The military court on Wednesday refused to grant bail for Opas C., a 67-year-old man charged with lèse majesté for writing graffiti defaming the revered Thai monarchy in restrooms of a shopping mall, despite the suspect's poor health.
The court ruled not to grant a 2.5 million baht bail request, saying that it has ruled not to grant bail in previous bail requests and there was no reason to reverse the ruling. On 20 October, the court had rejected a similar request, citing the severity of the allegation, since it is concerned national security, and the flight risk.
Arriving at the military court with a fever and cold, Opas has been suffering from hypertension and visited the hospital regularly before being detained. The Bangkok Remand Prison recently moved him from Zone 1 or the Entry Zone to Zone 5, which is a lot more crowded and where conditions are much worse.
He has been deprived of his freedom for 30 days.
Earlier on the same day, the court ruled to extend the custody of Opas for the third time at the request of the Crime Suppression Division, who claim that they need to interrogate four more witnesses and have not finished inspecting the suspect's fingerprints.
Opas was captured by the security guards of the Seacon Square Shopping Mall on 15 October after he allegedly wrote messages on the walls of three men's restrooms in the mall and fined him 2,000 baht. Later in the evening the mall contacted the military to detain him.
On 17 October, the military brought Opas to the Crime Suppression Division (CSD) office and filed charges under Article 112 against him. At the press briefing on the same day, he admitted that he wrote the graffiti, which mainly criticized the junta.
The messages mainly criticized the junta leader Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha and the Democrat government which ruled the country from 2011 to 2011. They condemned the two governments for abusing Article 112.


'Tis the season for holiday reading!
Every day is like Christmas at the Horn Book, and in the fall, our sleigh's worth of packages always includes plenty of holiday books. We review our new favorites for a range of ages in "Holiday High Notes," a special feature in each November/December issue of The Horn Book Magazine. (See our 2017 picks — mostly Christmas-centric with a handful of Hanukkah-themed books — here.) This year, we're excited to kick off a new tradition by giving each individual book a chance to shine via social media. From now until New Year's, we'll be celebrating #25DaysofHolidayBooks. So take a break from trimming trees, frying latkes, or wrapping gifts, and follow us on Twitter (@hornbook) and Instagram (@thehornbook) for a dose of holiday cheer every weekday!
Happy holidays from The Horn Book, Inc.!


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This article focuses on two frequently used methods for foreign companies to carry on business in Australia.
Frequently, foreign companies do so either by establishing an Australian branch of their existing overseas business (i.e. it is the overseas business which trades in Australia) or, alternatively, the foreign company establishes an Australian company as a subsidiary of the overseas company (i.e. it is the Australian subsidiary company which trades in Australia).
Australian branch of your overseas business
A "foreign company" for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Corps Act) can be a body corporate that is incorporated outside Australia, or even an unincorporated body that does not have its head office or principal place of business in Australia.
Register as a foreign company: If your "foreign company" wants to carry on business in Australia, your foreign company must be registered as a foreign company under the Corps Act with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC).
Carrying on business in Australia: Whether or not a foreign company is carrying on business is a question of fact and depends on the circumstances. Section 21 (3) of the Corps Act provides that a body corporate does not carry on business in Australia merely because it:
(a) is or becomes a party to a proceeding or effects settlement of a proceeding or of a claim or dispute; or
(b) holds meetings of its directors or shareholders or carries on other activities concerning its internal affairs; or
(c) maintains a bank account; or
(d) effects a sale through an independent contractor; or
(e) solicits or procures an order that becomes a binding contract only if the order is accepted outside Australia, or the State or Territory, as the case may be; or
(f) creates evidence of a debt, or creates a security interest in property, including PPSA retention of title property of the body; or
(g) secures or collects any of its debts or enforces its rights in regard to any securities relating to such debts; or
(h) conducts an isolated transaction that is completed within a period of 31 days, not being one of a number of similar transactions repeated from time to time; or
(j) invests any of its funds or holds any property.
Registration requirements: The following documents must be provided to ASIC in order to register as a foreign company:
Certified copy of a current certificate of incorporation or registration, or a document of similar effect;
Certified copy of constitution;
List of directors containing personal details of those directors;
A memorandum stating the powers of any directors who are resident in Australia and members of a local board of directors;
Certain information and documents relating to registrable charges on property of the foreign company;
Notice of the registered office of the foreign company in its place of origin (if it has one) or otherwise its principal place of business; and
Notice of the foreign company's registered office in Australia which complies with s.601CT of the Corps Act[1].
