the axial and circumferential directions:
\begin{equation}
    \Delta \varepsilon_z = \frac{\Delta \sigma_z - \nu_{z \theta}\Delta \sigma_{\theta}}{E_z}, \;
    \Delta \varepsilon_{\theta} = \frac{\Delta \sigma_{\theta} - \nu_{\theta z}\Delta \sigma_z}{E_{\theta}}
    \label{eq:incremental_stress_strain}
\end{equation}
with $\nu_{z \theta}/E_z = \nu_{\theta z} / E_{\theta}$.
The incremental moduli and contraction ratios should be evaluated
in the cylindrically pressurized state.
For a tube under appreciable pressure, such as the \textit{E. coli}, the cylindrical deformation due to $p$ may involve nonlinear elastic deformation, depending on
its constitutive model.
The relations between the increments of resultant membrane stresses and shell wall bending moments and the increments of stretching strains and curvatures which follow from Equation \ref{eq:incremental_stress_strain} are
\begin{equation}
    \begin{aligned}
       & \Delta N_z = S_z(\Delta \varepsilon_z + \nu_{\theta z}\Delta \varepsilon_{\theta}),
        \Delta N_{\theta} = S_{\theta}(\Delta \varepsilon_{\theta} + \nu_{z\theta}\Delta \varepsilon_z) \\
        & \Delta M_z = D_z(\Delta K_z + \nu_{\theta z}\Delta K_{\theta}),
        \Delta M_{\theta} = D_{\theta}(\Delta K_{\theta} + \nu_{z \theta}\Delta K_z)\\
    \end{aligned}
    \label{eq:incremental_N_M}
\end{equation}
where $S_z= E_z t /(1-\nu_{\theta z}\nu_{z \theta})$, $S_{\theta}= E_{\theta} t /(1-\nu_{\theta z}\nu_{z \theta})$,
$D_z=S_z t^2 /12$ and $D_{\theta}=S_{\theta} t^2 /12$.

The two contributions to the elastic energy that Brazier chose to characterize this problem are the circumferential bending energy and the axial stretching energy.
The elastic energy change from the cylindrical state per unit length in this Brazier approximation is:
\begin{equation}
  \Delta \Phi_E =
  \Delta \Phi_s + \Delta \Phi_b
  = \int_0^{2\pi R}  \left( N_z^0 \Delta \varepsilon_z + \frac{1}{2}\Delta N_z \Delta \varepsilon_z \right)ds
   + \int_0^{2\pi R}  \left( \frac{1}{2}\Delta M_{\theta} \Delta K_{\theta} \right)ds\;.

\end{equation}

As explained in the main text, the axial strain change in the bending step varies linearly across the cross-section according to $\Delta \varepsilon_z = \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y $, where $ \Delta \varepsilon_0$ is the change of axial strain at $y = 0$ (the bottom of the cross-section, see Figure \ref{fig:volume}) and $\kappa$ is the overall imposed curvature along the bottom of the shell at $y = 0$. Using the expressions $\Delta \varepsilon_z = \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y$, $\Delta \varepsilon_{\theta}=0$ and Equation \ref{eq:incremental_N_M}, we have:
\begin{equation}
  \Delta \Phi_s = p \pi R^2\left(\Delta \varepsilon_0+\frac{\kappa}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} yd\mu \right)
  + \frac{1}{2} \int^{2\pi}_{0}  S_z(\Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y)^2 R d\mu\;.
\end{equation}
For the circumferential bending energy, $\Delta K_{\theta}= d \phi/ ds $ is the circumferential curvature change and $\Delta M_{\theta}$ is the associated change of circumferential bending moment per length carried by the shell. So we have
\begin{equation}
    \Delta K_{\theta} =\frac{d \beta}{d s} - \frac{1}{R}
    = \frac{1}{R}\frac{d(\phi+\mu)}{ d\mu } - \frac{1}{R}
    = \frac{1}{R}\frac{d \phi}{ d\mu } \;.
\end{equation}
Also neglecting the curvature change in the longitudinal direction $\Delta K_z $ and using Equation \ref{eq:incremental_N_M} we have:
\begin{equation}
    \Delta \Phi_b= \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi R} \Delta M_{\theta} \Delta K_{\theta} ds
    = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi R} D_{\theta} K_{\theta}^2 ds
    = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}\frac{D_{\theta}}{R^2}\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2 R d\mu\;.
\end{equation}

To calculate the tube volume change per unit length $\Delta V$,
we define the width in the $x$ direction of the cross section as $\Delta x(y)$ and the length of the tube $L(y)$ as a function of $y$ as shown in Figure \ref{fig:volume}.
\begin{figure*}[!h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{volume}
    \caption{\textbf{Geometry notation for volume calculation.}
    \textbf{Left:} Cross section of the bent tube.
    \textbf{Right:} Side view of the bent tube.}
    \label{fig:volume}
\end{figure*}
Ignoring end effects, the volume of the tube can be expressed as:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
      V & =\int_0^{y_{max}}\Delta x(y) L(y) dy \\
      & =\int_0^{y_{max}}\Delta x L (1+\Delta \varepsilon_z) dy  \\
      & =L\int_0^{y_{max}}\Delta x (1+ \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y) dy  \\
      & =L\int_0^{\pi} 2 x (1+ \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y) \left(\frac{dy}{d\mu}\right) d\mu \\
      & =L\int_0^{2 \pi} x R (1+ \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y) \sin(\mu+\phi) d\mu \;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
So the tube volume change from the straight pressurized state per unit length is
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
      \Delta V & =\int_0^{2 \pi} x R (1+ \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa y) \sin(\mu+\phi) d\mu -\pi R^2 \;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

Thus the change of energy per unit length for deformation function $\phi(\mu)$ is:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:energy_change}
  \begin{aligned}
    \Delta \Phi & = \Delta \Phi_s +\Delta \Phi_b - p \Delta V \\
    & = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}
    \left[\frac{D_{\theta}}{R^2}\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2 +S_z (\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)^2\right] R d\mu \\
    & +p \pi R^2\left(1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\frac{\kappa}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} yd\mu \right) \\
    & -p R ^2 \int_0^{2\pi} \frac{x}{R}(1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y) \sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;. \\

  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\newpage
\section{typical elastic properties of \textit{E. coli} cells}
In this section we review the various elastic properties of \textit{E. coli} cells in literature.
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\begin{table}[h!]
  \centering
  \begin{ruledtabular}
  \begin{tabular}{ c c c}
    \textbf {Properties of \textit{E. coli} cells} & \textbf {Estimated value} & \textbf {Typical value chosen for numerics} \\
    \hline
   Cell wall axial Young's modulus, $E_z$ & 20-30 MPa  \cite{deng2011} \cite{amir2014} \cite{yao1999} & 25 MPa\\
    Circumferential Young's modulus, $E_{\theta}$  & 50-75 MPa \cite{deng2011} \cite{lan2007} & 60 MPa\\
   Cell wall thickness, $t$ & 3-6 nm \cite{yao1999} \cite{gan2008} &  5 nm   \\
   Cell wall Poisson ratio, $\nu$ & 0.2  \cite{yao1999} & 0.2\\
   Turgor pressure, $p$ & 0.3-2 atm \cite{deng2011} \cite{koch1990} \cite{cayley2000} & 1 atm \\
   Cell cross section radius, $R$ & 0.5 $ \mu$m & 0.5 $ \mu$m \\
  \end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
  \caption{\textbf{Typical elastic properties of \textit{E. coli} cells}}
  \label{table:property}
\end{table}

\section{Determination of \texorpdfstring{$\Delta \varepsilon_0$}{} }
Here we show two equivalent ways to determine the strain $\Delta \varepsilon_0=\Delta E_z(y=0)$: energy minimization with regard to $\Delta \varepsilon_0$ and the force-balance equation.
Consider the expression for the total energy change of the system (Equation \ref{eq:energy_change}),
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \Phi & = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}
    \left[\frac{D_{\theta}}{R^2}\left(\frac{d\phi}{ds}\right)^2 +S_z (\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)^2\right]R d\mu
     +p \pi R^2\left(1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\frac{\kappa}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} yd\mu \right) \\
    & -p R^2 \int_0^{2\pi} (1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)(x/R)\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;. \\

  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
We define $A$ as the area of deformed cross section and $\Delta A $ as the change of cross section area from the circular state.
\begin{equation}
    A = \int_0^{2\pi}xR\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu ,\; \Delta A=A-\pi R^2 \;.
\end{equation}
The energy minimization with regard to $\Delta \varepsilon_0$ gives us:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:varepsilon_0_compare}
  \begin{aligned}
    0=\frac{d \Phi}{d \Delta \varepsilon_0}
    & = \frac{S_zR}{2}  \int^{2\pi}_{0} 2 (\Delta \varepsilon_0+ \kappa  y) d\mu + p \pi R^2 -p A  \;,\\

    \Delta \varepsilon_0 & =\frac{p\Delta A}{2\pi S_zR}- \frac{\kappa}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} y d\mu \;. \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

We can also derive the expression for $\Delta \varepsilon_0$ through the force-balance equation.
Recall the expression of stress in $z$ direction $N_z$:
\begin{equation}
  N_z =S_z\Delta \varepsilon_z + N_{z0}=S_z\left(\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa  y \right)+\frac{pR}{2}\;.
\end{equation}
Since we are discussing a pressurized capped tube, the ends are pushed outward
by inner pressure while held by stress along $z$ direction in the tube. Force
balance in the $z$-direction requires:
\begin{equation}
  pA = \int_0^{2\pi R} N_z ds = \int_0^{2\pi} S_z\left(\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa  y\right) R d\mu + p\pi R^2\;,
\end{equation}
where $p$ is the inner pressure, $A$ is the area of deformed cross section.
Thus the expression for $\Delta \varepsilon_0$ is,
\begin{equation}
  \Delta \varepsilon_0=\frac{p\Delta A}{2\pi S_zR}- \frac{\kappa}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} y d\mu \;,
\end{equation}
which agrees with equation \ref{eq:varepsilon_0_compare}.

