text:
Kareem South Matt Bradley Paris Austin Bryce Wills Sports College basketball Basketball College sports Men's basketball Men's sports Men's college basketball
Stanford Pac-12 California
Austin's free throws lift Cal past Stanford 52-50
MICHAEL WAGAMAN - Jan. 26, 2020 08:17 PM EST
Stanford's Bryce Wills, right, shoots over California's Matt Bradley (20) in the first half of an NCAA college basketball game Sunday, Jan. 26, 2020, in Berkeley, Calif. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)
BERKELEY, Calif. (AP) — Paris Austin made two free throws with 3.2 seconds remaining, and California held on to beat Stanford 52-50 on Sunday.
Austin finished with 15 points, Matt Bradley scored 14 and Kareem South added 13 for the Golden Bears (9-10, 3-3 Pac-12).
Oscar da Silva had 13 points and seven rebounds for Stanford (15-4, 4-2). The loss knocks the Cardinal out of first place in the Pac-12.
California trailed by 11 with 12 minutes to go, then went on a 17-2 run over the next 6 ½ minutes.
Austin had six points during the run but it was his free-throw shooting at the end that made the biggest difference. His two makes came after he had missed one of two.
Bryce Wills appeared to score at the buzzer but the basket was waved off by an official. After a brief review the call was upheld, allowing California to split the season series with its Northern California rival.
It's the fifth consecutive season that the Bears and Cardinal have split their two games.
Stanford was coming off an 82-78 overtime loss at USC on Jan. 18 when the Cardinal blew a 17-point halftime lead.
Stanford: This one will sting for many reasons. The Cardinal had a double-digit lead and momentum on its side early in the second half before going cold during California's big run. With back-to-back losses for the first time this season, coach Jerod Haase's team will be tested in how they respond.
California: The Bears needed a signature win and this was it. Beating their rival, at home in front of a crowd of 9,000, should provide Cal a big boost as the season progresses. It wasn't all pretty. The Bears shot 1 of 15 coming out of halftime but put it together when they needed it most.
Stanford: Hosts Oregon State on Thursday at Maples Pavilion.
California: Plays No. 12 Oregon at Haas Pavilion on Thursday.
More AP college basketball: https://apnews.com/tag/Collegebasketball and https://twitter.com/AP_Top25


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Home > Products > Outlaws of Time: The Legend of Sam Miracle
Outlaws of Time: The Legend of Sam Miracle
This new fantasy-adventure series from N. D. Wilson, bestselling author of 100 Cupboards, pits a misfit twelve-year-old against a maniacal villain with a deadly vendetta. This one-of-a kind story is must read for fans of Brandon Mull and Soman Chainani, and the start of a thrilling tale from a masterful storyteller.
Sam Miracle's life is made up of dreams, dreams where he's a courageous, legendary hero instead of a foster kid with two bad arms that can barely move. Sometimes these dreams feel so real, they seem like forgotten memories. And sometimes they make him believe that his arms might come alive again.
But Sam is about to discover that the world he knows and the world he imagines are separated by only one thing: time. And that separation is only an illusion. The laws of time can be bent and shifted by people with special magic that allows them to travel through the past, present, and future. But not all of these "time walkers" can be trusted. One is out to protect Sam so that he can accept his greatest destiny, and another is out to kill him so that a prophecy will never be fulfilled. However, it's an adventurous girl named Glory and two peculiar snakes who show Sam the way through the dark paths of yesterday to help him make sure there will be a tomorrow for every last person on earth.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Goals for collaborative work in Task 3 concern the identification of needs and priorities on methods and strategies to assess environmental health risks and impacts, which in turn will help protect and promote public health in industrially Contaminated Sites.
The technical means will consist in review and critical analysis of environmental health studies on contaminated sites and of available methodology on health impact assessments (HIA), accounting also for social inequalities.
The main goal of this Task is to evaluate the available knowledge to provide the requirements to conduct health impact assessments and EBD assessments in the field of industrially contaminated sites.
Integrated measures of population health, such as quantifications of environmental burden of disease (EBD), are very promising, since they are useful for setting priorities in environmental health policies and research. These methods, in fact, represents a valuable tool for comparative analyses of the health impact of different pollutants in diverse polluted areas within and among different countries of the European Region.


At this year's NRF Big Show, we sat down with Nikki Barua, CEO of Beyond Curious Inc. Beyond Curious is a digital transformation consultancy that helps brands undergo rapid transformations to stay ahead of competition.
Silver Touch started off as a home business and has grown into a successful independent gift and jewelry store. It is a leading retailer in downtown Bethel, CT.
As big retailers downsize and small shops are on the rise, shopping malls are repurposing their space.
For independent retailers, providing an exceptional in-store experience is everything. In order to provide an exceptional experience, you also need exceptional employees.
Retailers are fighting against online-only stores by focusing on the consumer. Connecting with consumers is easier for brick and mortars for multiple reasons.


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text:
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  root "external#landing"

  namespace :admin do
    resources :users
  end

  scope module: "admin" do
    get "admin" => "admin#index"
  end

  namespace :calculators do
    get :bmi_zscore, path: "bmi-zscore"
    post :bmi_zscore, path: "bmi-zscore", action: :bmi_zscore_calculate, as: :bmi_zscore_calculate
    get :bmi_zscore_result, path: "bmi-zscore/result"
    get "/", to: redirect("calculators/bmi-zscore")
    get "/(*path)", to: redirect("calculators")
  end

  resources :drugs

  get "documents" => "documents#index"

  namespace :editor do
    resources :categories, path: "folders" do
      resources :documents do
        collection do
          post :upload, action: :create_multiple
        end
      end
      resources :videos
    end
    resources :committees do
      resources :committee_members, path: "members"
    end
    resources :members
    resources :sites
  end

  scope module: :editor do
    get "editor" => "editor#index"
  end

  scope module: :committees do
    get "committees", action: :index, as: :committees
    get "committees/:committee", action: :show, as: :committee
  end

  scope module: :external do
    get :contact
    get :landing
    get :participate
    get :sites
    get :credits
    get :privacy_policy, path: "privacy-policy"
    get :version
  end

  resources :pages do
    collection do
      post :add_report, path: "add-report"
    end
  end

  resources :profiles, only: [] do
    member do
      get :picture
    end
  end

  resources :projects

  resources :reports do
    member do
      get :refresh, to: redirect("reports/%{id}")
      post :refresh
    end
  end

  resources :report_rows, only: :new, path: "report-rows"

