text:
\section{Introduction}

Deep neural networks (DNN) have shown great success in previous years in various domains like image classification, speech recognition and natural language processing. However, DNNs operate in a black box fashion where the results obtained by running through the network are in general difficult to understand. Hence, compared to other machine learning algorithms like decision trees or fuzzy classifiers, DNN suffer from low interpretability. However, for various applications, a reasoning structure which can easily be understood by a human is highly desirable. A natural form to constitute such easily understandable relations are provided by applying logical rules.

In this paper, we develop new learning modules for neural networks called neural logic rule layers (NLRL) with in-built capacity to represent logical rules. The approach relies on the concept of boolean logic which represents rules in form of algebraic equations. As every boolean logic can be represented by a combination of negations, AND and OR-rules, we concentrate on a neural network representation of these logic subtypes, i.e. we propose neural network layers embedding disjunctive and conjunctive normal forms if at least two layer are stacked. The NLRL is split into three blocks, namely the negation operator realized using a gating mechanism, the AND-connector and the OR-connector. The AND- and OR-connector thereby share their weights. Optionally, the decision whether an AND- or an OR-clause is used for reasoning can be represented by an additional gating unit. Despite the combinatorial character of the logic units, the proposed architecture is end-to-end trainable using backpropagation.

Besides their increased interpretability, NLRL inherently incorporate inductive bias into the neural network structure. Due to the restrictions raised on the network parameters for representing logical rules, comprehensible inductive bias is introduced, especially if used as a classification layer. Furthermore, if knowledge is available about the underlying classification problem, NLRL allow for the direct incorporation of such knowledge in form of logical rules. The rules could finally be fine tuned using backpropagation. Furthermore, if the NLRL is used in the output layer, i.e. the output is the result of a single rule evaluation, it is most likely that no output neuron fires if an unknown input is presented. This is in sharp contrast to the most often used softmax layer where the most likely class is output yielding misleading results.

We experiment on a variety of different logic function and different network structures. Furthermore, we test on various nonlinear function representations which are also representable by the NLRL. The results obtained on the synthetic data sets are very encouraging motivating further investigations on e.g. image classification.

\section{Neural Logic Normal Form Units}

We propose neural logic normal form units, i.e. units to represent logical relations in form of AND- and OR-rules. We model the relations by using the framework of propositional logic and boolean algebra as discussed next.

\subsection{Propositional Logic and boolean algebra}

Logical rules provide a convenient way to model expert knowledge in various domain. Such rules can be described using basic operations as logical AND (conjunction), logical OR (disjunction) and negation using the truth tables TRUE and FALSE. Equivalently, we can represent the truth values by integer values 0 and 1 and apply corresponding arithmetic operation. Hence, assuming integer variables $x,y \in \{0,1\}$, the conjunction, disjunction and negation can equivalently be defined by the algebraic relations
\begin{align}
x\wedge y&=xy,\\
x\vee y&=x+y-xy,\\
\neg x&=1-x.
\end{align}
The generalization of the conjunction and disjunction to more than two input dimensions, i.e. $x \in \{0,1\}^n$, yields
\begin{align}
\bigwedge^n_{i=1} x_i &= \prod^n_{i=1} x_i,\\
\bigvee^n_{i=1} x_i &= \left(\bigodot^n_{i=2} (1 \ \  -x_i) \odot (-1 \ \  x_1)\right)\mathbf{1}+1.
\end{align}
where the Kronecker operator is used to represent the algebraic OR. Based on the basic operations, additional operations can be defined where implication, exclusive OR and equivalence being the most prominent ones defined as follows
\begin{align}
	x\rightarrow y &=\neg {x}\vee y \\
	x\oplus y &= (x\vee y)\wedge \neg {(x\wedge y)} = (x\wedge \neg y)\vee (\neg x\wedge y)\\
	x\equiv y &= \neg {(x\oplus y)} = (x\wedge y)\vee (\neg x\wedge \neg y)
\end{align}
As indicated, the above additional operations can be traced back to the basic operations. However, they require a sequence of conjunction and disjunction operations or vice versa.

Furthermore, conjunction, disjunction and negation are related via the De-Morgan laws
\begin{align}
\bigwedge^n_{i=1} x_i &= \neg (\bigvee^n_{i=1} \neg x_i),\\
\bigvee^n_{i=1} x_i &= \neg (\bigwedge^n_{i=1} \neg x_i).
\end{align}
As a consequence, for arbitrary logical relations, only two of the three basic operations are required. This property will be further exploited as an alternative representation for the logical layer definition discussed next.

\subsection{End-to-end training of logic layers}

Using boolean algebra, rules can be equivalently defined by means of algebraic equations. To represent boolean algebra in form of a neural network architecture, we propose a corresponding layer structure consisting of three blocks, namely the input negation, a parallel path to represent the AND and OR-relation which share their weights and an output gating to decide whether AND or OR-relation shall be used. The architecture is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:NLNFUarchi}.
\begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,keepaspectratio]{Struktur_bunt.png
\caption{Architecture of NLRLs.}
\label{fig:NLNFUarchi}
\end{figure}

For the feedforward path we obtain the following description:
\begin{align}
	\text{Negation Gating:} & \quad \hat{x}=(1-\sigma(g^u)) \circ x+\sigma(g^u) \circ (1-x),\\
	\text{AND-rule:} & \quad \text{AND}= \text{exp} (\mathbf{A}(\text{log}(|\hat{x}|+\epsilon))),\\
	\text{OR-rule:} & \quad \text{OR}= ((1 \ \  -a_n\hat{x}_n)\odot \ldots \odot (1 \ \  -a_2\hat{x}_2) \odot (-1 \ \  a_1\hat{x}_1))\mathbf{1}+1,\\
	\text{Output Gating:} & \quad y=(1-\sigma(g^r)) \circ \text{AND}+ \sigma(g^r) \circ \text{OR}.
\end{align}
where $\mathbf{A}$, $\mathbf{g}^u$ and $\mathbf{g}^r$ are the learnable weights. The weight vector $\mathbf{g}^i$ models the negation of the logical input variable while $\mathbf{g}^o$ is the output gating, which decides whether conjunction or disjunction are used by the neurons of the layer. The component $a_{i,j}$ of the weight matrix $\mathbf{A}$ assigns the input variable $x_i$ to the $j$th rule in the layer. Note that all weights have to be restricted to $[0,1]$. To allow for an end-to-end training of the variables, we define the weights as continuous variables which are send subsequently through a sigmoidal activation following the same approach as in~\citet{Trasky2018}. Note also, that the logic relations as modeled by the forward path hold only if the inputs to the layer are boolean values, i.e. $x \in \{0,1\}^n$. However, similar to the weights, to assure an end-to-end training we use sigmoidal activations in the preceding layer to restrict the values to the interval $[0 \ 1]$.

As previously discussed, we can restrict ourselves to the negation normal form~\citep{Robinson2001}, i.e. the use of negation operator together with either conjunction or disjunction operator to represent arbitrary logical rules. Hence, using the same architecture as in Fig.~\ref{fig:NLNFUarchi}, we can alternatively implement either the conjunction or disjunction path alone. In this case, the output gating is replaced by a negation gating of the output variable. This latter representation provides some computational advantages, as the parallel computation of conjunction and disjunction is avoided. Particularly, due to the Kronecker product, the calculation of the disjunction scales exponentially with the input dimension and the number of neurons in the layer and is hence computationally expensive. Hence, we always use the conjunction operator in this setting.

\subsection{Representational Power of Stacked NLL}

We already discussed the representation of a single NLRL-neuron as either representing a conjunction or disjunction rule which is made learnable by the output gating. Alternatively, we can implement the negation normal form by using the conjunction solely and allow for negation of the output. Also, we can fix the representation by design, i.e. omit the output gating completely. If NLRL are stacked layer-wise, the representational power drastically increases. Stacking two layers of NLRLs allows for arbitrary logic relations in form of logic normal forms, i.e. either conjunctive or disjunctive normal forms which particularly includes the previously defined implication, exclusive or and equivalence operators.

As a by-product, the NLRLs are also able to represent various forms of functions. Due to the multiplicative nature of the algebraic AND-rule, multiplication of inputs as well as polynomial relations, where the maximum achievable order of the polynomial equals the number of layers, are learnable. The OR-rule can also represent addition and substraction operations. Combining both algebraic AND and OR-rule, arbitrary complex relations combining the above functions can be learned.

The constraints on the optimization parameters and the in-built rule base structure of NLRL already provide considerable inductive bias to the learning process when NLRL are used. However, there are application examples where additional a priori knowledge is available, e.g. by experts or experienced users. Sharing this additional knowledge with the learning process can be beneficial. Human knowledge can often be represented by logic rules or fuzzy rules, hence NLRL naturally allow for a direct incorporation of such rules by correspondingly initializing the optimization parameters instead of random initialization.

Furthermore, as we use differentiable activation functions for the inputs, they are restricted to the interval $[0\ 1]$. By interpreting the input activations as membership functions, the corresponding NLRL can be interpreted as representing a fuzzy rule.

Finally, we consider the extrapolation behavior of NLRLs. To this end we consider a typical classification scenario where we assume that a feature extractor, e.g. some convolutional layers, have been stacked downstream of the logic layers. We compare the behavior of NLRL with classical fully connected layers with a final softmax layer for multiclass classification. If we assume that an input is provided to the network, that does not belong to any of the previously seen classes, e.g. an outlier, the softmax layer will output the most likely, but wrong class affiliation. Hence, the result could be misleading. In contrast, the NLRL will simple give no output, i.e. no rule will be fired, such that the results can be directly interpreted as a not classified input.