\section{Calculation of Deformation Coefficients}

We begin with the energy expression (Equation \ref{eq:energy_change}):
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \Delta \Phi & = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}
    \left[\frac{D_{\theta}}{R^2}\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2 +S_z (\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)^2\right] R d\mu
    + p \pi R^2\left(1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\frac{\kappa}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} yd\mu \right)  \\
    & -p R^2 \int_0^{2\pi} (1 + \Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)(x/R)\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu\;, \; \mbox{with} \;
    \Delta \varepsilon_0 = \frac{p\Delta A}{2\pi S_zR}-\frac{\kappa }{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi }y d\mu \;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\noindent Noticing $\int_0^{2\pi} (\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y) d\mu  = 2\pi \Delta \varepsilon_0 + \kappa \int_0^{2\pi} y d\mu$, we add a constant $c=-\frac{p^2 R^3}{8S_z}-p\pi R^2$ to the energy expression and get:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \Phi & = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi }
    \left[\frac{D_{\theta}}{R^2}\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2 + S_z ( \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)^2\right] R d\mu  -p R^2 \int_0^{2\pi} (1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)(x/R)\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;, \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
in which
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}

  \varepsilon_0 & = \frac{p A}{2\pi S_z R}-\frac{\kappa }{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi }y d\mu \;, \\
  A & = \int_0^{2\pi } x \sin(\mu+\phi) R d\mu = - \int_0^{2\pi} y \cos(\mu+\phi)R d\mu \;,\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\noindent
We discretize the function $\phi(\mu)$ using the Fourier series:
\begin{equation}
  \phi(\mu) = \frac{1}{2}a_0 +\sum_{n=1}^{N} a_n \sin(n\mu)+\sum_{n=1}^{N} b_n \cos(n\mu) \;.
\end{equation}

\noindent The system is symmetric about the y-axis,
which requires $\phi(\mu)=-\phi(2\pi-\mu)$.
So $a_0$ and $b_n$ all vanish. We also require the cross-section is closed: $x(2\pi) = x(0) =0$.
So we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq:expansion_phi}
  \begin{aligned}
      \phi(\mu) & = \sum_{n=1}^{N} a_{n} \sin(n\mu) \;, \\
      0  & = \int_0^{2\pi} \cos(\mu +\phi(\mu)) d\mu \;. \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
In section \Romannum{7} we will obtain numerical solutions using Equation \ref{eq:expansion_phi} with no restrictions on the amplitudes of $a_n$.
Here we assume that $a_n$ are small so that we can Taylor expand
$\sin(\mu+\phi)$ and $\cos(\mu+\phi)$
(the integrands of the $x(\mu)$ and $y(\mu)$ expressions)
about $\phi(\mu) $ and keep only the lowest order term in the Taylor Expansion.

\noindent
Using the balloon non-dimensionalization we have
\begin{equation}
    \hat{\Phi}=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}\left[\alpha^2\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2+\left(\varepsilon_0
    + \hat{\kappa}\frac{y}{R}\right)^2\right]d\mu
    -\hat{p}\hat{V}\;,
\end{equation}
in which
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:normalization_balloon}
    \alpha = \sqrt{\frac{D_{\theta}}{S_zR^2}}\;,
    \hat{\Phi} = \frac{ \Phi}{S_z R}\;, \;
    \hat{p} = \frac{pR}{S_z} \;, \;
    \hat{\kappa} = \kappa R \;, \;

    \hat{V} =\frac{ \Delta V+ \pi R^2}{R^2} = \int_0^{2\pi} (1 + \Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)(x/R)\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;.
\end{equation}
For the shell non-dimensionalization we have
\begin{equation}
    \bar{\Phi}=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}\left[\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2+\left(\bar{\varepsilon_0}
    + \bar{\kappa}\frac{y}{R}\right)^2\right]d\mu
    -\bar{p}\bar{V}\;,
\end{equation}
in which
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:normalization_shell}
    \bar{\Phi}  = \frac{R}{D_{\theta}} \Phi \;,\;
    \bar{p}  = \frac{pR^3}{D_{\theta}} \;, \;
    \bar{\kappa}  = \frac{\kappa R}{\alpha} \;,\;

    \bar{\varepsilon_0} = \frac{\varepsilon_0}{\alpha}  \;,
    \bar{V}=\hat{V} \;.

\end{equation}

\subsection{Zero pressure case}
We use shell non-dimensionalization for this subsection.
When the pressure is zero, the energy expression is:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Phibar_zero_pressure}
    \bar{\Phi}=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}\left[\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2+\left(\bar{\varepsilon}_0
    + \bar{\kappa}\frac{y}{R}\right)^2\right]d\mu\;,
\end{equation}
We Taylor expand $\sin(\mu+\phi)$ and $\cos(\mu+\phi)$
(the integrands of the $x(\mu)$ and $y(\mu)$ expressions)
about $\phi(\mu) $ and keep only the lowest order term
in the Taylor Expansion.

\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{x(\mu)}{R} & = \int_0^{\mu} \cos(\mu^\prime + \phi(\mu^\prime)) d\mu^\prime \;, \\
                & \approx \int_0^{\mu} (\cos(\mu^\prime) - \phi(\mu^\prime)\sin(\mu^\prime) ) d\mu^\prime \;, \\
                & = \sin\mu+ \frac{a_1}{4}\left[\sin(2\mu) -2\mu \right] +\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \left[ \frac{a_n\sin(n+1)\mu}{2(n+1)}
                -\frac{a_n\sin(n-1)\mu}{2(n-1)}\right]\;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{y(\mu)}{R} & = \int_0^{\mu} \sin(\mu^\prime + \phi(\mu^\prime)) d\mu^\prime \;, \\
                & \approx \int_0^{\mu} (\sin(\mu^\prime) + \phi(\mu^\prime)\cos(\mu^\prime) ) d\mu^\prime \;, \\
                & = 1 -\cos\mu +\frac{a_1}{4}(1-\cos(2\mu)) +\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \left[ \frac{a_n(1-\cos(n+1)\mu)}{2(n+1)}
                 +\frac{a_n(1-\cos(n-1)\mu)}{2(n-1)}\right]\;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
The boundary condition $x(2\pi)=0$ requires $a_1=0$.
So we have:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \bar{\varepsilon}_0+\bar{\kappa}\frac{y}{R}
  &  = -\bar{\kappa} \left[ \left(\frac{a_2}{2}+1\right)\cos\mu + \frac{a_3}{4}\cos2\mu \right]
  -\bar{\kappa} \sum_{n=3}^{\infty}\frac{a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}}{2n} \cos n\mu  \;, \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
and thus
\begin{equation}
    \frac{2\bar{\Phi}}{\pi} = \sum_{n=2}^{\infty}n^2a_n^2
     + \bar{\kappa}^2 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\left(\frac{a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}}{2n}\right)^2 \;,
\end{equation}
in which we assign $a_0 = 2$ for mathematical convenience. Note that $a_0$ does not correspond to any form of deformation.
Requiring $\frac{d \Phi }{da_n}=0$, we have:
\begin{equation}
  2n^2 a_n + \bar{\kappa}^2 \left[ \frac{a_{n-2}+a_n}{2(n-1)^2}
  +\frac{a_n+a_{n+2}}{2(n+1)^2}\right] =0 \;.
\end{equation}
So far we assumed that the coefficients are small so that we can
Taylor expand the integrands of the $x$ and $y$ expression.
The even coefficients ($a_{2k}$, $k\in \mathbb{N}$)
and odd ones ($a_{2k+1}$, $k\in \mathbb{N}$) are decoupled.
Clearly setting all odd terms zero ($a_{2k+1}=0$, $k\in \mathbb{N}$) is one solution.
Also notice that in the undeformed state, $a_n=0$.
So $a_{2k+1}=0$ is a stable set of solution for the
odd coefficients.
For the even terms, assuming $a_{2k} \gg a_{2k+2}$ ($k\in \mathbb{N}$), we have:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
  &  2n^2 a_n + \bar{\kappa}^2 \left( \frac{a_{n-2}}{2(n-1)^2}\right) =0 \;, \\
  &  a_n = - \frac{\bar{\kappa}^2}{4(n-1)^2n^2}a_{n-2}  \;. \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\noindent
When $n\geq 4$, the reduction ratio $ \frac{1}{4(n-1)^2n^2}\leq \frac{1}{576}$ if $\bar{\kappa}$ is of order unity.
As we show in the main text, the buckling curvature under zero pressure
$\bar{\kappa_w} \approx 1.320$ is of order unity.
Thus we know the assumption $a_{2k} \gg a_{2k+2}$ holds.
Furthermore, note that $|a_2| = \frac{\bar{\kappa}^2}{8} \gg |a_n| (n\neq2)$ is the dominant coefficient.

