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Cultural Adaptation of Behavioral Interventions
Diversity & Justice Practice
Cultural Adaptation of Behavorial Interventions: Annotated Bibliography
A growing body of literature suggests that lack of cultural adaptation of behavioral interventions is associated with disparities in service use and poor intervention outcomes in minoritized communities (Rathod et al., 2018). Furthermore, research consistently shows that culture and social context influence almost every aspect of assessment and treatment (Bernal et al., 2009). The aim, therefore, is for practice to be grounded in the lived experiences of communities, including their cultural backgrounds. We created an annotated bibliography of published empirical research on culturally adapted and culturally grounded practices with diverse communities. These adaptations range from basic language translation, to the involvement of community members in the provision of services, to more fundamental restructuring of methods of care. The studies illustrate variations on cultural adaptations across a range of behavioral interventions and are based on multiple research methods, including randomized control trials, quasi-experimental design, community-based participatory research, qualitative studies, and systematic reviews. We developed abstracts of the publications extracting the following information: behavioral health condition, target population, intervention, cultural adaption, method, and major finding. The studies are meant to be illustrative; we invite you to critically assess the body of research in your specific field of practice.
Conceptual Issues
In addition to rigorous research methodology, the development and implementation of quality cultural adaptation of evidence-based behavioral interventions requires the consideration of a range of conceptual issues. We begin this resource with selected articles critically assessing key considerations. Issues raised concerning the rationale for the development of cultural adaptations include (a) theoretical, philosophical, and ethical assumptions underlying existing majority-world interventions that may not be compatible with those of ethnocultural groups; (b) the question of whether culture moderates the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments or that the underlying structure of psychopathology differs for individuals from different cultures; and (c) whether or when to adapt an existing treatment for a particular racial, ethnic, or cultural group. Issues raised about the development of cultural adaptations are concerned with processes (a) to take into account the context of diverse ethnocultural groups, such as cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic contexts; (b) to integrate core therapeutic component modifications as opposed to only peripheral components, such as treatment delivery; and (c) to resolve top-down theoretical approaches versus community-based developmental approaches. Finally, issues of implementation include (a) the role of community involvement, existing research and literature, and/or consultation from experts; (b) the integration of the fields of implementation science and cultural adaptation; and (c) the sustainability of adapted interventions.
Conceptual Issues in the Cultural Adaptation of Interventions
African Americans and Other Blacks
Latinas/Latinos
Asians and Pacific Islanders
Indigenous and Tribal Communities
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, or Two-spirit Communities
Barrera, M., Berkel, C., & Castro, F. G. (2017). Directions for the advancement of culturally adapted preventive interventions: Local adaptations, engagement, and sustainability. Prevention Science, 18, 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0705-9
Barrera, M., Castro, F. G. (2006). A heuristic framework for the cultural adaptation of interventions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13, 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00043.x
Bernal, G. (2006). Intervention development and cultural adaptation research with diverse families. Family Process, 45(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00087.x
Bernal, G., & Adames, C. (2017). Cultural adaptations: Conceptual, ethical, contextual, and methodological issues for working with ethnocultural and majority-world populations. Prevention Science, 18, 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0806-0
Bernal, G., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 361–368. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0016401
Bridge, T. J., Massie, E. G., & Mills, C. S. (2008). Prioritizing cultural competence in the implementation of an evidence-based practice model. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1111–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.02.005
Brown, C., Maggin, D. M., & Buren, M. (2018). Systematic review of cultural adaptations of school-based social, emotional, and behavioral interventions for students of color. Education and Treatment of Children, 41, 431–456. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2018.0024
Burlew, A. K., Copeland, V. C., Ahuama-Jonas, C., & Calsyn, D. A. (2013). Does cultural adaptation have a role in substance abuse treatment? Social Work in Public Health, 28(3–4), 440–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2013.774811
Cabassa, L. J., & Baumann, A. A. (2013). A two-way street: Bridging implementation science and cultural adaptations of mental health treatments. Implementation Science, 8(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-8-90
Cardemil, E. V. (2010). Cultural adaptations to empirically supported treatments: A research agenda. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 7(2), 8–21. https://doi.org/b5e9fa03cd85523f3ac219206976c83f91e9c236
Chu, J., & Leino, A. (2017). Advancement in the maturing science of cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000145
Escoffery, C., Lebow-Skelley, E., Haardoerfer, R., Boing, E., Udelson, H., Wood, R., Hartman, M., Fernandez, M. E., & Mullen, P. D. (2018). A systematic review of adaptations of evidence-based public health interventions globally. Implementation Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0815-9
Garner, P. W., Mahatmya, D., Brown, E. L., & Vesely, C. K. (2014). Promoting desirable outcomes among culturally and ethnically diverse children in social emotional learning programs: A multilevel heuristic model. Educational Psychology Review, 26(1), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9253-7
Hwang, W.-C. (2009). The formative method for adapting psychotherapy (FMAP): A community-based developmental approach to culturally adapting therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 369–377. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0016240
Marsiglia, F. F., & Booth, J. M. (2015). Cultural adaptation of interventions in real practice settings. Research on Social Work Practice, 25, 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731514535989
Ollendick, T. H., Lewis, K. M., & Fraire, M. G. (2010). Cultural adaptations to empirically supported treatments: The challenge before us. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 7(2), 22–25. https://www.srmhp.org/
Rathod, S., Gega, L., Degnan, A., Pikard, J., Khan, T., Husain, N., Munshi, T., & Naeem, F. (2018). The current status of culturally adapted mental health interventions: A practice-focused review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 165–178. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S138430
Van Rooyen, K., & Nqweni, Z. C. (2012). Culture and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A proposed conceptual framework. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124631204200106
Belgrave, F. Z., Chase-Vaughn, G., Gray, F., Addison, J. D., & Cherry, V. R. (2000). The effectiveness of a culture and gender-specific intervention for increasing resiliency among African American preadolescent females. Journal of Black Psychology, 26(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798400026002001
Behavioral health condition: Behavioral health risks
Target population: African American girls (10–12 years old)
Intervention: Resiliency activities to increase girls' positive feelings about self and enhance a strong sense of culture
Cultural adaption: Relational and Africentric gender-specific focus (e.g., use of African dance, demonstrations on natural haircare, and remembering one's ancestors)
Method: Quasi-experimental design
Major finding: Compared to the control group, participants in the intervention scored significantly higher on measures of Africentric values, ethnic identity, and physical appearance self-concept.
Belgrave, F. Z., Reed, M. C., Plybon, L. E., & Corneille, M. (2004). The impact of a culturally enhanced drug prevention program on drug and alcohol refusal efficacy among urban African American girls. Journal of Drug Education, 34(3), 267–279. https://doi.org10.2190/H40Y-D098-GCFA-EL74
Behavioral health condition: Drug involvement
Intervention: Prevention curriculum addressed decision-making skills, assertiveness skills, and peer pressure to increase drug refusal self-efficacy
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of culturally similar positive role models such as African American women in leadership
Major finding: Girls in the intervention group had higher drug refusal efficacy as measured by the Specific Event Drug and Alcohol Refusal Efficacy scale than did girls in the comparison group.
Coard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022035.07171.f8
Behavioral health condition: Childhood conduct problems
Target population: African American parents of young children from low-income
inner-city neighborhoods
Intervention: Design of a parent training course
Cultural adaption: Incorporation of African American culture-based parenting practices
Method: Qualitative study
Major finding: African American parents taught or communicated race-related content to their young children through oral communication, modeling, roleplaying, and exposure.
Flay, B. R., Graumlich, S., Segawa, E., Burns, J. L., Holliday, M. Y., & Aban Aya Investigators. (2004). Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth: A randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 377–384. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.4.377
Behavioral health condition: High-risk behaviors (e.g., violence, delinquency)
Target population: African American youths
Intervention: Preventive, classroom based, and parental support
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of culturally based teaching methods (e.g., storytelling and proverbs) and teaching about African and African American history.
Method: Randomized control trial
Major finding: The programs reduced multiple risk behaviors for inner-city African American boys but showed no effects for girls.
Hack, S. M., Larrison, C. R., Bennett, M. E., & Lucksted, A. (2019). Experiences of African-American men with serious mental illness and their kinship networks within the mental health care system. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570888
Behavioral health condition: Serious mental illness
Target population: African American men and their kin
Intervention: Mental health care
Cultural adaption: Methods to better involve family and kin in the mental health care delivery system
Method: Qualitative thematic analysis
Major finding: Although kin were involved in clients' everyday lives, they were largely excluded from the community mental health agency and treatment decisions; barriers to kin involvement included agency gatekeeping, confusion related to who to talk to, and misinformation about confidentiality restrictions.
Kreuter, M., Skinner, C., Steger-May, K., Holt, C., Bucholtz, D., Clark, E., & Haire-Joshu, D. (2004). Responses to behaviorally vs culturally tailored cancer communication among African American women. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28(3), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.28.3.1
Behavioral health condition: Cancer
Target population: African American women
Intervention: A women's health magazine to communicate health information
Cultural adaption: Inclusion of sociocultural constructs, including religiosity, collectivism, racial pride, and time orientation
Method: Quasi-experimental
Major finding: Responses to all magazines were positive, with the health focus of
the magazines initially obscured in the culturally tailored magazines, but this disappeared over time, and culturally tailored magazines were better liked.
