text:
\section*{Introduction}

Believe it or not, there will likely be a drone for everyone in the years to come.
If you are a daredevil climber, it may make you feel safer knowing that drones could facilitate search-and-rescue missions, should something go wrong up in the mountains.
If sport is not your thing, and you would rather sit in front of a TV, a drone may be shooting your favorite documentary or delivering your piping-hot take-away pizza. The advantages of drones performing such, and many more, vital functions are easy to visualize, but \emph{what will it take?}
One of the key answers lies in wireless communications:
reliable command and control (C\&C) channels allowing autonomous drone cruising---whether in the woods or in downtown Manhattan---paired with high-data-rate connections enabling real-time streaming of events like political rallies, traffic jams, or the Tour de France \cite{HayYanMuz2016,ChaLar2017,YanLinLi2018}.

Mobile network operators (MNOs) are well aware of, and lured by, the new revenue opportunities stemming from a proliferation of drones---also known by the most tech savvy as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
MNOs are thus, more than ever,
\emph{preparing the ground} to tackle this new vertical market by offering cellular coverage to a heterogeneous population of users,
comprising both terrestrial and aerial equipment.
Every operator's aspiration would be to support C\&C and data channels of a large number of UAV users by seamlessly reusing existing, or soon-to-be-deployed, network infrastructure. However, studies undertaken by academia \cite{MozSaaBen2018,ZenLyuZha2018,AzaRosPol2017,BerChiPol2016} and key industry players \cite{LinYajMur2018,YajWanGao2018,GerGarGal2018,NguAmoWig2018} have unanimously pointed out that important technical challenges may have to be overcome for cellular-connected UAVs to be more than just wishful thinking.

In this article, we adopt the view of an MNO that, by rolling out its massive MIMO-based 5G network, aims to offer cellular communication services to both ground users (GUEs) and UAVs simultaneously. With this purpose, our MNO intends to reuse its already-purchased 10~MHz of sub-6~GHz licensed spectrum, operating it in time division duplexing (TDD) mode.
The MNO under consideration is particularly interested in assessing the performance of its fully loaded network in an Urban Macro scenario, where it has deployed three-sector base stations (BSs), 500~m apart at a height of 25~m, to provide cellular coverage to an average of 15 active devices per sector.

\emph{Here is the dilemma:}
Will this infrastructure suffice to meet the UAVs' link requirements---100~kbps C\&C channel and uplink payloads demanding several Mbps---set forth by the standardization forum?\footnote{The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) \cite{3GPP36777}.} Or should the MNO's network, primarily catering to GUEs, undergo substantial upgrades

The only way to provide well founded answers to such questions is by accurately evaluating the network performance, capturing the propagation environment between ground BSs and both GUEs and UAVs. To do this, we adopt the newly released 3GPP 3D channel model \cite{3GPP36777}, where parameters such as path loss, shadowing, probability of line-of-sight (LoS), and small-scale fading, explicitly account for the users' height. In the remainder of the article, we provide a seminal evaluation of solutions that enable 5G-connected UAVs. The results of our extensive simulation campaigns are overviewed, explained, and finally distilled into four essential guidelines.
\section*{Building the Network of Tomorrow}

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.9\columnwidth]{Figures/Network.eps}
\caption{Illustration of cellular support for UAVs through (a) an old-fashioned network and (b) a 5G-and-beyond network. In (a), each BS is equipped with a vertical antenna panel to cover a cellular sector and serve a single user on each PRB, potentially generating strong interference towards high UAVs. In (b), massive MIMO BSs serve multiple GUEs and UAVs on each PRB via digital precoding, also mitigating pilot contamination and inter-cell interference through radiation nulls, and UAVs point precise beams towards their serving BS.}
\label{fig:Network}
\end{figure*}

While we are writing this article, the cellular sites of our MNO are being upgraded from old-fashioned BSs, operating in single-user mode, to spanking new 5G massive MIMO BSs performing spatial multiplexing. Let us illustrate both modi operandi in a nutshell:\footnote{
Eager readers are referred to \cite{GerGarGal2018} for a thorough list of system parameters.}

{\bf Single-user mode (SU): }
Each BS is equipped with an $8 \times 1$ array of $\pm 45^{\circ}$ cross-polarized radiating elements, mechanically downtilted by 12$^{\circ}$.
The radio-frequency signals at the radiating elements are combined in the analog domain, and fed to a single radio frequency (RF) chain.
Hence, the BS has one multi-element antenna which can be used to serve
one device per time/frequency physical resource block (PRB), as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:Network}(a).

{\bf Massive MIMO mode (mMIMO): }
Each BS is still mechanically downtilted by 12$^{\circ}$, but equipped with an $8 \times 8$ array of $\pm 45^{\circ}$ cross-polarized radiating elements, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Network}(b). Each element is connected to a separate RF chain, thus there are 128 single-element antennas connected to 128 RF chains.
 With this overhaul, the MNO decides to employ zero-forcing precoding and combining at each BS to spatially multiplex eight devices. To acquire channel state information (CSI), massive MIMO BSs use device-specific uplink pilot sequences, which are reused every three cells \cite{BjoHoySanBook2017}.

Common features of the SU and mMIMO paradigms are: \emph{(i)} downlink equal user power allocation, and \emph{(ii)} uplink fractional power control, where each user sets its transmit power to compensate for a fraction of the path loss incurred \cite{GerGarGal2018}.

In this article we seek to determine whether additional network or UAV enhancements are necessary to support reliable aerial links. We thus explore the following options:

{\bf UAVs with adaptive arrays (aaUAV):}
UAVs integrate a $2 \times 2$ adaptive array comprised of omnidirectional antenna elements and a single RF chain. As illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:Network}(b),
this hardware upgrade enables aerial devices to perform a precise analog beamsteering towards their serving BS.

{\bf Massive MIMO BSs with null-steering (mMIMOnulls): }
BSs incorporate additional signal processing features that enable them to perform a twofold task. First, leveraging channel directionality, which invariably occurs in UAV-to-BS links, BSs can spatially separate non-orthogonal pilots transmitted by different aerial devices \cite{BjoHoySanBook2017}. Second, by dedicating a certain number of spatial degrees of freedom to place radiation nulls---16 in the case of our MNO---, BSs can mitigate interference on the dominant eigendirections of the inter-cell channel subspace. Such directions correspond to users in other cells that are most vulnerable to the BS's interference. Intuitively, in the presence of high UAVs, their strong LoS channels will dominate said subspace \cite{3GPP36777}. Each BS can blindly estimate the inter-cell subspace through a channel correlation estimation procedure, undertaken during silent phases \cite{GarGerGal2017}.

As it will become clear, when switching from downlink to uplink, UAVs may turn from victims of interference to offenders, at the expense of GUEs. For this reason, we also find essential to test stratagems that keep UAV-generated interference at bay:

{\bf Resource splitting (mMIMO-GUEsplit): }
Assuming that aerial devices can be identified by the network, each BS allocates orthogonal sets of PRBs for UAVs and GUEs, making sure that the GUEs of our MNO are protected from UAV-generated interference. Let $N_{\rm UAV}$ and $N_{\rm GUE}$ be the number of active UAVs and GUEs per cell, respectively. Aiming for a fair air-time share, a fraction $N_{\rm UAV} / (N_{\rm UAV} + N_{\rm GUE})$ of PRBs is reserved to UAVs, with the remaining fraction made available solely to GUEs. Note that this may come at the expense of not fully exploiting the spatial multiplexing capabilities. The effectiveness of this approach in protecting the GUE uplink will be shown in a later section.
\section*{Downlink Performance}

Putting ourselves in the MNO's shoes, we would like to understand the capabilities of reusing existing BS site locations for providing a reliable downlink C\&C channel for UAVs. Equally important---if not more---is characterizing the impact that flying devices might have on the performance of conventional terrestrial users, the latter representing the MNO's existing customers. These aspects are addressed throughout the present section.

\subsection*{UAV Downlink C\&C Channel}

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.9\columnwidth]{Figures/DL_UAV.eps}
\caption{Percentage [\%] of UAVs with downlink C\&C channel rates larger than 100~kbps as a function of their flying altitude.}
\label{fig:DL_UAV}
\end{figure*}

Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_UAV} illustrates the percentage of UAVs that achieve a downlink C\&C channel rate larger than the minimum requirement of 100~kbps \cite{3GPP36777}. This percentage is shown by considering one UAV per cell,
and by varying the height of all UAVs (15, 75, 150, and 300~m) to exemplify the crucial role of this parameter on the ground-to-air link performance.

