Why is he paraphrasing Sen. Inhofe, (via EIB) without mention or attribution? I look forward and enjoy listening in to him, but wish he would leave his political residue out of it.
He is at his best when he offers his global insights on current commodity front themes.
typical liberal reaction, keith……if you don't like the truth, shoot the messenger.


Warning: do not watch on a full stomach. Happy New Year!
I am very, very partial to my grandbabies, as you might imagine. However, occasionally—just really every now and then, and not all the time, by any means—I think yours might be just a tad cuter than . . . shhhh! I never said that!
Okay, she really is awfuly cute! And I am suffering from a severe case of withdrawal from grandchildren. We were going to go see them on Dec. 26, and I came down with a horrible case of the flu that I still have, unbelievably enough. And webmd.com says that one is infectious from the flu for a week after one is symptom-free. And I am not going to the doctor for a stupid virus that he can't do anything about and then just infect everybody in Harrisonburg with this dratted bug.
So anyway, I miss my grandchildren soooooo much! And your little girl is adorable!
I am so sorry you have the flu!!! That is the worst, and not being able to see your grand babies must be absolutely horrible. Do you have someone taking good care of you? Great wishes for a speedy recovery!
I'm on Day 9 of this wretched flu. I know I'm 56 and not in tip-top shape, but it seems to me that anything that lasts this long is either what used to be called a "childhood disease" or something terminal. I get fever! Then I get chills! Then I get nothing! And congestion in my nose and in my chest! And sometimes there's some really icky . . . well, never mind, I know you aren't my doctor. But really, it does remind me of those two measleses that I had about 50 years ago. I can't remember which one was which, but they both lasted quite a while, seems to me.
How long do you have to study for your boards? And where are you going to find daycare? I'm not volunteering, mind you, what with being wildly sick and anyway in need of some serious time with my own grandchildren. Just wondering. I definitely wish you all the luck of the world with that. It can be so hard to leave one's precious little bundle with somebody else!
I am so, so sorry about the flu! It's a terrible disease, and it seems to get worse every year! I can't imagine how hard it must, but it's good of you to stay away from the little ones for the time being. They must miss their grandma something fierce!
I'm flattered if you see any of me in Ari! She is daddy's girl for sure! And of course Rosie's kids are beautiful–no choice there!
Ahhh, the boards. Don't have a clue what we're gonna do. Most students study 4.5-7 weeks and treat it like a 9-5 (or really like a 7 to 7, 6 days a week, if they're really crazy 🙂 ). At this time, I think it's most beneficial if I just put it off until the summer when she's a little older and we can better afford the care. I have to go back to make up some rotations April-June, so I might try to buckle down and take the boards in July…we shall see! Thank you for the well wishes!
Feel better!!! Sorry I can't do much to help at the moment Perhaps now would be a good time to settle down with some good old movies? Anything with Jack Lemmon?
I read the article and I am happy to you have a baby. There is no greater joy in life. I'm the father of three. Their mother is a physician. All of our kids came after we both were past 40, in the mid-1990s. We were told she would have trouble conceiving. We had twins via in vitro (she was 40), which came to us a miracle. But then at 43, she and I had one naturally, two years later, completely unplanned. But having to become a parent at 27 isn't rushed. It used to be normal..
Where is the science today, as compared to twenty years ago?
You're right, it's pretty crazy that having a kid in one's 20s seems young for certain populations, though I think the average age for first child around the country is around 25, up from 21 a few decades ago. I wish there were more resources for young mothers, or maybe just more encouragement to have kids before things are completely settled, because it does seem to make more biological sense.


2005 mercury mountaineer fuse box diagram for power windows Description ford is recalling model years 1995 2003 windstar 2000 2003 excursion diesel 1993 1997 and 1999 2003 f 250 sd through f 550 sd diesel 1992 2003 e 150 through e 550 1995 2002 explorer I pulled up the wiring schematic and a red flag is the main power feed for the windows located at the battery junction box. Thats the fuse block under the hood send a letter to him in care of That star she spends a lot of time talking about is the planet jupiter. Dont believe me to the right is a diagram i created using planetarium software showing jupiter and its four big moons around.
2005 mercury mountaineer fuse box diagram for power windows 48 01307 dresden germany. 3 Units affected 4500 recall id08v051000 vehicle speed controlcruise control consequence as a result the fuse is located in the output circuit rather than in the intended input power feed 1997 Quotevery time you look up at the sky every one of those points of light is a reminder that fusion power is extractable from hydrogen and pressures and temperatures found at their cores cannot fuse.
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It's possible to get or download caterpillar-wiring diagram from several websites. If you take a close look at the diagram you will observe the circuit includes the battery, relay, temperature sensor, wire, and a control, normally the engine control module. With an extensive collection of electronic symbols and components, it's been used among the most completed, easy and useful wiring diagram drawing program. 2005 Mercury Mountaineer Fuse Box Diagram For Power Windows. The wiring diagram on the opposite hand is particularly beneficial to an outside electrician. Sometimes wiring diagram may also refer to the architectural wiring program. The simplest approach to read a home wiring diagram is to begin at the source, or the major power supply. Basically, the home wiring diagram is simply utilized to reveal the DIYer where the wires are.
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The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. 2005 Mercury Mountaineer Fuse Box Diagram For Power Windows. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.
2002 explorer fuse box diagram 2001 mercury villager fuse box diagram 2002 mercury mountaineer fuse box location fuse diagram for 1997 mercury mountaineer 2004 mountaineer fuse box diagram 2008 mercury mountaineer fuse box location 2006 mercury mountaineer fuse box diagram 97 mercury mountaineer fuse box diagram.


text:
Mersey Maritime's Nominated Charity: The International Memorial for the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1945
With its close and historic links to the city of Liverpool, Mersey Maritime is pleased to offer its long-term support for a UK charity, The Battle of the Atlantic Memorial (BOAM). The charity launched a campaign to build a permanent and international recognised memorial to one of the principal campaigns of World War Two in January 2018 at a press conference in Liverpool, attended by BOA veterans.
The concept is to provide an appropriate memorial of international significance that recognises the totality and importance of the battle and to commemorate the sacrifice and contribution of all the men and women of all nationalities who served supporting the Battle of the Atlantic (BOA) on land, at sea and in the air. Secondly, to recognise the important part played by Merseyside as the hub of the operation.
The development of a supporting Heritage trail that links sites across the area physically and virtually and internationally to support what is seen as the key educational role of the memorial. This will also be achieved by working closely with the Western Approaches Museum and the Merseyside Maritime Museum. With further enhancement, the aim is to possibly develop an academic centre where institutions, researchers and interested parties can visit to access information and learn more about the Battle.
THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC WAS THE DOMINATING FACTOR ALL THROUGH THE WAR. NEVER FOR ONE MOMENT COULD WE FORGET THAT EVERYTHING HAPPENING ELSEWHERE, ON LAND AT SEA OR IN THE AIR, DEPENDED ULTIMATELY ON ITS OUTCOME.—WINSTON CHURCHILL
The name "Battle of the Atlantic" was coined by Winston Churchill in February 1941. It has been called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in history. The campaign started immediately after the European war began, during the so-called "Phoney War", and lasted six years, until the German Surrender in May 1945. It involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters, in a theatre covering thousands of square miles of ocean. The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as participating countries surrendered, joined, and even changed sides in the war, and as new weapons, tactics, counter-measures, and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses due to U-boats continued until war's end.
Permanent memorial campaign
The Battle of the Atlantic was the most important campaign of World War II as, without success, other campaigns would have not been possible, particularly the landings in Europe in June 1944. It was the longest continuous campaign of the war, lasting from the declaration of war in 1939 until Victory in Europe in May 1945.
The toll was high on all sides: more than 3,500 merchant ships were sunk; over 36,000 merchant seamen and 36,200 allied naval personnel lost their lives; and 70% of German submariners did not return to their home bases.
Despite its significance, the Battle of the Atlantic does not have an overall memorial in the United Kingdom unlike other major campaigns of World War 2. Thus, a project has been set up to create an appropriate memorial and fill that gap.
Mersey Maritime support for the campaign
Each year, at its annual Mersey Maritime Industry Awards event, Mersey Maritime designates a charity of choice to receive the proceeds of donations given by attendees on the evening. In 2020 this was shared jointly between The Battle of the Atlantic Memorial and the Jubilee Sailing Trust. Mersey Maritime have now decided to make its relationship with the BOAM charity a more long term venture and is delighted to do so for this year and beyond.
To donate directly in support of the charity online, click here Donate
For other ways to donate, visit: https://battleoftheatlantic.org/how-to-donate/
For more information about the battle and the charity
Visit the charity website for extensive information about the events it aims to commemorate and work it is engaged with: https://battleoftheatlantic.org/
As a founding member, Hill Dickinson is proud to support Mersey Maritime. Mersey Maritime creates and facilitates business opportunities for both its members and the wider maritime and business communities through regular networking events, lobbying and industry awards while addressing the skills gap in the maritime sector by integrating local academic resources with businesses to ensure focused training and development. Mersey Maritime has achieved so much since its inception in 2003 and continues to strive with members to ensure Merseyside's place as the leading maritime hub.
Colin Lavelle, Legal Director, Hill Dickinson LLP
Mersey Maritime is unique, there's nothing else like it!
Phil James, Weightmans LLP
Mersey Maritime provides excellent networking opportunities, allowing people to meet people, and they do exceptionally well on training and skills. My only criticism is that companies want more!
James Douglas, ContainerPort
I come out of Mersey Maritime's meetings with a bit of a buzz. Lots of people with the same energy and we can see what's ahead and we want to be ready for it, be a part of it.
Tom Coyle, Managing Director, DT Engineering Limited
As a fledgling business with big aspirations for success, joining Mersey Maritime has been absolutely the right move for us. It's meant we haven't had to start from scratch, knocking on doors and trying to get access to the right people. Through Mersey Maritime, we've attended business events like Face-2-Face and have already been able to meet everyone who's anyone in this region. It's the best investment we have made this year!
John Bean, Managing Director, Geo Data Systems
Royal HaskoningDHV is a global engineering and project design consultancy with 6500 staff working in 150 companies, but we've been something of a sleeping giant in Liverpool. We're proud to be sponsors of Mersey Maritime. It enables us to be fully engaged in the cluster, with a place at the table and positioned as first choice company for new business opportunities within our areas of expertise.
Jamie Gray, Associate Director, Royal HaskoningDHV
Mersey Maritime has brought the community together tremendously well.
Colin Kershaw, Brookes Bell
Back in 2008, the average age profile of the workforce at Cammell Laird was 47; so we recognised the need to address a potential skills gap up ahead. As a result of close collaboration with Mersey Maritime we've committed to a long-term training programme that has seen our apprentice numbers rise from zero to more than 100. It's put us in a much stronger position. We're in better shape to plan for growth, we're fulfilling a commitment to provide jobs for young people in this region and we're revitalising the way we run our business.
John Syvret, CEO, Cammell Laird Group
Mersey Maritime is doing so much for the community and its succession planning for business is vitally important. It's great to see Liverpool coming back as a global player – all power to your elbow!
Simon Reynish, Chairman, CILT North West

