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Divorce Lawyers in Delhi.
Advocate Prachi Singh
(Family Law Attorney at New Delhi)
A-381,Defence Colony,New Delhi-110024
www.legesjurisassociates.com
Mob: +91-9811-11-4265
Advocate Prachi Singh is Family Law Lawyer, practicing in Supreme Court, Delhi High Court and Districts Courts in Delhi. She is contesting and advising on divorce cases, foreign and NRI divorce cases, child custody cases, International family law cases, ,Divorce Transfer Petition in Supreme Court, DV Act Cases, Maintenance Cases..etc..She has good knowledge in Family Laws Cases of India.
Dissolution of Marriage or Divorce Laws in India
According to the Indian divorce laws there are mainly two ways to obtain you divorce, the mutual divorce and the contested divorce. In case of a mutual divorce, you can have a talk with your estranged spouse to come to a settlement and get a "no-fault divorce". If you are seeking a contested divorce, you can file your divorce on the grounds that are specified under the particular Indian marriage act that you are entitled to. There are separate divorce laws for Hindus, Christians, Parsis and Muslims. Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists are governed by the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 for filing for divorce in India. Laws are even laid down for Inter-cast marriages under the Special Marriage Act, 1956.
Procedure for Dissolution of marriage
Annulment or Nullity
Divorce by Mutual Consent.
The same laws according to which the marriage was solemnized govern dissolution of marriages, and the rights consequent to the dissolution.
Governing Laws
Hindus – The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
Christians – The Divorce Act,1869, The Indian Christian Marriage Act,1872
Parsis – The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act,1936
Muslims – Shariat Law, The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act,1939
Inter-cast/Secular – Special Marriage Act, 1954,
The Foreign Marriage Act,1969
Divorce on Grounds of Cruelty under Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
"Divorce.– (1) Any marriage solemnized, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, may, on a petition presented by either the husband or the wife, be dissolved by a decree of divorce on the ground that the other party xxx xxx xxx (ia) has, after the solemnization of the marriage, treated the petitioner with cruelty;"
Under the statutory provision cruelty includes both physical and mental cruelty. The legal conception of cruelty and the kind of degree of cruelty necessary to amount to a matrimonial offence has not been defined under the Act. Probably, the Legislature has advisedly refrained from making any attempt at giving a comprehensive definition of the expression that may cover all cases, realising the danger in making such attempt. The accepted legal meaning in England as also in India of this expression, which is rather difficult to define, had been 'conduct of such character as to have caused danger to life, limb or health (bodily or mental), or as to give rise to a reasonable apprehension of such danger' (Russel v. Russel [(1897) AC 395 and Mulla Hindu Law, 17th Edition, Volume II page 87].
Click here to know more :https://advocateprachi.wordpress.com/2019/02/14/divorce-on-grounds-of-cruelty/
(Where the wife leveled false allegations of illicit relationship with another Lady.)
In Hemwanti Tripathi vs. Harish Narain Tripathi, 181 (2011) DLT 237, it is also held that :
"14……..That the ratio of Ashok Kumar v. Santosh Sharma (supra) and Savitri Bachman (supra) wherein it was held that a decree of divorce on the ground of cruelty can be passed on the strength of false, baseless, scandalous and malicious allegations in the written statement by one party on the other is thus found applicable to the facts of the present case because in the case at hand the husband has not led any evidence in support of his allegations.
As per the settled legal position, casting such aspersions on the character of the other spouse has the affect of causing deleterious affect on the mind of such spouse and the same is a worse form of cruelty
Divorce on Grounds of irretrievable broken down.
In the matter of : Sardar Avtar Singh vs Amarjeet Kaur Gandhi ( Delhi High Court)
As the parties are living separately for more than sixteen years and there has been no reconciliation and the marriage has been irretrievable broken down, it is just and proper that the marriage between the parties is dissolved by decree of divorce for the reasons stated in paras 12 to 19.
In the another matter : Satish Sitole Vs Smt. Ganga( The Apex Court )
"Having dispassionately considered the materials before us and the fact that out of 16 years of marriage the appellant and the respondent had been living separately for 14 years, we are also convinced that any further attempt at reconciliation will be futile and it would be in the interest of both the parties to sever the matrimonial ties since the marriage has broken down irretrievably."
Divorce on Grounds of desertion.
"It may be noted only after the amendment of the said Act by the amending Act 68 of 1976, desertion per se became a ground for divorce. On the question of desertion, the High Court held that in order to prove a case of desertion, the party alleging desertion must not only prove that the other spouse was living separately but also must prove that there is an animus deserendi on the part of the wife and the husband must prove that he has not conducted himself in a way which furnishes reasonable cause for the wife to stay away from the matrimonial home."
Click Here to know more :https://advocateprachi.wordpress.com/2019/04/08/divorce-on-grounds-of-desertion/
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Divorce on grounds of cruelty allegation for adultery by wife.
Prior to the 1976 amendment to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, cruelty was not a ground for grant of divorce. It was only a ground for judicial separation under Section 10 thereto. However, with the amendment in the year 1976, cruelty was incorporated as a ground for dissolution of the Hindu Marriage. Simultaneously, the words "as to cause a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the petitioner that it would be harmful or injurious to the petitioner to live with the other party" has been deleted. The statute no longer requires that proof. In a matrimonial dispute, the same set of facts may lead to different conclusions because the interpretation would depend upon the context of N.G. Dastane(Dr) .v S. Dastane (1975)2 SCC 326 Manisha Tyagi v Deepak Kumar (2010)4 SCC 339 the parties and the complexion of the case. The Courts are not to search for a standard in life to determine cruelty in a complaint of cruel treatment by one spouse against the other spouse or his/her relatives. A set of facts stigmatized as cruelty in one case is so in another case. Cruelty may allegedly depend upon the type of life the parties are accustomed to or their economic and social conditions. It may also depend upon their cultural orientation and the human values in which they are imbued.
The question that requires to be answered first is as to whether the averments, accusations and character assassination of the wife by the appellant husband in the written statement constitutes mental cruelty for sustaining the claim for divorce under Section 13(1)(i-a) of the Act. The position of law in this regard has come to be well settled and declared that levelling disgusting accusations of unchastity and indecent familiarity with a person outside wedlock and allegations of extramarital relationship is a grave assault on the character, honour, reputation, status as well as the health 9 Vijaykumar Ramchandra Bhat v Neela Vijaykumar Bhate (2003)6 SCC 334 of the wife. Such aspersions of perfidiousness attributed to the wife, viewed in the context of an educated Indian wife and judged by Indian conditions and standards would amount to worst form of insult and cruelty, sufficient by itself to substantiate cruelty in law, warranting the claim of the wife being allowed. That such allegations made in the written statement or suggested in the course of examination and by way of cross-examination satisfy the requirement of law has also come to be firmly laid down by this Court. On going through the relevant portions of such allegations, we find that no exception could be taken to the findings recorded by the Family Court as well as the High Court. We find that they are of such quality, magnitude and consequence as to cause mental pain, agony and suffering amounting to the reformulated concept of cruelty in matrimonial law causing profound and lasting disruption and driving the wife to feel deeply hurt and reasonably apprehend that it would be dangerous for her to live with a husband who was taunting her like that and rendered the maintenance of matrimonial home impossible."
IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
Reserved on: 08.05.2014
Pronounced on: 21.08.2014
+ FAO NO.295/2000, CMs. 1065-67/2000, 740/2001, 7490/2006,
4499/2009 & 20065/2010
MRS. ANIL SINGH ….. Appellant
Through: Mr. R.K. Gupta with Singh, Advs.
NARENDER SINGH ….. Through: Mr. Rajiv Bahl, Advocate
CORAM:
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE NAJMI WAZIRI
JUSTICE NAJMI WAZIRI
The present appeal challenges the judgment and decree dated 7.2.2000 of the Additional District Judge ("Trial Court") whereby the respondent's ("husband") petition for dissolution of marriage against the appellant ( "wife") under sections 13(1)(i-a) and 13(1)(i-b) of the Hindu Marriage Act ( the " Act") was allowed and the marriage was accordingly dissolved.
The facts leading to the present appeal are that the parties got married on 16.10.1988, a son viz. Master Amit was born to them in 1991. They lived in their matrimonial house, which was allotted to the husband by virtue of his being the Chief Medical Officer, CGHS, Delhi. The wife is employed with the National Airport Authority. Presently only the wife and their son live in the matrimonial house. It is stated that the parties could not live together after 5.5.1992. These facts remain uncontroverted.
It is the case of the husband that the wife treated him and his family members with repeated cruelty and failed to perform her duties as a wife, hence dissolution of the marriage was sought. The attempts to reconciliation failed. The husband alleged that one day the wife's behaviour became unbearable as a result of which he left the matrimonial house but only for that day. When he tried re-entering the house, the wife refused to let him in. She also did not allow the husband to meet or spend any time with their son. In reply, the wife denied all these allegations. She alleged that it was the husband who abandoned her alongwith their son, without assigning any reason therefor and further that the husband alongwith his family members was cruel towards her.
The Trial Court recorded in detail the various acts and instances of cruelty committed by the wife against the husband and his family; of the several attempts at reconciliation which failed and that the wife withdrew herself from the company of her husband and his family. It was also noted that the wife had filed a criminal complaint with the CAW Cell, which according to the husband, was only to harass him and his family. In her Written Statement (WS), the wife, while denying the allegations of desertion and cruelty, submitted that it was in fact the husband who had abandoned her and their minor son without any reason nor had he returned to the matrimonial house ever since; that the husband was committing adultery with his colleague at work, thereby subjecting the wife to unimaginable mental cruelty and furthermore, that the wife was threatened from disclosing this to any member of their family. The Written Statement however, denied all efforts as claimed to have been made by the husband towards reconciliation. Based on the submissions above mentioned, the Trial Court framed two issues being;
Whether the wife (appellant herein) treated the husband with cruelty;
Whether the wife deserted the husband without any justifiable reason.
While adjudicating the first issue, the impugned order noted in detail the submissions of the husband, consisting of various instances including the dates, on which the wife was said to be cruel and negligent towards the husband and his family. It was submitted that the criminal complaint was filed with the CAW Cell after the filing the divorce petition and that a sum of Rs 8 lakhs was demanded from him in consideration for withdrawing the criminal complaint. It was noted that the wife had refused to have any sexual relations with respondent after the birth of their son. The Trial Court noted that during cross-examination, the wife did not put any questions to the husband pertaining to the allegations of her trying to immolate herself, or questions which would disprove the allegation of lock and denial of sexual relations between them. Admittedly the parties no longer live together in the matrimonial home and only the wife lives in it with the son. The accommodation was allotted to the husband. The appellant has failed to bring anything on record to show that she tried to reconcile her differences with the respondent. The Trial Court noted the submission of the wife that the parties lived together till 1993 was contradicted by the wife herself in the cross-examination, where it was said that there were no relations between the parties since 5 th May 1992. On a more serious allegation of adultery being levelled against the husband, the impugned order noted that the wife did not put any question to the respondent during his cross-examination to prove or strengthen the allegation. The Court noted that apart from mere allegations in the Written Statement, no evidence was brought forward by the appellant, to prove adultery by the husband. The Court noted that a mere statement that the respondent seemed to be in the company of the colleague often, does not establish the allegation of adultery. The lack of evidence and the absence of any of the allegations of adultery led the Trial Court to conclude that the wife failed to make out a case of adultery by the husabnd.
The Court held that since the appellant admitted to existence of certain efforts by the husband, the argument of the appellant that the husband, after abandoning her and their son, made no effort to reconcile their differences, stood negated. Accordingly, this aspect was decided in favour of the husband. The Court held that the husband had mentioned several dates when the wife was said to have ill-treated him, these dates were neither refuted nor reasonably explained by the wife. The lack of denial thereof would amount to admitting such instances of cruelty, which only strengthened the case of the husband. Based on these findings, the Trial Court held that the answer to the first issue was in the affirmative i.e. there was cruelty towards the husband.
On the issue concerning desertion by the wife/ appellant, the Trial Court noticed that the respondent/ husband was forced to leave his matrimonial house given the prevailing circumstances. It was the case of the husband that he left the matrimonial house on 5.5.92 but was not allowed to re-enter it when he tried to as allegedly the house lock had been changed. This was denied by the appellant. In her Written Statement, she contended that they were not cohabiting since 1993. However, during cross examination, she admitted that they were not living together in the matrimonial house since 1992, thereby contradicting her own averments in the Written Statement. The Trial Court recorded that the appellant had failed to prove her case of living separately from her husband for justifiable reasons or that the husband was a consenting party to his living separately from his wife and their minor son. The Trial Court noted the contention of the husband, that the threat of the wife to commit suicide by immolating herself, had forced him to leave the matrimonial house. This allegation against the wife was remained uncontroverted by her, thereby leading the Court to conclude that she had admitted it. The Court further noted that the wife had agreed to live with the respondent after the death of his colleague, with whom he was allegedly being adulterous, only proves that she had herself wilfully distanced the respondent. The Trial Court concluded that she had intended to live separately from her husband much prior to 1993 and that she had no intention of living together in the matrimonial house anymore. Holding that the husband had made out a case of cruelty and desertion, which the wife was unable to disprove, the Trial Court passed an order dissolving their marriage under sections 13 (1)(i-a) and 13 (1)(i-b) of the Act. This appeal challenges the said dissolution order.
The learned counsel for the appellant/wife contended before this Court that the impugned order has failed to recognize the fact that it was the respondent/ husband who was cruel towards the appellant and it was the husband who deserted her and their minor son. The counsel contended that the Trial Court failed to take note that the respondent had alleged instances amounting to cruelty only after 1992 and that there was no case of cruelty or of desertion till 1992; and that the husband had failed to show the Court that there was cruelty towards him and desertion by the wife. He submits that the Trial Court fell into error by failing to notice that the husband's examination-in-chief was not corroborated; that failure of the wife's counsel to put suggestions to the husband in his cross- examination, for denying acts of cruelty and desertion alleged against the wife cannot be construed as a substitute for the burden of proof placed on the husband to prove his case. It was submitted that when the husband had condoned all acts of cruelty by the appellant, he cannot now claim dissolution of marriage on the same "condoned" grounds of cruelty and desertion; that this was a point in law which the Trial Court failed to take note of; that till date the appellant alongwith their son live in the matrimonial home at the expense of the respondent and continue to avail the residential benefits by virtue of her status as his wife, which only goes to show that the respondent has indeed forgiven and condoned the acts of the appellant. The learned counsel submits that in the circumstances, a petition for divorce was contradictory and not maintainable.
The learned counsel further contended that every method possible to reconcile differences between the parties was attempted, despite the husband committing adultery; that it was gross error on the part of the Trial Court to not take into consideration these efforts of reconciliation; that it was settled law that divorce could not be granted merely because the wife had failed to prove charges levelled by her in her Written Statement (WS); whereas it was for the husband to disprove the charges levelled in the wife's WS. The counsel relied on Naval Kishore Somani v. Poonam Somani1 in support of this submission. He argued that since the respondent has failed to disprove allegations of adultery, the respondent cannot be said to have discharged the burden of proof and the Trial Court fell into error in passing the decree of divorce. He also contended that the intervention of the police and issuance of summons of the husband does not constitute an act of cruelty per se and that the husband cannot quote such instances to build a case of cruelty against the wife. It was submitted that even if the wife had not shown a reasonable cause for her living apart from her husband, the latter is still required to show the Court that the desertion was without any justifiable cause.
The impugned judgment addresses the contentions raised and submissions made on the three issues in separate parts i.e., cruelty, desertion and adultery. In adjudicating the three issues, this Court has arrived at the following conclusion:
In a petition for divorce filed on grounds of cruelty, the petitioner is required to show that he/she was subjected to such conduct which was 1 AIR 1999 A.P 1 harmful to her/his existence. It is settled law that in matrimonial cases, the fact of cruelty would need to be assessed from the peculiar facts of each case. The Supreme Court has held that cruelty is a course or conduct of one, which adversely affects the other. Cruelty may be mental or physical, intentional or unintentional. The cruelty alleged may largely depend upon the type of life the parties are accustomed to; their economic and social conditions and the cultural and human values to which they are exposed or attach importance to. Each case has to be decided on its own merits.2 The term Cruelty, has not been defined in the Hindu Marriage Act, hence its contextual definition has evolved through judicial pronouncements. It is more than mere physical and mental cruelty. The facts shown by the petitioner must indicate to the Court, the existence of such behaviour which may be objectionable or that may cause discomfort in the marriage. It is settled law that so far as proving the facts/instances of cruelty alleged in the petition are concerned, the burden of proof lies on the one alleging it. The burden of proof will lie on the party who affirms a fact and not on the party which denies it. The petitioner must therefore prove that the respondent has treated him with cruelty under the Act.
In the present instance, the husband alleged that the wife had treated him and his family with cruelty and ultimately deserted him without any reason. He gave an account of a series of instances with specific dates on which he was subject to cruelty. It is unnecessary to recount the facts again. However, it would be pertinent to note that the wife alleges the same acts of cruelty and desertion to have been inflicted upon her by the Naveen Kohli v. Neelu Kohli (2006)4 SCC 558 husband. The Court would be required to see what constitutes cruelty. Such determination will vary from case to case. Acts which are part of the wear and tear of the marital life cannot be defined as acts of cruelty. It has been held by the Supreme Court that there is no longer a standard required to classify an act as cruelty. It holds:
"27. Now it would be sufficient to show that the conduct of one of the spouses is so abnormal and below the accepted norm that the other spouse could not reasonably be expected to put up with it. The conduct is no longer required to be so atrociously abominable which would cause a reasonable apprehension that it would be harmful or injurious to continue the cohabitation with the other spouse. Therefore to establish cruelty it is not necessary that physical violence should be used. However, continued ill-treatment, cessation of marital intercourse, studied neglect, indifference of one spouse to the other may lead to an inference of cruelty."
Prior to the 1976 amendment to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, cruelty was not a ground for grant of divorce. It was only a ground for judicial separation under Section 10 thereto. However, with the amendment in the year 1976, cruelty was incorporated as a ground for dissolution of the Hindu Marriage. Simultaneously, the words "as to cause a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the petitioner that it would be harmful or injurious to the petitioner to live with the other party" has been deleted. The statute no longer requires that proof. In a matrimonial dispute, the same set of facts may lead to different conclusions because the interpretation would depend upon the context of N.G. Dastane(Dr) .v S. Dastane (1975)2 SCC 326 Manisha Tyagi v Deepak Kumar (2010)4 SCC 339 the parties and the complexion of the case. The Courts are not to search for a standard in life to determine cruelty in a complaint of cruel treatment by one spouse against the other spouse or his/her relatives. A set of facts stigmatized as cruelty in one case is so in another case. Cruelty may allegedly depend upon the type of life the parties are accustomed to or their economic and social conditions. It may also depend upon their cultural orientation and the human values in which they are imbued.5
The husband had alleged acts of cruelty against the wife including her withdrawal from his company and also his family. The Trial Court was to examine this aspect. The wife in her WS had alleged adultery by the husband with his colleague. This allegation was never proved. It is a most severe allegation which, if false, by itself amounts to cruelty. The learned counsel for the respondent submits that the wife had consistently failed to perform her marital obligations, i.e., she had withdrawn from his society – more particularly keeping husband away from her society and company for years, and indeed did not allow him to meet their son on the latter's birthdays. These allegations were found by the Trial Court to be true. It is not always the harsh words or physical violence that only amounts to cruelty. Unspoken hostility or continued neglect, sullenness or indifferent coupled with the spouse refusing to cohabit or have any marital relationship with the other spouse could be termed as cruelty. Denying or abstaining from physical relations unilaterally without any justifiable reasons amounts to cruelty towards the other spouse. In the present case, the wife had failed to disprove the allegation made by the husband. On the 5 Shobha Rani vs. Madhukar Reddi, (1988) 1 SCC 105 contrary, her allegation of adultery remained unproved. Her allegations were false, it amounted to cruelty. Therefore, this Court is of the view that the Trial Court was right in concluding that the husband had been subjected to cruelty by the wife. There is no infirmity in the impugned order apropos the conclusion arrived at in this regard. Desertion
The husband had alleged desertion by the wife. He would also need to prove it. The concept of desertion has been explained in Halsbury's Laws of England as;
"In its essence desertion means the intentional permanent forsaking and abandonment of one spouse by the other without that other's consent, and without reasonable cause. It is a total repudiation of the obligations of marriage. In view of the large variety of circumstances and of modes of life involved, the Court has discouraged attempts at defining desertion, there being no general principle applicable to all cases.6"
Just as the incidence of cruelty, desertion too has to be proven by the spouse so alleging it against the other. In doing so, the factum and the intention of desertion have to be proved. Such desertion ought to be for continuous a period of two years prior to filing of the petition. It would need to be shown that such desertion was without justifiable cause for withdrawal from the society of the other spouse. The events narrated in the divorce petition indicated that the husband was made to leave the matrimonial house, since the wife was extending threats of committing suicide, only to implicate him. Furthermore, she did not permit the (3rd Edn) Vol 12 husband to re-enter the house when he tried to return back home immediately, after having left for a day on 5.5.1992. The husband only left the home with the intention of returning back. He showed that he left for temporarily, only to tide-over the threat extended to him; the temporary removal of his physical presence was merely in his own interest as well as in the interest of his family to overcome the momentary matrimonial upheaval occasioned by wife's threat to commit suicide. His having endeavoured to re-enter the house was thwarted by the wife as the house lock had been changed. This aspect remained uncontroverted by the wife. Therefore, the only conclusion would be that the wife had prevented the return of the husband. The husband could not be said to have deserted the wife. On the contrary, the wife had continued to keep him away from her society and company. Therefore, although the wife was residing in the accommodation allotted to the husband, she had deserted him. She had shown no reason why she did not allow the husband to return. The factum of her withdrawing from the society of the husband without reason and continued to do so for more than two years showed her intention and factum to desert the husband.
This Court notices that there are no averments as to the causes or reasons or events leading to the alleged desertion by the husband except for a bald averment or the assertion by the wife that the husband deserted her without any reason. There is no proof on the record to support the aforesaid bald averment. The lack of relevant and appropriate material or proof would only lead to the conclusion that there was no just reason for not allowing the husband to go into the matrimonial home and that the wife always intended to desert the husband. A mere counter-allegation will not suffice to make out a case of the desertion of the appellant. The Trial Court was therefore, right in holding and concluding that the husband had established desertion by the wife. This Court is of the view that the reason for and the conclusion arrived at by the Trial Court cannot be faulted.
The wife had alleged adultery by the husband. This was never proved. She never filed any criminal case or complaint elsewhere nor had she mentioned such a serious matter, if it were so, to any member of the family. Logically then, only the appellant seemed to have knowledge of the said adultery. In the cross-examination no questions were put to the husband on the alleged adultery. The allegation was levelled only in the WS. It was a mere bald statement unsupported by any proof. Incidentally, a colleague with whom the adulterous relationship was alleged had passed away much prior to the filing of the divorce petition. Apart from the wife's statement in this regard, there was nothing on record either by way of document or in deposition or cross-examination to prove the allegation of adultery. Therefore, there was really nothing which the husband could be required to negate. The learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the wife having made the allegation of adultery, it was for the husband to have negated such an allegation. He relied upon Naval Kishore Somani v. Poonam Somani7 to contend that where the husband does not traverse the charges made by the wife in the AIR 1999 A.P.1 WS, he failed to discharge that burden. It is noteworthy that in the aforesaid case, the Court concluded that the allegation of adultery made in the counter affidavit or WS by the respondent, if unproven or found false and baseless would itself constitute cruelty against the other spouse. But to hold that simply because the husband had failed to disprove such charges made by the wife in her WS would be stretching the limit of reasonableness. For adultery to be proven, cogent and substantive evidence has to be brought on record by the parties alleging so. In the present case, no such evidence was brought on record by the wife. In Somani (supra), the appellant seemed to have merely rebutted the allegations with a bald statement during the appellant's examination in chief. Whereas the respondent therein had provided enough proof to substantiate her allegations. There is clear difference in the facts of that case and the present appeal. The Trial Court concluded that there was lack of evidence from the wife in proving an allegation of adultery against the husband. Allegations of adultery have a consequence of damaging one's reputation, taking away the dignity of that person in the eyes of his family, friends and the society. The burden of proving adultery is placed on the individual who makes such an allegation. In the absence of any proof in this regard, the Trial Court rightly concluded that the charge of adultery against the husband was not proven.
The learned counsel for the respondent relied upon Savitri Bulchandani v. Mulchand Bulchdani8 which was a wife's appeal against the Trial Court decision granting divorce to the husband on the ground of 8 AIR 1987 Delhi 52 the cruelty and desertion. The Trial Court had found various documents authored by the wife threatening the husband and accusing him of having a bad character. The Court held that inability of the wife to prove the allegation of adultery against the husband amounted to cruelty. It observed:
"(44) In view of what is stated above, I am of the view that the appellant wife has persistently made false and baseless defamatory allegations against the husband regarding illicit relations with other women. She has failed to prove any of her assertions in accordance with law. Her own testimony in this regard is unworthy of reliance, for the reasons already stated. In the circumstances I am of the view that these false and baseless allegations which have been made by the wife in the written statement are sufficient in themselves, to bring home the charge of her having been cruel to the husband. In my view the husband is entitled to a decree of divorce on this ground alone."
In an appeal9 filed by the husband against the decree of divorce granted to the wife, the Supreme Court looked into the allegations against the wife made by the husband in his WS. The Court held:
"7. The question that requires to be answered first is as to whether the averments, accusations and character assassination of the wife by the appellant husband in the written statement constitutes mental cruelty for sustaining the claim for divorce under Section 13(1)(i-a) of the Act. The position of law in this regard has come to be well settled and declared that levelling disgusting accusations of unchastity and indecent familiarity with a person outside wedlock and allegations of extramarital relationship is a grave assault on the character, honour, reputation, status as well as the health 9 Vijaykumar Ramchandra Bhat v Neela Vijaykumar Bhate (2003)6 SCC 334 of the wife. Such aspersions of perfidiousness attributed to the wife, viewed in the context of an educated Indian wife and judged by Indian conditions and standards would amount to worst form of insult and cruelty, sufficient by itself to substantiate cruelty in law, warranting the claim of the wife being allowed. That such allegations made in the written statement or suggested in the course of examination and by way of cross-examination satisfy the requirement of law has also come to be firmly laid down by this Court. On going through the relevant portions of such allegations, we find that no exception could be taken to the findings recorded by the Family Court as well as the High Court. We find that they are of such quality, magnitude and consequence as to cause mental pain, agony and suffering amounting to the reformulated concept of cruelty in matrimonial law causing profound and lasting disruption and driving the wife to feel deeply hurt and reasonably apprehend that it would be dangerous for her to live with a husband who was taunting her like that and rendered the maintenance of matrimonial home impossible."
What emerges from the aforesaid discussion is that wherever adultery is alleged by one spouse against the other and the allegation remains unproven, it constitutes cruelty against the accused spouse, since the allegation was a concerted and deliberate action which had the capacity to tarnish the reputation and lower the dignity of the other spouse. It would also cause immense mental trauma and stress to the accused party. Therefore, insofar as the wife had been unable to prove the allegation of adultery as made in her WS, it would constitute cruelty against the husband and this alone would be a ground on which divorce could have been granted. Besides, the husband had shown that he was prevented from being in the society of his wife because of her lacking him out and otherwise threatening to commit suicide so as to implicate the husband. He had shown that he had no intention to desert the wife or his son since he returned to the matrimonial home immediately after having left, for a day, on 5.5.1992. The wife's refusal to matrimonial relations with the husband and her false allegations of adultery constitute cruelty. The husband's divorce petition was justly allowed. This Court finds that the impugned order does not suffer from any infirmity or material irregularity. The respondent had sufficiently shown cruelty and desertion by the wife. The appeal is without merit and is accordingly dismissed. No orders as to costs.
NAJMI WAZIRI (JUDGE) AUGUST 21, 2014
This entry was posted in best divorce lawyer in delhi, best divorce lawyer in gurgaon, Divorce Lawyers in Delhi, divorce lawyers in delhi,new delhi, divorce lawyers in patiala house court new delhi, divorce lawyers in saket court new delhi., divorce on grounds of cruelty on allegation for adultery by wife., wife alleged adultery on husband not proved grounds for divorce. and tagged adultery, cruelty, Divorce, divorce granted to husband on cruelty., Divorce Lawyers in Delhi, divorce on grounds of adultry, divorce on grounds of cruelty, prachi singh divorce lawyer in delhi on September 24, 2018 by Prachi Singh Advocate ( Family Lawyers & Divorce Lawyer in Delhi )..
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whether a major and unmarried daughter can claim maintenance from her father in sec.125 of Cr.p.c. ?
Without adulterer as a party or co respondent in divorce petition can not be proved the adultery.
After filing mutual divorce petition wife can withdraw and ask for more money or face contempt of court proceeding.
Marriage is totally unworkable, emotionally dead, beyond salvage of Irretrievable breakdown of marriage: Supreme Court invokes Article 142 to grant divorce.
Divorce Lawyers in Delhi,
The following two questions arise for consideration in the Appeal titles as " ABHILASHA vs PARKASH & ORS. In CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 615 of 2020 (arising out of SLP (Crl.) No.8260/2018 Whether the daughter, who although had attained majority and is still unmarried is entitled to claim maintenance from her father in proceedings under Section 125 […]
Section 11 in THE DIVORCE ACT, 1869 17 [ 11 Adulterer Or Adulteress To Be Co-Respondent. —On A Petition For Dissolution Of Marriage Presented By A Husband Or Wife On The Ground Of Adultery, The Petitioner Shall Make The Alleged Adulterer Or Adulteress A Co-Respondent, Unless The Petitioner Is Excused By The Court From So […]
via After filing mutual divorce petition wife can withdraw and ask for more money or face contempt of court proceeding.
After filing mutual divorce petition wife can withdraw and ask for more money or face contempt of court proceeding. A) Whether a party, which has under a settlement agreement decreed by a Court undertaken to file a petition under Section 13B(1) or a motion under Section 13B(2) of the Act, 1955 or both and has […]
Marriage is totally unworkable, emotionally dead, beyond salvage of Irretrievable breakdown of marriage: Supreme Court invokes Article 142 to grant divorce In a series of judgments, has exercised its inherent powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India for dissolution of a marriage where the Court finds that the marriage is totally unworkable, em […]
Rights of Married women in India.
Meaning of Marriage in Indian Culture. In India, marriage is considered as a pure institution that not only ties two individuals but two families. Marriage as a social institution is an affirmance of civilized social order where two individuals, capable of entering into wedlock The marriage tied their nuptial knot to bring about the union […]
Whether Ex-Parte Foreign Divorce Decree is Valid/Enforceable or Invalid in India ?
Whether Ex-Parte Foreign Divorce Decree is Valid/Enforceable or Invalid in India The Hon'ble Delhi High Court held in this case as under:- The Supreme Court in Y Narsimha Rao and ors v Y.Venkata Lakshmi (supra) declined to give its imprimatur to foreign decree which did not take into consideration the provisions of Hindu Marriage Act […]
Advocate Prachi Singh (Family Law Attorney at New Delhi) A-381,Defence Colony,New Delhi-110024 www.legesjurisassociates.com Mob: +91-9811-11-4265 Advocate Prachi Singh is Family Law Lawyer, practicing in Supreme Court, Delhi High Court and Districts Courts in Delhi. She is contesting and advising on divorce cases, foreign and NRI divorce cases, child custody […]
Divorce on grounds of irretrievable broken down of Marriage and Cruelty.
Divorce on Grounds of irretrievable broken down. In the matter of : Sardar Avtar Singh vs Amarjeet Kaur Gandhi ( Delhi High Court) As the parties are living separately for more than sixteen years and there has been no reconciliation and the marriage has been irretrievable broken down, it is just and proper that the […]
" It may be noted only after the amendment of the said Act by the amending Act 68 of 1976, desertion per se became a ground for divorce. On the question of desertion, the High Court held that in order to prove a case of desertion, the party alleging desertion must not only prove that […]
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Your campers have had a long week full of fun and it is not quite over yet. Before we let you have them we have one more day of fun activities planned! Today we have more fire building, adventure games and one lucky group gets to go up on Goliath! They are so excited and looking forward to telling you all about their week!
Tonight for evening games we got to do farm fun. A new activity we have located in our barn where they learn all about different animals and how to take care of them. We have a bunny, a goat, a few chickens, three cows, seven horses and a very fun corn grinder! The kids had a blast!
This whole week we have had a theme of superheros, today we learned that heroes step out on faith!
Our campers had so much fun today riding horses and tackling the Goliath swing! They even got to play redneck paint ball. Which is Cotton balls mixed with paint that they get to throw at each other!
Every day after morning worship the campers have a chance to go back to their cabins for a thing we call cabin beautiful! and during their morning rotation the directors go around and look at their cabins, so at lunch they can award Mr. Wimbley. He is a nicely dressed broom with a stash and a wimbley tie!
Even though it rained a lot today we still got a few hours of good outside time. We even got to swim!
Despite the rain, we still have a lot of fun planned today. Our lesson of the day is heroes take action. They learned about a small servant girl who took action and became a hero! These campers can take action and become heroes too!
Because of the rain we had to play inside the ark where you dropped your kiddos off. They had so much fun playing all sorts of games! We even got the balloons out!
These campers had so much fun this afternoon, doing so many different activities. Everyday we have pool time for an hour and then off to their afternoon rotation. Today the boys got to track down the muddy creek, and then go down the slip n' slide!
After dinner everyday the staff lead the kids in evening games. Which the kids love, and allows for the counselors to get about an hour break to re-energize! Today's theme was wet and wacky.
For our morning rotation the campers were everywhere! We had boys climbing Jacob's Ladder and girls were doing archery and riding horses!
The fun has just begun here at camp, later today the campers get to switch it up and play wet n' wacky games.
Here we have a word from one of our directors on the activities we have planned for our campers today.
In morning worship we got to learn about hidden superheros. In a story about a poor servant girl who was a superhero in her own way, even thought there was nothing special about her!
The first day of camp is the best, and the most busy. We had a lot of fun playing games in the Ark where you dropped off your little ones and then we got to head off to dinner!
After dinner the kids got the choice to take a deep end swim test. Then we had worship! Tonight was an introduction to the bible, along with a few fun songs, and the campers learned that the bible is our instruction manual.