Importantly, Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_UAV} demonstrates that, irrespective of the network and device capabilities, the performance of the downlink C\&C channel diminishes as UAVs increase their height from 15~m to a maximum flying altitude of 300~m. This degradation can be intuitively explained as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The MNO's BS antenna panels are downtilted, i.e., with the main lobe of the antenna pattern looking towards the center of their coverage area. Due to the strong antenna directivity, users located at low heights tend to associate to the physically closest BS. Instead, devices flying at high altitudes might associate to BSs located far away, since association is governed by the sidelobes of the BS antenna pattern perceived in the sky \cite{GerGarGal2018}.\footnote{While one could think that this reduced antenna gain is the main cause for the UAV coverage problems, this is actually not the case.} This might turn the closest BS into a strong interferer, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:Network}(a) for the red-colored UAV.
\item
As UAVs increase their height, they also enhance the probability of being in LoS with many BSs \cite{3GPP36777,MozSaaBen2018, KhaGuvMat2018}. This entails that UAVs experience a reduced path loss with a large number of BSs simultaneously, which makes aerial devices prone to perceive interference from multiple sources and thus a degraded signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR).
\end{itemize}

The effect of interference is particularly noticeable for SU setups (with poorer interference coordination), where the percentage of UAVs with downlink rates larger than 100~kbps goes from 77\%, for the low-altitude UAVs flying at 15~m, to a mere 1\%, when UAVs fly at 300~m. This severe degradation also occurs in spite of equipping UAVs with an adaptive array (SU-aaUAV).

Altogether, Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_UAV} demonstrates that massive MIMO could be an essential technology for providing a reliable downlink C\&C channel in highly loaded cellular networks.
Three key factors justify the gains that massive MIMO networks provide to UAV communications:
\begin{enumerate}
\item \emph{Beamforming gains:}
As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Network}(b),
massive MIMO uses digital precoding to enhance the useful received signal strength by focusing the transmission energy on the physical UAV location.
\item \emph{Spatial multiplexing gains:}
Massive MIMO BSs are capable of spatially multiplexing a large number of users simultaneously reusing the same time/frequency resources.
\item \emph{Air-to-ground spatial separation gains:}
Massive MIMO BSs, dedicating spatial resources to terrestrial users, focus their energy towards the ground, and therefore are more unlikely to generate interference towards flying UAVs.
\end{enumerate}

The trends of Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_UAV} stress the need for our MNO to employ more sophisticated hardware and signal processing when serving aerial users.
For instance, it can be observed that complementing conventional massive MIMO BS processing with explicit inter-cell interference suppression techniques (mMIMOnulls) is essential when catering for high-altitude UAVs.
Indeed, these additional capabilities dramatically increase the percentage of UAVs that meet the 100~kbps requirement when these are flying at 300~m, from 33\% (mMIMO) to a whopping 98\% (mMIMOnulls).
Even though each BS requires statistical channel knowledge from cell-edge devices associated to other BSs to perform inter-cell interference suppression, its acquisition is facilitated for higher UAVs. In fact, due to the strong channel directionality, the problem boils down to estimating the UAV angle of arrival.

Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_UAV} also tells us that, as far as UAV downlink performance is concerned, our MNO does not need to rely on devices with adaptive arrays (mMIMO-aaUAV), since the gain compared to mMIMO is minor at lower altitude and mMIMOnulls performs substantially better at very high altitudes.

Overall, Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_UAV} corroborates the effectiveness of massive-MIMO-based networks to serve UAVs in downlink. Massive MIMO will thus take center stage in the following.

\subsection*{UAV-GUE Downlink Interplay}

Let us know take a complementary view, and assess the impact caused by the presence of UAVs on GUEs. This scrutiny is well founded, because there exists an interplay between GUEs and UAVs throughout multiple phases of communication:
\begin{enumerate}
\item \emph{CSI acquisition through uplink pilots:} In massive MIMO TDD networks, devices transmit uplink pilots prior to data transmission to facilitate the acquisition of CSI at the BS side.
This knowledge can be subsequently leveraged for data transmission and reception purposes.
During the CSI acquisition phase, devices located in different cells are generally forced to share the same pilot sequence to leave enough time for data communications,
which leads to an imperfect CSI acquisition \cite{BjoHoySanBook2017}.
Unless appropriately dealt with, this issue might be particularly problematic for ground users sharing the same pilot sequence as UAVs, since the latter experience LoS propagation conditions with a plurality of BSs, and might have the \emph{negative effect} of generating severe pilot contamination to GUEs.
\item \emph{Downlink data transmission through multi-user MIMO:}
The data transmission phase also behaves differently when both terrestrial and aerial devices are served simultaneously through spatial multiplexing,
mostly because UAVs and GUEs experience profoundly different propagation characteristics and need to share the total output power.
These distinct features lead massive MIMO BSs to focus some of their radiated energy towards the sky, which could have the \emph{positive effect} of reducing the inter-cell interference generated towards ground devices.
\end{enumerate}

To illustrate the impact of the presence of UAVs on the network performance,
Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_GUE} shows the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the downlink SINR per PRB experienced by terrestrial users.\footnote{
A PRB occupies a bandwidth of 180~kHz and has a duration of 1~ms \cite{3GPP36777}.} Both cellular networks with and without UAVs are considered,
with one UAV per cell flying at a height of $150$~m in the former case.
Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_GUE} confirms that UAV-generated pilot contamination causes an overall degradation of the downlink SINRs attainable by GUEs.
The impact is significant for cell-edge GUEs, i.e., those located in the lower tail of the CDF and shown in the inset, which lose around 5 dB when a single UAV per cell is deployed (mMIMO).

Interestingly, this performance loss is partially compensated when aerial devices are equipped with adaptive arrays (mMIMO-aaUAV), and focus their beam towards their serving BS. In fact, the increased link budget allows UAVs that perform (analog) beamforming to reduce their transmit power, in turn reducing the interference generated to other cells during the uplink pilot transmission phase. However, the MNO may not be particularly satisfied with this solution, since it still penalizes cell-edge GUEs.

On the other hand, inter-cell interference suppression capabilities (mMIMOnulls) yield a shortened gap between scenarios with and without UAVs. Fig.~\ref{fig:DL_GUE} reveals that such capabilities approximately preserve the cell-edge GUE performance even in the presence of UAVs. This remarkable result demonstrates the benefits of explicitly accounting for the presence of UAVs in the network and mitigating UAV-to-GUE pilot contamination. The remaining performance gap can be explained as follows. In the absence of UAVs, BSs point their radiation nulls towards vulnerable out-of-cell GUEs. Instead, most of the nulls target UAVs when these are present, since they are more likely to experience strong channel conditions with a large number of BSs, and are thus more vulnerable to interference.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figures/DL_GUE.eps}
\caption{Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the downlink SINRs per PRB for the ground users. When present, one UAV per cell is flying at an altitude of $150$~m.}
\label{fig:DL_GUE}
\end{figure}

\section*{Uplink Performance}

On a par with evaluating the downlink performance of networks with UAV users, we would like to assess whether our MNO can provide high-speed uplink aerial links for video streaming purposes. An equally important concern is related to the influence that UAV transmissions have on the uplink performance of terrestrial users. These two facets of uplink transmission are treated through this section.

\subsection*{UAV Uplink C\&C Channel and Data Streaming}

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.9\columnwidth]{Figures/UL_UAV.eps}
\caption{(a) Average and (b) 95\%-likely uplink UAV rates [Mbps] for cellular networks with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 UAVs per cell.}
\label{fig:UL_UAV}
\end{figure*}

Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_UAV} shows both (a) the average and (b) the 95\%-likely UAV uplink data rates for a varying number of UAVs per cell. Intuitively, the average uplink data rates are indicative of the network support to real-time streaming applications, whereas the 95\%-likely rates identify the uplink C\&C channel reliability. In the considered networks, UAVs are uniformly distributed between 1.5~m, to capture their performance during the critical take-off and landing operations, and 300~m \cite{3GPP36777}.

Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_UAV} carries the consequential message that increasing the number of UAVs has a detrimental impact on their own performance. The reduction in the uplink data rates is especially significant for old-fashioned SU setups, where the minimum requirement of 100~kbps cannot be satisfied for the 5\% worst UAVs when more than one aerial user is present per cell. Therefore, once again, we shift the focal point to massive MIMO systems.

Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_UAV} confirms how 5G networks with massive MIMO BSs are capable of substantially boosting the average uplink data rates attainable by SU architectures. However, massive MIMO is not immune to severe inter-UAV interference generated both during the CSI acquisition and uplink data transmission phases. It can be observed how, with massive MIMO, the average UAV uplink rates in Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_UAV}(a) drop from 8.9~Mbps to 2.7~Mbps when the number of UAVs is increased from one to five per cell. These results hint that UAV-agnostic signal processing techniques might not be enough to guarantee the 100~kbps required by the uplink C\&C channel, when a large number of single-antenna UAVs are present in the network.

In these challenging circumstances, the MNO could get away without null steering if all cellular-connected UAVs were equipped with adaptive arrays (mMIMO-aaUAV). But being this beyond the control of the MNO, we recommend to complement the network with inter-cell interference suppression capabilities (mMIMOnulls) to enhance the performance of the UAV uplink payload and C\&C channels.

