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Producer Price Index News Release
Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                          USDL-09-1399
8:30 a.m. (EST), Tuesday, November 17, 2009
Technical information:      (202) 691-7705  *  ppi-info@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ppi
Media contact:              (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov
PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES - OCTOBER 2009
The Producer Price Index for Finished Goods advanced 0.3 percent in October, seasonally
adjusted, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This increase followed a 0.6-percent
decline in September and a 1.7-percent rise in August. In October, at the earlier stages of
processing, prices received by manufacturers of intermediate goods moved up 0.3 percent and
the crude goods index increased 5.4 percent. On an unadjusted basis, from October 2008 to
October 2009, prices for finished goods fell 1.9 percent, the eleventh consecutive month of year-
over-year declines. (See table A.)
Table A. Monthly and 12-month percent changes in selected stage-of-processing price indexes, seasonally adjusted
Except foods
and energy
Change in
from 12 months
ago (unadj.)
-2.6 0.1 -12.8 0.5 5.2 -4.2 -16.1
-2.7 -0.5 -12.4 0.0 0.4 -4.8 -13.1
-1.8 -1.2 -9.1 0.3 -0.9 -4.1 -5.6
0.9 0.1 4.1 0.2 -0.9 -0.2 -1.5
-0.1 -1.6 0.9 0.1 -1.4 -0.8 -6.1
0.4 1.5 0.4 0.1 -3.5 0.1 2.3
0.2 -1.5 2.7 -0.1 -4.8 0.6 3.5
-1.0 -1.6 -3.3 -0.1 -6.8 -0.3 -3.9
-0.6 -0.1 -2.4 -0.1 -4.8 0.2 -2.1
0.3 1.6 1.6 -0.6 -1.9 0.3 5.4
(1) Some of the figures shown above and elsewhere in this release may differ from those previously reported because data for June 2009 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents.
Stage-of-Processing Analysis
The October increase in the index for finished goods can be attributed to higher prices for energy
and food, both of which moved up 1.6 percent. By contrast, prices for finished goods other than
foods and energy declined 0.6 percent.
Finished energy:  The index for finished energy goods advanced 1.6 percent in October
compared with a 2.4-percent drop in the previous month. Almost half of the increase can be
traced to the gasoline index, which climbed 1.9 percent. Rising prices for residential electric
power and liquefied petroleum gas also contributed to the advance in the finished energy goods
index. (See table 2.)
Finished foods:  Finished consumer food prices rose 1.6 percent in October after edging down
0.1 percent a month earlier. Accounting for about half of the increase, the index for fresh and dry
vegetables jumped 24.2 percent. Higher prices for fresh fruits and melons also contributed to the
advance in the finished consumer foods index.
Finished core:  In October, the index for finished goods less foods and energy moved down 0.6
percent, its second consecutive decrease. Lower prices for light motor trucks and passenger cars
led the October decline, falling 5.2 percent and 0.5 percent, respectively. In accordance with
usual practice, most new-model-year passenger cars and light motor trucks were introduced into
the PPI in October. (See Report on Quality Changes for 2010 Model Vehicles, USDL 09-1400.)
Intermediate goods
The Producer Price Index for Intermediate Materials, Supplies, and Components moved up 0.3
percent in October, its third straight monthly advance. The October rise can be traced to higher
prices for intermediate energy goods, which climbed 2.3 percent. By contrast, the indexes for
both intermediate goods less foods and energy and for intermediate foods and feeds decreased
0.2 percent. On a 12-month basis, prices for intermediate goods fell 7.5 percent in October. This
is the third consecutive month of slowing year-over-year declines following a record 15.1-
percent drop for the 12 months ended July 2009.  (See table B.)
Intermediate energy:  The index for intermediate energy goods advanced 2.3 percent in
October after falling 2.1 percent in September. About one-fifth of this increase can be traced to a
5.5-percent rise in diesel fuel prices. Higher prices for natural gas to electric utilities and
commercial electric power also contributed to the advance in the intermediate energy goods
Crude goods
The Producer Price Index for Crude Materials for Further Processing increased 5.4 percent in
October after falling 2.1 percent in September. For the 3-month period ending in October, crude
material prices rose 7.1 percent after advancing 4.1 percent in the 3 months ending in July. The
monthly October rise was broad based, with prices for crude energy materials jumping 8.3
percent, the index for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs moving up 5.2 percent, and prices for crude
nonfood materials less energy increasing 0.5 percent. (See table B.)
Crude energy:  The index for crude energy materials increased 8.3 percent in October. From
July to October, this index rose 9.5 percent, compared with an 11.8-percent rise in the 3 months
ending in July. Accounting for about sixty percent of the monthly October increase, the natural
gas index moved up 16.3 percent. Higher prices for both crude petroleum and coal also
contributed to the advance in the crude energy materials index. (See table 2.)
Crude foods:  The index for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs increased 5.2 percent in October.
This index moved up 2.4 percent in the most recent 3-month period compared with a 6.0-percent
decline in the previous 3-month period. In October, a 9.0-percent rise in the grains index led the
advance in the crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs index. Higher prices for slaughter poultry were
also a factor in this increase.
Crude core:  The index for crude nonfood materials less energy rose 0.5 percent in October, and
10.4 percent for the 3 months ending in October. Similarly, for the 3 months ending in July,
prices climbed 10.8 percent. A major contributor to the monthly October increase was the gold
ores index, which rose 5.4 percent.
Table B. Monthly and 12-month percent changes in selected price indexes for intermediate goods and crude goods, seasonally adjusted
goods from
-5.1 -10.7 -2.1 9.8 -10.5 -19.4 -17.9 0.1
-2.6 -13.4 -2.4 1.7 -1.3 -20.1 -18.8 -18.8
-3.8 -10.7 -2.4 -2.3 -5.6 -6.9 -1.5 -24.6
-1.5 2.8 -0.8 -3.6 0.9 -5.2 1.3 -27.7
-0.8 -1.2 -0.7 -5.2 -3.3 -12.1 -0.3 -34.5
-0.8 -5.5 -0.5 -8.9 -1.7 0.5 -0.9 -38.9
0.6 1.9 -0.5 -10.0 4.0 1.2 0.6 -40.3
1.1 4.6 0.2 -12.4 -0.4 10.5 3.5 -40.3
-1.8 -1.3 0.2 -15.1 -6.0 -4.6 2.2 -44.8
0.3 7.1 0.6 -12.3 -0.8 6.9 6.0 -35.2
-0.2 2.3 -0.2 -7.5 5.2 8.3 0.5 -14.1
Services Analysis
Trade industries: The Producer Price Index for the Net Output of Total Trade Industries was
unchanged in October after falling in each of the previous three months. (Trade indexes measure
changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers.) In October, higher margins received
by merchant wholesalers of nondurable goods and new car dealers were offset by lower margins
received by merchant wholesalers of durable goods and gasoline stations with convenience
Transportation and warehousing industries: The Producer Price Index for the Net Output of
Total Transportation and Warehousing Industries moved up 0.6 percent in October following a
0.7-percent decline in September. About two-thirds of this advance can be attributed to a 2.8-
percent increase in prices received by the industry for scheduled passenger air transportation.
The industry indexes for couriers and line-haul railroads also rose in October.
Traditional service industries: The Producer Price Index for the Net Output of Total
Traditional Service Industries advanced 0.5 percent in October after declining 0.2 percent in
September. Leading this upturn, prices received by the commercial banking industry moved up
2.0 percent. The industry indexes for general medical and surgical hospitals and for investment
banking and securities dealing also advanced in October.
The Producer Price Index for November 2009 is scheduled to be released on Tuesday,
December 15, 2009 at 8:30 a.m. (EST).
Brief Explanation of Producer Price Indexes
The Producer Price Index (PPI) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
is a family of indexes that measure the average change over time in the
prices received by domestic producers of goods and services.  PPIs measure
price change from the perspective of the seller.  This contrasts with other
measures, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI).  CPIs measure price
change from the purchaser's perspective.  Sellers' and purchasers' prices
can differ due to government subsidies, sales and excise taxes, and
distribution costs.
More than 9,000 PPIs for individual products and groups of products
are released each month.  PPIs are available for the products of virtually
every industry in the mining and manufacturing sectors of the U.S. economy.
New PPIs are gradually being introduced for the products of industries in
the construction, trade, finance, and services sectors of the economy.
More than 100,000 price quotations per month are organized into three
sets of PPIs:  (1) Stage-of-processing indexes, (2) commodity indexes, and
(3) indexes for the net output of industries and their products.  The stage-
of-processing structure organizes products by class of buyer and degree of
fabrication.  The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of
end use or material composition.  The entire output of various industries
is sampled to derive price indexes for the net output of industries and
their products.
Stage-of-Processing Indexes
Within the stage-of-processing system, finished goods are commodities
that will not undergo further processing and are ready for sale to the
final-demand user, either an individual consumer or business firm.
Consumer foods include unprocessed foods such as eggs and fresh vegetables,
as well as processed foods such as bakery products and meats.  Other
finished consumer goods include durable goods such as automobiles,
household furniture, and appliances, as well as nondurable goods such as
apparel and home heating oil.  Capital equipment includes durable goods
such as heavy motor trucks, tractors, and machine tools.
The stage-of-processing category for intermediate materials, supplies,
and components consists partly of commodities that have been processed but
require further processing.  Examples of such semifinished goods include
flour, cotton yarn, steel mill products, and lumber.  The intermediate
goods category also encompasses nondurable, physically complete items
purchased by business firms as inputs for their operations.  Examples
include diesel fuel, belts and belting, paper boxes, and fertilizers.
Crude materials for further processing are products entering the
market for the first time that have not been manufactured or fabricated and
