text:
\section{Data}
The DNS data used in this work have been acquired by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations,
\begin{equation}
\partial \mathbf{u}/\partial t
+(\mathbf{u} \cdot \nabla) \mathbf{u}
= -\nabla (p/\rho) + \nu \nabla^2 \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{f} \;,
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{u}$ is the solenoidal velocity field ($\nabla \cdot \mathbf{u}=0$), $p$ is pressure, $\rho$ is fluid density, $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity and $\mathbf{f}$ is the forcing term that maintains a stationary state \citep{EP88,DY10}. We use Fourier pseudo-spectral calculations \citep{rogallo} on a periodic domain of size $(2\pi)^3$ with an explicit second order Runge-Kutta integration in time. A combination of phase-shifting and truncation is used to reduce aliasing errors, where the highest resolved wavenumber $k_{max}=\sqrt{2}N/3$ and $N$ is the number of grid points in one direction. Typical spatial resolution, expressed by $k_{max}\eta$, was fixed around $1.5$ in earlier simulations \citep{IGK2009}. Recently \citep{YSP18}, it has been pointed out that the spatial and temporal resolution are more stringent at higher Reynolds numbers. For some of the data analyzed here, data were obtained with improved resolution. Table \ref{dns.tab} lists some flow parameters of interest.

\begin{table
\centering
\caption{Isotropic DNS database: $N^3$ is the number of points on a $L_0^3$ grid with $L_0 = 2\pi$ units, $R_{\lambda} \equiv u'\lambda/\nu$ is the Taylor scale Reynolds number where $u'$ is the root-mean-square velocity fluctuation,
$\lambda \equiv u'/\sqrt{\langle(\partial u/\partial x)^2\rangle}$ is the Taylor microscale, $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity, $L \approx L_0/5$ is the integral scale, $\eta \equiv (\nu^3/\la{\epsilon}\ra)^{1/4}$ is the Kolmogorov scale, $\Delta x = L_0/N$ is the grid spacing. Results have been averaged over a time span of at least $10$ large-eddy time scales $(L/u')$, except for the $16,384^3$ data for which the averaging time is much shorter.}
\label{dns.tab}

\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\\
\hline
$N^3$ & $R_{\lambda}$ & $L/\eta$ & $\Delta x/\eta$ & $\la{\epsilon}\ra L/u'^3$ \\
\hline
$256^3$ & $140$ & $108$ & $2.1$ & $0.44$\\
$512^3$ & $240$ & $226$ & $2.1$ & $0.42$\\
$2048^3$ & $400$ & $446$ & $1.1$ & $0.41$ \\
$4096^3$ & $650$ & $898$ & $1.1$ & $0.39$\\
$8192^3$ & $1300$ & $2514$ & $1.5$ & $0.38$\\
$16384^3$ & $1300$ & $2522$ & $0.8$ & $0.39$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{trace.eps}
\protect\caption{Typical circulation traces in the inertial range, for $R_{\lambda}=1300$ (computational domain $8192^3$) along an arbitrary edge of the cube of length $L_0$. The linear size $r$ of the loops in the panels are, (a) $r/\eta=50$ and (b) $r/\eta=150$, corresponding to the lower and middle of the $4/5$-ths plateau in the normalized third-order structure function \cite{K41b}, respectively.
}
\label{trace.fig}
\end{figure}

One other comment is useful. Circulation $\Gamma_{r}$ around a loop of side $r$ is calculated using the second equality in Eq.~\ref{def.eq}, which follows from the Stokes theorem, as the two-dimensional local average of vorticity using the algorithm given in Ref.~\cite{kp2014}. Statistical averages were taken over the whole $N^3$ simulation along the three
Cartesian directions. Statistics of $\Gamma_{r}$ were also calculated using the loop integration of Eq.~\ref{def.eq}, by means of cubic splines for improved accuracy, and excellent confirmation of the area integral results were obtained for $r/\eta > 5$.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Area rules}
Figure \ref{trace.fig} shows circulation traces for inertial range separations, normalized by its standard deviation, along the length of the simulation domain of size $L_0$, at the Taylor scale Reynolds number, $R_{\lambda}=1300$. Two different inertial separations $r$ corresponding to the lower end and the middle of the inertial range plateau in $-\la (\Delta_r u)^3 \ra/r\epsm$, are shown here. These particular signals do not show frequent excursions to very high values (unlike highly intermittent phenomena).

\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{shapepdf_plot.eps}
\protect\caption{This figure verifies Migdal's area rule. For five rectangles of different aspect ratios but the same area, all of which are contained in the inertial range, the circulation PDF are essentially invariant (the departures at the tails is mostly due to paucity of data). The different curves correspond to contour dimensions given by $L_x \times L_y$ (in units of $\eta$, the Kolmogorov length scale):
$(\colb{\circ})$ $30 \times 128$,
$(\colg{\times})$ $32 \times 120$,
$(\colr{+})$ $40 \times 96$,
$(\colc{\ast})$ $64 \times 60$,
$(\colm{\Box})$ $80 \times 48$.
}
\label{shape.fig}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{circstd_loop.eps}
\protect\caption{The circulation standard deviation $\langle\Gamma_A^2 \rangle^{1/2}$ $(\colr{\Box})$ as a function of the area $A$ of the figure-$8$ contour (shown in the inset), calculated on velocity data in a $4096^3$ grid at $R_{\lambda} = 650$. The data follow the scalar area law, as evidenced by the $A^{2/3}$ scaling in the inertial range. The linear area dependence in the small-$A$ regime is shown, and the tendency to saturation for large areas is also apparent.
}
\label{loop8.fig}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{shape.fig} shows the PDFs of $\Gamma_r$ for a number of rectangular loops of the same area but differing aspect ratios. The data collapse to a very good accuracy. Even though the result will have to be confirmed for loops of different shapes, this figure supports the expectation that only the area of the loop, not its shape, decides the PDF of circulation. It is thus sometimes convenient to use the symbol $\Gamma_A$ to describe the circulation around a loop of area $A$; henceforth, when we speak of $\Gamma_r$, it means circulation around a square of side $r$.

The inset to \ref{loop8.fig} shows a figure-$8$ loop with two different squares touching at a common vertex. If K41 is valid, it readily follows that the standard deviation of circulation $\langle \Gamma_A^2 \rangle^{1/2} \sim (L_1^2 + L_2^2)^{2/3} = A^{2/3}$. On the other hand, if one traverses along the loop in the direction of the arrows marked on the loop, the areas circumscribed by the two squares will have different signs. If the resulting vector area is the right quantity to use, the standard deviation $\langle \Gamma_A^2 \rangle^{1/2}$ for the figure-$8$ loop should scale as
\begin{equation}
\label{vector.eq}
\langle \Gamma_A^2 \rangle^{1/2} \sim (L_1^2 - L_2^2)^{2/3} = (\Delta (L_1+L_2))^{2/3}
\sim A^{1/3} \;,
\end{equation}
since, $\Delta = L_1 - L_2$ is a fixed constant. The main part of Fig.~\ref{loop8.fig} shows convincingly that the mean-square circulation varies as $A^{2/3}$, where $A$ is the scalar sum of the areas of the two loops, for most of the range. For small $A$, the variance is clearly linear in $A$ as expected from Taylor expansion, whereas it saturates for large $A$ because of many cancellations.

\subsection{Application of Kolmogorov's similarity argument}
As already stated, straightforward application of K41 shows that $\Gamma_r \sim r^{4/3}$. Migdal \cite{migdal} argued that the PDF of $\Gamma_{r}$ decays as some power of ${\Gamma_{r}}^3/r^4$. We show the PDF of ${\Gamma_{r}^3}/{r^4}\la{\epsilon}\ra$ in Fig.~\ref{pdfcube.fig} for various inertial range separations. The PDFs show good collapse, with some deviations in the negative PDF tails; the two insets, highlighting the positive and negative tails of the PDF, are not power laws. They can be fitted nominally by unequal stretched exponentials, as described in the caption to Fig.~\ref{pdfcube.fig}. The mean and the mean square of this distribution yield the third-order and sixth-order moments of circulation. These and other moments are computed separately in Sec.~\ref{scexp.sec}.

\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{circube.eps}
\protect\caption{PDF of ${\gr^3/r^4\epsm}$ at $R_{\lambda}=1300$ at different inertial range separations,
$r/\eta = 80$ $(\colb\circ)$,
$r/\eta = 120$ $(\colg\times)$,
$r/\eta = 171$ $(\colr{+})$,
$r/\eta = 246$ $(\colc\ast)$ and
$r/\eta = 300$ $(\colm\Box)$.
Insets (a) and (b) show portions of the PDF corresponding to negative and positive $\Gamma_{r}$, respectively, on log-log scales. The PDFs nearly collapse across the inertial range separations, with some differences towards the tails, as shown in the insets. The tails of each of the PDFs can be fitted by stretched exponentials with unequal stretching factors for the negative and positive tails. For the average curves, the negative part decays with a stretch factor of about 0.35, about twice as large as that for the positive ($\approx 0.17$).
}
\label{pdfcube.fig}
\end{figure}

The results so far are already interesting and tantalizing because they contain the suggestion that K41 may have currency for circulation. This would be quite unlike, say, for velocity increments or enstrophy density. We now explore this feature further by computing the scaling properties.

\section{Scaling results}
\subsection{Exponents} \label{scexp.sec}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{circmom8k.eps}
\protect\caption{Normalized circulation moments for various orders $p$ as a function of the linear dimension of the loop, for $R_{\lambda} = 1300$. Inset shows corresponding local slopes ${\lambda_p} = d[\log \langle \Gamma_{r}^p \rangle]/d[\log r]$, where vertical lines demarcate the inertial range. Error bars (which are often subsumed by the symbol thickness) indicate $95\%$ confidence intervals. Horizontal straight lines drawn at $4p/3$ correspond to the respective K41 exponents.
}
\label{mom.fig}
\end{figure}
We first evaluate various even order moments of $\Gamma_{r}$ and show moments $\langle \Gamma_{r}^p \rangle$ for $p=2,4,6$ and $8$ for $R_{\lambda}=1300$ as functions of $r$ in Fig.~\ref{mom.fig}. They all display proper power laws, $\langle \Gamma_{r}^p \rangle \sim r^{\lambda_p}$, in the inertial range, as reinforced by the constancy of the local slopes, shown in the inset of Fig.~\ref{mom.fig}.