Marcus, M., Walker, T., Swint, J. M., Smith, B. P., Brown, C., Busen, N., Edwrds, T., Liehr, P., Taylor, W., Williams, D., & von Sternberg, K. (2004). Community-based participatory research to prevent substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in African American adolescents. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 18, 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820400011776
Behavioral health condition: Substance abuse and HIV/AIDS
Target population: African American adolescents
Intervention: Faith-based prevention intervention
Cultural adaption: Students were given opportunities to design media, write and produce plays, compose music, and gather grandparent life histories, guided by an esteemed African American playwright.
Method: Community-based participatory research
Major finding: Adolescents who participated in the intervention reported significantly less marijuana and other drug use and more fear of AIDS than comparison group.
Mikle, K. S., & Gilbert, D. J. (2019). A systematic review of culturally relevant marriage and couple relationship education programs for African-American couples. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(1), 50–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570892
Behavioral health condition: Marriage and couple relationships
Target population: African American heterosexual couples
Intervention: Education programs focused on couples who desired to prevent or resolve relationship conflict, discord, or dissolution.
Cultural adaption: Examples included focusing on language used in African American community, African American presenters, content and the impact of racism, and strong emphasis on praying for partner.
Method: Systematic literature review
Major finding: African American couples benefited from the incorporation of culturally relevant programs to establish healthier relationships and couple satisfaction through improved relationship skills and communication.
Montgomery, L., Burlew, A. K., Kosinski, A. S., & Forcehimes, A. A. (2011). Motivational enhancement therapy for African American substance users: A randomized clinical trial. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025437
Behavioral health condition: Substance abuse
Target population: African American adults
Intervention: Motivational enhancement therapy versus counseling as usual
Cultural adaption: Cross cultural intervention without cultural adaptations
Method: Randomized clinical trial
Major finding: Although there were higher retention rates in motivational enhancement therapy than counseling as usual (among women but no difference among men), participants in motivational enhancement therapy self-reported more drug-using days per week than did participants in counseling as usual.
Wechsberg, W. M., Lam, W. K., Zule, W. A., & Bobashev, G. (2004). Efficacy of a woman-focused intervention to reduce HIV risk and increase self-sufficiency among African American crack abusers. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1165–1173. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.7.1165
Behavioral health condition: HIV
Target population: African American women who abuse crack
Intervention: Psychoeducational information and skills training
Cultural adaption: Culturally tailored program with personalized change plans incorporating problems associated with living in the inner city (i.e., pervasive poverty, violence)
Method: Randomized field experiment
Major finding: Compared with subjects receiving standard intervention and a delayed treatment control group, woman-focused intervention participants were less likely to engage in unprotected sex.
Barkin, S. L., Gesell, S. B., Po'e, E. K., Escarfuller, J., & Tempesti, T. (2012). Culturally tailored, family-centered, behavioral obesity intervention for Latino-American preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 130, 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3762
Behavioral health condition: Obesity in children
Target population: Latino parent-child dyads
Intervention: Short-term skill-building sessions to improve family nutritional habits and increase physical activity
Cultural adaption: Examples included reframing norms around "gordito=healthy" and healthy pairing of culturally relevant foods (e.g., rice and beans).
Major finding: Reductions in absolute body mass index across the 3-month study period
Barrio, C., & Yamada, A. M. (2010). Culturally based intervention development: The case of Latino families dealing with schizophrenia. Research on Social Work Practice, 20, 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731510361613
Behavioral health condition: Schizophrenia
Target population: Mexican American families with a relative diagnosed with schizophrenia
Intervention: Family intervention
Cultural adaption: Incorporation of five specific Latino family cultural resources: familism, spirituality and religiousness, interpersonal warmth, biculturalism, and cross-border resources
Method: Randomized control trial (pilot)
Major finding: Increased illness knowledge and reduced family burden
Dillman Carpentier, F. R. D., Mauricio, A. M., Gonzales, N. A., Millsap, R. E., Meza, C. M., Dumka, L. E., Germán, M., & Genalo, M. T. (2007). Engaging Mexican origin families in a school-based preventive intervention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 28, 521–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-007-0110-z
Behavioral health condition: Mental illness
Target population: Mexican origin families with school-aged children
Intervention: Family-focused school-based preventive intervention
Cultural adaptation: Strategies included aligning with traditional family values, incorporating culturally syntonic instructional activities (e.g., video modeling using Latino actors), ethnically matched staff, and inclusion of a school liaison.
Major finding: Increased participation rates in preventive intervention
D'angelo, E. J., Llerena-Quinn, R., Shapiro, R., Colon, F., Rodriguez, P., Gallagher, K., & Beardslee, W. R. (2009). Adaptation of the preventive intervention program for depression for use with predominantly low‐income Latino families. Family Process, 48(2), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01281.x
Behavioral health condition: Depression
Target population: Low-income Latino families
Intervention: Family-talk intervention
Cultural adaptation: Use of language of preference, cultural metaphors, and a strength-based, family-centered approach
Method: Randomized control trial (pilot study)
Major finding: Although the family talk intervention had the same positive effects as the standard intervention, families who received the family talk intervention perceived it as less stressful and more helpful compared to the control group who received the standard approach.
Domenech Rodríguez, M. M., Baumann, A. A., & Schwartz, A. L. (2011). Cultural adaptation of an evidence-based intervention: From theory to practice in a Latino/a community context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9371-4
Behavioral health condition: Child behavioral outcomes
Target population: Spanish-speaking Latino parents
Intervention: Parenting skills training
Cultural adaption: Used both process (e.g., engaging parents and other stakeholders) and content adaptations (e.g., language, concepts, methods, goals)
Method: Three stages: a pilot study to ensure feasibility, focus groups to establish appropriate format and goals, and a test of the intervention
Major finding: Improved service delivery, 85% retention rate, which matched interventions with White American families
Duarté‐Vélez, Y., Bernal, G., & Bonilla, K. (2010). Culturally adapted cognitive‐behavior therapy: Integrating sexual, spiritual, and family identities in an evidence‐based treatment of a depressed Latino adolescent. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20710
Target population: Self-identified gay Puerto Rican adolescent
Intervention: Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cultural adaption: Integration of the patient's values, preferences, and contexts
Method: Case study (part of a randomized clinical trial)
Major finding: Enabled identity formation and integration, with remission of the patient's depression and better family outcomes
Field, C. A., Cabriales, J. A., Woolard, R. H., Tyroch, A. H., Caetano, R., & Castro, Y. (2015). Cultural adaptation of a brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking among Hispanics in a medical setting. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 724. https:/doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1984-y
Behavioral health condition: Heavy drinking
Target population: Mexican origin men
Intervention: Brief motivational interviewing in a medical setting
Cultural adaptation: Focused on risks (i.e., acculturative stress), protective factors (i.e., familism), and help-seeking and treatment use
Major finding: No results yet from the pilot study (will measure drinking outcomes, treatment use, social support, temptation and confidence, readiness to change, and therapeutic alliance)
Kulis, S., Marsiglia, F. F., Elek, E., Dustman, P., Wagstaff, D. A., & Hecht, M. L. (2005). Mexican/Mexican American adolescents and keepin'it REAL: An evidence-based substance use prevention program. Children & Schools, 27(3), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/27.3.133
Behavioral health condition: Substance use
Target population: Mexican heritage middle-school students
Intervention: Education curriculum
Cultural adaption: Culturally specific communication competence, narrative knowledge, motivating norms, social learning, and resistance skills using a Mexican American cultural version versus three other cultural versions (European American, African American, and multicultural)
Major finding: Compared to the other groups, students in the Latino version reported less overall substance use and marijuana use, stronger intentions to refuse substances, greater confidence they could do so, and lower estimates of substance-using peers.