that are not sold directly to consumers.  Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs
include items such as grains and livestock.  Examples of crude nonfood
materials include raw cotton, crude petroleum, coal, hides and skins, and
iron and steel scrap.
Commodity Indexes
The commodity classification structure of the PPI organizes goods and
services by similarity of material composition or end use, disregarding
their industry of origin.  Table 6 of the PPI Detailed Report includes data
for commodity indexes, organized in a hierarchal structure, including major
commodity groupings (two-digit commodity codes),  subgroups (three-digit
codes), product classes (four-digit codes), subproduct classes (five- and
six-digit codes), item groupings (seven-digit codes) and individual items
(eight-, nine-, and ten-digit codes).
Industry Net-Output Price Indexes
PPIs for the net output of industries and their products are grouped
according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Prior to the release of January 2004, industry-based PPIs were published
according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.  Industry
price indexes are compatible with other economic time series organized by
industry, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity.  Table 5 of
the PPI Detailed Report includes data for NAICS industries and industry
groups (3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-digit codes), Census product classes (7- and 8-
digit codes), products (9-digit codes), and more detailed subproducts (11-
digit codes), and, for some industries, indexes for other sources of
revenue.
Indexes may represent one of three kinds of product categories.  Every
industry has primary product indexes to show changes in prices received by
establishments classified in the industry for products made primarily, but
not necessarily exclusively, by that industry.  The industry classification
of an establishment is determined by which products make up a plurality of
its total shipment value.  In addition, most industries have secondary
product indexes that show changes in prices received by establishments
classified in the industry for products chiefly made in some other
industry.  Finally, some industries have miscellaneous receipts indexes to
show price changes in other sources of revenue received by establishments
within the industry that are not derived from sales of their products-for
example, resales of purchased materials, or revenues from parking lots
owned by a manufacturing plant.
PPIs are based on selling prices reported by establishments of all
sizes selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection
proportionate to size.  Individual items and transaction terms from these
firms also are chosen by probability proportionate to size.  BLS strongly
encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction prices at the
time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices.  Prices submitted by
survey respondents are effective on the Tuesday of the week containing the
13th day of the month.  This survey is conducted primarily through the
Price data are provided on a voluntary and confidential basis; only
sworn BLS employees are allowed access to individual company price reports.
BLS publishes price indexes instead of actual prices.  All PPIs are subject
to revision 4 months after original publication to reflect the availability
of late reports and corrections by respondents.
BLS periodically updates the PPI sample of survey respondents to
better reflect current conditions when the structure, membership,
technology, or product mix of an industry shifts significantly and to
spread reporting burden among smaller firms.  Results of these resampling
efforts are incorporated into the PPI with the release of data for January
and July.
As part of an ongoing effort to expand coverage to sectors of the
economy other than mining and manufacturing, an increasing number of
service sector industries have been introduced into the PPI.  The following
list of recently introduced industries includes the month and year in which
an article describing the industry's content appeared in the PPI Detailed
Report.
Title                                           Code    Issue
Wireless telecommunications...................................4812    July 1999
Telephone communications, except radio telephone..............4813    July 1995
Television broadcasting.......................................4833    July 2002
Grocery stores................................................5411    July 2000
Meat and fish (seafood) markets...............................5421    July 2000
Fruit and vegetable markets...................................5431    July 2000
Candy, nut, and confectionery stores..........................5441    July 2000
Retail bakeries...............................................5461    July 2000
Miscellaneous food stores.....................................5499    July 2000
New car dealers...............................................5511    July 2000
Gasoline service stations.....................................5541    January 2002
Boat dealers..................................................5551    January 2002
Recreational vehicle dealers..................................5561    January 2002
Miscellaneous retail..........................................59      January 2001
Security brokers, dealers, and investment bankers.............6211    January 2001
Investment advice.............................................6282    January 2003
Life insurance carriers.......................................6311    January 1999
Property and casualty insurance...............................6331    July 1998
Insurance agencies and brokerages.............................6412    January 2003
Operators and lessors of nonresidential buildings.............6512    January 1996
Real estate agents and managers...............................6531    January 1996
Prepackaged software..........................................7372    January 1998
Data processing services......................................7374    January 2002
Home health care services.....................................8082    January 1997
Legal services................................................8111    January 1997
Engineering design, analysis, and consulting services.........8711    January 1997
Architectural design, analysis, and consulting services.......8712    January 1997
Premiums for property and casualty insurance..................9331    July 1998
New industrial building construction..........................236211  January 2008
New warehouse building construction...........................236221  July 2005
New school construction.......................................236222  July 2006
New office construction.......................................236223  January 2007
Concrete contractors, nonresidential building work............23811X  July 2008
Roofing contractors, nonresidential building work.............23816X  July 2008
Electrical contractors, nonresidential building work..........23821X  July 2008
Plumbing / HVAC contractors, nonresidential building work.....23822X  July 2008
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods...........................423     July 2005
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods........................424     July 2005
Wholesale trade agents and brokers............................425120  July 2005
Furniture and home furnishings stores.........................442     January 2004
Electronics and appliance stores..............................443     January 2004
Building  material and garden equipment and supplies dealers..444     January 2004
Clothing and clothing accessories stores......................448     January 2004
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores.................451     January 2004
General merchandise stores....................................452     January 2004
Miscellaneous store retailers.................................453     January 2004
Internet service providers....................................518111  July 2005
Web search portals............................................518112  July 2005
Commercial banking............................................522110  January 2005
Savings institutions..........................................522120  January 2005
Direct health and medical insurance carriers..................524114  July 2004
Construction, mining, and forestry machinery and equipment
rental and leasing............................................532412  January 2005
Management consulting services................................541610  January 2007
Security guards and patrol services...........................561612  July 2005
Computer training.............................................611420  July 2007
Blood and organ banks.........................................621991  January 2007
Amusement and theme parks.....................................713110  July 2006
Golf courses and country clubs................................713910  July 2006
Fitness and recreational sports centers.......................713940  July 2005
Commercial machinery repair and maintenance...................811310  July 2007
Weights for most traditional commodity groupings of the PPI, as well
as weights for commodity-based aggregate indexes calculated using traditional
commodity groupings, such as stage-of-processing indexes, currently reflect
2002 values of shipments as reported in the Census of Manufactures and
other sources. From January 2002 through December 2006, PPI weights were
derived from 1997 shipment values.  Industry indexes now are calculated
with 2002 weights and net output ratios.  This periodic update of the value
weights used to calculate the PPI is done to more accurately reflect changes
in production and marketing patterns in the economy.  Net output values of
shipments are used as weights for industry indexes.  Net output values refer
to the value of shipments from establishments within the industry to buyers
outside the industry.  However, weights for commodity price indexes are based
on gross shipment values, including values of shipments between establishments
within the same industry.  As a result, broad commodity grouping indexes, such
as the PPI for All Commodities (which is comprised of major commodity
groupings 01 through 15), are affected by the multiple counting of price
change at successive stages of processing, which can lead to exaggerated or
misleading signals about inflation.  Stage-of-processing indexes partially
correct for this defect, but industry indexes consistently correct for this
at all levels of aggregation.  Therefore, industry and stage-of-processing
indexes are more appropriate than broad commodity groupings for economic
analysis of general price trends.