The odd moments of $\Gamma_{r}$ do not display equally clean power laws because they have negligible intensity via cancellation, which leads to poor convergence. Their scaling improves if one considers absolute values of circulation, $\langle |\Gamma_{r}|^p \rangle \sim r^{\lambda_{|p|}}$ (while, obviously, those of even orders remain unchanged). Absolute values enable us to define scaling exponents for fractional $p$ as well, up to (but not including) $p = -1$, for which the moments diverge \cite{chen05}. The practice of using absolute moments for odd orders is justified, at least {\it{a posteriori}}, as long as the exponents so obtained are monotonic when plotted together with even-order data. This monotonic behavior is not quite true for velocity structure functions even for very high Reynolds numbers typical of atmospheric flows (see Ref.~\cite{dhruva} at $R_{\lambda}=10,340$) but seems to hold for circulation for which the absolute moment data do not zigzag with respect to even-order data.

In Fig.~\ref{circeven.fig} we plot the scaling exponents ${\lambda_{|p|}}$ for circulation as a function of the power index $p$ for all orders at $R_{\lambda}=1300$. The exponents seem to organize themselves into two straight lines, one below about 3 and the other above it. The low-order data can be fitted asymptotically by the K41 line, ${\lambda_{|p|}} = 4p/3$, but one needs a different line with a smaller slope for higher orders. The latter line (with the slope of 7/6 and an intercept of 1/2) can be expressed in terms of the $\beta$-model \cite{FSN78},
\begin{equation}
\label{monof.eq}
{\lambda_{|p|}} = \frac{4p}{3}+(3-D)(1-\frac{p}{3})\;,
\end{equation}
with $D \approx 2.5$ as the self-similarity dimension \cite{mandelbrot1974,FSN78}.

\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{circexp.eps}
\protect\caption{Scaling exponents as a function of moment order $p$; $R_\lambda = 1300$. The data can be fitted by two separate lines, one below order $3$ and one above it. The low order data can be fitted by the expression $4p/3$ (dashed line), which results from the application of K41. The high-order data can be fitted (solid line) by a fractal model (Eq.~\ref{monof.eq}) with $D \approx 2.5$. Least square fits are shown. Typical error bar shown for the tenth moment is subsumed by the symbol thickness. The difference between the K41 line and the measured exponents is indicated by $\delta\lambda_{|p|}$, which will be discussed in Sec.~\ref{discussion.sec}.
}
\label{circeven.fig}
\end{figure}

We have so far considered results for the two highest Reynolds numbers of the dataset computed by us. It is instructive to examine how the results depend on the Reynolds number, and assess the asymptotic state.

\subsection{Probability density functions}

\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{PDFcirc.eps}
\protect\caption{Probability density function of $\Gamma_{r}$ normalized by its standard deviation at $R_{\lambda}=1300$, for inertial range separations
$r/\eta = 119$ $(\colb\circ)$,
$r/\eta = 143$ $(\colg\Box)$,
$r/\eta = 171$ $(\colr\triangle)$,
$r/\eta = 206$ $(\colc\triangledown)$,
$r/\eta = 246$ $(\colm\diamond)$ and
$r/\eta = 296$ $(\colo\times)$. Error bars shown for select large $|\Gamma_{r}|$ (for clarity)
 indicate $95\%$ confidence intervals. Dashed line is the standard Gaussian PDF. Insets: (a) expanded view of the PDF core to show deviations from Gaussianity, (b) PDF peaks {\it{vs}} $r/\eta$ in the inertial range, dashed line is the Gaussian peak and (c) stretching exponents of the positive PDF tails {\it{vs}} $r/\eta$.}
\label{pdf.fig}
\end{figure}

We have already seen the PDFs in two forms: The PDF for circulation around various shapes of loops within the inertial range in Fig.~\ref{shape.fig} and those for ${\gr^3/r^4\epsm}$ in Fig.~\ref{pdfcube.fig}. We now plot the PDFs of $\Gamma_{r}$ for several values of $r$ in the inertial range, normalized by their own standard deviations. The PDFs collapse on each other for magnitudes below about 5 standard deviations (see inset (a)) and differ mostly in the tails. This shows that we do not have perfect self-similarity. The PDFs also depart strongly from the Gaussian distribution indicated by the dashed line, both at the tails and the core region (see inset (a)). The peaks of the PDFs gradually drop towards the Gaussian value of about 0.4 through the inertial range, as can be seen more explicitly in inset (b), but the tails are of the stretched exponential type $\sim exp(-\beta \Gamma_{r}^{{\alpha (r)}})$. The stretching exponent $\alpha(r)$ is plotted in inset (c) of Fig.~\ref{pdf.fig} as a function of the inertial range separation $r$; we have $\alpha(r)$ varying weakly with $r$, supporting the notion that circulation has weak intermittency \cite{vainshtein94}. We note that the variation of $\alpha(r)$ in the inertial range is gentler than that of the corresponding stretching exponents of velocity increments, which are known to rapidly change with scale \cite{krs92}.

\subsection{Flatness}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{flatness.eps}
\protect\caption{Circulation flatness $F(r)$ {\it{vs}}.~spatial separation $r$ from DNS at $R_{\lambda}=240$, $512^3$ ($\colm{\triangle}$), $R_{\lambda}=650$, $4096^3$ ($\colg{\Box}$) and $R_{\lambda}=1300$, $8192^3$ ($\colr{\circ}$). The flatness from the DNS at $R_{\lambda}=1300$ computed on a $16,384^3$ box is also shown ($\colb{\blacklozenge}$) and agrees well with $F(r)$ from the $8192^3$ DNS, for $r/\eta > 10$. Arrows on the ordinate show the limit $F(r \to 0) = \langle\omega^4 \rangle/\langle \omega^2 \rangle^2$, which is the flatness of the vorticity component normal to the circulation plane. At the largest scales, $F(r)$ is equal to the Gaussian flatness of $3$, shown by the dashed line. Inset compares the circulation flatness with those of the longitudinal ($\colo{\times}$) and transverse ($\colbr{+}$) velocity increments at $R_{\lambda}=1300$ in the inertial range, shown by the dashed vertical lines. Unlike circulation with a tendency towards constancy in the inertial range, the velocity increments show gradual variations through the inertial range.
}
\label{flat.fig}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{minflatslope.eps}
\protect\caption{The peak magnitude of logarithmic local slope of circulation flatness in the inertial range, plotted against $R_{\lambda}$. The solid line is a least-square fit. If extrapolated, the minimum of the logarithmic derivative will reach zero, corresponding to constant flatness in Fig.~\ref{flat.fig}, at $R_{\lambda} \approx 1900$. Data of Ref.~\cite{CSKRS96} at $R_{\lambda}=216$ ($\colr{\blacksquare}$), is shown for comparison. Inset shows the logarithmic local slopes of circulation flatness as a function of $r/\eta$, up to $r \sim O(L)$ for $R_{\lambda}=1300$ ($\colm{\triangledown}$) and $R_{\lambda}=240$ ($\colb{\circ}$). Error bars indicate $95\%$ confidence intervals.
}
\label{minflat.fig}
\end{figure}
The circulation flatness is defined as
\begin{equation}
F(r) \equiv \frac{\langle \Gamma_{r} ^4 \rangle}{\langle \Gamma_{r}^2 \rangle^2} \;.
\end{equation}
Figure~\ref{flat.fig} shows that $F(r)$ varies through the inertial range $(\eta \ll r \ll L)$ but its evolution with Reynolds number is the more interesting point; the figure also compares $F(r)$ at three different Reynolds numbers. At $R_{\lambda} = 240$, $F(r)$ increases smoothly from the Gaussian value of $3$, for $r \sim O(L)$, to the dissipation range limit of $\langle \omega^4\rangle/\langle \omega^2 \rangle^2$, where $\omega$ is the vorticity component normal to the plane of circulation. With increasing $R_{\lambda}$, however, $F(r)$ appears to develop a plateau in the inertial range, indicating that it may be approaching a constant, independent of scale. The inset of Fig.~\ref{flat.fig} compares the circulation flatness to those of the longitudinal and transverse velocity increments at $R_{\lambda} = 1300$. Here, the transverse increment $\Delta_r v \equiv v(x+r)-v(x)$, where the separation distance $r$ is transverse to the velocity component $v$. Even at $R_{\lambda}=1300$, the flatness factors of both $\Delta_r u$ and $\Delta_r v$ smoothly grow with decreasing scale, showing that the velocity increments are highly intermittent, whereas $F(r)$ displays the tendency towards constancy, suggesting that $\Gamma_{r}$ at high Reynolds numbers is only weakly intermittent. It should be stressed that, at lower $R_{\lambda}$, all flatness factors of $\Gamma_{r}$, $\Delta_r u$ and $\Delta_r v$ increase rapidly with decreasing scale in the inertial range, as already shown in Refs.~\cite{CSKRS96,zhou08}.

Our point is that the flatness $F(r)$ has the potential to become a constant in the inertial range of $r$ as the Reynolds number increases further. If so, this will be the intermittency-free limit in which we expect the logarithmic local slope of flatness $d[\log F(r)]/d[\log r] \to 0$ in the inertial range. To quantify this approach to the intermittency free limit, we plot the logarithmic local slope of $F(r)$ as a function of spatial separation in the inset of Fig.~\ref{minflat.fig} for two different Reynolds numbers. For $R_{\lambda}=1300$, the local slopes are closer to zero over a wider range of inertial scales than for $R_{\lambda}=240$. The peaks of the flatness local slopes decrease linearly with $R_{\lambda}$ as shown in Fig.~\ref{minflat.fig}, suggesting that it will be zero at $R_{\lambda} \approx 1900$. This result should be regarded merely as an indication and will be discussed further in Sec.~\ref{asympstate.sec} below.
\section{Discussion} \label{discussion.sec}
Small-scale turbulence is known to be characterized by extreme events in time and space. Such intense events can be seen in local velocity increments, which exhibit intense spatial fluctuations, resulting in scaling exponents that vary nonlinearly with respect to the moment order. This is the phenomenon of intermittency that necessitates the superposition of infinitely many scale-invariant configurations to describe the exponents. Much effort has been expended in quantifying the nonlinear trend of the intermittency exponents of velocity moments, with varying degrees of success \cite{K62,menevkrs87,SL94,yakhot01}. As noted in Ref.~\cite{migdal95}, intermittency corrections from the velocity moments serve as an upper estimate, since the velocity field is infrared divergent. Here, using the largest simulations of isotropic turbulence to-date, we have shown that the structure of velocity circulation is much simpler at higher Reynolds numbers. In contrast to those of velocity increments, the circulation statistics become less intermittent with increasing Reynolds numbers, with the exponents having an approximately bifractal structure: at the level of low order moments, circulation is essentially a space-filling quantity whereas, for moments of order 3 and higher, it appears to have a self-similar dimension $D \approx 2.5$.

