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House of Representatives Passes Intelligence Authorization Act on Strong Bipartisan Vote
Washington, DC – Today, U.S. House of Representatives passed, on a strong bipartisan basis, the Damon Paul Nelson and Matthew Young Pollard Intelligence Authorization Act (IAA) for Fiscal Years 2018, 2019, and 2020, by a vote of 397 - 31. The bill authorizes funding and enables comprehensive congressional oversight of elements of the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC). The legislation is named in tribute to two dedicated staff members on the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, Damon Nelson and Matt Pollard, who tragically passed away last year.
This year's IAA authorizes funding for the Intelligence Community at roughly 1.4% above the President's FY 2020 Budget Request. The combined bill for the fiscal years 2018, 2019, and 2020 includes provisions:
Prioritizing the IC's collection and analytic capabilities against hard target countries, namely China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea, while sustaining critical intelligence capabilities that support counterterrorism and counterproliferation efforts;
Adapting the IC to operate in a strategic environment of rapid technological change, while posturing it to better leverage commercial innovation;
Securing the IC itself, through provisions intended to insulate it from supply chain risks and to mitigate insider threats, among many other things; and
Reinforcing existing hiring pipelines, broadening engagement with nontraditional communities, and reducing barriers to onboarding, such as security clearance backlogs, to ensure the IC consistently recruits, hires, retains and promotes the most highly qualified, and most highly diverse possible workforce.
After passage, Chairman Adam Schiff (D-CA) and Ranking Member Devin Nunes (R-CA) made the following statements:
Chairman Adam Schiff stated:
"One of the most important duties that the House Intelligence Committee performs each year is ensuring that the Intelligence Community it oversees has the resources, authorities and proper oversight it needs to keep our nation safe. The Intelligence Authorization Act is the cornerstone of that commitment, and I'm proud to say that, once again, we've been able to pass it in the House with strong, bipartisan support.
"This year's bill will improve the IC's collection and analysis capabilities against hard targets, will help the IC adapt to operate in an environment of rapidly advancing technologies, and will foster a culture in the IC to ensure that we can recruit and retain a highly qualified and diverse workforce. I look forward to working with our Senate colleagues to reconcile the two bills, and send the final package to the President for his signature in the coming months."
Ranking Member Nunes stated:
"The Intelligence Authorization Act is a crucial law to keep the Intelligence Community adequately funded and resourced while ensuring congressional oversight of the nation's most sensitive intelligence programs. Simply put, this bill helps keep Americans safe by improving our ability to detect and thwart terrorist plots. I look forward to its swift enactment into law."
For information on previously passed Committee IAAs covering FY 18 and FY 19, please click here. For more information on provisions covering FY 20 IAA, please click here.


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Sailing the Last Voyage with Newton and Pascal
Posted on December 9, 2007 by Don Warrington
Some Thoughts on the Exit of the San Joaquin Diocese
It's unsurprising but monumental all the same: the Diocese of San Joaquin in central California finally votes to leave the Episcopal Church (also covered here.) Although both sides (especially the orthodox) have had a lot to say, a few observations are in order.
First, it's not quite a done deal yet. TEC will surely fight this. The fact that a California diocese is the first bodes well for the orthodox; California courts have favoured the "neutral legal principles" approach to property disputes, which has blunted the effect of the Dennis Canon as ex post facto. With a diocese new legal issues are raised, and there's always an uncertainty associated with litigation. The question of whether the Diocese will make good its escape will remain an open one for some time to come.
Second, in the general scheme of things the number of dioceses that have seceded or who are considering secession is relatively small. Even if all of these opted out and either made it stick or came to some kind of exit pact with 815, it wouldn't change the map of TEC very much. One thing one learns very fast is that TEC has many dioceses, too many in fact. The loss of a few would trim episcopal maintenance costs and streamline administration. If the central church was able to retain the parishes who wanted to stay with it, the neighbouring diocese boundaries could be readily redrawn, an assistant bishop or two could be added to cover the extra territory, and life could go on.
The fact that TEC has vociferously fought any exiting parishes and will doubtless extend this pugnacious attitude to entire dioceses speaks more for the desperation the central church feels than anything else. To start with, the loss of some dioceses for any reason would probably lead to others asking for the same thing, a "domino effect," if you please. With a small diocese, this isn't a big deal, but if a Texas or South Carolina were to demand this, TEC would have a real problem on its hands.
Beyond that, the constant characterisation by the left of their opponents as a small group of renegades is belied by their tenacious blocking of the exits. The fact is that many of the parishes that want out are vibrant, prosperous parishes with a younger demographic that TEC needs badly. There's also the element of the property itself; much of TEC's pastiche in society is connected with the historical nature of its parishes and properties (Christ Church in Savannah is a good example of this.) The governing left in TEC knows that, to finance its vision of the future, it needs the properties of the past and a conservative constituency that doesn't mind reproducing itself in the present. It reminds me of my father's caustic comment about the Palm Beach County Sheriff Department being full of rednecks; knowing too well the nature of the beat, my response was simply, "So who else wants the job?" In our society "traditional" people end up doing the job for an effete elite that is incapable or unwilling to do what has to be done.
In the end, TEC does not have the resources to litigate all of the parishes and dioceses that want out, irrespective of the small proportion of either to the total. As things stand TEC's best hope is to win some key legal victories in states with laws that give an opening to departure (such as the current litigation in California and Virginia) and hope that everyone else gets the message. Failing that, it's going to be a long road to a cashless church.
The most sensible thing for TEC to do would be to offer those entities that did want out a cash deal that would be a) reflective of the value of the property and b) cheaper than litigation. Setting a time limit would force the orthodox into a "fish or cut bait" position that would actually limit the number of the exiters. This would also raise cash to both finance the fight with those who wake up and smell the coffee too late and to offset the fact that liberals do not give as generously as conservatives.
But sensible solutions are out of fashion in the U.S. these days; we're probably looking at many years of "nine yards and a cloud of dust." Even if TEC were to get an administration in the White House that would try to make life difficult for churches that didn't embrace homosexuals, that in itself would detonate a morass of litigation and political activity that would dwarf anything TEC is contemplating.
San Joaquin's action is more like Winston Churchill's description of the Battle of el-Alamein; not the beginning of the end, but the end of the beginning. We look back on World War II and see the outcome as obvious, but that wasn't the case for the participants. It isn't for us, either outside TEC, inside the church, or those who are in transition from one to the other.
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We went to York. I mention it again because it was utterly fabulous and we are so desperate to return as soon as is possibly feasible. We've travelled to a few places over the last year and York has to be one of the best because of the design of the buildings, the history, the things to do, see and eat and, the people.
Let me show you some of the views that sucked us in and captured our heart.
* Taking a Sunday stroll you'll find so many gorgeous designed buildings and architecture that you won't realise where the time has gone. There's always so much to see in York.
* The Shambles is an absolutely beautifully quaint shopping area with cute private and big brand stores all housed in these cobbled lanes. It really felt like I was shopping at Diagon Alley in Harry Potter. My absolutely favourite shop was The House of Trembling Madness which stocks every single spirit, beer or liquor that you could ever want or need. The staff are totally awesome also! Excellent product, amazing (down to earth) service.
* Pubs, restaurants and inns galore. If you don't fancy any of those then there seems to always be food markets and food-based events on also on the high street. So many foods, so little time to eat them all.
* If you're fond of the water you can go and get a tour on one of those cute boats. Connor and I are not water loving types so we just enjoyed a nice drink and stroll beside the water.
* The Ministry is the centre of everything within York. It has the most picturesque architecture and history, however there are majorly long waiting times if you want to go in to view the place, go to a service or climb the tower. We didn't do this due to the wait but it's definitely on our to do list.
* There is a good nightlife in York. Again we never went out pubbing and clubbing but its certainly an option if you fancied it. There are specialised bars with themes, there's hipster bars, food and drink events and possibly one hundred other types of alcohol laden places to go to at night.
* We took a walking ghost tour that met at the Roman pillar outside of York Minster at 7pm. The host was absolutely amazing! He really gets you involved and doesn't overpromise. Even if you don't see a spectre or two the information this host provides is really interesting. Funnily enough, it had been roasting when we went to York (hence Connor in his shorts and t-shirt) but once on the tour it poured! We were soaked. It was great fun.
We're hoping to return as this place has stolen our hearts. There's the Jorvik Viking Centre that we have on our must visit list and we're hoping to head back to Jamie's Italian again as it was absolutely incredible, the place is really down to earth, the food is fresh and *sigh* it's making my mouth water all over again.
I will be posting separately about what we ate, so watch out for that but read on a full stomach or face getting the munchies. If you've been to York what did you love about the place and are there any specific places we missed?