Lopez, K., Magaña, S., Morales, M., & Iland, E. (2019). Parents Taking Action: Reducing disparities through a culturally informed intervention for Latinx parents of children with autism. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570890
Behavioral health condition: Autism spectrum disorder
Target population: Latinx parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Intervention: Parent psychoeducation program
Cultural adaption: Use of native Spanish speaking community health workers
Major finding: Significant improvement in parent knowledge, which also translated to improvements in child behavioral outcomes
Martinez, C. R., Jr., & Eddy, J. M. (2005). Effects of culturally adapted parent management training on Latino youth behavioral health outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.841
Behavioral health condition: Behavioral health
Target population: Latino youths and their families
Intervention: Parenting training
Cultural adaption: Use of entrenadores (parent coaches), community-building social time, parent empowerment, and parental self-efficacy addressing shift due to acculturation of children
Major finding: Improvements in parenting outcomes, including general parenting, skill encouragement, overall effective parenting; and improvements in youths' outcomes, including aggression, externalizing behaviors, likelihood of smoking and use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs
Perez, L. G., Arredondo, E. M., Elder, J. P., Barquera, S., Nagle, B., & Holub, C. K. (2013). Evidence-based obesity treatment interventions for Latino adults in the US: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44, 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.016
Behavioral health condition: Obesity
Target population: Latino adults
Intervention: Community-based treatment for physical activity or diet behavioral changes
Cultural adaption: Bicultural/bilingual professionals and community health workers and culturally based services in community clinics/centers and churches
Method: Systematic review
Major finding: Interventions with strong or enough evidence generally included community-based, church-based, and promotora-led interventions
Robles, E. R., Maynard, B. R., Salas-Wright, C. P., & Todic, J. (2018). Culturally adapted substance use interventions for Latino adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 28, 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516676601
Target population: Latino adolescents
Intervention: Education or skills training, brief structured family therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy
Cultural adaption: Change in program title and mission, incorporation of cultural values, use of Spanish, and cultural-specific psychological and wellness factors
Method: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Major finding: Positive but clinically insignificant effects of culturally adapted substance use interventions on substance use outcomes
Villarruel, A. M., Jemmott, L. S., & Jemmott, J. B. (2005). Designing a culturally based intervention to reduce HIV sexual risk for Latino adolescents. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 16(2), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2005.01.001
Behavioral health condition: Sexually transmitted HIV
Intervention: Education curriculum to reduce risk by addressing attitudes, behavioral and normative beliefs, and self-efficacy regarding HIV risk-reduction behaviors
Cultural adaption: Strategies included using a Spanish name for the program, using Latino music, using Spanish language (with Latino actors), integrating cultural concepts of gender roles
Method: Process and feasibility study
Major finding: Curriculum was effective in changing attitudes, behavioral beliefs, and intentions of adolescents
Weisman, A. (2005). Integrating culturally based approaches with existing interventions for Hispanic/Latino families coping with schizophrenia. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42(2), 178–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.42.2.178
Target population: Hispanic/Latino patients and families
Intervention: Psychoeducational family-focused interventions
Cultural adaption: Intervention included the integration of five areas: family cohesion, education, spiritual coping, communication training, and problem solving
Method: Literature review (not exhaustive) and description of new intervention
Major finding: Intervention in the pilot stage; primarily aiming to create a home environment that is empathic and lower levels of critical and hostile attitudes
Woodruff, S. I., Talavera, G. A., & Elder, J. P. (2002). Evaluation of a culturally appropriate smoking cessation intervention for Latinos. Tobacco Control, 11, 361–367. http://doi.org/10.1136/tc.11.4.361
Behavioral health condition: Smoking
Target population: Latinos
Intervention: Home-based intervention using Spanish-speaking community health workers
Cultural adaption: Strategies included use of Spanish-speaking promotores (community health workers), modifications to address linguistic barriers for low literacy population, and consideration of communication style and values (e.g., familismo, collectivism, simpatía, personalismo, and respeto)
Major finding: Intervention facilitated abstinence in the short term.
Asian and Pacific Islanders
Descilo, T., Vedamurtachar, A., Gerbarg, P. L., Nagaraja, D., Gangadhar, B. N., Damodaran, B., Adelson, B., Braslow, L. H., Marcus, S., & Brown, R. P. (2010). Effects of a yoga breath intervention alone and in combination with an exposure therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the 2004 South‐East Asia tsunami. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01466.x
Target population: Southeast Asians with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
Intervention: Yoga breath intervention alone and in combination with exposure therapy
Cultural adaption: Use of native-speaking specialists and a traditional Southeastern yoga
Method: Quasi-experimental study
Major finding: Yoga breath-based interventions significantly decreased measures of posttraumatic stress disorder compared to no treatment control (6-week wait list).
Fang, L., & Schinke, S. P. (2013). Two-year outcomes of a randomized, family-based substance use prevention trial for Asian American adolescent girls. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 788–798. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030925
Target population: Asian American adolescent girls and their mothers
Intervention: Web-based parent-child prevention program
Method: Randomized controlled trial
Major finding: At posttest, relative to girls in the control group (no intervention), girls in the intervention group showed less depressed mood; reported improved self-efficacy and refusal skills; had higher levels of mother–daughter closeness, mother–daughter communication, and maternal monitoring; and reported more family rules against substance use.
Fox, P. G., Rossetti, J., Burns, K. R., & Popovich, J. (2005). Southeast Asian refugee children: A school-based mental health intervention. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research, 11, 1227–1236. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16268232
Behavioral health condition: Mental illness and school adaptation
Target population: Southeast Asian refugee children
Intervention: School-based program
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of bilingual teachers and nurses and the exploration Southeast Asian traditions
Method: Pretest–posttest design
Major finding: Children's depression scores had a significant decrease between Screening Times 1 (approximately 1 month before the intervention) and 2 (fourth week of the intervention), 1 and 3 (eighth week of the intervention) and 1 and 4 (1 month following the intervention).
Hou, S. I., Sealy, D. A., & Kabiru, C. W. (2011). Closing the disparity gap: Cancer screening interventions among Asians—a systematic literature review. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12, 3133–3139. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ebb7/21ed39790a4732d8596be08e4ea316184367.pdf
Target population: Asian Americans
Intervention: Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of culturally appropriate written printed materials, alternative settings (e.g., churches), and bilingual outreach workers
Major finding: Culturally appropriate community-based interventions and lay health worker strategies improved cancer screening behaviors.
Joo, J. Y. (2014). Effectiveness of culturally tailored diabetes interventions for Asian immigrants to the United States: A systematic review. Diabetes Educator, 40, 605–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721714534994
Behavioral health condition: Diabetes
Target population: Asian immigrants to the United States
Intervention: Community-based diabetes interventions
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of bilingual community health workers and addressing culture-specific health myths
Major finding: Improved patient objectively measured clinical outcomes and psychobehavioral outcomes
Lu, M., Moritz, S., Lorenzetti, D., Sykes, L., Straus, S., & Quan, H. (2012). A systematic review of interventions to increase breast and cervical cancer screening uptake among Asian women. BMC Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-413
Target population: Asian women
Intervention: Breast and cervical cancer screening education programs
Cultural adaption: Examples included the use of ethnic subgroup health workers and print materials.
Major finding: The effectiveness of education programs increased when additional supports, such as assistance in scheduling/attending screening and mobile screening services, were provided.
Maxwell, A. E., Bastani, R., Glenn, B. A., Taylor, V. M., Nguyen, T. T., Stewart, S. L., Susan, L., Burke, N. J., Chen, M. S., Jr. (2014). Developing theoretically based and culturally appropriate interventions to promote hepatitis B testing in 4 Asian American populations, 2006–2011. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11, E72. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.130245
Behavioral health condition: Hepatitis B
Target population: Asian Americans (Hmong and Cambodian, Korean, Vietnamese)
Intervention: Hepatitis B screening health promotion
Cultural adaption: Intervention approaches included mass media in the Vietnamese community, small-group educational sessions at churches in the Korean community, and home visits by lay health workers in the Hmong and Cambodian communities.
Major finding: Intervention group participants were significantly more likely to report hepatitis B testing than control group participants at postintervention in the Hmong study (24% vs 10%), in the Cambodian study (22% vs 3%), and in the Korean study (19% vs 6%).
Mock, J., McPhee, S. J., Nguyen, T., Wong, C., Doan, H., Lai, K. Q., Nguyen, K. H., Nguyen, T. T., & Bui-Tong, N. (2007). Effective lay health worker outreach and media-based education for promoting cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese American women. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1693–1700. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.086470
Target population: Vietnamese American women
Intervention: Combined lay health worker outreach and media-based education
Cultural adaption: Recruited Vietnamese lay health workers and conducted a large-scale Vietnamese language media education campaign, including the use of ethnically matched health providers and the distribution of Vietnamese language booklets
Major finding: Testing increased among women in both the combined intervention (65.8% to 81.8%; p<.001) and media-only (70.1% to 75.5%; p<.001) groups, but significantly more in the combined intervention group (p=.001).
Morelli, P. T., Fong, R., & Oliveira, J. (2000). Culturally competent substance abuse treatment for Asian/Pacific Islander women. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 3(3–4), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v03n03_16
Target population: Asian/Pacific Islander women (pregnant and postpartum)
Intervention: Women-centered residential treatment program
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of Hawaiian healing practices or deep cultural therapy, and infant-mother bonding guided by kupuna (elders) of the community.
Method: Qualitative interviews
Major finding: Women identified these factors as important to success in the program: having their children with them in a nonpunitive, mutually respectful treatment milieu; working with consistent, competent residential staff and culturally sensitive interdisciplinary professionals; and involvement in a range of substance abuse interventions, including cultural healing practices.
Berns, R. M., Tomayko, E. J., Cronin, K. A., Prince, R. J., Parker, T., & Adams, A. K. (2017). Development of a culturally informed child safety curriculum for American Indian families. Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(1), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-016-0459-y
Behavioral health condition: Child safety (e.g., unintentional injuries)
Target population: American Indian families
Intervention: Family-based educational curriculum as part of a larger randomized control trial targeting childhood obesity
Cultural adaption: Examples include the use of images of children to resemble American Indian children, awareness of the portrayal of animal images and health beliefs, and caution in referencing mortality (given the belief that talking or thinking about mortality could create an environment that could damage well-being and even lead to death).
Major finding: Findings indicated that 94% of participants were either satisfied or very satisfied with the child safety curriculum, 69% reported spending more than 15 minutes with the curriculum materials each month, and 83% thought the child safety newsletters were either very helpful or helpful in making changes to improve their family's safety.
Elliott-Groves, E. (2019). A culturally grounded biopsychosocial assessment utilizing Indigenous ways of knowing with the Cowichan Tribes. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(1), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570889
Target population: Cowichan youths with a history of suicide ideation
Intervention: Biopsychosocial assessment
Cultural adaption: Use of art therapy, narrative interview, and nature walks with a focus on traditions
Method: Ethnographic study
Major finding: Found that the protocol, in addition to gathering standard clinical information, tapped important elements of indigenous knowledge systems that can help in diagnosis and treatment; in addition, the youths were able to reflect on resources from Cowichan traditions, including multigenerational support and the healing power of indigenous views on the cycle of life.