\section{Related Work}

Our rule base architecture in NN can be classified to the research direction of informed machine learning, see~\citet{Rueden2019} for a recent survey. Informed machine learning summarizes approaches of incorporating various forms of a priori available domain knowledge into the learning process which constitutes a form of inductive bias~\citet{Desjardins1995}. The approaches differ in the type of knowledge (e.g. natural sciences, world knowledge or expert intuition), the way the knowledge is represented (e.g. rules, constraints, simulations or graphs) and where the knowledge is incorporated into the learning pipeline (e.g. training data, training algorithm or hypothesis space)~\citep{Rueden2019}. Our NLRL incorporate world and expert knowledge in form of rules into the hypothesis space. Related approaches also integrating logical rules have already been presented. In~\citet{Hu2016}, a regularization of NN is performed by using logical relations as regularizer while~\citet{Diligenti2017} incorporate logic rules in form of constraints into the training scheme. Similarly, \citet{Diligenti2017b} propose semantic based regularization. First approaches working directly in the hypothesis space are Markov Logic Networks~\citep{Richardson2006} where a first order logic base is augmented with trainable weights. A hypothesis space approach for fast construction of data sets for machine learning problems has been presented in~\citet{Ratner2016}, while~\citet{Sachan2018} present a similar approach for solving physics problems in text books. In contrast to the previously mentioned approaches, we propose to integrate rules in the hypothesis space by biasing the NN to represent logical rules. This allows for a direct end-to-end learnable integration of logical rules in NN which to the best of our knowledge has not been presented previously.

Another branch in the literature is the development of networks structures for logic testing with application in software testing~\citep{Evans2018}. In~\citet{Allamanis2017} continuous semantic representations of symbolic expressions are learned using tree based NN which represent logic relations. \citet{Evans2018} investigate the ability of NN to model and understand logic entailments. \citet{Selsam2019} propose to learn solvers for propositional satisfiability using NN. However, both network architecture as well as application domain, i.e. testing logical terms vs. training logical relations, considerably differ from the NLRL. We leave the question whether NLRL can also be applied to these problems for future research.

A different branch of research related are binarized neural networks where weights and activations are binary variables~\cite{Hubara2016} which particularly allows for implementation on resource constraint systems which is their main focus. However, modeling logic relations has not been reported for binary neural networks. The proposed NLRL share some common ideas with neural arithmetic logic units proposed in~\citet{Trasky2018}. Particularly, the set up of end-to-end training is similar for both architectures. However, NALUs are designed for basic arithmetic operation like addition and multiplication while we focus on representation of propositional formulas which are not representable with NALUs.

Due to the rule structure and the input activations which can be interpreted as membership values, NLRL have some relations to fuzzy systems. Especially, in the field of neuro-fuzzy systems~\citet{Shihabudheen2018}, various architectures combining fuzzy logic and neural networks have been proposed where, however, most of the architectures are based on single layer radial basis function networks. Furthermore, training of these networks is restricted to the parameters of the input activations and the rule weighting while rule generation is done via heuristics~\citet{Mitra2000}. In contrast, we propose an end-to-end trainable network architecture where all components of the rule are trainable which has not been done before in the neuro-fuzzy context.

\section{Experiments}

We present preliminary experiments on a given set of elementary logic and arithmetic operations and leave further experiments on e.g. classification tasks for future work. To this end we consider two input variables $x$ and $y$ and perform the basic logic operations $AND$, $OR$, $NOT$ and $XOR$, as well as multiplication, addition, identity operation and constant functions, see Tab.~\ref{tab:resultsfunctions}.
\begin{table}[h]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{ |c|l|l|l|l|l| }
     \hline
     Function & \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$CS=2$, \\2-2-2-2-10,\\ AND-NONEG\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$CS=4$,\\ 2-4-4-10,\\ AND-NONEG\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$CS=6$,\\ 2-6-6-10,\\ AND-OR\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$CS=8$,\\ 2-8-8-8-10,\\ AND-NONEG\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$CS=10$,\\ 2-10-10-10,\\ AND-NEG\end{tabular} \\
     \hline
		   $x/2+y/2$              & 71.9\% & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% & 99.7\% \\
       $x\cdot\neg y$     & 99.8\% & 100\% & 93.2\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
       $x\ \text{AND}\ y$ & 93.7\% & 100\% & 99.3\% & 100\% & 99.6\% \\
       $x\ \text{OR}\ y$  & 57.0\% & 100\% & 97.1\% & 99.7\% & 98.4\% \\
       $x\ \text{XOR}\ y$ & 32.6\% & 78.8\% & 88.1\% & 80.3\% & 75.0\% \\
       $x$                & 90.2\% & 100\% & 91.1\% & 99.9\% & 100\% \\
       $y$                & 100\%  & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
       $\neg x$           & 94.3\% & 100\% & 99.9\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
       $\neg y$           & 100\%  & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
       $0.7$              & 100\%  & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
			\hline
			 Overall Acc.   & 83.95\% & 97.88\% & 96.87\% & 97.99\% & 97.27\% \\
     \hline
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Individual scores for the considered logical and arithmetic operations with different network architectures. For each CS, only the best performing network is reported.}
  \label{tab:resultsfunctions}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[h]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{ |c|l|l|l| }
     \hline
     Architecture & AND-OR & AND-NEG & AND-NONEG  \\
     \hline
		    2-2-2-10    & 69.54\% & 73.80\% & 83.86\%  \\
       2-2-2-2-10   & 75.59\% & 75.42\% & 83.95\% \\
       2-4-4-10     & 97.77\% & 90.67\% & 97.88\% \\
			2-4-4-4-10    & 87.36\% & 90.19\% & 97.12\% \\
       2-6-6-10     & 96.87\% & 93.92\% & 94.15\% \\
       2-6-6-6-10   & 96.56\% & 90.95\% & 93.87\% \\
			2-8-8-10      & 96.95\% & 96.51\% & 94.40\% \\
       2-8-8-8-10   & 97.05\% & 93.16\% & 97.99\% \\
       2-10-10-10    & 96.91\% & 97.27\% & 94.28\% \\
			2-10-10-10-10  & 95.42\% & 69.23\% & 94.43\% \\
     \hline
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Overall accuracy for the different network architectures, connection sizes and number of layers.}
  \label{tab:resultsfunctions}
\end{table}
The data set is generated by sampling random variables $x$ and $y$ in the interval $[0, \ 1]$ and evaluating the above functions such that 10 output values, one per function, are obtained. We sample a data set of size 100000, where 10000 are hold out for testing.

We compare three different NLRL structures on the data set, each with input layer of size two, two or three NLRL respectively, output layer of size 10 and varying numbers of neurons per layer. First, we employ NLRL with inbuilt AND and OR-relations (termed AND-OR) and corresponding output gating. Second, we employ NLRL in negation normal form, i.e. using AND-relations and negation at input and output only (termed AND-NEG). Third, we remove the negation gating of the output as this creates some redundancy of the negation operation when NLRL are stacked (termed AND-NONEG). In fact, the output negation and subsequent input negation can both change their weights without affecting the results. We test with different numbers of neurons, also termed connection size (CS), per logic rule layer, namely with CS of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Hence the network size is 2-CS-(CS)-10. We employ a learning rate of 10 with a minibatch size of 20 and put $\epsilon=10^{-5}$ for numerical stability. Neither batch normalization nor dropout is used. The networks are initialized randomly by uniformly sampling from the interval $[-0.5, \ 0.5]$. The results of the network training are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:results}. NOte, that we employ early-stopping which is why some curves suddenly stop before the maximum iteration.
\begin{figure}
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Accuracy_CS_2}
    \caption{Comparison of testing accuracies for connection size 2.}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Last_Loss_CS_2}
    \caption{Comparison of loss functions for connection size 2.}
  \end{subfigure}

  \medskip

  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Accuracy_CS_4}
    \caption{Comparison of testing accuracies for connection size 4.}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Last_Loss_CS_4}
    \caption{Comparison of loss functions for connection size 4.}
  \end{subfigure}

	\medskip

  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Accuracy_CS_6}
    \caption{Comparison of testing accuracies for connection size 6.}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Last_Loss_CS_6}
    \caption{Comparison of loss functions for connection size 6.}
  \end{subfigure}

	\medskip

  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Accuracy_CS_8}
    \caption{Comparison of testing accuracies for connection size 8.}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Last_Loss_CS_8}
    \caption{Comparison of loss functions for connection size 8.}
  \end{subfigure}

	\medskip

  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Accuracy_CS_10}
    \caption{Comparison of testing accuracies for connection size 10.}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Episode_vs_Last_Loss_CS_10}
    \caption{Comparison of loss functions for connection size 10.}
  \end{subfigure}
	\caption{Comparison of testing accuracy and loss function for different connection sizes and network architectures.}
	\label{fig:results}
\end{figure}

As can be seen in the results, the AND-OR network architectures consistently converges earlier to optimal results than networks without the option to represent OR-relations. However this comes with the cost of higher computation times as shown later. This is obviously due to the better representation abilities of these networks. Thus, networks with only AND-operations (AND-NEG and AND-NONEG) have to model OR-relations by orchestrating negation and AND-relations accordingly which requires more training. Among the networks solely using the AND-operation, we can infer that networks without negation gating (AND-NONEG) perform better than with negation (AND-NEG). Particularly, the convergence speed is drastically reduced, especially with higher network sizes. As discussed these networks have inbuilt redundancy in the negation operation, if multiple layers are stacked. This makes training more difficult especially as a cyclic behavior during training can occur.