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Maria Luisa Gabriella von Savoyen (, ; * 17. September 1688 in Turin; † 14. Februar 1714 in Madrid) war eine savoyardische Prinzessin und durch ihre Heirat mit Philipp V. von 1701 bis zu ihrem frühen Tod im Alter von 25 Jahren Königin von Spanien. Ihr Leben ist sehr gut durch den umfangreich erhaltenen Schriftverkehr mit Familienmitgliedern dokumentiert.

Maria Luisa wurde zwölfjährig mit dem spanischen König Philipp V. vermählt und fand sich im Alter von gerade einmal 13 Jahren an der Spitze der spanischen Regierung, als ihr Mann zu militärischen Unternehmungen nach Italien aufbrach. Obwohl vollkommen unerfahren in politischen Dingen und in der Staatsführung, zeigte sie sich bei diesen Aufgaben trotz ihrer Jugend schnell als eine sehr mutige Regentin. Sie legte eine für ihr Alter außergewöhnliche Beharrlichkeit an den Tag, die ihr die volle Anerkennung und die Loyalität der spanischen Granden sowie die Verehrung durch das Volk einbrachte. Ihr Engagement und entschiedenes Eintreten für die Rechte und Ansprüche ihres Mannes sicherten dem Haus Bourbon während des Spanischen Erbfolgekriegs die Krone Spaniens. Neben Ludwig XIV. war Maria Luisa Gabriella eine der wichtigsten Stützen ihres Mannes in diesen Auseinandersetzungen, die sowohl mit militärischen als auch diplomatischen Mitteln ausgefochten wurden.

Familie

Maria Luisa Gabriella, im Familienkreis kurz Louison genannt, kam als dritte Tochter Anne Marie d'Orléans' und deren Mann Viktor Amadeus II., dem damaligen Herzog von Savoyen und späterem König von Sizilien und Sardinien, in Turin zur Welt. Durch ihre Mutter, einer Tochter Philippes I. de Bourbons und Henrietta Anne Stuart, war sie nicht nur Großnichte des französischen Königs Ludwig XIV., sondern auch mit dem englischen Königshaus verwandt. Eine weitere familiäre Bindung zum französischen Hof kam ab 1697 durch Marie Luisa Gabriellas ältere Schwester Maria Adelaide von Savoyen dazu, die in jenem Jahr Louis, einem Enkel Ludwigs XIV. und Herzog von Burgund heiratete. Obwohl sie ihre Schwester nach deren Abreise nach Frankreich nie wieder sah, blieb sie ihr zeit ihres Lebens innig verbunden; ebenso ihrer Großmutter Maria Johanna von Savoyen, die neben Maria Luisas  Marie-Anne de La Trémoille (genannt Madame des Ursins) immer ihre engste Vertraute war.

Im Alter von zwölf Jahren heiratete die Prinzessin Philipp von Anjou, den jüngeren Bruder ihres französischen Schwagers, der als Philipp V. König von Spanien geworden war. Mit ihm hatte sie vier gemeinsame Kinder, von denen zwei das Erwachsenenalter erreichten:
 Ludwig I. (1707–1724), 1724 König von Spanien
 Philipp (Emmanuel) (*/† 1709)
 Philipp Peter (1712–1719)
 Ferdinand VI. (1713–1759), ab 1746 König von Spanien

Leben

Verlobung und Heirat

Maria Luisa Gabriella wurde von ihrer Gouvernante Françoise de Lucinge, Gräfin von Noyers, erzogen. Ihre Mutter und ihre Großmutter trugen dafür Sorge, dass sie und ihre ältere Schwester Maria Adelaide eine sehr fundierte und umfassende Ausbildung erhielten, was zu jener Zeit für Töchter aus dem Hochadel Europas außergewöhnlich war.

Im Mai 1701 erreichte Viktor Amadeus II. eine offizielle Anfrage des spanischen Königs um die Hand seiner Tochter Maria Luisa. Das Ansinnen war durch Philipps Großvater Ludwig XIV. gelenkt, der durch die angestrebte Verbindung versuchte, das Herzogtum Savoyen in dem sich anbahnenden Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg auf die Seite Frankreichs zu ziehen und damit einen Verbündeten gegen das Haus Habsburg zu haben. Der Herzog zögerte zunächst, gab dann jedoch seine Einwilligung. Die Verlobung Maria Luisas und Philipps V. wurde am 1. Juni 1701 gleichzeitig in Turin und Madrid bekanntgegeben. Eine spanische Gesandtschaft unter der Leitung Carlos Omodeis, Markgraf von Castel Rodrigo und Almonacid, traf am 8. September in der Hauptstadt Savoyens ein, um die junge Braut nach einer Trauung per procurationem nach Spanien zu geleiten. Die Hochzeit fand am Nachmittag des 11. Juni 1701 in der  des Turiner Doms statt. Carlo Giuseppe Doria del Maro, der erste Almosenier des Herzogs, leitete die Zeremonie, bei welcher der Bräutigam von dem Fürsten von Carignan, Emanuel Philibert, vertreten wurde. Am Abend zuvor war der Heiratsvertrag unterschrieben worden, der für die zukünftige Königin von Spanien eine Mitgift in Höhe von 300.000 Silberécu festlegte. Diese mussten jedoch nicht gezahlt werden, sondern wurden mit den Schulden der spanischen Krone gegenüber dem Haus Savoyen verrechnet.