This tour visits Namibia's 'hot-spots' including Etosha National Park, the country's greatest wildlife reserve. At Etosha's various waterholes zebra, wildebeest and gemsbok drink to the trumpeting of elephants and roaring of lions. After Etosha on to Damaraland, a mountainous wilderness region famous for its outstanding natural beauty. The hills contain Namibia's best known rock art and unique wildlife which includes the desert-adapted elephant and free roaming black rhinos. Next travel on to Swakopmund with its colonial architecture, lively streets and delicious seafood, then lastly to Sossusvlei in the heart of the Namib Desert. This is home to the world's tallest sand dunes, some of which rise over 300 metres high. The changing mood and colours at sunrise and sunset is one of Namibia's highlights.
Day 1 - Windhoek Met on arrival at Windhoek Airport and transferred to your overnight hotel. The remainder of the day is free to explore.
Day 2 - Etosha National Park Meet with other members of the group and travel via Okahandja to Etosha National Park.
Day 3 - Etosha National Park A full day game drive in a closed vehicle.
Day 4 - Etosha National Park A day in search of game in Etosha.
Day 5 - Damaraland An early start to see the highlights of Damaraland - one of the last true wilderness areas in Africa. Head to Khorixas, the capital of this region. Next pass through scenic landscapes and Damara villages before arriving at the Petrified Forest.
Day 6 - Damaraland Today visit the rock engravings at Twyfelfontein, the amazing geological features such as the Organ Pipes and Burnt Mountain. Afternoon at leisure.
Day 7 - Swakopmund Journey to Henties Bay, then on to the charming coastal resort of Swakopmund where the remainder of the day is at leisure.
Day 8 - Swakopmund Day at leisure to take part in the many varied activities in Swakopmund.
Day 9 - Sossusvlei Morning visits to Welwitchia and Moon Landscape on your way to the Namib Desert .
Day 10 - Sossusvlei Visit the dunes at Sossusvlei, with the opportunity to climb to the top.
Day 11 - Depart Drive through the scenic Spreetshoogte Pass and on to Windhoek airport for your onward flight.