\subsection{Positive pressure case}
We use the balloon non-dimensionalization for this derivation.
We want to minimize the dimensionless energy $\hat{\Phi}$
as a function of the rotation angle $\phi(\mu)$:
\begin{equation}
    \hat{\Phi}=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi}\left[\alpha^2\left(\frac{d\phi}{d\mu}\right)^2+\left(\varepsilon_0
    + \hat{\kappa}\frac{y}{R}\right)^2\right]d\mu
    -\hat{p}\hat{V}\;,
\end{equation}
in which
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:normalization_balloon}
\begin{aligned}
    \alpha & = \sqrt{\frac{D_{\theta}}{S_zR^2}}\;,
    \hat{\Phi} = \frac{ \Phi}{S_z R}\;, \;
    \hat{p} = \frac{pR}{S_z} \;, \;
    \hat{\kappa} = \kappa R \;, \; \\

    \varepsilon_0 & = \frac{p A}{2\pi S_z R}-\frac{\kappa }{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi }y d\mu \;, \; A = \int_0^{2\pi } x \sin(\mu+\phi) R d\mu = - \int_0^{2\pi} y \cos(\mu+\phi)R d\mu \;,\\
    \hat{V} & = \int_0^{2\pi} (1 + \Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y)(x/R)\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;.
    \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\noindent
As before, we Taylor expand $\sin(\mu+\phi)$ and $\cos(\mu+\phi)$
about $a_2$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:y_positive_pressure}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{y(\mu)}{R} & = \int_0^{\mu} \sin(\mu^\prime + \phi(\mu^\prime)) d\mu^\prime \;,\\
                & \approx \int_0^{\mu} \left(
                \sin\mu^\prime + a_2 \cos\mu^\prime \sin2\mu^\prime
               - \frac{a_2^2}{2}\sin\mu^\prime\sin^2 2\mu^\prime \right) d\mu^\prime + O(a_2^3) \;,\\
                & = (1 +\frac{a_2}{2}-\frac{a_2^2}{4})(1-\cos\mu)
                +(\frac{a_2}{6}-\frac{a_2^2}{24})(1-\cos3\mu) +\frac{a_2^2}{40}(1-\cos 5\mu)+O(a_2^3)\;,\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
leading to:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:A_positive_pressure}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{A}{R^2} & = -\int_0^{2\pi}\frac{y}{R}\cos(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;, \\
                & \approx - \int_0^{2\pi}
                \left[\left(1 +\frac{a_2}{2}-\frac{a_2^2}{4}\right)(1-\cos\mu)
                +\left(\frac{a_2}{6}-\frac{a_2^2}{24}\right)(1-\cos3\mu)
                +\frac{a_2^2}{40}(1-\cos 5\mu)+O(a_2^3)
                 \right]  \\
              &   \left[ \left(1-\frac{a_2}{2}-\frac{a_2^2}{4}\right)\cos\mu + \left(\frac{a_2}{2}+\frac{a_2^2}{8}\right)\cos3\mu +\frac{a_2^2}{8}\cos5\mu +O(a_2^3) \right]  d\mu\\
  \bar{A} & =\frac{A}{\pi R^2}  =\left(1+\frac{a_2}{2}-\frac{a_2^2}{4}\right)\left(1-\frac{a_2}{2}-\frac{a_2^2}{4}\right)
      +\left(\frac{a_2}{6}-\frac{a_2^2}{24}\right)\left(\frac{a_2}{2}+\frac{a_2^2}{8}\right)
      +\frac{a_2^2}{40} \cdot \frac{a_2^2}{8} +O(a_2^3) \;,\\
             & = 1-\frac{2a_2^2}{3}+ O(a_2^3) \;.
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
So we have,
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \epsilon_0+\hat{\kappa}\frac{y}{R}
  &  = \frac{\hat{p}}{2} \left(1-\frac{2a_2^2}{3}\right)
  -\left(1 +\frac{a_2}{2}-\frac{a_2^2}{4}\right)\hat{\kappa}\cos\mu
  -\left(\frac{a_2}{6}-\frac{a_2^2}{24}\right)\hat{\kappa}\cos3\mu
  -\frac{a_2^2}{40}\hat{\kappa}\cos 5\mu +O(a_2^3) \;,\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
thus
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \int_0^{2\pi} (\epsilon_0+\hat{\kappa}\frac{y}{R})^2 d\mu
    = \frac{\pi\hat{p}^2}{2} \left(1-\frac{4a_2^2}{3}\right)
  + \hat{\kappa}^2 \pi \left(1+a_2 - \frac{2}{9}a_2^2 \right)+ O(a_2^3) \;. \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

For the zero pressure case, we showed in the previous subsection that the dominant coefficient is $a_2$, corresponding to $\phi(\mu)=-\frac{\bar{\kappa}^2}{8}\sin (2\mu)$. Here, we will make the assumption that this is also the case for the pressurized case. This assumption is corroborated by the numerical results shown in Figure 2 in the main text which do not make this simplifying assumption in the Fourier series expansion.
The system is then symmetric about both $y$ axis and horizontal centerline
(the dashed line in Figure \ref{fig:volume}).
Thus we can simplify the $\bar{V}$ expression as:

\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \hat{V} & = \left(1+\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}yd\mu\right)
    \int_0^{2\pi}(x/R)\sin(\mu+\phi)d\mu \;, \\
    & = \left(1+\frac{p \Delta A}{2\pi S_z R} \right) \frac{A}{R^2}
     = \left[1+ \frac{\hat{p}}{2} \left(- \frac{2a_2^2}{3}\right)\right] \pi \left(1- \frac{2a_2^2}{3}\right) + O(a_2^3)\;. \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}

The energy expression thus takes the form:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:energy}
  \begin{aligned}
  \hat{\Phi} & = 2 \alpha^2 a_2^2\pi
   +\frac{\pi\hat{p}^2}{4} \left(1-\frac{4a_2^2}{3}\right)
   +\frac{\hat{\kappa}^2\pi}{2} \left(1+a_2 - \frac{2}{9}a_2^2 \right)
   -\pi \hat{p} \left[1+ \frac{\hat{p}}{2} \left(- \frac{2a_2^2}{3}\right)\right]  \left(1- \frac{2a_2^2}{3}\right)  + O(a_2^3) \;, \\
  & = 2 \alpha^2 a_2^2\pi
   +\frac{\hat{\kappa}^2\pi}{2} \left(1+a_2 - \frac{2}{9}a_2^2 \right)
   +\frac{2a_2^2}{3} \pi \hat{p} -\pi \hat{p} + \frac{\pi}{4}\hat{p}^2 + O(a_2^3) \;. \\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
By requiring $\frac{d\Phi}{da_2}=0$, we have:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:energy_min}
  0 = 4 \alpha^2 a_2 +\frac{\hat{\kappa}^2}{2} \left(1 - \frac{4}{9}a_2\right)
  +\frac{4a_2}{3}\hat{p} +O(a_2^2) \;.
\end{equation}
For each term we just keep the lowest order term of $a_2$, Thus
\begin{equation}
  4 \alpha^2 a_2 + \frac{\hat{\kappa}^2}{2}
  +\frac{4a_2}{3}\hat{p} +O(a_2^2) \approx 0 \;.
\end{equation}
Finally we obtain:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:a2}
  a_2 =-\frac{1}{\alpha^2+\hat{p}/3}\frac{\hat{\kappa}^2}{8}
  =-\frac{1}{1+\bar{p}/3}\frac{\bar{\kappa}^2}{8}\;.
\end{equation}

\section{Torque curvature relationship}
\noindent From the dimensionless energy expression (Eqn \ref{eq:energy}) and the expression of $a_2$
(Eqn \ref{eq:a2}), we have
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \hat{\Phi} & = 2\pi \alpha^2 \zeta^2\hat{\kappa}^4
     +\frac{\pi \hat{\kappa}^2}{2} \left(1+\zeta\hat{\kappa}^2

     \right)
     + \frac{2\pi\zeta^2\hat{p}}{3}\hat{\kappa}^4
     -\hat{p}\pi +\frac{\pi}{4}\hat{p}+ O(\hat{\kappa}^6) \;,\\

  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
in which
\begin{equation}
  \zeta = -\frac{1}{8(\alpha^2+\hat{p}/3)}\; , \; a_2=\zeta \hat{\kappa}^2 \;.
\end{equation}