\subsection*{UAV-GUE Uplink Interplay}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figures/UL_GUE.eps}
\caption{Average uplink data rates [Mbps] for the ground users as a function of the number of UAVs per cell.}
\label{fig:UL_GUE}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_GUE} puts a spotlight on the average uplink rates achieved by GUEs under the presence of a varying number of UAVs, from one to five per cell. Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_GUE} illustrates that the average GUE uplink rates are dramatically curtailed when more UAVs are active, except for the case when PRBs are split between GUEs and UAVs (mMIMO-GUEsplit). In this case, the performance remains roughly independent of the number of UAVs per cell.\footnote{In this example, we designed the fraction of PRBs dedicated to GUEs as a function of the number of UAVs, in order to keep the GUE rates unaltered.} Although not explicitly shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_UAV} for brevity, it should be noted that this approach (mMIMO-GUEsplit) leaves UAVs with an insufficient number of PRBs, rendering it ineffective.

Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_GUE} also carries another fundamental message: GUEs may not be satisfied by the more aggressive spatial reuse offered by massive-MIMO-capable BSs, unless explicit inter-cell interference suppression mechanisms during the data reception and CSI acquisition phases are implemented (mMIMOnulls).
Still, even this approach suffers when there are three or more UAVs per cell in a fully loaded network.
Finally, Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_GUE} shows that equipping UAVs with adaptive arrays offers a limited performance improvement, in spite of allowing them to reduce the interference they generate thanks to both
\emph{(i)} their reduced radiated power as per the fractional power control logic applied,
and \emph{(ii)} the increased directionality of their transmissions.
Altogether, Fig.~\ref{fig:UL_GUE} highlights the need to account for the presence of UAVs throughout the network design stage,
if the performance of the existing GUEs is to be preserved.

\section*{Guidelines for Realizing 5G-Connected UAVs}

\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{Recap of network and UAV upgrades, along with their degree of effectiveness: insufficient (\xmark), partial ($\mathbf{\sim}$), or satisfactory (\cmark).}
\label{table:solutions}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\setlength\tabcolsep{5pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|p{8cm}|}
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Upgrade}} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{\textbf{Effectiveness}} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Caveats}}} \\\cline{2-5}
  & \textbf{DL UAV} & \textbf{DL GUE} & \textbf{UL UAV} & \textbf{UL GUE} &  \\\hline
\rowcolor{LightCyan}
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}} Massive MIMO \\ [-0.75ex] (mMIMO) \end{tabular} & $\mathbf{\sim}$ & \xmark & $\mathbf{\sim}$ & $\mathbf{\sim}$ & \vspace{-0.5cm} Its efficacy fades for many high-altitude UAVs, unless complemented by more advanced channel estimation and precoding \cite{BjoHoySanBook2017}. \\ \hline
\rowcolor{Gray}
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}} Resource splitting  \\ [-0.75ex] (mMIMO-GUEsplit) \end{tabular} & \xmark & \xmark & \xmark & \cmark & \vspace{-0.5cm} Need to identify UAVs through explicit signaling, location information, or recognizing UAV-specific channel features.  \\ \hline
\rowcolor{LightCyan}
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}} Multi-antenna UAVs \\ [-0.75ex] (mMIMO-aaUAV) \end{tabular} & \cmark & $\mathbf{\sim}$ & \cmark & $\mathbf{\sim}$ & \vspace{-0.5cm} Increased UAV size, hardware, and complexity. Not all manufacturers may be willing to implement it. Not under direct control of the MNO. \\ \hline
\rowcolor{Gray}
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}} Massive MIMO with inter-cell \\ [-1ex] interference suppression\\ [-0.75ex] (mMIMOnulls) \end{tabular} & \cmark & \cmark & \cmark & \cmark & \vspace{-0.65cm} Pilot contamination removal relies on enhanced processing leveraging channel directionality. Interference suppression needs channel estimation of out-of-cell UAVs, either via pilot coordination or blindly \cite{GarGerGal2017}.  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

In what follows, we sum up our findings,
and provide a solution to the MNO's dilemma,
as to whether its network will require substantial upgrades---and which ones---to support UAVs. We do so by drawing up four compelling guidelines.

{\bf Guideline~1: \emph{Take it or leave it}}\\
The complexity of the cellular network should be scaled up both with the number of connected UAVs and their maximum flying altitude.
On the other hand, an MNO could decide to avoid this investment by restricting the maximum height at which it guarantees cellular service.

{\bf Guideline~2: \emph{It's all about focus}}\\
Owing to its capability of focusing multiple signals towards multiple users,
massive MIMO is an important tool to achieve reliable UAV communications. Indeed, its adoption is critical to restrict the impact that UAV-generated interference has on legacy ground communications.

{\bf Guideline~3: \emph{No pain no gain}}\\
Table~\ref{table:solutions} serves as a digest of what the network and UAV upgrades evaluated throughout this article entail, and how they pay off. Let us recap what we have observed:

\begin{itemize}
\item The efficacy of massive MIMO (mMIMO) fades in the presence of many high-altitude UAVs. Moreover, pilot contamination may pose a severe threat that, if not properly addressed, can jeopardize the performance of existing terrestrial users.

\item The gains of resource splitting (mMIMO-GUEsplit) are confined to the uplink of GUEs, and they may come at the cost of starving UAVs of resources. Therefore, we do not regard it as a viable solution in fully loaded networks.

\item UAV manufacturers demanding cellular service at high altitudes may need to improve the hardware characteristics of their devices, e.g., by equipping UAVs with beamforming capabilities (mMIMO-aaUAV). While this solution improves UAV performance and UAV-GUE interplay up to a certain extent, it does not fall under direct control of the MNO.

\item The best bet is for the MNO to resort to inter-cell interference suppression (mMIMOnulls) to serve both UAVs and GUEs satisfactorily. As the user load increases, additional antennas can be deployed to sharpen the interference suppression capability. Still, even this approach may not suffice to handle plenty of high UAVs, calling for new network paradigms.
\end{itemize}

{\bf Guideline~4: \emph{The sky is the limit}}\\
In a future with a rocketing number of UAVs, operators should realize that reusing the same infrastructure for both GUEs and UAVs might not be sustainable. In this case, MNOs could design novel cellular architectures, perhaps even with dedicated resources and cellular BSs pointing towards the sky.

\section*{Conclusions}
The exciting era of automation is nigh, if not underway.
As a growing number of tasks are being delegated to machines, UAVs,
the most mobile of them all, are the logical candidates to take over many such missions.
The wireless industry at large is eyeing new business opportunities arising from the demand of fast, cable-less, and reliable exchange of air-to-ground information.
In this article, we have made an effort to solve a cellular operator's dilemma as to what it will take to realize 5G-connected UAVs in fully loaded networks,
without jeopardizing the performance of existing terrestrial users.
Our extensive 3GPP-compliant simulations have shown massive MIMO to be a viable solution,
if complemented with appropriate infrastructure and signal-processing upgrades by both operators and UAV manufacturers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
PREGAME SHOOTAROUND: Some conference matchups play out before football
By Scott PhillipsFeb 7, 2016, 8:30 AM EST
(AP Photo/George Frey)
GAME OF THE NIGHT: Utah at No. 16 Oregon, 4:00 p.m.
From Rob Dauster's Weekend Preview:
Utah suffered one of the worst losses I've seen in a while on Thursday night, when Brandon Taylor, for some unknown reason, decided to foul an Oregon State player firing up a half court prayer at the buzzer. The Utes, who are arguably the second-best team in the Pac-12, will look to bounce-back on Sunday against the best team in the Pac-12, No. 16 Oregon at 4:00 p.m.
FIVE THINGS TO WATCH FOR:
1. No. 12 SMU will attempt to stay atop the American standings as they travel to South Florida. While the Mustangs won the first matchup between these two teams at home by 14, they've dropped their last two games on the road.
2. A few more American contests are going down as East Carolina travels to UConn and Houston heads to Tulsa. The game between the Cougars and Golden Hurricane is especially interesting because both teams are sitting two games back of SMU and trying to make a move on the postseason.
3. No. 5 Iowa continues the soft part of the schedule as they face Illinois on the road. The Hawkeyes posted recent easy victories over Northwestern and Penn State and will be heavily favored again on Sunday.
4. Could be an intriguing game as No. 17 Miami travels to Georgia Tech. Although the Yellow Jackets aren't a major contender in the ACC, they've been tough this season, especially at home. The Hurricanes fell victim to Georgia Tech last season while they were ranked by Marcus Georges-Hunt has to get back on track after a recent slump for that to happen.
5. There is an Atlantic 10 game that will be featured on NBCSN on Sunday: Saint Louis at St. Bonaventure (2:00 p.m.).
CLICK HERE to watch these games on NBC Sports Live Extra Sunday afternoon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Not strictly a game but when I saw this on ebay I had to add it to my site. Just for those skimpy shorts!!
Someone had great fun designing this little set. Figure, ball, cup, seat and locker!
A little Playmobil type figure and a couple of plastic accessories. I can't get over those yellow budgie smugglers - can he really play football like that. Barry Venison in the 80's?
Nice set for a young child. Highly amusing.