Kattelmann, K. K., Conti, K., & Ren, C. (2009). The medicine wheel nutrition intervention: A diabetes education study with the Cheyenne River Sioux tribe. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109, 1532–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.003
Target population: Cheyenne River Sioux tribe adults
Intervention: Nutrition education lessons in addition to usual dietary education
Cultural adaption: Examples included use of Talking Circles (common practice in tribal communities) as a reflection of space and focus in traditional dietary patterns of Northern Plains Indians
Major finding: The education group had a significant weight loss and decrease in BMI from baseline to completion, and the usual care group had no change in weight or BMI.
Kelley, A., Fatupaito, B., & Witzel, M. (2018). Is culturally based prevention effective? Results from a 3-year tribal substance use prevention program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 71, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.07.001
Target population: American Indian youths
Intervention: Prevention program to reduce binge drinking by 30% and increase community readiness to support prevention
Cultural adaption: Activities included healing rides, traditional sweat lodge, Sundance, talking circles, pow wows, beading, and preparation of traditional foods.
Method: Quasi-experimental evaluation
Major finding: Although the intervention youths reported higher levels of social support and community connections than did nonintervention group youths, substance use was similar among intervention and nonintervention youths.
Kulis, S. S., Ayers, S. L., Harthun, M. L., & Jager, J. (2016). Parenting in 2 worlds: Effects of a culturally adapted intervention for urban American Indians on parenting skills and family functioning. Prevention Science, 17, 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0657-0
Behavioral health condition: General parenting skills and family functioning
Target population: American Indian parents/families
Intervention: Parenting intervention
Cultural adaption: Incorporated American Indian cultural values and common intertribal cultural elements, distinctive worldviews on rearing children, and family challenges specific to their urban experience
Major finding: Compared to the control group, participants in the intervention group reported significantly larger increases in parental self-agency and positive parenting practices and fewer child discipline problems.
Pearson, C. R., Kaysen, D., Huh, D., & Bedard-Gilligan, M. (2019). Randomized control trial of culturally adapted cognitive processing therapy for PTSD substance misuse and HIV sexual risk behavior for Native American women. AIDS and Behavior, 23, 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-02382-8
Behavioral health condition: Mental illness, substance use, and HIV risk
Target population: Native American women
Intervention: Cognitive processing therapy versus 6-week waitlist
Cultural adaption: Examples included incorporating indigenous beliefs reflective of community values pertaining to spirituality, death, family, tribal specific historical trauma, and role of elders and cultural activities as support networks.
Major finding: Among immediate intervention participants, compared to waitlist participants, there were large reductions in PTSD symptom severity and high-risk sexual behavior and a medium-to-large reduction in the frequency of alcohol use.
Tingey, L., Chambers, R., Rosenstock, S., Lee, A., Goklish, N., & Larzelere, F. (2017). The impact of a sexual and reproductive health intervention for American Indian adolescents on predictors of condom use intention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(3), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.025
Behavioral health condition: Sexual and reproductive health
Target population: American Indian adolescents
Intervention: Sexual and reproductive health intervention, Respecting the Circle of Life, involving sports activities and an educational program
Cultural adaption: Examples included integrating spiritual health, using scenarios relevant to American Indian communities, and changing the title of the program to reflect the community's values.
Major finding: Changes in condom use intention compared to baseline, with greater differences among younger sexually inexperienced adolescents
Walters, K. L., Johnson-Jennings, M., Stroud, S., Rasmus, S., Charles, B., John, S., Allen, J., Keawe'aimoku Kaholokula, J., Look, M. A., de Silva, M., Lowe, J., Baldwin, J. A., Lawrence, G., Brooks, J., Noonan, C. W., Belcourt, A., Quintana, E., Semmens, E. O., & Boulafentis, J. (2018). Growing from our roots: Strategies for developing culturally grounded health promotion interventions in American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities. Prevention Science, 21, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0952-z
Behavioral health condition: Alcohol/suicide risk, cardiovascular disease, smoking, and substance use
Target population: Youths and adults
Intervention: Five exemplar community-based native health promotion approaches based on interventions originally designed for native communities (prioritized over adapted interventions designed for non-native populations)
Cultural adaption: A set of complex approaches, including mapping and rewalking the Trail of Tears, to develop a curriculum, incorporating kindredness and community activities (as opposed to individualized approaches), dance and stories, and others
Method: Included community-based research, comparative effectiveness studies, and pilot randomized clinical trials
Major finding: Population health improves when local indigenous knowledge and health-positive messages are prioritized in individual through multilevel community interventions.
Walters, K. L., LaMarr, J., Levy, R. L., Pearson, C., Maresca, T., Mohammed, S. A., Simoni, J. M., Evans-Campbell, T., Frederiksen-Golden, K., Fryberg, S., Jobe, J. B., & həli?dxw Intervention Team. (2012). Project həli?dxw/Healthy Hearts Across Generations: Development and evaluation design of a tribally based cardiovascular disease prevention intervention for American Indian families. Journal of Primary Prevention, 33(4), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-012-0274-z
Behavioral health condition: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity
Target population: American Indian adult parents residing in the Pacific Northwest
Intervention: Prevention
Cultural adaption: Multilevel approach focused on family, integrating motivational interviewing counseling based on a tribal intervention (identifying cultural and familial values, identifying rituals and routines for families, cultivating family connectedness and communication skills, developing strengths among individual family members, and increasing play and fun time within families) and personal coaching incorporating the following activities: creating family scrapbooks or photo journals, family kite making, drum making, and basket weaving classes
Method: A tribally based randomized controlled trial run by American Indians and Alaska Natives
Major finding: The results will be published after completion of the study and dissemination to the tribal council.
Bjørknes, R., & Manger, T. (2013). Can parent training alter parent practice and reduce conduct problems in ethnic minority children? A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science, 14(1), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0299-9
Behavioral health condition: Conduct problems in children
Target population: Muslim mothers
Intervention: Parent management training
Cultural adaption: Examples included creating ethnically homogeneous groups and using trained bilingual assistants
Major finding: Results showed that the intervention was effective in enhancing parent practices, with a decrease in harsh discipline and an increase in positive parenting. However, teacher reports showed that there were no significant intervention effects on conduct problems and social competence in kindergarten or school.
Mir, G., Meer, S., Cottrell, D., Kanter, J., McMillan, D., & House, A. (2016). Culturally adapted therapy for the treatment of depression in Muslims. European Journal of Public Health, 26 (suppl.1, 485). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw175.137
Target population: Muslims (no age specification)
Intervention: Behavioral activation (psychosocial intervention)
Cultural adaption: Adaptation included a religious values assessment addressing stigma, family dynamics, and supernatural understandings of depression.
Method: Case studies
Major finding: Increased service use and improved treatment outcomes for service users
Padela, A. I., Malik, S., Ally, S. A., Quinn, M., Hall, S., & Peek, M. (2018). Reducing Muslim mammography disparities: Outcomes from a religiously tailored mosque-based intervention. Health Education & Behavior, 45, 1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1090198118769371
Behavioral health condition: Breast cancer
Target population: Muslim American women
Intervention: Mosque-based peer-led group education program to increase mammography rates
Cultural adaption: An example of an adaptation was the reframing of messages; for example, reframing the pain involved in getting a mammogram as "The pain incurred on the path to completing a good deed (e.g., caring for my body) is rewarded by God."
Method: Mixed methods
Major finding: A significant increase in self-reported likelihood of obtaining a mammogram coinciding with a positive trend in confidence
Walpole, S. C., McMillan, D., House, A., Cottrell, D., & Mir, G. (2013). Interventions for treating depression in Muslim patients: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.035
Intervention: Various depression interventions
Cultural adaption: Various adaptations, such as awareness of therapist's gender, appropriate use of medications, and exploration of religious values
Major finding: Much of the evidence identified by this review was considered methodologically weak or including assertions made without qualification.
Craig, S. L., & Austin, A. (2016). The AFFIRM open pilot feasibility study: A brief affirmative cognitive behavioral coping skills group intervention for sexual and gender minority youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 64, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.02.022
Target population: Sexual and gender minority youths
Intervention: Cognitive behavioral coping skills group intervention
Cultural adaption: Examples included acknowledging and validating the unique struggles experienced by sexual and gender minority youths and exploring how they have learned to cope with identity-specific stressors.
Method: One group pre–post design
Major finding: Significant reductions in depression and appraising stress as a threat, significant increases in reflective coping and perceiving stress as a challenge, participants assessment of the intervention as valuable, and useful in skills acquisition
Eliason, M. J., Dibble, S. L., Gordon, R., & Soliz, G. B. (2012). The last drag: An evaluation of an LGBT-specific smoking intervention. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 864–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.694770
Target population: LGBT adults
Intervention: Education and support intervention
Cultural adaption: Education within an LGBT-supportive group using LGBT-specific innovative activities and smoking information
Method: Pre- and posttest design
Major finding: Success rate of 60% end of intervention, 36% 6-months post, which is comparable to or better than many mainstream smoking cessation interventions reported in the literature
Garbers, S., Friedman, A., Martinez, O., Scheinmann, R., Bermudez, D., Silva, M., Silverman, J., & Chiasson, M. A. (2016). Adapting the Get Yourself Tested campaign to reach Black and Latino sexual-minority youth. Health Promotion Practice, 17, 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1524839916647329
Behavioral health condition: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Target population: Black and Latino sexual-minority youths
Intervention: Awareness through images and messages
Cultural adaption: Used images and messages that included photographs and illustrations
representing a variety of individuals and couples, including young Black males, male–male couples, and female–female couples
Method: Preexperimental study design
Major finding: During the 3-month campaign period, the number of STD tests conducted at select campaign venues increased from a comparable 3-month baseline period.