Schon am darauffolgenden Tag verließ Maria Luisa Gabriella ihre Heimatstadt in Richtung Spanien – gemäß den Bestimmungen ihres Heiratsvertrags inkognito. Begleitet wurde sie nicht nur von der spanischen Gesandtschaft, sondern auch von zahlreichen Mitgliedern des savoyardischen Hofs, zum Beispiel der Fürstin von Carignan und ihren beiden Töchtern sowie der Fürstin von Soissons. Am 18. September traf die Reisegruppe in Nizza ein, wo Maria Luisa Gabriella zum ersten Mal ihre  Marie-Anne de La Trémoille traf. Der Aufenthalt dort währte acht Tage, die von Gottesdienstbesuchen, Banketten, Empfängen und Prozessionen gekennzeichnet waren. Dann schiffte sich die junge Königin am 25. September nach Barcelona ein. Wegen eines Unwetters ging es jedoch nur bis Marseille. Von dort bat Maria Luisa, die stark an ihrer Seekrankheit gelitten hatte, Ludwig XIV. darum, den Rest der Reise über den Landweg zurücklegen zu dürfen, was ihr vom französischen König gewährt wurde. Von Marseille ging es über Aix, Nîmes und Montpellier bis nach Perpignan, wo sich die junge Königin unerwarteterweise von ihrem savoyardischen Gefolge trennen musste, obwohl ursprünglich vereinbart war, dass einige der Hofdamen sie bis Barcelona begleiten sollten. Die abrupte Änderung der Reisepläne war das Werk Madame des Ursins, die Maria Luisa schnellstmöglich dem Einfluss ihrer Gouvernante entziehen wollte.

Das frisch vermählte Paar traf sich zum ersten Mal am 3. November in Figueres, wo noch am gleichen Tag in der dortigen Pfarrkirche eine zweite Hochzeitszeremonie stattfand. Bei dem danach ausgerichteten Hochzeitsmahl sollten jeweils zur Hälfte spanische und französische Gerichte aufgetragen werden, denn Maria Luisa Gabriella mochte die spanische Küche nicht. Ihre spanischen Hofdamen wollten diesen Bruch mit ihrer Kultur nicht hinnehmen und servierten ihrer neuen Herrin nur die spanischen Gerichte. Die junge Königin war über die Impertinenz ihrer zugewiesenen Ehrendamen und das Ignorieren ihrer Wünsche derart erbost, dass sie noch am Abend ihrer Eheschließung verkündete, nach Turin zurückkehren zu wollen, und ihrem frisch angetrauten Ehemann die traditionelle Hochzeitsnacht verweigerte. Maria Luisas Ankündigung versetzte den spanischen Hof in helle Aufregung. Ihre Ehrendamen mussten sich vielmals bei ihr entschuldigen und ihr höchstes Bedauern ausdrücken, ehe die junge Königin von ihrem Vorhaben abrückte. Der Zwischenfall zeigte dem spanischen Königshof, dass dieses junge Mädchen über einen äußerst starken Willen verfügte, und lehrte die Hofgesellschaft, sie – obwohl noch keine 13 Jahre alt – nicht wie ein kleines Kind zu behandeln. Der Vorfall trug nicht wenig dazu bei, dass sich Maria Luisa in der Zukunft vollkommen auf die aus Frankreich stammende Marie-Anne de La Trémoille anstatt auf spanische Hofdamen verließ.

Erste Regentschaft

Schon kurz nach ihrer Ankunft in Madrid begann die junge Königin damit, einige alte Sitten des spanischen Königshofes zu reformieren. Es begann mit der Änderung der spanischen Mode, die ihr – verglichen mit den von ihr gewohnten französischen Kleidern – zu steif und zu unbequem war. Um den spanischen Hof jedoch nicht allzu sehr zu brüskieren, trug sie zu offiziellen Anlässen stets die althergebrachte spanische Hoftracht, ordnete jedoch an, dass ihre Hofdamen ansonsten Mode  zu trägen hätten. Eine weitere sofort spürbare Veränderung war, dass Maria Luisa Gabriella die bei den Habsburger Vorgängern beliebten Zwerge vom spanischen Hof entfernen ließ. Sie waren ihr nicht nur zutiefst suspekt, sondern sie hielt sie auch für Spione im Dienste der Habsburger.

Obwohl die Ehe – wie zu jener Zeit üblich – aus rein politischen Erwägungen arrangiert worden war, war sich das Paar innig zugetan. Derweil war der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg ausgebrochen, und kaiserliche Truppen waren unter der Führung des Prinzen Eugen in das zu Spanien gehörige Herzogtum Mailand eingefallen und hielten es besetzt. Als Philipp V. Spanien am 8. April 1702 in Richtung Italien verließ, um das Territorium zurückzuerobern, war anfänglich geplant, dass ihn seine Frau begleiten sollte, weil sich die beiden nicht voneinander trennen wollten. Maria Luisa Gabriella freute sich bereits auf die Reise, weil sie sich erhoffte, ihre Familie wiedersehen zu können, doch sie beugte sich schließlich dem Wunsch Ludwigs XIV. und blieb in Spanien zurück, um während der Abwesenheit ihres Mannes dort die Regentschaft zu übernehmen. Die 13-Jährige war in politischen Dingen und in der Führung eines Staats vollkommen unerfahren, konnte sich dabei jedoch auf die tatkräftige Unterstützung durch ihre kundige  sowie ihren Minister Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero, Erzbischof von Toledo, verlassen. Zudem fiel ihr die schwierige Aufgabe zu, eine Loyalität der spanischen Granden zu der erst kürzlich auf dem Thron etablierten Bourbonendynastie aufzubauen. Dies fiel umso schwerer, weil für die Sanierung der zerrütteten spanischen Finanzen einschneidende Reformen notwendig waren, die bei den spanischen Adligen auf wenig Gegenliebe stießen, weil diese ihre alten Vorrechte nicht verlieren wollten. Ab 1703 half ihr bei diesem heiklen Unterfangen der vom französischen Hof entsandte Jean Orry. Maria Luisa führte als Neuerung ein, dass der spanische Staatsrat täglich zu zwei Sitzungen zusammenkam, an denen sie selbst teilnahm. Obwohl sie die quälend langen Staatsratssitzungen nicht mochte, brachte ihr ihre Gewissenhaftigkeit und Ausdauer bei der Bearbeitung der anstehenden Aufgaben die große Bewunderung der Ratsmitglieder ein, weil man es in Spanien bis zu jenem Zeitpunkt nicht gewohnt war, dass die Monarchen ernsthaft mitarbeiteten. Neben den bis zu sechs Stunden dauernden Sitzungen verbrachte die Regentin ihre Tage meist mit Audienzen und den Besuchen von Kirchen und Klöstern. Als alliierte Truppen aus englischen und niederländische Soldaten während der Abwesenheit ihres Mannes auf der iberischen Halbinsel einfielen, fiel Maria Luisa auch noch die Aufgabe zu, die spanischen Kernlande zu verteidigen und deren Rückeroberung zu koordinieren.