These findings brighten the prospect of a simplified turbulence theory that can be used to describe small-scale turbulence without having to resort to multifractal models. We have inferred that circulation, though arising from highly convoluted vortex structures in space and time, is essentially space filling for low-order moments and can give rise to a bifractal scaling. It will be interesting to obtain circulation statistics in more realistic cases of anisotropic turbulence, to see if a statistical theory based on vortex filaments can shed new light on topics such as anisotropy effects on small-scale universality.

Two questions appear worth discussing in some detail. (a) Since the data reveal that there is a Reynolds number dependence of the circulation properties, it is worth asking whether they have reached its asymptotic state even at the highest Reynolds number considered here, and, if not, make an educated guess on that state. This point is essentially an expansion of the tentative result deduced from Fig.~\ref{minflat.fig}. (b) Since circulation is very closely related to vorticity, it is natural to ask why the simplicity that is apparent in circulation does not translate to enstrophy density, which is known to be a strongly multifractal quantity \cite{MSF90}. We will discuss these questions in that same order.
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.99\linewidth]{expdev_paper.eps}
\protect\caption{The relative difference of the circulation scaling exponent ${\lambda_p}$ from the K41 exponent, $4p/3$, as a function of the Taylor-scale Reynolds numbers $R_{\lambda}$, for orders $p=4,6,8$ and $10$. Data from Ref.~\cite{CSKRS96} $(\pentagon)$ for orders $p = 4,6,8$ and $10$, at $R_{\lambda}=216$ and the
highly resolved DNS for orders $p=4,6$ and $8$, at $R_{\lambda}=1300$,$16384^3$ (${\blacklozenge}$), are provided for comparison. Exponential least square fits through the data are shown by the solid lines; also shown are error bars.
}
\label{expdevk41.fig}
\end{figure}
\subsection{The asymptotic state} \label{asympstate.sec}
Figure \ref{expdevk41.fig} shows the behavior of $\delta_{\lambda_p}$, the difference between the measured scaling exponents and the corresponding Kolmogorov values, for moment orders $4$, $6$, $8$ and $10$, as functions of the Reynolds number. For each order, this difference seems to approach K41 roughly as a power law. The rates of approach vary inversely with the order of the moment. We cannot speculate about the behaviors at infinitely large Reynolds numbers, but may expect that this behavior will persist up to some higher Reynolds number. The fact that the approach to the K41 values is slower for the high-order moments suggests that, in principle, the scaling will remain a bifractal for all finite Reynolds numbers, with the ``phase transition" point moving to a higher $p$ with increasing Reynolds numbers. In practice, however, moments may fall on the K41 line for sufficiently high values of $p$ that the bifractal behavior may essentially yield place to a space-filling monofractal.

\subsection{Circulation, enstrophy and velocity increments}
Since circulation is very closely related to vorticity, it is natural to ask why the simplicity that is apparent in circulation does not translate to locally averaged enstrophy density, which is known to be a strongly multifractal quantity \cite{MSF90,YSP18}. The corresponding question is relevant also with respect to velocity increments. We address this issue here briefly.

The area integral formula for circulation from Eq.~\ref{def.eq} reads as
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_r = \int \omega dA \;,
\end{equation}
where $\omega$ is the vorticity component perpendicular to the loop with area, $A = r^2$, along an arbitrary direction.  Taking the square of above equation and invoking Schwarz's inequality, we get
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma_r^2  &=& \Big [\int \omega dA \Big ]^2 \;, \\
          &\le & r^2 \int \omega^2 dA   \;.
\end{eqnarray}
Taking averages on both sides of the above inequality we get
\begin{equation}
\label{cineq.eq}
\langle \Gamma_r^2 \rangle \le r^2 \Big\langle \int \omega^2 dA \Big\rangle \;.
\end{equation}
Now, define $\Omega = \omega_i \omega_i$ and use statistical isotropy. Then, for any general power, $p \ge 1$,
\begin{equation}
\label{omgineq.eq}
\Big \langle \Big ( \int \omega^2 dA \Big )^{p} \Big \rangle \le \frac{1}{3} \Big\langle \Big ( \int \Omega dA \Big )^{p} \Big \rangle, \
\end{equation}
with equality valid for $p=1$.
Substituting Eq.~\ref{omgineq.eq} in Eq.~\ref{cineq.eq} for
$p=1$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\label{enst.eq}
\langle \Gamma_r^2 \rangle \le \frac{1}{3} r^2 \Big\langle \int \Omega dA \Big\rangle \;\;.
\end{equation}
We can define the local 2D average of enstrophy as
\begin{equation}
\Omega_r \equiv \frac{1}{r^2} \int \Omega dA \;,
\end{equation}
and rewrite Eq.~\ref{enst.eq} as
\begin{equation}
\label{ord2.eq}
\langle \Gamma_r^2 \rangle  \le \frac{1}{3} r^4 \langle \Omega_r \rangle \;. \\
\end{equation}
Generalizing the above inequality to any even power $2p$, we get
\begin{equation}
\label{relomg.eq}
\langle \Gamma_r^{2p} \rangle  \le \frac{1}{3} {r}^{4p} \langle \Omega_r^{p} \rangle \;. \\
\end{equation}
This inequality shows that the moments of locally averaged enstrophy are quite likely to be larger than those of circulation, and it is this that states that the multifractal character of enstrophy density need not necessarily carry over to circulation.

With respect to moments of the velocity increments, we can use the second hypothesis of Kolmogorov
\citep{K62} which can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\Delta_r u = V(r\epsilon_r)^{1/3} \equiv V'(r\nu \Omega_r)^{1/3},
\end{equation}
where $V$ and $V'$ are universal variables with the constraint that,
 $\langle V^3 \rangle = \langle V'^3 \rangle = -4/5$, and $\nu$ (as before) is the kinematic viscosity.
Then, Eq.~\ref{relomg.eq} becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{k62.eq}
\langle \Gamma_r^{2p} \rangle  \le \frac{1}{3}{r}^{3p} \frac{\langle (\Delta_r u)^{3p} \rangle}{\nu^p \langle V'^{3p} \rangle} \;. \\
\end{equation}

Under homogeneity, the first moments of dissipation, enstrophy and their local averages are related as $\nu \langle \Omega_r \rangle =  \langle \epsilon_r \rangle = \langle\epsilon\rangle$, using which, inequality (14) (corresponding to $p=1$) can be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{cbound.eq}
\psi(r) \equiv \frac{\langle \Gamma_r^{2} \rangle \nu}{r^4 \langle\epsilon\rangle}  \le \frac{1}{3} \;. \\
\end{equation}
Using $p=1$ and the inertial range result $\langle (\Delta_r u)^3 \rangle = (-4/5)r\langle\epsilon\rangle$, we end up with the same inequality as Eq. \ref{cbound.eq}. Inequality \ref{cbound.eq} is more general, since it shows that $\psi(r)$ is bounded for all $r$.
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{circbound_paper.eps}
\protect\caption{The function $\psi(r)$ (left hand side of inequality \ref{cbound.eq}) as a function of normalized spatial separation $r/\eta$ for different Reynolds numbers. The curves are seen to collapse, for $r \ll L$ ($L$ is the integral scale) at the different Reynolds numbers shown, reasonably well. The limit $\psi(r\to 0) = 1/3$ is marked by the horizontal dashed line. Solid black line indicates the corresponding K41 slope.
}
\label{cbound.fig}
\end{figure}
As a check, we note that in the dissipative limit $r \to 0$, we have
\begin{equation}
\lim_{r \to 0} \psi(r) =
\lim_{r \to 0} \frac{\langle \Gamma_r^{2} \rangle\nu}{r^4\langle\epsilon\rangle} = \frac{\langle \omega^2 \rangle \nu}{\langle\epsilon\rangle}
= \frac{1}{3}\frac{\langle \Omega \rangle \nu}{\langle\epsilon\rangle} = \frac{1}{3} \;,
\end{equation}
where the relation $\langle \Omega \rangle = 3\langle\omega^2\rangle$ uses isotropy.

It is interesting to consider the double limit of $\psi(r)$, namely
\begin{equation}
\lim_{\nu \to 0} \lim_{r \to 0} \frac{\langle \Gamma_r^{2} \rangle}{r^4} \left [\frac{\nu}{\langle\epsilon\rangle} \right ] \;.
\end{equation}
Since the mean dissipation is known not to depend on viscosity \cite{KRS84,KRS98,pearson2002,kaneda03}, the term within square brackets that is $r$-independent, tends to $0$ in the asymptotic limit. This means that in the small-$r$ limit we have, $\langle \Gamma_r^{2} \rangle/r^4 = \langle \omega^2 \rangle \to \infty$ for high Reynolds numbers. It follows that vorticity can attain very high moment values in turbulent flows even when those of circulation are bounded. This observation does not necessarily imply that circulation (around finite contours) is always bounded, but it does suggest that it is a more tractable quantity to work with, as compared to vorticity.

Figure \ref{cbound.fig} shows that the DNS data are quite consistent with the dissipative limit. Furthermore, $\psi(r)$ at different Reynolds numbers shows good collapse for $r \ll L$, where $L$ is the integral scale.