In general, networks with three layers converge slower compared to 2-layer architectures which is not surprising due to the higher numbers of parameters. The final results are better compared to 2-layer architectures. By considering the networks size, which is represented mainly by the connection size (CS) between subsequent layers, we can see that the performance increases with increasing CS until a saturation occurs at CS 8. Increasing the CS further does not increase the performance indicating that the necessary network size has been reached.

Considering the course of the loss function over iterations, we observe a stepwise behavior. This is caused due to the combinatorical nature of the optimization problem such that a reduction of the loss is achieved if particular combination of boolean parameters converge to specific values. This is most likely amplified due to the derivative of the sigmoid function, enabling big parameter changes in a region around zero. Hence, the steps can be related to individual rules having converged.

\begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,keepaspectratio]{RulesGraph_Type_OR_CS_8_Layer_3.png
\caption{Illustrations of the learned surfaces representing the logic and arithmetic relations for the network architecture 2-8-8-10.}
\label{fig:headmap}
\end{figure}
Fig.~\ref{fig:headmap} shows the learned surfaces of the logic and arithmetic relations to be trained for one of the best performing networks to give a qualititative representation of the learned manifold, which underlines the performance of the network on the test data set.

Finally, we compare the different network architectures concerning their computation times in Fig.\ref{fig:comptimes}.
\begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,keepaspectratio]{Connect_Size_vs_Time.png
\caption{Training times for the various architectures depending on the connection size.}
\label{fig:comptimes}
\end{figure}
As already stated, the AND-OR net has a considerable higher computation times compared to the AND-NEG and AND-NONEG networks.

\section{Conclusion}

We presented neural logic rule layers which are able to represent arbitrary logical relations using propositional logic and negation gating. The proposed network layer is generally applicable and can be used in arbitrary network architectures. Furthermore, the proposed architecture allows for a direct incorporation of available human knowledge in form of predefined rules. NLRL have some nice properties, i.e. they are able to not only represent logical rules but also certain types of nonlinear functions and share some relations to fuzzy logic. In fact, depending on the chosen input activation function which can be considered as membership functions in the context of fuzzy logic, the architecture allows for an end-to-end training of the rules parameter, the logic relations and the number of active rules. The results applied on some synthetic data sets reveal the applicability of the proposed architecture.

In future research we will apply and test NLRL on various data sets, including image classification. Furthermore, we will explore the incorporation of NLRL in recurrent neural network architectures. This would result in RNN structures representing finite state automata which is especially applicable for data analytics and reinforcement learning in discrete environments like discrete production systems.

\medskip

\small

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The FBWF Manager is a command line tool for embedded developers to quickly integrate and prototype the FBWF. FBWF Manager is intended primarily for design time use.
The following table describes the command line switches.
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help / [switch] Displays help information for a specific FBWF Manager switch.
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Please note that file names are passed to fbwfmgr as a command line argument, which means backslashes and double quotes are interpreted differently. For example, \"file name" becomes simply "file name" because the first backslash acts as an escape character. To get \"file name", specify \\"file name" on the command line.
For comprehensive management and configuration of devices in the field, FBWF APIs are provided.
FBWF does not resolve substituted paths, use complete file names instead.


text:
Go to Brad DeLong's Home Page
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Feedback is always very welcome...
Financial Crises in the 1890s and 1990s:
We Remember History, So Why Are We Still Condemned to Repeat It?
J. Bradford DeLong
U.C. Berkeley and NBER
delong@econ.berkeley.edu
http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/
My presentation...
This is a placeholder file until the final draft is published by Brookings...
The decade of the 1990s saw three-and-a-half large currency crises shake the world economy: the collapse of the European exchange rate mechanism in the fall of 1992, the collapse of the Mexican peso in the winter of 1994-1995, the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, and--this is the half-crisis--the Brazilian financial crisis of 1998-1999. Practically every observer saw this wave of crises as the result of deep troubles in the structure of global finance--though diagnoses of what the precise flaws in global financial organization were turned out to be all over the map.
Some saw the fundamental flaw in an inappropriate response to crisis. The editorial page of the Wall Street Journal tells us that the flaw was in the International Monetary Fund, which advised emerging-market governments to allow the value of their currencies to fall during the crisis instead of maintaining the previous parity vis-a-vis the dollar (no matter what trying to maintaining the parity would require for domestic interest rates). Others also tell us that the flaw was in the International Monetary Fund, which advised emerging-market governments to raise interest rates to reduce the magnitude of the fall in the value of their currencies.
Before World War I
In recent years it has become a commonplace to say that in this second era of globalization the world economy is more integrated and more interconnected than ever before. Along most dimensions this is correct. But in the sheer magnitude of net international capital flows--measured relative to either exporting or importing country domestic product--the 1870-1914 era still saw a more "global" economy than today. Even in 1850 Great Britain's net overseas assets amounted to 7.5 percent of total domestic wealth--approximately 25 percent of a year's domestic product. By 1914 Great Britain's net overseas assets were perhaps 47 percent of total domestic wealth--and amounted to perhaps 1.6 times a year's domestic product (see Edelstein (1994), p. 173).
This enormous overseas asset position was not built up smoothly. Net foreign investment by Britons, for example, reached a high of nearly eight percent of GDP in the early 1870s before falling to less than one percent of GDP in 1877. Measured in percentage points of GDP, the cyclical swings in net foreign investment had approximately twice as large a magnitude as (and an inverse correlation with) pre-World War I cyclical swings in domestic investment.
Pace of capital exports from Britain in the late 1890s - early 1900s
Common to say that we are more globalized now than we were then--and probably true--but this is one respect in which it is not true
Richard Grossman's and my story about sources of capital outflow...
Almost all outflows to similar, politically-stable countries
So waves hard to attribute to "crony capitalism"--instead, the source of fluctuations on the British side.
When London caught cold, X caught pneumonia
How to deal with a crisis then...
How we deal with a crisis now...
Bonelli, Franco (1982), "The 1907 Financial Crisis in Italy: A Peculiar Case of the Lender of Last Resort in Action." in Charles P. Kindleberger and Jean-Pierre Laffargue (eds), Financial Crises: Theory, History and Policy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bordo, Michael, Michael Edelstein, and Hugh Rockoff (1999), "Was Adherence to the Gold Standard a 'Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval' During the Interwar Period?" unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University.
Michael Bordo and Barry Eichengreen, "Is Our Current International Economic Environment Unusually Crisis Prone?" (U.C. Berkeley Working Paper).
Bordo, Michael, Barry Eichengreen and Douglas A. Irwin (1999), "Is Globalization Today Really Different Than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago?" Brookings Trade Policy Forum (forthcoming).
Bordo, Michael and Finn Kydland (1996), "The Gold Standard as a Commitment Mechanism," in Tamim Bayoumi, Barry Eichengreen and Mark Taylor (eds), Modern Perspectives on the Gold Standard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bordo, Michael and Anna Schwartz (1996), "The Operation of the Specie Standard: Evidence for Core and Peripheral Countries," in Jorge Braga de Macedo, Barry Eichengreen and Jaime Reis (eds), Currency Convertibility: The Gold Standard and Beyond, London: Routledge, pp.11-83.
Calomiris, Charles (1999), "Victorian Perspectives on the Banking Collapse of the 1980's and 1990's," unpublished manuscript, Columbia University.
Campa, Jose M. (1990), "Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s: An Extension to Latin America," Journal of Economic History 50, pp.677-682.
Capie, Forrest and Webber Alan (1985), A Monetary History of the United Kingdom, 1870-1982: Volume I, Data, Sources, Methods. Boston: George Allen & Unwin.
Caprio, Gerald, Jr. and Daniela Klingebiel (1996), "Bank Insolvencies: Cross-Country Experience," Policy Working Paper no. 1620, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Cork, Nathaniel (1894), "The Late Australian Banking Crisis," Journal of the Institute of Bankers. 15 part. 4, pp.175-261.
DeLong, J. Bradford and Richard Grossman (),
Edelstein, Michael (1994), "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and D. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700 2nd ed., vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Eichengreen, Barry (1992), Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression 1919- 1939, New York: Oxford University Press.
Eichengreen, Barry, Andrew Rose and Charles Wyplosz (1995), "Exchange Market Mayhem: The Antecedents and Aftermath of Speculative Attacks," Economic Policy 21, pp. 249-312.
Eichengreen, Barry, Andrew Rose and Charles Wyplosz (1996), "Speculative Attacks on Pegged Exchange Rates: An Empirical Exploration with Special Reference to the European Monetary System" in Matthew Canzoneri, Wilfred Ethier and Vittorio Grilli (eds.), The New Transatlantic Economy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Eichengreen, Barry and Jeffrey Sachs (1985), "Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s," Journal of Economic History 49, pp. 925-945.
Eichengreen, Barry and Peter Temin (1997), "The Gold Standard and the Great Depression," NBER Working Paper no. 6060.
Fishlow, Albert (1985), "Lessons from the Past: Capital Markets During the 19th Century and the Interwar Period," in Miles Kahler, The Politics of International Debt, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp.37-94.
Ford, A.G. (1962), The Gold Standard 1880-1914 Britain and Argentina, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Friedman, Milton and Anna J. Schwartz (1963), A Monetary History of the United States 1867- 1960, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Goodhart, Charles and and P.J.R. DeLargy (1999), "Financial Crises: Plus ça change, plus c'est la meme chose," LSE Financial Markets Group Special Paper No. 108.
Gorton, Gary (1985), "Clearing Houses and the Origins of Central Banking in the U.S.," Journal of Economic History 45, pp.277-283.
Jones, Matthew T. and Maurice Obstfeld (1999), "Historical Data on Investment and Savings," unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
Kindleberger, Charles P. (1984), A Financial History of Western Europe, Boston: George Allen & Unwin.
Kindleberger, Charles P. and Jean-Pierre Laffargue, eds. (1982), Financial Crises: Theory, History and Policy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Marichal, Carlos (1989), A Century of Latin American Debt Crises, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Neal, Larry (1992), The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quintero Ramos, Angel M. (1965), A History of Money and Banking in Argentina, Piedras, P.R.: University of Puerto Rico Rio.
Schwartz, Anna J. (1986), "Real and Pseudo Financial Crises." in Forrest Capie and Geoffrey E. Wood, eds, Financial Crises and the World Banking System, New York: Macmillan, pp.11-31.
Sprague, O.M.W. (1910), History of Crises Under the National Banking System, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Williams, J.H. (1920), Argentine International Trade Under Inconvertible Paper Money 1880- 1890, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
World Bank (1999), Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries, 1998/99: Beyond Financial Crisis, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
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www.sausagemaking.org • View topic - Charcutier. Salumiere. Wurstmeister.
Charcutier. Salumiere. Wurstmeister. is a new book from Francois Paul-Armand Vecchio. I had a chance to read a draft copy of the text, and I was captivated, even reading it in MS Word. Looking forward to Vecchio teaches charcuterie and butchery classes and workshops in his backyard studio, in California, and and elsewhere. Available, now, from Amazon, and you can look inside, first. There is a companion DVD, sold separately, called The Art and Philosophy of Producing Quality Pork Products by Kirk Goldberg.
This one looks really good to me, did the recipes look solid?
I found the discussion of styles of charcutiers from different regions and countries informative. What they have in common, and what they do differently. My perspective is a little different than yours, though, Robert; as a food historian I find discussions of history and style interesting. Given how little material there is, out there, I'm just happy to have some choices!