Home » About » Mark L. Earley, Jr.
Mark's practice areas include DWI/DUI, Reckless Driving, Serious Traffic Offenses, Criminal Cases, White Collar Criminal Cases, Internal Investigations, Guardian Ad Litem, and Civil Matters. Mark has handled a variety of cases in Circuit Court, General District Court, as well as Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court.
Mark received his J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law, and his B.A. from Virginia Tech, where he studied Political Science, History, and English. Prior to joining the Earley Legal Group, Mark practiced at McGuireWoods, LLP, where he focused on government investigations and white-collar litigation. Mark served as a law clerk to the Honorable Henry E. Hudson, U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia. He also interned with the Honorable William C. Mims of the Supreme Court of Virginia, as well as the Honorable Randolph A. Beales of the Court of Appeals of Virginia.
Before attending law school, Mark served in former Governor Robert F. McDonnell's administration, primarily assisting with the Prisoner and Juvenile Re-entry Council. He also coordinated and lobbied on behalf of a non-profit organization, interacting with members of the Virginia General Assembly. Mark is admitted to practice law in Virginia, as well as the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, and the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia.


Courtney Barnett, Hermitude and Vance Joy have dominated the ARIA Award nominations.
Melbourne singer songwriter Barnett is leading the pack with eight award nominations, including Album Of The Year and Best Female Artist, while Sydney electronic duo Hermitude and Melbourne musician Vance Joy are just behind her with seven nominations each.
They'll battle it out for Album Of The Year, Best Independent Release and Best Australian Live Act at the ARIA Awards ceremony at Sydney's the Star next month.
The nominees were announced alongside the winners of the ARIA Artisan and Fine Arts Awards in a ceremony in Sydney on Wednesday.
Tame Impala could take home another six awards, after frontman Kevin Parker won two Artisan ARIA Awards on Wednesday for Producer and Engineer Of The Year for his work on the band's album Currents.
Barnett is already celebrating after taking home the award for Best Cover Art for her album Sometimes I Sit And Think, And Sometimes I Just Sit.
"I didn't think that I would be winning an ARIA for my artwork that I drew with a felt-tip pen on a piece of printer paper," Barnett said when she accepted the award.
Other artists up for multiple awards include Gang of Youths, Jarryd James, Daniel Johns, Flight Facilities and The Preatures.
There are four publicly voted awards this year: Song Of The Year, Best International Act, Best Australian Live Act and Best Video.
Sam Moran - Play Along With Sam: Boo!
*Winners will be announced at the ARIA Awards on November 26.