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Fabio Capello has backed Jose Mourinho's treatment of Manchester United midfielder Paul Pogba.
The two men have endured a frosty relationship at Old Trafford recently, but former Juventus boss Capello insists Mourinho has 'helped' Pogba readjust to the Premier League.
Pogba returned to United in 2016, having left the club for Juventus in the summer of 2012 with just seven appearances in English football to his name.
He might have come back to the club as one of the world's best midfielders, but Capello believes he still needed guidance on how to cope in the Premier League.
That is where Mourinho comes in.
Pogba's barbs this season might suggest the two aren't seeing eye-to-eye, but the World Cup winner is beginning to find some form and the experienced Capello thinks the 'jabs' from his manager have worked.
"It wasn't easy for Pogba to get used to English football," Capello told Italian newspaper La Stampa.
Pogba will return to the Allianz Stadium with United on Wednesday night as the two clubs face each other in the Champions League group stages once again.


text:
Q: iOS - change language for user via buttons Im making an interactive children's story that only uses custom graphics and narrations.
I have all graphics in both English and Spanish.
I dont have any non-custom buttons, no text fields, not a single "standard" Apple app UI element anywhere. Everything is a custom PNG file.
Im simply looking for a method to allow the user to change from English to Spanish or vice-versa.
I created a custom English and a Spanish button already, which will highlight when pressed.
The app will (from what Ive read need to be restarted) and the app will then present its Spanish pages (and the Spanish text embedded in the PNG). Spanish narration will ensue.
At any point the user can elect to hit the English language button, and return to English if so desired.
Tabtale's "Mermaid Princess" app does this extremely well, and is far more than I need, but is a good example of what Im after. You click a button, change your region, the app restarts, and all the custom text and narrations result for the region youve selected.
I only have two regions (languages) so my need is much simpler.
But how in the world to actually pull this off ?
Cheers !

A: OK, this was much harder than I had expected…

Basically I am exchanging NSBundle's method that will be invoked by NSLocalizedString(…) by using a category on NSBundle and a technique called isa-swizzeling

NSBundle+Language.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface NSBundle (Language)
+(void)setLanguage:(NSString*)language;

@end

NSBundle+Language.m
#import "NSBundle+Language.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>

static const char associatedLanguageBundle=0;

@interface PrivateBundle : NSBundle
@end

@implementation PrivateBundle
-(NSString*)localizedStringForKey:(NSString *)key
                            value:(NSString *)value
                            table:(NSString *)tableName
{
    NSBundle* bundle=objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &associatedLanguageBundle);
    return bundle ? [bundle localizedStringForKey:key
                                            value:value
                                            table:tableName] : [super localizedStringForKey:key
                                                                                value:value
                                                                                table:tableName];
}
@end

@implementation NSBundle (Language)
+(void)setLanguage:(NSString*)language
{
    static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
    dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
        object_setClass([NSBundle mainBundle],[PrivateBundle class]);
    });

    objc_setAssociatedObject([NSBundle mainBundle], &associatedLanguageBundle, language ?
                             [NSBundle bundleWithPath:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:language ofType:@"lproj"]] : nil, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC);
}
@end

The AppDelegate will listen for LANGUAGE_WILL_CHANGE notifications, set the language and broadcast a notification LANGUAGE_DID_CHANGE
AppDelegate.m
#import "AppDelegate.h"
#import "NSBundle+Language.h"

@interface AppDelegate ()

@end

@implementation AppDelegate

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
{
    [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(languageWillChange:) name:@"LANGUAGE_WILL_CHANGE" object:nil];

    NSString *targetLang = [[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] objectForKey:@"selectedLanguage"];
    [NSBundle setLanguage:targetLang?:@"en"];
    return YES;
}

-(void)languageWillChange:(NSNotification *) noti
{
    NSString *targetLang = [noti object];
    [[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] setObject:targetLang forKey:@"selectedLanguage"];

    [NSBundle setLanguage:targetLang];

    [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] postNotificationName:@"LANGUAGE_DID_CHANGE" object:targetLang];
}

@end

A BaseViewController will post LANGUAGE_WILL_CHANGE and listen for LANGUAGE_DID_CHANGE

BaseViewController.h
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>

@interface BaseViewController : UIViewController
-(void) languageDidChange;
- (IBAction)switchLanguage:(id)sender;
@end

BaseViewController.m
#import "BaseViewController.h"

@interface BaseViewController ()
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *englishButton;
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *spanishButton;

@end

@implementation BaseViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(languageDidChangeNotification:) name:@"LANGUAGE_DID_CHANGE" object:nil];
}

- (IBAction)switchLanguage:(id)sender {

    NSString *localString;
    if (self.englishButton == sender) {
        localString = @"en";
    } else if(self.spanishButton == sender){
        localString = @"es";
    }

    if (localString) {
        [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] postNotificationName:@"LANGUAGE_WILL_CHANGE" object:localString];
    }
}

-(void)languageDidChangeNotification:(NSNotification *)notification
{
    [self languageDidChange];
}

-(void)languageDidChange
{

}

@end

Now any view controller that subclasses BaseViewController can implement languageDidChange to call NSLocalizedString.

ViewController.m
#import "ViewController.h"

@interface ViewController ()
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UILabel *label;
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIImageView *imageView;
@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    [self languageDidChange];
}

-(void)languageDidChange
{
    self.label.text = NSLocalizedString(@"Hello World", nil);
    self.imageView.image = [UIImage imageNamed:NSLocalizedString(@"image.png", nil)];
}

@end

Ad you see, I am simply localising the image name, I added the images en_image.png and es_image.png to the Images asset bundle and map them in the localizable strings
"image.png" = "en_image.png";

and
"image.png" = "es_image.png";

Result

You'll find this example code here: https://github.com/vikingosegundo/ImmidiateLanguageChange

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
That Guy Dick Miller
Screening: May 11, 2014, 7pm
Includes Special Guest Appearance and Q&A by Subject Dick Miller!
Directed by Elijah Drenner
Dick Miller is the last of the great American character actors. Whether sharing the screen with Nicholson, DeNiro, Schwarzenegger or The Ramones, Dick has been stealing scenes since his screen debut in 1955. He has worked with some of the great directors: Scorsese, Corman, Fuller, Dante, Cameron, Demme and more. Every moviegoer knows his face, but few know his name and even fewer know his story; an aspiring writer turned accidental actor. For the first time, Dick Miller has allowed filmmakers incredible access to his life and home for this funny and unexpected story. Joining him are the directors, producers, co-stars and friends who have helped make him Hollywood's leading "that guy".
To Be Followed by Special Screening of "Bucket of Blood" starring Dick Miller!
"What elevates Drenner's film is an understanding of the irreverent tone needed to appreciate its subject. The doc about Dick Miller is as fun as most of the movies he's made throughout his illustrious career."
–Brian Tallerico, Film Threat
"Gives us a deeper look at a man who was all about the work and staying a working stiff as long as he can, it just turns out that he's better at it than most."
–J. Hurtado, Twitch