Matthews, A. K., Li, C. C., Kuhns, L. M., Tasker, T. B., & Cesario, J. A. (2013). Results from a community-based smoking cessation treatment program for LGBT smokers. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/984508
Intervention: Community-based cognitive behavioral program
Cultural adaption: Examples included a discussion of health concerns for LGBT smokers (e.g., HIV/AIDS, hormone use among transgender smokers), the role of smoking in the LGBT culture, stress due to homophobia as triggers for smoking and relapse.
Method: Descriptive study
Major finding: Overall quit rates ranged from 23.3% to 39.1% at the end of treatment, which is in the expected range for community-based smoking cessation treatments.
Pérez, A., Santamaria, E. K., & Operario, D. (2018). A systematic review of behavioral interventions to reduce condomless sex and increase HIV testing for Latino MSM. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 20, 1261–1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0682-5
Target population: Latino men who have sex with men
Intervention: Behavioral interventions to reduce condomless sex and increase HIV testing
Cultural adaption: Examples included incorporating surface structure cultural features, such as bilingual study recruitment, and deep structure cultural features, such as machismo and sexual silence.
Major finding: Four studies reported reductions in condomless anal intercourse and one reported reductions in number of sexual partners.
Beach, M. C., Price, E. G., Gary, T. L., Robinson, K. A., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., Smarth, C., Jenckes, M. W., Feuerstein, C., Bass, E. B., Powe, N. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2005). Cultural competency: A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care, 43(4), 356–373. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137284/
Behavioral health condition: General health status
Target population: Health professionals
Intervention: Cultural competence training related to educational interventions
Cultural adaption: Focused on effects of provider knowledge, skills, attitudes on patient satisfaction, and adherence related to specific cultures
Major finding: Training improves the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of health professionals and affects patient satisfaction.
Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health intervention: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 531–548. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-23019-014
Target population: Mental health professionals
Intervention: Training on culturally adapted mental health interventions
Cultural adaption: Review identified 10 adaptations, such as explicit incorporation of cultural content/values into the intervention, racial/ethnic matching of client and therapist, and provision of services in clients' native language if other than English.
Method: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Major finding: Interventions targeted to a specific cultural group were four times more effective than interventions provided to groups consisting of clients from a variety of cultural backgrounds, and interventions conducted in clients' native language (if other than English) were twice as effective as interventions conducted in English.
Truong, M., Paradies, Y., & Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: A systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-99
Behavioral health condition: Health
Target population: Providers in various health-care settings
Intervention: Cultural competence training (e.g., workshops to increase cultural awareness for hospital leadership)
Cultural adaption: Review identified various adaptations across settings, such as culturally adapted educational materials and use of patients' native language.
Major finding: Interventions to improve cultural competency can improve patient/client health outcomes.
Rathod, S., Gega, L., Degnan, A., Pikard, J., Khan, T., Husain, N., Munshi, T., & Naeem, F. (2018). The current status of culturally adapted mental health interventions: A practice-focused review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 165–178. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S138430
Acknowledgment: Research assistance for the first iteration of this project was provided by doctoral students Christian Vasquez and Yong Ju Chong from the Steve Hicks School of Social Work at the University of Texas at Austin.
Cultural Nuances in International Social Work Practice
Disability-Competent Care
Practice in Criminal Justice: Carceral Settings


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New Spider-Man Star Announced
Karen Hill June 24, 2015
Photo Credit: Featureflash / Shutterstock.com
Following much speculation it has been announced that Brit Tom Holland is to play the lead role of Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the upcoming reboot.
Following in the footsteps of Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield, Tom will be the youngest Spidey to date, at just 19 years old.
Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures undertook a thorough search for the new Spider-Man and were very impressed by Tom's performances in The Impossible, Wolf Hall and the upcoming In the Heart of the Sea. Tom, fresh from his success in the title role in London's Billy Elliot the Musical, had to participate in a series of complex screen tests.
"With Tom we've found the perfect actor to bring Spider-Man's story into the Marvel Cinematic Universe," said producer Amy Pascal.
Jon Watt has also been announced as the movie's director. Jon was described by the group chairman of Sony Pictures Motion Pictures, Tom Rothman, as,"an outstanding talent."
Prior to the release of the new Spider-Man movie, Spidey fans can get a taste of Tom in the same role of Peter Parker/Spider-Man, as he is also appearing in superhero movie Captain America: Civil War, which includes stars Robert Downey Jr and Paul Bettany. This movie is due for release in May 2016.
The plot of the new Spidey movie (title to be announced) won't be concentrating so much on how Peter Parker becomes Spider-Man, but will be more based around the fact that he is a teenager in high school, and how he can use his wit and banter against the villians just has much as his powers.
Spider-Man is the most successful franchise in Sony's history, with the first five movies having global takings of more than $4 billion. The new Spider-Man movie is scheduled for release summer '17.
The Fault in Our Stars Wins Big
Staff Writer 5 years ago
New Indiana Jones Movie Set for 2019
The Revenant Takes Top Spot at Box Office
Jesse Owens' Race Hits the Big Screen
K.C. Dermody 4 years ago
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies Breaks World Record but Won't Break the Box Office
Karen Hill is an experienced English entertainment writer based near Walsall in the UK with her husband and two sons. When she is not reviewing theatre and music, Karen enjoys sci-fi and Zumba and is a brown-belt in karate!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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More info on Locklear
Locklear: Misc
(Redirected to Locklear article)
Locklear
September 13th, 2552 (Revised Slipspace date)
MA5B Assault Rifle
C-7 explosives
Unknown (shaved)
Notable Facts
Locklear was one of the few Marines to leave Installation 04 alive
United Nations Space Command
UNSC Marine Corps
Orbital Drop Shock Troopers
"Last time I checked, I take my orders from the Corps—not from some swabbie[1]... sir."
—Corporal Locklear to the Master Chief
Corporal Locklear[2] was a UNSC Marine and ODST stationed on the UNSC Pillar of Autumn in 2552 as one of Major Antonio Silva's company. His first name is never mentioned.
3 Traits
Though never mentioned during The Battle of Installation 04 or in the gameplay of Halo: Combat Evolved, Locklear was among the handful of survivors who fled in a Pelican when the Halo was destroyed. He, Lieutenant Elias Haverson, Staff Sergeant Avery Junior Johnson and Petty Officer Second Class Sheila Polaski hid in the debris field until they met with SPARTAN-117 and Cortana in their Longsword fighter. The Master Chief recognized that Locklear was in a state of shock from the destruction of the Halo, describing him as "an assault rifle with its safety permanently clicked off." Locklear was reluctant to accept the Master Chief's command at first[3], but was eventually subdued by the Chief's greater authority. He and the Master Chief then developed a closer working relationship over the course of OPERATION: FIRST STRIKE.
Locklear helped in the capture of the Covenant flagship Ascendant Justice, and was aboard when they returned to Reach. He then accompanied the Master Chief to the surface of Reach, where they rescued the SPARTAN-IIs who had survived the fall of Reach. At some point, he developed a crush on Polaski, who also returned his feelings.[4] He was greatly saddened when she died in the Slipspace bubble caused by the Forerunner Crystal artifact.
He assisted the Eridanus Rebels with the repairs they made to the Ascendant Justice during its stay in the Eridanus Secundus system. During the repair operation, Dr. Catherine Halsey entrusted him with the Forerunner crystal artifact. Halsey knew it was extremely dangerous as it would never allow the Master Chief to return to Earth directly through Slipspace and that there was chance it would fall into Covenant hands. She also knew that ONI and for that matter, all members of the service would place the rewards of the object's Slipspace effect above the risks, putting countless lives in jeopardy. She did not even trust the Spartans enough to relegate them with the crystal. She knew that Locklear would destroy it in an attempt to prevent another altered Slipspace battle like the one that had killed his crush, Warrant Officer Polaski, and she also hinted to him that the object's destruction was a necessity as if to guarantee he carried out her orders. However, Dr Halsey probably did not foresee that it would lead to Locklear's demise.
As the battle at Eridanus Secundus began, Locklear was ordered to collect supplies from the UNSC Gettysburg. While making his rounds, he decided to destroy the crystal with some explosives he had collected. He covered the artifact with C-7 Foaming Explosive. His judgement was obviously impaired by his bleak situation, and he was very distraught with Polaski's death. Locklear took shelter behind a robotic dolly, but his cover was insufficient. When he detonated the explosive, the artifact was broken into pieces and a brilliant explosion was produced. When the Crystal shattered some of the parts "squeezed" into Slipspace. The humans on board the Gettysburg recovered some shards and chunks of the crystal, while the Covenant only managed to gather a few smaller pieces.