Join us for our 90th Annual Meeting in July 2019!
Join us November 13, 2019!
Established in 1929, the Connecticut Association of Health Care Facilities, Inc. / Connecticut Center for Assisted Living (CAHCF/CCAL) is the state's largest not-for-profit member association representing profit and not-for-profit health care facilities providing long-term, subacute, rehabilitative and assisted living services to nearly 20,000 Connecticut citizens; and allied health-care-related businesses and organizations. CAHCF/CCAL is the leader in providing services to, and advocating for, the State's providers of long-term, subacute, rehabilitative and assisted living care. Additionally, CAHCF/CCAL serves as a clearing house for information advancing consumer knowledge about the nursing home and assisted living service providers in Connecticut. CAHCF/CCAL provides its members with business services including legal, financial, legislative, regulatory, public and community relations, special events and a comprehensive, continuing education program offering seminars in all areas of health care management and delivery of services. We are proud of our ability to provide services and information to our members that are pertinent, timely and concise. CAHCF/CCAL is the Connecticut affiliate of the American Health Care Association / National Center for Assisted Living (AHCA/NCAL). To learn more about CAHCF/CCAL or to become a member and enjoy the support and benefits of Connecticut's leader in long-term, subacute, rehabilitative and assisted living care, contact Matthew V. Barrett, JD, MPA, President/Chief Executive Officer at 860-290-9424; MBarrett@cahcf.org.