Price Index Reference Base
Effective with publication of January 1988 data, many important PPI
series (including stage-of-processing groupings and most commodity groups
and individual items) were placed on a new reference base, 1982 = 100.
From 1971 through 1987, the standard reference base for most PPI series was
1967 = 100.  Except for rounding differences, the shift to the new
reference base did not alter any previously published percent changes for
affected PPI series.  (See "Calculating Index Changes," below.)  The 1982
reference base is not used for commodity indexes with a base later than
December 1981 or for industry net output indexes and their products.
For further information on the underlying concepts and methodology of
the Producer Price Index, see chapter 14, "Producer Prices," in BLS
Handbook of Methods (April  1997), Bulletin 2490.  This document can be
downloaded from the BLS Web site at (www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch14_itc.htm).
Reprints are available on request.
Calculating Index Changes
Each PPI measures price changes from a reference period that equals
100.0.  An increase of 5.5 percent from the reference period in the
Finished Goods Price Index, for example, is shown as 105.5.  This change
also can be expressed in dollars, as follows:  prices received by domestic
producers of a sample of finished goods have risen from $100 in 1982 to
$105.50.  Likewise, a current index of 90.0 would indicate that prices
received by producers of finished goods are 10 percent lower than they were
Movements of price indexes from one month to another are usually
expressed as percent changes, rather than as changes in index points.
Index point changes are affected by the level of the index in relation to
its base period, whereas percent changes are not.  The following example
shows the computation of index point and percent changes.
Index point change
Finished Goods Price Index        107.5
Less previous index               104.0
Equals index point change           3.5
Index percent change
Index point change 3.5
Divided by the previous index     104.0
Equals                              0.034
Result multiplied by 100            0.034 x 100
Equals percent change               3.4
Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted Data
Because price data are used for different purposes by different
groups, BLS publishes seasonally adjusted and unadjusted changes each
month.  Seasonally adjusted data are preferred for analyzing general price
trends in the economy because these data eliminate the effect of changes
that normally occur at about the same time, and in about the same
magnitude, every year-such as price movements resulting from normal weather
patterns, regular production and marketing cycles, model changeovers,
seasonal discounts, and holidays.  For these reasons, seasonally adjusted
data more clearly reveal underlying cyclical trends.  Unadjusted data are
of primary interest to users who need information that can be related to
actual dollar values of transactions.  Individuals requiring this
information include marketing specialists, purchasing agents, budget and
cost analysts, contract specialists, and commodity traders.  It is the
unadjusted data that are generally cited when escalating long-term
contracts such as purchasing agreements or real estate leases.  For more
information, see Escalation and Producer Price Indexes: A Guide for
Contracting Parties, BLS Report 807, September 1991, on the Web at
(www.bls.gov/ppi/ppiescalation.htm).  Reprints are available on request.
In 1998, the PPI implemented the X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment
Method; prior to that year, the PPI employed the X-11 method.  Each year,
the seasonal status of most commodity indexes is reevaluated to reflect
more recent price behavior.  Industry net output indexes are not seasonally
adjusted.  For time series that exhibit seasonal pricing patterns, new
seasonal factors are estimated and applied to the unadjusted data for the
previous 5 years.  These updated seasonally adjusted indexes replace the
most recent 5 years of seasonal data.
Seasonal factors may be applied to series using either a direct or an
aggregative method.  Generally, commodity indexes are seasonally adjusted
using direct seasonal adjustment, which produces a more complete
elimination of seasonal movements than does the aggregative method.
However, the direct seasonal adjustment process may not yield figures that
possess additive consistency.  Thus, a seasonally adjusted index for a
broad category that is directly adjusted may not be logically consistent
with all seasonally adjusted indexes for its components.  Seasonal
movements for stage-of-processing indexes are derived indirectly through an
aggregative method that combines movements of a wide variety of subproduct
class (six-digit) series.
Seasonally adjusted indexes can become problematic when previously
stable and predictable price patterns abruptly change.  If the new pattern
persists, the seasonal adjustment method will eventually reflect it
adequately; if the pattern keeps shifting, however, seasonally adjusted
data will become chronically troublesome.  This problem occurs relatively
infrequently for farm and food-related products, but has more often
affected manufactured products such as automobiles and steel.
Since January 1988, the PPI has used Intervention Analysis Seasonal
Adjustment methods to enhance the calculation of seasonal factors.  With
this technique, outlier values that may distort the seasonal pattern are
removed from the data prior to applying the standard seasonal factor
estimation procedure.  For example, a possible economic cause for large
price movements for petroleum-based products might have been the Persian
Gulf War.  In this case, intervention techniques allowed for better
estimates of seasonally adjusted data.  On the whole, very few series have
required intervention.  Out of over 800 seasonally adjusted series, only
23 were subject to intervention in 2009.
For more information relating to seasonal adjustment methods, see (1)
"Appendix A: Seasonal Adjustment Methodology at BLS," in the BLS Handbook
of Methods (April 1997), Bulletin 2490 and (2) "Summary of Changes to the
PPI's Seasonal Adjustment Methodology" in the January 1995 issue of
Producer Price Indexes.
Producer Price Index Data on the Internet
In 1995, the BLS began posting PPI series, news releases, and
technical information to both a World Wide Web (WWW) site and a file
transfer protocol (FTP) site.  During the years following the introduction
of PPI Internet services, use of these sites eclipsed more traditional
methods of data dissemination, such as subscriptions to the PPI Detailed
Report.  There were more than 2.1 million instances of PPI series being
downloaded from the Internet during the 12 months ended December 31, 2008.
Retrieving PPI data from the PPI Web site
PPI data can be obtained from the WWW address (www.bls.gov/ppi).
Clicking on the "PPI Databases" link reveals the following methods of data
retrieval:
Top picks is a form-based application for both industry Data and
Commodity Data that allows the user to quickly obtain PPI time series data
by selecting the most commonly requested time series, including the All
Commodities Index and the stage-of-processing indexes (for example, Finished
Goods).  Within each list, any one-or all-of the time series shown can be
selected.  A user can modify the date range and output options after executing
the query, using the reformat button above the data output table.
One-Screen Data Search and Multi-Screen Data Search are form-based query
applications for both Industry Data and Commodity Data designed for users
unfamiliar with the PPI coding structure.  These applications guide a user
through the PPI classification system by listing index titles and does not
require knowledge of commodity or industry codes.  Data retrieved are based on
a query formulated by selecting data characteristics from lists provided.  Two
options are available to create customized tables, depending on a user's browser
capability.  The one-screen option is a JavaScript application that uses a
single screen to guide a user through the available time series data.  The
second option is a multiple-screen, non-Java-based application.  Both methods
allow a user to browse the PPI coding structure and select multiple series codes.
Users can modify the date range and output options after executing the query
using the reformat button above the data output table.
Series Report is a form-based application that uses formatted PPI time
series identifiers (commodity or industry codes) as input in extracting
data according to a specified set of date ranges and output options.  This
application provides the most efficient path for users who are familiar
with the format of PPI time series identifiers.  Up to 300 indexes can be
extracted at a time.
There are five alphabetic prefixes used to create unique PPI time
series identifiers:  WP, WD, PC, PD, and ND.  Each provides the user access
to a different PPI database.  Adding either a "u" (not seasonally adjusted)
or an "s" (seasonally adjusted) to the end of these prefixes further
specifies the type of data needed.
For commodity and stage-of-processing indexes, series identifiers
combine a "wpu" prefix (not seasonally adjusted) or a "wps" prefix
(seasonally adjusted) with a commodity code.
Commodity code            Provides data for:
wps141101                 Passenger cars, seasonally adjusted
wpu141101                 Passenger cars, not seasonally adjusted
wpusop3000                Finished goods, not seasonally adjusted
For discontinued commodity indexes, series identifiers combine a "wdu"
prefix (not seasonally adjusted) or a "wds" prefix (seasonally adjusted)
with a commodity code.
wds019                    Other farm products, seasonally adjusted
wdu0635                   Preparations, ethical (prescription), not seasonally
wdusi138011               Stainless steel mill products, not seasonally adjusted
Current price indexes grouped by industry according to NAICS have series
identifiers that begin with the prefix "pcu." After the prefix, there are 12
digits (the 6-digit industry code is listed twice) followed by up to 7
alphanumeric characters identifying product detail.  Dashes are used as
placeholders for higher-level industry group codes.
Industry-product code,
current NAICS series       Provides data for:
pcu325---325---            Chemical manufacturing, not seasonally
pcu336110336110            Automobile and light duty motor vehicle
pcu621111621111411         Offices of physicians, one- and two-physician practices and
single-specialty group practices, general/family practice
pcu325412325412A           Pharmaceutical preparation manufacturing, pharmaceuticals
acting on the respiratory system