Although Corporal Locklear technically committed suicide, it was most likely unintentional. He was obviously very upset at the death of Sheila Polaski, a Naval pilot to whom he was attracted to, but he also said just before the accident that he "wasn't going to die." It is possible that he was drunk, although the book does not specify whether he drank any of the alcohol or not. Locklear had no idea of the radiation levels the crystal produced, and believed that taking shelter behind a robotic dolly would protect him from the explosion.
It is possible that by completely encasing a radioactive material in explosive, that it would compress in on itself, achieving critical mass and produce a miniaturized nuclear explosion. However unlikely this scenario, an implosion-type first nuclear weapon was the first ever detonated during the Trinity test. This is also supported by the fact that "The brilliant flash of sapphire light was the last thing he ever saw."[5] If Locklear actually did manage to create a small nuclear explosion, then he would have been killed instantly, either by a massive dose of radiation, or he may have simply been vaporized by the explosion that followed.
Locklear, as described by the Master Chief, had numerous traits that allowed him to escape Halo. The most prominent of these traits was luck. In addition, as with most ODST's, he was reckless and had a knack for charging headfirst into a fight with odds heavily stacked against him.
He is one of a handful people to leave Installation 04 alive.
The ODSTs' distrust of the Spartans caused some initial friction between Master Chief and Locklear in the beginning, but later on softened to mutual respect.
Locklear is an ODST, but he does not have a full-covering body armor like the Halo 2-3 ODSTs.
Locklear has a scar lining his jaw.[6]
He has a dislike of flip music.
The Master Chief respected Locklear as an equal, considering him,"As much a warrior as any Spartan". [7]
↑ swabbie/alternate spelling; swabby: sailor, navy
↑ Halo: First Strike, page 48
↑ Halo: First Strike, page 153
↑ Halo: First Strike pg. 284
↑ Halo: First Strike, page 153: "You guys are just jealous," he muttered and absentmindedly ran his finger over the scar that lined his jaw.
Known Corporals
C. Errera · Harland · Jim Higgins · Locklear · Lovik · Taylor Miles · Benjamín M. Nùñez · Perez · Unnamed Female · Kale West · Wilkins
Categories: UNSC Marine Corps Personnel | Humans (Characters) | Characters
This article uses material from the "Locklear" article on the Halo wiki at Wikia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.


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Dawle Jairaj K., Suryawanshi V.B.
Address: Dawle Jairaj K.* and Suryawanshi V.B.
Drinking water (bore well) samples from 20 different villages from Nilanga Taluka of Latur (west) region have been analyzed for various water quality constituents during March 2007 – April 2008. Parameters such as pH, conductivity D.O., B.O.D., C.O.D., Cl-, SO-2 4 , NO-3, SiO-2 3, PO4-3 , CO 3-2 , HCO-3, F- , Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ ,Al3+ ,Fe2+ of bore well water have been analyzed quantitatively.
Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Latur Region, Maharashtra, India.
Dawle Jairaj K., Suryawanshi V.B.. Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Latur Region, Maharashtra, India. Asian J. Research Chem. 3(4): Oct. - Dec. 2010; Page 916-918.


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Hurdle requirements: Students must attend a minimum of 80% of tutorials in order to pass this subject. All pieces of written work must be submitted to pass this subject. Regular participation in tutorials is required.


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Ralph Hasenhuttl
Ralph Hasenhuttl Profile
Name Ralph Hasenhuttl
Short Name Ralph Hasenhuttl
Born Aug 09, 1967
Birthplace Graz
Height 6ft 3ins
Ralph Hasenhuttl built his reputation in German football and achieved stunning success at Red Bull Leipzig. His time at Southampton was enthralling and painful in roughly equal measure.
A successful journeyman club playing career and brief international stint with Austria opened the door for Hasenhuttl to step into coaching when he hung up his boots.
His big break as a head coach came when guiding FC Ingolstadt 04 into the Bundesliga for the first time in their history. He also led RB Leipzig to a second-place finish in the German top flight, before taking the reins of Southampton in the Premier League.
He struck up an immediate affinity with the Southampton fans through his effervescent personality and saved Saints from relegation after arriving midway through 2018/19.
However, Hasenhuttl bore the brunt of owner Gao Jisheng wanting to sell up which placed the club in choppy waters as big players left and cheaper replacements came in.
Eleventh place was the highest Southampton finished under Hasenhuttl, and despite surviving two 9-0 defeats during his nearly four years in charge he was finally sacked following a poor recent run of results in early November 2022.
Hasenhuttl was an international striker who won three straight Austrian Bundesliga titles with Austria Wien (1991, 92 and 93) and another the following year with Salzburg. He also has two Austrian Cup winner's medals and one Austrian Supercup to his name.
He later had spells in Belgium and in Germany, where his biggest career move, to Cologne, saw them promoted straight back into the Bundesliga. He stayed in the second tier though by moving to Greuther Furth. He wound up his playing career in Bayern Munich's second team.
Hasenhuttl scored three goals for the Austrian national team in his eight appearances.
Eight years as a coach
After leaving Bayern, Hasenhuttl remained in Munich by taking the reins at Unterhaching in Germany's third division, advancing rapidly from youth team coach to assistant then head coach aged 40.
Sacked three years later, his next stop was at Aalen, whom he initially rescued from relegation, then led to promotion in his first full season. After they had finished ninth in 2.
After they had finished ninth in 2. Bundesliga in 2012/13, the club were in financial difficulties and the boss was on the move again.
It was at Ingosladt where the young Austrian would begin his ascent in earnest. They were bottom of 2. Bundesliga when he arrived in October 2013. By season's end they were 10th and the following campaign saw them go up as champions into the Bundesliga for the first time in the club's history.
Far from clinging on to survival, their debut top-flight season saw Ingosladt finish 11th with Pascal Gross, later of Brighton, among their standout players.
Joining Red Bull Leipzig
Hasenhuttl's achievements in Bavaria saw newly-promoted, fizzy drink-backed Red Bull Leipzig make their move for the Bundesliga's hottest young property.
He was an instant success. RB Leipzig were undefeated in their first 13 league games - the longest ever such sequence for a promoted team in the Bundesliga.
They finished second in their first ever top-flight campaign, dazzling opponents with their high-tempo gegenpressing which brought inevitable comparisons with the style of Jurgen Klopp.
Although they were eliminated in the group stage of the following season's Champions League, Leipzig dropped into the Europa League and reached the quarter-finals before losing to Marseille. They finished sixth in the Bundesliga in Hasenhuttl's second season.
Whilst at Leipzig he also earned a reputation for developing young players who at that time included Sweden international Emil Forsberg and a certain Timo Werner.
Hasenhuttl fell out with the Leipzig board over a new contract and left in May 2018. It wasn't until the December that he got the call from Southampton to rescue them from the relegation zone.
Immediately his positive attitude and engaging personality - a pleasing contrast to his dour predecessor Mark Hughes - endeared him to fans. His 'three cheers' salute to all four stands at St Mary's after every home win won him huge popularity.
The first of those home wins came instantly - a 3-2 defeat of Arsenal who at the time were on a run of 22 matches without defeat. The next game, away at Huddersfield, brought a 3-1 win just before Christmas and it was full steam ahead for the Ralph Express. Safety was secured with two games to spare.
Because who doesn't want to start their day with a Ralph Hasenhüttl goal celebration! 😇 #saintsfc pic.twitter.com/EoZsPFbwbE
— Southampton FC (@SouthamptonFC) April 28, 2019
It has been a bumpy ride since then, however. The infamous 9-0 defeat on a soaking wet Friday night of 25 October 2019 will go down as one of the lowest points in the club's history.
Ryan Bertrand was given a straight red card after only 12 minutes but that could not excuse the lamentable collapse that followed. It equalled the Premier League record for the heaviest defeat and was the biggest home loss in the top flight ever.
Despite the Leicester City humiliation, Saints finished that season (which ended in front of empty stands due to coronavirus) very strongly, going unbeaten in their last seven games to finish 11th.
Losing 9-0 once is bad enough, but for it to happen again the very next season, at Manchester United, goes down as a big black mark against Hasenhuttl's name.
Again, there was an early red card - after just one minute this time - and the capitulation which followed at was almost as horrendous. A second red card later in the game, a ridiculous penalty decision and a wrongly disallowed goal at least gave the manager a few excuses this time around.
A month earlier, Southampton had beaten champions Liverpool 1-0 at St Mary's and Hasenhuttl had sunk to his knees in tears at the final whistle.
It was a slightly odd moment, but showed the coach's sensitivity and perhaps hinted at the pressures of the job starting to show.
Saints were woeful for the second half of the season as injuries took their toll on a small squad. Hasenhuttl's beard grew longer and his wrinkles deeper. A pathetic 3-0 defeat at West Ham on the season's final day encapsulated fans' concerns. Many highlighted his slowness at changing tactics in-game as a weakness.
The 2021/22 season served up more of the same, with a 6-0 thumping to Chelsea one of the low points. However, the Saints did reach the lofty heights of tenth in February after a 2-0 win over Norwich.
But they collapsed after that and after a brief flirt with the relegation dogfight settled for 15th place despite four straight defeats at the end of the season.
The Austrian was finally sacked after almost four years in charge following a poor run of results in November 2022.
The Saints swung the axe in the wake of their 4-1 Premier League home defeat by Newcastle, which left Hasenhuttl with just one win in his last nine matches.
Hassenhuttl reportedly earned £6m a year at Southampton, making him (unofficially) the eighth highest-earning manager in the Premier League in 2020/21.
Hasenhuttl is married to Sandra and their son Patrick plays for Ralph's old club SpVgg Unterhaching, having previously been at another former employer of his father, Ingolstadt. Patrick has played for Austria at several junior age-group levels.
Ralph Hasenhuttl News
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Southampton defender Armel Bella-Kotchap 'all good' after dislocating shoulder


10 children's books that discuss adoption, identity, and the different ways that families are created. A great addition to any family's library!
Informative resources for LGBTQ parents and prospective parents about the adoption/foster process and the unique challenges that come with it.
Check back for updates to this section.
Our Family Coalition is proud to invite you to the inaugural "Make History, Teach History Symposium (MHTH)," a groundbreaking conference in San Francisco where attendees will access successful strategies to teach and effectively incorporate LGBTQ history into existing teaching practices as now required by the passage of the FAIR Education Act.
In California, the FAIR Education Act ensures that schools integrate factual information about social movements, current events and history of people with disabilities and LGBT people into existing social studies lessons and prevents schools from incorporating instructional materials that discriminate. Our Family Coalition actively works with schools and districts to develop comprehensive and inclusive curriculum for students. Visit the website to get more information on FAIR and to access lesson plans that that include LGBTQ families and individuals.
This is a short list of some simple ways to make the classroom environment more welcoming and inclusive for LGBTQ families and individuals. Also available in Spanish.
This is a quick overview of Education Law and Policies in California that apply to LGBTQ students.
Gender Spectrum also offers in-person support groups and trainings, as well as an annual summer conference for youth and families. For more information, visit genderspectrum.org/category/we-can-help.
The Unicorn Project offers a free art and social group for gender variant and transgender children ages 3-12. Meetings are held in Oakland. For more information including to RSVP and get up-to-date meeting times and locations, contact Rachel Pepper at RLPepper@Hotmail.com.
Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp is a summer program designed to empower gender-expansive youth by creating a safe space in which to explore gender identity amongst peers. The camp is held in El Cerrito and offers programs for ages 5-12 and 13-17.
Dimensions provides support and low-cost health services for transgender, gender-variant, and queer youth ages 12-25. Dimensions offers a weekly support group run by trans counselors for transgender and gender-variant youth.
Trans: Thrive is a safe space by and for the transgender community. The program includes a variety of support and social groups, including a Transfeminine Group, Transmasculine Group, TransEmpowerment, and more.
Lyon-Martin Health Services offers primary, preventative, and mental health services in a trans-affirmative environment. The clinic accepts MediCal and MediCare, as well as many private insurance plans, and offers sliding scale fees for patients who are uninsured.
An ongoing group offered by Our Family Coalition for trans parents, prospective parents, and co-parents to connect and share what's on their minds. From the workplace to trans activism, transition to temper tantrums, discuss whatever you'd like in a safe space with friendly, supportive people. See the calendar for upcoming meetings.
The Multi-Specialty Transitions Department offers culturally competent, comprehensive healthcare services for transgender Kaiser Permanente members, including hormone consultations, surgical evaluations, psychological services, and gynecological care. If you are currently a member of Kaiser Permanente, you can ask your Primary Care Physician for a referral. For information on membership options, visit kp.org.
The Gender Pathways Clinic offers integrated, cross-disciplinary healthcare services for transgender and gender-expansive Kaiser Permanente members. If you are currently a member of Kaiser Permanente, you can ask your Primary Care Physician for a referral. For information on membership options, visit kp.org.
See our archive of past e-newsletters.
To be listed in our community announcements, see the guidelines and form here.
For Non-Profits and Community-Based Organizations: Contact us at newsletter@ourfamily.org to be added to our mailing list.
Joining the community is free, easy, ensures you'll be the first to know about our great programs, and makes it easy to register you and your family for events.


Effect: Two nails are apparently pushed through a Number 260 animal balloon.
The nails are removed. The balloon is removed. And the tube, balloon and nails are handed out for examination.
This uses a different method from that of the Spikes thru Balloon and the Wand thru Balloon. Everything may be closely examined both before and after the effect.


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Suzann Pettersen is next R&A 'Working for Golf Ambassador'
9.13am 20th July 2011	- People
The R&A has announced that top women's golfer Suzann Pettersen has agreed to become the world governing body's next 'Working For Golf Ambassador'. Suzann joins two-time Open Champion Padraig Harrington in this role, promoting the work of The R&A worldwide.
Suzann's commitment spans coaching young people in R&A-funded golf development programmes, appearing in Rules of Golf multimedia productions and promoting the etiquette of the game at events spread throughout her global playing schedule.
"We are delighted that Suzann Pettersen has agreed to add her support to our Working For Golf initiatives," said Peter Dawson, Chief Executive of The R&A. "She is a global figure in the game and a role model for young people choosing to participate in our sport."
Taking part in a junior coaching session at The Open, Suzann Pettersen said: "I was inspired to make my career in golf through watching players in The Open Championship, and it is a great privilege to use what influence I have in the game to encourage young people of all abilities to participate in golf."
The R&A will now support the Suzann Junior Challenge event in Norway, organised with the Norwegian Golf Federation and now in its eighth year.
R&A www.RandA.org
Norwegian Golf Federation www.golfforbundet.no
Suzann Pettersen www.suzanngolf.com
Norwegian Golf Federation / Padraig Harrington / Peter Dawson / R&A / Suzann Pettersen
Time To Celebrate Greenkeeping Talent
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Mankert celebrates 25 years of coaching blind and visually impaired golfers
Matthew Turns To Golfer's CBD In Pursuit Of Further Success


Is there any validity to financial planning "rules of thumb"–such as "saving 10% of your gross income"?
The first step is to decide what you realistically want to achieve financially. Financial goals might include: early retirement, travel, a vacation home, securing your family's financial comfort on the death of a bread-winner, planning for the care of elderly relatives or building a family business.
Is there any validity to financial planning "rules of thumb" such as "saving 10% of your gross income"?
1. Life insurance should equal five times your yearly salary This rule of thumb has been used to answer the question: How much life insurance should I have? The ideal amount of life insurance is the amount that will, when invested, generate enough income to allow your survivors to maintain the level of income they are used to. "Five times your salary" will accomplish this objective in some cases, but there is no substitute for making the calculations necessary to find out how much life insurance you need to buy for your particular situation. The amount of life insurance you need depends on how many people there are in your family, whether there are other sources of income besides your salary, how old your children are, and a few other factors.
2. Save 10% of your salary per year You may need to save much more than ten percent of your gross income to have a comfortable retirement. The amount you need to save for retirement depends on how large your existing nest egg is and how old you are. Those who started saving late in life, for instance in their 40s, need to save at least 15 or 20% per year.
3. Contribute as much as you can to retirement plans This makes sense for most people, but if you've accumulated a large amount of money in a retirement plan, say close to a million dollars, you may reach the point where the negatives of contributing to your retirement plan savings outweigh the positives.
4. You need 80% of your pre-retirement income to retire comfortably Although people may need 80% of their salaries during the first few years of retirement, later on they are often able to live comfortably on less. The amount of income you need depends on whether you have paid off your mortgage, whether you will have other sources of retirement income, and other factors.
5. Subtract your age from 100 and invest that percentage in stocks This is one of those "cookie cutter" rules that only pans out for certain investors. For others, it results in a portfolio that is much too conservative. The best method of allocating percentages among various types of investments depends on your investment goals and needs and your willingness to risk your capital. In this case, rules of thumb do not serve the investor very well at all.
6. Maintain an emergency fund of six months' worth of expenses Depending on your family's situation, three months' worth of expenses might be enough. On the other hand, for some families even six months' worth might be totally inadequate. The amount you should keep on hand depends on how easy it would be for you to take out a short term loan and how much money you have in savings and investments among other things.
And, in 2011 a Harris Interactive survey commissioned by RocketLawyer.com found that of the more than 1,000 people surveyed, 53% of the women do not have a will, 26% of them citing cost as the primary reason they don't have one.


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I have been working as a Teaching Assistant in Belfast for four years, both in elementary and secondary school. The last two years I worked as a Special Educational Needs classroom assistant at a secondary school. I believe that no child should be left behind.I like encouraging children to become more independent and self - confident. I enjoy helping them to reach their goals, so I work hard to find the best way for them to learn. The sun and good weather of Marbella would allow me to rekindle my love for outdoor sports like tennis and beach volley, I love travelling the world, and discovering new places and different cultures. I have visited Indonesia twice and I have fallen in love with its people and its islands and landscapes. I cannot wait to go back. After five years working in Northern Ireland, I am delighted at the idea of coming back to Spain. I intend to make the most of this experience to grow both personally and professionally in the British International School of Marbella.
Mr Lee Rimmer
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Urbanization Rocio de Nagüeles, Calle Teba number 4, 29602, Marbella, Spain
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Kosovans accuse FIFA of double standards after reports of death threats from Serbia fans
Switzerland's Xherdan Shaqiri makes a shush gesture at Serbia fans. / FIFA
By bne IntelliNews December 4, 2022
Kosovan football fans flooded social media with accusations of FIFA double standards after the World Cup match between Serbia and Switzerland on December 2, claiming Serbian fans' "calls for the murder and genocide" of Albanians were tolerated, while an Albanian fan was removed from the stadium for making the national eagle symbol.
Amid heightened tensions between Serbia and Kosovo, the match played between Serbia and Switzerland — the national team of which has two key players of Kosovo Albanian origin — became highly politicised.
Tempers flared on the pitch several times as Serbian players clashed with Switzerland captain Granit Xhaka and his teammate Xherdan Shaqiri. Serbian substitutes burst onto the pitch when Aleksandar Mitrovic's penalty appeal was denied in the second half.
Off the pitch, a public address in the 77th minute called for Serbian fans to stop chants they were making within the stadium. Later reports claimed the chants from fans included calls for genocide.
The confrontation between Serbia and Switzerland was expected to be fractious. The teams previously played each other in the group stage of the 2018 World Cup, when Shaqiri and Xhaka were fined for celebrating Switzerland's victory with eagle-hand gestures.
After the December 2 match in Qatar, the Guardian reported a source within the stadium as saying that Serbian fans were chanting "Kill, kill, kill the Albanians" and "Kosovo is the heart of Serbia".
The newspaper also reported that some Serbian supporters were wearing clothes with fascist slogans and that the racist songs and chants against ethnic Albanians took place throughout the match, not only in the final minutes.
Kosovan fans angered
The reports from the match sparked an outpouring of anger from Kosovan fans.
Sports Minister Hajrulla Ceku retweeted a comment from Pristina-based architect Gentiana Paskalla, who accused FIFA of hypocrisy.
"The eagle is a symbol of resistance against the long and brutal Serbian oppression of Kosovo," wrote Paskalla on Twitter.
"The #FIFA narrative: Serbian chauvinistic messages and gestures and calls for murder and genocide are tolerated, while Albanian symbols of resistance and national flags are banned."
Ruben Avxhiu, editor-in-chief of New York-based Albanian-American newspaper Illyria, posted a link to the Guardian's article on Twitter, adding the comment: Meanwhile @fifa is busy kicking out of the stadium Albanian female fans for doing the benevolent and amusing eagle-hand gesture."
Another fan referred to an incident where Xhaka appeared to grab at his crotch to taunt Serbia fans.
"Granit Xhaka, probably: "I promise I won't do the Albanian eagle anymore, FIFA"
"Also Granit Xhaka, probably: "but y'all can suck these n*ts, Serbia."
"I f**kin love that," the tweet said.
Serbia crashes out
Switzerland defeated Serbia 3:2 in the match, the final match for the two teams in the group stage of the tournament. Serbia will thus go home, while Switzerland goes on to play Portugal.
Shaqiri scored the first goal of the match, but Serbia's Aleksandar Mitrovic and Dusan Vlahovic then put the Serbian team briefly ahead. Breel Embolo then scored a second goal for Switzerland just before half-time, and Remo Freuler won the match for Switzerland in the 48th minute.
The reports of hate speech and calls for genocide on December 2 follow a controversial incident involving the Serbian team reported earlier in the tournament.
FIFA opened disciplinary proceedings against Serbia over a political banner hung in the national football team's locker ahead of Serbia's World Cup match with Brazil. It showed a map of Serbia that included Kosovo, a former province that declared independence in 2008, and bore the caption "No Surrender".
Photos showed the banner hanging over the lockers of footballers Milos Veljkovic and Andrija Zivkovic ahead of the match with Brazil on November 24, which Serbia lost 2:0.
The Football Federation of Kosovo (FFK), the national team of which did not qualify for the World Cup, made a formal complaint to FIFA.
Ceku said the image abused the World Cup platfom to promote "hateful, xenophobic and genocidal messages".
Recent weeks have seen a serious escalation in tensions between Serbia and Kosovo, which EU High Commissioner Josep Borrell warned earlier in November could lead to another conflict.
However, the chief negotiators for Belgrade and Pristina reached an agreement on the bitter dispute over car number plates late on November 23, easing the crisis in northern Kosovo, which is mainly populated by Serbs.
Previously, Kosovo planned to start fining Serbs in the country who continued driving cars with the old neutral status KS plates, rather than switching to RKS plates. This sparked a mass walkout of state institutions by Kosovo Serbs as well as several protests in the volatile north of the country.
Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, nine years after the 1998-99 war of independence in which around 13,000 people died. The war ended with the Nato bombing of Serbia in 1999.
While Kosovo is not universally recognised as independent, it was admitted into both FIFA and UEFA in 2016.
#serbia #kosovo #worldcup2022
Far-right stunt problematic for defence alliance as Turkey has doubled down on blocking Sweden and Finland's bids to join bloc.
Video shows attacker breaking into guard post armed with Kalashnikov assault rifle. Baku not happy with Tehran's explanation of events.
The Russian government has stepped up its repressions against journalists by declaring Meduza, the country's largest independent media outlet, an "undesirable organisation" on January 26.
Andrej Babis has tried to portray frontrunner Petr Pavel as a "warmonger" who will exercise presidential power in concert with the centre-right cabinet.
Prosecutors asked for house arrest for Dodon, who is under investigation over suspected illegal financing of his Socialist Party.


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SOUTHGATE CHAPEL | BROWNSTOWN CHAPEL | NIXON CHAPEL | THE THON CENTER
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Raymond J. Papp
Obituary of Raymond J. Papp
October 2, 1935 – July 11, 2017
Raymond J. Papp. Age 81 of Taylor.
Beloved husband of the late Diane M. Papp. Loving father of Michael (Kathleen) Papp, Michele (Bruce) Strachan, and Pamela Papp. Dearest grandfather of Michael, Alexa, Mallory, Samuel, and Madison. Dear brother of Larry (Kim) Papp and Janet (Paul) Duff.
FAMILY TRIBUTE
Raymond John Papp (Ray) son of the late John and Anna Papp died peacefully on July 11, 2017 at the age of 81 surrounded by his family. Ray was born on October 2, 1935 and was raised in Dearborn Michigan. He graduated from Fordson High School in Dearborn and shortly after was drafted into the U.S. Army where he became a Sargent and an Expert Marksman. He won multiple awards and was ranked number two in the United States for his marksmanship. In 1962 after his service with the U.S. Army he met and married his wife of 54 years Diane Novack. During the 70's Ray owned a Honda motorcycle shop in Livonia called Wonderland Sales when he sold the shop he went back to work for Ford Motor Company. The Papp's moved to Florida around 1985 where Ray worked and eventually retired from JCPenny's. Ray and Diane rode motorcycles, loved to camp, and loved boating. Most of all they loved to be with family and friends.
Ray is known for his compassion and his willingness to help anyone in need. This trait he passed on to all his children. Many people have come to us to say Ray had changed their lives in one way or another. Many have said he was a great listener and helped them through a hard time in their lives, taught them a trade, or just spoke to them with kindness and respect, no matter what age.
Survivors include his Sister Janet Duff (Paul), Brother Larry Papp (Kim), his children, Michael Papp (Kathy), Michele Strachan (Bruce), and Pamela Papp, also survived by his grandchildren Michael, Alexa, Mallory, Samuel and Madison. He also had lifelong friends, John (Jack) Dull, William Weaver, John Degrazia, and Phyllis Gandol. In addition to his wife Diane Papp (Novack) who passed in November 2015, Raymond was preceded in death by his parents. A Memorial Service for Raymond with be at the Great Lakes National Cemetery located at 4200 Belford Road Holly, MI 48442 on Friday August 11 th at 2pm with luncheon to follow.
In lieu of flowers donations may be made to Reverence Home Health & Hospice, St. John's Providence, 37650 Garfield Rd, Clinton Township, MI 48036.
Please contact us about any of our services or to meet with one of our funeral service professionals. 734.284.1600 or email us here.
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that is one of my favorite costumes of all time. my mabel wore it when she was patrick's age. he looks just darling and so huggable!
Is that the cutest thing ever?!?! I think it might be!
Awwwww...I want to hug the chickie! What a cutie pie...and it won't be long until little ghosts and ghoulies are ringin' the doorbell!
I think for punishment - grumpy adults (need it in adult sizes) - be forced to wear one and walk around town giving out hugs to complete strangers.
that is the cutest costume, but even better are those sweet embraces from the family...you can just see how precious he is! so tender!!!
we were "window shopping" today...(which somehow ended up in everyone getting a little "$6.00 back to school toy/thing"--i was spineless) but all they wanted to look at/shop for was halloween costumes. in fact, it's all they've been talking about for weeks. the oldest is TEN and it's still all about that holiday.
brings back memories from my days as a school teacher...i loathed that holiday---what a distraction.
now i jump on the bandwagon and dress right up along with the gang.
oh this is toooooo cute!
SO FUNNY! and SOOOOO CUTE! Too cute for words...!
Sarah, He is way too cute. I too have that same costume and 2 of my 4 have worn it. I can't bring myself to pass it along, because it is way too cute. It makes me happy inside just thinking about them wearing it.
Oh my gosh, Sarah!! That is the cutest thing I have ever seen! I wish I could wrap my arms around him too!
Sorry to hear about your foot too! I hope you feel better soon!
We found my 20 month old son a chicken costume, but it has feathers. Im not sure he will like it. May I ask where they got this? It's so cute!
I want a chicken hug! He is too darling in that hot sweaty suit.
I HAD A FEELING HE WOULD LOOK THAT ADORABLE IN IT!!