  namespace :reports_static, path: "report/static" do
    root to: redirect("dashboard")
    get :data_quality, path: "data-quality"
    get :screened
    get :consented
    get :eligible
    get :randomized
    get :demographics
    get "demographics/:subjects", action: :demographics, as: :demographics_status
    get :eligibility_status, path: "eligibility-status"
    get :eligibility_status_screened, path: "eligibility-status/screened"
    get :eligibility_status_consented, path: "eligibility-status/consented"
    get :grades
    get :unscheduled_events, path: "unscheduled-events"
    get :data_inconsistencies, path: "data-inconsistencies"
  end

  get :settings, to: redirect("settings/profile")
  namespace :settings do
    get :profile
    patch :update_profile, path: "profile"
    patch :complete_profile, path: "complete-profile"
    get :profile_picture, path: "profile/picture", to: redirect("settings/profile")
    patch :update_profile_picture, path: "profile/picture"

    get :account
    patch :update_account, path: "account"
    get :password, to: redirect("settings/account")
    patch :update_password, path: "password"
    delete :destroy, path: "account", as: "delete_account"

    get :email
    patch :update_email, path: "email"
  end

  scope module: :setup do
    get "setup" => "setup#index"
  end

  devise_for :users,
             controllers: {
               passwords: "passwords",
               registrations: "registrations",
               sessions: "sessions"
             },
             path_names: {
               sign_up: "join",
               sign_in: "login",
               sign_out: "logout"
             },
             path: ""

  # Needs to stay near bottom in order to handle "top_level" catch all.
  scope module: :internal do
    get :dashboard
    get :dashboard, as: :user_root
    get :directory
    get :leaving
    get :search
    get :report_page, path: "report/:page_id"
    get ":top_level/:category", action: :category, as: :internal_category
    get ":top_level/:category/download-all", to: redirect("%{top_level}/%{category}")
    post ":top_level/:category/download-all", action: :download_all, as: :download_all_internal_category
    get ":top_level/:category/documents/:document_id", action: :document, as: :internal_category_document
    get ":top_level/:category/videos/:video_id", action: :video, as: :internal_category_video
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ProvostIndependent Fora
Distinguished Professors/Curators
Group Pages
Past Meetings and Speakers
Distinguished Professor/Curator Emeritus
Distinguished Professor - Curator Criteria
Short URL: http://fora.aa.ufl.edu/go/71
The title of Distinguished Professor/Curator acknowledges an exceptional record of achievement in the areas of teaching, research and publication, and professional and public service that is recognized both nationally and internationally. An exceptional record of achievement is one that places the candidate at the top of their discipline in at least one area, with a record of significant distinction in the other areas. The title of Distinguished Professor/Curator is a rare and special achievement. Guidelines and information about the Distinguished Professor/Curator Awards nominations may be found in this memo from the provost.
Please be sure to print this page in landscape to properly display all information.


text:
James Montaudevert Waterbury Sr. (September 5, 1851 – July 11, 1931) was an American businessman and industrialist. He was president of the New York Steel and Wire Company and the American Type Bar and Machine Company.

Early life
He was born on September 5, 1851 in New York City.  He was the only son born to Caroline Antoinette (née Cleveland) Waterbury (b. 1822) and Lawrence Waterbury I (1812–1879), who married in 1842.

His maternal grandparents were Palmer Cleveland and Catherine (née Livingston) Cleveland. His grandmother was the daughter of Henry Gilbert Livingston and he was a descendant of John Waterbury, who immigrated to the colonies in 1631 from England.

He was an 1873 graduate of Columbia College.

Career
After graduating from Columbia, he began work at the Waterbury Rope Company in 1874, which was founded by his father in 1845 as "Waterbury & Marshall, Ropes and Cordage." Shortly thereafter became a partner in the Rope Company and upon his father's death in 1879, he inherited the company.  After the death of his father's brother, James M. Waterbury, his father inherited controlling interests in the Thirty-fourth Street and the Houston-Street Ferry Companies and thereafter served as president of both, which James himself inherited as well.

He later served as president of the New York Steel and Wire Company and the American Type Bar and Machine Company.

Personal life
In 1874, Waterbury was married to Catherine Anthony Furman, the daughter of John M. Furman and sister of John C. Furman.  Together, they were the parents of:

 Catharine Livingston Waterbury
 James Montaudevert Waterbury, Jr. (1876–1920), a noted polo player.
 Lawrence Waterbury II (1877–1943), also a noted polo player who married Maude Livingston Hall (1877–1952), daughter of Valentine Hall Jr. and aunt of Eleanor Roosevelt.
 John Cunningham "Jack" Waterbury (1880–1929), who married Sarah Roberts-Lawton in 1920.
 Elsie Waterbury, who married Gouverneur Morris IV (1876–1953), grandson of Gouverneur Morris Jr. and great-grandson of Founding Father Gouverneur Morris.
 Cleveland Livingston Waterbury (b. 1886), who declared bankruptcy in 1921.
 Grenville Furman Waterbury, who married Alice Edwards Ingoldsby.
 Reginald Waterbury

Waterbury served as president of the Country Club of Westchester for 10 years.  He was also a member of the Metropolitan Club, a life member of the Knickerbocker Club and the New York Yacht Clubs.

He died on July 11, 1931 of apoplexy at his apartment at the Knickerbocker Club in New York City.