Striking and intense youthful purple colour; the bouquet is clean, exuding ripe black fruits. The palate is at once big, powerful and rich, yet with some velvety softness, all suggesting the use of micro-oxygenation. Trophy for Best Commercial Dry Red at the Liquorland National Wine Show 2002.
While this wine is normally over $15 a bottle, it's regularly on special at Cellarmasters (check out the web site) for less than $12, so is worthy of inclusion. Made from grapes grown in Glenrowan, McLaren Vale and the Barossa, it's a good, brambly, solid, red wine with fairly serious, grippy tannins and plenty of staying power. Available through Cellarmasters: call 1800 500 260 or visit www.cellarmasters.com.au.


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Would you like to get pinged about trends before they go viral? This week, Toronto-based TrendSpottr announced the launch of TrendSpottr Alert, which sends real-time notifications of emerging trends, news and events based on the company's predictive analysis of big data.
The service, which had been in beta testing, is designed for users who prefer to receive trends rather than monitor a dashboard. The company is also partnering with social ROI platform provider Lymbix to offer real-time sentiment analysis of the trends.
In a statement, Trendspottr CEO Mark Zohar said that his company serves as "an early warning system for global enterprises, marketers, PR agencies, governments, financial institutions and consumers," so that they can "get ahead of the curve" in their digital marketing, strategy and positioning decisions.
With Alerts, anyone can create a customized notification for any keyword, topic or hashtag -- such as for their brand, product, industry, competitor or any other subject -- and receive email alerts. The notification includes a summary of the trend, with a click-through to receive more detail and an indication as to whether the trend is Extreme, High or Elevated in strength.
The notification also offers the ability to post the trending item directly to any of the main social networking services, including Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Google+. Sentiment analysis via Lymbix indicates whether the trend is Positive, Neutral or Negative, a detailed page of analytics provides real-time monitoring of the trend.
One alert from the company's ten most popular alerts is offered for free and via a subscription, a user can create and customize multiple alerts. An API allows Alerts to be customized and integrated into other products and systems. TrendSpottr said it will also provide its alert service so it can be re-offered by other companies under their brands.
Use cases for trend monitoring analytics can include PR departments that want to keep an eye out for any publicity-disasters-in-the-making that could affect their companies, or for a niche that represents an opportunity.
Trending topics are already offered by or for Google, Twitter, Storify and others, but Trendspottr is intended to encompass those and to more precisely anticipate trends before they've gone viral and everyone knows about them. Trendspottr has said that its alerts are not just keyword based as others are, but are posted only when they reflect other information and when they appear to have predictive aspects -- that is, the wave is building.
In July, Trendspottr released a widget for websites featuring trends that had been available through its dashboard. The company is rolling out advertising to those website widgets, as well as offering a paid, white label version. In October, TrendSpottr tools were one of 20 added to the Salesforce Marketing Cloud.


Saltchuk | TOTE Inc. Saltchuk – TOTE Inc.
TOTE is one of seven business units in the Saltchuk family of companies.
Saltchuk is a second generation family business started in 1982 when it acquired its first operating company, Totem Ocean Trailer Express (now TOTE Maritime Alaska). Since then, Saltchuk has grown to include domestic and international shipping and logistics, marine services, air cargo, trucking and petroleum distribution companies.
The name Saltchuk comes from a trading language, Chinook Jargon, that was developed by the natives of the Pacific Rim in North America. After the period of contact the language adopted words used by the Europeans that the natives traded with – principally French and English. "Saltchuk" means saltwater. The company's name is suggestive of where it comes from and what it does. Chinook Jargon was the language of business, it was inclusive of all peoples, and it was dynamic – all traits the owners feel are associated with the Company.
Each Saltchuk operating group is focused on providing a specific set of industrial services. These seven business units own and manage a group of independently managed operating companies.
To learn more about the Saltchuk family of companies, visit Saltchuk's website.


Window vinyls and display graphics are a great way to create an instant impact with customers and show off your products and promotions. There are a myriad of ways to produce window graphics.Vinyl is a cost effective method which allows you to regularly update your window display without putting too much pressure on marketing budgets. Almost every retail store uses them for window messaging, be it for pricing, advertising a sale or for campaign descriptors.
The self adhesive vinyl we stock are the most widely used material for window graphics. They are suitable for a range of different applications such as Sign Making, Graphics, Decals, Vehicle Lettering, Window Lettering and for outdoor advertising. There are many different types for many different effects, including metallics, translucent, faux-leather, wood, stone, mirrored etc.


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MythBusters in massive cannonball fail
A "Mythbusters" TV experiment went horribly wrong when a cast iron cannonball hit two California homes before landing inside a minivan.
Mythbusters hosts Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage were reportedly attempting to calculate how fast a cannonball would travel when it misfired and shot hundreds of feet in the air.
"This cannonball was supposed to go through several barrels of water and through a cinder block, and then ultimately into the side of the hill," J.D. Nelson of the Alameda County Sheriff's Department, told CBS News and the SF Chronicle. "Crazy, crazy, crazy, crazy… You wouldn't think it was possible."
Instead, the cannonball flew over the foothills surrounding Camp Parks Military Firing Reservation before hitting the front door of a home, flying up to the second floor, blasting through a back bedroom wall and smashing through a second residence some 50 yards away.
"It was a very loud boom; [we] thought a tree fell, maybe a meteor," said homeowner Ming Jiang. "It wasn't clear that it was a cannonball landing on the roof."
The wayward cannonball finally came to a halt inside Jasper Gill's minivan.
"It hit the dash, through the passenger window," said Gill who had exited the vehicle just 10 minutes before the ball struck. "I'm lucky [to be] alive… It's shocking – anything could have happened."
Navy wants autonomous undersea 'bots
Will Jurassic Park return in 3D?