These arguments show that the simplicity in the structure of circulation does not contradict the known multifractal properties of velocity increments or enstrophy density. We thus believe that we have covered new ground here.
\section{Acknowledgments}
This work is partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), via Grants No.~ACI-$1640771$  and No.~ACI-$1036170$ at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The computations were performed using supercomputing resources provided through the XSEDE consortium (which is funded by NSF) at the Texas Advanced Computing Center at the University of Texas (Austin), and the Blue Waters Project at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign).
We thank Dr.~Xiaomeng Zhai for his help in evaluating circulation via spline fits, and Drs.~A.~A.~Migdal and V.~Yakhot for valuable discussions over time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Google Hotpot Smartens Up Local Search, But It's No Yelp Killer
Google has unveiled the awkwardly-named Hotpot, which is a kind of ratings tool and recommendation engine for Google Places. As you review restaurants, music venues, stores and the like, Hotpot's recommendation engine learns what you like and suggests other places you might like. Throw in recommendations from friends and Hotpot starts to sound very useful. […]
Google has unveiled the awkwardly-named Hotpot, which is a kind of ratings tool and recommendation engine for Google Places.
As you review restaurants, music venues, stores and the like, Hotpot's recommendation engine learns what you like and suggests other places you might like. Throw in recommendations from friends and Hotpot starts to sound very useful. Indeed Hotpot is useful, bringing location-based searching, algorithms that learn what you like and friends' recommendations together in a single place.
But, perhaps because of that combination of features, it's also awkward to set up and poorly integrated with the rest of Google's services. It has some features that trump its main competitor, Yelp, like the awesome search tool. But the social and community aspects of Hotpot – features Yelp handles well – are too difficult to get set up.
Which isn't to say that Hotpot isn't useful. You just have to clear its awkward silo-style hurdles first. If you head over to the new Hotpot URL, you'll be asked to sign in with your Google account and then to pick a nickname for use on Google Places.
Once that's done you'll need to find your friends and "add" then to your list of Hotpot friends. Setting up Hotpot feels a bit like you just slipped back in time five years to a web where every social service is an island.
It could be that Google was worried about another Buzz-style backlash if it made Hotpot's social features automated. Instead, everything is manual – you're presented with a list of friends that you can add (follow might be the more familiar verb here) much like the process Google Reader uses.
However, with Reader the sharing notices are sent inside the Reader web app. With Hotpot, the notices are sent to your friend's Gmail account for approval. Worse, there doesn't seem to be an "Add all" button – if you've got 300 friends, you'll be click "Add" 300 times.
Once you've made it past the initial hurdles of setting Hotpot up, its results are actually pretty good. Having only tested Hotpot for a few hours, it's hard to judge the quality of recommendations, but as a simple Google Places search tool, the interface is clean and easy to use.
Hotpot is also integrated into normal Google searches as well. Just click the Places option in the list of filters and you see reviews and ratings from your friends alongside the familiar Yelp, Urbanspoon and other aggregated ratings.
The aggregated reviews are a win for Hotpot. The big difference between Yelp and Google Hotpot is volume – Yelp has hundreds of reviews for all the restaurants in my neighborhood written by individuals from its loyal users. Google has a big enough database of user reviews, but it's not as vibrant or extensive as Yelp's.
But Hotpot gets around that limitation by culling reviews from around the web – in the case of restaurants, there's Zagat, OpenTable, Gayot, Yelp, Blogspot and WordPress food blogs. Some places have a lot of Google user reviews, but Yelp usually always has more.
Though there needs to be a way to keep reviews from Insider Pages from showing up in Hotpot. They are universally worthless and presumably written mainly by YouTube commenters.
It's interesting to note that Yelp is all about community, and Hotpot's mapping and searching features are more advanced, but its community and social features are lacking. The two would be a perfect match if they were combined. Yelp reportedly screwed up a chance to be bought by Google last year – consider it salt on the wound that Google is pulling reviews from Yelp to beef up its own competing product.
Where Hotpot may find its big mojo, which would save it from the same fate as Google Wave, is inside Google's mobile apps. For now that means Android 1.6+, though an iPhone app is in the works. There's no word on a Windows Mobile app.
The new features in the Google Android app mean that, if you're in an unfamiliar part of town, you can quickly find a nearby restaurant that your friends love, or an out-of-the-way music store you didn't know about.
Google Bails on Wave
Google Buzz Turns on the Firehose
Hands On With Google Buzz – It's a Stream in Your Inbox
Scott Gilbertson is a senior writer for WIRED. He was previously a writer and editor for WIRED's Webmonkey.com, covering the independent web and early internet culture. He studied at the University of Georgia. You can reach him at luxagraf.net.
Senior Writer and Reviewer
TopicsGooglelocationsocialyelpWebmonkey
Here's What You Can Expect at CES 2023
Technology's biggest trade show must go on, in spite of rough economic headwinds. These are the trends and innovations to keep an eye out for.
Reece Rogers
A Mass Extinction Is Taking Place in the Human Gut
To preserve humankind's diverse bacteria, scientists are harvesting, freezing, and storing poop from around the world.
Sabrina Weiss
What Is a Pig Butchering Scam?
This type of devastating scheme ensnares victims and takes them for all they're worth—and the threat is only growing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


* If not, see .
* as Spring View for streaming binary files.
private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 20480; // ..bytes = 20KB.
response.setHeader("ETag", fileName); // Required in 304.
// Get content type by file name and set content disposition.


text:
Share your views on Jeep Cherokee 4x4
Have you ever owned a Jeep Cherokee 4x4? Did you have to replace any parts? If yes, then we would like to hear about your experience. You can write a review in our comments box at the bottom of the page.
Jeep Cherokee 4x4 Overview
The Jeep Cherokee 4x4 is classed as a compact SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) produced by the American automobile manufacturing company Jeep, which is part of: The Chrysler Group. The Jeep Cherokee has been in production since 1974, but the current version since 2002. The current version is also known as the Jeep Liberty in the US. These 4x4 vehicles are great off-road, have plenty space inside and have a great driving position. They are very greedy on fuel, especially the petrol versions and are costly to maintain.
Jeep Cherokee 4x4 History
The Jeep Cherokee XJ version was produced from 1984-2001, and was the first compact SUV of the Jeep Cherokee range. This vehicle replaced the full size SJ version in 1984. In 1997 the Jeep Cherokee had a makeover to both interior and exterior parts, bringing it up to a more modern looking vehicle.
The first generation KJ (2002-07) was a replacement for the XJ version which was discontinued in 2001. This vehicle had a really stylish and modern look and was the smallest 4x4 Jeep on the market at the time. It fitted between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in price.
The second generation KK (2008-12) went for the more off-road look and had a total re-design from its predecessor. This vehicle ceased production in 2012 and will be replaced with the new Cherokee in 2013.
The KJ Cherokee is available in the following engines: 2.4 and 3.7L petrol and 2.5 and 2.8L diesel. The most economical of these engines is the 2.5L diesel which offers up to 31mpg. In general these are not the most economical of vehicles but they were designed more for power and performance than for fuel economy. The petrol versions are greedy on fuel.
The available gearboxes for this vehicle are 5 and 6-speed manual, and 4-speed automatic. We have a section of our website dedicated to Jeep gearbox parts, where you should be able to find your Cherokee 4x4 gearbox parts.
If you need parts for your Cherokee 4x4 then we can help. We know these parts can be very expensive, so our vast network of UK Breakers has these parts at very reasonable prices. Have a look at the Cherokee 4x4 parts page or enter your vehicle details in our part finder.


HDFS has a master/slave architecture and is built-up of basically two kinds of nodes: NameNode (which acts as a Master) and DataNodes (which acts as slaves). NameNode and DataNode are pieces of software that are designed to run on commodity machines which typically run on a GNU/Linux operating system (OS). HDFS is built using Java language, hence, making the deployment highly portable because of which it can be deployed on a wide range of machines.
As it is clear from the architecture diagram above, HDFS has a single NameNode which acts as a master that manages the filesystem namespace and manages how the files/data can be accessed by the clients.
The NameNode executes file system namespace operations like opening, closing, and renaming files and directories. It also determines the mapping of blocks to DataNodes.
The NameNode is the arbitrator and stores all the HDFS metadata. The system is designed in such a way that user data never flows through the NameNode.
It periodically receives a Heartbeat and a Blockreport from each of the DataNodes in the cluster. Receipt of a Heartbeat implies that the DataNode is functioning properly.
There are a number of DataNodes, usually one per node in the cluster, which manage storage attached to the nodes that they run on. Internally, a file is split into one or more blocks and these blocks are stored in a set of DataNodes.
The DataNodes are responsible for serving read and write requests from the file system's clients.
The DataNodes also perform block creation, deletion, and replication upon instruction from the NameNode.
The DataNode stores HDFS data in files in its local file system but has no knowledge about HDFS files. It stores each block of HDFS data in a separate file in its local file system.
The computation is moved across DataNodes instead of moving the actual data. The processing of a task or computation is performed on the DataNode where the data actually resides.
Next Post Why a contact might still be receiving emails even after unsubscription?


There is a widely held view in the international marketing literature that how an international business approaches the strategy standardisation-adaptation decision is linked to its success,and thus is an important international marketing issue.
Proponents of this argument maintain that an international business' characteristics and the nature of the strategic element can influence the way a firm approaches this decision. Over the past twenty years, an international business with some distinctive characteristics has emerged, conceptualised as the born-global enterprise. International marketing research has yet to address how the born-global enterprise approaches the strategy standardisation-adaptation decision, particularly in terms of the distribution element. This is a gap in our knowledge.
Commentary in the existing literature indicated that there may be an adaptation dimension found with respect to the way that born-global enterprises manage individual network relationships, and that this dimension may have distinctive features.
To broaden the literature's contextual scope concerning the strategy standardisation-adaptation decision, this dissertation investigated the way that international businesses with born-global characteristics approach the distribution adaptation decision. The intention was to explorewhether there were any behavioural features distinctive to the born-global enterprise approach.
A qualitative, multi-site case study was employed in the novel service context of New Zealand's English language teaching market. Interviews were held with eight participants representing traditional internationalising enterprises, and with thirteen participants representing born-global enterprises.
The study found for the first time evidence suggesting that the born-global enterprise type of international business has a distinctive approach to distribution adaptation. This approach seems to involve using adaptation as a relationship management tool to mitigate the financially risky behaviours of the network partner (i.e., business neglect, demand inflation and customer miscommunication), and to a lesser extent the financially risky behaviours of the customer (i.e., underpurchase). Based on these results, an original theory is put forward proposing an explanation for this distinctly born-global enterprise behaviour, including several propositions for future testing.
The theoretical contribution this work makes is significant because it enables the literature to better explain how different types of international businesses approach the important strategy standardisation-adaptation decision as regards distribution.