\noindent We can calculate the torque by
$M=\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \kappa} $, in which $\Phi$ is the energy of the system
per unit length:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    M & = \frac{\partial \Delta \Phi}{\partial \kappa}
     = S_z R^2 \frac{\partial \hat{\Phi}}{\partial \hat{\kappa}}  \\
    & = S_z R^2 \pi \hat{\kappa}
    + S_z R^2 \pi \zeta \hat{\kappa}^3
    +O(\hat{\kappa}^5) \\
    & \approx S_z R^2 \pi \left[\hat{\kappa} -\frac{\hat{\kappa}^3}{8(\alpha^2+\hat{p}/3)}  \right] \\
    & = S_z R^2 \pi \left[\kappa R -\frac{\kappa^3 R^3}{8\left(\alpha^2+\frac{pR}{3S_z}\right)}  \right] \;.
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Since $\hat{M}  = \frac{M}{S_z R^2}$, we have:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:torque_balloon}
  \hat{M} = \pi \left[\hat{\kappa} -\frac{\hat{\kappa}^3}{8(\alpha^2+\hat{p}/3)}  \right] \;.
\end{equation}
In shell non-dimensionalization, this relation can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:torque_shell}
  \bar{M} = \pi \left[\bar{\kappa} -\frac{\bar{\kappa}^3}{8(1+\bar{p}/3)}  \right] \;.
\end{equation}

\section{Wrinkling critical curvature under zero and large pressure}
The critical wrinkling curvature satisfies the following equation:
\begin{equation}
  N_z = \frac{pR}{2} + S_z (\Delta \varepsilon_0+\kappa y(\mu)) = -\sigma_c t = - \frac{2}{\rho(\mu)}\sqrt{D_z S_{\theta}}
  =- \frac{2}{\rho(\mu)}\sqrt{D_{\theta}S_z} \;,
\end{equation}
in which $\frac{1}{\rho}$ is the circumferential curvature and
$\Delta \varepsilon_0$ is the change of strain at position $y = 0$:
\begin{equation}
    \begin{aligned}
     \frac{1}{\rho} &  = \frac{1}{R} \frac{d\beta}{d\mu} = \frac{1}{R}\left( 1 +\frac{d\phi}{d\mu} \right)
     = \frac{1}{R}(1+2a_2\cos{2\mu})
     = \frac{1}{R}\left(1-\frac{\hat{\kappa}^2}{4(\alpha^2+\hat{p}/3)}\cos{2\mu}\right) \;,\\
  \Delta \varepsilon_0  & =\frac{p\Delta A}{2\pi S_zR}-\kappa  \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} y d\mu \;.\\
    \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Clearly $y = 0$ ($\mu=0$) is the place with the largest compressive stress $N_z$. It is also the place with the largest local circumferential curvature $\rho$, thus the smallest $\sigma_c$. Therefore the wrinkling instability will happen at $y = 0$ ($\mu=0$).
This leads to the following equation for the critical wrinkling point:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
   \frac{pR}{2} + S_z \Delta \varepsilon_0 & = - \frac{2}{\rho(y=0)}\sqrt{D_{\theta}S_z} \;,\\
  \Rightarrow  \frac{pA}{2\pi S_z R} - \kappa \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} y d\mu
  & = -2\sqrt{\frac{D_{\theta}}{S_z R^2}}(1+2a_2) \;,\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
When we use the ansatz $\phi(\mu)=a_2\sin(2\mu)$, we have expressions for $y(\mu)$ (Equation \ref{eq:y_positive_pressure}) and $A$ (Equation \ref{eq:A_positive_pressure}) leading to:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
      \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} y d\mu

     & = 1 +\frac{2 a_2}{3} +O(a_2^2)\;,\\
      A & = \pi R^2 \left[1-\frac{2a_2^2}{3}+ O(a_2^3) \right] \;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
So we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq:k_w_original}
    8\left(\alpha^2+\frac{\hat{p}}{3}\right)
    \left(\frac{\hat{p}}{2}+2\alpha-\hat{\kappa}_w\right)
    +\left(\frac{2\hat{\kappa}_w}{3}-4\alpha\right)\hat{\kappa}_w^2=0
\end{equation}
When the pressure $p=0$, we have a simple equation for the critical wrinkling curvature $\kappa_w$:
\begin{equation}
    \left(\frac{\kappa_w R}{\alpha}\right)
    - \frac{1}{12}\left(\frac{\kappa_w R}{\alpha}\right)^3
    =2-\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\kappa_w R}{\alpha}\right)^2 \;.
\end{equation}
And the smallest positive solution for $\kappa_w$ is
\begin{equation}
     \bar{\kappa}_w = \frac{\kappa_w R}{\alpha} = 1.320 \;.
\end{equation}
When the pressure is in the "balloon range" and the tube is thin ($\alpha \ll 1$) such that $\alpha$ is negligible in Equation \ref{eq:k_w_original}, we have:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:k_w_small_alpha}
    \hat{\kappa}_w^3 - 4 \hat{p}\hat{\kappa}_w
    +2\hat{p}^2 =0 \;.
\end{equation}
This can be rewritten as
\begin{equation} \label{eq:k_w_small_alpha}
    \hat{\kappa}_w= \frac{\hat{p}}{2} + \frac{\hat{\kappa}_w^3}{4\hat{p}} \;.
\end{equation}
For $\hat{p}<1$, we can expand $\hat{\kappa}_w$ in series of $\hat{p}$ and
the first order approximation is
\begin{equation}\label{eq:k_w_p/2}
    \hat{\kappa}_{w0} \approx \frac{\hat{p}}{2} \;.
\end{equation}
We note that for \textit{E. coli}, $\hat{p}\approx 0.4$ (Table \ref{table:property}).

\begin{comment}
Next, we focus on the the balloon region in which $\hat{p} \gg \alpha$. We first assume
that $|a_2| \ll 1$ to approximate $\left(1-\frac{2a_2^2}{3}\right)$ and
$\left(1+\frac{2a_2}{3}\right)$ by 1.
We will verify this assumption by the final result we obtain.
Thus we have the following equation for the wrinkling critical curvature:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{\hat{p}}{2} -\hat{\kappa} =-2\alpha(1-a_2) \;.
\end{equation}
Also note that usually we have $\alpha = \sqrt{\frac{D_{\theta}}{S_z R^2}}\ll 1$, which is the case for isotropic materials and for \textit{E. coli} cells. Thus we have $\hat{p} \gg \alpha^2$, leading to an approximate expression for $a_2$:
\begin{equation}
    a_2 \approx -\frac{3 \hat{\kappa}^2}{8 \hat{p}} \;.
\end{equation}
We can further simplify the equation for the wrinkling critical curvature:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{\hat{p}}{2} -\hat{\kappa}_w =-2\alpha(1-\frac{3 \hat{\kappa}_w^2}{4 \hat{p}}) \;.
\end{equation}
Solving this quadratic equation for $\hat{\kappa}_w$, we have
\begin{equation}
    \frac{\hat{\kappa}_w}{\hat{p}} = \frac{1}{3\alpha}(-1\pm \sqrt{1+3\alpha+12\alpha^2/p}) \;.
\end{equation}
Clearly the root with positive sign is chosen. Considering $\alpha \ll 1$, we have
\begin{equation}
    \frac{\hat{\kappa}_w}{\hat{p}} = \frac{1}{3\alpha}(-1+ 1+3\alpha/2+O(\alpha^2))
    =\frac{1}{2}+O(\alpha)\;.
\end{equation}
The solution to the first order of $\alpha$ is:
\begin{equation}
    \hat{\kappa}_w= \frac{\hat{p}}{2} \;,
\end{equation}
equivalent to:
\begin{equation}
     \kappa_w = \frac{p}{2S_z} \;.
\end{equation}
Finally we revisit our assumption that $|\frac{2a_2}{3}| \ll 1$:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{2a_2}{3} \approx \frac{\hat{\kappa}^2}{4\hat{p}} =\frac{\hat{p}}{16} \;.
\end{equation}
For the range of pressure that we are considering (0 atm to 2 atm),
this is always smaller than $0.05$ for the \textit{E. coli} parameters.
\end{comment}

\section{Numerical Energy minimization}
We use Lagrange multipliers to minimize the total energy change $\Delta \Phi$ (Equation \ref{eq:energy_change}) under the boundary constraint:
\begin{equation}
    \int_0^{2\pi} \cos(\mu +\phi(\mu)) d\mu =0 \;.
\end{equation}
We define the function $F$ as
\begin{equation}
    F= \Delta \Phi + \lambda \int_0^{2\pi} \cos(\mu +\phi(\mu)) d\mu \;.
\end{equation}
For optimization under constraints, we wish to find a point $(a_1, a_2, ..., \lambda)$
such that
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \nabla_{\vec{a}} F & = \nabla_{\vec{a}}(\Delta \Phi) +\lambda \nabla_{\vec{a}} \left(\int_0^{2\pi} \cos(\mu +\phi(\mu)) d\mu \right) = 0 \;, \\
    \nabla_{\lambda} F & = \int_0^{2\pi} \cos(\mu +\phi(\mu)) d\mu = 0 \;.\\
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
This is equivalent to
\begin{equation}
  \nabla F (\vec{a},\lambda) = 0 \;.
\end{equation}
We use Newton's method to find the point satisfying $\nabla F(\vec{a},\lambda) = 0 $ and allow up to four terms $(a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4)$ in the Fourier expansion. We verify that $a_4$ is already small $a_4 \ll a_2$. So we expect the result to be unchanged with more coefficients in the Taylor expansion.
Please refer to \url{https://github.com/LuyiQiu/buckling_thin_shell} for the code and more details.