We have lived in Arizona for almost 6 years. I love our life here. However, I've had trouble finding beauty in the desert and adjusting to the heat, gravel and cactus. I miss the moderate weather and green trees of California. The practice of photography has given me an opportunity to look at my surroundings differently and stop whining. The southwest is vast, stunning, majestic and unforgiving. If you don't give Mother Nature the respect she deserves she will slap you hard.
In mid-October we packed our cameras, tripods, energy bars and plenty of water and joined our camera club for a three-day shoot at Monument Valley, otherwise known to the locals as "Tse Bii Ndzisgaii", Navajo for Valley of the Rocks.
After six hours on the road, we arrived as the late afternoon sun turned the sandstone buttes of the Colorado Plateau fiery red. The largest column rises over 1,000 feet from the valley floor. Not much has changed since John Ford looked through his lens in the 1930's and filmed John Wayne riding through this landscape, immortalizing the untamed West.
This love of photography makes you do crazy things… like getting up at 4:30 to capture the perfect light of a sunrise. On our first morning, our guides took us to the Totem Pole Monument. Ever tried to set up a tripod in the dark? Well, I should have put a blindfold over my eyes and practiced at home. I paid the price and lost one of the tripod's rubber feet in the sand. "Calamity" is often my middle name on trips, so I considered myself fortunate I didn't fall into the wash or trip over the tree roots moving around in the dark. Note to self…get a stylish headlamp.
Things went much better that afternoon when we drove the 17 mile single-track dirt road through the valley. Don't even think of bringing your sedan. You can choose to ride in a open air jeep with a guide or drive a SUV. In our own car we could get up close and personal with these million year old beauties. The drive took almost 3 hours because we (more me than Mr. T)) had to stop each time we came around most of the bends. The Three Sisters, Cly Butte, Camel Butte and John Ford's Point demand you get out and look. They have been here all this time, patiently waiting for us to discover them….don't wait as long as we did.
Early to bed, early to rise….we were up and out the following morning before the sun and captured Sentinel Mesa, Big Chief, Stagecoach and Castle Butte ringed in clouds. The bluffs put on a once-in-a-lifetime show turning from soft rose and taupe to ocher and orange against a blue and pink sky.
Later that afternoon we met everyone for a pre-sunset tour of Mystery Valley. Our Dine guide took us "off road" to see ancient indigenous ruins, petroglyphs and geological sites containing artifacts. Mother Nature proved to be the consummate artist….centuries of unrelenting wind and water have slowly eroded the rock formations into swirling masterpieces.
We raced back to the terrace at the View Hotel. The sun had just set and Terry captured the West and East Mitten Buttes against a surreal pink, blue and purple sky.
Not letting any grass grow under our feet, we set off to explore nearby Gooseneck State Park where the San Juan River makes a series of tight turns or "goosenecks". The river has carved a deep canyon almost 1,000 feet below the viewpoint exposing 300 million year of time. From there we drove through a large portion of the Valley of the Gods which offers scenery similar to that of Monument Valley…isolated buttes and towering pinnacles. It was here I discovered the "Changing of the Leaves" in the desert. Fremont cottonwood trees and their glorous crowns of golden, green and orange leaves were found along seemingly dry washes.
Tomorrow we move on to Canyon de Chelly via the Natural Bridges Park. You can see by our photographs, I found the beauty.


text:
Chris Pine Talks Wonder Woman On Kimmel
During a recent appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live, Chris Pine talked about the upcoming Wonder Woman film, and how it will be different than other male-lead superhero movies.
He said: "I think what's really neat about it is that with all of the Thors and the Captain Kirks… I feel like with men at the helm, it's always this kind of revenge cycle thing. It's an eye for an eye, 'We're gonna go get the bad guys' and the bad guys are defeated. What I think is really lovely having a woman at the helm of something like this is just by virtue of her being a woman there's a great deal more compassion, love at the center of the story which for something as big as a film as this is going to be and with the kind of eyes that will watch it, I think it's wonderful. The little bit we can do to inch this universe towards something not as aggressive and as violent as this world can be."
The film stars Pine, Gal Gadot, Robin Wright, Danny Huston, David Thewlis, Ewen Bremmer, Said Taghmaoui, Elena Anaya, Connie Nielsen and Lucy Davis. It is set to hit theaters June 23, 2017.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Over 1000 Mistakes Corrected: Live and Learn: a Guide for All, who Wish to ...
Miscellaneous Observations, &c. (cont.)
On idiomatic expressions : see Nos. 42, and 79.
On the expressions two first, two last, &c. : see
On each other and one another : see No. 92.
On this and that in the sense of former and latter :
see No. 104.
On other important peculiarities see the remain-
ing Numbers.
14. Hints on the current improprieties of expression in
writing and speaking, with rules for their correc-
77 15. On Composition
95 16. On Punctuation 17. Figures of Speech
121 18. Explanation of Latin words ard phrases of frequent
occurrence in newspapers, reviews, periodicals,
and books in general
129 19. Explanation of French words and phrases of frequent
141 20. On Abbreviations
145 21. Over 500 rnistakes of daily occurrence, in speaking, writing and pronunciation, corrected
149 22. Rhetorical Composition,
194 23. On Composition for the Press, with Forms of Arti
cles in the various departments of Newspaper
. 108
A GUIDE FOR ALL,
WHO WISH TO
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&c., 80., 8c.
RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITALS AND
ITALICS.
The following classes of words should commence with capital letters :
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2. The first word of every line in poetry.
3. The first word of a direct quotation.
Examples :—And Nathan said unto David, " Thou art the man." —Remember this ancient
maxim : "Know thyself." An indirect quotation may be introduced without the use of a capital.
Example :-It is recorded of him, who "spake three thousand proverbs," that "his songs were a thousand and five." 4. Words used as names of the Deity.
Examples :—"Our Father, who art in Heaven." -" Remember now thy Creator, in the days of thy youth." " And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer. Before all temples, the upright heart and pure."
Milton.
5. Proper names and honorary titles.
Examples :—"The City of London.". -" The Honorable Henry Erskine :"_"Sir Matthew Hale." 6. Common nouns personified.
Examples :-"If Pain comes into a heart, he is quickly followed by Pleasure, and if Pleasure enters, you may be sure that Pain is not far off." -Addison.
"And Discipline at length, O'erlooked and unemployed, fell sick and died; Then Study languished, Emulation slept,
And Virtue fled."—Cowper. 7. Every important word in a phrase used as a title.
Examples : -"Hume's History of England :""Virtue the only true Source of Nobility:"_"The
Board of Trade."--" The French Revolution." The pronoun I and the interjection O should also be written in capitals.
E.camples : -"Must I endure all this?" — " Come forth, Oye children of gladness, come!" Most adjectives, derived from proper names, should commence with capitals.
Examples :-"A Grecian education was considered necessary to form the Roman orator, poet, or artist."
" The Copernican system is that which is held to be the true system of the world." A personal pronoun referring to the Deity, is often commenced with a capital.
Examples:-"All that we possess is God's, and we are under obligation to use it all as He wills."
" Will He not hear thee Who the young ravens heareth from their nest? Will He not guard thy rest ?",– Hemans.
There are also numerous cases in which words may commence either with capitals or small letters, according to the taste of the writer.
Short detached pieces of writing are often composed entirely of capitals. [For examples, see titlepages, heads of chapters and sections, monumental inscriptions, cards, &c.]
Italic letters are those which stand inclining, This sentence is printed in Italics.
When an author wishes to distinguish any particular word or phrase for the sake of emphasis, or for any other purpose, it is generally printed in Italics.
Examples :"If we regard enunciation and pronunciation as the mechanical part of elocution -intiection, emphasis, and pausing, may be designated as its intellectual part."-Russell. "To be
" perfectly polite, one must have great presence of mind, with a delicate and quick sense of propriety." Mrs. Chapone.
Sentences of special importance are often printed entirely in Italics
When a particular word, phrase, or sentence is designed to be made still more conspicuous than it would be, if expressed in Italics, it is printed in small capitals.
Examples :_"OBSERVATION and EXPERIMENT constitute the basis of the science of Mechanics." —"To the numerous class of young men who are mainly dependent on their own resources for know
ledge, or respectability, one of the most important councils of wisdom, which can be addressed, is STUDY YOUR OWN CHARACTER AND PROSPECTS."
When a word or phrase in an Italic sentence is to be distinguished from the rest, it should be printed in Roman letters. If it is particularly important, it may be expressed in capitals.
Examples :-" The grand clue to all syntactical parsing is the sense." -" HYDROSTATICS is that branch of Natural Philosophy which treats of the mechanical properties and agencies of LIQUIDS.""To find the surface of a REGULAR SOLID."
When a word is used merely as a word, it should generally be printed in Italics.
Examples :-" The adjective same is often used as a substitute.". " Who is applied to persons, and which to animals and inanimate things."
Words and phrases introduced into English writings from foreign languages, are generally expressed in Italics.
Example :—"An adjournment sine die is an adjournment without fixing the time for resuming business."
In the common English version of the Scriptures. Italics are used to indicate those words, which are not found in the original.
Examples :-"After two days was the feast of the passover :" in the original, "After two days was the passover."
."__" There are yet four months, and then cometh the harvest:"-in the original," There are yet four months, and the harvest cometh."