Discontinued industry-product codes based on SIC combine a "pdu"
prefix and "#" between the fourth and fifth characters of the product code.
Series identifiers for the discontinued dataset use underscores as
placeholders to complete a reference to an SIC industry group code of fewer
than four digits.  (All PPI industry-based indexes organized by SIC were
discontinued with the introduction of NAICS.)
discontinued SIC series    Provides data for:
pdu28__#                   Chemicals and allied products, not seasonally adjusted
pdu331_#                   Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and
finishing mills, not seasonally adjusted
pdu3711#111                Passenger cars
Price indexes for discontinued series grouped by industry according to
NAICS have series identifiers that begin with the prefix "ndu." After the
prefix, there are 12 numeric digits (the 6-digit industry code is listed
twice), and up to 7 additional alphanumeric characters that identify
product detail.  Dashes are used as placeholders for higher-level industry
group codes.
discontinued NAICS series  Provides data for:
ndu212231212231            Lead ore and zinc ore mining
ndu2122312122312           Lead and zinc concentrates
ndu212231212231214         Lead concentrates
Text Files (FTP) and the FTP server are best suited for users requiring
access to either a large volume of time series data or other PPI-related
documentation (such as seasonal factor and relative importance tables).
The FTP site can be accessed at ftp://ftp.bls.gov or directly from the
links on the "PPI Databases" page or the PPI homepage.  Data and
documentation available for download include the following:
Industry Data                         /pub/time.series/pc
Industry Data - Discontinued
NAICS basis	      /pub/time.series/nd
SIC basis             /pub/time.series/pd
Commodity Data                        /pub/time.series/wp
Commodity Data, Discontinued
Series                /pub/time.series/wd
Special requests                      /pub/special.requests/ppi
Latest news release                   /pub/news.release/ppi.txt
The FTP site maintains files to help with searches and downloads.
These files are centrally located in the /pub/doc directory.  Within this
directory, the overview.txt file contains an overview relating to all BLS
data available through the FTP site.  For current commodity-based PPI data,
the program help file is wp.txt; for discontinued commodity series, wd.txt;
for current industry-based PPI data based on NAICS, pc.txt; for industry-
based SIC time series that have been discontinued, pd.txt; and for industry-
based NAICS series that have been discontinued, nd.txt.
Users who prefer downloading PPI datasets as individual ZIP files
should go to the directory labeled /pub/time.series/compressed/tape.format/
on the FTP site.  This directory includes six PPI-specific ZIP files, one
for each of the PPI databases-WP, WD, PC, ND, and PD-and a ZIP file for the
annual 5-year revision to historical seasonal PPIs.
Other Sources of PPI Data
PPI data can also be accessed via the BLS homepage (www.bls.gov).
Clicking on the "Get Detailed Statistics" link at the top of the homepage
calls up a chart listing all available BLS programs.
The PPI homepage (www.bls.gov/ppi) contains additional information
regarding PPI data and methodology.  The top section of the homepage
provides PPI news releases, both current and archived, as well as general
PPI information.  The "Tables Created by BLS" section found beneath the
statistics section provides relative importance and seasonal factor tables.
The remaining sections offer special notices and publications pertaining to
PPI methodology and applications.
For questions or comments regarding PPI data classification,
methodology, or data availability on the Internet, call or e-mail the
Section of Index Analysis and Public Information at (202) 691-7705 or ppi-
info@bls.gov.
Table 1. Producer price indexes and percent changes by stage of processing 1982=100
Unadjusted index
Oct. 2009 from:
Seasonally adjusted
percent change from:
July to
Aug. to
Sept. to
100.000 174.3 173.4 174.1 -1.9 0.4 1.7 -0.6 0.3
Finished consumer goods
73.426 181.7 180.6 181.2 -2.3 0.3 2.3 -0.7 0.6
Finished consumer foods
1.751 156.2 145.0 165.4 -2.7 14.1 2.5 -2.9 16.0
16.876 178.2 177.0 176.9 -2.7 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Finished consumer goods, excluding foods
Nondurable goods less foods
38.724 198.7 198.4 197.6 -3.8 -0.4 3.9 -1.2 0.9
16.075 144.7 143.1 145.0 0.1 1.3 0.3 -0.2 -1.2
Capital equipment
5.925 159.1 159.0 159.2 -0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.4
Nonmanufacturing industries
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components
100.000 172.7 175.3 174.8 -7.5 -0.3 1.8 0.2 0.3
Materials and components for manufacturing
44.055 160.9 165.6 165.1 -8.4 -0.3 1.4 1.3 -0.3
Materials for food manufacturing
3.556 166.0 164.4 164.4 -8.4 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.4
Materials for nondurable manufacturing
13.440 190.1 199.3 196.4 -11.7 -1.5 2.1 1.8 -1.5
Materials for durable manufacturing
9.940 162.7 173.7 174.8 -13.6 0.6 3.2 2.8 0.6
Components for manufacturing
17.119 140.7 141.0 141.1 -1.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Materials and components for construction
10.260 202.0 201.8 201.9 -4.9 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.1
Processed fuels and lubricants
17.516 167.0 170.0 169.3 -12.7 -0.4 6.6 -1.9 2.6
4.974 171.4 171.5 170.8 -11.6 -0.4 4.8 -1.7 2.9
2.778 195.4 193.5 193.8 -2.7 0.2 -0.7 0.0 0.1
25.391 172.8 172.1 171.7 -3.0 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -0.2
3.140 167.4 168.5 167.6 -3.4 -0.5 0.0 0.4 -0.5
22.251 172.2 171.2 171.0 -3.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
1.550 184.0 171.7 167.0 -6.8 -2.7 -0.3 -3.3 -2.7
Crude materials for further processing
100.000 179.8 174.1 182.2 -14.1 4.7 3.8 -2.1 5.4
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs
40.432 141.0 127.3 131.6 -11.0 3.4 -0.8 -1.9 5.2
Nonfood materials
59.568 199.8 202.3 213.2 -16.0 5.4 6.8 -2.3 5.5
Nonfood materials except fuel(3)
31.559 225.1 237.6 244.6 -3.2 2.9 12.0 1.5 3.0
Manufacturing(3)
1.707 201.3 200.2 200.8 0.5 0.3 -0.6 0.4 0.4
Crude fuel(4)
28.009 150.6 138.7 154.6 -34.4 11.5 -3.0 -10.5 11.6
0.879 173.7 166.1 176.9 -21.8 6.5 -2.4 -6.9 6.8
Special groupings
Finished goods, excluding foods
(5)81.373 173.1 172.5 172.9 -1.9 0.2 2.1 -0.6 0.0
Intermediate materials less foods and feeds
(6)92.021 172.9 176.1 175.6 -7.3 -0.3 1.9 0.3 0.4
Intermediate foods and feeds
(6)7.979 169.3 165.7 164.8 -8.4 -0.5 0.3 -0.5 -0.2
Crude materials less agricultural products(3)(7)
(8)57.029 202.2 206.3 217.4 -16.6 5.4 6.8 -2.4 5.5
Finished energy goods
(5)17.765 154.4 153.5 152.0 -9.4 -1.0 8.0 -2.4 1.6
Finished goods less energy
(5)82.235 172.4 171.5 172.9 -0.1 0.8 0.2 -0.1 -0.1
Finished consumer goods less energy
Finished goods less foods and energy
(5)63.608 171.4 170.9 172.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 -0.1 -0.6
Finished consumer goods less foods and energy
Consumer nondurable goods less foods and energy
(5)20.959 213.9 214.6 214.9 2.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2
Intermediate energy goods
(6)17.681 167.8 172.0 171.1 -13.3 -0.5 7.1 -2.1 2.3
Intermediate materials less energy
(6)82.319 171.8 173.9 173.6 -5.9 -0.2 0.6 0.8 -0.1
Intermediate materials less foods and energy
Crude energy materials(3)
Crude materials less energy
(8)58.617 168.9 163.7 167.5 -8.0 2.3 1.4 0.0 3.6
Crude nonfood materials less energy(4)
(1) Comprehensive relative importance figures are initially computed after the publication of December indexes and are recalculated after final December indexes are available. Individual items and subtotals may not add exactly to totals because of rounding differences.
(2) The indexes for June 2009 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents. All indexes are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
(3) Includes crude petroleum.
(4) Excludes crude petroleum.
(5) Percent of total finished goods.
(6) Percent of total intermediate materials.
(7) Formerly titled "Crude materials for further processing, excluding crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs, plant and animal fibers, oilseeds, and leaf tobacco."
(8) Percent of total crude materials.
Table 2. Producer price indexes and percent changes for selected commodity groupings by stage of processing 1982=100, unless otherwise indicated
percent change to
Seasonally adjusted percent
change from:
174.3 173.4 174.1 -1.9 0.4 1.7 -0.6 0.3
Fresh fruits and melons(2)
102.2 113.1 121.2 15.2 7.2 5.9 6.5 7.2
Fresh and dry vegetables(2)
169.2 135.8 168.7 -6.7 24.2 -5.4 -4.0 24.2
Eggs for fresh use (Dec 1991=100)
111.1 113.3 116.0 -19.4 2.4 10.1 -9.8 8.9
Bakery products(2)
246.2 246.3 245.0 0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.2 -0.5
Milled rice(2)
201.0 192.0 190.4 -29.7 -0.8 0.9 -3.7 -0.8
Pasta products (June 1985=100)(2)
183.1 176.8 176.1 -6.6 -0.4 -1.1 -1.0 -0.4
Beef and veal(2)
148.8 145.8 141.9 -5.1 -2.7 2.5 1.6 -2.7
116.6 113.1 112.0 -18.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.6 1.3
Processed young chickens
158.2 147.6 142.3 -2.7 -3.6 -1.7 -1.9 0.3
123.2 116.3 119.8 -3.5 3.0 -1.9 -2.0 3.4
Finfish and shellfish(2)
Dairy products(2)
151.7 156.4 161.2 -11.3 3.1 1.7 1.4 3.1
Processed fruits and vegetables
176.2 177.2 177.7 3.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1
Confectionery end products(2)
Soft drinks(2)
181.0 181.0 182.8 2.2 1.0 1.3 -0.8 1.0
Roasted coffee(2)
179.8 181.1 179.6 -1.0 -0.8 -0.5 1.1 -0.8
Shortening and cooking oils(2)
231.0 220.3 212.8 -24.1 -3.4 -0.2 2.1 -3.4
Frozen specialties(2)
177.7 178.8 179.0 3.3 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1
Finished consumer goods excluding foods
Pet food(2)
Women's, girls', & infants' apparel (Dec 2003=100)(2)
Men's and boys' apparel (Dec 2003=100)(2)
Textile housefurnishings
Residential electric power (Dec 1990=100)
152.5 153.4 150.3 1.2 -2.0 0.1 -0.1 0.9
Residential gas (Dec 1990=100)
195.5 195.0 196.7 -20.1 0.9 -0.9 -1.9 0.2
206.8 197.7 193.5 -16.0 -2.1 23.0 -5.4 1.9
Home heating oil and distillates
Pharmaceutical preparations (June 2001=100)(2)
Soaps and synthetic detergents(2)
Cleaning and polishing products (June 1983=100)(2)
169.7 169.5 169.2 0.4 -0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.2
Cosmetics and other toilet preparations(2)
Tires, tubes, tread, etc(2)
129.2 128.5 131.8 -2.3 2.6 -0.5 0.0 2.6
Sanitary paper products(2)
Household furniture(2)
Floor coverings(2)
Household appliances(2)
Home electronic equipment(2)
52.8 52.8 52.8 -6.4 0.0 -2.2 0.0 0.0
Household glassware(2)
Household flatware(2)
193.4 193.4 193.4 -0.5 0.0 - - 0.0
Lawn and garden equip, ex tractors(2)
142.1 142.1 142.0 1.1 -0.1 -0.6 0.1 -0.1
131.6 129.5 135.1 1.5 4.3 0.7 1.0 -0.5