text:
On The Rise: Custody Disputes Over High School Football
by Purdy Law Office, LLC | Mar 18, 2018 | blog, Firm News
A Pennsylvania man has gone to court to prevent his 17-year-old son from playing football. According to the New York Times, the case is part of a national trend. As public knowledge regarding the long-term effects of football injuries – and brain injuries in particular – has evolved, there has been a marked "increase in fights over whether to amend custody orders to prevent…children from playing the game."
The extent to which the number of disputes has risen is difficult to quantify, but the Times indicates that, in many parts of the country, football has replaced hockey as the sport most likely to be "at the center of custody battles."
Why prevent a child from playing?
Head injuries incurred while playing football, even if sustained at a relatively young age, have been linked with a number of health issues. These include the onset of depression, migraines, and brain degeneration. Indeed, in a study of 111 brains from former NFL players, 110 were found to have chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disease that can lead to severe memory loss and dementia.
It was with such information in mind that the Pennsylvania father asked his son's school to prohibit the child from participating on its football team. Because the father shared legal custody of the boy, the school complied. Soon thereafter, the mother filed an emergency request with a family court judge to let her son play; when that didn't work, she filed for sole custody. Ultimately, though the mother wasn't awarded sole custody, the judge ordered that the son be permitted to play football.
Needless to say, the challenges of the case are being felt on a personal level by each family member. The parents are no longer on speaking terms, and the child refuses to have all but minimal contact with his father. Meanwhile, the father remains determined and distraught. His son has already suffered three concussions, and such trauma is seen as a leading indicator of developing CTE later on.
The family has entered court-ordered mediation. However, reports note that they are no closer to resolution than at any prior point. The son still wants to play. The mother wants to let him. The father does not. He (the father) is willing to take the case to trial to, in his view, protect his son. But it's far from clear whether the courts would side with him–and what will happen next fall, when the child turns 18 and becomes a legal adult.
alternative dispute resolution (15)
family-law (1)
5 Complaints Of People Considering Divorce
What are the reasons for an emotional divorce?
Addressing common co-parent conflicts
Who gets the home in a divorce?
How fault impacts divorce
WHEN YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT FAMILY LAW
by Purdy Law Office, LLC | Nov 21, 2019
When your marriage is in trouble, it may be tempting to overlook or deny the signs. However, ignoring your problems will not make them go away. It is healthier to address them with your spouse. Sometimes this means getting involved in counseling to try to work out...
Rather than a marriage dissolving because of arguments about money or a spouse stepping out of the relationship, some couples in Pennsylvania go through an emotional divorce. Those who experience this type of split may wonder what happened to their relationship when...
by Purdy Law Office, LLC | Oct 3, 2019
Co-parenting can be tough, especially after a contentious divorce. Keep in mind, though, that putting in the work to get along with your child's other parent can pay dividends when it comes to raising a happy, healthy kid. Try these tips to get past the most common...
PURDY LAW OFFICE, LLC
20 Erford Road
Lemoyne, PA 17043
Lemoyne Law Office Map


Roads and Maritime Services is the proprietor of the bed of Port Jackson (Certificate of Title Volume 5018 Folio 1), Botany Bay, (Volume 11187 Folio 94), Port Hunter (Volume 13075 Folio 200) and Port Kembla (Volume 15268 Folio 62). The Roads and Maritime Service must approve the definition of the MHWM where boundaries are formed with these titles. The relevant statement (signed by an authorised officer of Roads and Maritime Services) must be added to the plan.
Note Land reclaimed from bed of the Port of Sydney but not granted or alienated is vested in Roads and Maritime Services vide Proclamation in Government Gazette dated 13 June 1901.
Approval is not required where a boundary is defined in a plan on public record by a monument such as a seawall or a limit line for reclamation. See also the February 1991 edition of 'Azimuth'.
Any accretion to land adjoining must satisfy the requirements of the Modified Doctrine pursuant to s.55N Coastal Protection Act 1979.
By agreement with the Roads and Maritime Services, the Registrar General accepts the approval of the Authority as indicating that it is satisfied, after examination, that the definition of mean high water mark of the respective ports is also the definition of the Marine Ministerial Holding Corporation's title boundary.
Titles to any land formerly in the name of The Maritime Services Board should issue in the name of 'The Marine Ministerial Holding Corporation'.
It is doubtful whether there are any lakes in NSW, which have perceptible tides, the so called tidal 'lake', (e.g. Lake Macquarie) actually being an inlet of the sea. Most coastal lakes or lagoons have, at one time or another, been closed off from the sea and accordingly are classified as non-tidal.
Note Where the Courts have ruled part of Lake Illawarra as being tidal, a 30.48 metre Crown Reserve may also affect the parcel(s). See Memorandum AF78929.
Title to the bed of all other tidal waters (unless the subject of a Crown grant) is vested in the Crown, i.e. 'The State of NSW', under the control of CrownlLands on behalf of the Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act 1989. An exception is those tidal waters (and any inter-tidal zone) vested in the Minister Administering the National Parks and Wildlife Act.
reference to 'high-water mark' (or other boundary of land that abuts tidal water) in a previous plan of survey is taken to be reference to 'Mean High Water Mark' unless otherwise stated - cl.51 Surveying and Spatial Information Regulation 2012.
the description and relationship to the MHWM of any sea wall and reclaimed land must be shown in a new plan of survey - cl.51 Surveying and Spatial Information Regulation 2012.
the landward boundary of an existing reservation of stipulated width fronting tidal waters which has not been previously defined by survey must be defined by right lines approximately parallel to the MHWM as originally defined - cl.48 Surveying and Spatial Information Regulation 2012 - see page on Landward boundary of road or Crown reservation abutting a waterway.
An assessment must be made as to whether the location of the MHWM is identical to that shown in the previous survey(s) or whether accretion or erosion has taken place. Any accretion will invoke the provisions of the Coastal Protection Act 1979 (see below).
Deposited Plans adjoining tidal waters will only be registered in NSW LRS if Crown lands or Roads and Maritime Services approval to the definition of the Mean High Water Mark is supplied or has been specifically approved in a previous plan see Consents to natural boundaries page.
that defines the MHWM in the same location as an existing registered plan and the definition in that plan has the required consent(s).
public access to the waterfront will, or is likely to be restricted.
Maps outlining the Coastal Zone are available for inspection at the principal office of the relevant Local Government Authority or the relevant regional office of the Department of Planning & Environment www.planning.nsw.gov.au.
Note 1 NSW LRS provided a concession whereby new plans dated between 8 February 2002 and 8 February 2003 that bear the original consent (i.e. without reference to s.55N) could be accepted and processed. Any consents prior to 8 February 2002 must be returned to the consent authority for review.
All plans lodged after 8 February 2003 must bear the statement as shown in the Consents to natural boundaries page.
Note 2 Section 55N does not apply to the amendment or redefinition of titles that were previously based upon poor, erroneous or inaccurate surveys. For further information see Appendix A, Surveyor General's Directions No.6 (PDF 205 KB) 'Water as a Boundary - Procedures'.
Note 3 The coastal zone refers to tidal waters as at 2002. An inconsistency exists with many plans and titles with a tidal boundary based on a 19 Century Crown Grant which abut rivers that are no longer tidal (through siltation etc). In these instances evidence from Crown Lands must be supplied stating that the subject is not located within the Coastal Zone.
The position of the MHWM should be shown on the plan in the usual manner (.ie. by bearings and distances along the boundary) in accordance with the provisions of Part 2 Surveying and Spatial Information Regulation 2012. The boundary should be clearly identified with an appropriate statement.
Mean High Water Mark as shown in DP.....etc.


text:
Artists Supporting Clean Ocean Access opening reception
Mind KEY / Creativity / Artists Supporting Clean Ocean Access opening reception
Creations for the Ocean: Artists Supporting Clean Ocean Access opening reception is March 31 from 6:30-8:30pm COA
Creativity, Lifestyle, Newsbreaks, Renewal , Sustainability
Clean Ocean Access [COA] is opening their office doors for a reception from 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm on Thursday, March 31. Instead of business as usual, Clean Ocean Access supports local artists with a full display of artwork. "Creations for the Ocean: Artists Supporting Clean Ocean Access" is centered around various media works inspired by the power of the local environment. The belief is that storytelling in all forms is essential to our sharing and understanding of the natural world.
"We look forward to sharing our first artist-focused event around our vision of a clean, healthy ocean that is accessible to all," according to COA.
Attendees will have light refreshments and an opportunity to meet and chat with the artists. The original works will be on sale during the reception. Artists have the opportunity to choose how much of the proceeds for the sale of the piece will be donated to COA: 40%, 60% or 100%.
"It's so important for artists to be able to support themselves, so they gave options for artists to choose their amount," Communications Marketing Coordinator, Emily Conklin said.
Storytelling as an art for the environment
This is not COA's foray into the storytelling power of art. Education Outreach Coordinator, Merit Shalom built a partnership with students and faculty at St. George during outreach programming. The class visited the Newport Harbor Marina trash skimmer, a technology that creates a slow current that pulls trash from the water. After explaining the background of plastic pollution, students were inspired to use trash that had been collected by the skimmer and trash they collected on the beach to create their own art. The debris was collaged into a mural, providing texture and color. The artwork was displayed during a January show at COA offices.
The students took the project one step further with a permanent installation called "Waves of Change."
Following the success of this recent "Students for the Sea" event with St. George's art students, it was a natural progression for COA to welcome other local artists to showcase their work.
Mural installment at St. George
"Through the tenure of the organization we've had tremendous support from artists including the banner image, and other photographers have done other works on our site, as well," said Emily. "Living on the coast and having these connections in the community, we understand how deeply art, science and the environment are connected. This [exhibition] is another way of telling the story of how beautiful our environment can be."
Clean Ocean Access supports local artists
Artwork from "Creations for the Ocean" will be on display throughout the month of April. Additional reception dates will be announced in the coming days. All proceeds from sales will go directly to benefiting COA.
"The idea of a fundraising event involving artists had been kicked around for the past couple of years, but it wasn't until a local artist, Mandy Howe, donated a large mural from a summer project at DeBlois Gallery for us to hang in our office, that the idea of an art show to benefit COA came alive," said COA events manager, Lesley Muir. "'Creations for the Oceans' is a fundraiser, but serves a dual purpose – bringing the community to us, where we work, showing them what we do and why the mission of eliminating marine debris, improving water quality, and protecting and preserving ocean access affects every single person living on our beautiful island.
"Our hope with Creations for the Oceans is that people will support COA, while supporting local artists, and at the same time, be inspired to get involved with beach clean-ups, water quality testing, and/composting."
Entry to the show is free, but will be staggered to ensure attendance is in compliance with COVID safety protocols. Please visit COA online and register for your desired time slot here.
About Clean Ocean Access
Clean Ocean Access is a nonprofit organization with the vision of a clean, healthy ocean that is accessible to all. They have worked to support a healthy coastal environment through community science and engagement since 2006. The work in partnership with local communities to eliminate marine debris, improve water quality, and protect and preserve shoreline access. For more information, please visit www.cleanoceanaccess.org.
To learn more visit https://www.cleanoceanaccess.org/artists-for-the-ocean/
artcurrent eventsdo what you loveenvironmentfreelanceHistory & cultureLifestylepersonal developmentRhode Islandsustainability
Celebrate spring with a labyrinth walk
Athlete recovery methods help with training without injury