\section{The instability point for different systems}

\begin{figure}[!h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{k_p_shell}
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{k_p_balloon}
    \caption{\textbf{Comparison of analytical and numerical results for the critical curvatures for Shell (Left) and Balloon (Right) normalizations.}

    }
    \label{fig:critical_curvature}
\end{figure}

The dependence of $\kappa_w$ (Equation \ref{eq:k_w_original}) and the $\kappa_B$ (from the maximum of Equations \ref{eq:torque_balloon}, \ref{eq:torque_shell}) on pressure $p$ and $\alpha$ is shown in Figure \ref{fig:critical_curvature} for the two normalizations.
On each $\kappa-p$ curve are solid or open dots present the corresponding instability points computed numerically.
In the shell regime in Figure \ref{fig:critical_curvature}(A), the parameter $\alpha$ has no effect on $\kappa_B$ and a small influence on $\kappa_w$. In the balloon regime in Figure \ref{fig:critical_curvature}(B), $\alpha$ has very little influence on $\kappa_B$ and a modest influence on $\kappa_w$.

\newpage
\section{Turgor Pressure measurement experiment}
\begin{figure}[!h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth]{experiment}
    \caption{\textbf{An illustration of a turgor pressure measurement experiment.} }
    \label{fig:experiment}
\end{figure}

    We now propose an experiment relying on the theoretical results derived here and enabling the inference of the turgor pressure in live cells.
    First, one would grow filamentous \textit{E. coli} cells in a mother machine.
    By applying hyperosmotic shock during flow, one may instantaneously lower the turgor pressure and the cell would buckle when the critical buckling curvature is reached
    (for the particular torque exerted by the flow).
  We can back out the turgor pressure from the lowest osmolarity in which the cell is observed to buckle.
  To see this, we define $c_1<c_2$ as the two successive medium concentration for which the cell changes from non-buckling to buckling.
  $c_1$ would give us a lower bound of the turgor pressure according to Equation \ref{eq:k_w_p/2}:
  \begin{equation}
      \kappa_{ex1}<\kappa_w(p)=\frac{p(c_1)}{2S_z} \;,
  \end{equation}
  in which $S_z= E_z t /(1-\nu_{\theta z}\nu_{z \theta})$, $\kappa_{ex1}$ is the curvature of the cell measured from the experiment
  (at the tip of the microfluidic channel, where it is maximal) and $p(c)=p_0-\Delta p(c)$ is the turgor pressure after the osmotic shock ($p_0$ is the turgor pressure before the osmotic shock). The osmolarity can be calculated by the Morse equation $\Delta p = RT(C_{in}-C_{out})$.
  So we have
  \begin{equation}
      p_0 > 2 S_z \kappa_{ex1} + \Delta p(c_1)  \;.
  \end{equation}
Similarly, we can calculate an upper bound of $p_0$ from $c_2$, leading to:
\begin{equation}
      2 S_z \kappa_{ex1} + \Delta p(c_2) > p_0 > 2 S_z \kappa_{ex1} + \Delta p(c_1) \;.
  \end{equation}
  The accuracy of the measurement can be increased by reducing the gap between successive solute concentrations used in the experiment.
  Using a continuous change in the concentration by the appropriate design of the microfluidic device would allow one to directly measure the critical curvature and turgor pressure.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Wonderful Moquin Leather Reclining Loveseat By Orren Ellis is a must have in any house. You want for the greatest parts, so you want to ensure that you by no means overpay on their behalf. Sounds a little bit challenging, appropriate? Properly, this information is here to help you. Keep reading and discover some good expert strategies for locating the bargains on household furniture pieces you are going to adore. Before purchasing any kitchen cabinets, open up all the compartments and look inside of. You're not only ensuring that all the storage are built to final and open up with no hitches, you also want to be sure that the interior in the drawers have some sort of finishing as well. When shopping for Moquin Leather Reclining Loveseat By Orren Ellis, calculate your bed room prior to going buying. There is certainly nothing more serious than picking out the perfect pair of Moquin Leather Reclining Loveseat By Orren Ellis only to discover that it will not fit in your bedroom once you obtain it residence. Rather, effectively determine your rooms measurements before you go noting where by door and house windows are located.
Within this quick changing realm of competition and advancement, it has been a proven fact that individuals hardly get enough time to invest in their homes, looking after themselves. It is obligatory for us that people invest at least half of the days time in workplace, doing our job. If the office does not have in correct equipments and amenities for that employees, the workers get severe health issues. Similarly, the decorum and also the tools of the workplaces are provided enormous significance. Nowadays, almost all the tools are selected inside a careful manner in order to make sure the workers comfort and ease. One such important product at work is the ergonomic workplace chairs. As majority of the workplaces have turned out to be wise, meaning they rely more about machine than hard physical work, ergonomic office chairs are specifically created for this kind of workplaces. Those are the seats used for using the workplaces having pc workstations. These are specially designed chairs which help in the reduction of pressures around the a number of anxiety of the spine wires, therefore restricting the chance of muscular and neural diseases. Also they help in maintaining the right physique position. It aligns the forearms, wrists, back, neck and the mind in the correct jobs, thereby decreasing lower back pain, work related bone and joint disorders and other this kind of illnesses. And if you simply searching for a chair to relax, then consider one of the recliner chair from your checklist. In the following paragraphs we will talk about the top fifteen greatest ergonomic chairs in order to supply the readers with the correct knowledge so that when they purchase such seats, it might be easy for them to select the correct one.
With nearly 100 5-star reviews, this reclining loveseat is touted for its comfort, sturdiness, look and ease of set up. In addition to soft, but supportive soft cushions, it provides a gliding mechanism, so you can place your feet up and rock (though, not at the same time.) Upholstered with ultra-long lasting glued leather, this lying loveseat will avoid holes, rips and stainswhich is a great factor, since it also features a storage space area console (where you can hide your treats, of course) and a two-mug owner. Whether you are settling set for a Netflix binge or watching football with your team, this lying loveseat offers the durability and comfort with out emptying your wallet.
John RTA Copenhagen Collection 61 Loveseat in Marzipan was created especially for small rooms. Nevertheless, technology-not only in almost any room: condo, dorm etc. This established will give you more than enough assistance. It offers high quality fabric, higher denseness froth pocketed coils, top-tier polyester dietary fiber, and strong hard wood body. This increases the comfort and ease, durability, and toughness of the set. The established includes an ultra wide back straps. The established also includes extra comfortable cushions all that makes it much more comfortable. Notably, it has gently rounded arms and luxurious material to give it the exceptional appear that suits with any style. The established list compact, therefore it's very easy to transport. It has a minor smell that fades as time passes. More to the point, the couch is very simple to put together. It includes the putting together resources and instructions. You comfortably invest your penny hear. It acts the reason.
You cant discuss this couch with out talking about its impressive design, sturdiness, and comfort. If you ever required an appropriate chair, then transfer quick and get yourself Coaster Samuel Selection Cream Leather-based Sofa. You'll love it. This 3 seater couch has thoroughly clean lines and great cushions. The cushions are attached to the chair and behind. It is made of leather-based which is a sure bet that it is durable. Additionally, it functions tufted back and chairs that definitely contributes to its impressive look. More importantly, it features a spring foundation that gives it the required durability and comfort. Its wood body makes it very sturdy. The long and the short of it is this fact sofa is remarkable in every aspect. You might or might not agree with this. But the only method you are able to appreciate this is to buy and try it.
This RTA loveseat offers different types of furniture depending on the materials. That considerably includes bed linen and velvet. Advanced shades, Marzipan, Stoneware-Beige and Rye-Brown improve design for the couch. Select the covering and also the material that will depend on the stylistic style of your living space. Not just the shading, the fabric can also reflect the main difference in fashion. Make sure that the material you choose matches the concept of your room. This loveseat ballots in support of mixing the current design by having an excellent style. It has been moved up through the hands that begin to pass through the couch. With this particular blend, you simply see enhanced comfort and ease and tasteful style when lights the pads.
This is actually the subsequent sofa on our checklist. It is additional comfortable and very ideal for small rooms or attic residing. It's padded in polyester material, potential customers inset buttons that provide an elegant gemstone-tufted style. It is constructed of long lasting supplies and the thighs are made of durable wood to increase its durability. The loveseat comes with an java stained wooden legs and non-tagging feet caps. It includes an appropriate foam padding and rayon material furniture that makes it very luxurious. It has a longue place that provides an extraordinary room for relaxing.
Puffy, overstuffed loveseat cushions arent your lifestyle? This lying loveseat from GDF has sharper, cleaner lines than your traditional lying loveseat, which makes it a stylish addition to a mid-century contemporary, contemporary, eclectic or contemporary style of home. And, at only 46.46 inches in width, its easy to match a smaller room, like apartments, dens or offices. Available in a number of color and material options, such as charcoal material, navy blue material and standing microfiber, its easy to find the right complement for your home dcor, and the durability your loved ones needs for everyday use. Gone are the days of excellent-looking, but uncomfortable furniture you will no longer have to sacrifice comfort for design. This reclining loveseat features an oversized, gentle, plush-filled seat cushioning with enough space for 2 or sufficient space for you to spread out and unwind.
Serta RTA Copenhagen Collection 61 Loveseat in Marzipan is designed specifically for small areas. Nonetheless, you can use it in almost any room: apartment, dorm etc. This set will give you more than enough support. It boasts of high grade fabric, higher density foam pocketed circles, leading-tier rayon fiber, and powerful hard wood frame. This increases the comfort, durability, and sturdiness of this set. The established also includes an extremely broad back again straps. The set includes additional comfortable cushions all that makes it more comfortable. Particularly, it has gently rounded hands and luxurious fabric to give it the exceptional appear that matches with any design. The set list compact, consequently its easy to move. It features a slight scent that fades as time passes. More importantly, the couch is very simple to construct. It offers the assembling resources and instructions. You comfortably commit your cent hear. It serves the purpose.
The best part that compensates for the lost time the glory from the purchasers is its design without problems. Only for the look of the furniture, you get a nice stylish environment. It's available in rich strong shading, emulating as amazing formal clothing. While maintaining a respectable prominence, the material furniture can be cleaned effortlessly. You shouldn't regret following turning over a cup of drink in your good couch. You just need to clean the stain without end precisely if this strikes the upholstery. Even though great repute accompanies treat, it's not the situation here. This amazing couch is fed with a shape development of solid wood. You are much more unwilling to hear squeaks and walking seems.
This couch is caused the gong-shaped shape along with the upper armrest of the cushioning. Additionally, the top is supported by obstructed corner sides. The thighs, however, have joined the phony wood covering. The couch provides a comfy and extravagant sensation. This is the immediate result of very flexible cushioning within the polyester furniture. You can take a seat effortlessly for now to unwind. Each one of the tones provided for this sofa shows its significant element, Flexible style. The red sculpt would be ideal for each topics with light and darkish tones. That continues to be continuous for different tones it provides too. The couch is located in space. Regardless of whether its Thanksgiving or a large loved ones reunion, you can rely on it. Marathon-watching yet still time falling apart on your couch together with your friends is really a genuine option.
The Lawson might be known as quintessential United states couch style. It is comfortable and straightforward: The boxy shape is large and characteristically has three back again cushions as well as three seat soft cushions. The traditional Lawson also has A higher back and container-formed soft cushions that have welts at the edges, just like the back cushions. Well suited for snuggling and sleeping, this sofa design was designed for Thomas Lawson, a united states copper tycoon in the change from the hundred years. He desired a settee which was quite different from the fussy Victorian styles that were typical in those days. Current variations from the Lawson can also incorporate metal or wood included in the hands. Most significantly, this couch style is the one that will morph its vibe with the fabric you select for the furniture. The form is so flexible that it can be attractive, magnificent, industrial, casual or formal depending on your fabric choice.
This option are true to life-savers. I'd a wild roomie ruin my home furniture when I was out of town and was in eager need a new home furniture. A friend gave me Derek's contact details and so i called him up and he could not happen to be more useful. He requested what kind of home furniture I had and just what I wanted and returned an hour or so later having a better quality, lower priced furniture set. They were able to provide the very next day and I absolutely LOVE the new home furniture. Everyone I worked with was pleasant and expert and their top quality products are greatly listed. I definitely recommend this place to anyone searching for new Moquin Leather Reclining Loveseat!
i was looking for a sofa M formed sofa with a person household furniture. i became of drive with this location and chose to take a look. incredible value and great support. wealthy was very useful personally. helped me pick out the perfect fabric and solved the problem measure everything to ensure that i possibly could choose the best shape and size in my sofa. wound up getting a corner sofa couch humor person for less than 4k, fifty percent the cost i found for comparable issues at other places. i'd highly recommend this area if you are looking for any sofa! they have a lot of other furniture like well.