text:
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In the latest sign of problems for the U.S. coal industry, one of the country's largest coal producers has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. West Virginia-based Revelation Energy LLC and its recently-formed affiliate, Blackjewel LLC, began the bankruptcy reorganization process in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of West Virginia on Monday. […]
Shafted: Dark Future Possible For Miners Who Kept Our Lights On
Miners in Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia who helped keep the country's lights on are worried that their retirement benefits could go dark as a result of a wave of bankruptcies in the coal industry. They hope Congress will approve a bill called the Miner's Protection Act to shore up the pensions and health benefits […]
By Becca Schimmel
Becca Schimmel


A "smart" city is becoming less imaginable without smart parking solutions. The city's transport system has a fundamental influence on the quality of life of the people living there and the competitiveness of the businesses there. Mainly in city centers a significant part of traffic is of cars looking for a parking space, so a parking optimization solution can significantly improve the efficiency of the entire transport system.
For the optimization of parking, the most important information is the real-time monitoring of the occupancy of each parking space. This is the main information on which navigation solutions, street information systems and statistical analytic systems can be built.
Intelliport Parking Sensor solves this task at the highest technological level available today.
Long life: with the sophisticated energy management capability of the device and the NB-IoT technology used for communication, the life of the sensors is 5 to 8 years, depending on the network signal quality and the parking frequency. The lifetime of the sensors is increased by the construction, the battery is 5-10 cm below the surface of the road, which means balanced temperature conditions, protecting the battery from extreme cold.
Small size: it is one of the smallest one among parking sensors on the market with similar capabilities and lifetime . With just 5 cm in diameter, it weakens the road structure significantly less than other devices.
High precision: the device detects the magnetic field distortion caused by vehicles. From a 3-dimensional change in the magnetic field, a complex algorithm determines whether a parking event occurred in the given location and if so what. The algorithm has been developed for the different types of parking (parallel, etc.), so it detects the parking change in occupancy with high reliability (95-98%) in all circumstances.
Durable: the device is extremely robust, waterproof and has a high strength. Thanks to the drilled construction under the surface of the road, it is fully protected against both the weather (cold, warm, ice, rain) and the hazards caused by the vehicles (eg snow plough). The device consists of two parts. There is an external cylinder that must be drilled and glued into the road. The other part os an internal sealed cylinder that contains the electronics, the antenna and the battery. This internal part is removable without time consuming drilling or gluing when necessary.
Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT): special LTE (4G) mobile communication technology with considerably lower energy consumption than conventional mobile communications. The network can be cost-effectively built and operated because it is based on existing mobile networks, no local gateway is required to install and operate. The security of communication is provided by the chip-SIM-based closed APN.
Long life battery: long-life battery that can provide a near constant voltage level over a long period of time.
Energy Management: Intelliport's innovative hardware and software energy management solutions ensure long-term reliability of the devices without maintenance.
Passive state: before the installation, the sensors are in passive state when they send a life signal at times, but the changes in the magnetic field are not monitored. In this state, the consumption of the sensors is minimal, so the battery lifetime reduction is negligible between manufacturing and installation.
Active Status: after the installation, the sensors can be switched to active state remotely. From this point on, they monitor the change in the magnetic field and indicate to the server if the change is such that it refers to a parking event.
Automatic calibration: the base status (when there is no vehicle in the parking space) is the magnetic field in each location different and changes in time depending on the change in its environment. In addition, the accuracy of the measurement is influenced by the ambient temperature. Therefore, the magnetic sensing must be calibrated after installation and then recalibrated regularly. The system automatically calibrates them with a special algorithm to ensure accuracy even in the long run.
Heartbeat: in addition to parking events, the sensors regularly send a so called heartbeat signal to the central system administrator, so potential problems can quickly evolve, proactively managed to minimize service loss.
Parking events detection: sensors from the magnetic field change senses that a vehicle moves above them. From the nature and length of the change, taking into account the calibration data, a special algorithm determines whether a parking status change has really occurred and, if so, what. The algorithm can be parameterized per sensor, thus taking into account the specificity of the given parking space, it is possible to optimize detection and response times.


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IIT-K, REC Foundation ink MoA to support School of Medical Research and Technology
06 October 2021 | News
REC Foundation providing financial assistance of Rs 14.4 Cr
Image Credit: twitter.com
In its efforts to get underway the upcoming School of Medical Research and Technology (SMRT), the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT-K) has signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with the REC Foundation, the CSR arm of REC (formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited).
REC Foundation has committed financial assistance of Rs 14.4 Crores under its CSR programme to IIT Kanpur for the construction of student housing facilities at the upcoming SMRT.
School of Medical Research and Technology (SMRT) will be India's first medical school that aims to narrow the gap between medical sciences and technology disciplines.
As a part of the SMRT, the institute will set up a 500-bed super speciality hospital and centres of excellence (CoE's) for pursuing R&D activities in futuristic medicine. The school is likely to offer postgraduate and doctoral programmes in various super specialities.
As per this CSR Agreement, the REC will provide financial support through its CSR initiative to IIT Kanpur towards the establishment of SMRT at IIT Kanpur. The CSR contribution will be utilised for the construction of 2 Hostel Towers with furniture, fixtures, landscaping, external lighting and solar power generation facility for postgraduate students.


What's happening as an adolescent child matures toward adulthood is complicated, so it's important to know what's going on. But when parents are given insightful information, their first question is: What should I do about it? In this post I share a guest article from Patrick Bailey, a freelance writer who focuses mainly on topics related to mental health, addiction and recovery. His positive, big-picture perspective on nurturing a healthy adolescent brain should give you some ideas that will help you be proactive.
The growing adolescent brain affects every area of your child's life. Much development occurs in the first quarter of a person's life, and the brain relies on the proper balance of optimal nutrition and activity to remain healthy.
Cognitive deficits occur without proper nutrition. Mental illness can be enhanced without the correct healthy habits. Teaching your teens healthy habits may promote healthy brain development throughout adulthood.
Young adults do not achieve full brain development until their early twenties. Many of the neurons and tissues in their brains are forming throughout their teenage years. Without proper nutrition, children lack the minerals and nutrients needed to grow neural pathways, hormonal properties, and tissue.
Such brain development indicates the importance of nutrition in ensuring optimal brain function for your children while they are still growing. By encouraging a healthy diet, you provide your children with the vitamins and minerals they need for optimal mental health.
A strong fitness routine is essential to your teenager's brain development. Regular physical activities may improve cognition, release endorphins needed for mental health, and promote activity in the brain. The short- and long-term effects of routine exercise have impacts on neuron growth and can even improve academic performance.
Teenagers develop healthy responses to stress if they learn to rely on exercise to release emotions and refuel them with endorphins and positive feelings. Challenging young adults to push themselves mentally through fitness also promotes self-care and ambition in other areas of life. Encouraging your teens to develop an exercise routine works best if you allow them to choose workouts they genuinely enjoy.
Dealing with environmental stress in a healthy way is an essential skill all young adults should learn. Without appropriate responses to common stressors for teens, children may adopt stressful behaviors and thinking as default mechanisms, which may damage their long-term neural responses to stress.
Educating teens on how to find and execute their passions is more than an aspirational parenting tip. When young adults understand their intrinsic motivations and passions in life, it enhances their psychological wellness and cognition.
Nurturing your teenagers' brain development is possible by taking a holistic approach to each aspect of their lives. From the foods they eat to their responses to stress, the habits and self-care they develop during their formative years are critical to their wellness and cognitive abilities in adulthood. By taking proactive steps to support them in these areas, you can be confident in your teens' abilities to develop in a healthy way.