Machtkämpfe am spanischen Hof

Als Philipp V. Mitte Januar 1703 aus Italien zurückkehrte, um selbst die Regierungsgeschäfte in Spanien zu übernehmen, traf mit ihm der neue französische Botschafter, Kardinal César d'Estrées, ein, der den seit geraumer Zeit erkrankten Henri d'Harcourt ersetzte. Maria Luisa setzte große Hoffnungen in ihn, denn sie erwartete – den Erzählungen Marie-Anne de La Trémoilles zufolge – einen in politischen Dingen überaus geschickten Mann, der dem König dabei helfen würde, die feindlichen Truppen aus dem spanischen Königreich zu vertreiben, doch ihre Erwartungen wurden herb enttäuscht. Der Kardinal verwickelte sich in die Intrigen am spanischen Hof, die besonders zwischen der französischen und der spanischen Partei dauerhaft schwelten. Der 75-jährige wollte es zudem nicht hinnehmen, dass er keinen uneingeschränkten Zugang zum königlichen Paar hatte, und stritt sich mit Madame des Ursins um Machtbefugnisse. Diese hatte großen Einfluss auf die Entscheidungen Maria Luisas, die wiederum von ihrem Mann wegen jeder Kleinigkeit – nicht nur in Staatsgeschäften – um Rat gefragt wurde. So waren es auch nach der Rückkehr des Königs seine junge Frau und ihre reife Camarera mayor, die Spanien regierten. Auf Betreiben Estrées plante Ludwig XIV. gegen Ende Januar 1703, die allgewaltige Marie-Anne de La Trémoille abzuberufen, was die Königin in tiefe Verzweiflung stürzte. Durch zahlreiche Briefe an den französischen König, in denen sie ihrem Kummer Ausdruck gab, schaffte sie es ihn derart umzustimmen, dass Ludwig XIV. die Entscheidung über den Verbleib Madame des Ursins am spanischen Hof seinem Enkel überließ. Der traf, wenig überraschend, eine Entscheidung nach dem Willen seiner Frau, sodass – sehr zum Missfallen Estrées – seine Widersacherin in Spanien blieb. Seit jenem Zwischenfall hasste Maria Luisa den französischen Botschafter und betrieb ihrerseits seine Abberufung, die schließlich am 10. August 1703 tatsächlich erfolgte. Der Kardinal wurde auf Wunsch Marie-Anne de La Trémoilles durch seinen Neffen Jean d'Estrées ersetzt, weil sich die Camarera mayor erhoffte, in ihm einen willfährigeren Mann vor sich zu haben, als es sein Onkel gewesen war. Doch die Hoffnung trog, denn  erwies sich als wesentlich selbständiger als vorhergesehen und trat ebenfalls in Opposition zu Marie-Anne.

Ende September/Anfang Oktober 1703 verließ Maria Luisa Gabriellas Vater das Bündnis mit Frankreich und schlug sich auf die habsburgische Seite, was seine Tochter schwer traf. Trotzdem hielt sie den regelmäßigen Briefverkehr mit ihren weiblichen Verwandten in Turin aufrecht. Einen weiteren schweren Schlag musste Maria Luisa dann im März des darauffolgenden Jahres hinnehmen: In den ständigen Streitereien und Kämpfen um die Vormachtstellung an der Seite des spanischen Königspaares unterlag die Trémoille ihrem einstigen Günstling Estrées und wurde von Ludwig XIV. ihres Amtes enthoben. Doch hatte der Sonnenkönig nicht mit dem starken Willen der jungen Königin gerechnet. Sie sperrte sich gegen jede Veränderung, die vom Großvater ihres Mannes vorgeschlagen wurde, und nahm eine Blockadehaltung gegen alle Ratschläge und Befehle ein, die aus Frankreich kamen. Durch den großen Einfluss auf ihren Mann nahm dieser eine ähnliche Haltung wie sie selbst ein, sodass Ludwigs Pläne mit seinem Enkel zu scheitern drohten. Maria Luisa schrieb ihm und Madame de Maintenon derart viele Briefe, dass Marie-Anne de La Trémoille schließlich im Frühjahr 1705 eine Audienz in Versailles gewährt wurde, bei der sie die Gelegenheit bekam, sich gegenüber der französischen Krone zu rechtfertigen. Die Gespräche Madame des Ursins in Versailles waren ein voller Erfolg, und im Sommer 1705 kehrte sie – wieder eingesetzt in Amt und Würden – im Triumph nach Madrid zurück. Ihr Widersacher Estrées wurde durch Michel Jean Amelot, seigneur de Gournay sowie Präsident des Parlement de Paris, ersetzt, und Marie-Annes Einfluss auf die spanische Politik war seitdem größer denn je.

Weitere Regentschaften

Als Philipp V. zu Beginn des Jahres 1706 nach Aragon ging, um dort an der Spitze seiner Truppen einige Revolten und Aufstände zugunsten der habsburgischen Partei niederzuschlagen, blieb seine junge Frau erneut ungewollt an der Spitze der Regierung zurück. Militärisch musste Spanien in jenem Jahr herbe Verluste hinnehmen. Barcelona war von Habsburgern eingenommen und besetzt, einer Belagerung durch spanische und französische Soldaten hatte es erfolgreich standhalten können. Mit Ausnahme Kastiliens, das loyal zu seinem bourbonischen König stand, waren alle spanischen Provinzen in der Hand der Feinde. Dann rückten feindliche Truppen sogar auf Madrid vor, sodass Maria Luisa vor diesen flüchten und die Hauptstadt verlassen musste. In aller Eile begab sie sich nach Burgos und musste auf dem ganzen Weg dorthin befürchten, von den Gegnern ihres Mannes gefangen genommen zu werden. In Burgos angekommen, ließ sie ihre Juwelen durch einen Kurier nach Frankreich bringen, um sie dort zu verkaufen oder zu verpfänden und mit dem Erlös die Truppen ihres Mannes zu finanzieren. Unter den Schmuckstücken befanden sich auch eine als La Peregrina bekannte weiße Perle von der Größe einer Muskatnuss, und ein Diamant namens El Estanguo. Trotzdem konnte nicht verhindert werden, dass der habsburgische Thronprätendent Karl Madrid ohne große Gegenwehr einnehmen konnte und dort am 25. Juni 1706 zum spanischen König proklamiert wurde. Philipps Soldaten gelang es jedoch unter der Führung des Marschalls Berwick, Madrid zurückzuerobern, sodass König und Königin im Oktober des Jahres unter großem Jubel der Bevölkerung in die Hauptstadt zurückkehren konnten. Die Freude Maria Luisas, ihren Mann endlich wiederzusehen, wurde jedoch durch die Nachricht getrübt, dass spanische Soldaten in Italien eine empfindliche Niederlage bei der Belagerung von Turin hatten hinnehmen müssen.