text:
Evaluation of some direct-to-consumer genetic testing reveals inaccuracies and misinterpretations
Special populations: Individuals who have had DTC tested
A clinical genetic testing laboratory examined results from direct-to-consumer genetic testing ordered directly by patients. They found many instances of false positives—reported mutations that were not actually present—and in some cases, reports of variants that "increased risk," but were actually benign. This study emphasized the importance of involving genetics experts in the interpretation of genetic test results. (6/28/18)
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) tests, as the name implies, are genetic tests that a consumer can request directly from a company without involving a doctor or healthcare professional. DTC genetic tests are available for looking at common traits, making health predictions (e.g. presence of particular mutations for cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease) and for ancestry analysis. In all cases, confirmation of any results by a clinical laboratory is needed to ensure that information is correct before any medical conclusions are possible.
More recently DTC genetic tests for determination of the presence of the 3 Jewish founder mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been made available. Note, this study evaluated DTC genetic tests that were done before 23andMe's more recently approved DTC test for the 3 common Jewish founder mutations was available. The quality of the test for the 3 common Jewish founder mutations was evaluated and approved by the FDA.
This study highlights the need for clinical validation of DTC genetic testing to confirm results and to ensure appropriate interpretation of results.
A clinical laboratory's evaluation of direct-to-consumer (DTC) tests and associated raw data analysis.
Study findings:
The FDA allows direct-to-consumer genetic testing for ancestry analysis, raw data, and limited clinical testing (including the 3 common Jewish BRCA mutations). These genetic tests come with a clear warning that any potential clinical variants must be reconfirmed by testing in a clinical laboratory.
Researchers at Ambry Genetics, a private clinical testing laboratory found that many mutations reported by DTC testing were absent (false positive) or misinterpreted.
40% of mutations (17 of 43) identified by DTC or subsequent third-party analysis of raw data were false positives: testing new samples showed that the individuals involved did not carry these mutations.
Among mutations present, 8 that were classified as having "increased risk" by DTC or third-party providers were known to be benign, common variants or of unknown significance.
We note that this study predated the recent FDA approval of DTC testing for 3 common Jewish mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (see prior XRAYS review). DTC testing for the 3 common Jewish mutations has met FDA standards for accuracy and reliability; these tests were correct and were not the type of tests examined by this study. Some DTC genetic tests (e.g. ancestry analysis) provided consumers with whole genome raw data. This raw data includes DNA sequence from regions that may have poor sequence quality or insufficient information. These regions would not be appropriate to determine presence or absence of a mutation (and are therefore not intended for clinical use).
If you have had or are considering DTC genetic testing, be aware that the information provided is not intended for clinical diagnosis or risk assessment. All potential mutations found via DTC testing need to be reconfirmed by a clinical diagnostic laboratory. This study highlights the high potential rate of false positives—DTC results that incorrectly stated that individuals carried a mutation when they did not. These erroneous results can be a technical limitation of the DTC tests and analysis of raw data. Tests to reconfirm the presence or absence of these mutations are needed before this information can be used for clinical decisions.
The misinterpretation of some mutations as "increased risk" rather than benign mutations, which frequently occur in the population and are not associated with disease risk, points to the need for adequate genetic counseling from a certified genetic counselor or other trained health care professional.
It is important to know that DTC testing is typically not comprehensive. It may include only some and not all genes for a disease, and it may not test for some mutations in all regions of individual genes. Clinical laboratory testing is more comprehensive for a given disease or gene tested. FORCE recommends consulting a genetics professional (such as a board certified genetic counselor, medical geneticist or other provider with advanced training in medical genetics) before and after being tested so that the appropriate test is performed and properly evaluated. If DTC testing is pursued, it is important to bring any test results to your health care provider so you can discuss what you have or have not had tested and to ensure a complete understanding of your genetic tests.
Is genetic testing warranted for me, given my personal and family history?
If testing is appropriate, what is the most appropriate and useful genetic test for me given my own medical history and my family history?
How do I get confirmation testing for mutations found by a DTC test?
How can I get a referral to a certified genetic counselor to discuss my genetic test results?
Are the mutations found in my DTC test likely benign, pathogenic or of unknown significance? What follow-up is recommended?
Who Covered This Study?
What consumer DNA data can and can't tell you about your risk for certain diseases
Healthcare providers can't afford to ignore direct-to-consumer genetic testing
Another reminder that consumer DNA tests are not 100% accurate
Consumer DNA tests are wrong 40 percent of the time
Nearly half of at-home DNA test results could be wrong
How these media articles were rated
IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF RESEARCH
Study background:
The FDA allows direct-to-consumer genetic testing for an individual's ancestry analysis and non-disease status. These genetic tests come with clear warning that any potential clinical variants identified must be reconfirmed by testing in a clinical laboratory. However, people who have DTC testing to look at ancestry or other non-clinical purposes can obtain their raw genetic sequence. The caveat is that raw genetic sequenced may be unprocessed, without quality validation for many reported regions. There are third party companies that will interpret this information for a fee. However, the quality of DNA sequence or the method of DNA testing (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNP testing) may not be suitable for analysis. This can leave consumers with the false impression that the information is accurate and known.
Researchers of this study wanted to know:
How DTC results compared to confirmation test results from their clinical laboratory. In particular, they wanted to determine the percentage of DTC results that were confirmed, and whether the variant classification matched that of the DTC testing company or third-party service.
Populations looked at in this study:
Researchers examined 49 cases that had been submitted for testing; each case was retrospectively identified as having prior DTC testing. The majority of these cases were from females (92%), unaffected with disease at time of testing (74%), 30-49 years old (53%), and Caucasian (51%).
This study from Genetics in Medicine in March 2018 involved 49 cases of DTC genetic tests that were tested at Ambry Genetics, a private clinical testing laboratory, to confirm or refute DTC results. Researchers found many mutations reported by DTC testing that were absent on Ambry's test (false positive) or misinterpreted.
40% of mutations identified (N=43) by DTC were false positives; testing new samples showed that the individuals did not carry the reported mutations.
26 of 43 mutations (60%) were confirmed to be correctly identified, including 2 in CHEK2, 13 in BRCA1 or BRCA2, including the 3 founder mutations and 4 unique mutations.
17 of 43 mutations (40%) were confirmed to be incorrectly identified, including 3 in BRCA1, 5 in BRCA2, 2 in CHEK2, 1 in TP3, 1 in ATM and 2 in MLH1.
8 mutations that DTC or third-party providers classified as having "increased risk" were mutations that are known to be benign, common variants or of unknown significance.
These included 1 mutation each in ATM, BRCA1 and BRCA2 that experts classify as benign and occur frequently in the general population.
This study was limited to DTC cases referred to Ambry Genetics for clinical testing. In these cases, the consumer/patient and health care provider had chosen to confirm DTC testing, which may introduce some bias into the sample selection. The study authors acknowledge that the sample size is small (N=49), and they are collecting a larger series of cases to confirm these results. Confirmation by other clinical laboratories is needed to ensure that these results are generalizable. A further limitation is that only genetic testing for genes that Ambry currently evaluates were tested; only a subset of genes was evaluated.
An additional limitation is that this study does not evaluate false negatives in DTC testing - patients who received a result indicating that they had no mutations in particular genes who actually have a mutation present. Individuals whose results indicate no mutations that increase risk are unlikely to follow-up with clinical laboratory testing. Researchers did not report evaluating any cases of this type.
Because DTC testing is not designed to be used for clinical purposes, all DTC tests need to be confirmed by clinical laboratory testing. The presence of a DTC-identified mutation must be confirmed to rule out a false positive result. Misinterpretation of the clinical significance of particular mutations by DTC companies or third-party entities has occurred. Consumers are advised to consult a genetic counselor or informed health care provider to determine the most appropriate test given their situation and to evaluate their genetic test results. DTC testing may (often) not be comprehensive; absence of mutations in a DTC test may not rule out the presence of a mutation in all genes or all gene regions associated with hereditary breast cancer or other hereditary diseases.
Tandy-Connor S, Guiltinan J, Krempely K, et al. False-positive results released by direct-to-consumer genetic tests highlight the importance of clinical confirmation testing for appropriate patient care. 2018.Genetics in Medicine. Advanced online publication March 22, 2018. doi: 10.1038/gim.2018.38.
Toll Free Helpline: Ask A Genetic Counselor: 866-288-RISK ext. 704
FORCE information: Genetic Testing: Finding The Right Specialist Can Make A Difference
FORCE XRAYS: Prevention