German Chancellor Angela Merkel (left) is greeted by Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev in Baku on August 25.
The meeting between Merkel and Aliyev in the Azerbaijani capital, Baku, on August 25 included a discussion of the human rights situation in the South Caucasus nation that the German chancellor said was conducted in an "open atmosphere," Merkel's spokesman, Steffen Seibert, said on Twitter.
Critics accuse Aliyev's government of carrying out a targeted crackdown on dissent in recent years, though the Azerbaijani leader has repeatedly rejected such criticism.
"We discussed the issue of the domestic situation in Azerbaijan and addressed human rights, also in a very open atmosphere," Merkel said, according to a transcript of her press conference with Aliyev released by her office.
"We did not find common ground on all issues. But I argued that a strong civil society must be part of an open, secular society and made clear that we would like to see this strong civil society," Merkel added.
Merkel's stop in Baku on August 25 -- the final leg of a three-day tour to South Caucasus that included visits to Georgia and Armenia -- also included a meeting with rights activists and the prominent Azerbaijani investigative journalist Khadija Ismayilova, a former RFE/RL contributor.
Ismayilova, who spent nearly 18 months in jail on charges widely viewed as retaliation for her investigative reporting before her release in May 2016, wrote on Facebook following the meeting that she spoke to Merkel "about corruption and how it undermines peace, democracy, and security in Azerbaijan."
"I asked to be more outspoken on human rights and democracy issues because people here need to see examples of European politicians who aren't silenced by corruption money," she wrote.
Merkel "said our concerns are important and some have been addressed in the meeting she had with President Aliyev. I hope to hear more from her," Ismayilova wrote.
Azerbaijan's opposition, as well as Western officials and international human rights groups, have accused Aliyev's government of persecuting opposition politicians, activists, independent media outlets, and journalists, often using what they allege are trumped-up criminal charges.
Aliyev, who has repeatedly shrugged off accusations of corruption and stifling dissent, defended his government's record on human rights during an August 25 news conference alongside Merkel, saying Baku "is committed to democratic values."
"All democratic institutions exist in Azerbaijan. All the liberties have been provided, in particular, freedom of speech, freedom of the press. There are hundreds of media outlets in Azerbaijan, including opposition media. Thereby, no one is being persecuted for the criticism [of the authorities] or for the [critical] views in Azerbaijan," Aliyev said.
The two leaders also discussed energy cooperation between Europe and Azerbaijan, where Aliyev has ruled the nation of almost 10 million people with an iron fist since 2003.
Addressing a business roundtable in Baku on August 25, Merkel described Azerbaijan as "an important partner in the diversification of our energy supply within the European Union," according to a transcript released by her office.
Merkel also said that Berlin could assist in mediating the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region.
"Germany wants to help find peaceful solutions," Merkel told reporters, adding that the conflict over the mountainous territory is a significant burden on the region.
The region, populated mainly by ethnic Armenians, declared independence from Azerbaijan amid a 1988-94 war that claimed an estimated 30,000 lives and displaced hundreds of thousands of people.
Since 1994, Nagorno-Karabakh has been under the control of ethnic Armenian forces which Baku says include troops supplied by Armenia. The region's claim to independence has not been recognized by any country.
Internationally mediated negotiations involving the so-called Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) helped forge a cease-fire in the region, which is not always honored, but have failed to produce a lasting settlement of the conflict.
In Yerevan a day earlier, Merkel told reporters that "it is important that the conflict is resolved peacefully" and that Germany "stands ready" to contribute to a solution.
Merkel noted that Germany is a member of the OSCE's Minsk Group and that "we stand ready to assume responsibility within the framework of the Karabakh settlement process."


text:
from cloudify.decorators import operation

@operation
def run(ctx, script_path=None, **kwargs):

    """
    Execute python scripts.

        Parameters:

            ctx['scripts'] - A dictionary mapping lifecycle events to script paths.

            script_path - The path to the script relative
                          to the blueprints root directory.
                          Will only be used if the 'scripts' argument is None.
        Exceptions:

            If both 'scripts' and 'script_path' is None.
            A runtime exception will be raised since there is no
            script to run.
    """
    script_to_run = get_script_to_run(ctx, script_path)

    if script_to_run:
        execfile(script_to_run)

def get_script_to_run(ctx, script_path=None):
    if script_path:
        return ctx.download_resource(script_path)
    if 'scripts' in ctx.properties:
        operation_simple_name = ctx.operation.split('.')[-1:].pop()
        scripts = ctx.properties['scripts']
        if operation_simple_name not in scripts:
            ctx.logger.info("No script mapping found for operation {0}. "
                            "Nothing to do.".format(operation_simple_name))
            return None
        return ctx.download_resource(scripts[operation_simple_name])

    raise RuntimeError('No script to run')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
meteor-jest-example
===================

Example of using Jest to test a Meteor app


The documentary "Free Solo" focuses on free-climber Alex Honnold as he prepares to become the first human to claw his way up the 3,000-foot expanse of rock known as El Capitan without tools, safety gear or rope. Now the National Geographic production itself might make history as just the second doc to win an Oscar as well as an Emmy.
The title will compete for a primetime TV award in the category called Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking, which was first given out in 2005. The lone recipient so far to claim both an Academy Award and an Emmy is "Citizenfour," a 2014 HBO release directed by Laura Poitras about Edward Snowden and the Nsa spying scandal.
Other documentaries have competed for both honors, including 2015's "Cartel Land," about the Mexican drug war that won an Emmy in a tie with "Jim: The James Foley Story," and 2017's "Strong Island," a true-crime investigation about a legal injustice.
Movie Talk: The First 'Detective Pikachu' Reactions Are Here!


The reason All Things Wellness Events & Expo came into being was to provide a growing need for holistic information, products and services for communities every where. In addition, we serve a supportive need for those who provide these holistic alternatives.
Continually improve the Expo's experience for the attendees and the exhibitors.
Provide ongoing benefits to the community.
Support the vendors and practitioners associated with the Expo, through education to enhance their business and connection with the community.
The primary purpose of All Things Wellness Events & Expo will always remain a guiding force: Connection, Unity, Education, Opportunity and Respect.


text:
Die Toronto Millionaires waren eine kanadische Eishockeymannschaft aus Toronto, Ontario. Die Mannschaft spielte zwischen 1928 und 1930 in der Canadian Professional Hockey League sowie der International Hockey League.

Geschichte
Das Franchise der Kitchener Millionaires aus der Canadian Professional Hockey League wurde zur Saison 1928/29 nach Toronto, Ontario, umgesiedelt und in Toronto Millionaires umbenannt. Dort ersetzte die Mannschaft, die zuvor aufgelösten Toronto Ravinas, die ebenfalls in der Canpro gespielt hatten. Als die Canpro zur Saison 1929/30 durch die International Hockey League ersetzt wurde, schlossen sich die Millionaires zunächst auch dieser an. Nach einem Jahr in der IHL stellte die Mannschaft jedoch bereits wieder den Spielbetrieb ein.

Weblinks
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik/Spielerliste Toronto Millionaires

Eishockeyverein (Canadian Professional Hockey League)
Eishockeyverein (International Hockey League, 1929–1936)
Millionaires

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some people have their niche, others seek various challenges. It seems 2007 Carramar graduate Benjiman Mallis fits into the latter category.
Since finishing University in 2011, he has worked as a Corporate Tax Manager, gained his Chartered Accountants qualification, managed local charity On My Feet and recently ventured into the world of sports media and journalism.
"One could say I am in the midst of a significant career change," Benjiman said.
In September, Benjiman will relocate to Philadelphia to spend 12 months working as a sports journalist, covering NBA Basketball.
"More than anything, I am happy, and proud, that I have been able to live a professional life that fuels my many passions; there is no substitute for this.
While he still resides in Carramar for now, Benjiman has been fortunate enough to explore large parts of Europe and most of North America.
He took a gap year after school, working full time and enjoying his independence, and another year off, backpacking around Europe for six months after finishing his undergraduate degree.
"I highly recommend taking time to explore the world before launching into professional endeavours," Benjiman said.
Benjiman reflected fondly on his time at St Stephen's School, noting the sense of community and forming strong friendships as lasting impacts.