Eine offizielle Verlautbarung des spanischen Königshauses vom 27. Januar 1707 verkündete, worauf viele Höflinge schon lange gewartet hatten: Maria Luisa Gabriella war schwanger. Am 25. August brachte sie in Madrid um 10 Uhr vormittags den Thronfolger Ludwig, Fürst von Asturien, zur Welt. Nach der Geburt verschlechterte sich ihr gesundheitlicher Zustand merklich, jedoch schob man dies vorerst auf ihre zweite Schwangerschaft, die am 1. September 1708 offiziell bekanntgegeben wurde. Trotz ihrer angeschlagenen Gesundheit engagierte sich die Königin auch weiterhin intensiv in der spanischen Politik. Gemeinsam mit Madame des Ursins, versuchte sie Anfang 1708, ihren Vater wieder auf die spanische Seite zu ziehen. Ihre Bemühungen blieben allerdings erfolglos. Ludwig XIV. hatte unterdessen die Notwendigkeit eines schnellstmöglichen Friedensschlusses erkannt und war deshalb bereit, große Zugeständnisse an seine Gegner zu machen, sogar den bourbonischen Verzicht auf Spanien schloss er nicht aus. Maria Luisa jedoch verteidigte energisch ihre Interessen während der gesamten Friedensverhandlungen, die noch fünf Jahre andauern sollten. Sie hatte entscheidenden Einfluss darauf, dass ihr Mann die Forderungen Großbritanniens, Habsburgs und der Niederlande, die seinen Verzicht auf den spanischen Thron zur Friedensbedingung machten, energisch zurückwies. Als in Spanien das Gerücht umging, der französische König wolle all seine Truppen aus Spanien abziehen und seinen Enkel fortan nicht mehr unterstützen, zerstreute die Königin die Befürchtungen, Philipp könne sich womöglich nach Frankreich absetzen, indem sie öffentlich bekanntgab, sich einer französischen Order zur Kapitulation widersetzen und den Thron bis zuletzt verteidigen zu wollen, solange das Volk nur hinter ihr stünde. Am 2. Juli 1709 brachte sie unter großer Anteilnahme des Hofs ihren zweiten Sohn Philipp-Emmanuel zur Welt, der jedoch nur wenige Tage nach seiner Geburt starb.

1710 musste Maria Luisa – erneut wegen der Abwesenheit ihres Mannes mit der Regentschaft beauftragt – ein weiteres Mal Madrid verlassen um sich vor anrückenden kaiserlichen und englischen Truppen nach Vittoria in den Pyrenäen in Sicherheit zu bringen. Auf ihr Drängen sandte Ludwig XIV. im September des Jahres den Herzog von Vendôme, Louis II. Joseph de Bourbon, als militärischen Kommandeur nach Spanien, und das Kriegsglück begann sich allmählich zu wenden, während die Regentin in ihrem trostlosen pyrenäischen Exil so gut es eben ging die Staatsgeschäfte leitete. Gesundheitlich war sie stark angeschlagen und fühlte sich derart schlecht, dass sie den Plan hatte, zur Kur nach Bagnères-de-Bigorre zu gehen, auch auf die Gefahr hin, dass das spanische Volk ihre Reise als Flucht nach Frankreich missinterpretieren und sie ihre Untertanen damit demoralisieren könnte. Derweil gelang es, Madrid zurückzuerobern, Karl von Österreich musste die Hauptstadt im November des Jahres wieder räumen. Doch an eine Rückkehr Maria Luisas war aufgrund ihres schlechten körperlichen Zustands vorerst nicht zu denken. Im März 1711 erfasste sie ein heftiges Fieber, sodass der Hof bereits mit ihrem Tod rechnete. Tagelang schwebte die Königin zwischen Leben und Tod, ehe sich ihr Zustand im April wider Erwarten besserte und sie zumindest außer Lebensgefahr war. Doch die Genesung ging nur sehr schleppend voran, im Juni 1711 war Maria Luisa Gabriella immer noch krank. Erst im Juli erlaubte es ihr geschwächter Körper, nach Corella zu reisen, ehe sie gemeinsam mit Philipp im November nach Madrid zurückkehrte.

Nach der Geburt ihres dritten Sohnes, Philipp Peter Gabriel am 7. Juli 1712 ging es der Königin ab März 1713 wieder dauerhaft schlechter. Ihre vierte Schwangerschaft und der Gram über die Nachricht vom frühen Tod ihrer Schwester taten ein Übriges um sie weiter zu schwächen. Die Unterzeichnung des Friedens von Utrecht am 22. Mai 1713 konnte sie nur wenig aufrichten. Er sicherte Philipp V. den spanischen Thron und die spanischen Kolonien in Amerika, im Gegenzug musste er jedoch auf sämtliche italienischen sowie niederländischen Besitzungen und auf seinen Anspruch auf den französischen Thron verzichten. In jenem Mai trat die Königin das letzte Mal öffentlich in Madrid in Erscheinung, danach verließ sie ihre Gemächer kaum noch. An ihrem 25. Geburtstag war sie in einer dermaßen schlechten Verfassung, dass es ihr nicht einmal möglich war, die Glückwünsche des Hofes zu ihrem Ehrentag entgegenzunehmen. Die zu frühe Geburt ihres vierten Kindes, des späteren Königs Ferdinand VI., am 23. September um vier Uhr morgens war dementsprechend von Komplikationen begleitet, und hinterließ Maria Luisa schwächer denn je. Auch die eigens aus Turin beorderten Ärzte konnten der Königin nicht helfen. Ludwig XIV. sandte im Februar 1714 sogar seinen Leibarzt Jean Adrien Helvétius, doch auch er war machtlos. Maria Luisa Gabriella von Savoyen überlebte den von ihr so sehr ersehnten Friedensschluss, den sie für die spanische Seite maßgeblich mitgestaltet hatte, nur um sieben Monate. Sie starb am 14. Februar um halb neun Uhr morgens an Tuberkulose und wurde im Pantheon der Könige des Klosters El Escorial bestattet.