We may be motorcycle accident lawyers, but we're bikers, first and foremost. As a service to our clients and readers, we've put together a list of our favorite biker bars/motorcycle-friendly bars in San Francisco and the Bay Area. In most towns, googling "biker bar" might be a decent way to find a local gin mill, but in San Francisco, you might, shall we say, get a bit more than you bargained for? Never fear: your trusted attorneys at Riderz Law are here to help you out! We've taken the guesswork out of finding a decent place to have a drink in SF, and offer the following list of our favorite biker bars in the Bay.
We're always on the lookout for more biker-friendly watering holes, so if you don't see your favorite on our list, send us an email. If we like your biker bar, we'll add it to our list. Oh, and this goes without saying but we will anyway: drink responsibly, and never ride while drunk!
If you'd like to read our musings on a variety motorcycle topics and news stories, check out our blog.
One of the most popular watering holes in SF. Great burgers and one of the best bloody Mary's in town. Motorcycle friendly.
Motorcycle repair shop, café, tattoo parlor, and bar all rolled into one. Great food (breakfast lunch and dinner), a big selection of icy cold beers, and a 150″ plasma TV. Cool biker bar that really caters to riders. They also build and sell custom made street 'rods. If you're a biker and you're in the Bay Area, you need to check out Godspeed . . .
Great British pub in the Mission devoted to bikers and old-school cafe racing. 12 beers on tap and legendary fish and chips. Motorcycle racing is on the TV all day. Always lots of bikes outside.
Pub with good food and cold beer. Lots of classic, vintage motorcycles on display – literally hanging from the ceilings. Not so much a biker bar as a museum of classic motorcycles. If you like classic Harley's, vintage Indian's, or cool, old-time cafe bikes and cruisers, definitely check it out.
Cool dive bar in the city. Full bar and good selection of beers on tap. There's a great outdoor patio complete with BBQ – the food is awesome. Happy hour till 8pm with cheap drink specials, free popcorn, and canine-friendly, so bring the pooch if you want! What more could you want? Biker friendly.
Biker friendly bar in Freemont. Always lots of motorcycles in the lot – especially Sundays. Older crowd. Good live music.
Fun biker bar on Haight. Motorcycle parking in front. Tons of great beers on tap.
Have fun, but once again: never drink and ride! As always, if you or a loved one have been involved in a motorcycle accident, our San Francisco motorcycle accident lawyers are here to answer any questions you may have. The initial consultation and case evaluation is free, and without obligation.


text:
HOLIDAY HEROES: Fire crews rescue mother and daughter from apartment blaze, save Christmas
By Vanessa Vasconcelos
HOLIDAY HEROES: Fire crews rescue mother and daughter, save Christmas
FRESNO, Calif. (KFSN) -- It's a photo worthy of next year's Christmas card and something this mother and daughter are thankful they can look forward to.
They may be all smiles posing by the tree, but just a few hours before this picture was snapped fire crews were pulling this little girl from a second story window after their apartment caught fire.
"There were screams coming out of the apartment and a mother and daughter were trapped inside," said Battalion Chief Tony Escobedo.
It was 10 30 a.m. on Monday morning when fire crews were called to the apartment complex on Winery and Lane.
"Because the fire was so close to the exit and there was so much smoke they couldn't get out or breathe," said Chief Escobedo.
Fresno Fire crews were able to bring both mother and daughter to safety and quickly knock out the flames before spreading to adjoining unit. Battalion Chief Escobedo says they wanted to do more.
"My crews came up to me and said hey chief can we find another apartment for her," he said.
Thankfully the complex manager was able to find them a unit just two buildings over.
In an effort to make sure mom and her little girl didn't have to suffer any more, "We spent about two hours moving her beds, her refrigerator, her food, got her from one apartment to the next," Escobedo said.
Our holiday heroes even made sure the Christmas decorations made it to their new place.
"The little girl that was initially in shock crying because of the fire, but later on was happy and giving the firefighters high fives," he said.
And with those high-fives came a little instruction.
"As a matter of fact she got a little bossy she was telling us where she wanted the Christmas tree and all the presents laid," Escobedo said. "I even heard her say firefighters were her favorite so that made our day."
Firefighters are stressing the importance of working smoke detectors. That's what alerted mom to the fire. They also say it's important to have an evacuation plan for your family in the event of a fire.
community & eventsfresno southeastholidayfire departmentssocietyapartment firehouse fire
Ja Rule, Ashanti among performers for 'New Year's Rockin' Eve'
What to do if you were exposed to COVID at holiday gathering
Snow complicates travel as families head to the mountains
Sweet repeat: Brothers regift same hard candy for decades


gallery for the months of August and September, 2010.
Due to the complete renovation of the Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum in the coming years, the most important works will be on view in the nearby Knight's Hall of Burg Dankwarderod, including Vermeer's Girl with a Glass of Wine. The exhibition architecture is designed to make an overview over the different art historical eras, from antiquity to contemporary art possible.
Like it or not, Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring is in for another lengthy hike. This time, she's back to Japan.
On 27 October, 2009, the directors of the Mauritshuis and media company Asahi Shimbun have agreed to organize a traveling exhibition of major works of art from the Mauritshuis in 2012. It is anticipated that over forty works from The Hague will be exhibited in Tokyo and subsequently in Kobe. Amongst the works included are well-known paintings, such as the Girl with a Pearl Earring by Vermeer and the late Self-Portrait by Rembrandt.
The museum will tour a selection of its rich collection during the renovation of the historic building known as the Mauritshuis. This extensive renovation requires the closure of the museum for the public. The View of Delft will remain at the Mauritshuis.


text:
Chalcorana chalconota es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae.