text:
Emplocia hesperidaria är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Achille Guenée 1858. Emplocia hesperidaria ingår i släktet Emplocia och familjen mätare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Mätare
hesperidaria


text:
HomeAnchor Point, Alice Robinson
Anchor Point, Alice Robinson
November 14, 2018 November 14, 2018 wadholloway Australian, Bush Myths, LiteratureAlice Robinson, Book Review, Climate Change, Independent Woman
Alice Robinson is a Melbourne-based author, I can't tell you her age but she doesn't look very old (here), and more disappointingly I can't tell you whether or not she grew up in the country. But this is her debut novel, impressively long-listed for the Stella, after a PhD in creative writing. I worry about novels like this, straight out of school, that the story follows a formula designed to suck me in and I am. But before my criticisms get out of hand, let me say right at the beginning that Laura, the book's central character engaged me and I was very invested in learning more about her.
In many ways Anchor Point (2015) is a worthy newcomer to the long line of books I have been studying and writing about as I delineate the myth of the Independent Woman, particularly in the setting of the Australian Bush which has been and still is claimed for the archetypal Australian man, 'lone hand', larrikin soldier etc.
Although set in the 1980s and 90s – in a fictional location in the foothills of the Alps in north eastern Victoria – Laura's story embodies in one generation the dichotomy between the pioneering settler of Australian legend on one hand and Indigenous land claims, climate change and land degradation from over clearing, on the other.
Laura herself embodies almost from the time her sister Vic is born, when she is five or six, the 'drover's wife' (here) condemned to kitchen servitude and drudgery (although not, in this case, endless childbearing), to support the intrepid pioneer, her father. A servitude she adopts, in the house and out on the property, through the disappearance of her mother when she is ten, through the schooling of her sister, through to her own reluctant bid for independence as the partner of another needy, controlling man in Sydney, and finally to her return to the farm to care for her father and the property when her father falls victim to early onset alzheimers.
The book is written in the third person entirely from Laura's POV. Her father, Bruce, himself the son of a failed farmer, has bought a couple of hundred of acres of bush which he plans to clear in order to farm sheep. Kath, Laura's mother, is a German-born potter, who 'neglects' her housework and her daughters to pursue her art. Both the housework and the care of Vic increasingly fall to Laura.
Do we feel for Kath? We all felt for Katherine Mansfield last week (Who Does the Dishes?), are their situations the same? Bruce, all pioneers, all men maybe, have this expectation that women will keep house while they get on with the real work. Does Laura feel for Kath? Not really, certainly not after she gets a black eye when she drops one of her mother's vases. Bruce and Kath spend another night arguing, there's a storm, the creek floods, Kath disappears. Laura's own actions are not above reproach (no spoilers!), but she picks up the slack, Bruce brings in men to clearfell the trees, Laura drops out of school and becomes a farmer alongside Bruce.
Her only friend is Joseph, an Aboriginal boy her own age, a token? No, but nearly. He may have been her romantic interest but in the end is not. In fact, this novel is like those movies of the book where a number of characters are conflated into one. Where in real life we might take up with a dozen others before coming upon our partner for life, each of the girls meets one man and that's it. And poor old Bruce meets no-one.
It is telling that when we finally learn more about Kath it turns out her name is actually Katya, which Bruce had insisted on Australianising. Bruce stands in for all those settlers right back to 1788 who insisted on farming methods brought with them from England. You can only shudder as all the trees are removed, all the way down the hill to the creek, and he even regularly threatens to chop down the 'canoe' tree in the yard of their modest house.
The drought years which come increasingly often are a marker for climate change. In the end Laura makes mostly futile efforts to re-forest the ruined land, promises it to Joseph who wants it for Indigenous access, then must renege and sell-up, probably to developers for housing, as her own health declines.
In the last chapter Laura is with Vic, in Vic's apartment on the 33rd floor, the power out, looking out on a Melbourne ringed by bushfires. Anchor Point, intended as a parable for our times, I guess is that, but works best as a character study of Laura and her relationships – to her father, to her dependent sister, to Luc, her dependent partner, and to her absent mother.
Alice Robinson, Anchor Point, Affirm Press, 2015. Audio version – Queensland Narrating Service, read by Ursula Wharton.
Jessica White's review (here). And Jess did grow up on the land, in cotton country, cleared and levelled to within an inch of its life.
Lisa (ANZLL)'s author interview (here)
← Who Does the Dishes?
The Drover's De Facto, Anne Gambling →
14 thoughts on "Anchor Point, Alice Robinson"
I was impressed by this novel, and am pleased to say that you can find out more about this promising young author at https://anzlitlovers.com/2015/03/19/meet-an-aussie-author-alice-robinson/
I saw somewhere that Robinson has a second novel on the way, but I'm not sure when. I've added your link to my post. Sorry I didn't go looking for it, Jess's review was near the top of google.
Jess's review is excellent so don't apologise!
I hope Alice does have another on the way:)
Kate W says:
I usually attempt to read all of the Stella long list each year – after reading your review I'm very cranky that I somehow missed this book in 2015.
Published early in 2015 it was longlisted for the Stella in 2016.
https://thestellaprize.com.au/2016/03/stella-prize-longlist-alice-robinson-anchor-point/
The QNS reading is good – though the cds themselves are often of very poor quality. I hope you get to it soon and we can compare reviews.
Interestingly, I just read something about the necessity of a woman who does chores for a happy home, while the man does the "important stuff." It was in a story Zora Neale Hurston collected while in the Gulf States. A woman has a grumpy man who won't come home, so she goes to a hoodoo doctor to get a remedy. The hoodoo doctor tells her to clean up all the different spaces in the house and do her hair and put on her face. It works, and the woman goes back to the hoodoo doctor, who says, "Do that twice a week and you will always have a happy home."
That's a very 1950s view of household peace, I hope ZNH doesn't endorse it. The feeling I've been getting in these last few reviews – Louisa Lawson, Katherine Mansfield, the commentary around the Drover's Wife (last installment next week) is that women in the bush are trapped in servitude with no Avenue for escape.
ZNH was no housewife, that's for sure. She traveled and married and divorced lovers and never had children. As an anthropologist, she collected what people said, and in Every Tongue Got to Confess, it looks like she did almost no editing of what was said.
There's so many of your authors I should read. I'm glad I've made a start on Toni Morrison, perhaps ZNH should be next.
kimbofo says:
I bought this when it was longlisted for the Stella but never read it. In fact, until reading your review I had completely forgotten about it. It is languishing in my virtual TBR somewhere (along with dozens and dozens of other Kindle books). Thanks for the reminder… it sounds like a novel I'll enjoy.
I think Robinson tried to cover a lot of bases with this novel, and there's a whole action sequence when the farm is threatened by bushfires that I completely ignored, but I think her strength is in the development of her principal character. I'm always more uncertain about my own judgments than I let on, so I look forward to your review, as I do to Kate's.
I read and reviewed this book too – and I noted there were few farm novels in Australian literary fiction. I think I spoke too soo- there seems to have been quite a lot in the last three years or so.
Oh, and my review resulted in a little but interesting contretemps about cli-fi.
I enjoyed your analysis of Laura. She's a good character – and I remember liking the fact that her father did encourage her to leave.
I went and read your commenters – Dan goes on a bit! but yes I guess it is cli-fi, but only in a very mild way – you could probably see bushfires all round Melbourne from the 33rd floor most summers. And as an old sci fi fan, I'm not sure of the value of the distinction, except to stop general readers being frightened off.
He got quite riled up – mainly to do with James Bradley.
As a librarian I can see both the value of challenges of Genre etc classifications. They are fraught, but they can help people find their way through huge genres like, day, crime and sci-fi, to areas they particularly like. Crime is a good example – historical crime, procedural crime, and so – but there are always cross-overs which makes a nonsense of it all at the same time!
With cli-fi though it may also work politically to give some additional air to the issue?


Welcome to the website created in memory of our valiant grandmother and great-grandmother of a hundred years ago: Alice Hawkins.
The story of Alice is a tremendous account of one woman's fight for the most basic of human rights - the right to vote.
Born in 1863, Alice lived most of her life in Leicester. A mother of six and shoe machinist by trade, Alice was determined to have an equal say in the democracy of the day and was imprisoned five times in all in her struggle.
Illustrated with suffragette memorabilia that once belonged to Alice and handed down over the family generations, this website is intended to offer students, both young and old, the opportunity to learn about the suffragette movement from a personal perspective.


Keysha Mack is presumed innocent, until proven guilty in a court of law. Not all of outcomes are known or final.
Is Keysha Mack a criminal?
Keysha Mack is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
What was Keysha Mack arrested for?
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Where was Keysha Mack arrested?
Keysha Mack was 5'08 tall according to the Arizona Law Enforcement report.
What was Keysha's hair color?
Keysha Mack had blue hair at the time of the arrest.
What was Keysha's eye color?
Keysha Mack had brown eyes.
When was Keysha Mack born?
Keysha Mack was born on August 10,1979.
Keysha Mack ( Female ) was 39 years old at the time of the arrest. was arrested on 2018-09-13 12:00:00.
Below you can find more information about the charges of Keysha Mack (if available).
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