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CCAC eNews
CCAC eNews is the monthly newsletter of the Chicago Central Area Committee. For more information about the CCAC or to inquire about membership, please contact Kelly O'Brien at (312) 602-5148 or kobrien@ccac.org.
Download the 2017 Meeting Calendar!
The CCAC 2017 Meeting Calendar is ready to download in PDF format. The Calendar lists this year's dates and locations for our popular luncheon speaker series, hosted each month by a different CCAC member organization. (NOTE: Locations subject to change--see website for newest calendar. Meetings open to paid members and guests, only.)
Download the CCAC 2017 Meeting Calendar (PDF)
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Share Your News with Us
Let us feature your newsworthy organizational stories here in CCAC eNews. Send them to Kelly O'Brien at (312) 602-5148 or kobrien@ccac.org.
CCAC Hears From the Illinois Film Office
CCAC would like to thank Michael Csar, Partner, Drinker, Biddle & Reath LLP for hosting the CCAC luncheon on Tuesday, February 14th. The membership heard from Christine Dudley, Director of the Illinois Film Office. Under Christine's leadership, the office promotes Illinois as a global destination for premier film production. As the gateway to government for the television, film and commercial advertising industries, the Film Office manages the film tax credit incentive program, in addition to a full range of services that support production and business development for the continued growth of Illinois' creative arts economy.
Dudley noted, "The film industry is a business. By no mistake, the Office of Film is a part of the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. We're about commerce, economic development, and the opportunity to grow and look for new ways to grow the film industry."
Television shows such as Chicago Fire, Chicago PD, Chicago Med, the newly created Chicago Justice, and Empire are all filmed in the city. "We love the assets that they bring, the money they spend and the highlighting of the city", Dudley expressed.
(L:R) Kelly O'Brien, Executive Director, CCAC; Christine Dudley, Director, Illinois Film Office; and Michael Csar, Partner, Drinker, Biddle & Reath LLP
The purpose of the Illinois Film Office is to attract more production to the state of Illinois. Currently, the Illinois Film Office has a team of six people. The Illinois film tax credit incentive program has helped Illinois create an industry that is sustainable and continues to attract more and more production projects to our state.
Film tax credit and incentive programs originated in Canada, resulting in a boom of production filming in cities like Toronto and Vancouver. Initially, over 40 states took Canada's lead and started offering a tax credit program, but many of those programs have diminished in the last few years because of a lack of infrastructure, talent and assets that are built into places like Illinois, New York and California. The benefits of the program were seen quickly when Illinois' once booming industry-- specifically in the 80's and 90's which featured iconic films such as Risky Business, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, My Best Friend's Wedding, and so many more – began to see productions head to states with production tax credits. Dudley mentioned, "We had all the assets in place, but initially we didn't have a tax credit program to compete with the other states and Canada."
The Illinois Film Tax Credit Incentive Program was passed into law in 2003 and amended in 2008 as a direct conversation with the film industry, and most importantly, local stakeholders to determine how to revive film production in Illinois. Those involved in the development of the statute looked at best practices of other programs to craft an Illinois program that was focused on jobs and economic development. The resulting and current program offered a 30% transferrable tax credit for qualified Illinois spending. This program has renewed Illinois' film industry, which hit a record high for estimated Illinois spending in 2016. Productions now look to Illinois for our diverse and iconic locations, talent and highly skilled labor, and a comprehensive supply chain of industry vendors.
To qualify for the Illinois Film Tax Credit program, the production must fill out an application and provide information regarding the budget for spending in Illinois and demonstrate that "but for" the tax credit, the production could film cheaper elsewhere. The application is submitted for review by the Illinois Film Office and legal counsel to determine eligibility pursuant to the statute and rules. Once the production concludes filming and has paid the last invoice, an independent CPA prepares and submits an attestation of the qualified Illinois expenditures. Once again, the Illinois Film Office and legal counsel verify the information, resulting in a tax credit certificate being issued to the production.
The Illinois industry's focus currently is on episodic television production and commercial advertising which has long been a mainstay of creative and production jobs in our state. "In terms of supply, we are the regional leader now for film production. When we talk about regionalism, no one can hold a candle to us in this region in terms of film production and that goes back to when the 2008 tax incentive program was amended," Dudley expressed. Surprising to most in the audience, Dudley explained that Georgia is the number one state in the country for television and film production. Over 400 film and television programs are being produced in Georgia, primarily because they offer the most lucrative tax incentive. The program provides 20% tax credit with an extra 10% for adding the 'Georgia Peach' logo in the credits. Their credit doesn't have a cap on salaries and includes non-residents.
Yet Illinois is still competitive and offers a lot of assets and advantages. In 2016 there were 13,372 job hires and $500 million in estimated production spending – as previously noted, a record for the state. In closing, Dudley noted, "We need to continue to develop our workforce, to be present and understand the needs of the community, walk that fine line between the stakeholders and customers' needs to develop all-inclusive community for this industry. The Illinois Tax Credit Incentive is a good program that helps the city of Chicago, state of Illinois, and gives us an opportunity to be a leader."
CCAC Audience at the February 14th Luncheon at Drinker, Biddle & Reath LLP
Next CCAC Meeting:
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Join us at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP on Tuesday, March 14, 2017 for the next CCAC meeting hosted by Douglas Voigt, Director of Urban Design and Planning, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP.
CCAC MARCH MEETING
GUEST SPEAKER:
John Jay Shannon, M.D.
Cook County Health & Hospitals System
12:00 -- 1:30 p.m.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
224 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000
Douglas Voigt
RSVP TO:
Kelly O'Brien at kobrien@ccac.org
"Repeal, Replace (or Repair) & Reinvest"
Dr. Jay Shannon is the CEO of the Cook County Health & Hospitals System, one of the largest and most storied public health systems in the nation. CCHHS' historic mission includes providing care for more than 300,000 unique patients every year without regard for their ability to pay. Since 2013, CCHHS has operated CountyCare, a Medicaid managed care health plan which was made possible through the passage of the Affordable Care Act. CountyCare provides coverage and care to more than 140,000 Cook County residents through a network that includes more than 100 primary care access points and nearly all hospitals in Cook County. CountyCare has been instrumental to CCHHS' transformation, a transformation that has resulted in a positive bottom line for the past three years and a reduction in Cook County tax allocation by more than 75% ($370M) since 2009. Join us for a discussion of the potential impact ACA repeal, replace (or repair) could have on the system and why regardless of federal action, CCHHS is committed to reinvesting in its facilities and services.
Membership Tier for Next Generation of Civic Leaders & Upcoming Quarterly Meet-Up
The first gathering of 2017 is scheduled for March 7th. CCAC Young Leaders presents: "Streeterville In Focus: Future Development and Neighborhood Change." This roundatable discussion will feature some of the most influential players in transforming the Streeterville neighborhood such as Alderman Brian Hopkins, 2nd Ward, City of Chicago; Curt Bailey, President, Related Midwest; Sarah Burke, Director of External Affairs, Northwestern Memorial Hospital; and Gail Spreen, Owner of Streeterville Properties and Past President of S.O.A.R. Topics will include real estate, urban design, community needs and infrastructure. The discussion begins at 6:00 pm with a Happy Hour to follow. For membership information and to RSVP contact Kelly O'Brien at kobrien@ccac.org.
Young Leaders with firms that are CCAC Members are automatically included and welcome to attend. Non-firm/Individual Young Leader Membership is $1,000.00 annually. To download the flyer please click on it for a version to distribute.
Alliance for Regional Development
5th Annual Summit on Regional Competitiveness
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
The Fifth Annual Summit on Regional Competitiveness is set for October 16, 2017 at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. For more information, please contact Executive Director, Kelly O'Brien at kobrien@ccac.org.
Thank You For Your Continued Membership
CCAC remains committed to being at the forefront of creating the City's identity, shaping the vision of a global destination and helping to set the right priorities to attract broad based investment. Your continued membership allows your voice to be heard. Getting involved provides a unique opportunity to give back to the City you call home based on your professional expertise. Your talents will help shape our tomorrow. 2017 membership invoices have been mailed and sent via e-mail. If you have any questions, please contact Executive Director, Kelly O'Brien at kobrien@ccac.org, (312) 602-5148.
Do You Have A Facebook Page? A Twitter Account? A LinkedIn Page? Connect with CCAC!
CCAC is active on social media including Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook. Please follow us on Twitter with our username @ChicagoCCAC or click the link below to be directed to our page. Please search for us on LinkedIn or Facebook under the Chicago Central Area Committee! Follow us!
www.ccac.org
info@ccac.org
Chicago Central Area Committee (CCAC)
161 North Clark Street, Suite 4300, Chicago, IL 60601
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Santana tourist apartments are located in the center of Llanes with modern, functional interiors and maximum equipment, thinking of your rest and comfort .. it has a kitchen with your utensils, washing machine, sheets, towels,. etc. With open spaces (Loft type).


You will receive an email upon completion of your on line registration. That email will include links to all relevant information about your workshop. If you plan to travel in order to attend one of our trainings, please be sure to make your arrangements that will allow you to stay until the end of the training (5 PM).
Workshop cancellations are subject to the full workshop fee. If you can no longer attend the workshop for which you registered, you may transfer your registration to another workshop date within 12 months from the date of the workshop for which you were originally registered.
Transfer requests made at least 14 days prior to the start of the workshop will incur a change fee of $50 for nonprofits and $75 for foundations. Transfer requests made less than two weeks fewer than 14 days (two weeks) before the start of the training are subject to a change fee of $200 for nonprofits and $225 for foundations.
You may substitute another person from your organization up to 9 AM Eastern Time the day before the workshop at no additional charge. Please make this change by updating your registration or by contacting our training coordinator at workshops@interactioninstitute.org or 617.863.2038.
We occasionally must cancel a workshop due to low enrollment and generally make that determination two weeks prior to the start date. In this case, you will be contacted by the workshop coordinator and a full refund or the opportunity to register for another workshop will be offered.
Our workshops run from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Please arrive as early as 8:30 AM to check in and enjoy breakfast, particularly on the first day. Again, we expect participants to be fully present throughout each day of the workshop, and request that you make travel arrangements that allow for this.
Dress for comfort and fluctuations in temperature.
The Workshop fee does not include hotel accommodations; however, there are many options in and around each of our workshop locations. We suggest that you use one of the many web-based services to search out those options. Under no circumstances do we reimburse workshop participants for travel or lodging.