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You are here: Home / News / Iowa breweries, wineries, distilleries may now make other forms of alcohol
Iowa breweries, wineries, distilleries may now make other forms of alcohol
May 21, 2019 By Radio Iowa Contributor
Governor Reynolds at the Toppling Goliath Brewery in Decorah.
Governor Kim Reynolds was at an award-winning brewery in Decorah today for a ceremony to approve a law that will likely expand the variety of alcoholic beverages produced in the state.
The new law, which takes effect July 1, lets state-licensed beer makers, wineries and distilleries get another license to make another kind of alcohol.
"This is an opportunity for companies just like Toppling Goliath to continue to grow and expand and it's my understanding that they're ready to move into distilled spirits," Reynolds said. "This is removing barriers so our entrepreneurs and our small business owners can continue to not only invest in their company, but invest in Iowans and their communities and that is certainly what's happening here with Toppling Goliath."
Clark Lewey, founder of Toppling Goliath, said it means "job growth" for the state.
"It's pretty exciting for us," Lewey said. "We've been thinking about distilling for some time and, of course, the obstacle in the way — or the 'Goliath' — was the Iowa law concerning brewers. If you had a brewers permit, you were not allowed to own a distillery, so that's what this bill does. It changes that law and gives all Iowa breweries the opportunity to become a distillery as well."
According to the Iowa Brewers Guide, craft beer is being brewed at 80 different locations in the state today. There are more than 100 commercial wineries and, according to a state report, there are 10 Iowa businesses making vodka, whiskey, rye and other alcoholic spirits.
(By Darin Svenson, KDEC, Decorah)
Filed Under: Human Interest, News, Politics / Govt, Top Story Tagged With: Alcohol, Kim Reynolds


Pressure is growing for the introduction of an additional levy on cigarette sales in the UK, a move that campaigners say could help eradicate tobacco consumption within decades.
All three main political parties have signaled that they are open to the idea, which has been discussed by senior civil servants in the Treasury and the Department of Health and would be the latest salvo to be fired across the bows of big tobacco.
From tomorrow, newsagents will no longer be able to display tobacco products behind their counters and from next year, cigarettes will have to be sold in unbranded packs, Guardian reported.
The small print of last month's budget confirmed that the coalition remains open to the idea of a levy, first floated in a consultation exercise unveiled in last year's autumn statement.
Tobacco companies had hoped the idea would be scrapped, but instead the coalition confirmed that it "will continue the consultation on whether to introduce a tobacco levy through informal consultation with stakeholders".
In last week's televised leaders debate, Labor leader Ed Miliband confirmed his party's support for the measure.
Last month, Lib Dem MP Paul Burstow introduced a 10-minute rule bill debate proposing a similar measure.
"The industry is one of the most profitable on Earth," Burstow explained.
Britain is quitting smoking. Can our success inspire the rest of the world?
The idea of a levy draws heavily on the US, where cigarette manufacturers are required to pay an annual "user fee" to the Food and Drug Administration to help fund tobacco control.
But its introduction in the UK would draw fierce criticism from the tobacco companies, which complain that their industry is already one of the most heavily taxed in the world.
Health campaigners believe devoting greater resources to tobacco control will bring major benefits.
A campaign launched in the Lancet by a number of leading physicians suggests that higher taxes on cigarettes could be one of a suite of measures that would help bring about a tobacco-free world by 2040.
Central to this aim is a global push for the UN to agree to a landmark resolution recognizing the health threats presented by tobacco, similar to that which it issued about diabetes.
"The idea of a tobacco-free future has strong support around the world, but on current trends it is still only a dream, even in the UK," said Deborah Arnott, chief executive of health charity Action on Smoking and Health.


I was watching yesterday morning the NBA finals together with my hubby. I was hoping that this time, Lakers will take Game 2 against Celtics but nope. It didn't happen sad to say.
The Celtics are so good with the defense plus the fact that most of its players can shoot from the outside (always 3 points!). On the other hand, Lakers are having a hard time hitting some baskets during the first half. Imagine, 24-point lead by the Celtics. Ouch!
The only time that they emerged was in the 4th quarter where some of the Lakers player start shooting from the 3-point line plus having a couple of steals from the Celtics. They cut down the lead to 6-points ending the second game.
On Wednesday (Manila time), Game 3 will be held in Lakers home court which is the Staples Centre. Games 4 and 5 will still be held in the West (Games 1 and 2 are held in Banknorth Garden). This is the chance for the Lakers to tie up the championship series with Celtics or take the lead.


Italian Coast Guard Medevac US passenger from Celebrity Constellation, while the cruise ship was sailing twenty nautical miles from Cape Colonna. The ship captain concerned about the poor health of the passenger, suffering from cerebral stroke, launched a distress call for immediate medical evacuation. The Medevac was performed with the use of rescue CP873 patrol boat from the port of Crotone, Italy.
The favorable weather conditions allowed the Coast Guard vessel to reach the cruise ship in a short time. The aid, as required by the procedures, was coordinated by the operations room of the Master after consultation with the International Radio Medical Center (CIRM), already in contact with the medical staff on board. Once transhipped on patrol boat, the American tourist accompanied by the ship doctor and some relatives, was transferred at the port of Crotone where, he was transferred to hospital for further medical treatment.


Last edited by rvbuilder2002 : 01-11-2016 at 11:11 AM.
Last edited by MLock : 01-09-2016 at 03:49 AM.
I don't know if it would account for all of the difference, but Garmin G3X components are a bit heavier than Skyview.
It's most probably the Garmin panel. It's pretty complete with dual G3X's, GTN750, GMA 240 audio panel, GMC 307 AP controller, a GTR200R comm, GDL 39, remote GTX 330 xpndr, and all the attendant modules that go with supporting these devices. And there are a bunch of them.
Plus I have good solid carpet in the front an rear from Flightline Interiors along with leather seats and armrests.
It all adds up. I will reweigh it after paint and see where we are then.
Leather! You got real Leather????
Mitch, I will be passing through Waldorf next Thursday or Friday. Is it ok if I stop by and see your -14?
Scott , he had to as this is the plane I will do my transition training in!!!
Yeah Scott. A big box arrived unannounced and voila! A leather interior.
Apparently, it's been a closely guarded secret, but I knew it would have to come out sometime.


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Just Film Festival hits Langara
Arts & LifeUncategorized
Langara students had the opportunity to screen their documentaries before an audience of approximately 30 people as part of the weekend's Just Film Festival.
Dozens of professional films were shown over the course of the weekend-long festival, as well as five from students of Langara's documentary film program.
Hosted by Langara, from Feb. 28 to Mar. 2 the event showcased social justice and environmental documentaries. Its mandate was to gather Vancouver's diverse social justice community to a festival that encouraged reflection, was a forum for discussion and a place to prompt action.
"While the issues are often difficult, we feel it is important to provide tools and ideas for solutions," said the information guide.
Documentary topics included gynecomastia and unicycle race
The first student film was Tony, a short directed by Roqaya A. Hameid that told the story of one man's struggle with gynecomastia, the enlargement of breast tissue in males. As the credits rolled, the audience sat in contemplative silence.
The pace quickly shifted with the next film, entitled The Gran Nigel and directed by Joella Cabalu. Using a light-hearted approach, it told the story of Nigel Wakita, a performer and instructor at the Vancouver Circus School who decided to ride his unicycle in a race from Vancouver to Whistler. Wakita's witty description of events had the audience at Langara laughing.
"The film with the unicyclist was definitely my favourite," said Mark Gilchrist, one of the audience members. "It really made me laugh."
Throwing Punches, Press Pause and Hives for Humanity
Next up was Throwing Punches: A Stuntwoman's Journey. Rosalie Miller directed the film that followed the career of Leanne Hindle, a pioneering professional stuntwoman. Hindle, alongside family and friends, was also present for a screening of the film that was received with unanimous applause from the audience.
Press Pause: Reset Your Life again changed the mood with its connection of stress and spirituality. Directed by and starring Linda Cherry, the film tackled its subject through sensory deprivation, meditation and radical shifts in perspective, and was met with mixed reactions.
The fifth and final film, Hives for Humanity: The Power of Bees, was directed by Mathew Parry and allowed the audience an intimate view of a beekeeper's unique hive setup in Vancouver's Downtown East Side. It was a fitting end to the festival and seemed to delight all present.
Reported by Ben Zutter
DocumentariesfilmJust Film FestivalLangara CollegeMoviesUnicyclist
British play gets new look and sound
Peter Jorgensen gives talk at Vancouver Public Library


Part of the reason I decided to establish The Gratitude Project is because I firmly believe we can do "no small things with great love," if we aren't able to find gratitude in the small things.
The small moments of a day, for which we should be grateful, will ultimately lead to us finding small moments where we can act with great love!
But, it takes great effort to be on the lookout, and to identify small moments for thankfulness. And, I have been so excited to see some fantastic bloggers join in on The Gratitude Project – whether once a week through their own blog, or a couple times through social media! The point of this entire project is to make each of us – whether bloggers or readers – more intentional at recognizing those little moments.
This week has been a doozy! With Vacation Bible School (VBS) taking up three hours a day for my oldest, I have been scurrying more than I have probably since we moved here. Throw in a couple epic meltdowns from him, and I was ready to throw in the towel by mid-week.
But, I'm a mom. I can't do that!
And, I'm stubborn. I don't want to throw in the towel!
Each day began new and fresh, even if my son didn't get the memo.
I listen to a lot of music. Throughout my life, I've had my Country phases, and had my Oldies, Hip-Hop, R&B, and Jazz phases. I even had my Rap phase, and still have an appreciation for "good" rap (I'm talking quality talent, not necessarily speaking of the content of the songs).
Given the messages of my blog, I doubt anyone will be surprised that, in the past two years, I've begun listening to a lot of Contemporary Christian.
So, we listen to either toddler songs, or Christian ones.
I assured him I would do everything in my power to learn "his" songs.
And, I have tried. I've woken up in the middle of the night singing various songs of his, so I think I'm making decent headway.
It seemed to center him, most likely calmed myself, and it brought us together. It is such a small part of our daily lives… something I would normally overlook. And yet, in our family, music has such a huge, and positive impact!
Which made me grateful this week.
How about you – what little moment of gratitude did you find this week? Let me know in the comments, or connect with me via Facebook or Instagram – and, don't forget to #bctgp so I don't miss it!
Posted on June 9, 2017 by Anni HarryPosted in Adventures in Parenting, Faith, The Gratitude ProjectTagged Blogging, catholic, Catholic Parenting, Catholicism, Christianity, Faith, Family Time, Inspiration, Music, Parenting, Saint Quotes, The Gratitude Project.
As are you – you amaze me with how you approach your kids, too!
Looking outside my windows in the country, I am grateful for the sudden burst of spring- everything is green, and a bright brilliant green. The purple lilacs are in bloom that add a beautiful color to the green around them. Soon everything in the fields will be brown as the crops get ready for harvest and the wild grasses dry out. But for today…it is a beautiful day. (and all the kids are still in school!!!!).
My 'Facebook' time is pretty much limited to a twice-a-week check, so I'll add a "little moment of gratitude" here.
Two, or three, depending on how I count them: the view out the window by my desk, and the spring/early summer birdsongs. The view now includes green grass, and a flagpole set up by new neighbors across the street. None of those, now that I think of it, are really "little." Oh, well.
Haha! But they are "little moments," that you steal out of the window. Those are great!
Always feel free to add your "little moments" here, though!
Oohh!! I'm headed over right now!