Travel trailers and campers (June 1984=100)(2)
Toys, games, and children's vehicles(2)
Sporting and athletic goods(2)
Tobacco products(2)
537.6 539.1 539.1 4.8 0.0 -0.7 0.2 0.0
Mobile homes(2)
Jewelry, platinum, & karat gold(2)
Costume jewelry and novelties(2)
159.5 159.5 159.5 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
156.6 156.1 157.2 0.1 0.7 0.3 -0.1 -0.7
Agricultural machinery and equipment(2)
Construction machinery and equipment
191.6 190.1 189.5 1.0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4
Metal cutting machine tools(2)
Metal forming machine tools(2)
Tools, dies, jigs, fixtures, and ind. molds(2)
Pumps, compressors, and equipment(2)
Industrial material handling equipment(2)
Electronic computers (Dec 2004=100)(2)
33.5 33.0 32.9 -15.0 -0.3 0.9 -0.6 -0.3
Textile machinery(2)
Paper industries machinery (June 1982=100)(2)
Printing trades machinery(2)
Transformers and power regulators(2)
Communication & related equip (Dec 1985=100)(2)
X-ray and electromedical equipment(2)
90.0 90.3 90.3 -1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 0.0
Oil field and gas field machinery
Mining machinery and equipment
Office and store machines and equipment(2)
Commercial furniture(2)
Light motor trucks
153.2 148.1 151.8 -1.7 2.5 0.8 -1.4 -5.2
Heavy motor trucks(2)
Truck trailers(2)
177.8 178.3 178.2 -2.0 -0.1 1.0 -0.7 -0.1
Civilian aircraft (Dec 1985=100)
Ships (Dec 1985=100)(2)
Railroad equipment(2)
172.7 175.3 174.8 -7.5 -0.3 1.8 0.2 0.3
Flour(2)
Refined sugar and byproducts(2)
Confectionery materials
Soft drink beverage bases (Dec 1985=100)(2)
Processed eggs(2)
101.9 122.8 129.7 -35.5 5.6 13.5 2.3 5.6
Prepared animal feeds(2)
Synthetic fibers(2)
Processed yarns and threads(2)
Gray fabrics(2)
Finished fabrics(2)
Industrial textile products(2)
Liquefied petroleum gas(2)
233.7 269.1 286.0 12.1 6.3 12.4 7.6 6.3
Commercial electric power
182.0 185.6 180.8 1.6 -2.6 -0.6 0.7 1.6
Industrial electric power
193.3 194.8 191.7 -0.7 -1.6 -0.3 0.2 2.6
Commercial natural gas (Dec 1990=100)
197.8 208.6 198.7 -24.3 -4.7 0.2 0.2 -1.6
Industrial natural gas (Dec 1990=100)
197.8 191.5 199.1 -26.1 4.0 0.1 -2.8 3.5
Natural gas to electric utilities (Dec 1990=100)
No 2 Diesel fuel
Residual fuels(2)
160.6 184.5 181.4 -19.7 -1.7 14.2 4.4 -1.7
Basic inorganic chemicals(2)
276.1 256.5 254.5 -16.4 -0.8 -10.9 4.8 -0.8
Basic organic chemicals(2)
Prepared paint
236.5 236.1 235.8 2.3 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 0.0
Paint materials(2)
Medicinal and botanical chemicals(2)
Fats and oils, inedible(2)
Mixed fertilizers
Nitrogenates
Phosphates(2)
Other agricultural chemicals(2)
Plastic resins and materials(2)
Synthetic rubber(2)
Plastic construction products(2)
Unsupported plastic film, sheet, & other shapes(2)
Plastic parts and components for manufacturing(2)
Softwood lumber(2)
Hardwood lumber(2)
Plywood(2)
Treated wood (June 1985=100)
Woodpulp(2)
Paperboard(2)
Paper boxes and containers
Building paper and board(2)
Commercial printing (June 1982=100)(2)
Foundry and forge shop products(2)
Steel mill products(2)
Primary nonferrous metals(2)
Aluminum mill shapes(2)
Copper and brass mill shapes(2)
330.2 396.7 383.7 3.7 -3.3 11.1 10.0 -3.3
Titanium mill shapes(2)
222.5 224.8 217.4 -10.0 -3.3 -0.7 -0.4 -3.3
Nonferrous wire and cable(2)
Metal containers(2)
155.9 154.2 - - - -0.6 -0.2 -
Hardware(2)
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings(2)
Fabricated structural metal products(2)
Fabricated ferrous wire products (June 1982=100)(2)
Other misc metal products(2)
Mechanical power transmission equipment
Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Metal valves, ex.fluid power (Dec. 1982=100)(2)
Ball and roller bearings(2)
Wiring devices(2)
Motors, generators, motor generator sets(2)
Switchgear, switchboard, etc, equipment(2)
Electronic components and accessories(2)
75.4 75.2 74.8 -2.6 -0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5
Internal combustion engines(2)
Machine shop products(2)
Flat glass(2)
Cement(2)
Asphalt felts and coatings
Gypsum products(2)
Motor vehicle parts(2)
Aircraft engines & engine parts (Dec 1985=100)
Aircraft parts & aux. equip.,nec (June 1985=100)(2)
Photographic supplies(2)
Medical/surgical/personal aid devices
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs
Wheat(2)
Corn(2)
Slaughter cattle(2)
70.1 61.8 61.3 -24.1 -0.8 -17.2 9.5 6.3
Slaughter broilers/fryers
234.2 182.9 180.6 -10.3 -1.3 -5.4 -5.3 7.7
Slaughter turkeys
Fluid milk
84.6 95.1 103.3 -22.2 8.6 2.7 5.8 7.6
Soybeans(2)
213.0 162.1 170.1 18.0 4.9 9.6 -19.0 4.9
Cane sugar, raw (Dec 2003=100)(2)
Crude nonfood materials
Raw cotton(2)
77.3 80.6 87.6 -5.3 8.7 5.6 0.0 8.7
Hides and skins(2)
101.4 133.2 139.9 -29.7 5.0 6.6 13.7 5.0
Natural gas(2)
140.2 124.6 144.9 -43.6 16.3 -3.5 -13.8 16.3
Crude petroleum(2)
189.2 189.2 200.0 -7.2 5.7 19.6 -0.4 5.7
Logs, timber, etc(2)
Wastepaper(2)
Iron ore(2)
Iron and steel scrap(2)
298.4 422.4 403.3 10.2 -4.5 13.5 6.9 -4.5
Nonferrous metal ores (Dec 1983=100)(2)
Copper base scrap(2)
Aluminum base scrap
Construction sand, gravel, and crushed stone
(2) Not seasonally adjusted.
"-" Data not available.
Table 3. Producer price indexes for selected commodity groupings 1982=100, unless otherwise indicated
Unadjusted index(1)
174.1 174.6 175.3
Major commodity groups
Farm products and processed foods and feeds
Processed foods and feeds
Industrial commodities
Textile products and apparel
Hides, skins, leather, and related products
Fuels and related products and power
Chemicals and allied products
Rubber and plastic products
Lumber and wood products
Pulp, paper, and allied products
Furniture and household durables
Nonmetallic mineral products
Industrial commodities less fuels and related products and power
Other commodity groupings
Fruits and melons, fresh and dry vegetables, and tree nuts
Slaughter livestock
Slaughter poultry
Plant and animal fibers
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds
Cereal and bakery products
Meats, poultry, and fish
Processed poultry
Sugar and confectionery
Beverages and beverage materials
Packaged beverage materials
Other leather and related products
Gas fuels
Refined petroleum products
Agricultural chemicals and products
Other chemicals and allied products
Rubber, except natural rubber
Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board
Converted paper and paperboard products
Nonferrous mill shapes
Metalworking machinery and equipment
General purpose machinery and equipment
Special industry machinery
Electrical machinery and equipment
Miscellaneous machinery and equipment
Other household durable goods
Concrete ingredients
Motor vehicles and equipment
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, etc
Photographic equipment and supplies
Other miscellaneous products
(1) Data for June 2009 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
Table 4. Producer price indexes for the net output of selected industries and industry groups, not seasonally adjusted
Industry(1)
to Oct. 2009 from:
Sept. 2009(2)
Oct. 2009(2)
Total mining, utilities, and manufacturing industries
107.0 107.2 107.3 -4.6 0.1
Total mining industries
180.2 180.7 191.8 -14.1 6.1
Oil and gas extraction
Mining (except oil & gas)
185.9 191.3 192.6 4.6 0.7
Mining support activities
154.3 152.3 151.9 -15.3 -0.3
129.0 130.6 129.1 -5.1 -1.1
Total manufacturing industries
Food mfg
Beverage & tobacco mfg
Textile mills
Textile product mills
Leather and allied product manufacturing
Paper manufacturing
Printing and related support activities
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Chemical mfg
Plastics and rubber products mfg
Nonmetallic mineral product mfg
Primary metal mfg
Fabricated metal product mfg
Machinery mfg
120.2 120.5 120.3 0.8 -0.2
Computer & electronic product mfg
92.1 92.1 91.8 -1.0 -0.3
Electrical equipment, appliance & component mfg
Transportation equipment mfg
Furniture & related product mfg
Miscellaneous mfg
Total trade industries
Total wholesale trade industries
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods
133.4 132.8 138.7 10.3 4.4
Wholesale trade agents and brokers
Total retail trade industries
Motor vehicle and parts dealers
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Electronics and appliance stores
Bldg material and garden equip and supp dealers
Food and beverage stores
Health and personal care stores
Gasoline stations
69.5 64.6 60.0 -21.9 -7.1
Clothing and clothing accessories stores
Sporting goods hobby, book and music stores
General merchandise stores
Nonstore retailers
Transportation and warehousing industries
Water transportation
Truck transportation
Pipeline transportation of crude oil
Refined petroleum product pipeline transport
Transportation support activities
Delivery and warehouse industries
Couriers and messengers
Total traditional service industries
Publishing industries, except Internet
Broadcasting, except Internet
ISPs and Web search portals
70.8 70.8 70.9 -2.9 0.1
Data processing and related services
Selected health care industries
Offices of physicians
Medical and diagnostic laboratories
Blood and organ banks
Residential mental retardation facilities
Other selected traditional service industries
Depository credit intermediation
Security, commodity contracts and like activity
Insurance carriers and related activities
Lessors of nonres bldg (exc miniwarehouse)
Lessors of miniwarehouse and self storage units
Offices of real estate agents and brokers
Automotive equipment rental and leasing
Other heavy machinery rental and leasing
Architectural, engineering and related services
Management and technical consulting services
98.6 100.4 98.5 -2.9 -1.9
Golf courses and country clubs
Fitness and recreational sports centers
99.1 99.9 99.9 0.9 0.0
Commercial machinery repair and maintenance
(1) Indexes in this table are derived from the net-output-weighted industry price indexes. Because of differences in coverage and aggregation methodology, they will generally not match the movements of similarly titled indexes which are derived from traditional commodity groupings.
NOTE: NAICS replaced the SIC system beginning with the release of PPI data for January 2004.
See http://www.bls.gov/ppi/ppinaics.htm for details.
Table 5. Producer price indexes by stage of processing, seasonally adjusted 1982=100
Index(1)
170.5 173.4 171.7 174.7 173.7 174.2
Crude materials less agricultural products(2)
(1) All seasonally adjusted indexes are subject to change up to 5 years after original publication due to the recalculation of seasonal factors each January. The indexes for June 2009 have been recalculated to incorporate late reports and corrections by respondents.
Last Modified Date: November 17, 2009
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index, PSB Suite 3840 2 Massachusetts Avenue NE Washington, DC 20212-0001
Telephone: 1-202-691-7705 www.bls.gov/PPI Contact PPI