The City of San Carlos is an interesting community covering 5.92 square miles, with many local resources. San Carlos, "The City of Good Living," is located in the center of the San Francisco Bay Area and has everything at its doorstep.
San Francisco is 25 miles north and San Jose is 25 miles south. San Carlos boasts an ideal climate, good government, an outstanding school system, attractive residential areas, a fine shopping district, excellent restaurants, a modern industrial and commercial area and plenty of open space. As part of the northern end of Silicon Valley, San Carlos hosts several technology companies and is the address of many of the West Coast's biotech and medical instrumentation firms. You'll find friendly, involved people here and an inviting community atmosphere.
There is a Museum of San Carlos History, a Library, and Hiller Aviation Museum.
Palo Alto Medical Foundation is opening it's state of the art San Carlos Center on 11/17/14. Sequoia Hospital is located just beyond the San Carlos/Redwood City border.
Jan 40.0 F° 49.0 F° 58.0 F° 4.0 "
Feb 43.0 F° 52.5 F° 62.0 F° 4.1 "
Mar 45.0 F° 55.0 F° 65.0 F° 3.1 "
Apr 46.0 F° 57.5 F° 69.0 F° 1.2 "
May 50.0 F° 62.0 F° 74.0 F° 0.5 "
Jun 54.0 F° 66.5 F° 79.0 F° 0.1 "
Jul 56.0 F° 69.0 F° 82.0 F° 0.0 "
Aug 56.0 F° 68.5 F° 81.0 F° 0.1 "
Sep 54.0 F° 67.0 F° 80.0 F° 0.2 "
Oct 50.0 F° 62.0 F° 74.0 F° 1.1 "
Nov 44.0 F° 54.5 F° 65.0 F° 2.4 "
Dec 40.0 F° 49.0 F° 58.0 F° 3.8 "
Our Spring temperatures are cool with averages in the upper 50's and highs in the upper 60's. Nights are cold with lows in the mid 40's. Summer temperatures are mild with averages in the upper 60's and highs in the low 80's. Nights are cool with lows in the mid 50's. Fall temperatures are cool with averages in the low 60's and highs in the low 70's. Nights are cold with lows in the upper 40's. Winter temperatures are cool with averages in the low 50's and highs in the upper 50's. Nights are cold with lows in the low 40's.


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Wed. Jan. 15. 2020
KCJS31 Spring Orientation →
Thu. Dec. 19. 2019
KCJS31(2019) Fall closing ceremony and farewell luncheon →
Alumni visit →
Mon. Dec. 9. 2019
Interview with KCJS students →
Thu. Dec. 5. 2019
KCJS Newsletter No.17 (Fall 2019) is now available online →
Wed. Dec. 4. 2019
Alumni talk →
Home > KCJS Summer Program in Classical Japanese
KCJS Summer Program in Classical Japanese
| Overview | Schedule | Highlights of the Classical Japanese | Comments from alumni about their experiences in the program |
The six-week Classical Japanese program (O4207& O4208; 8 points of semester credit) is primarily designed for those who have no prior knowledge of classical Japanese. Note, however, that students with some prior coursework in Classical Japanese may apply; depending upon the number of applicants and range of backgrounds, we may be able to accommodate your needs. Classes meet four hours a day, five days a week for six weeks, for a total of 120 contact hours. Field trips and an overnight excursion are also included.
The eligibility requirements are as follows.
Open to undergraduates and graduate students in good academic standing. Recent graduates may also apply.
Must have completed three years of college-level Japanese or the equivalent.
Minimum 3.0 cumulative GPA.
Minimum 3.0 average GPA in Japanese language courses.
Classical Japanese Syllabus and Schedule for 2020
Our summer program in Classical Japanese starts in the middle of June and ends at the end of July (6 weeks). For Summer 2020, the program starts on Thursday, June 11 and ends on Friday, July 24.
Please note that the following calendar is tentative and subject to change.
Wednesday, June 10: Students arrive
Thursday, June 11: Orientation
Friday, June 12: Class begins
Friday, June 26-Saturday, June 27: Overnight trip
Friday, July 17: No Class (Gion Festival)
Friday, July 24: Final exam & Final ceremony
Highlights of the Classical Japanese Program
Experienced and Professional Instructor. The KCJS Summer Program in Classical Japanese has been taught by renowned scholars of classical Japanese who have researched and taught in higher education in the North America.
Rapid Acquisition of Classical Japanese. The KCJS Summer Program in Classical Japanese is designed for students who have proficiency in modern Japanese but (usually) have not studied classical Japanese before. Taught in English, the course offers a systematic, intensive introduction to the grammar of classical Japanese, which will enable you to read authentic texts with a dictionary by the end of the term.
Field Trips. As a student in the KCJS Summer Program in Classical Japanese, you can take advantage of our location in the heart of Kyoto near the Imperial Palace grounds and Shokokuji Temple in order to visit places where classical literary works were set. For example, students in previous summers took excursions to Uji and Ishiyama-dera, both of which figure in the Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji).
Special activities in conjunction with the Gion Matsuri. All students in the KCJS Summer Programs in Modern and Classical Japanese have special opportunities to experience the Gion Matsuri, one of the three major festivals in Japan. The Gion Matsuri takes place during the month of July, and the KCJS Summer Programs will offer:
– a lecture in Japanese on the Gion Matsuri by those who actually participate in it (members of the Gion Matsuri Yamahoko Rengokai (Association of Gion Festival Floats) and the Naginata-hoko Gionbayashi Hozonkai (the Preservation Society for Naginata-hoko Gion Festival Music), and
– a visit to Yoi-yoi yama (宵々山, the day three days before the parade) of Saki matsuri (前祭, early festival)
(J. Hayashi ('14))
Overnight trip to Nara. Students in the KCJS Summer Program in Classical Japanese have the option of joining students in the Modern Japanese program on an overnight trip to Nara. Nara was the capital of Japan for about seventy years in the eighth century before Kyoto became the capital in 794. Nara is full of places of historical significance, including Todai-ji and Horyu-ji, which are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. You will be free to create your own plans to stroll through the area and enjoy these beautiful sights. Round-trip transportation, overnight lodging, dinner and breakfast will be provided.
Comments from alumni about their experiences in the program
"Professor is one of the most knowledgeable person I have ever met in my life. He demonstrated unquestionable mastery of the content of the course and was able to explicate the nuances imbedded within the lines. He always gives time for students to think and points out the mistakes in a gentle yet uncompromising way. In addition, it is very encouraging to see someone who has so much passion and love for the subject of his study. I think he had not only taught me knowledge of classical Japanese but had also impacted me positively as a scholar."
"I have never expected to learn so much in a language program. I think reading classical Japanese is an important skill to have for anyone who is serious about pursuing advanced fluency in this language. Learning classical Japanese would help you transition from a foreign Japanese language learner (by this I mean someone who's able to carry out basic text-book conversations in Japanese) to a person that can gradually use and appreciate the Japanese language and Japanese culture as a native speaker."
"Kyoto is a very suitable place to learn Classical Japanese since there are a lot of places and activities closely relevant with the materials we've covered in class. It's much more helpful to visit these places/museums to get a better sense of the materials. And the language environment in Japan really helps to improve my spoken language skills."
"I've learned a lot throughout the program, and meeting with other people who share the same academic interest with me (especially many of them are more experienced than me) is really helpful."
"I feel like I learned a lot, and was able to accomplish what I had set out to do: read classical Japanese with the aid of dictionary. Coursework was well-balanced and I felt challenged without being overwhelmed."
Center for Undergraduate Global Engagement
606 Kent Hall
1140 Amsterdam, Mail Code 3948
Email: uge@columbia.edu
Doshisha University, 2F Fusokan
Karasuma Higashi-iru, Imadegawa-dori
Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8580 JAPAN
京都市上京区今出川通烏丸東入
同志社大学 扶桑館2F
Tel: (+81-75-251-4995)
Fax: (+81-75-229-6300)
Email: fs2244@columbia.edu
What is KCJS?
Overview of Summer Programs
About Kyoto and Doshisha
Feedback from alumni about KCJS
Comments from alumni about living and studying in Kyoto
KCJS Summer Program in Modern Japanese
2nd Year Japanese
3rd Year Japanese
4th Year Japanese and Above
Highlights of the Modern Japanese Program
Highlights of the Classical Japanese
Housing and Finances
Independently Arranged Housing
Feedback from alumni about housing
Fees for Modern Japanese
Fees for Classical Japanese
Financial Aid and Funding
Estimated Expenses
KCJS Governing Board contact information
© The Kyoto Consortium for Japanese Studies. All rights reserved.


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If you use our free evaluation version of StyleWriter, tell us that it changes the way you use it. After using our test software, many companies buy more than 1,000 licences to modify their employees' internal communication with collegues and clients. To get these organisations to spend $100,000 to $250,000 on software to enhance their writing styles, the programme must be amazing.