Originally Published: November 6, 2012 3:15 p.m.
GRAND CANYON, Ariz. - In honor of those that serve and have served in the United States military, national park units around the country, including Grand Canyon National Park, will offer free entry during the Veterans Day weekend.
The fee free weekend takes place Nov. 10 -12. Visitors will be allowed to enter the park free of charge. Those who plan to enter (or re-enter) the park after November 12 will be charged the regular entrance fee.
Park visitors are reminded that the fee-free designation applies to entrance fees only and does not affect fees for camping, reservations, tours, or use of concessions. Park entrance stations will have park passes such as Interagency Senior, Annual and Access Passes, as well as the new Active Military Passes, available for those who wish to acquire them.
For more on what there is to see and do in Grand Canyon National Park, please visit the park's web site at www.nps.gov/grca.


Gisella "Gigi" Olivo is a MOM aka "Mama On A Mission", lifestyle expert, author, actor, speaker, health coach, licensed realtor and philanthropist. Grateful for a second calling in real estate, she feels blessed to share her expertise in helping clients sell or find their dream homes! Her experience as a health educator has inspired her to help others to make positive lifestyle choices especially through her children's books and motivational presentations. As a mother of a heart survivor and children's advocate she co-founded The W.W.W. Health Foundation with her son Wyatt W. Whittington. Its a movement dedicated to building happier and healthier communities through grassroots efforts. A percent of her work proceeds will benefit charity. Thank you for your support of Gigi's life passion and purpose!
A percent of my business with benefit The W.W.W. Heath Foundation. Its mission is dedicated to raising awareness of disease prevention, and health promotion programs through education, advocacy, and grassroots efforts. Our goal is to build "quality of life" for families and communities! For more info: http://www.wwwhealthfoundation.org.
This a very special story about Pump, the bear born with a broken heart, who miraculously recovers and learns to live life as a happy, healthy bear. With the help of his family, doctors, and guardian angel, Pump recovers and realizes that he is blessed with a very special, loving heart.
Meet Pump, a mischievous bear who makes a series of unhealthy choices but soon realizes how to take responsibility for his actions. His super powered heart gives him the ability to do magical things while helping others along the way. This bilingual book s important message and colorful illustrations will serve as an invaluable tool for kids, parents and teachers.
Conozca a Pump, un oso travieso que hace una serie de opciones poco saludables,pero pronto se da cuenta de cómo tomar responsabilidad por sus acciones. Su corazón de súper potencia le da la capacidad de hacer cosas mágicas y ayudar a otros en el camino. El mensaje importante de este libro bilingüe y ilustraciones coloridas servirán como una herramienta invaluable para los niños, padres y maestros.


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Habár az antik természetfilozófiát a modern természettudományok által túlhaladottnak tartjuk, azért súlyos tévedései ellenére éles meglátásai és szigorú következetessége iránti méltó csodálatunkat nem nyomhatjuk el. Különösen igaz ez a tudományok első nagy rendszerezője, Arisztotelész finom dialektikus szerkezetet mutató gondolataira, kinek természetfilozófiai jellegű nézeteit a következő művekben találjuk: A Fizika nyolc könyve, a Világrendszerről szóló négy könyv, a Keletkezésről és enyészésről irt két könyv, a Meteorológia négy könyve, és végül a Mechanikai problémák. A szerves világ viszonyaival foglalkoznak a következők: Az állatok természetrajza, Az állatok részeiről, Az állatok nemzéséről, A lélekről, Az érzékekről szólók stb. A Fizika nyolc könyve a tér, idő és a kettőnek összekapcsolásából eredő mozgás fogalmait tárgyalja.

A tér és idő metafizikája

A tér és az idő vég nélkül osztható. A világ jelenségeinek alapja a mozgás, melyet a legtágabb értelemben definiál, t.i. mint akármilyen változást, azaz mint a potenciális létről aktuális létre való átmenetet. A mozgások természetszerű (a mozgó egyed természetéből adódó) vagy természetellenes (erőszakolt) mozgások.

A tér mellett a hely fogalma fontos, mely azonban nem képvisel egy bizonyos térrészt; továbbá minden helynél megkülönböztetendő a fent és lent. Minden tárgy azon hely felé tart, melyben otthon van, mégpedig gyorsuló mozgással – az időben nem gyorsuló egyetlen mozgás az, mely körpályán egyenletesen megy végbe. Ha valamely tárgy a maga természetrendelte helye felé mozog, akkor ez természetszerű mozgás, így szükségképp gyorsuló, ha ellenben más irányba erőszakosan tereltetik, akkor mozgása lassuló.

A mozgás és metafizikája

A mozgásra vonatkozó vizsgálatai során Arisztotelész a folytonosság fogalmát is fejtegeti (ezt a fogalmat egyébként ő vezette be sikeresen a filozófiába, és főképp az ő hatására terjedt el a matematikában is). Minden, ami változó, tehát mozog, az egyszersmind osztható, ráadásul végtelenül. Arisztotelész tehát az oszthatatlanok, az atomok elméletét nem fogadta el.

Ezen fogalmak a mozgást illetőleg annyira megszilárdultak, hogy az Arisztotelész-féle filozófiai és mechanikai elméletek megdöntése idejében csak nagy nehezen voltak megcáfolhatók. Habár ő az abszolút keletkezést és enyészést szintén tagadja, azért a változást nem tekinti pusztán megváltoztatott keverésnek, hanem valóságos minőségi változást fogad el, kiindulva az aktus és potencia fogalmából.

Kozmológia

A világrendről című négy könyvet ez az elnevezése épp oly kevés joggal illeti meg, mint a fizikáról szólót. E címek mind későbbi időkből valók, mikor a Stagirita filozófiai rendszerét ugyan természetfölötti kinyilatkoztatásnak tisztelték ugyan, de annál kevésbé értették. A szóban forgó mű az előbbinek folytatása: elmélkedik ugyanis az anyag, alak és változás fogalmairól, tárgyalja az okok különböző nemeit, az oszthatóságot és a folytonosságot, ezek mellett azonban már számos tapasztalati adatot is hoz fel.

A mű tartalma röviden a következő:
 A természeti testek három irányban kiterjedtek, valamint az egész mindenségnek is három mérete van.
 A mozgás kétféle: a kör alakú, és az egyenes vonalú, mely vagy a középpontból kifelé, vagy a perifériától a középpont felé irányul.
 A világegyetem térbelileg körülhatárolt, és nem terjed a végtelenségbe.
 A világegyetemben található tárgyak földiek vagy földfölöttiek. Az elsők a négy elemnek keverékéből, az utóbbiak a quinta essentiá-ból (pemptonstoiceion), azaz éterből állanak.
 A négy közönséges elem egymáshoz képest könnyű vagy nehéz; a tűz a levegőhöz, a levegő a vízhez, a víz a földhöz képest könnyű, és megfordítva. A körben mozgó éter pedig se könnyűnek, se nehéznek nem mondható.
 A világegyetem alakja gömb, mozgása pedig balról jobbra történik.
 A forgó szférákba helyezett égitestek éterből állnak.
 A Föld, mely gömb alakú, a világegyetem közepén mozdulatlanul nyugszik, kerülete körülbelül 400 000 sztadion. Ez az adat majdnem kétszerese annak, melyet Eratoszthenész száz évvel későbben talált, kérdéses, hogy ez milyen számításon alapszik.

A harmadik könyvben Arisztotelésznek az elemekről szóló híres tana fordul elő. Elem szerinte az, ami másnemű részekre már nem bontható. A négy közönséges elem képezi az innenső, a szublunáris világot az éter a túlsó világot (ta ecei és ta endade). A kettő közötti határt matematikai pontossággal meg nem lehet vonni, minthogy a tökéletlen innenső világ a változatlan tökéletésségű túlsó világra is kihat némiképp, és a bolygók ugrásszerű, a mindenség tengelyében ferdén történő mozgását okozza.

A négy elem között van egy, mely föltétlenül nehéz: a föld; ez foglalja el tehát a mindenség közepét, és egy másik, mely föltétlenül könnyű: a tűz; ez a szublunáris világ kerületét alkotja, és az éterrel határos. A keletkezésről és enyészésről című értekezés megmutatja, hogy csak négy elem létezhet, mivel az érzések két ellentétes párja így kívánja ezt. Ezek az ellentétek a meleg és hideg, a száraz és nedves ellentétei. A föld hideg és száraz, a víz hideg és nedves, a levegő meleg és nedves, a tűz meleg és száraz. A földi tárgyak mind e négy elem keverékéből állanak, és így, például a földi tűz az elemi tűzből és földből áll stb.