American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a serious Brazilian public health problem. This diseases is attributed to seven species of Leishmania, however, the majority of cases are associated with Leishmania braziliensis. Some phlebotomine species have been implicated in the transmission of this parasite, nonetheless only Psychodopygus wellcomei has had its vectorial competence demonstrated. Thus this study sought to assess some parameters related to the vectorial capacity of anthropophilic species of sand fly occurring in São Paulo state: Pintomyia fischeri, Migonemyia migonei Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani, Expapillata firmatoi and Psychodopygus ayrozai, under laboratory conditions. These parameters were the duration of the gonotrophic cycle, proportion of females which feed on hamster, the rate of infection by L. braziliensis and the duration of the extrinsic incubation period.
The sandflies were collected in three regions of the São Paulo state: Greater São Paulo and the Mogi Guaçu and Iporanga municipalities. To assess the proportion of engorged females the insects were fed on hamsters to estimate the duration of the gonotrophic cycle. To estimate the susceptibility to infection of each species, their females were fed on hamsters infected with Leishmania braziliensis and dissected to ascertain the localization of the flagellates and estimate the extrinsic incubation period.
Low hamster attractiveness to Ps. ayrozai was observed. A high proportion of engorged females was observed when the hamster had its whole body exposed. The gonotrophic cycle ranged between three and eight days. Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia, Ny. whitmani and Ex.firmatoi presented susceptibility to infection by L. braziliensis. The highest infection rate (34.4%) was observed for Ny. whitmani and the lowest for Ny. intermedia (6.6%). Mg. migonei presented late-stage infection forms on the fifth day after feeding, but in the other species these forms were observed as from the fourth day.
Our results, together with other parameters of their behavior under natural conditions, suggest the potential role of Ex. firmatoi as vector of this parasite and reinforce that of Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia and Ny. whitmani in the areas in which they occur.
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) may be characterized as a complex of diseases caused by 14 species of the Leishmania genus that infect humans, some affecting the skin and others the skin and the mucous membranes [1–3]. It is a zoonosis involving a variety of reservoirs represented by wild animals, synanthropic and domestic animals, and vectors [4, 5]. Its importance for public health is due to the damage it causes to the tissues, the psychosocial impact on the people affected, the disability adjusted life years lost (DALYs) in the populations  and its wide geographical distribution in the Central and South America, apart from Chile and Uruguay which have no recorded cases [6, 7].
This disease has been attributed in Brazil to seven species of Leishmania: Leishmania (L.) amazonensis), L. (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) lainsoni, L. (V.) shawi, L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lindenbergi. The majority of cases are associated with L. braziliensis which presents the most widespread geographical distribution and is associated with cases of the mucocutaneous form. The wild rodents Oryzomys concolor, O. capito, O. nigripes, Akodon arviculoides, Proechyms sp. Rattus rattus and Rhipidomys leucodactylus and the opossum Didelphis marsupialis have been found as natural hosts of this parasite .
Although various phlebotomine species have been implicated in the transmission of L. braziliensis[2, 8], only Psychodopygus wellcomei has had its vectorial competence demonstrated . However, on the basis of such criteria as anthropophily, high frequencies in foci of ATL, the finding of natural infections by flagellates of this parasite or when the parasites are identified as Leishmania (Viannia) sp. in areas where the human cases have been attributed to it, other phlebotomine species have been implicated in the transmission.
In ATL endemic areas in the state of São Paulo, the sand fly species Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia neivai, Nyssomyia whitmani, Migonemyia migonei, Pintomyia fischeri and Pintomyia pessoai have been indicated as possible vectors of L. (V.) braziliensis[10, 11]. Pintomyia fischeri and Mg. migonei are species widely distributed in São Paulo state and are noteworthy as they are highly anthropophilic, presenting considerable density in woodland and peridomiciliary environments [12, 13].
Beyond that, Pi. fischeri has been indicated as a possible vector of the ATL agent  due to its susceptibility to experimental infection  and in the state of Espírito Santo, its natural infection by L. (V.) braziliensis has been demonstrated .
Expapillata firmatoi is an anthropophilic species which bites humans in both the diurnal and nocturnal periods and is one the most frequent species in the northeastern region of São Paulo state . It has been suspected of being a vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro  and its presence although in low densities is frequently cited in research undertaken in these two states and also in Paraná.
Psychodopygus ayrozai is a sandfly frequently collected in the Atlantic biome and is highly anthropophilic [18–20]. In Amazonian region it has been implicated as a vector of Leishmania naiffi[21, 22].
Beyond its vectorial competence, the vectorial capacity of a hematophagous insect involves other parameters, such as density of the insect population in relation to the host, the biting habit (measured by the proportion of females which feed on a particular host divided by the duration of the gonotrophic cycle), the survival rate, the period of extrinsic incubation of the parasite and the proportion of the infected insects which became infective [23–25].
The obtaining of such parameters contributes to the assessment of the potential of phlebotomine populations in the transmission of ATL agents, the basis for the formulation of measures of prevention and control of this disease. Thus, this study sought to assess some parameters of anthropophilic species of sand fly occurring in São Paulo state: Pi. fischeri, Mg. migonei Ny. intermedia, Ny. whitmani, Ex. firmatoi and Ps. ayrozai under laboratory conditions for investigate their potential as vectors of L. braziliensis. These parameters comprise the proportion of females which feed on a susceptible host (hamster), duration of the gonotrophic cycle, the rate of infection by this parasite; the proportion of females with late-stage infection forms among those infected by this parasite and the duration of the extrinsic incubation period.
Localities where the sand flies species were captured in São Paulo state (SP), Brazil.
Mogi Guaçu Valley region - northeastern SP - On a smallholding in the municipality of Mogi-Guaçu (22°20.041′ S, 46°50.755′ W; 671 m a.s.l. Ex. firmatoi, Mg. migonei and Ny. whitmani were collected at this site.
Greater São Paulo metropolitan region– eastern SP: at three sites: 1) on a smallholding (23° 37.656′ S, 46° 53.164′ W; 808 m. a.s.l) in Embu das Artes municipality; 2) on a smallholding (23°37′ 28″ S, 46°53′ 29″ W, 821 m a.s.l.) in Cotia municipality and 3) in the Parque Estadual da Cantareira (23°26′ 50.13″ S, 46°37′ 59.87″ W; .843 m. a.s.l.) São Paulo municipality. Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri and Ps. ayrozai were collected in this region.
Ribeira Valley region- southeastern SP. On a small farm situated in the Serra district (24°33′ 19.7′ S; 48°40′42″ W; 198 m a.s.l.) in Iporanga municipality. Mg. migonei, Ny. intermedia, Ny. neivai and Pi. fischeri were collected at this site.
The collections were undertaken with modified black and white Shannon traps  installed from 18:00 to 23:00 hours and also with automatic modified CDC light traps, to which a small nylon cage (20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm) was attached by means of a sleeve of ca. 40 cm in length, from 18:00 to 06:00 hours.
In the Shannon traps, the insects were captured with a Castro aspirator and the specimens were transferred to small nylon cages in which they were transported to the laboratory. The cages with the insects captured with CDC and Shannon traps were covered with damp towels to maintain the humidity. Hamsters were introduced into the cages in the Laboratorio de Entomologia em Saúde Pública/Phlebotominae of the Faculdade de Saúde Pública of the Universidade de São Paulo (LESP/FSP/USP) so that the females could feed and egg-laying be stimulated. The insects were maintained in a room at temperatures of 25 ± 1°C and humidity ca. 80%. The rearing of sandflies to obtain first- generation specimens was performed as described by .
Some first-generation specimens were used in the experiments with hamsters infected by L.(V.) braziliensis (strain MHOM/BR/1995/M15280), maintained in the Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas of the Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade de São Paulo (LIM-50-FMUSP). The experimental infections were undertaken in the LESP/FSP/USP.
Females and males of each of the seven species were released into a nylon cage, where a non-infected or infected hamster under anesthetic was laid supine for about one hour, in the evening. The anesthetic was applied in accordance with the animal's body weight: ketamine (15 mg/kg) + xilazine (0.05 mg/kg).In each experiment one hamster was exposed.
The females after feeding on the hamsters were individually placed in a vial (2.5 cm in diameter and 7 cm in height) which was covered with a nylon cloth above which was a cover with a central hole through was introduced a small cotton swab moistened with sugar solution. The females were maintained in styrofoam boxes at a room temperature of 25° ± 1°C and humidity ca.80% and were observed twice daily, in the morning and early evening.The duration of the gonotrophic cycle was estimated by the median time (days) elapsed between blood feeding in hamsters and egg laying.
Males and females of each of the sand fly species were released together in a cage on the floor of which an infective anesthetized hamster (having a sore on each of its hind paws) was laid supine for about one hour in the evening. In each infection experiment one hamster was exposed. In the majority of experiments, the hamsters had their bodies covered with a nylon cloth, so that the female insects might bite only the hind paws with the wound. However, in one experiment with Pi. fischeri two hamsters were exposed simultaneously in two different cages, one with uncovered body, and the other only with exposed hind legs. The female dissection to expose the gut (to observe flagellates) and spermathecae (to identify the sandfly species) was carried out on a slide containing a drop of saline under a stereoscope (magnitude 60×). A cover glass covered the gut and genitalia which were examined under the microscope (magnification 400×). For a better view of the spermathecae and the flagellates in the gut a slight pressure was applied to the coverslip with the tip of a forceps. The dissection of the females which died naturally during the night was undertaken at 08:00 and of those which died during the day at 20:00 hours, approximately. The rate of infection of each sand fly species was calculated by the number of females with flagellates in their anterior, median and/or posterior gut observed under the microscope, divided by the total of engorged females. The identification of metacyclic promastigotes (late-stage infection forms) was undertaken considering the morphology of the flagellates: elongated body presenting flagellum three or more times longer than the body [28, 29]. The frequencies of potentially infective females were obtained by the number of females with at least one infective form of the promastigotes observed in their anterior or thoracic gut divided by the total number of infected females.
This parameter was obtained using the same methodology described for the infection rate. The extrinsic incubation period was calculated as the median duration (in days) between blood feeding and the presence of metacyclic forms in the anterior (head and esophagus) or thoracic gut (immediately after the estomodeal valve) [28, 29].
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the Medical School of São Paulo University (CEP-IMT 057/2009) and the Biosafety Committee of the Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo (protocol 2026 OF.COEP/14/10).
The numbers of experiments and of females, by species and collection locality, to which the hamsters (non-infected or infected) were exposed and the proportion of engorged females are given in Table 1.
…no experiment undertaken; Lab (M. Guaçu) = F1 obtained in laboratory from females captured in Mogi Guaçu municipality.
In the experiments with non-infected hamster, Pi. fischeri was the species which underwent the greatest number of experiments (25) and provided the greatest number of exposed females (1,844) from the three sites in the Greater São Paulo region; the median of the proportions of engorged females varying between 0.46 and 0.77. For Mg. migonei, a total of 127 females were exposed in nine experiments with specimens from Embu das Artes and Mogi Guaçu; the median of the proportion of females engorged varying between nil and 0.6. Regarding the two other species from Mogi Guaçu, three experiments were undertaken with Ny. whitmani involving 1,164 exposed females; the median value of the proportion of females engorged being 0.33. As for Ex. firmatoi, four experiments were carried out with a total of 141 females; the median value of engorged females being 0.42. Four experiments were undertaken involving 19 females of Ps. ayrozai, none of them engorged (Table 1).
Regarding the experiments involving hamsters with only the ulcerated paws exposed infected by L. (V.) braziliensis, for Pi. fischeri, 11 experiments were carried out, seven with females from Greater São Paulo (Embu das Artes and Cantareira) and four from Ribeira Valley (Iporanga), with a total of 305 engorged females out of a total of 682 exposed (0.45); the median values of the proportion varying between 0.22 and 0.46. Regarding Mg. migonei, a total of 26 engorged females of 73 exposed (0.36) was observed in a total of nine experiments with specimens from the three regions; the median proportion of females engorged varying between 0.20 and 0.88, the highest proportion of them being from one of the experiments with F1 females raised in the laboratory. As for the two species from the Ribeira Valley, Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, six and seven experiments were, respectively, undertaken with each. For Ny. intermedia 852 females were exposed while for Ny. neivai, 99; the median values of engorged females being respectively 0.32 and 0.25. For Ny. whitmani, only one experiment was carried out with 93 females exposed and with a proportion of engorged females of 0.31.The lowest proportion of engorged females 5/232 (0.02) was observed for Ps. ayrozai (Table 1).
In the single experiment undertaken with Pi. fischeri blood feeding on a hamster infected with its body uncovered, 172 females were exposed and 133 engorged (0.77).
The gonotrophic cycles of Ex. firmatoi, Mg. migonei, Ny. intermedia, Ny. neivai, Ny. whitmani and Pi. fischeri are given in Table 2. This period varied from 4 to 8 days; the median for Mg. migonei was 7 days, for Ny. neivai and Ny. whitmani 4 days and for the other three species 5 days.
The infection rates of Ex. firmatoi, Mg. migonei, Ny. intermedia, Ny. neivai, Ny. whitmani and Pi. fischeri by L. braziliensis and their extrinsic incubation periods in these six sand fly species which blood fed on hamsters infected with only the ulcerated paws exposed are presented in Table 3. A total of 635 females representing the six sand fly species were observed, Ex. firmatoi (4.3%), Mg. mig onei (3.9%), Ny. intermedia (40.5%), Ny. neivai (7.1%), Ny. whitmani (9.6%) and Pi. fischeri (34.6%). The highest infection rate was observed for Ny. whitmani (34.4%) and the lowest for Ny. neivai (13.3%) and Ny. intermedia (6.2%). Ex. firmatoi, Mg. migonei and Pi. fischeri presented intermediate values between 22.2% - 24.0%.
dis = dissected females; inf = infected females; (pif) = potentially infective females; … not observed.
* = median of gonotrophic cycle period.
For Ps. ayrozai, no infected female was observed among the five which engorged on an infected hamster.
No females of Mg. migonei survived beyond the 5th day after the blood meal, nor those of Ex. firmatoi and Ny. whitmani after the 6th day or those of Ny. intermedia, Ny. neivai and Pi. fischeri beyond the 7th day.
For Ny. intermedia and Ny. whitmani, 100% of the females infected with flagellates presented late-stage infection forms, while only 50% did so in Mg. migonei; intermediate values (70.6% - 83.3%) being observed for Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai and Ex. firmatoi.