The JVC Everio GZ-EX555 camcorder is a compact, light and comfortable to hold camcorder that can capture Full HD 1920 x 1080 video and up to 8.3 MP still images. The GZ-EX555 features 16 GB of internal flash memory, enough for almost of 5 hour of HD recording in AVCHD Progressive video mode. An SD/SDHC/SDXC memory card slot is present to increase the storage space up to 64GB.
The GZ-EX555 comes with a back-illuminated 1/5.8″ 2.5 MP CMOS image sensor and with a Falconbrid engine, that allow the camcorder to capture more detail with a decent low-light performance. The recording can be played quickly via a 3″ touch panel LCD. The GZ-EX555 also has a JVC HD wide angle lens that supports 38x optical zoom and that is equipped with an Optical Image Stabilizer with Advanced Image Stabilizer (A.I.S.) system.
The JVC GZ-EX555 features Intelligent Auto, Auto REC and ultra-slow motion video as well as Face Recognition technology and Smile Meter/Smile Shot. A mic input, a headphone output, a built-in video light and an integrated zoom microphone are all present on this videocamera.
The GZ-EX555 is equipped with Wi-Fi and has several wireless function, such as Live Streaming by Ustream, Live Monitoring, Data Transfer to tablet/smartphone/PC, One Touch Auto Backup to PC, etc.
You can find more about Everio GZ-EX555 on JVC webpage or you can read a short GZ-EX555 review.


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Non Service Business - Schedule C vs. S Corporation
Inputs Schedule C S Corporation
Married Filing Joint Single
Qualified Trade or Business Income (Enter QBI Before S Corp Shareholder's Salary)
S Corporation Shareholder's Salary N/A
Comparison of Taxable Business Income
Individual's Total Business and Wage Income
Self-Employed Individual's Deduction for Half of Federal Employment Taxes N/A
S Corporation's Deduction for Employer's Share of Federal Employment Taxes N/A
IRC §199A Deduction
Taxable Business and Wage Income
Federal Income Taxes Payable on Taxable Business and Wage Income
Federal Employment Taxes Payable (Both Employee & Employer Share)
Total Federal Income and Employment Taxes Payable
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Questions? Click to read the FAQ
© 2018 Leimberg Information Services, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No user may modify this software in any way, including but not limited to, decompiling, copying, sharing, disassembling, or otherwise reverse engineering the software.
Note that the pass-through deduction is available for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and under current law will not be available for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025. The decision to operate a business as a sole proprietorship reporting income on a Schedule C, as a single-member LLC that is a disregarded tax entity reporting income on a Schedule C, or as an S corporation, or as another type of entity, involves many factors. Advisors may want to consider other factors, as this calculator is designed to analyze the federal income and employment taxes of operating a business as a sole proprietorship or as an S corporation, especially with respect to the IRC 199A deduction.
These calculators do not represent tax, accounting, or legal advice. Individual taxpayers should rely on their own advisors. The authors and publisher expressly waive and disclaim any and all warranties concerning the calculators and their use or operation, whether express or implied, including without limitation, any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The authors make no warranties as to the results to be obtained from the use of the calculators. You expressly agree that the use of the calculators is at your sole risk. The authors will not in any way be liable to you or any other person or entity for any damages, claims, liabilities or losses, regardless of cause, arising from the use of the calculators. The calculators are provided to you on an "as is" basis and without warranty of any kind.


There are some dates we will never forget. Dates that change how we understand ourselves and our world. Dates that change how we live. They become part of the story we tell our children and our grandchildren.
It is more than a month after the attacks of September 11, and still the fires burn. I stand at Fulton and Broadway, as close as people without special identification can get to the place where the World Trade Center once stood.
People come to take pictures, to see the burned out buildings, to view the memorials, and to pray. The closer they come to this spot, the quieter the crowds become. A street musician playing patriotic songs, construction equipment, and military helicopters provide the backdrop of sound. An acrid dusty haze hangs in the air. With each breath, the remains of those who died here — consigned to God"s care in the rubble and the winds — fill my lungs. Quite literally, they become my inspiration, my breathing in, taking up dwelling within me.
The events of September 11 echo far beyond New York, Arlington, and Shanksville. Everyone is affected somehow –by the loss of a loved one, a friend, or a neighbor, by the loss of a job, by the loss of a sense of security. These events will change how we live our day to day lives and will become part of the story we share with generations to come.
For Christians, there is a day even more important in the shaping of our lives: a cloud covered Friday in a remote capital of the Roman Empire. A day when God with us, Jesus Christ, entered the depths of human existence and died — slowly and painfully, humiliated, ridiculed, and abandoned. Yet, on the third day, he rose again. He walked with his friends. He ate and drank with them. He promised he would always be with them, even to the end of the age. And that promise sustains us now. It changes how we understand ourselves and our world. It changes how we live. It becomes the story that we tell our children and our grandchildren. It is the promise that God will bring joy from grief, hope from despair, healing from pain, and life from death.


Perfectly broken-in clothing is familiar like an old friend. The softness of a well-worn pair of khakis in a pair of new Classics. Recall familiar comfort on your adventures in Red Stone-Washed Twill Classics.
Please Select A Size: US5=EUR35.5=UK3 US5.5=EUR36=UK3.5 US6.5=EUR37=UK4.5 US7.5=EUR38=UK5.5 US8.5=EUR39=UK6.5 US9=EUR40=UK7 What size am I?
Great shoes. Tom's are the best! comfortable for walking and easy worn with almost anything.
Copyright © 2014 Toms shoes. All Rights Reserved.


This great resort is set on the beautiful Eastern Thai coastline just one hour drive from Pattaya. Guests of Rayong Marriott Resort & Spa can enjoy beachfront resort activities and boat excursions to the stunning nearby Islands, such as Koh Samet and Koh Mun.
Alternatively, explore the scenic National parks, idyllic waterfalls and limestone caves in Rayong Province or simply indulge in the freshly caught seafood from neighboring fishing villages. This unique and quieter part of Thailand is also ideal for groups and teambuilds. Rayong Marriott Resort & Spa has extensive meeting facilities and can tailor make packages for any inspiring program both on and offsite. An hour away from Pattaya, the local Thai lifestyle and culture will relax or re-energise any guest. All 205 guest rooms feature natural views of surrounding green hillsides or sea views of the Gulf of Thailand. Innovative and extensive meeting spaces include spacious state-of the-art venues, the beach, and a hilltop.


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Q: Tool for simple modification of elf file? My embedded projects have a post-process step that replaces a value in the executable with the CRC of (some sections of) the flash. This step can only be done after linking since that is the first opportunity to CRC the image. In the past the file format was COFF, and I have created a custom tool to do the patching.
The development tool has switched to ELF, so I need to re-implement the CRC patcher. Before I do, I thought I'd look for an existing tool to do this. The compiler is based on gcc, but I can't see any combination of ld and nm and readelf that can do the job. A Google search has not been fruitful.
My present tool uses nm to find the address to patch, and calls the patcher with the address, the expected value (to prevent overwriting the wrong data), and the new CRC value. The CRC is calculated on a "hex" format of the executable (that I also patch) so fortunately I don't have to redo that part.
I can implement this with libelf and custom code again, but before I do, does it already exist?
Is there a better way to accomplish my goal of putting a CRC of the executable into the executable so it's available to the application?

A: If I've understood what you're trying to do correctly, I think the following would work:

*

*nm gives you the runtime virtual address of the location you want to patch;

*readelf -S gives you both the runtime virtual address and the offset within the file for the beginning of each section;

*stitching the two together (e.g. with a few lines of your favourite scripting language) gives the offset within the file to patch.

A: I'm not sure if this would work, but you might be able to arrange it so that the CRC location within your object file were to be set to the address of an external symbol X.  That external symbol might then be satisfied by a last linking step by linking in an elf file that did nothing but specify that X's address was the CRC that you have calculated.
This is still pretty hacky, and I'm not sure if it's easily do-able (since it is such an abuse of the tools).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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FCA Relocating Ram Heavy Duty Truck Production to U.S.
January 12, 2018 • by Staff
Photo of the Ram 3500 Laramie courtesy of FCA.
FCA is relocating production of its next-generation Ram Heavy Duty truck from a production location in Mexico to an assembly plant in Michigan, a facility that the automaker is investing more than $1 billion in to modernize as well as add 2,500 new jobs.
Production of the heavy duty trucks will be relocated to the Warren Truck Assembly plant in 2020, which was made possible in part by the passage of U.S. tax reform legislation late last year, according to the automaker. A portion of the investment will also be to expand the Jeep product line at the assembly plant with the addition of the all-new Jeep Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer.
The plant in Saltillo, Mexico will be repurposed to produce commercial vehicles for global distribution, FCA announced.
The automaker is also making a special bonus payment of $2,000to roughly 60,000 hourly and salaried employees. This excludes senior leadership, the automaker announced. The payment will be made in the second quarter of this year.
Recent investments in U.S. manufacturing operations has totaled at $3.5 billion, according to the automaker, with the addition of 3,700 new jobs to strengthen its U.S. manufacturing base, and align U.S. capacity to extend the Jeep and Ram product lines.
Related: FCA's Jeep Expansion Includes Pickup Truck
Read more about Ram 2500 Ram 3500 Ram 4500 FCA Assembly Plants
In Memoriam: Cadillac Fleet Director David John
David John, former director of fleet for Cadillac, died of brain cancer on July 3. He was 83.
Take Automotive Fleet's 2019 Personal Use Survey
Automotive Fleet is once again compiling its annual personal-use survey that will track the answers to these questions and more, which fleets can benchmark against their operations.
Voting Opens for 2019 Fleet Hall of Fame Inductees
The ballot for voting on inductees to the 2019 Hall of Fame has officially opened, and only three fleet industry icons will be selected out of the 20 fleet pioneers who are listed.
Automotive Legend Lee Iacocca Passes Away
Lee Iacocca, who led Chrysler out of near bankruptcy by introducing the K-car platform, has died. The automotive icon, 94, died of natural causes.
Call for Nominations: 2019 Fleet Visionary Awards
Sponsored by Merchants Fleet, the Fleet Visionary Award recognizes new voices in fleet management. The Fleet Visionary Award is open to any fleet professional with 10 years or fewer in the industry with a commercial fleet of 50 vehicles or more.
Sponsored by LeasePlan
Knowing Something Is Great, Doing Something Is Better
Don't wait to become a better driver. At the end of a recent safety video, a father walks into his house to greet his daughters and the narrator says, "because the last trip of the day is the most important." Don't wait to become a better driver for you and your family. Start here with these tips.
2019 Fleet Hall of Fame Nominees
Fleet hall of fame nominees have fleet careers that have impacted the fleet management profession. Three individuals selected this year will ultimately join the 81 members of the Fleet Hall of Fame.
Ride-Hailing Creating New Challenges to Fleet-Minded Dealers
With the advent of ride-hailing, there is a new critical need afoot for the old days of direct fleet service to end-user customers at the dealership level.
9 Policy Writing Traps to Avoid
There are many concerns that must be addressed when creating a policy, as concerns can be different for every company. This includes effectively communicating policies and reviewing them on an annual basis.
2019 Fleet Manager of the Year Nominees
Fifteen Professional Fleet Manager of the Year nominees have diverse experience, but share the common qualities of passion and drive for excellence.


Veterinary Visits: Go To The Vet Or Treat At Home?
Eyes: Any eye problem your dog has needs to be seen by a veterinarian. Most people can't tell if their dog has a scratch that will heal on its own, or glaucoma which will cause vision loss very quickly.
Bloat: Bloat happens to a dog when the stomach begins swelling with air and rotating, which closes off the entrance and exit. Symptoms of bloat include drooling, trying to vomit, anxiety, pacing, and a swollen belly. This disease is very dangerous and needs immediate treatment from your veterinarian.
Allergic reactions: Your dog might have an allergic reaction from insect bites or stings, food, or medications. What most commonly happens is the muzzle and eyelids will swell. While this is uncomfortable for your pooch, it is not dangerous. He may also develop hives on his body which are very itchy, but also not dangerous. Consult your vet on how to keep your dog comfortable during an allergic reaction.
Sterile dressing pads for covering wounds.
Gauze sponges for covering or cleaning wounds.
Antiseptic soap/solution for cleaning wounds.
Plastic Elizabethan collar to prevent your dog from licking wounds or irritated skin, or rubbing at his eyes or ears.
Blanket or towel to keep your dog warm or to carry him hammock-style.
More emergency situations can be found in the November/December 2010 issue of AKC Family Dog. To subscribe to AKC Family Dog, go to www.akc.org/pubs/index.cfm.
One Response to Veterinary Visits: Go To The Vet Or Treat At Home?


noise receptor continues its adventures into the physical world, where this print venture constitutes the physical manifestation of the noise receptor website, but also contains new interview and art content to differentiate it from the already published web-based reviews.
Whilst noise receptor journal is not intended to replace the website, it is however targeted at an audience who values the permanence of print media over the transience of web-content.
In depth interviews with: Anemone Tube, Armour Group, Human Larvae, Inade, Trapdoor Tapes Young Hustlers.
Tower Transmissions VI live report with photos (8 pages).
Two 'visual essays' by Anemone Tube, spanning 14 pages.
Professional grey-scale print. 'perfect bound' spine, with matt laminate, thick card stock cover.
Low resolution promo spreads from the issue are included below.


New York, NY (June 15, 2017) – Allianz Risk Transfer AG (ART) and Nephila Capital Limited (Nephila) announce that they have successfully piloted the use of blockchain smart contract technology for transacting a natural catastrophe swap. The test run not only demonstrates that transactional processing and settlement between insurers and investors could be significantly accelerated and simplified by blockchain-based contracts, but also points to other benefits such as increased tradability of cat bonds and wider opportunities to apply this technology in other insurance transactions.
So-called catastrophe or 'cat' swaps and bonds are financial instruments which transfer a specific set of risks, typically natural disaster risks such as hurricanes or typhoons, from an insurer to investors or other insurers utilizing triggers with defined parameters. In the case of a financial cat swap, the insurer pays a third party to assume the financial risk of a defined catastrophe event such as a Florida hurricane in exchange for a payment or series of payments. If the event occurs and meets the pre-defined trigger criteria, the third party is responsible for the pre-agreed financial risk.
Cat bonds follow a similar approach but with multiple parties assuming the catastrophe exposure through a securitized financial instrument in which the parties invest. If a qualifying cat event occurs, the investors lose all or part of the principal they have invested; if not, they receive interest in the form of a periodic 'coupon' payment as well as the return of their principal investment at the bond's maturity.
Blockchain is the technology underlying the bitcoin digital currency but its applications in cryptocurrency, smart contracts and distributed ledgers are being explored throughout the financial services industry. The smart contract technology allows digital execution of contracts with automated and distributed ledgers which are designed to be incorruptible, thus having the potential to significantly reduce the arbitration and validation functions traditionally performed by independent third party institutions such as banks, intermediaries and administrators, auditors and clearing houses.
ART and Nephila have worked with a number of firms to develop the proof of concept and see extensions of this technology having relevance across the insurance industry: for example, in optimizing the payment processes involved in international fronting for captive insurers, where multiple process steps are involved in transferring premium from a corporate to its own subsidiary.
"In our journey to become more digital, Blockchain promises to help us create more transparent, more convenient and faster services for our customers, " says Solmaz Altin, who is driving the digital transformation of Allianz Group as Chief Digital Officer. "Blockchain is obviously a fascinating technology and we are starting to explore the use of it in several fields," says Michael Eitelwein, Head of Disruptive Technology of Allianz Group.
Allianz Risk Transfer AG (ART) is the center of competence for alternative risk transfer business within the Allianz Group offering tailor-made insurance, reinsurance and other non-traditional risk management solutions to industrial and financial clients worldwide. Founded in June 1997, the company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty SE. ART operates through affiliated companies with offices in Amsterdam, Bermuda, Dubai, London, New York and Zurich. Its client base spans across all industry sectors and its solutions are most effective for clients facing unusual or complex risks, where traditional (re)insurance or financial products are inadequate. As of today, ART AG is rated by AA- by Standard & Poor's and A+ by A.M. Best. For more information, visit http://www.art.allianz.com/.
Nephila Capital Ltd. is a leading investment manager specializing in reinsurance and weather risk. Nephila has assets under management of approximately $9.5 billion as of April 1, 2016 and has been managing institutional assets in this space since it was founded in 1998. The firm has over 100 employees globally based in Bermuda (headquarters), San Francisco, CA, Nashville, TN and London. For more information, visit www.nephila.com.


The greatest improvement we noticed in our systems at Sunny's was when we got Harmonic Resolution Systems products carefully integrated into our systems. One of the key elements in producing a superb audio system is to have a very low noise floor. Everything that happens to reproduce a musical performance is counting on this fact. How much information is retrieved, amplified, and delivered into the room is in a significant way dependent on a very low noise level at every location in the audio system.
"The HRS Nimbus System incorporates a highly effective design to eliminate component chassis noise revealing a new level of musical performance. They are precision manufactured from billet-machined aircraft aluminum and proprietary HRS polymers. A very specific amount of mass, stiffness, and damping from these products eliminates chassis resonance problems and transforms residual chassis energy to heat.
The HRS Nimbus system is placed directly on the shelf supporting your component with one of the all polymer Nimbus couplers in contact with the surface of the shelf and another in direct contact with the bottom chassis of the component (not the existing component feet). The Nimbus spacer is selected to give you the desired height of the system.
This beautiful audio stand is perfectly positioned to install a turntable.
The reference audio stand with the performance package is paired with M3X shelves.