text:
Norcia: Brothers in Arms
With Br Augustine in Norcia
I was blessed last summer to visit Norcia–the birthplace of St Benedict– with my friend Sid Tate. We had gone to Italy on pilgrimage to venerate the Holy Shroud of Turin, and too the opportunity to visit Norcia and spend a short time with my former student Philip Wilmeth–now Brother Augustine–one of the monks of Norcia.
Terrible news therefore to hear this morning of the earthquake which has leveled the beautiful basilica church of St Benedict. The church was built over the site of the home and birthplace of St Benedict and his twin sister Scholastica.
The monks restored monastic life in Norcia in the Jubilee year 2000, and after last summer's quake in the area had moved out of the monastic buildings which were ruled unsafe. They were living in temporary accommodation, but maintaining their life of prayer, work and study in the crypt of the church, in tents and a barn like dormitory.
The monks have done great things in the sixteen years of their existence at Norcia. They recorded an award winning album of Gregorian chant, started a brewery making terrific beer and most of all, restored a vibrant, traditional form of monasticism. The liturgy is all in Latin and the life is suitably traditional and austere, but during my visit I experienced their great joy, simplicity and monastic practicality. The were not monastic dreamers, but hard working, down to earth, funny and smart monks….just as they should be.
As a Benedictine oblate, I join with the whole Benedictine family around the world praying with our brothers in Norcia–the birthplace of our holy father Benedict.
Our prayers are with them in the months ahead, and let's hope and pray this devastation will be an opportunity to re-built the basilica alongside the people of Norcia and the region who must also begin the task of rebuilding their towns, their homes and their lives.
It is never right to read too much into natural events. Unusual events may be omens and signs, but more often they are not. However, when the world seems to be teetering on the edge of war, with terrorism abroad and unbelievable corruption and vice in the American election, with moral decay and social unrest one can't help but recall the example of St Benedict who, when Rome was crumbling, established simple, hard working, hard praying little communities of monks.
He did what he could with what he had where he was, and on his communities a foundation was established for the greatest civilization the world has known. As the monks re-build we should also re-built our lives, and we could do much worse than to re-build on a solid Benedictine foundation of devout prayer, hard work and fervent study.
PatheosDwight2016-10-30T07:40:02-04:00October 30th, 2016|Categories: Patheos|Comments Off on Norcia: Brothers in Arms


text:
Totem, an artist book in 8 triptychs, with portraits of Malaysian women, presented during Rencontres d'Arles Festival, a limited edition artist book handmade by artisans from Malaysian Borneo and Paris, using handwoven silk and gold fabric, hand-bound and title embossed with gold.
exhibitions :
KL BIENNALE - National Visual Arts Gallery, Kuala Lumpur, first art biennale of Malaysia, over 100 local and overseas artists were invited to exhibit · 2017
Galerie Huit, Arles, France - WUNDERKAMMER III · Les Rencontres de la photographie d'Arles · 2016
∙ Texts by Anne Biroleau-Lemagny, Laura Fan & Diana Lui
∙ Graphic layout, text, type & cover design by Oon Soon Lim @ Studio MMCMM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
∙ Translated into French by Anila Gill, Paris, France
∙ Bookbinding by Nguon Huynh Nguyen, Paris, France
∙ Printing by Atelier SHL, Arles, France
∙ Font Perpetua MT
∙ Paper Kozo Awagami White, 110gm / Awagami Murakumo Kozo, 42gm Natural / Hahnemühle Rice Paper, 100gm
A Book of Nostalgia ~ A Personal Anthology of Malaysia
Totem an artist book is a labour of love, nostalgia and rebirth. It weaves together my longing for the tropical and colourful home I left a long time ago, my childhood impressions of beautifully clad women during festive seasons with Chinese opera music, Indian Bollywood songs and Malay poems being sung in the background of my happy childhood. Malaysia was a home which ignited my senses from sight to sound to the delicious smells of pungent spices and curry floating out of a neighbour's window. Malaysia's flora and fauna left permanent marks on my memory, the incredible diversity of endemic animals, trees, flowers and insects especially the colourful beetles and butterflies which resembled orchids, birds or spirits from another world. It was a soft, gentle and magical lullaby these childhood times in Malaysia before the economic boom started in the 80's, a time of innocence, homemade food and handmade things… these times are no more or fast disappearing from my last visit in 2015.
A one-year residence in 2016 in Malaysia in collaboration with both George Town Festival and Obscura Photo Festival in Penang as well as the Alliance Française in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore for my project "Totem" gave me a chance to reconcile with my roots. It was an emotional homecoming as well as a challenge to say something about Malaysia that was both very personal yet universal. I made 13 portraits of Malaysian women from different mixed ethnicities highlighting the multiplicity and richness of our culture and history through the traditional costumes worn. The psychological transformations which had taken place since the economic boom in the 80's, the economic crisis in the 1990's and the recent economic crash also had a profound effect on our national and personal identity. Each encounter with a woman was like an encounter with my past, present and future, each woman reflected the woman I could have become and may yet to become. Every exchange was intense and unsettling, with a look deep into each other's eyes and life-story, we remembered the Malaysia we once knew and became lucidly aware of our inner and outer transformations as women in this fast-moving world…
Like any young country, Malaysia thrives to grow as quickly as the "big guys" using America, Western Europe, China and the Arab states as their model. Unfortunately, the arts and culture in the country tend to be sacrificed in the race to assure a capitalist future. The artisanal sector has suffered drastically in this growth and younger generations seduced by the fast turnover of new businesses and jobs have turned their backs to the arts and craft métiers which require patience, investment, quality, creativity and time.
This artist book is my personal anthology of Malaysia and an act of love and preservation for the multiple identities and arts of Malaysia. Each triptych is dedicated to a portrait of a Malaysian woman, a glimpse of her personal life, an historical description of her costume as well as the origins of her mixed ethnicity all graced by an authentic piece of beautifully hand-woven songket1 , a Malay brocade textile made of gold, silver and silk threads. The project is entirely handmade by Malaysian and Parisian hands, the two main geographic poles of my existence. Other than the photographs and texts which are printed on Japanese kozo paper using the latest museum quality digital printing available, the photographs are created with an early 20th century 8x10 inch view camera, the textile songket accompanying each portrait are hand-woven by women in Borneo from Sarawak, the cover, type and text are designed by a talented Malaysian graphic designer, the book is bounded by a Parisian bookbinder and the gold embossing is made by one of the few existing gold gilders still working in Paris today.
Songket creations - each songket creation is inspired from a detail in my portraits often taken from a costume, a plant, a tree, a leaf, a flower, an heirloom necklace, a form of "energy" or "aura" I feel, etc. Each pattern is woven from scratch and put together by the weaving of precious metal and silk threads to make these exquisite sheer pieces.
The intricate and delicate songket is a metaphor for our existence, the way and quality with which we weave and live our lives determine the fabric of our destiny, whether it becomes superficial and temporal or enriching and timeless. - Diana Lui, Montreuil, France, May 2016
All songket weaving by the artisans of Tanoti in Kuching, Malaysian Borneo.
1 "The art of songket weaving is believed to have come to the Malay Peninsula through trade, migration and political marriages since the fifteenth century. Songket is a piece of breathtaking traditional Malay fabric which belongs to the brocade group of textiles. It is woven in silk or cotton threads and the songket patterns are formed by gold or coloured metallic threads using the supplementary weft technique…the East Coast court weavers of the Malay Peninsula were once considered one of the most skilled weavers found in the Malay Archipelago. Under the protection of the Sultan, the weavers lived at the courts and only weaved beautiful songket which were worn by their Sultans during royal ceremonies. These songket also serve as gifts from the Sultans when they perform official visits to other countries." Revitalising the Craft of Songket Weaving through Innovation in Malaysia - essay by Dr. June Ngo Siok Kheng, Deputy Dean (Postgraduate and Research), Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak & Director of Textile Design and Production, Yayasan Tuanku Nur Zahirah, 2011.
Tanoti based in Kuching, Malaysian Borneo, is home to a community of artisans dedicated to preserving the heritage craft of songket. The technique of songket weaving is many generations old; the craft is what Tanoti strives to protect for generations to come. The magnificent handwoven songket has become Tanoti's medium to empower artisans, change lives and build rural communities.
Tanoti is recipient of the World Craft Council Award of Excellence for Handicraft 2014 and British Council Arthur Guinness Projects Entrepreneur for Good Award 2014.
PHOTO: TANOTI
"With every knock on the reed, every pick on the yarn, every flick of the shuttle and every push of the treadle, strands of yarn intercept and patterns form, producing an exquisite story. The handwoven songket, the pure expression of an identity, a history and a tradition, becomes rich with its unique stories. The weaver turns into story-teller – her thoughts and emotions transposing into weaves. Spirit and soul begin to emerge from the fabric." ~ Tanoti.


text:
Mr. Puffball: Stunt Cat Across America (Hardcover)
By Constance Lombardo, Constance Lombardo (Illustrator)
Malaprop's Bookstore/Cafe
This is book number 2 in the Mr. Puffball series.
#1: Mr. Puffball: Stunt Cat to the Stars (Hardcover):
#3: Mr. Puffball: Escape from Castaway Island (Hardcover): $12.99
Mr. Puffball is through being a stunt cat—he's ready to be a real actor! It's just too dangerous to be on fire all the time.
But according to Victoria Bossypaws at Purramount Studios, Puffball and El Gato are going to lose their roles in their Hollywood buddy movie unless they can demonstrate youthful Hollywood appeal! But how? They have two weeks to film a dangerous and exciting cross-country movie reel—starring themselves—doing amazing feats of daring and coolness! They'll cross the country in an old van—and film in Las Vegas, Hobowood, the Grand Canyon, the Hoover Dam, and Coney Island!
Much of the cast from Mr. Puffball's first book is here, with Rosie as a fledgling director and a fantastic new addition to the group—Pickles! Amazing adventures ensue!
Constance Lombardo is an author, illustrator, and cat expert who can say meow in several languages. She is the creator of a middle grade series, Mr. Puffball, about a clever group of Hollywood cats. Stick Dog creator Tom Watson called Mr. Puffball "freaky, furry, and first-rate fun!" When she isn't drawing or writing, Constance likes to visit the many waterfalls in Western North Carolina or rummage through Asheville's local indie bookstores. Plus, she likes carrot cake. Visit her at www.constancelombardo.com.
Praise for MR. PUFFBALL: STUNT CAT TO THE STARS: "I couldn't resist buying this insane book . . . ."
— Tom Angleberger, New York Times Bestselling author of the Origami Yoda series and Crankee Doodle
Praise for MR. PUFFBALL: STUNT CAT TO THE STARS: "A gut-busting breakthrough in kitty litter-ature!"
— Alan Katz, author of The Day the Mustache Took Over
Praise for MR. PUFFBALL: STUNT CAT TO THE STARS: "Emotions run high and dramatic moments are many, but Mr. Puffball's positive attitude and growing understanding that good friends are what matter most light up the pages."
Praise for MR. PUFFBALL: STUNT CAT TO THE STARS: "Cat-themed pop culture puns permeate the story, as do Lombardo's scraggly b&w cartoons, which are a big part of its unflagging energy and humor."
Praise for MR. PUFFBALL: STUNT CAT TO THE STARS: "A fine, funny, furry new addition to the pantheon of cat characters in books for kids. Welcome, Mr. Puffball!"
— Nick Bruel, New York Times bestselling author of Bad Kitty
Praise for MR. PUFFBALL: STUNT CAT TO THE STARS: "Mr. Puffball deserves to be a star. He's a feline with all the right feelings. He's Cat-tastic!"
— Charise Mericle Harper, creator of Fashion Kitty
Series: Mr. Puffball
Juvenile Fiction / Performing Arts / Film
Juvenile Fiction / Humorous Stories
Hardcover (September 29th, 2015): $12.99