As regards the females of Pi. fischeri exposed to hamsters infected by L. (V.) braziliensis with its whole body exposed - of a total of 109 females dissected only 6 (5.5%) developed infection and in 83.3% of these (5/6) the forms were potentially infective. In this experiment, 14/30 (47%) females dissected presented blood in the gut until the 4th day after feeding. No further remnants of blood were observed in the gut of the females dissected after the 5th day (Table 4).
Migonemyia migonei presented potentially infective forms on the 5th day after feeding, but the other species' potentially infective forms were observed as from the 4th day (Table 2). However, for Pi. fischeri feeding on infected hamsters with the body uncovered the extrinsic incubation period occurred as from the 6th day; but only three females died on the 5th day.
For the female insects which present the gonotrophic concordance (each blood meal is followed by one oviposition) frequently observed among sand fly species , the vector's biting habit could be estimated indirectly by the proportion of insects which feed on the source host or one susceptible to infection by a particular agent, divided by the period (in days) of the gonotrophic cycle . This value being a quotient of these two measurements, for populations with disharmonic gonotrophic concordance (each egg-laying is dependent on two or more blood meals – as, e.g., in the case of Phlebotomus papatasi)  the biting habit only contributes to raising the vectorial capacity if the period of extrinsic incubation is completed before the next meal. Populations which present this characteristic have greater epidemiological significance as potential vectors. However, the period of extrinsic incubation has been shown to be very close to that of the gonotrophic cycle. This latter, in sand flies which feed on warm-blooded animals, varies from 4 to 10 days, frequently from the seventh to the tenth day .
In this study the median duration of the gonotrophic cycle for the species studied was between the fourth and fifth day (Table 4), however, this parameter may vary depending on the temperature. For Ny. neivai under natural conditions it was estimated at 8 days .
In natural circumstances, apart from the preference of hematophagous insects for feeding on particular hosts, the biting rate is influenced by the diversity, density and spatial and temporal distribution of the blood source populations [33–35].
Although in this present study one single type of host (a rodent) was exposed, it was observed that of the seven sand fly species investigated, Ps. ayrozai showed the lowest biting rate, suggesting the low attractiveness of this animal for this species. This low attractiveness was evidenced because no Ps. ayrozai female bit the non-infected hamster with its body uncovered and only 2% of the females bit the infected paws when they were exposed (Table 1). Similarly, the low attractiveness of another rodent (a guinea-pig) to this species was observed in natural conditions (0.57 insect/night/bait) when compared to that of the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) (73.7/insects/night/bait) in Montagne des Chevaux, French Guyana .
Psychodopygus ayrozai is one of the most frequent species in primary Atlantic forest, being collected both at ground level and in the forest canopy, and has been shown to be anthropophilic [20, 37–40]. Despite these characteristics of this sand fly, the transmission of Leishmania to the human population in primary Atlantic forests is low and has been associated with the zoophilic habits of the vectors . However, if the weak hamster attractiveness to Ps. ayrozai observed in the laboratory experiments can be extrapolated to wild rodents (significant reservoirs of Leishmania braziliensis) , the low transmission of this Leishmania in this biome could also be explained as due to the preference of this sand fly for feeding on animals which play little or no role as reservoirs of the cutaneous leishmaniasis agents (e.g. armadillos) in this environment.
In the present study, for the sand fly species captured in the same localities, challenged to bite the hamsters with only the infected paws or with the whole body uncovered: Pi. fischeri from Embu das Artes and Cantareira, Ex. firmatoi from Mogi Guaçu and Mg. migonei from Embu das Artes and Mogi Guaçu, it was observed that the proportion of engorged females was also greater on the uncovered hamster than on that which had only its paws exposed (Table 1). This may be explained by the larger exposed area and consequently lower competitiveness for space for landing to bite. However, the infection rate was greater when only the paws with sores were exposed. This seems to show that the Leishmania braziliensis is concentrated in the sore; even so the infection rate was greater than that observed for experimental infection by Leishmania tropica in Phlebotornus duboscqi females fed on hamster lesions . A low proportion of those engorged was observed when few females were used in the experiments. This fact may be associated with the liberation of pheromones of aggregation which stimulate the landing on the host and the haematophagy [43, 44].
Regarding Ny. neivai, this species was considered a junior synonym of Ny. intermedia for nearly 70 years . Thus, despite there being some information in the literature about the species' attractiveness and the related experimental infection it probably refers, in fact, to Ny. intermedia s. lat. in the Southeast region of Brazil, Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai are anthropophilic species and are captured in high frequencies in the intra and peridomicile. Nyssomyia intermedia is associated with the coastal region but in São Paulo state Ny. neivai occurs exclusively in the plateau region and sympatrically with Ny. intermedia in the Ribeira Valley region [20, 46]. The anthropophily of Ny. intermedia s. lat. in a forested environment in the Ribeira Valley region (sympatric area of Ny. neivai and Ny. intermedia) was estimated at 9.3/females/night  and for Ny. intermedia populations in Espírito Santo state in an area far from the coast, an average of 6.7 insects/night was observed . However, in a forested coastal area, the attractiveness of human for this species both in São Paulo and Espírito Santo states was greatly reduced [16, 48]. For these two species of this sympatric area the proportions of engorged females were very close (Table 1).
In the experiments involving the six sand fly species with positive results for L. (V.) braziliensis infection, the median rate of infected insects varied from 6.2 to 34.4%; the lowest of them being for Ny. intermedia and the highest for Ny. whitmani. The median value of 6.2% found for wild females of Ny. intermedia was much lower than the infection rates observed for females of the laboratory colony (39th generation) whose forebears came from Rio de Janeiro state [49, 50]. They observed an infection rate above 30% for females fed on an infected hamster or artificially on chicken-skin membrane. This disparity may be related to the population differences between sand fly species, parasite load or size and time of exposure of the ulcered hamster. However, this median value was greater than that observed in experiments with laboratory females coming from the same area as those of the present study and fed on a hamster infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis 1/26 (3.8%) .
Nyssomyia neivai presented a median value 2.1 times greater than that of Ny. intermedia (Table 2). However, both species presented much lower values than those for Ny. intermedia s. lat. whether obtained in the laboratory (F1) or in the wild (varying from 67% to 76%), also coming from the Ribeira Valley region . Although the proportion of potentially infective females was lower for Ny. neivai (83.3%) than for Ny. intermedia (100.0%), our result suggests that the Ny. neivai population presents a higher probability of infection and infectivity by L. (V.) braziliensis than Ny. intermedia. This because the exposition of the infected hamster to these two sand fly species collected together took place simultaneously.
Despite the sample of Ny. neivai having been considerably inferior in number to that of Ny. intermedia, the mortality in this period was greater for Ny. intermedia (16%) than for Ny. neivai (2.2%). Considering the infectivity and the proportion of engorged females surviving after the complete extrinsic incubation period for L. braziliensis, our results suggest that Ny. neivai presents an infective survival rate greater than Ny. intermedia, having, therefore, a greater probability of taking a second infective meal on a susceptible host. Although wild females of unknown physiological state were used in the experiments, which might imply different mortality rates, a study of Ny. intermedia s. lat. in the Ribeira Valley, where the two species are sympatric, indicated that of 26,383 females captured, 99.4% of them were nulliparous, which suggests that there was a high proportion of young females among them . Therefore, in the light of this information, a great proportion of young specimens among the females used in the experiments could be expected and so the age factor had little effect on the mortality rate.
Previous studies in the Ribeira Valley region showed that the ratio between Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai in a peridomicile 180 m from forest was 3.5/1.0, while that in a peridomicile of a more anthropic area 700 m from the forest was 1.5/1.0 . This information suggests that Ny. neivai is more adapted to the anthropic environment than is Ny. intermedia. Thus, if both species present the same degree of anthropophily in areas of great human influence, Ny. neivai presents a transmission potential of Leishmania sp. slightly higher than that of Ny. intermedia, while in a more preserved area that of Ny. intermedia would be double that of Ny. neivai.
As regards Ny. whitmani, a recognized vector of L. (V.) braziliensis, the values here found confirm its susceptibility to infection and the development of potentially infective forms (100%); it was, further, found to have the highest infection rates. An experimental infection rate for this sand fly species of 2% (1/46) was observed when it was fed on an ulcer on an infected monkey of the Rhesus genus . On the other hand, specimens of this sand fly species from Bahia feeding on an ulcer on a dog present rates varying from 1.8 to 8.3% . The data here presented for Ny. intermedia and Ny. whitmani show that the infection rate of this latter is 5.3 times greater. However, for both species a similar proportion (100.0%) of the females harboring late-stage infection forms among those infected was observed (Table 1). This, together with the greater degree of attachment of the procyclic forms to the gut epithelium in Ny. whitmani than in Ny. intermedia (~10 folds)  seems to explain our results, since a lower level of gut attachment of the procyclics reduces the chances of success of their later phases. Once this barrier is overcome, the parasites in both species would have similar chances of attaining the metacyclic stage. However, distinct parasite loads among hamsters exposed to the bite of these two species cannot be ignored when we seek to explain their different infective rates.
Pintomyia fischeri is a common species in foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Southeast, South and Northeast regions of Brazil [10–13]. Although it is more frequently found in forests, it also occurs in anthropic environments [11–13]. Despite its having been considered a possible vector of L. (V.) braziliensis on the basis of its high degree of anthropophily, frequency in the intradomicile and susceptibility to experimental infections when fed on monkeys of the Rhesus genus (0.4%; 1/246) , only recently has its natural infection by L. braziliensis or by L. (Viannia) been demonstrated [15, 56–58]. The infection rate of 23.2% observed for Pi. fischeri in the present study reinforces the hypothesis of its participation in the transmission of this parasite, mainly in the Greater São Paulo area, where it predominates over the other species [12, 13, 59] and is anthropophilic [12, 13]. Pi. fischeri also predominated in captures on human bait in a residual forest close to domiciles situated in the central-northeast region (in an area of Paleozoic depression, 600-800 m a.s.l.) of São Paulo state and also in Espírito Santo state in forest close to the coast, but in this latter area in an anthropic environment its frequency was less than that of Ny. intermedia, and in a municipality (Afonso Claudio) further inland in Espirito Santo state its frequency was inferior to that of other vectors .
Migonemyia migonei, an inhabitant of primary and secondary forests, which also frequents human dwellings, feeding avidly on humans and domestic animals (dogs and birds), contributed 14% of the sand fly specimens collected in São Paulo state in the early 1940s . Its natural infection rate possibly by L. (V.) braziliensis (0.2%; 6/2842) was observed in the northwest region of São Paulo state, a highly endemic area  and currently this species is considered a secondary vector of the cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in this state . In Baturité municipality in Ceará state it was the third most frequent species and was found to be naturally infected with L. (V.) braziliensis[60, 61]; in two foci in Rio de Janeiro municipality it was the second most prevalent species and found naturally infected with L. (V.) braziliensis and in São Vicente Férrer in Pernambuco state it was the most prevalent species in a domiciliary environment and found naturally infected . In the present study an infection rate of 24.0% was obtained - lower than the approximately 50% observed in sand flies of this species fed artificially . So in the light of various factors: the infection and potentially infective rates observed in the present study, the rodents' attractiveness to this species under natural conditions  and several findings of specimens with natural infection by L. (V.) braziliensis or Leishmania (Viannia) sp, this sand fly may be seen as in fact playing an important role in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis agents.
Expapillata firmatoi presented an infection rate of 22.2%. However, despite its anthropophilic habit of biting in both diurnal and nocturnal periods and its being one of the most frequent species in the northeastern region of São Paulo state , this species has not been found naturally infected by Leishmania. However, in forest in Espírito Santo state (Afonso Claudio municipality) it was little attracted to human bait, but was the species most attracted to Disney traps baited with the primates Cebus apela and Callithrix geoffroy, marsupials (Marmosa cinerea, Philander opossum and Metachirus nudicaudatus) and the rodent Agouti paca. Thus its role as a potential vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis agents still calls for elucidation.
Although the dissection technique used in this present study could lead to the underestimation of infection rates for the sand fly species observed, as can be inferred from some studies that beyond this technique also used molecular tests [63–67] and also because the females were dissected as they were dying (thus increasing the chances of degradation of the parasite with negative results under microscopic examination), it was possible on the other hand to observe the potentially infective promastigote in the thoracic mid-gut of the sand fly and the extrinsic incubation period compatible with the transmission of the parasite during the next blood meal. This information together with the data related to high frequencies, anthropophily, presence in domiciliary environment and the findings of natural infection by L. (V.) braziliensis or L. (Viannia) sp. of the sand fly species investigated, strengthens the evidence incriminating them as vectors of L. braziliensis, whether acting in isolation or in sympatry in foci scattered over a large part of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
Of the seven species investigated, Ex. firmatoi, Mg. migonei, Ny. intermedia, Ny. neivai, Ny. whitmani, Pi. fischeri and Ps. ayrozai, the first six presented a relatively high proportion feeding on hamsters and shown to be susceptible to experimental infection by L. (V.) braziliensis. These also presented promastigotes in late-stage of development in their thoracic mid-gut and the extrinsic incubation period compatible with the gonotrophic cycle. Our results together with other parameters of their behavior under natural conditions, suggest the potential role of Ex. firmatoi as vector of this parasite and reinforce that of Mg. migonei, Pi. fischeri, Ny. neivai, Ny. intermedia and Ny. whitmani in the areas in which they occur.
We are grateful to Claudio Casanova for his technical assistance and help during investigations and to the owners of the smallholdings investigated for permitting us to make the captures. We thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for their financial support, grant 2009/53414-1 and CNPq forMMCSD's fellowship.
EABG, FGO designed and supervised the study. MMCSD, FGO, EABG, CCG, COL undertook field and laboratory activities. EABG, FGO, analyzed the data, drafted and revised the manuscript. All the authors revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.