text:
layout:     post
title:      "swift SubString"
subtitle:   "swift String—>SubString"
date:       2016-12-22 23:00:00
author:     "Haoking"
header-img: "img/post-bg-re-vs-ng2.jpg"
tags:
    - iOS
    - Swift
    - Objective-C
    - String
    - SubString
    - Front-end
    - OSX
---

> [Please indicate the source of forwarding and be a follower of my Github](https://github.com/haoking).

## **Swift SubString**

**swift String—>SubString**

How many people are complaining to Swift on SubString ?

Haha. Absolutely.

When we old iOS developers are using Objective-C, we often pick a substring like this:

```objective-c
NSString *string = @"love我爱你"; // if we want to pick: "ve我"
NSString *stringTemp = [string substringFromIndex:2];
NSString *result = [stringTemp substringToIndex:3];
```

or we can just use "substringWithRange:NSMakeRange":

```objective-c
NSString *string2 = [string substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(2, 3)];
```

As we can see, it is pretty easy.

But come to Swift (Swift3), we cannot use this kind of methods anymore.

This makes us confused.

But today Let us solve it at once!!!!!

Here I will give you 6 kinds of methods to solve it!!! (Oh, my god! Crazy!) 666666666

The first method

We can convert "String" to "NSString", then we use the Methods from "NSString":

```swift
let string = "love我爱你"   // if we want to pick: "ve我"
let ocString = string as NSString
let resultString = ocString.substring(with: NSMakeRange(2, 3))
```

The second method

Convert "String" to "Array", then we use the Methods from "NSString" to pick subArray, and convert back in the end:

```swift
let string = "love我爱你"   // if we want to pick: "ve我"
let stringArray = Array(string.characters)
let resultString = String(stringArray[2..<2+3])
```

The third method

We use "String" methods

string.substring(from:   String.Index) and string.substring(to:   String.Index)

Firstly, we use "string.substring(from:   String.Index) " to pick part of String,

then we use "string.substring(to:   String.Index)" to get the result:

```swift
let string = "love我爱你"   // if we want to pick: "ve我"
let resultString = string.substring(from: string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 2)).substring(to: string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 3))
```

The fourth method

We improve the third method a little bit, we can make it easier:

```swift
let string = "love我爱你"   // if we want to pick: "ve我"
let resultString = string.substring(from: "xx".endIndex).substring(to: "xxx".endIndex)
```

The fifth method

We use "String" methods: "string.substring(with: Range(String.Index))"

We build the "Rang" firstly, then use it:

```swift
let string = "love我爱你"   // if we want to pick: "ve我"
let start = string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 2)
let end = string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 2+3)
let range = start..<end
let resultString = string.substring(with: range)
```

The sixth method

We don not use method come from "SubString Class", we directly use the methods from "String Class":

```swift
let string = "love我爱你"   // if we want to pick: "ve我"
let resultString = string[string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 2)..<string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: 2 + 3)]
```

Come to the end.

Hope you like these methods to pick substring, and I believe it is enough.

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text:
Cogenhoe & Whiston Parish Council
Serving the people of Cogenhoe & Whiston
Take a look at the Community Calendar to see what's going on in the village
The timetable and other information about the Village Hopper bus can be found on the Village Hopper Bus page
Village Hopper Bus
Pocket Park
Mon, 02 Mar 2020 19:30
Heritage Society - Talking Machines – Colin Ray
Sat, 04 Apr 2020 13:00
Easter Fete
Wed, 08 Apr 2020 19:30
Heritage Society - Paul Crofts -'The Life and Times of the Wellingborough Diggers of 1649'
50,816 page views over twelve months, updated daily.
Home » Accessibility
We are committed to making our site accessible to all.
Accessibility Standards and this Website
We are continuously improving this website to ensure that it meets the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines issued by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). The WAI website content accessibilty guidelines (WCAG 2.1), published in 2018 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), are the globally used and accepted standard for website accessibility, by both the corporate and public sector.
This website has been developed to serve the largest possible audience, using the broadest range of systems and to consider any needs that users with disabilities might have.
For our part we're providing a site which has been designed and coded to achieve an AA level of compliance. To achieve an AAA level of compliance depends on the content and how it's written, and that is down to individual site editors to achieve. If the content is written correctly then the individual website might be able to achieve AAA level of compliance.
Accessibility Help - Change the way this website looks - Using tools on your computer
You can control the look and functionality of this website, depending on your computer settings. Most computers will have accessibility settings you can change including; the way the screen looks (e.g. changing; fonts, sizes, colours, etc), the way the keyboard or mouse works and possibly speaking and listening to commands as well as a range of other features.
As several organisations have already produced lots of very good content about how to make computers and websites more accessible, we have linked to these sites rather than duplicate their content.
My Web My Way produced by the BBC is a comprehensive site with loads of useful information and a wealth of accessibility links
If you're a regular computer users then in Windows - Click on the 'Start' button, then 'Programs', then 'Accessories', then 'Accessibility'.
Your browser will usually have controls which you can use to enlarge the text on your screen.
If you experience any problems with our pages, please contact us and we will try to provide you with the information you need. Please let us know which page (including the page address/URL) you experienced problems with, and if you have any suggestions for how we could improve this page.
The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) is responsible for enforcing the accessibility regulations. If you're not happy with how we respond to your complaint, contact the Equality Advisory and Support Service (EASS).
Clerk: Mrs Deborah Rush, Rose Hill House, 26 Main Road, Grendon, Northamptonshire, NN7 1JW
Telephone: 01933 663918 Email: clerk@cogenhoeandwhiston-pc.gov.uk
Clerk:
Mrs Deborah Rush
Rose Hill House
26 Main Road
Grendon
NN7 1JW
Denton Theft from Vehicle Crime Ref 20000005112 bit.ly/36rVelO
Vehicle Theft - Cogenhoe bit.ly/2Feq99b
Criminal Damage and Attempted Theft - Castle Ashby bit.ly/35pbaEY
The District Council is South Northamptonshire Council.
The County Council is Northamptonshire County Council.

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ASHEBORO — The 13th annual Human Race will be Saturday, March 22, at Bicentennial Park, 135 Sunset Ave., Asheboro.
The opening ceremony is from 9:45-10 a.m. The race starts at 10 a.m., rain or shine.
This 5K welcomes runners, walkers, baby strollers and kids of all ages to attend. Well-behaved dogs on leashes are also welcome and encouraged to participate in the Mutt Strutt sponsored by the Randolph County Animal Shelter.
The runner registration fee and the fee for the Mutt Strutt is $25, which includes a 2014 Human Race T-shirt. Walkers who turn in at least $20 in donations will also receive a 2014 Human Race t-shirt.
Pre-register for the event at The Volunteer Center of Randolph County, 363 S. Cox St., Asheboro, or on the day of the event, from 9-9:45 a.m.
An awards ceremony for the top runners and Mutt Strutt participants will take place after the race.
"The Human Race is a great opportunity to get outdoors with family and friends to have good and healthy fun while helping to raise funds for your favorite United Way agency or other nonprofit," said Mary Joan Pugh, Human Race Committee chair..
Last year, more than 400 participants raised over $54,000 to support nearly 60 nonprofit organizations.
If you are interested in volunteering and/or signing up to participate, email srudzinski@uwrandolph.org or call (336) 626-6643.
The Human Race is hosted by The Volunteer Center of Randolph County and United Way of Randolph County.


Brevard and most of Western North Carolina were spared the effects of the recent Hurricane Florence that devastated so many communities to the east in both North and South Carolina.
Our golf club is pitching in with Hurricane Florence relief for the thousands of people that were affected and still dealing with flooding and what is likely to be months and months of recovery.
Clean out some space on your pantry shelf by dropping off non-perishable food items at the clubhouse pro shop. The golf team will make sure they get to hurricane affected areas.
If you're a golfer, you can also take advantage of a reduced round of golf for pitching in. Donate at least four items and get a round of golf after 12p.m. for just $35 (advance tee time required and subject to availability.) Please make sure all can good or other non-perishable items still have a current date.
Donations will be accepted through October 7th.
Thanks for helping us to help our fellow Carolinians in need.