I'm still under the weather, but I wanted to share this guest post on simple living, decluttering, and home organization. I think there's a lot of truth in it!
What does it look like for a modern-day family to live simply while still participating in after school sports, errand running, and getting enough sleep to not go insane? Simple living is about living your life with a purpose that aligns with your values. It's about enjoying the things you love and care about and not about stressing over the things that don't matter. It's fulfilling; it brings peace; it drips with contentment. Living simply is about being who you were made to be.
That's what this book is about. I want to park at the nitty-gritty of life--the intersection between good intentions and reality. I want to help you find that peaceful place, where your pocketbook, your home, and your weekly routine reflect your family's convictions and values. Responsible home managers must be intentional with their decisions--we need to take time to evaluate our priorities and then take the steps necessary to make our family life reflect the simple life we crave. It won't happen for us--mature adults proactively make decisions and form habits to shape their home lives into the lifestyles they desire. We can't blame a hectic schedule, too many bills to pay, or too many messes to clean for keeping us from our goals because we can do something about those. You want a simpler life at home for your family--a home that is clean and organized and fits your life's purpose. I want to give you some tools to help you do this.
Admitting that I'm not a certified organizer or a simplicity guru is probably not the best way to begin a book about simple living. But I need to lay that out on the table between me and you, the reader, before we begin this journey together. I don't have a database full of clients, and I don't have my own TV show. I'm a young mom running a busy household. Maybe you can relate. Simple living is something I've learned to value through my life experience. It's been along journey to get here, and it's a journey you can take as well. In fact, I'm still walking the path.
My husband and I have made simplicity one of our live's highest priorities. We currently live outside of the United States in a 1,400-square-foot apartment (boasting only one closet) with our five-year-old daughter, our two-year-old son, and another little one on the way. We continually evaluate all of our belongings to make sure they still offer our value to our lives. We are selective with the new purchases we bring in our home in order to make the most of our space. We hardly watch any television, and we spend lots of time together because both my husband and I work from home. These intentional decisions allow us to live a life that feels right in a way that corresponds with our highest values. We're able to live on a rather meager salary while still enjoying family outings, the occasional vacation, and even quality coffee. But our lifestyle didn't happen overnight. My life's journey helped shape my philosophy about simple living.
The above is an excerpt from the book Organized Simplicity: The Clutter-Free Approach to Intentional Living by Tsh Oxenreider. The above excerpt is a digitally scanned reproduction of text from print. Although this excerpt has been proofread, occasional errors may appear due to the scanning process. Please refer to the finished book for accuracy.
Copyright © 2010 Tsh Oxenreider, author of Organized Simplicity: The Clutter-Free Approach to Intentional Living.
Tsh Oxenreider, author of Organized Simplicity: The Clutter-Free Approach to Intentional Living, is the creator of the popular blog SimpleMom.net and is the founder of SimpleLivingMedia.com. She is passionate about simplifying life and eliminating clutter so that the truly meaningful things in life can breathe. Tsh spends her days with her husband and three young children exploring the world, reading and learning, and being inspired by whatever surroundings their travels take them to.
For more information please visit http://www.tshoxenreider.com/ and follow the author on Facebook and Twitter.
Disclosure: I have received no compensation in any form for sharing this guest post, and I have not read the book.
I can resonate with what she says...possessions do tie us down.


text:
Personally guaranteeing a business loan?
Signing personal guarantees in respect of loans made to your thriving business may seem virtually risk free. However, as a High Court case showed, times can sadly change and that is why legal advice is always necessary.
The case concerned a professional firm that had agreed an overdraft facility with a bank. Five individuals had personally guaranteed the loan, up to a limit of £55,000. After the firm fell into liquidation, owing money to the bank, the bank launched proceedings to enforce the guarantees. However, one of the guarantors sought to strike out the bank's claim on various grounds.
In ruling on the matter, the Court found that, on its true construction, the guarantee required the bank to serve a formal demand on the guarantor before an obligation to pay arose. However, it rejected the guarantor's claim that the initial such demand was invalid, in that it sought £55,500. The law is clear that a request for more than is in fact due does not of itself invalidate a demand made against a guarantor.
The guarantor also argued that a subsequent demand had not been validly served upon him, in that a letter before action to which it was attached had been mis-addressed. In dismissing the strike out application, however, the Court found that that claim raised factual questions which could only be resolved, together with other issues in the case, at a full hearing on the merits.
Guidance on charities with similar names
Rest breaks in the railway industry
Mother ruled a 'primary victim' of negligence
Uber challenges 'workers' rights' ruling
Typhoon delays overturn payment penalty
Employers are not expected to be omniscient
New wills and probate recruit !
Hospital worker's phobia posed dilemma
Morrisons vicariously liable for breaches
Lasting powers of attorney instructions ruling


Model of the Jovian magnetic field topology constrained by the Io auroral emissions - Hess S. L. G.
Abstract : [en] The determination of the internal magnetic field of Jupiter has been the object of many studies and publications. These models have been computed from the Pioneer, Voyager, and Ulysses measurements. Some models also use the position of the Io footprints as a constraint: the magnetic field lines mapping to the footprints must have their origins along Io's orbit. The use of this latter constraint to determine the internal magnetic field models greatly improved the modeling of the auroral emissions, in particular the radio ones, which strongly depends on the magnetic field geometry. This constraint is, however, not sufficient for allowing a completely accurate modeling. The fact that the footprint field line should map to a longitude close to Io's was not used, so that the azimuthal component of the magnetic field could not be precisely constrained. Moreover, a recent study showed the presence of a magnetic anomaly in the northern hemisphere, which has never been included in any spherical harmonic decomposition of the internal magnetic field. We compute a decomposition of the Jovian internal magnetic field into spherical harmonics, which allows for a more accurate mapping of the magnetic field lines crossing Io, Europa, and Ganymede orbits to the satellite footprints observed in UV. This model, named VIPAL, is mostly constrained by the Io footprint positions, including the longitudinal constraint, and normalized by the Voyager and Pioneer magnetic field measurements. We show that the surface magnetic fields predicted by our model are more consistent with the observed frequencies of the Jovian radio emissions than those predicted by previous models.


text:
Luzerne County
Avoca Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Avoca: City in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States of America
Avoca is a city located in the county of Luzerne in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Its population at the 2010 census was 2,661 and a population density of 431 people per km². After 10 years in 2020 city had an estimated population of 2,603 inhabitants.
The city was created 153 years ago in 1868.
Avoca Quick Facts
Population : 2,603 (2020)
State : Pennsylvania (United States)
County : Luzerne County
Postal code : 51521
Phone Area Codes : 712
Area : 6.17 km2
Altitude : 1,194 feet / 364 meters
Establishment : January 01, 1869 (153 years ago)
Time Zone : UTC−06:00
Local time : 07:02:11 (22nd January 2022)
Density : 422 Pop. per km² as of 2020
Population growth : -2.23% (2010-2020)
Location of Avoca on Pennsylvania map.
Downtown Avoca Iowa
Downtown Avoca Iowa image
Avoca is located at 41°20'23"N 75°44'11"W (41.3398000, -75.7363000).
Avoca map
Click "full screen" icon to open full mode. View satellite images
Official website of Avoca
According to census records, the population of Avoca decreased by 2.23% in 10 years.
Population by years (2010 - 2020)
Year Population % Change Method
2010 2,661 - census
2011 2,665 0.15% estimation process
2013 2,654 -0.53% estimation process
2020 2,603 -1% estimation process
Alternate Unofficial Names for Avoca
Avoca, Pleasant Valley
People born in Avoca (3)
People born in Avoca, including businessman Edwin T. Meredith, actor Richard Beymer, attorney and municipal judge Orfa Jean Shontz, .
Schools in Avoca
College & universities near Avoca, PA
Empire Beauty School-Wyoming Valley Moosic (PA) 18507
Amtrak & bus stations near Avoca, PA
Scranton, PA 23 Lackawanna Avenue BUS
Wilkes-Barre, PA 47 South Washington Street BUS
WHV
White Haven, PA I-476, Exit 95/I-80, Exit 277, at Hwy 940 BUS
Post offices near Avoca
Post Office Name
Duryea Post Office Duryea (PA) 18642
Other places with the same name (8)
Avoca , New York town in Steuben County, New York, United States of America with a population of 2,121 people.
Avoca , Iowa city in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States of America with a population of 1,537 people.
Avoca , Wisconsin village in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States of America with a population of 620 people.
Avoca , Indiana unincorporated town in Marshall Township, Lawrence County, Indiana, United States of America with a population of 583 people.
Avoca , Arkansas town in Benton County, Arkansas, United States of America with a population of 522 people.
Avoca , Nebraska village in Cass County, Nebraska, United States of America with a population of 253 people.
Avoca , Minnesota city in Murray County, Minnesota, United States of America with a population of 134 people.
Other cities in Luzerne County
Cities, Towns, Neighborhoods & Other Populated Places in Luzerne County , PA. (more)
Back Mountain 26,973 Unincorporated community
Hazleton 24,809 City in southern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Kingston 12,787 Borough in central Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Nanticoke 10,278 City in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States
Plains 9,657 Township in eastern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Cranberry 6,218 Township in Butler County, Pennsylvania
Plymouth 5,752 Borough in northeastern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Exeter 5,519 Borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States
Swoyersville 5,010 Borough in northeastern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Duryea 4,910 Borough in northeastern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
West Pittston 4,745 Borough in northeastern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Edwardsville 4,738 Borough in central Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Larksville 4,395 Borough in central Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
West Hazleton 4,318 Borough in southwestern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Forty Fort 4,025 Borough in northeastern Luzerne, County, Pennsylvania
Freeland 3,413 Borough in southern Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Avoca distances to largest Pennsylvania cities
Loading biography...
Loading place...
Loading station...