Literatur

 Émile Bourgeois: Une Reine et une Œuvre. Marie-Louise de Savoie, reine d'Espagne (1708–1716). In: La Grande Revue. Band 18, 1. Lieferung, Paris 1901, S. 130–160 (online).
 Gemma Giovanini: Le donne di Casa Savoia. Dalle origini della famiglia fino ai nostri giorni. 2. Auflage. L.F. Cogliati, Turin 1903, S. 299–309 (online).

 Lucien Perey: Une reine de douze ans. Marie Louise Gabrielle de Savoie, reine d'Espagne. Calman-Lévy, Paris 1905 (online).
 Girolamo Rossi: Maria Luigia Gabriella di Savoia, sposa di Filippo V re di Spagna, in Nizza nel settembre 1701. Memorie e documenti. In: Miscellanea di storia italiana. Band 33. Bocca, Turin 1895, S. 347–388.
 Federico Carlos Sainz de Robles: María Luisa Gabriela de Saboya. In: Ensayo de un Diccionario de Mujeres Célebres. Aguilar, Madrid 1959.
 Federigo Sclopis di Salerano: Marie-Louise-Gabrielle de Savoie, reine d'Espagne. Étude historique. J. Civelli, Turin u. a. 1866 (online).

Weblinks

 Lebenslauf Maria Luisa Gabriellas

Einzelnachweise

Königin (Spanien)
Träger der Goldenen Rose
Familienmitglied des Hauses Savoyen
⚭Maria Luisa Gabriella #Savoyen #16881714
Brief (Literatur)
Geboren 1688
Gestorben 1714
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Thomas Joseph McCarthy (born June 7, 1966) is an American film director, screenwriter, and actor who has appeared in several films, including Meet the Parents and Good Night, and Good Luck, and television series such as The Wire, Boston Public, Law & Order etc.

McCarthy has received critical acclaim for his writing/direction work for the independent films The Station Agent (2003), The Visitor (2007), Win Win (2011), and Spotlight (2015), the last of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, won McCarthy the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director.

Additionally, McCarthy co-wrote the film Up (2009) with Bob Peterson and Pete Docter, for which they received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay. McCarthy also wrote the film Million Dollar Arm (2014) and served as a director and executive producer for the Netflix television series 13 Reasons Why (2017).

Early life
Thomas Joseph McCarthy was raised in New Providence, New Jersey, one of five children of Carol and Eugene F. "Gene" McCarthy; His father worked in the textile industry. McCarthy was raised Catholic, in a family of Irish descent. McCarthy is a graduate of New Providence High School in New Providence, New Jersey and Boston College, Class of 1988, where he was a member of the improv comedy troupe My Mother's Fleabag; and the Yale School of Drama, where he studied under Earle R. Gister.

Career
McCarthy spent several years doing stand-up comedy and theater in Minneapolis and Chicago before going into television and film. He starred in Flags of Our Fathers as James Bradley, and in the final season of The Wire as the morally challenged reporter Scott Templeton. He made his Broadway debut in the 2001 revival of Noises Off!.

McCarthy's directorial debut, The Station Agent, which he also wrote, won the Audience Award and the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay and the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award. The Station Agent also won awards at film festivals ranging from San Sebastian to Stockholm, Mexico City, and Aspen.

McCarthy's second feature film was The Visitor, which premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. For The Visitor, McCarthy won the 2008 Independent Spirit Award for Best Director. McCarthy appeared in the 2009 dramas The Lovely Bones and 2012. In 2010, McCarthy was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the animated film Up.

In 2010, McCarthy directed the unaired pilot for the HBO series Game of Thrones, but the final cut of the episode was poorly received by showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. McCarthy was replaced by Tim Van Patten, who directed the final version of the pilot that aired in 2011. The experience discouraged McCarthy from returning to television directing for several years.

He also co-wrote and directed 2011's Win Win based on his experiences as a wrestler at New Providence High School.

McCarthy's 2015 film, the independent drama film Spotlight, received widespread acclaim following its release. The film received six Academy Awards nominations, three Golden Globe Awards nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations, and eight Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations.

McCarthy directed the first two episodes of 13 Reasons Why, from Anonymous Content and Paramount Television. The show is based on the 2007 The New York Times bestselling YA book by Jay Asher. In 2019, he signed a first look TV deal with Fox 21 Television Studios (now 20th Television).

Filmography

Film

Acting credits

Television

Acting credits

Other awards and nominations

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American people of Irish descent
Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Boston College alumni
Independent Spirit Award for Best Director winners
People from New Providence, New Jersey
Yale School of Drama alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Film directors from New Jersey
Independent Spirit Award winners
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Best Screenplay AACTA International Award winners
Catholics from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Yale University alumni


CAIRO (FIBA U19 Basketball World Cup 2017) - The FIBA U19 Basketball World Cup history is full of great players who have shined for their national teams on the global stage. Here are five players to watch during the action in Cairo from 1-9 July.
Barrett will be two years younger than most of the competition as he was born in 2000, but he will be one of Canada's leaders. In fact, the 6ft 7in (2.00m) wing is considered one of the next future stars in Canadian basketball.
Barrett, who is the son of former Canadian Olympian basketball player Rowan Barrett, played with the Canadian senior national team in the build-up to the FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament 2016. RJ did not make the team for the OQT but eventually starred for Canada at the FIBA U17 Basketball World Cup 2016. Now, he will take over a leadership role of the Canadian U19 team and have another chance to show the world that Canada's pipeline of high-level talent continues to flow.
Diallo is one of three USA players coming back to the team after winning the FIBA U18 Americas Championship 2016. The Queens, New York native averaged 7.6 points, 4.6 rebounds and 1.4 assists at the U18 level but he will likely play a major leadership role in Cairo.
The 6ft 6in (1.98m) wing participated in practices with the University of Kentucky last season but did not play a game due to late entry into the program. He initially declared for the 2017 NBA Draft but pulled his name out and elected to play at Kentucky even though he was likely a first round pick.
The last time the basketball community saw Hachimura on the world stage was at the FIBA U17 Basketball World Cup in 2014. The Japanese star finished the tournament - Japan's sole appearance at the U17 global spectacle - as the event's leading scorer including hitting for 25 points against the United States.
Hachimura, whose father is from Benin, has since grown in international popularity by becoming the first Japanese player to play in the NCAA Final Four in helping Gonzaga reach the NCAA title game. The 6ft 8in (2.02m) wing returns to the Japan team and will be the team's top player. Hachimura could win the scoring title of the U19 tournament as well if you take into consideration the 35 points and 10 rebounds he collected in a U19 warm-up against Germany.
If you said one player would lead the FIBA U19 Basketball World Cup 2017 in scoring, rebounds and blocked shots, one definite candidate would be Khalaf from the hosts Egypt. The 6ft 9in (2.06m) center will be appearing in his second U19 spectacle and already was dominant at Crete 2015 where he was fifth in rebounds with 8.4 rebounds a game and was the top shot-blocker with 2.9 blocks per game despite being three years younger than the rest of the competition.
The Giza native last summer became the first player in history to play at two FIBA U17 Basketball World Cups, averaging 17.0 points per game as well as leading the competition in rebounds (14.0 rpg) and blocks (4.4 bpg) at the FIBA U17 Basketball World Cup 2016. And he has spent two seasons in Spain getting used to a higher level of competition.
Tillie will be one of the big leaders for a France team that enters the FIBA U19 Basketball World Cup 2017 as the reigning European champions. Tillie actually did not play at the FIBA U18 European Championship 2016 as he was in the United States playing for Gonzaga and reaching the NCAA championship game.
Health has been Tillie's biggest problem as whenever he plays, the Paris native has been fantastic. But the 6ft 10in (2.08m) forward missed two years of action previous to last season. Still he was named the MVP of the FIBA U16 European Championship 2014 - which is the 1998 generation playing in Cairo. Tillie playing the whole season has given himself a chance to continue to develop his all-around game and he will be major weapon at both ends for France in Cairo.
Are you a commentator in the making? Call games from the FIBA U19 Basketball World Cup 2017!