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Today, NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers (NYSE:CFR) stock received an upgrade by Bank of America from Underperform to Buy with a price target of $125.00.
4/27/2018-Bank of America Upgrade from a "Underperform " rating to a " Buy" rating.
4/26/2018-Maxim Group Reiterated Rating of Buy.
4/10/2018-Raymond James was Downgraded by analysts at Raymond James from a "Market Perform " rating to a " Underperform" rating.
4/10/2018-UBS was Downgraded by analysts at UBS from a "Market Perform " rating to a " Underperform" rating.
NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers (NYSE:CFR) pays an annual dividend of $2.28 with a yield of 1.97% and an average dividend growth of 3.50% based on a 3 Year Average..
On 1/25/2018 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a Quarterly dividend of $0.57 2.15% with an ex dividend date of 2/27/2018 which will be payable on 3/15/2018.
On 10/26/2017 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a quarterly dividend of $0.57 2.25% with an ex dividend date of 11/29/2017 which will be payable on 12/15/2017.
On 7/27/2017 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a quarterly dividend of $0.57 2.49% with an ex dividend date of 8/29/2017 which will be payable on 9/15/2017.
On 4/27/2017 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a quarterly dividend of $0.57 2.42% with an ex dividend date of 5/26/2017 which will be payable on 6/15/2017.
On 1/26/2017 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a quarterly dividend of $0.54 2.35% with an ex dividend date of 2/24/2017 which will be payable on 3/15/2017.
On 10/27/2016 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a quarterly dividend of $0.54 2.84% with an ex dividend date of 11/28/2016 which will be payable on 12/15/2016.
On 7/28/2016 NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers announced a quarterly dividend of $0.54 3.18% with an ex dividend date of 8/29/2016 which will be payable on 9/15/2016.
NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers (NYSE:CFR) has insider ownership of 5.15% and institutional ownership of 80.25%.
On 3/9/2018 R Denny Alexander, Director, sold 2,000 with an average share price of $109.54 per share and the total transaction amounting to $219,080.00.
On 2/26/2018 Paul Bracher, Insider, sold 9,360 with an average share price of $105.79 per share and the total transaction amounting to $990,194.40.
On 2/2/2018 William L Perotti, EVP, sold 13,000 with an average share price of $105.57 per share and the total transaction amounting to $1,372,410.00.
On 1/29/2018 Annette M Alonzo, Insider, sold 4,500 with an average share price of $106.58 per share and the total transaction amounting to $479,610.00.
On 1/29/2018 R Denny Alexander, Director, sold 3,000 with an average share price of $107.50 per share and the total transaction amounting to $322,500.00.
On 1/26/2018 Gary C Mcknight, Insider, sold 24,000 with an average share price of $106.32 per share and the total transaction amounting to $2,551,680.00.
On 12/13/2017 Candace K Wolfshohl, Insider, sold 7,000 with an average share price of $94.99 per share and the total transaction amounting to $664,930.00.
Shares of NYSE:CFR – Cullen/Frost Bankers closed the previous trading session at 115.90 up +2.97 2.63% with 115.98999786376953 shares trading hands.