text:
AT&T and Boingo Wireless Boost Mobile Internet Coverage at Soldier Field
Upgraded 4G LTE Network Technology Gives Customers More Reliable Wireless Connections on Event Days
Chicago, IL, November 19, 2015 — When a big play happens this season at Soldier Field, fans can enjoy stronger connections as they share the moment with friends and family.
AT&T* and Boingo Wireless have boosted mobile Internet coverage at Soldier Field by upgrading the Distributed Antenna System (DAS) to give customers a better wireless experience before, during and after the game. The companies co-designed a new neutral host "oDAS," or outdoor DAS network, to provide comprehensive coverage for all aspects of the fan experience, from tailgating to pre- and post-game events and festivals in the stadium campus and parking areas.
"When our customers head out to the stadium to cheer on their favorite team, we want them to have a great network experience throughout the game no matter what they're doing – making a call, sharing pictures on social media, downloading apps or surfing the Internet," said Paul La Schiazza, President, AT&T Illinois. "We're continuing to invest in our wireless network to help customers at Soldier Field stay connected from end zone to end zone."
"As one of the leading providers of connectivity at sports and entertainment venues, we understand that the game day experience starts outside the stadium, the minute fans arrive to 'pre-game' with their friends," said Boingo President Nick Hulse. "We designed the new outdoor DAS network with AT&T at Soldier Field to provide comprehensive coverage from the moment fans park their cars to the post-game celebrations on the stadium campus. Our neutral host network approach ensures that all fans can enjoy fast, reliable connectivity. We're proud to continually improve the connected experience at the stadium in partnership with SMG."
The network upgrade consists of strategically placed antennas that distribute wireless coverage throughout the Soldier Field campus. It will provide stronger, more consistent wireless coverage to customers, so they don't have to worry about their service getting stuck in a traffic jam of other people's calls, texts and posts.
"Soldier Field is one of the most iconic venues in the United States, with over 200 events hosted annually. Our state-of-the-art wireless networks keep us on the cutting edge of stadium technology, and ensure that our fans can send videos and photos, chat with friends and check scores with ease. We're pleased with the continued investment that Boingo and our carrier collaborators are making at Soldier Field," said Luca Serra, Director of Sponsorship & Media at Soldier Field (SMG).
AT&T and Boingo continue to invest in the Soldier Field DAS network to give customers the high-quality services they need to stay connected. Both companies are also adding the latest network technology, such as small cells, to ensure customers have wireless service where they need it most.
DAS technology helps improve customers' wireless service by shortening the distance a request must travel. It's also expected to help improve call reliability and mobile Internet access to help customers make the most of their AT&T devices.
These investments help to ensure that Illinois residents get the best possible experience over the AT&T network, whether at home, at work or on the go. AT&T's network has the nation's strongest LTE signal, ** and AT&T also has the nation's most reliable LTE network. ***
Over the past six years (2009-2014), AT&T invested more than $140 billion including investments in its wireless and wireline networks, acquisitions of wireless spectrum and operations. Since 2009, AT&T has invested more in the United States than any other public company. In a September 2014 report, the Progressive Policy Institute ranked AT&T No. 1 on its list of U.S. "Investment Heroes."
For more information about AT&T's coverage in Chicago or anywhere in the U.S., visit the AT&T Coverage Viewer. For updates on the AT&T wireless network, please visit the AT&T network news page.
Boingo is a leading provider of small cell and Wi-Fi networks at major league stadiums, large universities and airports, including Philips Arena, University of Arizona's Arizona Stadium, Pinnacle Bank Arena and more than 60 airports across the globe. For more information about Boingo's sports and entertainment network solutions, please visit
*AT&T products and services are provided or offered by subsidiaries and affiliates of AT&T Inc. under the AT&T brand and not by AT&T Inc.
** Claim based on average LTE signal strength for national carriers.
*** Claim based on analysis of independent third party data re national carriers' 4G LTE. LTE is a trademark of ETSI. 4G LTE not available everywhere.
About AT&T
AT&T Inc. (NYSE:T) helps millions around the globe connect with leading entertainment, mobile, high speed Internet and voice services. We're the world's largest provider of pay TV. We have TV customers in the U.S. and 11 Latin American countries. In the U.S., our wireless network has the nation's strongest 4G LTE signal and most reliable 4G LTE. We offer the best global coverage of any U.S. wireless provider*. And we help businesses worldwide serve their customers better with our mobility and highly secure cloud solutions.
Additional information about AT&T products and services is available at http://about.att.com. Follow our news on Twitter at @ATT, on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/att and YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/att.
© 2015 AT&T Intellectual Property. All rights reserved. AT&T, the Globe logo and other marks are trademarks and service marks of AT&T Intellectual Property and/or AT&T affiliated companies. All other marks contained herein are the property of their respective owners.
Signal strength and reliability claims based on nationwide carriers' 4G LTE. Signal strength claim based ONLY on avg. 4G LTE signal strength. 4G LTE not available everywhere.
*Global coverage claim based on offering discounted voice and data roaming; LTE roaming; voice roaming; and world-capable smartphone and tablets in more countries than any other U.S. based carrier
Boingo Wireless, Inc. (NASDAQ: WIFI) helps the world stay connected. Our vast footprint of small cell networks cover more than a million DAS and Wi-Fi locations and reaches more than 1 billion consumers annually – in places as varied as airports, stadiums, universities, and military bases. For more information about the Boingo story, visit www.smgworld.com.
AT&T Cautionary Language Concerning Forward-Looking Statements
Information set forth in this press release contains financial estimates and other forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results might differ materially. A discussion of factors that may affect future results is contained in AT&T's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. AT&T disclaims any obligation to update and revise statements contained in this news release based on new information or otherwise.
Boingo Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains "forward-looking statements" that involves risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "seeks" "believes," "estimates," "expects" and similar references to future periods. These forward-looking statements include the quotations from management in this press release, as well as any statements regarding Boingo's strategic plans and future guidance. Forward-looking statements are based on the company's current expectations and assumptions regarding its business, the economy and other future conditions. Since forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. The company's actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include regional, national or global political, economic, business, competitive, market and regulatory conditions, as well as other risk and uncertainties described more fully in documents filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including Boingo's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 filed with the SEC on March 16, 2015, and Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015 filed with the SEC on November 9, 2015. Any forward-looking statement made by Boingo in this press release speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause the company's actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for Boingo to predict all of them. Boingo undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.


McCreesh Tree service experts are ready to help you in the event of an emergency tree care situation. We offer 24-hour emergency tree removal services. Nature is unpredictable, but you can count on McCreesh Tree to be timely, knowledgeable and reliable. If one of your trees unexpectedly fails or you find yourself in the need of emergency tree removal, you can count on us. A fleet of specialized vehicles and state-of-the-art equipment operated by highly skilled staff will be deployed to handle your tree removal emergency.


text:
Q: Socket SO_RCVTIMEO Timeout is double the set value in C++/VC++ Please, show below example
int val = 120000;
setsockopt(connSock,SOL_SOCKET,SO_RCVTIMEO,(char*)&val,sizeof(int));

I set 120 seconds at receive timeout but it takes 240 seconds.
I think timeout is double the set value.
how is it possible?

A: SO_RCVTIMEO does not accept an int as the timeout.  You're looking for something like this:
struct timeval tv = {
    .tv_sec = 120
};

setsockopt(connSock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, &tv, sizeof(tv));

A: SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO do not work on all socket operations, you should use non-blocking mode and select.
The behaviour may change on different operating system configurations.
On my system the connect timeouts after two times the value I set in SO_RCVTIMEO. A quick hack like setting SO_RCVTIMEO to x/2 before a connect and x after it works, but the proper solution is using select.
References
Discussion on this problem (read comments to answer):

*

*https://stackoverflow.com/a/4182564/4074995
How to use select to achive the desired result:

*

*http://beej.us/guide/bgnet/output/html/multipage/advanced.html#select

*C: socket connection timeout

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Born and bred in the church, Jerry Dewitt was a Pentecostal preacher in the town of DeRidder, Louisiana before he came to doubt his faith and, ultimately, reject it outright.
The first graduate of The Clergy Project, Jerry DeWitt now travels the country promoting secularism (and a love for people both religious and non-religious).
He is author of the book, "Hope After Faith: An Ex-Pastor's Journey From Belief To Atheism."
He joins Seth Andrews for a deeply personal discussion about his former faith and the road from pastor to apostate.