Fizika, mechanika

A Mechanikai problémák című műve dialektikus szőrszálhasogatásból
gyűjtött nehézségeket nyújtó problémák összeállítása, melyek között egyes érdekesebb feladatok is fordulnak elő; ezekből látszik, hogy szerzőjük a sztatikának alapelvéről: a virtuális sebességek tételéről némi (habár nagyon homályos) fogalommal bírt. Ugyanaz áll a tehetetlenség törvényéről és a mozgások összetételéről.

Arisztotelésznek a szerves lényekre vonatkozó műveiben, azokban a kisebb értekezésekben, melyeket rendesen parva naturalia cím alatt foglalnak össze, találunk a világosságra, a látásra és a színekre vonatkozó néhány észrevételt.

Az arisztotelészi Fizikának főmozzanatai a következők:
 1. Az anyag, erő és mozgás fogalmainak természetfilozófiai fejtegetése, továbbá az elemekről való tana.
 2. A kozmosz berendezéséről szóló elmélete és az elemek elhelyezéséről szóló tan.

Csillagászat és meteorológia

A Meteorológia négy könyve szintén nem felel meg elnevezésének, amennyiben csak kisebb részében tartalmazza a meteorológiai jelenségek tárgyalását, inkább csillagászati, geológiai és kémiai kérdésekkel foglalkozik. A meteorológia feladatául az égi testekkel határos tünemények fejtegetését jelöli ki, ezek pedig a következők: A Tejút, az üstökösök, a tüzes meteorok és a hullócsillagok, továbbá ide tartozik a szelek, a földrengés, villámcsapások, zivatarok stb. okainak kutatása. A tengerről és sótartalmáról van azután szó, továbbá a szelekről és beosztásukról, az égi háborúról, a forgó szelekről és a légköri fénytüneményekről. Az értekezés utolsó részét az elemek tana foglalja el, mely ezúttal molekuláris, fizikai, és kémiai megjegyzésekre vezet. Ezek alkotják azt a talajt, melyen később az alkímia termett.

Az égi testek mozgására nézve Eudoxosz és Calippus elméletét fogadta el, kik több, egymást körülfogó szféra segítségével igyekeztek megmagyarázni az egyes égi testek egyenetlen járását. Az egész mindenség külső határát az ősmozgató foglalja el (primum mobile). Így tehát a mindenség az innenső és a túlsó világból van összetéve.

Az arisztotelészi kozmológiában a mozdulatlan Földet 49 koncentrikus, átlátszó "szféra" veszi körül, amik az összes látható égitest mozgásáért felelősek. A legkülső szféra tartalmazza az állócsillagokat. Ptolemaiosz később az arisztotelészi szférákat epiciklusok rendszerével váltotta fel. Kis módosításokkal az arisztotelészi kozmológia két ezer éven át meghatározta az európai tudományos gondolkodást, amikor felváltotta a kopernikuszi heliocentrikus világkép.

Összefoglalás

Égi és földi szféra: emitt a változatlanság és örökkévalóság világa, amott pedig vég nélkül való keletkezést és enyészést látunk, a meteorológiai folyamatokat és a szerves élet jelenségeit.

Kapcsolódó szócikkek

 Arisztotelész
 természetfilozófia
 Világkép

További információk
 MVE-szócikk

Források

Jegyzetek

Termeszet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home > Edu and Jobs
Telangana Govt plans to get safety clubs soon in schools
Wed 30 Nov 2022, 21:25:18
Plans are afoot to establish safety clubs in all government, local body and private schools in the State.
These clubs that comprises teachers, parents and students will create awareness among school children on good and bad touch, judicious use of mobile phones and social media platforms. The school children through clubs will also be provided legal literacy like Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, crimes and punishments, and whom to contact in the case of emergency.
The School Education department is drawing plans to form such safety clubs at every mandal, district and the State level. "Modalities are being worked out for establishing safety clubs in schools. An order is expected shortly," an official said.
The move to form safety clubs in the schools by the department comes in view of the recent alleged sexual assault on a four-year girl old by a school
principal's driver in the school premises in Banjara Hills.
Following the incident, the State government constituted a committee comprising Special Chief Secretary to Government, Labour and Employment department, Special Secretary to Government, WCD & SC, and Additional DGP (Women Safety Wing), Swati Lakra to frame the guidelines on safety and security of children in the schools. The committee which met recently is chalking out guidelines.
Though the GO MS 36 mandates installation of CCTV cameras at all vulnerable points in the school premises, several school managements have been ignoring the norm. The department, according to officials, will ensure all schools strictly comply with the rules and regulations issued in the GO MS 36.
Apart from school premises, plans are being drawn to make installation of CCTV cameras compulsory in the school buses both at front and rear ends of the bus.
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text:
Carlos Deltour (født 8. april 1864, død 29. maj 1920) var en fransk roer som deltog i OL 1900 i Paris.

Deltour vandt en bronzemedalje i roning under OL 1900 i Paris. Sammen med Antoine Védrenne og styrmanden Raoul Paoli kom den franske toer på en tredjeplads efter to hollandske både.

Eksterne henvisninger
 http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/carlos-deltour-1.html

Roere fra Frankrig


text:
The Wonders Reunite to Perform 'That Thing You Do!'
On Tuesday night, 3 out of the 4 members of the fictional "boy band" The Wonders reunited for a one night only event for The Goddamn Comedy Jam!
Tom Everett Scott (Guy Patterson), Johnathon Schaech (Jimmy Mattingly), and Ethan Embry (The Bass Player), who starred in the 1996 film That Thing You Do reunited in LA at the Roxy to play their fictional hit song turned actual hit song. The only band member missing from the reunion was Steve Zahn who played Lenny Haise in the film.
That Thing You Do! was written and directed by Tom Hanks, who also played the role of the band's manager, Mr. White. The film followed the boys all the way from their local band days in Erie, PA through the whirlwind of touring, scoring a hit record and becoming a one-hit wonder, thus the name the Wonders (or Oneders).
Over 20 years later, they've still got it! Check out the posts from Instagram and Twitter below showing the guys totally killing it playing the band's smash hit That Thing You Do!
We reunited The Wonders aka The Oneders from the movie That Thing You Do. Played the hit song from the movie. It was magical. Thank you @thetomeverettscott @johnschaech @ethanembry. #stevezahn and @tomhanks you were missed! One of the best @thegdcomedyjam we have ever done.
A post shared by Josh Adam Meyers (@joshadammeyers) on Apr 26, 2017 at 12:46am PDT
When we reunion, we reunion hard. pic.twitter.com/qv9yM9vCt9
— Ethan Embry (@EmbryEthan) April 26, 2017
Ive had a smile on my face all day because of how many people telling me how important That Thing You Do was to them. Last Night was magic pic.twitter.com/9PjgzeHXBu
— Josh Adam Meyers (@JoshAdamMeyers) April 26, 2017
Denise Caputo
A karaoke obsessed, craft beer enthusiast and lover of all things pop culture, Denise enjoys all facets of entertainment from Broadway to box office blockbusters. In her spare time, she enjoys photography, concerts (lots and lots of concerts), volunteering, reading and playing with her rescue kitten, Samantha (who rescued who, right?).
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Home » Featured » The Wonders Reunite to Perform 'That Thing You Do!'


Are you contemplating a commercial-scale hydroponics or Aquaponics farming operation? Can you benefit from the collaborative support of banks, investors, community officials, strategic partners or others? We can help.


Have you ever wondered how it feels to be constantly hungry? How it feels to be constantly wanting food and never getting enough? Am not talking about starving, am talking about getting basic nutritional requirements but in such small quantities that its never enough? If you have wondered go on an unpaid intern-ship to another country.
So my intern-ship had to be filled with contradictions. Once in a while I'll go out to the Armada or another nice place and spend like there's no tomorrow and then tomorrow comes and I realise am not being paid, I have to eat, which means am not going to be eating much for that day or for the ones that follow. I wake up and boil a glass of water, a glass because my new flat has no cups, I pour the water into the glass add nescafe and add sugar. Not too much sugar, this isn't because of any health reasons, its partly since if all this sugar finishes I won't be buying any more but the real reason I add such a measly amount of the white powder is I want my coffee bitter. No I don't like my coffee bitter I don't even like coffee. But I know caffeine provides a kick in the morning plus drinking something means I have an excuse to sit and read for a bit before I leave. The reason I want my coffee bitter is because this taste gives it meaning. It adds substance, Am not drinking a glass of water any more, now am taking nutrients, something that can fill my stomach, life is a placebo effect.
I finish my coffee and feel hungry, very hungry but the budget for the week is almost gone. I put this out of my mind and walk to the metro station. I get in and stand patiently. Get off at the station near tahrir square and start the long trek to work. Cairo is a supremely confusing city, its huge, it has to be to swallow up twenty million people, it has to have twisting intricate streets, it has to be so confusing that the cab drivers routinely ask for directions. To combat this I have mapped out a way to work. Landmarks to follow until the next landmark and I walk this route feeling hungry. Thinking about how hungry I am when I smell something off to the left.
I sit in front of the computer and feel hungry. I try to work. I really do. Am meant to be reading up on the Sinai region of Egypt. A place with a Bedouin culture that doesn't buy into the pharoanic heritage that is the glue of unity in the country, a region near Gaza whose security is dependent on the state of Palestine which is always volatile. This kind of thing is always interesting but my stomach rumbles and I can't really concentrate on Palestine's troubles. Its 11 in the morning. I could leave now for lunch, no supervision now, but if I leave a t 11 I'll be hungry by 1105. No I will save the 5 minutes of satisfaction for 1 pm.
The same thoughts repeat themselves except 11 becomes 12.
it's lunchtime, I walk down the street to a GAD, my stomach has that tightness of being well toned, this is usually one of my favourite things about being hungry, my stomach becomes rock hard and I feel good to feel fit, but now it's a constant a Viagra like side effect.
I have foul a sandwich made of mashed beans wrapped in bread, it tastes interesting, not good but interesting and its cheap. It fills me up and before I leave the restaurant I'm hungry again.
I sit in the office and fight my way to go time and get ready to leave. Am on the streets. You don't want to be hungry on the streets of Cairo, there is food everywhere, people roasting meat and chicken, spaghetti, foul, falafel and everyone is eating except me.
Dinner is a chicken burger(sharwerma) which is actually almost as cheap as the foul. Just like the foul it leaves me hungering for more. I reach for a glass of water and swallow some in the hopes that I won't be hungry any more but then that wouldn't be me in Egypt would it?
* not my phrase but found in the article its linked to just seemed to match the general tone too much.