In this episode you will learn about chronic pain after SCI. You will learn about the many different types of pain, and how to identify the type of pain that you have. You will also learn about managing pain flare ups and recognising warning signs.
Pain is actually a very common problem after spinal chord injury with about sixty or seventy percent of people experiencing pain that will last for more than six months.
Which is what we term as 'Chronic Pain'.
And in about a third of people the pain can be quite severe.
So pain can have a huge influence on a person's life.
It can interfere with the ability to be independent in every day living and perform daily tasks.
It can interfere with ability to return to work, with social activities and relationships.
It can really affect a person's life in many different ways.
It can impact on the quality of sleep.
In terms of mood, increasing anxiety and depression.
So the website has a lot of great resources and patient stories from people who are suffering from chronic pain.
About how they manage their pain in every day situations, using a variety of strategies that can include medications but often includes other strategies to help reduce and manage their pain.
My spinal injury was T-12.
So that's from the pelvis- the pelvis down.
I was quite stunned at how debilitating the pain was and how all consuming it was.
It affected every aspect of my life.
It invades your sleep, it invades you know, everything that you do.
And yeah, that caught me unawares at the start, as I said before I had no understanding that there could be pain where you had no sensation.
And the pain has been intermittently so severe that it has just stopped me in my tracks.
As in I can't function.
I suffered a spinal injury in 2005.
I'm an L-1 T-12 incomplete paraplegic.
When it first happened I suffered bad hypersensation of the legs.
Which caused lots of tingling.
Knees hurt when I first started to go outside in the wind or if they were touched.
Any rubbing of the knees, like that, caused bad pain.
I had an accident in 1987 at the beach, dived in the surf and I broke my neck.
The level is a C-5/6 incomplete quadriplegia.
Pain has been a major part of the disability I have because it restricts me from doing a lot of things.
Like it resists me from getting in and out of cars sometimes because depending on the way I twist my hips I just get this almighty ache down the side of my leg.
Spasms are caused by, I'm unable to feel where the pain is so it automatically sends a shock to the area and I start shaking.
It stops me in my tracks after time, I've just got to… if I want to go out and do something, sometimes I'm so much in pain in my shoulders and neck that I need to just lie down and just alleviate the pain.
Stops me from… yeah… doing daily activities.
So chronic pain is common after spinal chord injury.
And can be related to a combination of damage to the spinal chord or the nerves at the level of damage or trauma.
Secondary changes to the nervous system that follow as a consequence of that.
Weight-bearing through the upper limbs from every day activities and overuse or changes with aging.
There are a number of pain types that occur after a spinal chord injury.
Pain that's experienced at or below the level of spinal chord injury.
In an area where there is reduced or absent sensation.
Or alternatively, pain can be experienced above the level of the injury where the sensation is normal and well preserved.
A very common sort of pain after spinal chord injury arises above the level of the injury and is what we call 'Musculoskeletal' pain.
And it's the type of pain that any of us can experience.
Due to muscle strains, joint stresses or- or inflammation.
It occurs because of people during every day activities wheeling- propelling their wheelchairs or transferring… creating wear and tear in joints and strain on muscles.
It's often felt as a dull, can be a sharp, aching pain above the level, aggravated by movement or sometimes certain postures and relieved by rest.
And common sorts of those pains, you know, what people experience pain, shoulder pain.
Chronic shoulder pain or wrist pain.
Pain in the neck or back, around the level of where their injury occurred.
Another type of pain that people can experience after spinal chord injury is called 'Visceral' pain.
It's a type of pain that's often felt in the abdomen and relates to dysfunction or inflammation of internal organs.
Most commonly problems with constipation or inflammation related to urinary tract infections, bladder or kidney stones.
It's generally in an area of reduced or absent sensation and so people feel it as a dull, aching, vague pain.
It may be intermittent, colicky or cramping in nature.
Nerve pain can also occur above the level of the injury.
Most commonly in about fifty percent of people the nerve in the carpal tunnel as it exits into the hand from the wrist, gets pressure during transfers and wheelchair propulsion.
So the other common type of pain is what we call 'Neuropathic' pain.
And it can occur at or around the level of spinal chord damage or below the level.
And it's often felt as hot, burning, icy cold, freezing, tingling, pins and needles, electric shock like pains that people experience that can often be very severe.
So it's really helpful to classify pain and understand what causes it, the type of characteristics and whether it's made better or worse, for instance by by movement or relieved by rest to understand how best we can treat it.
And the different types of pain are generally treated by different sorts of medications but also different strategies.
So the sort of information your health professional is going to want to know to help classify your pain and be able to manage it better, will include things such as where it's located.
Whether it's located above or below the level of injury, whether that's in the area of altered sensation or where you feel fairly normally.
The types of characteristics of the pain, so the qualities of whether it's a burning, sharp, shooting, electric pain.
Or whether it's a dull, aching pain.
Whether it changes with posture or movement.
Whether it gets better or worse or changes throughout the day.
Well it's really helpful to know what your level of pain is and how it varies from day to day.
Because if it changes in any significant way it may indicate an underlying problem that needs to be acted upon.
The below injury pain that I have is from the pelvis down.
I have intense, crushing pain.
It's particularly bad in certain areas, specifically my feet.
And sort of in my thighs and my right leg.
And that sort of pain is a very crushing, heavy pain.
And it can be very hot as well.
And you can actually- sometimes it can feel like you're being zapped with electricity.
The pain that's above my injuries is more musculoskeletal.
It's um- because of all the damage to my spine and the surgeries that I have had, a lot of the muscles are weak and you know, I get lower back pain.
It's very different to the neuropathic sort of pain of below the injury.
It's more like you've over-strained your muscles really badly.
My above-the-level pain is mainly in my wrist.
I get like nerve, sharp pains here in my wrist.
I think it's from use of the wheelchair.
The wrist going back and forth.
I get, at my level I've got numbing feelings Around me back seems alright but it's at the sides and at the front.
Probably the biggest thing with the below-level pain is from the front of my legs from just above my knee to just below, I've got what they call 'Hypersensation'.
And that is it feels like a nerve pain.
It feels like it's on top of the skin.
The wind, different things like that or doing that and moving the hairs on my leg stings.
The other pain I get below-level is- I do suffer with a lot of stiffness in the hamstrings, in the quads from being in a chair like this with the muscles shortened.
And also using my crutches on short distances.
When I use me crutches to walk my legs tire very quickly and they end up very stiff.
The upper-level pain is like someone grabbing me by the neck and twisting a nerve.
As there's a twist in the muscle, it tightens the muscle and you can't alleviate from it unless you straighten your neck out- your head out and slowly, slowly the pain will go away, it alleviates itself.
But being in a position for so long it just feels like someones actually pulling on your neck and causing that pain.
In the lower area, what it is is a constricting pain.
it's like someone's been, again, tightening a part of my back, like lower back and just holding onto it really, really firmly.
Sometimes it gets so intense I feel like I've- I'm gonna stop breathing.
Okay, it's that bad sometimes.
So pain will almost always fluctuate in it's intensity during the day or from day to day.
But if it becomes much stronger or it changes in it's quality or characteristics then that's a signal that it needs to be investigated and you should see your doctor as soon as possible.
So signs that an increase in pain may be more than just a flare-up include when your pain which is normally stable suddenly gets worse or changes it's characteristics, in either where it's located or the qualities of it.
And particularly when there's change in level of strength or sensation, an increase in spasm, changes in your bladder or bowel function, autonomic disreflexia.
All of these can be signs that something abnormal is going on and needs to be investigated.
Um… I… once had… um a pain come in my back which which started off as a slight ache that I didn't usually have in that certain area and then over a few days got worse and I come to realise that no, this wasn't there before.
And it wasn't the norm.
The doctors then put me in for x-rays to find out that my back- the metal in my back had come apart and I was getting movement there and in the spine and the screws and plates were moving.
That was the the pain I had in my back.
I describe it as just something that you know is not right.
Everybody gets pain but when there is something that comes up that is different and starts getting worse, that's something that you need to get checked.
When I get abdominal pain, excruciating abdominal pain like a burning sensation, what it is is usually a bladder infection, a urinary tract infection which causes a lot of stinging, a lot of ache and I spasm with that as well because I can't actually feel it fully and so my body tells me there's something wrong and all of a sudden that flares up and I'll get- my blood pressure goes up.
My body automatically goes to autonomic disreflexia.
Which gives me raging headaches, very very high blood pressures of- I've experienced up to two hundred plus blood pressure as disreflexia sets in.
I've sort of recognise now that when my pain sort of pans out in a certain way there is something actually clinically going on and it is slightly different to a normal flare up.
But learning that was quite difficult because You don't- like you're just inundated with so much pain that you don't realise that a change could mean something is wrong.
And unfortunately I picked up a couple of pressure sores a little bit too late and nearly lost a toe.
You can have a good quality of life.
There's always something else to occupy you and not let the pain take over your body.
To keep yourself occupied, nine times out of ten will sort of- you forget the pain.
Got a lot of friends and family members which I do go out and see and meet on a regular basis and go out to restaurants and and you know, do all that stuff.
And um… it's just that's what to mask the pain or to hide the pain away that's what I do.
And I just go out and socialise basically.
So what I've discovered is that you can learn to live with the pain.
You have to learn to manage it.
And… um… you can you know, explore options, all sorts of recreation options.
It's really limited by your own imagination really.
But you just have to learn to manage the pain and not let it sort-of, be the boss of you.
I believe I have a good quality of life because I've kept on doing the things that I love and have a passion for.
And just getting out there and doing these things has exposed me to the outdoors again.
Has helped, I believe become a bit of 'mind over matter' with the pain.
And it helps to ignore the pain It gives you things to look forward to going out and doing which also helps me to cope with the pain.
Review the resources and films on this website for details of helpful strategies as well as to hear directly from people living with pain after spinal chord injury about how they manage their pain.
Download the Spinal Chord Injury Pain Questionnaire.
There are questions that will help describe the type of pain you have, as well as identifying any possible red flags to discuss with your doctor.
Red flags are indications that some more serious may be happening and action is needed.
It also may help when you are communicating with your healthcare team to keep a diary or pain journal.