text:
Accessibility Design as part of the Arts Curriculum
By admin | /Teaching Experiences | Comments are Closed | 28 October, 2020 | 0
By Elena SV Flys
Eastern Michigan University
/TEACHING EXPERIENCE
This short paper highlights the contradiction of the arts seeking social inclusion and justice but still being inaccessible to many stakeholders, due to the lack of access services. When accessibility is mentioned, usually people think exclusively of physical or architectural barriers, disregarding the importance of communication barriers, which are equally significant. This paper discusses the learning and implementation process of accessibility in the arts administration curriculum and how educators can address issues of social justice by adopting strategies for inclusion and access in their courses. Current and future artists and producers not only need to be aware of these needs, but also of their own role in reaching these audiences. I will also describe the integration of accessibility in the arts administration curriculum and as another design area at EMU's Theatre. The real-life experiences can serve to illustrate the challenges and benefits of integrating accessibility from a practical perspective. I hypothesize that by incorporating accessibility initiatives into Art curriculums at colleges, so that future creators will learn to consider accessibility as one of the core values of design of any artistic production.
What does current accessibility look like?
As stated in my earlier research (SV FLYS, 2018), although regulations such as ADA can be considered a collective solution, they all have limitations. For example, ADA requires and encourages organizations to provide aids as long as it doesn't result in "undue burden". Thus, the legal platform is not able to guarantee inclusion. In addition, organizations that can financially offer these access services tend to have the limitation of establishing a connection between the third parties (who provide access services such as audio description) with the director of the play or theatre companies. Therefore, the goal of Universal Design—where accessibility is conceived from the show's inception—is impossible.
Consequently, I have asked myself as a practitioner and a scholar arts administrator:
What can arts administrators do to consider accessibility to the arts from the very beginning of the production process?
What tools and resources can we develop to include this approach of universal design into our classes?
How can this initiative assure that the arts will be fully accessible and inclusive to everyone?
In order to answer these questions, I introduce ways to include accessibility in the university setting. For each method I will provide some examples and processes to embed inclusivity and access. I have narrowed the focus into three sections:
Incorporating topics of accessibility into the current courses
Teaching accessibility and accessibility design as a course
Including accessibility design and development into artistic productions
Accessibility should be taught in the area of arts administration because our students will be involved with every step of an organization's mission and audience engagement. As arts administrators we determine our internal and external policies that may or may not promote an inclusive environment. Thus, access and inclusion are topics that can very well be contained within our courses.
For example, in a class of Arts Administration Principles & Practices, topics of access and inclusion can be embedded in areas of human resources, financial planning, programming and marketing. In the area of human resources the professor could include elements of how to fight discrimination in employment, introducing Title I and II of ADA, which talk about equal employment opportunities. Students could discuss job descriptions and where to post them, how to assure equal access to the information (job application procedures), and how to talk about work placement accommodations. On a related note, arts administrators must be able to deal with the organization's finances, which means not only maintaining, monitoring and communicating the financial reality of the organization but also explaining and including budget lines that will provide accessibility and inclusivity in their overall activities and programs. For this purpose, the professor could include an activity that deals with several organization's budgets and analyze whether access has been incorporated or not and which elements could be included. Another example is programming and the concept of effective communication. As mentioned before, access to the building does not guarantee equal access to everyone. Arts organizations must deliberately decide whether they want their programs to be fully accessible or not. For this purpose, the professor could introduce Title III of ADA and explain to students the different access services that an arts organization could provide to their audience.
With this is mind, this topic can also be raised in a multitude of other courses, such as in a Marketing course, where professors could discuss different platforms and mediums used to promote their programs and the accessibility available. This would allow students to review and think about ways in which promotion strategies can increase inclusion instead of exclusion. Another interesting topic would be to teach students how to advertise the welcoming environment created by the organization thanks to the access services. Equal access and inclusion are also topics that can be built-in into a Cultural Policy course. When talking about access to culture, the professor could include the challenges that the disabled community goes through to access different art forms as audience members and also as artists. Some excellent resources are: Kuppers, 2014; Sandhal, 2005; Kleege, 2018 and Hadley, 2015. In a Fundraising course, for example, most of the grants in the US require the organization to explain their ADA compliance and their plans to reach out to broader communities. This would give the professor the chance to include this necessary skill in students' professional training.
For all these courses, I would recommend that before doing so the professor includes some demographic information from the area showing data from people with disabilities and aging adults. This would not only provide with the necessary context for students to understand the percentage of population that potentially they would be excluding from their programs, but it also gives the professor a chance to explain the benefits of access services for all audience members.
Access Booth at Eastern Michigan University. Accessibility Crew. Photo by Elena SV Flys
Teaching accessibility design as a course
Another option, especially for arts administrators that are entrepreneurs and want to create their own company, is to have a specific class devoted to accessibility design. I taught this class in 2019 and it was very interesting for the students. For example, one graduate student in their evaluation stated, "the course information is extremely relevant and important" and an undergraduate student said "I loved the work we did. Very hands on, and I can update my resume because of this class!" The contents of the course were introduced via scholarly work, including my own research, as well as through guest speakers and guidelines created by the Kennedy Center (Design for Accessibility). The course covered the following areas: disability models, ADA, Universal Design principles, disabled communities, building access and signage, audio description, tactile displays, scents and taste (touchable paintings, touch tours, etc.), captions, ASL, sensory friendly productions and exhibits, attending a disability studies conference and a final project.
For each topic I introduced the students to the subsequent elements: community members that use each access service and potential uses for other audience members, demographic data, regulation provided by ADA in regards to each service, other related access services that enhance effective communication (e.g. braille, large printed programs), brief history of the access service discussed, definition of the access service and different schools or ways to include them in the arts (e.g. objective audio description vs auter description; Szarkowska, 2013), ways in which the access service is provided (e.g. open or closed captions), requirements and implications for the implementation of the access service (e.g. budget, staff training, promotion), and principles of creating/designing each tool. For each of the areas, we had a practicum and a guest speaker from the community. For the practicum, I had three different projects tied to a cultural organization. With my advice and supervision, students developed the audio description for an art exhibit, multisensory displays for a theatre production, the captions for a concert and the social narratives for all events. Students had a hands-on activity that would help them understand the concepts and the important work behind accessibility and also helped cultural organizations such as Riverside Arts Center have a welcoming art exhibits and concerts for all. As guest speakers, we invited community members to talk about the challenges of attending art events, the benefits and best practices for access services, and the importance of having a community advisory committee to give feedback.
Including accessibility design and development:
Lastly, the implementation of accessibility in the production process. Accessibility should be another design element and not an afterthought component to any artistic production or exhibition. As previously mentioned, this section is based on the work that I developed at EMU in 2018-2020. It was vital for me to have the support of peers and students in accomplishing these strategies and overcoming the learning curve.
The initial point is to follow those principles of universal design that state that accessibility should be initiated from the beginning of the creative process and not afterwards, and that the creator, or in this case the director of the production, should be involved in the process. Therefore, the accessibility designer follows the artistic concept of the director, and matches the rest of their design (Udo and Fels, 2010). Thus, the accessibility designer combines all sensorial elements to provide patrons with disabilities an understanding of the play in terms of characters, set and costume designs, movement and sounds with the goal of engaging them in the experience.
The accessibility designer will search for ways to engage accessibility without necessarily altering the program. The designer will work with conventional tools such as audio description, captioning, ASL, and designated quiet areas, integrating them as much as possible with the artistic concept of the play (for example designing the script of audio description from the perspective of one character). The accessibility designer will also work with non-conventional tools which appeal to other senses besides the visual and auditory such as touch tours, or the inclusion of taste or smell. As Udo and Fels (2009) stated, considering the theatrical medium in non-traditional ways can also help increase accessibility, for example re-thinking the way of using lights or costumes (Udo and Fels, 2009, p. 181). These experiences can be used to develop additional perceptions, using other senses besides sight and sound which can both enhance the theatrical experience while complementing traditional sensorial reception. Thus the access tools design not only may improve the experience of the audience with disabilities, but also of those without.
We had students take the following roles to assist and receive training: assistant to accessibility designer (training a future student to design the accessibility of another show), assistant stage manager for accessibility (training the student that becomes the liaison between the stage manager's team and the accessibility crew), and 5 crew members (one devoted to the audio description script, another to the captions, one for sensory friendly performances, another for lobby displays, and the last one in charge of communication, community engagement, and the advisory committee). The training from four different productions and the feedback obtained from the advisory committee and the overall audience have helped students acknowledge the importance of access and inclusion and have encouraged the use of these topics in further courses/conversations and in the practical settings. Moreover, we were able to create a practical handbook for future performances and institutions to strengthen their learning and to create accessible shows.
Arts Administration Students in the Accessibility to the Arts Course-RiversideArtsCenter Exhibit- Photo by Jerome Thiebaut with Elena's Phone
In conclusion, the steps previously explained have helped me as a professional and as a scholar to engage our future creators in what is a still evolving field in the arts. The arts cannot claim to address social inclusion and justice if a significant minority is forgotten. Thus, given the limitations of legislation in guaranteeing inclusion and access, it becomes the role of educators to train students in such areas to shape the future of the arts and its policy-making. This will assure that everyone can fully access the arts in content, and not just the building.
– How can we include these topics in more of our courses?
– What materials would we need to create?
– Should DEI (Diversity, Equity and Inclusion) topics have their own course or be embedded into every course?
HADLEY, B. (2015). Participation, Politics and Provocations: People with Disabilities as Non-Conciliatory Audiences. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies 12 (1), 154–174.
KLEEGE, G. (2018). More Than Meets the Eye: What Blindness Brings to Art. New York: Oxford University Press.
KUPPERS, P. (2014). Studying Disability Arts and Culture: An Introduction. New York: Palgrave.
SANDHAL, C., AUSLANDER, P. (eds) (2005). Bodies in Commotion: Disability and Performance. Michigan: University Michigan Press.
SV FLYS, E. (2018). ADA and Communication: Accessibility in Theatre. CultureWork, 22.1
SZARKOWSKA, A. (2013). Auteur Description: From the Director's Creative Vision to Audio Description. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 107 (5), 383-388.
UDO, J. P. and FELS, D. I. (2009). Suit the Action to the Word, the Word to the Action: An Unconventional Approach to Describing Shakespeare's Hamlet. Visual Impairment and Blindness, 103 (3), 178–183.
UDO, J. P. and FELS, D. I. (2010). The Rogue Poster-Children of Universal Design: Closed Captioning and Audio Description. Journal of Engineering Design, 21 (2–3), 207–221.
Dr. SV Flys is an Assistant Professor in Arts & Entertainment Management (Arts Administration) at EMU. Her research focuses on accessibility, audience reception, social integration and community building. She is interested in the questions of how we reach new audiences, how we make the arts accessible for all, and how this further accessibility might encourage social integration. Her belief is that social issues, such as embracing diversity or dealing with economic and environmental crises can be addressed through the arts, fostering community development. Her most recent publication "Using Thermography to Study Audience Engagement during Theatre Performances" was published in AJAM this past April.
Photo: Elena SV Flys Photo by Laura SV Flys
Header picture: Tactile Tour of Still Life with Iris. Photo by Wallace Bridges.
Cultural accessibility, Cultural audience, Cultural education, Cultural policy, Cultural training, issue #13


I am actually not really a fan of the whole Thanksgiving stuff yourself theme but I am happy that this year my parents are still in NJ so we are having a Thanksgiving at our house here instead of trying to get to Florida.
My sister was married last weekend and so they stuck around a bit longer for the holiday. They jet off a day after. Sadly my one sis is on her honeymoon so will be missed but we have the majority.
Just some random ramblings since I haven't posted much lately.
First off haven't mentioned much lately but on the Crohn's front things are good. My last Remicade appointment my doctor had received approval for a double dose and within a day or so the lingering symptoms seem to have disappeared. Next week I get my next dose and seems we have made it the full 8 weeks! Folks, I think this is remission.
Also saw my hematologist last week and waiting for final lab results but iron levels seem improved as well (mostly expected since the bleeding has stopped). Still feeling tired but I think that whole shortened days lots of darkness isn't really helping the anemia.
Second let's talk running! I ran both 5K and 10K PR's. Feels pretty good to have some speed back in my legs. I got my half marathon time down to 2:02 and had planned to run one more in a couple weeks to see if I could break 2.
I'm on the fence. I have had some lingering hamstring issues since that HM and also some motivation issues from long runs. I think if the race is still available a couple days out and the weather isn't frigid I will go for it but am holding back on that registration.
However I am running the NOLA Rock 'n' Roll Half at the end of February with the CCFA team and am going to be gunning for a PR. Now if only this hamstring will sort itself out. It isn't hurt/pain necessarily but it is annoying. I have cut back on my mileage and amount of days running but it seems the longer/harder efforts definitely aggravate it.
And finally, I am getting close to my vacation countdown. I am heading on a week long cruise and then spending the following several days in Florida with my parents. It is my longest holiday and time taken off work EVER (kind of ridiculous at 34) and I am so ready. Any cruise tips that I should know of?
Hope everyone is enjoying a nice shortened week. I am ready to run a nice Thanksgiving Day 5 Miler (SO happy for longer than a 5K) then bust a move to NJ to be with the family.
This year I am so very thankful to have regained my health and to have my family near – that is what the holiday is about!
What a great family photo! Glad to hear all things are on the up and up for you! And sounds like a much deserved vacay/time off in the near future!!!
What a gorgeous photo -- congrats to your sister! Can't wait to follow your HM training :) Also, feel free to reach out about the hamstring and I can let you know what's been working for me -- I've seen a vast improvement!!
Congrats on your PRs & Happy Thanksgiving!
Loved those pics from the wedding! And more happy about the Crohn's aspect. I just had 2 iron infusions but not being able to run and test them out is pretty damn annoying. As for injury, I hope that you are taking care of yourself--your PRs are speaking well of you. I might just be running the half and not the full in February, watch out!
Congratulations to you beautiful sister and best wishes to her and her husband! Let them have a wonderful honeymoon!