Silver Toyota Rav-4, manufactured in 2004, first registered on 1 January 2004. Cylinder capacity: 1998cc, CO2 emissions: 211 g/km.
As of 2 August 2017 this vehicle had done 95,256 miles. Current estimated odometer reading: 103,900 miles.


Seeknit has a large selection of crochet needles for all types of crochet. Both pure bamboo and metal-tipped needles are available. What they all have in common is the best, Japanese bamboo.
The metal-tipped needles are made with Japanese brass making for smooth, fuss-free crochet.


Certified Fair Trade Organic Ethiopian Yirgacheffe.
We bought this for our son. He absolutely loves it.
The Ethiopian is one if the best roasts that I have found and works well for any time. It has a good hearty flavor but is also smooth with no aftertaste. When I recommend a coffee for someone that is new to Raphael's - this is the one and it seems to work well for all types if coffee drinkers.


text:
Publication Books
A Scientific Defense of Faith
George E. Vaillant, MD
In our current era of holy terror, passionate faith has come to seem like a present danger. Writers such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens have been happy to throw the baby out with the bathwater and declare that the danger is in religion itself. God, Hitchens writes, is not great.
But man, according to George E. Vaillant, M.D., is great. In Spiritual Evolution, Dr. Vaillant lays out a brilliant defense not of organized religion but of man's inherent spirituality. Our spirituality, he shows, resides in our uniquely human brain design and in our innate capacity for emotions like love, hope, joy, forgiveness, and compassion, which are selected for by evolution and located in a different part of the brain than dogmatic religious belief. Evolution has made us spiritual creatures over time, he argues, and we are destined to become even more so. Spiritual Evolution makes the scientific case for spirituality as a positive force in human evolution, and he predicts for our species an even more loving future.
Vaillant traces this positive force in three different kinds of "evolution": the natural selection of genes over millennia, of course, but also the cultural evolution within recorded history of ideas about the value of human life, and the development of spirituality within the lifetime of each individual. For thirty-five years, Dr. Vaillant directed Harvard's famous longitudinal study of adult development, which has followed hundreds of men over seven decades of life. The study has yielded important insights into human spirituality, and Dr. Vaillant has drawn on these and on a range of psychological research, behavioral studies, and neuroscience, and on history, anecdote, and quotation to produce a book that is at once a work of scientific argument and a lyrical meditation on what it means to be human.
Spiritual Evolution is a life's work, and it will restore our belief in faith as an essential human striving.
Purchase this book from Amazon
Broadway Books
http://www.randomhouse.com/crown/broadway-books/
Prosocial Emotions


text:
Q: Draw an inclined ellipse in PStricks I would like to draw an inclined ellipse in PStricks, but seems the angle command does not work here. How can I make my ellipse inclinde?
  \psellipse[linestyle=dashed,angle=-30,linecolor=red,dash=3pt 2pt](-2,3)(0.5,0.5)

A: You must use the rot option:
\documentclass[pstricks, border=12pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\begin{document}
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](-2,-3)(3,4)
\psellipse[linestyle=dashed, rot=-30,linecolor=red, dash=3pt 2pt](0.5,0.5)(1,3)
\end{pspicture}
\end{document}

This gives:

A: Using composite transformation just for refreshing elementary school math.
\documentclass[pstricks,border=12pt]{standalone}
\begin{document}
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](-2,-3)(3,4)
\rput(0.5,0.5){\rput{-30}(0,0){\rput(-0.5,-0.5){\psellipse[linestyle=dashed,linecolor=red,dash=3pt 2pt](0.5,0.5)(1,3)}}}
\end{pspicture}
\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


20th Century Fox, 1937. Directed by Tay Garnett. Camera: Ernest Palmer. With Tyrone Power, Jr., Loretta Young, Don Ameche, Slim Summerville, Dudley Digges, Walter Catlett, Pauline Moore, Jane Darwell, Stepin Fetchit, George Sanders, Elisha Cook, Jr., Frank Conroy, Edwin Maxwell, Charles Williams, Julius Tannen, George Humbert, Frederick Burton, Charles Coleman, Paul McVey, Carol Tevis.


text:
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In your opinion, what are the main issues facing women here at MSU?
What types of resources are needed to enhance the status of women on MSU? What are some of the current resources on campus that you find helpful?
Do you feel personally safe on campus? Why or why not? Is there anything the university could do to enhance your safety?
How can we make MSU a more positive place for women?


A donation of $35 monthly or $420 dollars annually will bridge the gap between what a family can afford to pay for school and the actual costs of the services provided. We are seeking sponsorships for the children enrolled in our satellite schools. In addition to your sponsorship, the child's family is asked to contribute to the expenses of these services to encourage "ownership" in the ongoing education of their child. Partner with us in sponsorship and be the seed of change in a child's life!
Your sponsorship allows Christianville to provide: Tuition and education at one of four Christianville School campuses, Christian education, school books, school uniform, access to the Goat Chili from the Haiti Goat Program for satellite campuses, essential primary medical care both through the LaSalle Medical Clinic and Satellite School Mobile Medicine Program, dental clinic, eye clinic, assistance during critical medical conditions and other support as needed.
When you donate to sponsorship, you give with the understanding these funds are used immediately and directly for Christianville Schools and Sponsorship costs. In the event your child moves or discontinues enrollment in Christianville Schools, you may sponsor a different child in his or her place for the remainder of your commitment.


We are excited to share how cool we think 89-year-old Bob, Mr. Robert Shipman, is! Bob, aka PopPop, is the Grandfather of one of Linked Senior's very own Customer Success Managers. Want to know his story? Well, it's so cool that we want to share it!
Bob has always been interested in music. Since high school, he has pursued learning how to play clarinet, trumpet, saxophone, piano, and he is currently taking organ lessons alongside his wife Betty. He spent 21 years in the United States Army and followed up his military service by spending 20 years working as a part of the FBI. Since retiring, he seems to be more active than ever! Outside of organ lessons, he enjoys woodcarving, playing the clarinet for his church, listening to classical music, working on his "honey-do" list from his wife, and he just finished up a 17 year research project that has left him with a completed manuscript on the NAZCA Biomorphs and the Olmecs that is awaiting publication.
His joy in life is found through making other people smile, playing a "wicked clarinet", and approaching life knowing every day has a little more to offer through his faith in God.


Visual messages are everywhere in our lives. In advertising terms, their goal is simple – to persuade people to buy, learn and act. Yet, some visual messages are more successful than others. Hidden Persuasion: 33 Psychological Influence Techniques in Advertising helps to uncover why, revealing the secret power of creating these messages.
Authors Marc Andrews, Dr Matthijs van Leeuwen and Professor Dr Rick van Baaren – leading figures in social influence and visual persuasion – explain the psychology behind the 33 most effective influence techniques in the craft of visual persuasion and how to apply them in real-life scenarios.
This book is for anyone wanting to understand how behaviour is unconsciously influenced by advertising, social campaigns and governmental messages.


On Virtual Liver SEEK, we store personal information relating to you in order to enable our service, to tailor and optimize our service offering to you. We bind our employees to strictly observe your privacy and confidentiality rights.
In order to fully use the Virtual Liver SEEK service, user registration is required and you are assigned to be a member of a project. As Virtual Liver SEEK is about finding, sharing and exchanging data, models and processes among scientists, we use the registration information to identify who uploads the data and who you share the data with. The users can either register themselves, or they can sign an agreement that Virtual Liver SEEK will manage their assets.
As part of registration process, you give Virtual Liver SEEK your e-mail address. The e-mail address is shared only with the members of your projects and the members of your programme. You also receive site announcement and project subscription e-mails. We might occasionally contact you via e-mail in order to support you in using our service as well as to improve our service.
This site may contain links to other sites. HITS gGmbH is not responsible for the privacy practices or the content of other Web sites.
You can opt out of receiving site announcement and project subscription e-mails whenever you like, by unsubscribing from these services. You can send an e-mail to the Virtual Liver SEEK team at HITS to request the removal of your personal data.
The pictures used in Virtual Liver SEEK are from HITS gGmbH, our collaboration partners and the scientists using Virtual Liver SEEK. Other sources (if any) are named within the site.