Distribución geográfica
Esta especie es endémica de Indonesia. Se encuentra en las islas de Java y Sumatra por debajo de 1571 m sobre el nivel del mar.
Su presencia es incierta en Bali.

Publicación original
 Schlegel, 1837 : Abbildungen neuer oder unvollständig bekannter Amphibien, nach der Natur oder dem Leben entworfen und mit einem erläuternden Texte begleitet. Arne and Co., Düsseldorf, p. 1-141

Referencias

Enlaces externos

chalconota

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: ReactiveSecurityContextHolder is empty in Spring WebFlux I am trying to use the ReactiveSecurityContextHolder with Spring WebFlux. Unfortunately, the SecurityContext is empty :
@Configuration
public class Router {

    @Bean
    public RouterFunction<ServerResponse> routes(Handler handler) {
        return nest(
                path("/bill"),
                route(
                        GET("/").and(accept(APPLICATION_JSON)), handler::all));
    }

    @Component
    class Handler {

        Mono<ServerResponse> all(ServerRequest request) {

            ReactiveSecurityContextHolder.getContext()
                .switchIfEmpty(Mono.error(new IllegalStateException("ReactiveSecurityContext is empty")))
                .map(SecurityContext::getAuthentication)
                .map(Authentication::getName)
                .flatMap(s -> Mono.just("Hi " + s))
                .subscribe(
                        System.out::println,
                        Throwable::printStackTrace,
                        () -> System.out.println("completed without a value")
                );

            return ok().build();
        }

    }

}

This code always throws the IllegalStateException.
If I add a subscriberContext like shown here :
Authentication authentication = new TestingAuthenticationToken("admin", "password", "ROLE_ADMIN");

ReactiveSecurityContextHolder.getContext()
        .switchIfEmpty(Mono.error(new IllegalStateException("ReactiveSecurityContext is empty")))
        .map(SecurityContext::getAuthentication)
        .map(Authentication::getName)
        .flatMap(s -> Mono.just("Hi " + s))
        .subscriberContext(ReactiveSecurityContextHolder.withAuthentication(authentication))
        .subscribe(
                System.out::println,
                Throwable::printStackTrace,
                () -> System.out.println("completed without a value")
        );

It works fine and print "Hi admin". But that's not the point, the article says "In a WebFlux application the subscriberContext is automatically setup using ReactorContextWebFilter". So I should be able to fetch the logged user.
I have this configuration :
@EnableWebFluxSecurity
@EnableReactiveMethodSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public SecurityWebFilterChain securityWebFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
        return http.authorizeExchange()
            .anyExchange().authenticated()
            .and().formLogin()
            .and().build();
    }

    @Bean
    public MapReactiveUserDetailsService userDetailsService() {
        UserDetails user = User.withDefaultPasswordEncoder()
            .username("user")
            .password("password")
            .roles("USER")
            .build();

        UserDetails admin = User.withDefaultPasswordEncoder()
            .username("admin")
            .password("password")
            .roles("ADMIN")
            .build();

        return new MapReactiveUserDetailsService(user, admin);
    }

}

Am I missing something here ? If I put breakpoints in ReactorContextWebFilter, I can see that it is correctly called before each request. But my ReactiveSecurityContextHolder is always empty...

A: You have to return the stream in which you want to access ReactiveSecurityContextHolder. You're not allowed to subscribe within another stream OR you have to do the Reactor context switch manually.
@Component
class Handler {
    Mono<ServerResponse> all(ServerRequest request) {
        return ReactiveSecurityContextHolder.getContext()
                .switchIfEmpty(Mono.error(new IllegalStateException("ReactiveSecurityContext is empty")))
                .map(SecurityContext::getAuthentication)
                .map(Authentication::getName)
                .flatMap(s -> Mono.just("Hi " + s))
                .doOnNext(System.out::println)
                .doOnError(Throwable::printStackTrace)
                .doOnSuccess(s -> System.out.println("completed without value: " + s))
                .flatMap(s -> ServerResponse.ok().build());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1st floor. Total surface area 24 m². Sleeps 3.
Double bedroom with third bed and fireplace, dining area, in the panoramic veranda with kitchenette and wood powered oven, bathroom with shower, safety deposit box. Small terrace above the roofs. TV. Air-conditioned.
On ground floor. Total surface area 27m². Sleeps 3. Total surface area 30m². Double bedroom, dining area-lounge with a sofa bed, kitchenette, bathroom with shower, safety-deposit box. 15 m² private garden with umbrella, deckchair, table and chairs TV. Air-conditioned.
Single room on ground floor with wooden loft. Sleeps 2 + 2. Total surface area 28m². Double bed in loft. On ground floor: dining area, kitchenette, sofa bed, bath with shower, safety deposit box. 12m² tiled private garden with sun shade, deckchair, table and chairs, TV.
Single room on ground floor, with loft. Sleeps 2.
Total surface area 22 m².Double bed in masonry loft. Small lounge-dining area on first level, kitchenette and bathroom with shower, safety deposit box. 12m² tiled private garden with sunshade, deckchair, table and chairs, TV.


Firstly, an incredibly compact & lightweight battery/mains portable piano from CASIO, the CDPS100.
Next, and due anytime soon, the bigger brother, CDPS350.
800 tones, 235 rhythms, 60 songs and dual 15W amplification system.


Create flash slideshow from your digital photos.
MIDI to MP3 Converter (Recorder). Batch mode, Built-in Sequencer Mode available.
Excellent app gainings from the most popular in download directories! Explore the featured software programs categories, see the freshest versions of the cool utilities, and recieve at once! Do not lose opportunity to test the hottest software program: employ SoftEmpire to download software solutions for free. Meet the accumulation of free programs and software tool demo versions. select among system softwares, recieve controllers, softwares for relax, and all other forms of software for your notebook or cell accessory!


Purchasing power decreased by 11.94% in 1783 compared to 1782. On average, you would have to spend 11.94% more money in 1783 than in 1782 for the same item.
In other words, £1 in 1782 is equivalent in purchasing power to about £1.12 in 1783.
The 1782 inflation rate was 1.52%. The inflation rate in 1783 was 11.94%. The 1783 inflation rate is higher compared to the average inflation rate of 2.14% per year between 1783 and 2019.
Inflation rate is calculated by change in the composite price index (CPI). The CPI in 1783 was 7.50. It was 6.70 in the previous year, 1782. The difference in CPI between the years is used by the Office for National Statistics to officially determine inflation.
£1 in 1782 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as £1.12 in 1783.
You may use the following MLA citation for this page: "Inflation Rate in 1783 | UK Inflation Calculator." U.S. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 19 Apr. 2019, https://www.officialdata.org/UK-inflation-rate-in-1783.


handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rails disabled handicapped shower bathtub with grab bars photo handicap bathtub rail height handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails alt handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rails bathtub rails bathtubs idea handicap tubs handicap bathtub accessories tub shower combo ceramic handicap bathtub rails handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails fine handicap rails pictures inspiration bathroom with bathtub handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap bathroom rail height handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap grab bars outdoor handicap grab bar outdoor grab rails for handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails bathtub support bars bathroom shower rails bar handicap drain lever large size handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rails bathtub rails stainless steel bath safety grab rail bathtub rails handicap bathroom rail handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails bathtubs handicap bathtub bars handicap shower with grab bars handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails awesome bathtub ideas grab bars new jersey bathtub photos handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails bathroom handicap bars handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails medium size of walk in bathtub rails vertical grab bar bathroom safety handicap handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rails a bathtub with a shower and a handicapped hand rail handicap bathtub rail handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails luxury grab bars and safety rails for hotel bathrooms handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails safety handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails bathtub rails for the elderly full size of disabled bathroom rails handicap bathtubs showers portable shower handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails bathroom handicap rails bathroom handicap rails handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails toilet safety rails home depot bathrooms design tub with grab bars over the tub grab bar handicap bathtub rail height.
handicap bathtub rails safety rails for bathroom bathtub rail by best elderly seniors handicap and disabled adjustable hand handle grab bar handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rails lift chair bathroom door size tub shower combo bath transfer opener chairs rail handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails handicap bathtub rails medium size of bathroom bathtub rails shower grab bar installation shower bars for handicap bathroom rail height.
handicap bathtub rails bath tub safety products grab bars commode safety rails bathtub grab bars handicap bathroom rail height.


Last week, my colleague Arve and I were interviewed by GitMinutes. The topic was migrating from Subversion to Git in a .NET Shop, with a lot of interesting discussions and great tips from the host, Thomas Ferris Nicolaisen. Tons of fun!


Crowds of people descended on Alnmouth beach to take part in the annual Volcano Night challenge. Armed with spades and piles of wood they had ten minutes to build a sandcastle and then they had to erect a bonfire on the top. The winner was the last bonfire to stay alight after the others had sunk into the sea.This year the winners were a local team who put their success down to firelighters, more firelighters and total ignorance! The event was organised by Alnmouth Community Rowing Association and proceeds went to Amble RNLI.