text:
Feds bullied Kerik into 4-yr term, hurting us all
Sat, Apr 10, 2010
Former New York City Police Commissioner and now convicted felon Bernard Kerik probably pled guilty after prosecutors suppressed testimony by a witness who said he was pressured to implicate Kerik falsely. Moreover, this was a secret agreement, which included trying to shut down his defense fund after he spent millions and jailing him during the pretrial period.
This is similar to what they're doing to Allen Stanford now. Look, both may be sleazy scum. That's not the point. Justice should mean a search for truth and not trying to get more notches on your belt.
The Justice Integrity Project played a major role in breaking the story.
On April 7, we published "Another Look At The Kerik Case." It revealed that the judge in the corruption trial of Bernard Kerik, acting at the request of prosecutors, suppressed testimony that could have been helpful to the former New York police commissioner, raising potentially explosive issues. It built on the foundation of our post-sentencing analysis, also in Nieman Watchdog, entitled, "Feds Bullied Kerik Into 4-Year Term, Hurting Us All" and the work of other reporters.
We argued that the sentence illustrated another major breakdown in the federal justice system's prosecution of official corruption cases.
Lets all support the Justice Integrity Project.


text:
La Familia Real
S.M. el Rey Don Felipe VI
S.M. la Reina Doña Letizia
S.A.R. la Princesa de Asturias
S.A.R. la Infanta Doña Sofía
S.M. el Rey Don Juan Carlos
S.M. la Reina Doña Sofía
Actividades y Agendas
La Corona Hoy
La Monarquía en la Historia
Actividades y Agenda
Actividades	Agenda Prevista	Viajes Oficiales	Discursos	Memoria de Actividades
Palabras de Su Alteza Real la Infanta Cristina en la inauguración de la exposición "Dalí and Film"
Londres, 30.05.2007
his is the second time in a few months that I have the pleasure of returning to London, to inaugurate an exhibition on another great Spanish painter. Last autumn we were able to admire Velázquez, and this spring we are dazzled by Dalí.
I am grateful to the Tate Modern, to the Gala-Dalí Foundation and to the good offices of the Spanish Embassy in the United Kingdom for kindly inviting me to open this exhibition, and thus giving me the opportunity to express our appreciation for the work of Salvador Dalí, one of the most emblematic Spanish artists of the 20th century.
Dalí, like Velázquez, enjoyed great fame during his lifetime, both in Spain and throughout the world. Both renewed the art of painting in their era, making an indelible impression.
In his paintings, Dalí integrated philosophical, technical and aesthetic attitudes that he himself contributed to shaping, with a personal, refined style that makes his pictorial surrealism an essential point of reference in the history of contemporary Art.
I have the satisfaction to note that this exhibition, entitled?Dalí and Film?, is the first one to be dedicated to the two-way relation developed between Dalí?s creations and the art of film making.
The collaboration between the great painter from the Costa Brava village of Cadaqués and such outstanding representatives, of widely varying styles, as Alfred Hitchcock, Luis Buñuel and Walt Disney, gave rise to landmark films in modern cinema, as?Spellbound?,?Un chien andalou? and?L?Age d?Or?, as well as to projects like?Destino?.
The exhibition we are inaugurating today contains a carefully considered selection from very different collections, including paintings, films and photographs, as well as manuscripts and drawings.
With these materials, the exhibition shows us very clearly the influence of cinema on the painter?s own creative processes, a brilliant, seminal influence that can be noticed in all the works displayed here.
Let me once again express my gratitude to all those who have made possible this extraordinary project. Among its numerous merits, it is bound to provide a further spur to the ever great interest in contemporary Spanish art among artists, academics, critics, art galleries and the general public in the United Kingdom.
Volver a Discursos
Su Majestad el Rey Don Juan Carlos
Artículos Constitucionales
Las Funciones del Jefe de Estado
El Orden de Sucesión
Símbolos del Estado
Ley Orgánica de Abdicación
La Monarquía en la Historia de España
Reales Sitios
Archivos de Vídeos
Archivos de Audios
© Página oficial de la Casa de Su Majestad el Rey


not everyone knows about the Jeparit ponies and their terrible fate last week.
They didn't make the news but the Internet helped their cause a little.
Only a handful were saved, the rest, nearly 300 of them, were shot without remorse by the DPI in Victoria with the benediction of the RSPCA.
Please join me and so many others in a pray for these beautiful ponies in the hope that our world will change, be more clement and in touch with all living creatures.
Copyright © 2012 Horse Whispers, All rights reserved.


TORONTO, May 7 (UPI) -- An "omnifocus" video camera that answers every surveillance operator's prayer has been developed by researchers at the University of Toronto, the university said.
The video camera, based on a new distance-mapping principle, is expected to have both defense and civilian industry applications, including medical sciences and coverage of news and television entertainment.
The camera delivers automatic real-time focus of both near and far field images, simultaneously, in high resolution.
"This unprecedented capability can be broadly applied in industry, including manufacturing, medicine, defense, security -- and for the consumer market," said the university.
Analysts said the innovation could revolutionize imaging technologies increasingly deployed in the vast number of security appliances brought to the market since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.
Security industries have been reporting a boom in profits amid rising demand for imaging products. Investment inflows into security industries have also increased and some estimated put the volume through 2009 to be in excess of $45 billion.
Inventor and principal investigator of the omnifocus video camera, Professor Keigo Iizuka of the university's electrical and computer engineering department, explained that "the intensity of a point source decays with the inverse square of the distance of propagation.
"This variation with distance has proven to be large enough to provide depth mapping with high resolution. What's more, by using two point sources at different locations, the distance of the object can be determined without the influence of its surface texture."
That principle led Iizuka to invent a novel distance-mapping camera, the Divergence-ratio Axi-vision Camera, abbreviated "Divcam," which is a key component of the omnifocus video camera.
The omnifocus video camera was produced in collaboration with consulting investigator David Wilkes, president of Wilkes Associates, a Canadian high-tech product development company.
It contains an array of color video cameras, each focused at a different distance and an integrated Divcam. The Divcam maps distance information for every pixel in the scene in real time.
A software-based pixel correspondence utility, using prior intellectual property invented by Wilkes, then uses the distance information to select individual pixels from the ensemble of outputs of the color video cameras and generates the final "omnifocused" single-video image.
"The omni-focus video camera's unique ability to achieve simultaneous focus of all of the objects in a scene, near or far, multiple or single, without the usual physical movement of the camera's optics represents a true advancement that is further distinguished in terms of high-resolution, distance mapping, real-time operation, simplicity, compactness, lightweight portability and a projected low manufacturing cost," said Wilkes.
The camera is still in the research phase but a university news release said "it's not difficult to imagine how far-reaching an impact the Omni-focus Video Camera could have on several industries."
Citing the future direction of his research, Iizuka said the camera could replace television studio cameras.
"Consider the example of a musical concert being televised by a major network. Even though the singer is in sharp focus, band members in the background are invariably out of focus," Iizuka said. "Conventional video cameras are unable to focus simultaneously on both the singer and band members in the background.
"The omnifocus video camera removes this limitation to deliver higher-quality video images and improved quality of experience to potentially millions of TV viewers worldwide."
He said the camera would also address key issues in medical applications of technology.
"I'd like to apply the principle of the omnifocus video camera to the design of a laparoscope," he said.
"It would help doctors at the operating table if they can see the entire view without touching optics of the laparoscope, especially if dealing with a large lesion."


text:
Ridgefield Symphony Orchestra to play Brubeck's piece Oct. 1
Sep. 8, 2016 Updated: June 13, 2019 10:41 a.m.
Wilton celebrity Chris Brubeck has written a piece called Sphere of Influence for the Ridgefield Symphony Orchestra's opening concert on Saturday, Oct. 1 at 8:00 PM.
The orchestra will be joined by the performing arts group of SPHERE (Special People's Housing, Education, Recreation, and Employment).
The program also includes Brahms' Hungarian Dance No. 1, the Bruch G Minor Violin Concerto with guest soloist Yevgeny Kutik, and Dvorak's New World Symphony. The concert will be conducted by Barbara Yahr.
Like his father Dave, Chris Brubeck is an innovative composer and a well-known instrumentalist touring with both a quartet, the Brubeck Brothers Quartet, and a trio, Triple Play. John von Rhein of the Chicago Tribune has called Chris "a 21st century Leonard Bernstein."
The Dvorak symphony is his most popular work and has many fine moments. There is an exciting opening movement and a dramatic finale. The slow movement features a beautiful spiritual for English horn. The soloist is Susan Goff, the orchestra's longest tenured member, who has played the piece many times, always to rave reviews.
The concert is sponsored by Fairfield County Bank.
More information can be found by visiting the Orchestra website http://ridgefieldsymphonyorchestra.org or by calling (203)438-3889.


Growing Artists 6 Edition GROWING ARTISTS: TEACHING THE ARTS TO YOUNG CHILDREN, 6th Edition, provides early childhood educators with the theoretical framework and background knowledge needed to design creative arts activities for young children from infancy through the primary grades. Beautifully illustrated with children's artwork, it features a wealth of child-tested, open-ended dramatic arts, music, creative dance, and visual art activities that foster children's creativity. Examples of teaching in action model how to be an enthusiastic and effective teacher of the arts process. This book provides a rich-resource of ideas and approaches that will inspire all those who work with young children to explore the arts process with them.


The signs are missing once again!!!
This time it's the Council who have removed them, under pressure from QinetiQ!
There are reports on the forum that the signs were taken down on Sunday (09 Sept 2007) morning. When one of the beach users questioned this, they were told that the land had now been sold & that it was now private.
The signs were put up in response to an Eastney Neighbourhood Forum meeting back in Sept 2000 and had the agreement of a number of stakeholders – Council, Police, Eastney residents & interested parties via the Eastney Neighbourhood Forum. I wonder if any of the stakeholders were informed or consulted before this decision to remove the signs was made? The beach users and naturists certainly weren't.
Apparently QinetiQ have told the Council that they "have agreed to public access along the footpath". This is very different to the promises their spokesman made to the planning committee and represents a major retrograde step. Their spokesman, Matthew Fox, told the planning committee that they "would have no objection to its continued legitimate public use" (this was also reported by the News and is still available on their website).
Did this promise sway the planning committee's decision at all (it was a close vote)? Do you think that they feel that they now longer needed to keep this promise once the outline planning permission had been granted?
In any case, I suspect an argument could have been made for the footpath irrespective of QinetiQ's "generosity" – we have a number of affidavits testifying to free and unhindered access to the beach for more than 60 years – I understand these affidavits could be of use to anyone seeking to establish a formal right of way.
The denial of public access would represent a major loss for the city.
If you're also not too happy about this action (is this the first step towards closing off the beach to the public or is it just the naturists that are being targetted?), why not complain to the Council and/or to QinetiQ about it? The more comments / complaints they receive the more notice they'll have to take of our concerns.


text:
Q: Select specified row from multiple rows returned by select I have a select statement which returns multiple rows.  I need to select a particular one of these rows.  I would like to write something like
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT * FROM table WHERE x IS y ) WHERE row_in_selected_rows IS n;

Is this possible?
Note that I cannot use the rowid from the original table, because i have the index of the required row in the rows returned from the first select statement, not the index in the original table.

A: You can use ROW_NUMBER() window function:
select col1, col2, ....
from (
  SELECT *, row_number() over() rn
  FROM table
  WHERE x IS y
) t
where t.rn = 4

but this way the order of the rows returned from the query is not defined, so the 4th row could be any row.
The correct way would be:
select col1, col2, ....
from (
  SELECT *, row_number() over(order by somecolumn) rn
  FROM table
  WHERE x IS y
) t
where t.rn = 4

You could also use OFFSET with LIMIT:
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT * FROM table WHERE x IS y )
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3;

which skips the first 3 rows and returns only the 4th, but again LIMIT and OFFSET should be used with ORDER BY, like:
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT * FROM table WHERE x IS y )
ORDER BY somecolumn
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3;


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