text:
UK Study: Some Birds Avoid Wind Farms
Effects of Noise on Wildlife, News Add comments
A study commissioned by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) found that many species of birds avoid nesting in areas within 500 meters of wind turbines. The RSPB, like its US conterpart the Audubon Society, has been largely supportive of wind energy. The new study was the most detailed yet of bird distribution around wind farms: twelve major upland wind farms were surveyed six times during the breeding season for a dozen common species including waders and gamebirds (golden plover, lapwing, curlew, snipe, red grouse), raptors (buzzard, hen harrier, kestrel), and songbirds (skylark, meadow pipit, stonechat and wheatear). Of the 12 species studied, 5 seemed undisturbed, while populations of 7 were 15-53% lower when within 500m of a wind turbine. The displacement effects continued out to a distance of about 800m (roughly a half mile). The affected species were buzzard, hen harrier, golden plover, snipe, curlew, wheatear and meadow pipit.
Image from The Telegraph; click to read article
It is crucial to note that this study was looking at nesting patterns, and does not suggest that birds are being killed by the turbines, but rather that they avoid nesting near them, presumably because of increased noise, which could disrupt communication between birds or reduce the amount of prey and make it more difficult to hunt (whether for insects or rodents).
UPDATE: I recently came across a paper from last year that found no obvious avoidance of wind farms by most wintering species of UK farmland birds. This paper looked not at nesting patterns during breeding season, like the paper above, but rather at wintering birds' presence (they walked randomized paths, and counted birds seen; most were seen when flushed from the grain). Looking at numbers seen in 5 sets of distances (from 0-150, to 600-750m), wintering farmland birds (seed-eaters, corvids, gamebirds and Eurasian skylarks) showed no increase with increasing distance. A further investigation of 0-75m and 75-150m also showed no trend. Only pheasants showed a tendency to be found in the segments further from turbines.


text:
The 5 at 5: Monday
5 minutes, 5 stories, 5 o'clock…
By Amy Croffey Monday 3 Dec 2012, 4:55 PM
Dec 3rd 2012, 4:55 PM 5,594 Views 0 Comments
Image: Markus Gann via Shutterstock
EVERY WEEKDAY EVENING, TheJournal.ie brings you the five stories you need to know before you head out the door.
1. #GOOGLE: British tax authorities are to investigate Google's corporate tax payments over a six-year period, which will likely see the relationship between the British and Irish companies come under close scrutiny. Google's British company, Google UK, recorded revenues of £396 million in 2011 but paid corporation tax of only £6 million. Google said the review was standard practice and that it would co-operate fully with the review.
2. #JOBS: Shannon Airport and Shannon Development are to merge, leading to the creation of 850 jobs. The Government has decided to grant Shannon Airport full independence from Dublin Airport Authority on December 31 2012, to form a new, publicly-owned, commercial entity in 2013.
3. #STABBING: A fourth man has been arrested in connection with the fatal stabbing of a German man in Rialto. The three people previously arrested in connection with the attack on early Saturday morning were released without charge yesterday. A second person who was stabbed in the incident remains in hospital.
4. #SPORTS FUNDING: Junior minister Michael Ring has defended his decision to award a €200,000 grant to Westport United FC, which is based in his home town. The club was one of 615 groups to share in a €26 million fund for sports development announced yesterday.
5. #ROYAL BABY: The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, Prince William and his wife Kate, are expecting their first baby.
Amy Croffey
@AmyCroffey
amy@thejournal.ie
See more articles by Amy Croffey
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Honesty time, in the last three months, I've felt stalled in my writing/like an impostor/like a second-rate writer, and I'm so talented at feeling negative things I feel them all at the same time. The good news is I've listened to at least one song from Hamilton every day.
Hamilton is a brilliant piece of historical/musical everything, and no matter how many times I've listened to it, I'm continually inspired by it. However, it wasn't until yesterday I realized Hamilton's given me more than just an fanboy addiction to be laughed at by my friends, it's taught me some crucial things about myself, my writing, and my writing career.
I'm writing these things down on the assumption that I'm not alone in feeling all these writer-y feelings. But mainly, I'm writing these things down because, maybe, if I write these things down enough, I'll start to believe them.
1. "Look at where you are, look at where you started."
Writing is a linear journey marked more by small victories than momentous occasions. More often then not, we quantify our value as writers by where we are in what we've lovingly named "the process" (AKA are you pre-pubbed, agented, pubbed, or, of course, global superstar?) By using these few benchmarks as the only road signs of success, we define our writing by whether or not these benchmarks have happened. When we do this, we miss EVERYTHING else.
Take a few days simply to look at where you started. To remember where you've come from. Make a literal timeline of all the things you've accomplished in your writing: starting your first book, finishing your first book. Meeting your CP. Attending a conference. ALL OF THESE THINGS ARE BENCHMARKS. All of these things are pushing you forward, the only way you don't move forward is by doing nothing. By quitting.
2. "I've never been satisfied."
Satisfaction is not our natural pose. We don't come out of the womb satisfied, and I'd argue the only way we can be satisfied is by choosing it despite what we think we should have.
Satisfaction isn't an achievable accomplishment, it's a daily disciplined choice. As long as we think we can "achieve" satisfaction by going just one step further, by getting that one benchmark, we'll never be satisfied.
3. "Write your way out."
Sometimes, the best thing to do when you don't know what to do is to just do something. In our case, when we're in a wordhole, the option is to just write something. Pick a story. Hell, pick 4 stories and smash them together and go. When you're in this place, the biggest hurdle you need to jump is to let that "something" you write matter. Always let what you write matter in the moment.
If you've listened to Hamilton, then you are acutely aware that NOT taking a break gets you in deep deep ish. Feeling weak? Weary? Exhausted? Did you just finish a draft? Is writing becoming a chore? Are you feeling like an impostor? Like nothing you do is working?
Despite what corporate America says, rest is good. We need to be okay with more rest. Productivity and busyness is good, but it shouldn't trump rest, it should go hand and hand. Resting doesn't make you less of a writer. Set a date to come back, and in your off time, read. Play video games. Run in a cemetery. Calm your brain down enough to let the world's hidden stories inspire you again. After periods of intense emotion and creative exertion, our brains are like forests after a wildfire. You've got to let time do it's work. We've got to give the space for the green to shoot through the char. Let your weariness grow back into curiosity. When it does, that's when you know it's time to come back.
5. "The world was wide enough."
It's really freaking easy to believe that success a limited-run commodity. Our brains are set to the dials of supply and demand. If there's low supply, then the demand sky rockets, making it harder to get. Luckily for us, success doesn't bow to the rules of supply and demand.
Think about it, artists have been achieving success since art became a thing, and we're still watching success happen everyday. Taking a break or not having a book deal won't decrease your chances at success. There's a never ending supply of it. It isn't bound by the laws of capitalism. If you simply continue to do what you do, do it well, keep learning, and have a healthy view of success, there's a slice for you that can't be eaten by anyone else.
6. "The room where it happens"
You are the room where it happens. There are vital outside factors to growth, but at the end of the day you pick up the pen and start writing, no one else.
Comrades in craft, I need you to remind me of these things daily, and I hope I can do the same for you.


We have heard many stories of faith journey of others. The only problem that we have is that those stories are all the stories of other people. It is not my story. How can I experience God's power and love myself? The psalmist starts with that dilemma.
We pray and shout to God! Don't you feel the coming of the Lord? Don't you hear God's answer already? This is exciting. Now we will tell our own stories of God's power and love!


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Our Statutes & Rules
Nuestro Manifiesto (Español)
Our Resolutions
Join IFLRY
Discuss Online
Libel – Blog
IFLRY 47th General Assembly
Our roots go as far back as the 1920's, when a series of international meetings between liberal youth organisations took place. However, we were first officially established at a meeting in Cambridge, United Kingdom in 1947 under the name of the World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (WFLRY).
WFLRY was the first international liberal youth platform, though in reality it was almost completely European at this time, but it was not long before it had a competitor in the form of the European Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (EFLRY), who were founded in 1969.
Eventually it became clear that two organisations serving the same purpose were not necessary and so in 1978 WFLRY closed down and, at a meeting in Silkeborg, Denmark in 1979, the remaining EFLRY became the International Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (IFLRY).
It was at this point that the Federation started to become more truly global, with expansions across Latin America and Africa and, after 1989, out to Central and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. Today IFLRY is proud to be present in all continents of the world.
Did You Know? The sharp-eyed amongst you will notice that today the organisation is known as International Federation of Liberal Youth but is still abbreviated as IFLRY.
This is due to a compromise decision made in 2001 to drop the 'Radical' from the full title, but retain the 'R' in the acronym.
P.S. We know. Our acronym is a struggle to pronounce. You say if-ell-ree!
More in this section:
Find out how decisions are made in our Federation.
Find out more about our values and how they're enforced.
Find out who's behind the day to day running of the Federation.
Find out more about who we work with. Coming Soon.
Mulackstraße 29
office@iflry.org


This must be a superbly buzy year for the folks at Lenovo, the products never fail to stop coming at CES. On top of announcing so many products from AIO PCs to tablets to computers, here are the Lenovo B Series laptops targeted at entry level users to give them what they need at an affordable price. With a choice of either the latest Intel Core processors (B480 and B580) or AMD Fusion APUs (B485 and B585), these B Series laptops will come with integrated or discrete graphics at an extreme affordable price from just USD$499.
They can support up to 1TB of storage, comes with USB 3.0 and HDMI out ports and will be built in with 4-in-1 multicard reader. Like the other laptops with the latest Intel Core processors, the B Series laptops will be preloaded with Lenovo's Solution Center powered by Intel Small Business Advantage.
As for desktop, Lenovo also announced its H520s, the slim and easy-to-use desktops for home computing. At half the size of a standard desktop PC, the H520s promise a great range of entertainment and processing power at an affordable price. Together with Lenovo Assistant, you can easily use and configure all the settings found on this PC. The H520s is expected to be available from June at USD$499.
Lastly, but definitely not the end of Lenovo's products this CES, Lenovo introduced its S2 smartphone that boasts security and great photography capabilities. Powered by the latest Qualcomm Snapdragon technology (they didn't mention the specific processor) and running on Android 2.3, the S2 comes with a unique Kernel-level security system to protect personal data, prevent phishing, and control network and SMS traffic. It is also equipped with an 8MP "super camera" that is capable of capturing amazing panoramic photos on the go. The S2 smartphone is currently available in China but Lenovo hasn't announced the global availability of this device yet.
CES 2012: Asus Zenbook goes Hot Pink!


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Gaetz: U.S. Attorney Declined to Prosecute Man Behind Death Threats — 'I Could Blow Your F*cking Head Clean Off Your Shoulders'
Jeff Poor
Tuesday on Fox News Channel's "Tucker Carlson Tonight," Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-FL) detailed the how federal authorities handled death threats he had received.
At the top of the segment, host Tucker Carlson played audio of one of those threats Gaetz received.
Call as follows:
Gaetz, you pathetic piece of s***. Do you know that I could blow your f***ing head clean off you should from a mile away? Watch your back, b****. You pathetic piece of s***. You got your head so far up Trump's a**, I could still take it off your shoulders. F*** you Gaetz. I'm coming after you, b****.
According to Gaetz, the U.S. Attorney office for the Northern District of California investigated the call but declined to bring charges.
Gaetz questioned the decision, noting that he had been a critic of the FBI and said he hoped there wasn't a "double standard."
"I just wonder — is it the fact that I've been a critic of some of the senior officials at the FBI that leads to different treatment for the people who threaten me as opposed to the people who actually get arrested, who have threatened Eric Swalwell, you know, Ilhan Omar, Rashida Tlaib, people who actually get arrested, whereas when people threaten conservatives, I hope there's not a double standard," Gaetz said.
Follow Jeff Poor on Twitter @jeff_poor
ClipsPoliticsFox News ChannelMatt GaetzTucker CarlsonTucker Carlson TonightU.S Attorney for the Northern District of California
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