text:
import os
import re
import sys
import platform
import subprocess
import multiprocessing

from setuptools import setup, Extension
from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext
from distutils.version import LooseVersion

cores = multiprocessing.cpu_count()*1.25

threads="-j" + str(int(cores))

class CMakeExtension(Extension):
    def __init__(self, name, sourcedir=''):
        Extension.__init__(self, name, sources=[])
        self.sourcedir = os.path.abspath(sourcedir)

def readme():
  with open("PANDASHARKREADME.md", "r") as fh:
    return fh.read()

def operatingsystem():
  if (platform.platform().find("Darwin") >= 0):
    return "Operating System :: MacOS"
  else:
    return "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux"

setup(
    name='pandashark',
    version='1.1.1.1',
    author='Marc Parisi',
    author_email='phrocker@apache.org',
    url='https://docs.sharkbite.io/',
    description='Apache Accumulo and Apache HDFS Python Connector',
    long_description=readme(),
    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
    zip_safe=False,
    classifiers=[
        "Programming Language :: C++",
        "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
        operatingsystem(),
    ],
    python_requires='>=3.6',
    packages=['pandashark']
)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Marvel 10-Year Anniversary Class Photo: Who's In It?
Corey Plante
When Marvel Studios has a class photo, only 79 of the coolest kids get invited to pose, which means that just like in Avengers: Infinity War, everybody from the TV shows gets left out. In that way, it also feels a lot like an Avengers: Infinity War appetizer.
The Marvel Cinematic Universe kicked off a year-long celebration of its 10-year anniversary by posing for what was deemed a "Class Photo" on October 7. On Thursday, Marvel released the photo and an accompanying featurette to celebrate the occasion.
The photo contains too many people to really tell who's who from first glance. But at the front and center, deservedly, are Robert Downey Jr. — who kicked things off in Iron Man (2008) — and Kevin Feige, chief of Marvel Studios. Behind them are Stan Lee and Chris Evans, who plays Captain America.
And scattered around them are actors who've been in one or more of the many other MCU films, arranged with no discernable pattern whatsoever. There's Thor next to Pepper Potts, but also Doctor Strange next to Scarlet Witch, which actually kind of makes sense when you think about it.
Check out the photo here:
There's no recognizable method to the madness here. Marvel Studios
Mixed in with Marvel's many heroes, you'll see tons of people you probably won't recongize. That's because directors and other people important at Marvel Studios also make it into the class photo. You can spot Thor: Ragnarok director Taika Waititi striking a silly pose next to Jeff Goldblum in the back. Director James Gunn, who did both Guardians of the Galaxy movies, sits next to Spider-Man, who's next to War Machine.
One brave soul on Reddit attempted to list every recognizable person in the photo.
But where's Tom Hiddleston, who plays Loki? And if Vin Diesel showed up to represent Groot, then why didn't Bradley Cooper for Rocket Raccoon?
Even the random kid from Iron Man 3 made it in:
Missing from this epic photo include just about anybody from the Marvel television shows. Some of the fan reactions say it all:
Even Agent Phil Coulson, who's fake death served as a catalyst to bring the team together in the first Avengers movie, is missing.
Not even any members of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. make the cut:
Hayley Atwell, who starred in her own spin-off series, Agent Carter, was included, probably for her prominent role in Captain America: The First Avenger and in Winter Soldier:
The accompanying featurette is totally worth the watch and includes the MCU's many actors casually greeting each other. We also get reaction interviews from some of them, presumably following the photo shoot.
Don Cheadle points out that there was "a ton of fanboying and fangirling going on in that room," which is just a total delight to see:
3 ways Marvel Phase 5 can fix the MCU's biggest problems
Guardians of the Galaxy 3's Adam Warlock reveal may be a big misdirect
By Eric Francisco
Ant-Man 3 interview proves Marvel is taking the wrong lesson from Jodorowsky's Dune


text:
Rare trio of quasars uncovered
by Gemma Lavender, 15 March 2013
Quasars might be rare, but a team of astronomers have hit the jackpot by uncovering three of these distant objects.
An artist's impression of a single quasar.
It's triplets for the Carnegie Institution for Science's Michele Fumagalli and her team who have discovered an extremely unusual trio of quasars, some 9 billion light years away, locked in a system knitted together by the force of gravity.
Quasi-stellar radio sources, or quasars as they are most commonly known, are distant memories of the Universe's early history. While they might be extremely distant, they are outstandingly bright, powered by active supermassive black holes that are feeding hungrily off a disc of gas sitting, hugging the centres of massive galaxies. Quasars may form in one of two ways: as the product of a violent smash-up between two galaxies, or as the target for infalling clouds of intergalactic gas.
The exotic find, dubbed QQQ J1519+0627, is thought to have formed when two adjacent galaxies began to interact with one another, igniting their quasar activity. They were then joined by a third quasar that approached the duo.
"Each quasar is associated to a massive black hole hole in the centre of a galaxy," Fumagalli tells All About Space. "These three quasars therefore inhabit three massive galaxies that happen to be in close proximity, in the early stage of a collision, that will potentially form a very massive galaxy."
Fumagalli admits that quasars themselves are rare and finding three in the same area of sky, particularly when it is very difficult to observe triplet quasar systems, has astounded the researchers but will hopefully help us to understand how cosmic structures in our Universe assemble as well as the processes in which massive galaxies form. Speaking of the difficulty in observational limits, Fumagalli says: "Looking at the sky, we can see the Moon, the Sun and other planets around the Sun. But if we look a few astronomical units further away, we can only see stars, and not the planets around them. Similarly, we cannot easily see the stars in other galaxies, and can not even resolve individual galaxies at cosmological distances."
However, using combined observations from the New Technology Telescope of the European Southern Observatory at La Silla, Chile as well as from the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain, the team were able to overcome the obstacle. Shining with a light emitted when the Universe was only a third of its age, the trinity of quasars were revealed.
Now with the bit between their teeth, the researchers, led by Emanuele Farina of the University of Insubria in Como, Italy, intend to probe the quasars for answers.
"We are now trying to obtain high resolution images of this system, either with the Hubble Space Telescope or adaptive optics," explains Fumagalli. "This will allow us to identify the optical light form the galaxies which host these quasars, and to study the way they interact."
You can follow Gemma on Twitter @Gemma_Lavender
Image courtesy of ESO/M. Kornmesser
Tags: Galaxy, history, Quasar, quasi, Stellar, supermassive black hole, Universe


Wild Swimming in South Devon is continuously increasing in popularity and with such stunning coastline and magical countryside locations it's not difficult to understand why. Relax your mind and soak up the gorgeous surroundings as you take a cooling dip in one of the rivers or in the sea, wild swimming in South Devon is sure to be a hit with everyone. Carry on reading to find out our top ten wild swimming spots in South Devon.
Spitchwick Common on Dartmoor has long been a wild swimming destination for locals and visitors to South Devon. The area has a few nearby parking areas and is a great spot if you're looking to go with the family as there is grass for children to play.
Brampford Speke is a small village north of Exeter and south east of Crediton. With the River Exe running through it, a wild swim can be had just a short walk from the village. It is also a good spot for a picnic if you're looking to extend your day out.
A small hidden cove around the corner from Dartmouth Castle, Sugary Cove is a secluded spot that is perfect for wild swimming. The secluded beach offers a quiet location to enjoy a peaceful swim and the scenery that surrounds the cove makes for a magnificent backdrop.
Another secluded spot on Dartmoor, Cowsic Waterfall Pools can be found on the Cowsic River just before it meets the West Dart, head for Two Bridges and follow the Beardown Farm footpath which is located over the bridge. The small plunge pools are ideal for taking a dip although getting down to them from the footpath can be tricky so not best for young swimmers.
Beneath Castle Drogo the woods shelter a long river pool on the River Teign. A great spot for wild swimming although the current can be strong so not recommended for young children or less able swimmers.
A large open pool backed by enchanting woodland which can be found by heading through Holne Woods after parking at New Bridge. The clearing has some sandy spots and flat stones which make it perfect for a quiet swim and relax.
Another fantastic beach for a swim is Elberry Cove in Paignton on the English Riviera. The beach is easily accessed across the cliff top from nearby Broadsands Beach and is popular among locals for its crystal clear waters.
Seaton Hole Beach can be found to one end of Seaton Beach towards Beer. The main beach is pebbles and this part is perfect for snorkelling and swimming due to its clear waters. Being close to the town means you are not far from local amenities too.
Haytor Quarry is often a quiet location for wild swimming in South Devon as the area is better known for its towering rocks. However, the disused quarry is good for a short dip and a beautiful setting to enjoy the scenery.
Soar Mill Cove Beach is a wonderful sheltered bay perfect for wild swimming in South Devon. The path down to the cove is quite steep so is not suitable for those with limited mobility but the scenery is staggering so worth the effort.
We hope you have fun wild swimming in South Devon but please remember to be careful, watch tides and currents and be aware of rocks and foreign objects in murky waters. Also, if you are making your way out on your own be sure to let someone know where you are headed.
Share you photos with us on Instagram by tagging us using @visitsouthdevon or #southdevon – we might even feature you on our page!


Mondor 902 Boot Cover Skating Tights - Two Pair Pack. These tights are great for a budget. Soft and they have a knitted waistband for those who don't like a conventional elastic waistband. Easy release buckles. Great for practice or competition. The extra spandex helps these tights to be very stretchy to allow for the combined sizes.


text:
Walnut Spring is a historic home located near Kanodes Mill, Montgomery County, Virginia.  The house is a large, two-story, gable-roofed, dwelling with a  single pile central passage plan. It was built in the period 1830–1865. It has a long appendage to the rear made up of connected outbuildings. It features gable ends finished with tapered rake boards with decorative sawn ends, and a box cornice detailed with a simple flat, stepped, or corbeled form.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses in Montgomery County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Virginia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia