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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Wrh2 (talk | contribs) at 21:11, 12 March 2016 (fix airport links).
Travel topics > Transportation > Boat travel > Disney Cruise Line
2 Get on board
2.2 By car
2.2.1 Port Canaveral
2.2.2 Los Angeles
2.2.3 Vancouver
3.1 Castaway Cay
4 See and Do
6.1 Formal dining
6.1.1 Animator's Palate
6.1.2 Parrot Cay
6.1.3 Lumiere's
6.1.4 Triton's
6.1.5 Enchanted Garden
6.1.6 Royal Palace/Royal Court
6.2 Adult Exclusive dining
6.2.1 Palo
6.2.2 Remy
6.3 Other dining
10.1 Muster drill
10.2 Other notes
11 Cope
Disney Magic cruising the Baltic Sea.
Bringing Disney-style entertainment and theatrics to the high seas, Disney Cruise Line (DCL) [1] is an American cruise line owned and operated by the Walt Disney Company. Not surprisingly, the four majestic ships in the line appeal the most to families with children, but teens and adults also enjoy spending several days at sea with the Disney characters. Disney cruisers also have exclusive use of Castaway Cay, a private island in the Bahamas.
The line's fleet currently cruise the Bahamas and Caribbean out of Port Canaveral and Miami in Florida, and Galveston in Texas, as well as seasonally to Alaska from Vancouver. One ship will move to Barcelona for the summer of 2013. Walt Disney World is only an hour away from Port Canaveral, and combining a cruise with a trip to the World is becoming more and more common. The "Land and Sea" vacation packages also come to Disneyland when a ship is assigned to the Port of Los Angeles.
The Disney Cruise Line fleet is small compared to the other major lines, but Disney has placed their focus on quality over quantity. They've taken the design principles and customer service standards that make a Disney theme park such a memorable experience and adapted them to fit the cruising industry. On a Disney ship, you'll find multiple swimming pools, a Broadway-style theater, a full-service spa, world-class cuisine, happening night-spots, supervised areas just for kids, and more activities than you can shake your mouse ears at.
A Disney cruise isn't just for families with kids; while children are a major part of the line's customer base, they have taken great pains to entertain adults traveling solo (as well as parents who just want a break). Teens have their own spaces, too, where they can hang out with their peers instead of being sentenced to watch little siblings or to tag along with their parents.
Do be aware that babies under six months of age are not allowed on the ships.
In retrospect, it's a little surprising it took Disney so long to get into the cruising business. The industry seems a perfect fit for Disney's brand of entertainment, but it took a while to come to fruition.
Disney had partnered with Premier Cruise Line to provide ship-based components of combined vacation itineraries starting in the 1980s. Although Disney sold the vacation packages and provided some costumed characters for the cruises, eventually the company decided they could create a better experience—and keep more money in-house—by establishing their own cruise line.
In 1995, Disney commissioned their first two ships, the Disney Magic and the Disney Wonder. They're sister ships, nearly identical, both designed from the keel up to present an ocean-going version of their theme parks and hotels, one where the operational areas of the ship are kept carefully hidden from guest view. The Magic was completed in 1998, with the Wonder following a year later; both ships ported at Port Canaveral, where a dedicated Disney Cruise Line terminal opened in 1997.
Also part of the Cruise Line is Castaway Cay, a 1000-acre (4 km2) island in the Bahamas once known as Gorda Cay. Disney had purchased the island in the mid-80s (part of the 1984 film Splash was filmed there), and it turned out to be a perfect spot for large cruise ships. After making an existing natural harbor even deeper (and using the excavated sand to expand the beaches), Castaway Cay was born and incorporated into the new ships' itineraries.
After a almost decade of successful cruising, including occasional trips to the US west coast and to Europe, Disney announced plans to add two ships to the fleet. The Disney Dream and the Disney Fantasy would be about 40% larger than the Magic and the Wonder, with unique features including an enclosed overhead water coaster called the "AquaDuck". The Dream launched in January 2011, cruising from Port Canaveral. To make room for the Dream, the Disney Wonder moved to a new home at the Port of Los Angeles, from where it will sail to Mexico (with summertime cruises from Vancouver to Alaska).
The Disney Magic will cruise the Mediterranean out of Barcelona in 2013, while the Disney Wonder will move to Galveston, Texas later in the year following its Vancouver season.
Disney Wonder at its former home port in Port Canaveral.
All Disney cruises are international. That means you will need your passport, and you will have to pass through Canadian or US Customs upon your return, even if you never left the ship. Take that into account when planning how to pack and what kind of souvenirs you buy.
If you don't have a passport yet, don't waste time; DCL requests that you provide them your passport number at least 75 days before your cruise! Also, while a U.S. passport card is convenient, you might want to bring your normal passport as well. While it's highly unlikely, should anything go wrong and you have to fly home instead of remaining on the ship, airlines don't accept passport cards.
Check-in typically begins at 10AM (10:30AM in Port Canaveral); embarkation begins at 1PM, and all passengers must be on board by 4PM (3:45PM in Los Angeles).
Whether your cruise departs from Port Canveral or from Los Angeles, Disney Cruise Line has motorcoaches that will take you from the airport or the theme park resort to the cruise terminal. In Florida, that's Orlando International Airport (MCO) and the Walt Disney World Resort; in California, you'll be coming from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and the Disneyland Resort; and in British Columbia, your only choice is Vancouver International Airport (YVR).
At the airport, just look for the blue-uniformed DCL cast members in the main airport terminal; at your Disney resort, ask about catching the bus at the front desk when you check in. Transportation is $35 one-way, or $69 round trip. The trip is about an hour (less in Vancouver), but you'll have a video to watch and the company of your fellow cruisers.
You also may have the luxury of not needing to keep track of your luggage. If you're flying from within the United States to either Orlando International or Los Angeles International, and you're going straight from the airport to the seaport, you can tag your luggage at your departure airport and not have to worry about it again until it arrives in your stateroom aboard the ship. This service is not available at Vancouver International; you'll need to claim your bags and then get them to the DCL bus. Of course, if you're flying internationally to any of the airports, you'll have to go through Customs with your luggage before handing it off to DCL.
You can, of course, also catch a bus back to the parks or the airport. You'll need to move your own luggage through Customs after debarkation, though.
The Disney Cruise Line Terminal is among the "A" Cruise Terminals, at 9155 Charles M. Rowland Drive in Port Canaveral. No matter where you're coming from, you're going to want to get onto State Route 528, the Martin Andersen Beachline Expressway (though locals may still call it "The Bee Line"). Fortunately, that's not hard; the highway runs right along the north side of the airport. Route 528 can also be reached via I-4 (exit 72), Florida's Turnpike (exit 254), and I-95 (exit 205).
The Beachline is a toll road, with three toll plazas along its length. The total toll will be $3.25 from I-4 or the turnpike, $2.50 from the airport, or free from I-95. However you get on the Beachline, take it east across the state almost to the Atlantic Ocean; you'll cross the Intracoastal Waterway, Merritt Island, and the Banana River. Take the exit for Route 401 North, then just follow the signs.
Disney Cruise Line has its own secured parking lot and garage at Port Canaveral. It is $15 per day per vehicle, including the day you return. So to calculate your parking fee, take the number of nights for your cruise, add 1, then multiply by $15. For example: A three-night cruise to the Bahamas carries a parking fee of $60, while a seven-night cruise to the Virgin Islands carries a parking fee of $120. A limited number of preferred parking spots close to the terminal entrance are also available for $25 per day.
When you enter the parking lot gate, you are given a ticket, which you do not need to leave in your vehicle. What you do with the ticket during the cruise is up to you. You can leave it in the vehicle if you wish (the lot and garage have 24-hour security with cameras), or take it with you on the ship (you can put it in the complimentary stateroom safe; see below). You pay the fee when you leave the lot after your cruise; they take cash, Visa or MasterCard. Parking fees cannot be charged to your room.
The World Cruise Center is at 600 North Harbor Boulevard (be careful: this is not the same road that forms Disneyland's eastern boundary) in San Pedro. Get on I-110 (via I-405 if you're coming from the airport) and take it south to Exit 1A; follow the signs for Harbor Boulevard, but go through the intersection and take your next right.
From Disneyland, take I-5 (it bounds Disneyland's northeast corner) north to Exit 113C to CA-91 west. Then, take Exit 12A to I-710 south, and finally take Exit 1C to reach Harbor Boulevard.
Canada Place is on the northern edge of Vancouver on the Burrard Inlet. You'll want to get on Provincial Route 99 and head north, across the Granville Bridge into the Central Business District. Hop over to Howe Street and take it all the way to the Bay, then follow the signs for the terminal.
The Magic and Wonder are each 964 feet long, 106 feet wide, and have 10 full-length decks. The Dream and Fantasy are each 1,115 feet long, 125 feet wide, and have 12 full-length decks. Each ship has three banks of elevators, positioned forward, middeck and aft. Each bank of elevators is flanked by a set of stairs as well. All ships have a three-story-tall atrium bottoming out at the third deck, around the middeck bank of elevators, where embarkation and debarkation at the beginning and end of the cruise takes place. Embarkation and debarkation at ports of call and Castaway Cay occurs at the first deck, usually around the aft bank of elevators.
Needless to say, with 10+ decks each the length of three football fields, be prepared to do a lot of walking.
State room numbers are the deck number, followed by a three-digit number. Staterooms x000 through x499 (where x is the deck number) are on the port side of the ship, while staterooms x500 through x999 are on the starboard side of the ship.
Castaway Cay
At Castaway Cay, there is a tram service that has two different lines. One line goes from the harbor to Pelican Point, with a stop in between at Scuttle's Cove. The other line goes from Pelican Point to Serenity Bay, and requires a transfer between trams at Pelican Point.
Bicycles can be rented near the Pelican Point tram stop for US$6 per hour to get around the island. There is also a marked 5K running course.
This section covers things you can do on-board each ship or at Castaway Cay. For information on ports of call, head to their respective pages. Examples: Nassau, U.S. Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Cozumel.
The shops on-board and at Castaway Cay are duty-free. A seminar is available, usually during the first day of the cruise, that will explain the ins and outs of shopping on a Disney Cruise. While it applies especially to the ports of call, its Customs restrictions apply to on-board shopping as well.
All shopping on-board and at Castaway Cay requires your room key or Key to the World card, with expenses charged to your room account. Most shops in Nassau take American currency, as the Bahamian dollar is pegged to the American dollar. Just make sure you get your change in American currency; Bahamian coins come in some rather exotic denominations, and of course are not legal tender in the United States.
Each ship has three formal dining rooms where dinner is served in two shifts. Each dining room has a different theme, and a different cuisine for dinner. At least one night on each cruise recommends formal attire. At least one dining room on each ship also serves breakfast each day.
Formal dining is part of the cruise package for all guests. You only need to tip your waiters. The regular menus at the formal dining rooms provide normal and vegetarian options. Children's menus, and menus for people with special diets (like gluten-free or diabetic) are also available upon request.
Animator's Palate
One of the formal dining rooms in each of the four ships is the Animator's Palate, which celebrates the animation history of Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar. The main cuisine at this dining room is "Pacific Rim", though Dream and Fantasy mix in some American fare. It only serves dinner on all four ships.
The Magic and Wonder feature a rich multimedia experience saluting the history of Disney and Pixar animation. The Dream and Fantasy, however, feature a higher-tech interactive show, where characters interact with dining guests. Currently there are two shows: "Animation Magic", starring Sorcerer Mickey from Fantasia; and "Undersea Magic", starring Crush from Finding Nemo.
Parrot Cay
Parrot Cay is a dining room found on the Magic and Wonder with a "Caribbean Island Grill House" theme. Serving all three meals each day, it features a lush, tropical setting.
Lumiere's
Lumiere's is a "French" and "American" dining room exclusive to the Magic that serves all three meals. Themed on Beauty and the Beast, it has a formal setting with a touch of art deco.
Triton's
Triton's has the same "French" and "American" cuisine as Lumiere's, but on the Wonder. It also serves all three meals. Themed on The Little Mermaid, with similar art deco setting motifs.
Enchanted Garden is a dining room on both the Dream and Fantasy with a "Continental" cuisine, serving all three meals. It has a design reminiscent of rural France.
Royal Palace/Royal Court
Royal Palace (on Dream) or Royal Court (on Fantasy) is a dining room with a "French" and "Continental" cuisine, also serving all three meals. Having a more formal design on the ship, the motif is reminiscent of the ballroom scene in Cinderella, and salutes all the Disney Princesses, from Snow White to Princess Tiana.
Adult Exclusive dining
Each ship has one or two "Adult Exclusive" restaurants where adults can sample a more exclusive fare than is available anywhere else on the ship. Dining at AE restaurants require advance reservations, and a $20 charge per diner. All are open for brunch and dinner. Formal attire is a requirement.
Palo is an Adult Exclusive restaurant available on all four Disney ships. The cuisine is "Northern Italian", and the restaurant has a Venetian motif.
Remy is an Adult Exclusive restaurant available on the Dream and Fantasy. Themed on Ratatouille, it features "French" cuisine and decor for a romantic experience.
Other dining
Other dining options are available throughout the day, and most food is free except in the Adult Exclusive restaurants, movie theatres and coffee shops on each ship. Each ship has a casual dining restaurant, and a buffet area.
Room service is also available in all staterooms for an extra charge. A menu is provided in each stateroom.
Self-serve fountain drinks and carbonated drinks are free, as are non-alcoholic drinks served at the main dining rooms. Drinks available at a show, movie theater or bar area will cost money. There is also a coffee shop on each ship.
Alcoholic beverages are available for an extra charge, with wine choices available at the main dining rooms. Bars and lounges are available on each ship serving alcoholic beverages, including mixed drinks. Bars and lounges do not serve food. However, a small free buffet of hors d'oeuvres may be made available during sporting events at one designated lounge on-ship. That lounge is "Diversions" on Magic and Wonder, "687" on Dream, and "O'Gills Pub" on Fantasy.
You are allowed to bring alcohol on-board in your luggage, but there are some restrictions. Each passenger can bring up to two bottles of wine or sparkling wine, or six 12-ounce cans/bottles of beer, as long as it's in carry-on luggage. Any other types of alcohol, any alcohol in your checked luggage, and any alcohol in excess of these limits will be confiscated and stored until the end of your cruise. There is a $25 corkage fee at the shipboard restaurants for any wine bottles you bring with you.
Each ship has several classes of staterooms, with interior staterooms generally costing less than oceanview staterooms. A limited number of suites and balcony staterooms are also available.
Each cruise ship has IP telephones and wireless Wave Phones in every stateroom. Each stateroom gets the use of two Wave Phones for free, and can get more for an extra charge. Contact between staterooms and Wave Phones is complimentary. Wave Phones can be used anywhere on the ship, as well as on Castaway Cay. They will not work at other ports of call, however. So if you're going ashore in Nassau, for instance, leave your Wave Phones in your stateroom.
When you board, you might want to put together your Wave Phones and exchange Wave Phone numbers between adults and responsible children in your party. Your Wave Phone numbers are your stateroom number, followed by either 1 or 2. For example, Stateroom 2046 would get Wave Phone numbers 2046-1 and 2046-2. Stateroom 10545 would get Wave Phone numbers 10545-1 and 10545-2.
Due to the limitations of being out at sea, it is very expensive to run internet connections. Wi-Fi and cellular connections are available, but both are very costly. If you turn your cellphone on while at sea, you will receive a text message warning you exactly how much data and calling will cost you. It would be best to simply turn your cellphone off when you depart your home port, and leave it in your safe. You can use your Wave Phones to communicate.
Muster drill
Regulations require every cruise to begin with a "muster drill". At approximately 4pm before the ship departs, the ship will sound its foghorn with the distress signal: seven blasts, followed by a longer eighth blast. Once that occurs, head to your muster station. Your room key has a single letter on it, which corresponds to your muster station. All the muster stations are on the fourth deck.
All staterooms carry life preserver jackets. You do not need to bring them to the muster drill, but cast members will demonstrate how to use them during the muster drill. When you arrive at your muster station, present your room key to be checked in, and await further instructions.
Each ship has a number of rigid lifeboats, and even more inflatable lifeboats. They are required to have enough lifeboats for all passengers and crew. The rigid lifeboats are stowed above the fourth deck.
Disney Cruise Line takes sanitation very seriously. You will be required to use antiseptic wipes on your hands before entering any area where food is handled.
This travel topic about Disney Cruise Line is a usable article. It touches on all the major areas of the topic. An adventurous person could use this article, but please feel free to improve it by editing the page.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Disney_Cruise_Line&oldid=2956619"
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Topic articles
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text:
Surveyor is a ruby gem and developer tool that brings surveys into Rails applications. Surveys are written in the Surveyor DSL (Domain Specific Language). Before Rails 2.3, it was implemented as a Rails Engine. It also existed previously as a plugin. Today it is a gem only.

## Why you might want to use Surveyor

If your Rails app needs to asks users questions as part of a survey, quiz, or questionnaire then you should consider using Surveyor. This gem was designed to deliver clinical research surveys to large populations, but it can be used for any type of survey.

The Surveyor DSL defines questions, answers, question groups, survey sections, dependencies (e.g. if response to question 4 is A, then show question 5), and validations. Answers are the options available for each question - user input is called "responses" and are grouped into "response sets". A DSL makes it significantly easier to import long surveys (no more click/copy/paste). It also enables non-programmers to write out, edit, re-edit... any number of surveys.

## DSL example

The Surveyor DSL supports a wide range of question types (too many to list here) and complex dependency logic. Here are the first few questions of the "kitchen sink" survey which should give you and idea of how it works. The full example with all the types of questions available if you follow the installation instructions below.

    survey "Kitchen Sink survey" do

      section "Basic questions" do
        # A label is a question that accepts no answers
        label "These questions are examples of the basic supported input types"

        # A basic question with radio buttons
        question_1 "What is your favorite color?", :pick => :one
        answer "red"
        answer "blue"
        answer "green"
        answer "yellow"
        answer :other

        # A basic question with checkboxes
        # "question" and "answer" may be abbreviated as "q" and "a"
        q_2 "Choose the colors you don't like", :pick => :any
        a_1 "red"
        a_2 "blue"
        a_3 "green"
        a_4 "yellow"
        a :omit

        # A dependent question, with conditions and rule to logically join them
        # the question's reference identifier is "2a", and the answer's reference_identifier is "1"
        # question reference identifiers used in conditions need to be unique on a survey for the lookups to work
        q_2a "Please explain why you don't like this color?"
        a_1 "explanation", :text
        dependency :rule => "A or B or C or D"
        condition_A :q_2, "==", :a_1
        condition_B :q_2, "==", :a_2
        condition_C :q_2, "==", :a_3
        condition_D :q_2, "==", :a_4

        # ... other question, sections and such. See surveys/kitchen_sink_survey.rb for more.
     end

    end

The first question is "pick one" (radio buttons) with "other". The second question is "pick any" (checkboxes) with the option to "omit". It also features a dependency with a follow up question. Notice the dependency rule is defined as a string. We support complex dependency such as "A and (B or C) and D" or "A or ((B and C) or D)". The conditions are evaluated separately using the operators "==","!=","<>", ">=","<" the substituted by letter into to the dependency rule and evaluated.

# Installation

1. Add surveyor to your Gemfile:

    gem "surveyor"

Then run:

    bundle install

2. Generate assets, run migrations:

    script/rails generate surveyor:install
    rake db:migrate

3. Try out the "kitchen sink" survey. The rake task above generates surveys from our custom survey DSL (a good format for end users and stakeholders).

    rake surveyor FILE=surveys/kitchen_sink_survey.rb

4. Start up your app and visit http://localhost:3000/surveys

Try taking the survey and compare it to the contents of the DSL file kitchen\_sink\_survey.rb. See how the DSL maps to what you see.

There are two other useful rake tasks:

* `surveyor:remove` removes all unused surveys.
* `rake surveyor:unparse` exports a survey from the application into a
  file in the surveyor DSL.

# Customizing surveyor

Surveyor's controller, models, and views may be customized via classes in your app/models, app/helpers and app/controllers directories. To generate a sample custom controller and layout, run:

`script/rails generate surveyor:custom`

and read surveys/EXTENDING\_SURVEYOR

# PDF support

* Add the following lines to your Gemfile:

	gem 'pdfkit'
	gem 'wkhtmltopdf'

or on OSX:

	gem 'pdfkit'
	gem 'wkhtmltopdf-binary'

* Add the following to your application.rb:

	config.middleware.use PDFKit::Middleware

* Create links with :format => 'pdf' in them, for example:

	%li= link_to "PDF", view_my_survey_path(:survey_code => response_set.survey.access_code, :response_set_code => response_set.access_code, :format => 'pdf')

# Requirements

Surveyor depends on:

* Ruby (1.8.7 - 1.9.2)
* Rails 3.0-3.1
* HAML
* SASS
* fastercsv (or CSV for ruby 1.9) for csv exports
* formtastic
* UUID

Specific versions of the gem dependencies are listed in the gemspec.

# Contributing, testing

To work on the code, fork this github project. Install [bundler][] if
you don't have it, then run

    $ bundle update

to install all the necessary gems. Then

    $ bundle exec rake testbed

to generate a test app in `testbed`. Now you can run

    $ bundle exec rake spec

to run the specs and

    $ bundle exec rake cucumber

to run the features and start writing tests!

[bundler]: http://gembundler.com/

Copyright (c) 2008-2011 Brian Chamberlain and Mark Yoon, released under the MIT license

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
South Sea Barbarians in South Africa : Nel tentativo di rompere l'isolamento dovuto all'Apartheid e al conseguente boicotaggio, dopo il tour dell'anno prima dei New Zealand Cavaliers, un altro tour "pirata" di una squadra di Rugby Union viene organizzato in modo ufficioso dalla federazione sudafricana di rugby a XV.
Questa volta una selezione di giocatori polinesiani (da Tonga, Samoa e Figi ) visita il Sudafrica. Allo scopo di dare un'immagine meno razzista, vengono allestite delle squadre miste tra bianchi e meticci (denominate feeder). Gli Springboks non affrontano ufficialmente la selezione polinesiana (a seguito di contestazioni dall'estero) ma si camuffano da South African Barabarians. Da segnalare che scendono invece in campo le due "nazionali" delle altre federazioni "razziali": i Leopard (della SARU) e i Proteas della (SARF), riservate ai giocatori di colore.

Incontri

Tour delle rappresentative e delle nazionali di rugby a 15 per selezione
South Sea Barbarians 1987
1987

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After tipping 25 tokens in a day, you'll be able to vote regarding your satisfaction with Sasha_Cinnamon.
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text:
Material Matters November 2017
In this month's Material Matters, the experts at Material Lab celebrate sustainable solutions inspired by nature.
www.material-lab.co.uk
Malai creates sustainable surface design from coconut water
Taking the concept 'something from nothing' to new extremes, South Indian company, Malai, has created a biocomposite from Bacterial Cellulose. Grown from the water of mature coconuts and natural fibres, mainly sourced from agricultural waste streams, the end product is sustainable, biodegradable, water resistant and vegan. Available in 1x1m sheets (1-2mm thick) and a range of colours (using natural dyes), its appearance is similar to that of leather. It's ideal for upholstery, wallcoverings, bags and wallets, as it can be sewn, laser cut, embossed or printed on.
info@made-from-malai.com
made-from-malai.com
Elli Popp takes influence from nature for brand new Tektura designs
Influenced by jungles through to woodland glades, mythical lands and ancient wonders, the designs of Elli Popp – founded by Katja Behre in 2007 – are firmly rooted in nature, yet have a somewhat other-worldly appeal. Katja blends layers of photography with shadow and colour to create totally unique effects. Soft watercolours sit alongside deep blacks and blues, vivid greens and earthy browns. The designs have been created specially for Tektura, and can be scaled up to fill a wall of 3x5m. They can be cropped or repeated length-wise to fit a longer wall. Colours can be adjusted and all designs are available as wallcovering, window film or as acrylic artwork.
www.tektura.com
Granorte VITA décor elevates cork from its humble origins to a material of true beauty
Designed to reproduce the unique patterns and textures found in nature, VITA flooring combines the authenticity and beauty of natural products with the durability of an innovative hardwearing and eco-friendly surface. The new collection of cork flooring is designed with aesthetics firmly in mind and, with stunning surface decors achieved by state-of-the-art digital printing technology, it stands out for its never-seen-before clarity – reaching a resolution of over 1000 dpi and making patterns appear almost life like.
www.granorte.pt
KIZIS Studio plants seeds of change with creation of thistle-based eco-friendly material
The thistle is a plant native to the western and central Mediterranean region, where it was domesticated in ancient times. In an impressive demonstration of innovation, KIZIS Studio has created a new eco-friendly material, using the plant as the main substance for the first ever thistle furniture collection. Located between Athens and London, KIZIS undertakes projects across product and furniture design, interiors and architecture. The studio was founded in 2014, to focus on research and materiality.
www.kizisstudio.com
7 Things About The 2008 Financial Crisis
Design Guild Marks Announced
Not A Real World, But You Know What It Means

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The genus ranges from India to Java and the Philippines. Larvae feed on Maesa spp. (Myrsinaceae) (Callaghan 2009).
Callaghan CJ. 2009. The riodinid butterflies of Vietnam (Lepidoptera). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 63, 61-82.
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text:
The Definition of Perspective in Drawing
Hobbies Fine Arts & Crafts
REVIVALthedigest/Flickr
by Helen South
Artist Helen South works in graphite, charcoal, watercolor, and mixed media. She wrote "The Everything Guide to Drawing."
Perspective is what gives a three-dimensional feeling to a flat image such as a drawing or a painting. In art, it is a system of representing the way that objects appear to get smaller and closer together the farther away they are from the viewer.
Perspective is key to almost any drawing or sketch as well as many paintings. It is one of the fundamentals that you need to understand in order to create realistic and believable scenes.
Artists known for their use of perspective include Masaccio, a Renaissance painter who developed a realistic style by being among the first to apply the rules of perspective; Johannes Vermeer, a Dutch artist whose carefully lighted interiors often make clever use of perspective; and Gustave Caillebotte, whose "Paris Street, Rainy Day" is a powerful demonstration of two-point perspective.
Key Takeaways: Perspective
• Perspective is used to represent the ways objects appear smaller as they move farther into the distance. It adds depth and dimension to flat images.
• In art, there are three types of perspective: one-point, two-point, and three-point.
• Mathematical perspective in art was developed during the Italian Renaissance during the 1400s.
What Does Perspective Look Like?
RJW/Getty Images
Imagine driving along a very straight open road on a grassy plain. The road, the fences, and the power-poles all diminish toward a single point far ahead of you. That's single-point perspective.
Single- or one-point perspective is the simplest method of making objects look three-dimensional. It is often used for interior views or trompe l'oeil (fool the eye) effects. Objects must be placed so that the front sides are parallel to the picture plane, with the side edges receding toward a single point.
A perfect example is Da Vinci's "Adoration of the Magi." The building in the background faces the viewer, and the stairs and the side walls get smaller as they move toward a single point in the center of the painting.
Linear Perspective
When we talk about perspective drawing, we usually mean linear perspective. Linear perspective is a geometric method of representing the apparent diminishment of scale as the distance between an object and the viewer increases. Each set of horizontal lines has its own vanishing point. For simplicity, artists usually focus on correctly rendering one, two, or three vanishing points.
The invention of linear perspective in art is generally attributed to the Florentine architect Brunelleschi. His ideas continued to be developed and used by Renaissance artists, notably Piero Della Francesca and Andrea Mantegna. The first book to include a treatise on perspective, "On Painting," was published by Leon Battista Alberti in 1436.
One-Point Perspective
DrGarcia/Flickr
In one-point perspective, the vertical lines that run across the field of view remain parallel, as their vanishing points are at "infinity." The horizontal lines, however, which are perpendicular to the viewer, vanish toward a single point at the center of the image.
If you are experimenting with perspective, you can practice one-point perspective by doing this:
Draw a straight line across the middle of your drawing. This is your horizon line. Locate a point along this line—it may be in the center, though it does not have to be—and mark it. This is your vanishing point.
Draw the facade of a simple building to the right of the vanishing point.
Using a ruler, draw a soft line from the top-left corner of the building to the vanishing point. Then draw another line from the bottom-left corner to the vanishing point. These lines show how the building will get smaller as it gets farther away from the viewer.
Locate the end of the building somewhere along the lines you have just sketched. Mark it by drawing a line parallel to the building's facade. Erase the remaining line segments that connect to the vanishing point.
Using the same method, add other buildings to the drawing.
Two-Point Perspective
In two-point perspective, the viewer is positioned so that the objects in the drawing or painting are viewed from one corner. This creates two sets of horizontals which diminish toward vanishing points at the outer edges of the picture plane, leaving only verticals perpendicular.
It is slightly more complex, as both the front and back edges and the side edges of an object must diminish toward vanishing points. Two-point perspective is often used when drawing buildings in landscapes.
Two-point perspective uses the same method described above. The main difference is that the viewer is looking from one corner rather than head-on. For this reason, you cannot begin the drawing with the building's facade. You must first draw the line that forms the corner of the building, then use one of the vanishing points to complete the facade.
Three-Point Perspective
In three-point perspective, the viewer is looking up or down so that the verticals also converge on a vanishing point at the top or bottom of the image. This is the most complex form of perspective. Unlike in one-point and two-point perspective, none of the lines in the drawing are perpendicular to the viewer. Instead, each one is drawn in the direction of a certain vanishing point. If you were drawing a building using three-point perspective, you would need to begin with only a single point located on the building, then use the vanishing points to define each side of the structure.
What's the Definition of Perspective in Regards to Artistic Technique?
How to Draw Three-Point Perspective: A Photo Guide
What Is a Vanishing Point in Art?
Understanding Perspective in Art
Understand How an Orthogonal Line is Key to Perspective Drawing
Draw in Perspective with 10 Easy Tips
Being Able to Draw 2-Point Perspective Will Make You a Better Artist
Follow the Basic Rules to Create Great Art
Draw a 3D Pyramid in Perspective
What Do Artists Mean by Foreshortening?
Find the Center of a Square or Rectangle in Perspective
6 Tips to Improve Your Reflection Drawing Skills
How to Show Depth and Space in Your Paintings
8 Steps to Drawing a Brick Wall in Perspective
Why Learning How to Draw is Important for Painters
Introduction to Drawing and Types of Drawing


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Ben Lynch and the CO buds showing us how much can be done in just three laps at Winter Park. With a crew in town for the High Noon Duel, these guys chose to dodge skiers, cruise the jumps, pipe, rails, trees, and pond at the resort. Riding it like they own the place. And Ben pretty much does.
More appearances by Tyler Macleod, Taylor Boyd, Ben Berberich, Eric Frazier, Tyler Harper, and Corbin Clement.


Lin M, Carr LH. Lin M, Carr L.H. Lin, Matthew, and Leah H. Carr.. "Hydrocortisone in very preterm infants does not improve rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and mortality." 2 Minute Medicine New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2015, http://accessmedicina.mhmedical.com/updatesContent.aspx?gbosid=459731&sectionid=210221850.


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text:
Original Papers - Full-length version
Facilitators and barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care: a qualitative study among GPs, patients, and end-of-life consultants
Willemjan Slort, Annette H Blankenstein, Luc Deliens and Henriëtte E van der Horst
British Journal of General Practice 2011; 61 (585): e167-e172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp11X567081
Willemjan Slort
Annette H Blankenstein
Luc Deliens
Henriëtte E van der Horst
Background Effective communication is considered to be essential for the delivery of high-quality care. Communication in palliative care may be particularly difficult, and there is still no accepted set of communication skills for GPs in providing palliative care.
Aim To obtain detailed information on facilitators and barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care, with the aim to develop training programmes that enable GPs to improve their palliative care communication skills.
Design of study Qualitative study with focus groups, interviews, and questionnaires.
Setting GPs with patients receiving palliative care at home, and end-of-life consultants in the Netherlands.
Method GP (n = 20) focus groups discussing facilitators and barriers, palliative care patient (n = 6) interviews regarding facilitators, and end-of-life consultant (n = 22) questionnaires concerning barriers.
Results Facilitators reported by both GPs and patients were accessibility, taking time, commitment, and listening carefully. GPs emphasise respect, while patients want GPs to behave in a friendly way, and to take the initiative to discuss end-of-life issues. Barriers reported by both GPs and end-of-life consultants were: difficulty in dealing with former doctors' delay and strong demands from patients' relatives. GPs report difficulty in dealing with strong emotions and troublesome doctor–patient relationships, while consultants report insufficient clarification of patients' problems, promises that could not be kept, helplessness, too close involvement, and insufficient anticipation of various scenarios.
Conclusion The study findings suggest that the quality of GP–patient communication in palliative care in the Netherlands can be improved. It is recommended that specific communication training programmes for GPs should be developed and evaluated.
physicians, family
physician–patient relationship
GPs play a central role in providing palliative care in the Netherlands, where palliative care is not a medical specialism. Many authors consider effective communication between healthcare professionals and patients as an essential requirement for the delivery of high-quality care. Effective communication has been shown to be beneficial to patient outcomes such as pain control, adherence to treatment,1,2 and psychological functioning.3,4 Conversely, ineffective communication has been associated with adverse effects on patient compliance with treatment.5 Furthermore, poor communication can leave patients anxious, uncertain, and dissatisfied with the care they receive.6 Communicating with patients in palliative care has been acknowledged to be more difficult than communicating with patients with less serious conditions.7 Communication in palliative care involves a complex mix of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual issues in the context of impending death. Doctors, including GPs, often fail to communicate effectively with patients on these issues.8,9 Many GPs have never received any training in communication skills with a specific focus on palliative care at any time throughout their career.10,11
It is still unclear what the most important barriers are for GPs in their communication with patients who need palliative care. Moreover, there is still no generally accepted set of essential communication skills for GPs providing palliative care. The aim of this study was to obtain detailed information about these facilitators and barriers, in order to develop a communication training programme for GPs, with a specific focus on palliative care. Previous studies have merely collected data on GP–patient communication in palliative care reported by doctors and patients separately.8,12–17 One study involved patients as well as caregivers, but did not focus on palliative care provided by GPs.18 The present paper reports on a qualitative study of facilitators and barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care, based on data from GPs (who provide palliative care), patients (who receive palliative care), and end-of-life consultants (experts). GPs were asked which facilitators they considered to be most important for GP–patient communication in palliative care. They were also asked which barriers they experienced. To complement the information received from the GPs, some of their palliative care patients were also asked which of their GP's communication skills they appreciated most, and end-of-life consultants were asked which barriers in GP–patient communication they had observed in the previous year.
The research questions were: (1) which facilitators for GP–patient communication in palliative care are reported by GPs and/or their palliative care patients, and (2) which barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care are reported by GPs and/or end-of-life consultants?
GP focus groups discussing facilitators and barriers
The perspectives of GPs with regard to facilitators and barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care were studied in 2004 in two 90-minute focus group discussions with 10 GPs in each. The choice for focus groups was made because this qualitative method capitalises on group dynamics to obtain information that may not be available through individual interviews or quantitative methods. The first group was a convenience sample of GPs who met to discuss scientific topics during monthly meetings. The second group was recruited by purposeful sampling to ensure heterogeneity of the members (sex, age, experience, and urban or rural practice). The GPs in the focus groups discussed which facilitators and barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care they considered to be most important. The discussions were facilitated by a moderator, audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and anonymised. Fragments from the transcriptions concerning facilitators and barriers for GP–patient communication were identified and classified. This content analysis of the transcriptions was performed by two of the authors. During the analysis the validity was ensured by critical discussion, and after the analysis by sending all participants a summary of the findings and asking them for their consent and comments (member check).
How this fits in
This qualitative study suggests that GP–patient communication in palliative care in the Netherlands could be improved. Palliative care patients want friendly and committed GPs who take the initiative in discussing end-of-life issues. End-of-life consultants advise GPs to clarify the patient's problems and concerns more explicitly and to pay attention to their own personal barriers. The results of this study can contribute to the development of training programmes that enable GPs to improve their communication skills in palliative care.
Patient interviews regarding facilitators
The perceptions of palliative care patients with regard to the communication skills and attitudes of their GPs were studied in 2005 by means of semi-structured, in-depth interviews. GPs who participated in the focus groups invited patients from their practice who were over 18 years of age and had an advanced illness with a life expectancy of less than 6 months (estimated by the GP) to participate in the study. After obtaining informed consent, the GP completed a registration form and sent it to the research team, who contacted the patient. Because the condition of these patients could deteriorate rapidly, they were visited at home as soon as possible, by the first author, for a 60-minute interview. Patients were sampled until content saturation was reached (no additional themes emerged during the final phase of analysis). The patients were interviewed about their experiences with their own GP, and asked which communication skills and attitudes they considered essential in a GP. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and anonymised. Fragments from the transcriptions concerning facilitators for GP–patient communication in palliative care were identified and classified. The content analysis of the transcription was performed by two of the authors. A member check some months after the interview was impossible, because of the deteriorating condition of the patients.
End-of-life consultant questionnaires concerning barriers
The perspectives of end-of-life consultants with regard to barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care were studied in 2003 by means of questionnaires that were sent by email to a convenience sample of 55 end-of-life consultants: 45 Support and Consultation on Euthanasia in the Netherlands (SCEN) consultants,19,20 and 10 palliative care consultants, in three regions of the Netherlands. No reminders were sent. In the Netherlands, end-of-life consultants are GPs or nursing home physicians who have completed a training programme to be able to elicit and clarify the problems underlying a consultation request and to advise colleagues concerning palliative care problems or euthanasia requests. The consultants were expected to have quite a detailed impression of the occurrence of barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care, because they are consulted by GPs in particular in cases of troublesome palliative care. The consultants were asked to describe the barriers for GP–patient communication that they had observed in the previous year. Fragments from their written answers concerning barriers were identified and classified. The content analysis was performed by two of the authors.
Participating GPs
The 10 GPs participating in the first group were members of the scientific committee (CWO) of the Dutch College of General Practitioners (NHG). In the second group of 10 GPs, more GPs who were female or who worked in a (semi-)rural setting were purposely sampled. The characteristics of the participating GPs are presented in Table 1.
Characteristics of GPs and palliative care patients
Participating palliative care patients
Nine patients were invited by six GPs to participate (three of the GPs asked two patients each); they all agreed. The condition of three patients deteriorated too rapidly (in a few days) to allow participation, so six patients from five GPs were interviewed. Because no additional themes emerged from the analyses of the last two interviews, it was decided that after six interviews content saturation was reached, and there was therefore no need to recruit additional patients. All patients had cancer: malignant melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic, prostate, liver, or breast cancer. Other patient characteristics are presented in Table 1.
Participating end-of-life consultants
Twenty-two questionnaires were returned. The response was 60% from the palliative care consultants (6/10) and 36% from the SCEN consultants (16/45). Data on characteristics of the consultants were not collected. From the 22 responding end-of-life consultants, 20 had observed barriers for GP–patient communication in the past year, so they were able to answer the questions.
Facilitators reported by GPs and palliative care patients
Facilitators reported by GPs and patients were: GP is accessible; taking the necessary time; listening carefully; showing empathy; straightforward; paying attention to the patient's symptoms; and giving the patient a feeling of trust. Facilitators reported by GPs, but not by patients were: GP making regular home visits; respecting the patient's dignity, autonomy, wishes, and expectations; ensuring continuity of care; and anticipating various scenarios. Facilitators reported by patients, but not by GPs, were: GP taking the initiative to call in or phone the patient spontaneously; encouraging the patient (for example, putting his/her hand on the patient's arm); being open and willing to talk in everyday language and about any subject that is relevant for the patient; adapting to the pace of the patient; explaining clearly (for example, about the diagnosis and prognosis); helping the patient to deal with unfinished business; taking the initiative to talk about end-of-life issues; making appointments for follow-up visits; the longstanding GP–patient relationship; and the GP's practice being located near the patient's home.
All facilitators reported by GPs and/or patients are presented in Box 1. There were more facilitators reported by the patients only than by the GPs only.
Box 1 Facilitators for GP–patient communication in palliative care reported by GPs (n = 20) and palliative care patients (n = 6)
GPs only
GP makes regular home visits
GP respects the patient's dignity
GP respects the patient's autonomy
GP respects the patient's wishes and expectations
GP ensures continuity of care
GP anticipates various scenarios
GPs and patients
GP is accessible and available
GP takes the necessary time for the patient
GP listens carefully
GP shows empathy and commitment
GP is honest and straightforward
GP pays attention to the patient's symptoms
GP gives the patient a feeling of trust
Patients only
GP takes the initiative to visit or phone patients spontaneously
GP encourages and reassures the patient
GP puts his/her hand on the patient's arm
GP has an open attitude
GP allows any topic to be discussed
GP talks in everyday language, not using difficult medical terms
GP adapts to the pace of the patient
GP explains clearly (for example, diagnosis)
GP talks about the unfavourable prognosis
GP helps the patient to deal with unfinished business
GP takes the initiative to talk about relevant issues (for example, diagnosis and prognosis)
GP should take the initiative to talk about euthanasia (n = 1) or GP should not do so (n = 2)
GP makes appointments for follow-up visits
GP–patient relationship is longstanding
GP's practice is near the patient's home
Barriers reported by GPs and end-of-life consultants
Barriers reported by GPs and end-of-life consultants were: GP having difficulty in dealing with former doctor's delay in diagnosis of the disease; having difficulty in dealing with strong demands of patient's relatives; not being able to take enough time to provide palliative care and to ensure continuity of care. Barriers reported by GPs, but not by end-of-life consultants were: GP having difficulty in dealing with patient's fears and other strong emotions; not being able to handle a troublesome relationship with the patient or to deal with patient and relatives together; not knowing the patient's wishes and expectations (for example, specific wishes and expectations of immigrant patients); and not being able to control the patient's symptoms adequately.
The main problem reported by the consultants was a lack of clarity in many issues, because the GP–patient communication was inhibited by various barriers. Barriers reported by the end-of-life consultants only were: GP clarifying the patient's problems and concerns insufficiently; making promises that cannot be kept (for example, about pain management); becoming too much involved; feeling helpless; being irritated; not being able to handle pressure exerted by patient or relatives; not being clear about his/her own opinion with regard to euthanasia; lacking certain knowledge; having pre-existing emotional problems; not being able to make proper arrangements for out-of-hours care; and not anticipating various scenarios.
All barriers reported by GPs and/or end-of-life consultants are presented in Box 2. There were more barriers reported by end-of-life consultants only than by GPs only.
Box 2 Barriers for GP–patient communication in palliative care reported by GPs (n = 20) and end-of-life consultants (n = 22)
GP has difficulty in dealing with the patient's fears and other strong emotions
GP cannot handle a troublesome relationship with the patient
GP cannot deal with the patient and the patient's relatives together
GP does not know the patient's wishes and expectations
GP cannot control the patient's symptoms adequately
GP is not familiar with the specific wishes and expectations of immigrant patients
GPs and consultants
GP cannot deal with former doctor's delay in diagnosis
GP has difficulty in dealing with strong demands from the patient's relatives
GP cannot take enough time for palliative care
GP is not able to ensure continuity in palliative care
Consultants only
GP clarifies the patient's problems and concerns insufficiently
GP makes promises that cannot be kept (for example, about pain management or euthanasia)
GP is impeded by becoming too closely involved
GP is impeded by irritation, or by feelings of helplessness
GP is not able to handle pressure exerted by the patient or relatives
GP's position remains unclear (for example, position on euthanasia)
GP's lack of knowledge about medical palliative treatments
GP's pre-existing emotional problems
GP fails to make proper arrangements for out-of-hours care (GP not accessible)
GP does not anticipate various scenarios
GP's extreme opinion causes problems in communication (for example, general rejection of euthanasia as well as a premature introduction of this subject can hamper communication)
Summary of main findings
It was found that patients as well as GPs value accessibility, taking time, showing commitment, and listening carefully as essential facilitators. Moreover, the GPs emphasised a respectful attitude towards the patient and anticipating various scenarios, while the patients especially appreciated a GP who behaves in a friendly way (visiting patients spontaneously, encouraging the patient, and talking in everyday language about any topic the patient wants to discuss), and who takes the initiative to talk about end-of-life issues such as unfavourable prognosis and unfinished business.
Major barriers reported by GPs as well as end-of-life consultants were difficulty in dealing with a former doctor's delay and with strong demands from a patient's relatives. The GPs reported difficulty in dealing with strong emotions and with troublesome doctor–patient relationships, while the consultants reported insufficient clarification of the patient's problems and concerns, promises that could not be kept, helplessness, too close involvement on the part of the GP, and insufficient anticipation.
The results of all three parts of the study suggest that the quality of the GP–patient communication in palliative care needs to be improved. Almost all participating end-of-life consultants had observed problems in GP–patient communication in the past year. Moreover, GPs in the focus groups reported successful as well as less successful examples of providing palliative care. Furthermore, some of the participating patients had mixed feelings or were dissatisfied with the quality of communication with their GP.
Strengths and limitations of the study
Previous qualitative studies of caregiver–patient communication in palliative care either focused on caregivers and patients separately,8,12,17 or did not focus on GPs.18 The present study focused on GP–patient communication within the context of palliative care, from different perspectives: to complement the information from the GPs additional information was gathered from some of their patients and from end-of-life consultants (data triangulation).21
The results of this study are based only on the experiences and opinions of small samples of GPs, patients, and end-of-life consultants. Furthermore, 50% of GPs interviewed were members of a scientific committee, which might have affected the prevalence of the issues mentioned. Moreover, out of the six included patients, only one was female and there were no patients with a non-cancer diagnosis; the results should therefore be interpreted as exploratory. From this qualitative study, no conclusions can be drawn about the incidence of problems in GP–patient communication in daily palliative care.
Comparison with existing literature
From interviews with 25 GPs, Field reported that virtually all responders stressed the importance of honesty in communication, although openness about the terminal prognosis might sometimes need to be gradual and tempered to the needs and wishes of the patient.16 More recently, Clayton et al conducted a systematic review on sustaining hope when communicating with terminally-ill patients.22 Their findings suggest that balancing hope with honesty is an important skill for health professionals. The patients mainly preferred honest and accurate information, provided with empathy and understanding. The patients in the present study also wanted GPs to be honest and open, and to initiate discussions about relevant end-of-life issues. This latter finding may stimulate GPs to be more forthcoming to initiate discussions with palliative care patients about end-of-life issues, and to explore whether the patient is ready for such discussions. This finding may also stimulate GPs to apply recommended end-of-life strategies like 'advance care planning'.23,24 Osse et al interviewed 40 patients and 22 relatives, and reported that patients also want their GP to take the initiative to talk about sensitive topics. Furthermore, they reported that patients want their GP to find solutions in practical matters and to just to be there for emotional issues. GPs should take the necessary time, avoid difficult medical terms, use humour, and show interest in their patients' wellbeing.17 These results are in line with the present findings, suggesting that patients appreciate a friendly GP.
Implications for future research and clinical practice
The results of this study suggest that to communicate effectively, GPs should pay attention to how they communicate with their palliative care patients (for example, taking time, listening carefully, being willing to talk about any subject, reflecting on their own personal barriers), but they should also take the initiative to discuss various end-of-life issues (for example, the patient's symptoms, fears, wishes and expectations, unfinished business, and end-of-life preferences). Now these factors have been identified, larger quantitative studies are needed to increase the generalisability of the findings in order to contribute further to the development of training programmes that will enable GPs to be effective communicators, and to ultimately improve the quality of palliative care and the quality of life of their palliative care patients.
We wish to thank all the patients, relatives, GPs, and consultants who contributed to this study. We also wish to thank Dr Peter Lucassen for facilitating both GP focus groups as a moderator.
Funding body
This study was funded by the Comprehensive Cancer Centres Amsterdam and Eindhoven, CZ Health Care Insurances, Pfizer bv, and the Janivo Foundation.
Ethical approval
The Medical Ethics Committee of the VU University Medical Center exempted this study from approval.
The funding sources had no involvement in or influence on the study. The authors have stated that there are none.
Contribute and read comments about this article on the Discussion Forum: http://www.rcgp.org.uk/bjgp-discuss
Revision received July 27, 2010.
Accepted September 3, 2010.
© British Journal of General Practice, April 2011
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Paul Héroux, PhD
Professor of Toxicology & Health Effects of Electromagnetism, McGill University (Canada)
Dr. Paul Héroux is a scientist with experience in physics (BSc, MSc and PhD), electrical engineering (15 years), and the health sciences (30 years), teaching Toxicology, Hearing Conservation and Health Effects of Electromagnetism at the School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University.
A Chicken in every Pot, a Fiber in every Home
Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) has become practically obligatory, because of the widespread use of wireless. As a result, there has been controversy over the deployment of system updates, such as 5G, that imply large increases in exposures and their crest factors. This results from 5G beam-forming, and relatively poor penetration at higher frequencies. Contrary to industry propaganda, driverless cars and remote surgery are not dependent on 5G, or on wireless. Deployment 5G and the Internet of Things should be strongly limited not only by technical feasibility, but mainly by EMR hygiene, privacy and environmental legislations.
The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) sits its public health impact assessment of EMR on the arguments that EMR is (1) non-ionizing, and (2) of low amplitude. The FCC, conveniently for industry, excludes all risks except the risk of heating, in practice erasing all other biological reactions to EMR from existence. Over
time, the FCC has also suspiciously and regularly increased its tolerable human limits to EMR to accommodate various technical-commercial needs.
But in biological systems, the motors of enzymatic reactions and metabolism are electrons and protons, species that are already extracted from atoms, thus pre-ionized, making the first FCC argument untenable. The argument that the fields are "too low" can be put to rest even using the FCC's own metric of energy. FCC only prohibits irradiations that are near heating thresholds, specifically 10,000,000 μW/m². FCC critics, such as Bioinitiative, report measurable biological impacts at sub-thermal fields ranging down to 0.001 μW/m². And, further, humans can detect power densities as low as 0.000001 μW/m² (the threshold of hearing). The FCC can hardly claim ignorance, as the main mechanism supporting interaction between EMR and biology, the tunneling of electrons and protons, is used in commercial devices (Spin Tunnel Junctions) with a sensitivity as low as 0.001 μW/m², the lowest level of EMR ever reported to alter biology.
Thus, electron, proton transfers as well as hydrogen bridges, known to be critical to biological function, are the true targets of EMR, not heating. There are two important exposures. First, the intense short-term exposure from a cellular portable held against the head. Second, the more continuous exposure at lower intensity from cellular towers. The extensive use of wireless phones has been associated with cancers of the nervous system by epidemiologists, animal studies, as well as laboratory experiments. Cellular towers are associated with cancer lethality, and numerous other neurological symptoms. Further risks involve reproduction, and many chronic diseases, including diabetes. Experiments in my own laboratory on human cancer cells support effects of EMR on cancer, and on chronic diseases (through necrosis, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species). Further risks relate to mitochondrial heteroplasmy, possibly leading to evolutionary erosion of oxidative phosphorylation physiology.
Fortunately, there is a spectacular alternative to wireless to serve our data transmission needs, optical fiber, which is incomparably faster, energy-efficient, hack-proof, hygienic and environmentally acceptable. This solution would restrict wireless to applications where mobility is essential. Hence prosperity is better served by "a fiber in every home", because future data needs, not only of industry but for individuals, will soon outpace all that wireless has to offer.
10:30 - 11:00 AM
Beatrice Alexandra Golomb, MD, PhD
Gunnar Heuser, MD, PhD
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Johann Gottfried von Herder (Mohrungen, 1744. augusztus 25. – Weimar, 1803. december 18.) német költő, műfordító, teológus, filozófus volt. Irodalmi tevékenysége a Sturm und Drang és az ún. weimari klasszicizmus meghatározó egyéniségévé tette és Christoph Martin Wieland, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, valamint Friedrich Schiller társaságában a német klasszicista irodalom legfontosabb alakjai közé tartozik.

Élete
Herder szülei a falu kántora és tanára Gottfried Herder (1706. május 9. – 1763. szeptember 26.) illetve annak második felesége Anna Elisabeth, szül. Peltz (1717 – 1772. október 3.) voltak. Rendkívül vallásos szülői házban nőtt föl, és úgy kívánták, hogy teológiát tanuljon. Öccse Carl Friedrich korai elhalálozása megismertette a végzet könyörtelenségével, ekkor keletkezett első költeménye; "Auf meinen ersten Todten! das Liebste, was ich auf dieser Welt verloren". (Első halottamra, a legkedvesebb amit ezen világon elveszték.)

Szülei anyagi körülményei ugyan nem voltak a legjobbak, de azért lehetővé tették gyermekeik tanulmányait. Herder a helyi iskolába járt, ahol különösen nagy benyomást gyakorolt rá S. F. Trescho diakónus, szintén pietista mint szülei, akinél 1760-ban írnok lett és akiknek könyvtárát Herder szabadon használhatta. Az orosz katonai sebész J. C. Schwarz-Erla javaslatára Herder 1762-ben Königsbergbe utazott, hogy sebész legyen. Sem szülővárosát, sem szüleit nem látta többé viszont.

Herder már az első boncolás láttán elájult, ezért inkább a teológiai pályára lépett. Egy tanítói állás és jóakaró emberbarátok lehetővé tették neki tanulmányai folytatását. Ez időben fő befolyással fejlődésére és irányára Johann Georg Hamann és Immanuel Kant voltak. Herder inkább az előbbihez vonzódott, bár ez utóbbinak kiváló tudományát s jelentőségét elismerte. Miután tanulmányait a legnagyobb szorgalommal és bámulatosan sokoldalúan befejezte, 1764-től 1769-ig Rigában gimnáziumi tanár és lelkész volt, mindkét hivatásában rendkívüli sikerrel. Itt lépett be a Zum Schwert (A kardhoz) nevű szabadkőműves páholyba.

Hogy ember- és világismeretét gyarapítsa, 1769-ben elhagyta állását s nagyobb útra indult. Párizsba érkezte után holstein-eutini herceg utazótársául szólította föl, amit Herder elfogadott; de Strassburgban elvált a hercegtől, s egy félévig maradt e városban, hogy egy szemét gyermekkora óta bántó könnycsatornáját gyógyíttassa. Ekkor ismerkedett meg vele az ifjú Goethe, akire a nagy tudományú, gondolkodó s szellemes Herder rendkívül nagy hatással volt.

Strassburgból Bückeburgba ment Herder, ahol 1771-től 1776-ig szuperintendens és udvari lelkész volt. E hivatalában, valamint munkái után oly hírnévre tett szert, hogy a göttingeni egyetem 1775-ben a teológia tanárává meghívta; de Herder inkább Weimart választotta, ahová Károly Ágost herceg Goethe közbenjárására meghívta. Itt az egyház és iskola, az irodalom és közművelődés terén nagyszabású és egész Németországra, sőt a külföldre is kiható munkásságot fejtett ki. Weimarba költözése után Herder belépett az Illuminátus rendbe, 1800 és 1803 között csatlakozott Friedrich Ludwig Schrödernek a szabadkőműves rituálék megújítása érdekében végzett munkájához.

Életének estéjét fokozódó idegessége és betegeskedése kietlenné és szánalmassá tette. Legjobb barátaival, Goethével és Schillerrel is meglazult ez időben a régi benső viszony, s végül egészen elszigetelve, a világtól elzárva élte utolsó napjait.

Munkássága, hatása
Ellentmondásos, rejtélyes és teljesítményében ingadozó volt kortársaihoz képest, de sokoldalúbb és gazdagabb szellemiségű is, mint azok. A német irodalmi és társadalmi élet 18. században végbement nagy átalakulásában jelentős szerepe volt. Szellemiségének nyomait nem csak a szűkebb értelemben vett irodalomban lelhetjük fel, hanem a tudomány azon szakterületein is, amelyek az ő ösztönzésére indultak el a maguk útján. A gondolatvilág gazdagsága, a képek zsenialitása és költői beleérzése mutatkozik meg művein; a humanitás keresése, követelése pedig végigkíséri írói munkásságát. Történészi munkásságában az organikus történelemszemlélet jellemző, a történelem nála természettudományos jellegű és keretű. Minden népet egyenlőnek tartott, amelyeknek saját országuk és egyéni fejlődésük van.

Több területen volt tehetséges, de ezen területek mindegyikén ingadozott alkotói tevékenysége, és ezért költőként csak elvétve alkotott maradandót. Saját etikai pátoszát hangulatokkal, érzésekkel egybeszőve egyedülálló remekeket alkotott, és műfordítóként lehetővé tették számára az idegen költői szellemiség németre való átültetését.

Magyarországon leginkább a magyar nyelv eltűnéséről szóló jóslatáról ismerjük Herder nevét.

Magyarul

Herdernek és Lesszingnek mesélései / Herdernek Paramythionjai; ford. Kazinczy Ferenc / Aszalay Jánosː Lesszingnek meséi három könyvben; átdolg., kiad. Kazinczy Ferenc; Hummel, Bécs, 1793
Herder paramythionjai; ford. Kazinczy Ferenc; Széphalmy–Hummel, Széphalom–Bécs, 1837
Luther kis katekhizmusának magyarázatja. Néhai superintendens Herder után készítette Kis János; 3. kiad.; Trattner-Károlyi, Pest, 1837
Kalászok az ószövetségi szent költészet mezőin. Herder szerint Gonda László; Osterlamm, Pest, 1861
Cid-románczai; kiadta és magyarázta Heinrich Gusztáv; Franklin, Budapest, 1880
Eszmék az emberiség történetének filozófiájáról és más írások; ford. Imre Katalin, Rozsnyai Ervin, vál., előszó, jegyz. Rathmann János; Gondolat, Budapest, 1978 (Gondolkodók)
Értekezések, levelek; vál., utószó, jegyz. Rathmann János, ford. Rajnai László; Európa, Budapest, 1983

Jegyzetek

Források

 Michael Zaremba, Johann Gottfried Herder – Prediger der Humanität. Eine Biografie. Köln, 2002
 Jens Heise, Johann Gottfried Herder zur Einführung, 2. Kiadás Hamburg, 2006
 Tilman Borsche [Szerkesztő], Herder im Spiegel der Zeiten. Verwerfungen der Rezeptionsgeschichte und Chancen einer Relektüre, Fink, 2006
 Rolf Engert, Herder. 13 Vorlesungen, 2004
 Ralf Simon, Das Gedächtnis der Interpretation. Gedächtnistheorie als Fundament für Hermeneutik, Ästhetik und Interpretation bei Johann Gottfried Herder, Hamburg, 1998
 Martin Kessler, Volker Leppin, Johann Gottfried Herder. Aspekte seines Lebenswerks, Berlin, 2005
 Hárs Endre, Herder tudománya, Kalligram Könyv- és Lapkiadó, Pozsony, 2012.
 Joxe Azurmendi, "Herder" In Volksgeist. Herri gogoa, Donostia: Elkar, 2007.

Német költők
Német filozófusok
Illuminátus rend tagjai
1744-ben született személyek
1803-ban elhunyt személyek
Német teológusok
Német műfordítók
Németországi szabadkőművesek


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Earl Pearly Paulk, Jr. (May 30, 1927 – March 29, 2009) was an American televangelist and the founder of the Cathedral at Chapel Hill, a charismatic/Pentecostal megachurch in Decatur, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. Noted as "one of the country's first great independent megachurches", Paulk's church gained an international reputation for combining liturgical arts, such as dance and drama, with social ministry. Paulk was also known for his lifelong crusade against racism.

Paulk's reputation was severely tarnished in his later years by allegations of sexual misconduct, including several illicit relationships and accusations that he had molested children.

Early life and training
Earl Paulk was born on May 30, 1927, in Appling County, Georgia, near Savannah, to Earl Pearly Paulk, Sr. and Addie Mae Tomberlin Paulk. His father was a minister in the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), eventually rising to assistant general overseer of the denomination. At 17, Paulk said he received a call from God to enter ministry.

Paulk graduated from Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina in the 1940s, and earned his divinity degree from Emory University's Candler School of Theology, becoming the first Pentecostal to attend the historically Methodist seminary. While at Candler, he married Norma Davis, a girl who had attended his father's church.

Civil rights work
While attending Furman, Paulk served as an associate pastor at his father's church in Greenville. While at Candler, he was called to his first pulpit, a Church of God in Buford, Georgia, north of Atlanta. It was during this time that he began preaching against racism. Years later, Paulk said that he was influenced by seeing his uncle shoot a black friend in the back for cutting corners while plowing cotton. His stance was not typical for his time; it had long been common for white Southern preachers to use the Bible to justify support for racial discrimination.

In 1952, Paulk was named pastor of Atlanta's Hemphill Avenue Church of God (now Mount Paran Church of God) just as the civil rights movement was getting underway. He was one of the few white pastors who marched with Martin Luther King Jr. Not long after taking over at Hemphill, Paulk became a member of "Concerned Clergy," an interracial group of Atlanta pastors who opposed racial segregation. The group was led by King's father, Martin Luther King Sr., and met in the basement of the elder King's church, Ebenezer Baptist Church. During this time, Paulk served on a committee that observed Georgia's then-segregated schools, and determined that "separate but equal" was a fiction.

Paulk said that he signed The Atlanta Ministers' Manifesto, a statement prepared in the fall of 1957 by a group of eighty clergymen in Georgia, relating specifically to racial violence in Little Rock, Arkansas, and in general to issues of racial integration from the point of view of Christian social responsibility., but examination of that document does not include Paulk's signature. His name does, however, appear in the second Ministers' Manifesto of 1958.

Paulk resigned from Hemphill in 1960. Officially, it was due to differences of opinion with Church of God leaders regarding his stance on racial integration, as well as the fact he allowed women in his church to wear jewelry  something that the Church of God, like many Pentecostal denominations at the time, admonished against. However, it later emerged that Paulk had had an extramarital affair with a woman at Hemphill.

Church & Ministry
In 1960, Paulk founded the Gospel Harvesters Evangelistic Association with his wife, his brother Don (also a former Church of God pastor), and his sister-in-law Clariece. During its early years, the church held services at St. John's Lutheran Church in the Little Five Points section of Atlanta. It later moved to its own building in nearby Inman Park.

From the first day, Paulk was committed to opening the doors of his church to all people, regardless of racial or economic background. Not surprisingly, given his opposition to segregation, he was one of the first white pastors to open the doors of his church to blacks. This stance wasn't popular even with some members of his own church; when the first blacks set foot in the church in the early 1960s, several whites walked out in protest. In response, one of the whites who remained, Ida Williams, gave a fifteen-minute sermon in which she said, "It is not the will of God that we should have prejudice." Until the end of the church's heyday, the church had a fairly large black membership for a church led by a white pastor. In later years, Paulk became one of the few mainstream Pentecostal/charismatic leaders to welcome openly gay and lesbian members.

Paulk remained active in the civil rights movement during this time. For instance, at a meeting of Concerned Clergy, he was one of the pastors who blessed the first civil rights march in Selma, Alabama. Later, he and his brother picketed a produce market which sold food to blacks at inflated prices. The resulting public outcry caused the store's closure.

In 1972, Paulk's church moved to the southern part of DeKalb County and became known as Chapel Hill Harvester Church. While there, the church experienced massive growth, enlarging the building several times, having services in a tent, then moving its services into a building known as the "K-Center." Between 1985 and 1988, the church broke ground on a large, Gothic-style building off Interstate 285 in Decatur. Dedicated in 1991, this building was known as the "Cathedral of the Holy Spirit," and eventually the church changed its name to "the Cathedral at Chapel Hill." Paulk's church population numbers exploded during the 1990s; at its height it had 12,000 members.

The Cathedral at Chapel Hill was famed for combining visual arts (particularly with the dance team) with a liturgical style. Under Paulk's sister-in-law Clariece, who headed the church's arts ministry for many years, it became known for its music ministry as well. Paulk, who had previous television and radio ministry experience, later expanded his media ministry and for many years his show aired on the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). He also was a semi-regular guest on TBN's Praise the Lord.

In 1982, Paulk was ordained as a bishop in the International Communion of Charismatic Churches. His public housing ministry was named one of a "thousand points of light" by President George H. W. Bush. Paulk gave up the senior pastor's title to his brother Don, but as bishop was acknowledged as the real power.

After Paulk's death in March 2009, with the Cathedral property facing foreclosure, in August the campus was sold to another local growing church for $17.6 million, closing the book on Paulk's megachurch.

Sex scandals

Allegations by congregants
Paulk was involved with many sex scandals spanning several decades. In 1992, six women accused Paulk, his brother Don, and two other nephews who were ministers at the cathedral, of sexual manipulation. One of them was Tricia Weeks, who had ghostwritten Paulk's autobiography. The story received considerable national coverage. Paulk denied the allegations, claiming Weeks was either mentally unstable or under evil influences. However, he admitted to the adulterous affair which forced him out of Hemphill Church of God in 1960.

In 2001, Jessica Battle, a college student who had been part of the cathedral's dance group, sued Paulk, accusing him of molesting her between the ages of 7 and 11, and later of forcing himself on her when she was 17. The suit was settled out of court in 2003 for $400,000. In 2003, Cindy Hall claimed that Paulk had convinced her into a lengthy affair that also included her having sex with Don. Hall alleged that the affair began in 1983 when Paulk prayed for her, then kissed her. He then would say he intended to "make love" to her. At one point, Paulk supposedly would tell her that they had a "special gift of love outside holy matrimony". The relationship became a weekly occurrence. Hall left the church in 2003 after being convinced that Battle was telling the truth about being molested by Paulk. Hall also claims that at Paulk's request, she denied having sex with him, lying under oath at her deposition for the Battle case.

Mona Manning Brewer, a Sunday School teacher at the Cathedral who was featured regularly as a soloist on Paulk's television program, claimed that on September 11, 1989, Paulk felt "'impressed of the Lord' to get to know her better". She stopped by his office the next day, becoming a regular visitor. She alleged that a church official stated that there had been a "word of knowledge" claiming that she was about to enter a new relationship that would benefit her. That relationship became an affair that lasted fourteen years. She didn't break the relationship off until September 2003, and didn't tell anyone about the affair until hearing about Hall's allegations. She then told her husband, Cathedral minister Bobby Brewer, who bided his time until the refinancing of the cathedral was finished. In March 2004, Bobby Brewer angrily confronted Earl and Don Paulk at the Brewers' house, at one point hitting them both. The Brewers eventually sued Paulk and the Cathedral on August 31, 2005, claiming Paulk misused his position to manipulate Mona into a sexual relationship and claiming Paulk owed US$400,000 for a loan Bobby issued to settle the Battle case. Paulk denied the allegations from Brewers, but his attorney acknowledged a sexual relationship between him and Mona had taken place. Paulk claimed that the relationship was brief and that she was the initiator.

On Monday, March 5, 2007, at a pretrial hearing, the Brewers' lawyer wrote out a request for dismissal of the case by hand and handed it to lawyers for Paulk and the cathedral. This was just as a ruling was about to come on a motion by Paulk's lawyers to dismiss the allegations. By dropping the case before the ruling, the Brewers left open the possibility of filing another suit with the same allegations. "We were having difficulty even at this point getting witnesses to speak out against the acts of Bishop Paulk and the church," Levenson said. "Sometimes you just have to do this."

The Brewers did, in fact, refile the suit with another judge. However, in February 2008, DeKalb County Judge Mark Anthony Scott threw the case into limbo when he ruled that Mona Brewer was "of sound mind" when she and Paulk began their relationship. Scott ordered the Brewers to reimburse Paulk for $1 million in legal expenses for filing a frivolous suit. Under Georgia law, the second suit they filed couldn't continue until the attorneys' fees were paid. However, in February 2009, the Georgia Court of Appeals reversed Scott's decision, citing numerous instances where Paulk himself stated under oath that he was Mona's "spiritual adviser, minister, pastor and reverend." Although Paulk's death removed him from the suit, Mona said she fully intended to continue her suit against the cathedral.

Donnie Earl Paulk
On October 14, 2007, Donnie Earl (D.E.) Paulk, who had become senior pastor of the cathedral a few months earlier, informed a shocked congregation that a paternity test had revealed he was Earl Paulk's son, and not his nephew as he had believed for all his life. D.E. Paulk had been raised as the son of Don Paulk, Earl Paulk's brother. However, the test confirmed that he was the product of an illicit relationship between Earl Paulk and his sister-in-law, Clariece Paulk, who was married to Don. Don Paulk later said that he has forgiven his brother, and said D.E.'s paternity "made no difference in my love for my brother or my son."

During the Brewer case, Earl Paulk had denied sleeping with anyone other than Mona Brewer. However, prosecutors and the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) suspected he was lying, and triggered an investigation that led to a court-ordered paternity test on D.E. Paulk. As a result, Earl Paulk was charged with perjury on January 14, 2008. Two days later, he pleaded guilty to the charges, for which he was sentenced to ten years probation and a $1,000 fine.

Allegations by daughter and granddaughter
Paulk's daughter, Beth Bonner, appeared on Atlanta station WAGA-TV on December 11, 2007, and apologized on behalf of her family for her father's misdeeds. She claimed to have confronted Paulk as far back as the 1980s about his immorality. According to her, Paulk had confessed and promised to reform, but reneged on his promise. Revelations that D.E. Paulk was her half-brother rather than her cousin had come as no surprise to her, she said. Interviewed on WAGA-TV the next day, Bonner's daughter, Penny White (née Penielle Brooke Bonner) went public with allegations, previously made only in court papers, that Paulk, her grandfather, had sexually abused her as a child. Paulk issued a statement through his lawyer denying the charge.

Theological concerns
Paulk found his theology criticized concerning accusations of promoting Dominionism and Word of Faith teaching. Before opening his doors to the gay and lesbian community, he had close ties to the Christian Reconstructionist movement.

Death
Paulk died early on the morning of March 29, 2009, at Atlanta Medical Center after a long battle with cancer.

References

External links

 CathedralOnlineTV biography of Bishop Earl Paulk
  TV news report on multiple sex allegations of Paulk. Accessed December 12, 2007.
 Penielle Brooke White Penielle Brooke White's web site, with photo. Accessed January 10, 2008.
  Scott Thumma's dissertation The Kingdom, the Power, and the Glory: Megachurches In Modern American Society, Emory Univ. 1996

1927 births
2009 deaths
American Pentecostal pastors
American television evangelists
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
Pentecostals from Georgia (U.S. state)
Religious scandals
People from Appling County, Georgia
20th-century American clergy