References

1851 births
1931 deaths
New York Yacht Club
Waterbury family
Columbia College (New York) alumni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Five of the best science fiction and fantasy books of 2022
Adam Roberts
December 3, 2022, 4:00 a.m. ·4 min read
Deep Wheel Orcadia
Harry Josephine Giles (Picador)
Winner of the 2022 Arthur C Clarke award, this is a remarkable feat of language and imagination: a verse novel written in Orcadian Scots, with a lively and inventive southern English translation running along the bottom of the pages. If that sounds forbidding or abstruse, it shouldn't: Deep Wheel Orcadia is a rattling read. Two characters arrive at the titular deep-space station: Astrid, returning from Mars to her childhood home; and Darling, who is on the run. They join "the thraan mixter-maxter o fock", a "tossedawkward mix of people" who work the station, mining a strange substance called Light from a nearby gas giant. The small wheel-world is cognate with Giles's native Orkney in relation to the mainland, and the book details their hard work and hard play: drink and dancing, love and belonging. There is marvellous language on every page, and if the plot is a little pat, the whole makes for an unforgettable engrossment in community and estrangement.
RF Kuang (HarperVoyager)
Kuang's bestselling alternative history is a complicated love letter to Oxford, encompassing both its beauty and its inescapable complicity with the horrors of imperialism. In the novel's version of 1828, Britain runs on magical "silver", and has used its power to conquer much of the world. Robin Swift, a Cantonese orphan brought to London by the mysterious Professor Lovell, is an enthusiastic student of languages, eager to enrol in Oxford's translation institute, the titular Babel. The novel is part fluently written narrative, part expert pastiche of academic writing (complete with footnotes) on matters linguistic and etymological. At the heart is a fascinating examination of the way translation works to bridge different languages and cultures by inevitably "traducing" them. A rich, compelling fable, with teeth.
Emily St John Mandel (Picador)
The author of Station Eleven weaves a cunning time-travel narrative from four main strands. Young Edwin St Andrew is crossing the Atlantic by steamship in 1912, leaving polite society for the desolate beauty of the Canadian wilderness; in the 23rd century, Olive Llewellyn travels from her moonbase home for a book tour on Earth promoting her latest novel, about a global pandemic; in 2020 a teenage girl called Vincent goes into the Vancouver woodland with a video camera. And in another century, detective Gaspery-Jacques Roberts, hired to investigate a mystery in the North American wilderness, begins to uncover how these timelines interconnect. The novel starts slowly, but builds an inexorable, unputdownable momentum as the various elements cohere: life and counterlife, reality and illusion, love and memory. Distinctive, remarkable work from one of the genre's major voices.
Beyond the Burn Line
Paul McAuley (Gollancz)
A UFO novel like no other. In McAuley's far future, lights in the sky and alien craft are being observed not by human beings, but by the uplifted forms of animal life that replaced us after our extinction. McAuley's evolved raccoons are beautifully written, their sane, balanced society a lens through which the failings of humankind are refracted. The slow-burn, immersive story so beguiles the reader that twists and plot reveals are kept effortlessly out of view until being unveiled with maximum effect. McAuley is, for my money, the best writer of SF in Britain today, and here he is at the top of his game.
Tochi Onyebuchi (Tor)
A big, bold future history relating, in expertly orchestrated detail and scope, an exodus from a ruined Earth and the fate of those left behind. It's the 2050s, and the wealthy are abandoning the planet for more congenial lives in hi-tech space colonies. The poor struggle in the collapsing infrastructure as the rich buy up souvenirs of their old lives, shipping neighbourhoods offworld brick by brick. This is a structurally ambitious novel, fired up with righteous energy: Onyebuchi handles his kaleidoscopic narrative and large cast of characters with aplomb. Fundamentally a satire on gentrification, with space's "Final Frontier" styled as the new suburbs, Goliath is a giant achievement.
• To browse all science fiction and fantasy books included in the Guardian and Observer's best books of 2022 visit guardianbookshop.com. Delivery charges may apply.
Menopause at work: What are your rights?
UPDATE 1-Toyota boss bows out on news outlet he trusts - his own
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Market Size Top Countries Data, projected revenue figures, growth rate throughout reach US$ 63600 million by 2028 with CAGR of 5.6% during 2023-2028
No prosecutions will be brought over a dog walker mauled to death at a Surrey beauty spot, police have said.
Research shows many women are forced to leave their jobs due to a combination of a lack of support and stigma around menopause.
Under the sensibilities of today, Gareth Edwards would not have had a chance to surge onto Derek Quinnell's one-handed pass and complete what has become for many the greatest try in the history of rugby union.
When the head of Toyota announced on Thursday he would step down as CEO, Akio Toyoda opted for the news outlet he sees as the fairest source of information on the automaker's environmental record: his own. For the last three years, the 66-year-old has built up the "Toyota Times", hiring Japanese journalists and ramping up coverage of the company to counter what he sees as persistent misinformation and unfair criticism. Streamed live on the Toyota website, Thursday's sometimes stilted broadcast underscored how Toyoda has tried to change the conversation around the company his grandfather founded and his apparent frustration at failing to do so.
PUNE, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- "Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Market" research report focus on overall information that can help to take decisions on current market situation. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Market Report Contains 2023: - Complete overview of the global Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) MarketTop Country data and analysis for United States, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, Bra
INDIA STOCKS-Indian shares sink; Adani Group stocks plunge to lower circuit
Indian shares fell more than 1% to an over three-month low on Friday as some Adani Group companies plunged 20% and hit their lower circuits in the wake of a short-seller attack on the conglomerate, which also dragged down financials. The Nifty 50 index was down 1.68% at 17,591.25 as of 1:23 p.m. IST, while the S&P BSE Sensex fell 1.51% to 59,294.20. The indexes have slid more than 2% each in the truncated week, triggered by U.S. short-seller Hindenburg Research's report on Wednesday that flagged concerns about the Adani Group's debt levels and use of tax havens.
Job Search Engines Market 2023: Study by Business Opportunities, Top manufacturers Records, Production, Revenue, Growth Rate, Price and Gross Margin
PUNE, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- "Job Search Engines Market" research report focus on overall information that can help to take decisions on current market situation. Job Search Engines Market Report Contains 2023: - Complete overview of the global Job Search Engines Market Top Country data and analysis for United States, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, Brazil and Saudi Arabia, etc. It also throws light
Trump rages against 'Radical Left' AT&T over 'disgraceful' move to drop Newsmax
The ex-president froths as right-wing channel removed from DirecTV service
The Florida Republican previously sparked backlash for his joke about last year's hammer attack on Paul Pelosi.
Rory McIlroy needed only six shots to finish off his first round of the Dubai Desert Classic here on Friday morning – a remarkable stat seeing as the world No 1 had three holes to complete.
HS2: All the delays and U-turns on £100bn rail project since it started
The High Speed 2 £106bn project has been beset by delays and cost re-evaluations since 2009. Here's a full timeline of the setbacks to the rail network.
LVMH shares, which had hit a record high earlier this month, fell on Friday as some analysts expressed an element of disappointment over the company's margins, which took some of the shine off its fourth-quarter figures. LVMH reported late on Thursday that its sales rose 9% in the fourth quarter as shoppers in Europe and the United States splurged over the crucial holiday season, helping partly to offset COVID disruptions in China. "The slight wrinkle is on the margin, where the group delivered a flat operating margin year-on-year (versus consensus of +90 bps) – largely a reflection of maintaining/raising H2 marketing spend despite disrupted revenue growth," wrote Credit Suisse analysts.
Western Conference-leading Dallas faces New Jersey
New Jersey Devils (31-12-4, second in the Metropolitan Division) vs. Dallas Stars (28-13-9, first in the Central Division)Dallas; Friday, 8:30 p.m. ESTFANDUEL SPORTSBOOK NHL LINE: Stars -139, Devils +117; over/under is 6BOTTOM LINE: The Western Conference-leading Dallas Stars face the New Jersey Devils.Dallas has a 13-5-5 record at home and a 28-13-9 record overall. The Stars have scored 170 total goals (3.4 per game) to rank fifth in NHL play.New Jersey has gone 18-3-2 in road games and 31-12-4
Arizona Coyotes (15-28-5, seventh in the Central Division) vs. Anaheim Ducks (14-29-5, eighth in the Pacific Division)Anaheim, California; Saturday, 10:30 p.m. ESTBOTTOM LINE: The Anaheim Ducks host the Arizona Coyotes after Frank Vatrano's hat trick against the Colorado Avalanche in the Ducks' 5-3 win.Anaheim is 14-29-5 overall and 8-13-1 at home. The Ducks have a -84 scoring differential, with 115 total goals scored and 199 conceded.Arizona is 6-20-3 in road games and 15-28-5 overall. The Coyo
Kraken host the Flames following Bjorkstrand's 2-goal performance
Calgary Flames (23-16-9, fifth in the Pacific Division) vs. Seattle Kraken (28-14-5, first in the Pacific Division)Seattle; Friday, 10 p.m. ESTFANDUEL SPORTSBOOK NHL LINE: Kraken -112, Flames -108; over/under is 6BOTTOM LINE: The Seattle Kraken host the Calgary Flames after Oliver Bjorkstrand scored two goals in the Kraken's 6-1 win against the Vancouver Canucks.Seattle has a 28-14-5 record overall and a 9-5-2 record in Pacific Division games. The Kraken are 28-2-3 in games they score at least t
Islanders bring 6-game losing streak into matchup with the Red Wings
Detroit Red Wings (20-18-8, sixth in the Atlantic Division) vs. New York Islanders (23-22-5, sixth in the Metropolitan Division)Elmont, New York; Friday, 7 p.m. ESTFANDUEL SPORTSBOOK NHL LINE: Islanders -160, Red Wings +136; over/under is 5.5BOTTOM LINE: The New York Islanders aim to stop their six-game losing streak when they take on the Detroit Red Wings.New York is 23-22-5 overall and 13-9-2 in home games. The Islanders have a +four scoring differential, with 144 total goals scored and 140 al
Buffalo Sabres (25-19-3, fourth in the Atlantic Division) vs. Minnesota Wild (25-17-4, third in the Central Division)Saint Paul, Minnesota; Saturday, 9 p.m. ESTBOTTOM LINE: The Minnesota Wild host the Buffalo Sabres after the Wild knocked off the Philadelphia Flyers 3-2 in overtime.Minnesota is 25-17-4 overall and 14-8-1 in home games. The Wild have conceded 132 goals while scoring 142 for a +10 scoring differential.Buffalo has a 15-7-1 record on the road and a 25-19-3 record overall. The Sabres
Intelligent POS Market Size in 2023 (New Report) data is Up to date for global separately with Impact of domestic and global market Top players: Manufacturers Data, Opportunity, Import Export Scenario
PUNE, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- "Intelligent POS Market" research report focus on overall information that can help to take decisions on current market situation. Intelligent POS Market Report Contains 2023: - Complete overview of the global Intelligent POS MarketTop Country data and analysis for United States, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, Brazil and Saudi Arabia, etc. It also throws light on the pr
Kiosk Market Size Worth USD 51.05 Billion, Globally, by 2028 at a CAGR of 12.3%
The Kiosk Market size to Hit USD 51.05 billion during forecast period of 2021 to 2028, at CAGR of 12.3%. Growing emphasis on elevating service delivery efficiency in emerging economies to accelerate the Kiosks market expansion.Pune, India, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global kiosk market size was valued USD 20.29 billion in 2020. According to Fortune Business Insights latest report, Global kiosk market size is projected to grow from USD 22.69 billion in 2021 to USD 51.05 billion by 2029
Avalanche host the Blues following Rantanen's 2-goal game
St. Louis Blues (23-22-3, sixth in the Central Division) vs. Colorado Avalanche (26-17-3, fourth in the Central Division)Denver; Saturday, 3 p.m. ESTFANDUEL SPORTSBOOK NHL LINE: Avalanche -230, Blues +185BOTTOM LINE: The Colorado Avalanche host the St. Louis Blues after Mikko Rantanen's two-goal game against the Anaheim Ducks in the Avalanche's 5-3 loss.Colorado is 26-17-3 overall with an 8-4-1 record in Central Division play. The Avalanche have gone 21-7-2 in games they score at least three goa


Today, Professor Shapiro continues his discussion of Enlightenment theory of Karl Marx, focusing on the foundations of his theory of capitalism. The central question is, how is wealth created under capitalism at the micro level? For Marx, Adam Smith's invisible hand is not entirely benevolent. His labor theory of value stipulates that living human labor-power is the only way to create new value, and therefore capitalists who shift toward capital-intensive production cannot actually create new value. Marx also assumes wages are at the level of subsistence, and that capitalists turn a profit by exploiting the surplus labor time of workers. Professor Shapiro also explores some corollary concepts to Marx's mode of production: the class-for-itself/class-in-itself distinction, socially necessary labor time and surplus labor time, and the extent to which workers are other-referential.
Professor Ian Shapiro: So one way you can think about comparisons between Marxism and the utilitarian tradition is that both have a micro story and a macro story. So when you think about the utilitarian tradition we have the micro story of the Pareto principle and how each individual transaction will go, and then we have a macro story that if you allow people to transact freely you get the most efficient utilitarian result over time. And so you get the rights-utility synthesis, at least in the aspiration. Another way of putting that is what Adam Smith famously referred to as an invisible hand theory; that while no individual participant is interested in generating an efficient aggregate outcome, indeed, each individual participant is just trying to get on as high an indifference curve as possible. The byproduct of their collective individually selfish actions is that beneficent overall result, and so that's the invisible hand of the market that Smith talks about in The Wealth of Nations.
Marx, too, has a micro story, a macro story, and an invisible hand theory, and that's what we're going to spend today's lecture and next Monday's lecture talking about. Today, principally, we're going to focus on his micro story, his story of how wealth gets created at the micro level under capitalism, and then we will link it on Monday to his macro story, and he too, you will see, has an invisible hand theory. That is to say the particular players at the micro level confront incentives to behave in certain ways, and the byproduct of their actions is a macro result which nobody understands or intends.
The difference is we'll see that for Marx the invisible hand isn't entirely benevolent. It's benevolent for a while, but then it start to become malevolent over time because of the way that the dynamics of capitalism play themselves out. So that's the sort of where we're headed in the medium-term in the next couple of lectures.
I want, though, before heading into the micro story to make a couple of conceptual points. Remember that when we look at Enlightenment thinkers we're concerned first and foremost with the fact that they are all motivated by the idea of individual freedom as the highest good, and basing politics on scientific principles rather than appeals to custom, or natural law, or religion, or tradition, or anything else.
The division of labour (which we talked about last time) offers us the first example of how, as long as man remains in natural society, that is, as long as a cleavage exists between the particular and the common interest, as long, therefore, as activity is not voluntarily, but naturally, divided, man's own deed becomes an alien power opposed to him, which enslaves him instead of being controlled by him. For as soon as the division of labour comes into being, each man has a particular, exclusive sphere of activity, which is forced upon him and from which he cannot escape. He is a hunter, a fisherman, a herdsman, or a critical critic, and must remain so if he does not want to lose his means of livelihood; while in communist society (this is his utopian ideal), where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow (this is maybe the most famous line in all of Marx), to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticise after dinner, just as I have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic.
So this is a utopian Marx, this idea that as soon as you have a division of labor we're no longer free. We're enslaved to our particular place in the division of labor. Remember what I read to you from Adam Smith's description of the pin factory? Somebody spends their whole life stretching that wire for the pin. Somebody spends their whole life putting the heads on the pin. That's the sense in which Marx wants to say we're alienated from our true selves once the division of labor sets in, and we can only return to being fully rounded human beings at one with ourselves when the division of labor ultimately is abolished, and a precondition for that is the super abundance of wealth that capitalism is historically destined to create.
And how we will finally get there is the story Marx believed of how his macro theory would play out over time. And we will only reach a communist society where people can be genuinely free once the need for a division of labor has been obviated by the existence of a super abundance of wealth. So all of that's coming, but this is just to underscore that his basic ideal is freedom and not equality, and his argument is going to be, as I said to you last time, that the condition for the free development of each is the free development of all.
Second, just to come back to his and underscore his theory of science, Marx is an objectivist. He believes that there are forces operating in history, which he calls the materialist conception of history, which shape the way history unfolds. History has a direction. It's moving through a variety of phases, each of which has internal contradictions, and the way they play themselves out is going to determine what happens. So the tension in a feudal society between the peasants and the lords is going to determine the way in which conflict in that society occurs. Then you'll get the emergence of a bourgeoisie class and they will create capitalism, but that will bring forth a working class who will get into conflicts with them, and as those conflicts play out you'll eventually get communism and socialism.
It's a reductionist theory. As I said to you before, think of Bill Clinton's line, "It's the economy, stupid." Most of what happens, if not all of what happens, that's of any importance in politics is determined by economic interests. Whether people understand this or not, or agree with it or not is beside the point.
And that brings us to a third element of this Marxian science that I just want to underscore, which will be relevant for today's lecture, is that Marx makes a distinction between a class-in-itself and a class-for-itself. I want to spend a couple of minutes on, first, his definition of class, and then this "in-itself / for-itself" distinction.
A lot of people say that Marx is anti-individual. He's not individualist because he thinks about things in terms of classes and class conflict. That is a very superficial reading of Marx. As a very eminent scholar called Jon Elster has pointed out in many books that he's written on the subject, actually Marx is an individualist because if you look at how he defines classes he defines them by reference to the way in which individuals relate to the means of production. So what is it that makes you working class as opposed to a member of the capitalist class? What makes you working class is if you have to sell your labor-power to somebody else in order to live.
Marx's answer is to appeal to this distinction between a class-in-itself and a class-for-itself. The answer is, "Shapiro, you're just deluded. You might think you're not working class, but that's because you don't understand your objective position in the division of labor. You are working class whether you understand it or not. And that a class I'm a working class in the class-in-itself sense. I'm not working class in the class-for-itself if I don't believe that I'm working class.
So the "in-itself" represents the objective definition of class, the "for-itself" is the subjective; whether people actually believe they're working class and perceive themselves to be working class. But what matters for the movement of history is the "in-itself." What's ultimately going to drive everything is the objective logic of class conflict, not the subjective logic of what people think is their position in the social division of labor. So it's important to keep those two things separate.
Now, you might listen to all of this and you could say, "Well, it's a kind of quaint nineteenth-century idea, but it doesn't have much to do with the way people live in the world today." After all, as we have all noticed with great intensity in the past year and a half of the financial crisis, many people who work for wages also have money in the stock market. Well, but then they're capitalists, aren't they, because stock is capital?
So I have my retirement money in my TIAA-CREF, as college professors get it, in the stock market, so I'm an owner of capital as well as a worker. And this sort of binary distinction between the working class and the capitalist class is just too simple-minded. What do you think Marx would say to that? Anybody? Any takers? I'm not really working class because I've got money, and I have stocks invested in all kinds of things, mutual funds, so I'm not really working class. Anyone think what Marx might say to that? It's not easy.
I think that what he would say is this. He would say, "Well, the definition of working class is that you have to work for somebody else in order to live. Not that you choose to work for somebody else in order to live. So if I have enough money in my TIAA-CREF invested in the stock market that I can quit tomorrow and do just fine, then I'm not working class. So it's this element of compulsion that makes you working class. So it's not important from Marx's point of view that some of us might own stocks, but if we really owned enough stock that we were not in this position of having to work for somebody else in order to live we wouldn't be working class, and so people could move in and out of the working class.
Indeed, I know people on the Yale faculty who two years ago were about to retire and live off their accumulated TIAA-CREF, and then it went up in smoke when the wheels came off the economy, and now they're not retiring. So what Marx would say is, "Well, the managed to get out of the working class in theory, in principle, but then they fell back down into the working class. So it's this element of compulsion. They're not retiring because they don't have enough, and therefore they have to work for somebody else in order to live. So that's the distinction between a class-in-itself and a class-for-itself that drives his theory.
But Locke doesn't really have any mechanism by which labor supposedly creates value. And in the seventeenth and eighteenth century there were really three theories floating around. There were, as I think I mentioned to you on Monday, there were in Europe, particularly France, the physiocrats who said value comes from the land, but there were English theorists who looked at them and said, "No. That can't be right because look how rich Holland is and they don't have a lot of land," and so they thought value came from trade. But then the third group, starting in the seventeenth century with Hobbes, Sir William Petty, Locke and others said, "No, value comes from work. The source of value is work," and that's what Marx picks up on in trying to develop a theory of value.
And his theory is more refined than Locke's, more refined than Smith's, and more refined than Ricardo's. It starts with this idea of socially necessary labor time, or SNLT, and he defines SNLT as the labor time required to produce any use-value. Anyone remind us what is a use-value? Monday's lecture, what's a… Yes? Yes?
Professor Ian Shapiro: Right. So anything with utility is a use-value, right? So it's the amount of labor time required to produce any use value under the conditions of production normal for a given society and with the average degree of skill and intensity of the labor prevalent in the society.
So let's suppose Leonid and I are making typewriters. One of the big sort of conundrums of labor theories of value have been, well, what if Leonid is a perfectionist and he spends twice as long making his typewriter as I spend making my typewriter, but most of the perfectionism is actually in his own head because at the end of the day they're the same? Marx would say — he would not say Leonid's typewriter was worth twice Shapiro's typewriter because he put twice as much labor into it. No, because half of his labor would be socially unnecessary. So it's socially necessary labor time. Or if a new labor saving device was created so that the keys could be made much more quickly than our laborious doing it with file, and I use the new machine, the labor saving device, and Leonid doesn't, so my typewriters get produced more quickly. His typewriter is not going to sell for more than my typewriter because, again, he's using socially unnecessary labor.
So that's the notion of "the average degree of skill and intensity of labor prevalent in the society at the time." So that's what's going to determine the value of commodities, the long-term — remember we talked about the natural value, the long-term equilibrium price of a commodity, is going to be determined by the amount of labor power that is socially necessary to produce it. And this idea of "socially necessary" includes everybody working at the same or an average intensity, and it includes using available technologies because if some use them, and others don't, those who don't are going to be deploying unnecessary labor time and that's not going to be reflected in the value of the product because in a competitive market the most cheaply priced commodity is going to beat the others out.
Important to remember, Marx works with a model of a perfectly competitive economy, right, in which equivalents exchange for equivalents. No cheating; I mentioned that on Monday. His model is a perfectly competitive economy, at least at the beginning. He's got a view about how economies evolve over time to become uncompetitive, and we'll get to that. But initially, and in his analytic story, in a competitive economy the most cheaply produced products are going to drive out the less cheaply produced, and so it's socially necessary labor time, not actual. It doesn't matter how much blood, sweat and tears Leonid actually uses. What counts is how much he needs to use, okay?
And what he's thinking of here is two things. One is he wants to say, "If you look at all the commodities that are produced in a market economy the one thing they all have in common is that they're products of human work." It's the single common denominator, right? The capacity to work is a commodity like any other so that, we'll get into this in more detail in a minute, but when you think about what it is that people are paid, what is it that a worker is paid, it's determined like the value of any other commodity.
So when we say, "What is the value of a book?" It's determined by the amount of labor power necessary to produce that book. And when we say, "What is the value of a steel worker?" It's determined by the amount of labor power necessary to produce that steel worker. The worker is a commodity in just the same sense as the book is a commodity.
So wages are determined by the cost of producing the worker, and the reason a physicist gets paid more than a manual laborer then is simple. It costs more to produce the physicist than it costs to produce the manual laborer. All the training, and education, and so on, that goes into the physicist costs more than the training and education that goes into producing a manual laborer. So wages are not explained by the value of what the worker produces. This is one of the things people often get wrong. Values are explained by the cost of producing the worker. I'll say that again. It's important. Wages are explained not by the value of what the worker produces, but rather by the cost of producing the worker.
So what do you think of that? What would somebody say? Somebody who thought this was — what would Marx say about, "Why is a Michelangelo painting worth so much, or why does a professional baseball player get tens of millions, maybe hundreds of millions of dollars if this is true?" Anyone think of what Marx would say? Anyone want to guess? Yeah?
Student: Would he say it's because like how much time they had to practice, and how much money and time they put into learning their skills?
Professor Ian Shapiro: That would be part of it, but still there are only so many hours in a day. How do you get up to a hundred million dollar salary? I mean, you're on the right track. What else goes into the creation of a major league baseball player? Why don't they have very good major league baseball players in Britain? Because they don't have minor leagues, they don't have farm teams, there's this huge cost associated with getting the one brilliant best of all time player, so that's what he would have to say. Or if you think about the value of a Michelangelo painting it's not just the training of Michelangelo. It's all those failed painters that all those pubs wasted all that money investing in, right?
That all goes in, in some indirect sense, into the wage differential. So that's sort of what — of course it is a stretch, and one thing that Marx did not think about was what we call in economics today, winner-take-all markets. Anyone know what a winner-take-all market is? What's a winner take all market? What is the phrase suggesting? What do you think a winner take all market could be?
Think about the wage differential between the major leagues and minor leagues baseball. It's huge, right? That's a winner-take-all market. The way you can think about it is, before the advent of the gramophone record, being a really pretty good opera singer could — you'd do pretty well. Every major city would have an opera with a pretty good opera singer who'd make a good living. Once you have the gramophone record then everybody can buy Pavarotti, right? So then whether or not the difference between Pavarotti, and the next best, and the third best opera singer becomes much more important.
So that's the first point. Labor power is a commodity and its exchange value or its price is determined what it costs to produce it. But then this is the magic. This is the workmanship ideal on crack. This is the idea. He wants to say that living human labor power is a unique commodity in that its consumption as a use-value leads to the creation of fresh exchange value.
What does this mean? It means that suppose I have some money and I spend a thousand dollars on a wonderful meal, good wine? At the end of that meal it's gone, right? I pay the check and it's gone. I've consumed it. Whereas, if I had spent that thousand dollars hiring one of you to paint one wall in my home when it's done my home's worth something more because it has a freshly painted wall.
That's what he means, okay? So that living human labor-power differs from other commodities in that its consumption as a use-value leads to the creation of fresh exchange value, right? You eat the meal, it's gone, but you consume the labor-power of the person painting your house, or the person working in your factory and it's not gone, right? I mean, the labor-power's gone in the sense that it's been expended. Those calories have been spent, but you have something of greater value. You have a house that's worth more than it was before you hired that person to paint it, and that's what makes labor-power unique, right? He wants to say it is the only source of fresh value, okay?
So a couple of just terms here to get straight. His archaic language — you probably read — he makes a distinction between what he calls constant capital and variable capital. All you need to think about there is capital is what the capitalist spends in the productive process. Variable capital is wages, and constant capital is everything else. Sometimes he uses these symbols: C means all capital, big C means all capital; little c means everything the capitalist spends on things other than wages; and V is spent on wages.
And why he might call it variable? So the idea is that wages are always driven toward subsistence. This is an empirical assumption. Marx makes a few empirical assumptions. Of all the empirical assumptions he makes this is the one that actually is the most accurate. He wants to say there are always some unemployed in capitalist economies, and because there are always some unemployed in capitalist economies, wages will be driven towards subsistence. Because if you have, say, a union that organizes and drives up wages the employer will then go and hire nonunion workers and say, "Well, will you work for me at something lower than the union wage?" and the answer will be yes, because the unemployed worker won't have a choice, okay? So wages will be driven towards subsistence.
Now that puts on the table another question. Well, what is subsistence? What is subsistence? And Marx does say, "Well, it has a social and historical element," so that is to say in a society like ours a definition of subsistence might include having enough money to buy a car in order to drive to work, whereas obviously that was not true in nineteenth-century Britain, so what counts as subsistence changes.
And we will see there are other features of Marx's theory of capitalism which show that there's actually an impetus for what counts as subsistence to go up, but at any given time the accepted level of subsistence, and the wages will be driven toward that because of the existence of what he flamboyantly describes as the reserve army of the unemployed, right? That's what keeps wages at subsistence or close to it in a competitive economy.
Okay, let's do a little micro transaction. Suppose there's a working day, okay? And suppose the accepted working day is ten hours long. Marx says, "Well think about what the worker is doing." The worker is producing cotton, let's say; it doesn't really matter what. And for some portion of that working day the cotton that he's producing, when eventually sold, is going to cover the cost of his wages. So the worker produces cotton all day long, and the capitalist eventually sells the cotton, right, and gets something for it, and then he's got to pay his worker his wage.
And we're just going to say for the purposes of this example that the work that's done in the first four hours is going to cover the wage bill, and the rest is what Marx called surplus. So that's the difference between necessary and surplus labor time. And Marx has the idea of a rate of exploitation, which is the ratio of necessary to surplus labor time. You could even make a little index, and so you'd say it's one point five.
Okay, so this is the value that's produced that covers the wage bill. This is the rest. Of course this isn't all profit, right? Why isn't it profit? Why isn't all that profit, somebody? Think about it. You're a capitalist. Yeah?
Student: Because some money goes to the actual, I guess, building where they're working or even material needed to create the product.
Professor Ian Shapiro: Exactly. The capitalist has to buy raw material, has to do advertising, has to have a system of managers, research and development, all of that has to be paid out of this. So profit is some subset of this, but it's not all of this, okay.
Okay, so we're in the cotton business, and it's a competitive business, and so another cotton manufacturer says, "You know what? I think these workers are slacking. I'm going to say from now on to my workers, 'You work eleven hours.'" Wages are already at subsistence by assumption, right? So the workers might say, "No we're not," and they can say, "Goodbye, I'll somebody unemployed to do it then," okay?
So if you do that we now have an eleven-hour working day. The rate of exploitation goes up, right, because now there are seven hours of surplus labor rather than six hours of surplus labor. Now you might say, "Well, the worker's going to get worn out sooner and die sooner," but let's just suspend disbelief about that, and say, in fact, so this capitalist is going to do better than this capitalist; so this capitalist is going to be able to sell his or product more cheaply, and therefore this capitalist is going to be in trouble.
People think in Marxism, capitalists are afraid of the working class. No. On Marx's theory who is a capitalist afraid of? Who is the capitalist looking over his should at?
Professor Ian Shapiro: Yeah, the capitalist down the street. He couldn't care less about — he's not worried about the workers. He's worried about the capitalist who can come into his industry and produce more effectively, okay? So if you can make these workers work an extra hour, you're going to do it. And then everybody else is going to have to do it, right, or they're going to go out of business. And this is why Marx wants to say, this is what he calls an increasing absolute surplus value.
This is why Marx says, "Under primitive capitalism, in the early stages of capitalism, the battles are going to be over things like the length of the working day. If any of you've done nineteenth-century British history you will know that one of the big battles — this starts with the chartists in the early nineteenth century and goes on. What are they pushing for? The Ten Hours Bill, they want the Ten Hours Bill. They want Parliament to come in and say, "Working day's ten hours," to limit this. So to the extent that the workers can organize politically and put pressure to get a Ten Hours Bill then you limit this.
But in any case, Marx wants to say, "There are only so many hours in a day and people do have to sleep after all." So you're not going to get much out of this. The real secret to capitalism's dynamism is not the move from A to B. It's the move from A to C." Notice here we're back at a Ten Hours Day, but now, by assumption, I'm saying the capitalist is going to cover his wage bill for that worker in three hours rather than four. How is he going to do that? Yeah?
Professor Ian Shapiro: But you can't reduce wages because wages are already at subsistence. So you're going to have to, by assumption, you have to pay the same wages, so how are you going to do it?
Professor Ian Shapiro: Technology, exactly. The name of the game is technology. Somebody's going to go and buy a spinning jenny and put it in his factory, and then the workers will work way more productively, and as a result of that, the capitalist will cover his wage bill more quickly. And of course, the minute one capitalist put the spinning jenny in everybody has to put the spinning jenny in, right, or else they're going to go out of business. Because the capitalist that's covering his wage bill in three hours of that worker's work, rather than four, is going to be able to sell the cotton more cheaply in the market and therefore outcompete the capitalist who is still using the old system.
And so the way capitalism works is that there's constant pressure for technological innovation, because this is not a very effective way of increasing productivity, right? In the early stages you'll see that, but there will be political limits, Ten Hours Bill, they'll be natural limits, human capacity, so then all the pressure is on dynamic innovation.
Okay, now this is where it gets interesting, because what he wants to say is, "But we know that only living human labor power produces surplus value," so as you become more and more capital intensive, the capitalist is spending more and more on constant capital and less and less on variable capital. To put it in modern jargon, production's becoming more capital intensive. You're spending more and more of your investment on something that does not produce new value.
So another way you can think about this, and remember I said to you last time, all the classical political economists thought they had to explain the declining tendency and the rate of profit. What Marx wants to say is, if this is the status quo, okay, and one capitalist in the cotton industry puts in the spinning jenny and this becomes the status quo, this capitalist will have higher profits than this capitalist, right? But once they've all put in the spinning jenny, the rate of profit in the cotton industry will be lower than it was up here," okay? So there's a short-run/long-run conflict of interest for capitalists because in the short-run at the margin I will innovate and my profits will go up, but then everybody will copy me and the rate of profit in the cotton industry will fall over time.
Now, there are some dubious assumptions, which I'm going to come back to on Monday, but I first want to just draw your attention to some of the normative aspects of this. What Marx calls the rate of exploitation, as I said, is the ratio of surplus to necessary labor time, but now look down the right hand side here. He's got all this jargon but you can unpack it here. S over V is the rate of exploitation. All these things are basically equivalent ratio.
But look down here, and now think about this. Suppose I was a capitalist and you were a worker working for me, okay? And suppose I said, "Times are tough in the cotton industry. You've got a choice. We can go to here or we can go to here. We can pick B or we can pick C, but A is no longer an option. A means I'm moving to Mexico, can't do A anymore. So take your pick B or C." How many are going to pick B? Hands up. How many are going to pick C? Everybody.
But then it seems like this is very counter intuitive, doesn't it? Because you all went for something that, according to Marx, has a higher rate of exploitation, two point three-three as opposed to one point seven-five. How can that be? How can that make any sense?
Okay, I'm going to go two minutes over here to leave you with this to think about, and then we'll pick up with it on Monday. This is the intuition. If you think about how people think about how well off they are the Pareto system says, "Am I on a higher or lower indifference curve than I was on before?" It's a bit like when Ronald Reagan was running for reelection in 1984, his slogan was, "Are you better off than you were four years ago," right? You look at your situation and you say, "What was my situation? Is it better? Is it worse?" a self-referential comparison.
So now, and it turns out on this matter he was half-right. He was half-right, we see, from a hundred years of studies of sociology. What people find acceptable and desirable is connected to what others have, but usually it's connected, and this is where he was half-wrong, it's usually connected to what people who are similarly situated to themselves have. So workers in the steel industry will compare themselves to workers in the auto industry, but workers in the auto industry will not compare themselves to what executives in the auto industry get. So people are other-referential, but in a more horizontal sense.
And this is true up and down the occupational scale. So if you have been a Yale administrator one thing you will learn is it will matter much more to a professor if he or she learns he's being paid two-thousand dollars less than the professor down the corridor, than if he or she learns he or she is being paid two hundred thousand dollars less than the attorney who lives next door to them. People compare themselves to others, but they compare themselves to similarly-situated others.
Why that is, is an immensely complicated and interesting subject, but it means that Marx was right to think we're basically other-referential. We don't just ask the question "Has my utility gone up or down?" We do compare ourselves to others, but he was mistaken in thinking that workers would compare themselves to capitalists rather than to other workers in deciding whether or not they were well off, and that would feed into his assumptions about the conditions under which workers would be likely to become militant. Okay, we'll start with that issue on Monday.


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A new 'cold war' is emerging between the US and Russia — over icebreakers
September 03, 2015 · 1:00 PM EDT
By Traci Tong
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Listen to the story.
US Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker/Research Vessel Healy is pictured breaking ice. The US has only two functioning Arctic icebreakers and President Barack Obama wants to move more quickly to buy newer vessels for use in the Arctic.
The United States may be a powerhouse with military hardware, but it has fallen woefully behind when it comes to icebreakers.
President Barack Obama said this week in Alaska that we need more icebreakers and proposed to "accelerate acquisition of a replacement heavy icebreaker to 2020 from 2022."
The US has fallen behind other nations in terms of resources in the Arctic. Currently, the US has two fully functioning Arctic icebreakers — one is 40 years old and the other is 15. Rear Admiral Jeffrey M. Garrett served as the first commanding officer for the USCGS Healy, the newer of the two ships.
This compares with Russia's 40 icebreakers and another 11 ships in the works. Not to mention, says Garrett, South Korea, Japan, China, India and South Africa also own fully functioning icebreakers operating in the region.
"I don't think it's as much a competition with other countries. ... It's really not an arms race. It's really can the United States have the assets that it needs to support its national interest."
"And because we have longterm interests in the Antarctic [as well], one old icebreaker and one newer one just isn't enough. Because if you can't really be on the scene, you really are not going to be a player in the long run."
Icebreakers are expensive ships to build. "To build one ship, although it's just a tiny drop in the overall federal budget, it's a very big hit on the Coast Guard's budget," Garrett explains.
President Obama says he plans on working with Congress to fund an expanded icebreaker fleet, "to ensure the United States can operate year-round in the Arctic Ocean," he says.
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Recreational bicyclists in Camp Pendleton will be required to obtain a DBIDS Recreational Bicycle pass/credential in person from the Visitor Center.
Effective October 1, 2018, all previously registered driver's licenses will no longer be accepted. The only acceptable credential after October 1, 2018 will be the DBIDS Recreational Bicyclist pass/credential which must be obtained in person at the Visitor Center located in Bldg. 20255T, adjacent to the Main Gate near Interstate 5.


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Q: android studio 3.0 sdk folder missing I ended up installing Android studio and when I open it, it pops up a window "specify android SDK path", but the android sdk folder in the path

%LOCALAPPDATA%\Android\sdk

doesn't exist, I tried downloading the installer several times with the same results.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Shocking Global Map Shows the Extent of a Global Heat Wave | Future Tech
Earth is boiling under record-high temperatures. Global heat waves have landed thousands of people in the hospital and fueled massive wildfires in places ranging from Greece to the Arctic Circle.
An animation called "earth" shows just how high worldwide temperatures really are. The animation, designed by computer programmer Cameron Beccario, an engineering manager at Indeed Tokyo in Japan, updates every 3 hours with weather data taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Global Forecast System. [What Is Earth's Average Temperature?]
The system uses supercomputers to create models of the weather from various measurements, like temperature, soil moisture, wind, ocean currents and precipitation, Live Science previously reported.
This week, the mesmerizing globe shines in shades of orange and red, which indicate hot temperatures.
A city outside Tokyo in Japan is facing scorching temperatures of almost 106 degrees Fahrenheit (41.1 degrees Celsius). At least 86 people have died of heatstroke there since May, and 23,000 people have been hospitalized just in the past week, The New York Times reported.
But Japan isn't the only country facing record temperatures. In Sweden, an extreme heat wave caused multiple wildfires to erupt last week — some in the Arctic Circle. Also last week, Greece faced deadly wildfires fueled by extreme temperatures and high winds, killing more than 80 people, The Washington Post reported.
Earlier this month, Ouargla, a city in Algeria, probably logged the highest temperature ever recorded in Africa: 124.3 degrees F (51.3 degrees C), according to the Post. And in June, Oman logged the hottest night in recorded history and the highest low temperature ever to be recorded on Earth: 108.7 degrees F (42.6 degrees C), according to the Post.
Also Read: To Mock Elon Musk, Russia Just Launched a Toy Car Into Space
Extreme weather — such as the current global heat wave, strong hurricanes and long droughts — is more likely to occur now because of human-induced climate change, according to a previous Live Science report. A preliminary comparison of current temperatures with historical records from seven weather stations in Europe suggests that human-induced climate change made the Europe-wide heat wave more than twice as likely to happen, according to the BBC.
ExtentfutureFuture TechFuture TechnologyglobalHeatmapprosyscom tech
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