Australian registered office, local agent, and public officer: In addition to an Australian registered office, you will need to appoint an Australian local agent / representative[2]. The local agent is personally liable for anything the foreign company is required by law to do. You must also appoint a public officer for taxation purposes.
ARBN: ASIC will issue your foreign company with an Australian Registered Body Number (ARBN). Foreign companies must ensure that their ARBN and their name (as registered with ASIC) and place of origin are shown on their public documents.
Reporting: There are ongoing reporting requirements to ASIC.
Australian company as a subsidiary of your overseas business
Foreign companies often choose as an alternative to register a proprietary company (i.e. one with less than 50 shareholders) as a subsidiary of the foreign company. In this scenario it is the Australian company which carries on business and trades in Australia. The requirements are similar to registration as a foreign company in the sense that registration with ASIC is required, there must be at least one Australian director, there needs to be an Australian registered office, and there are ongoing reporting requirements with ASIC. Australian companies must maintain a company register and unless an exemption applies lodge audited financial statements each year.
The company will need to separately apply for an Australian Business Number, Tax File Number, and typically register for Goods and Services Tax (assuming GST turnover exceeds $75,000) as well as Pay As You Go withholding (if the business employs employees or contractors with whom the business has entered into voluntary agreements to withhold or if the business makes payments to other businesses that don't quote an Australian Business Number).
Other key associated considerations
(a) Business name and trade mark search
If the foreign company or Australian subsidiary company wishes to trade under a name other than its own name (as registered with ASIC) it must register it as a business name with ASIC. Whether or not the foreign company is trading under its own name or some other new name, it is important that a trade mark search is undertaken by a professional so as to minimise the risk of potential infringement of existing registered or unregistered rights in the proposed name and/or misleading or deceptive conduct under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). See here for further information.
(b) Trade mark registration
Trade mark registration in Australia confers a monopoly right upon the holder of the trade mark to use the mark in respect of the goods or services for which it is registered. You should ensure that your chosen name does not infringe the rights of other by commissioning a trade mark search and protect your brand by registering your trade mark in respect of your goods and services without delay. See here for further information.
(c) FIRB approval of foreign investment
Foreign investment approval may be required depending on the value of the investment, nature of the investment and the type of investor. It may be required if a foreign person (including a foreign company) acquires a substantial interest in an Australian company[3]. There are various special circumstances where approval will always be required and approval will need to be sought from the Foreign Investment Review Board particularly in relation to foreign government investors, investment in certain land, the media sector, and mining and production tenements.
Overseas businesses establishing Australian operations
We work closely with Australian Chartered Accountants and have a growing number of international clients establishing subsidiaries or branches throughout Australia and we are regularly involved in many aspects of this process on their behalf.
If you are looking for assistance on how to do business in Australia, the services we and our consultants provide in this area include:
Establishing Australian operations
Business structure and set up
Business valuations and negotiation of contracts
Banking, finance and debt funding including assistance with opening bank accounts and setting up insurance
Australian Reporting Compliance
Audit and reporting requirements
Indirect taxes including GST and FBT
Access to specialist knowledge
Thin capitalisation
Double tax agreements
Running local operations
Outsourced bookkeeping
Outsourced financial controller
Management reporting including budgeting and cashflow management
Foreign exchange and transactional banking
Expat taxes and planning
Recruitment and training
Appointing company directors
Advising on employment laws including employee entitlements
Information regarding Australian business structures
Australian Business Structures
When are agreed damages clauses in contracts unenforceable penalty clauses rather than enforceable liquidated damages clauses?
Damages for republication of defamatory statement by third party
Important considerations when choosing a name for your business
How to manage an employee's performance & associated disciplinary action
Online copyright infringement of movies and website blocking by CSPs: Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation Ltd [2016] FCA 1503 (15 December 2016)
Contact our Sydney business lawyers for assistance in relation to the above. Our commercial lawyers, business lawyers, and disputes lawyers provide expertise in corporate and commercial advisory services as well as litigation and dispute resolution. Take a look also at a sample selection of our more basic fixed fee legal services.
www.hglaw.com.au
[1] There are specific requirements regarding opening hours for such offices.
[2] Can be either a natural person or a company as long as they reside in Australia and are authorized to accept service on behalf of the foreign company.
[3] See www.firb.gov.au/exemption-thresholds/monetary-thresholds/ for a useful summary
The information provided in this article is provided by way of general information only. It does not constitute legal advice, and should not be relied upon as such. Specific independent legal advice should be obtained before deciding to act, or not to act, upon the views expressed or information contained in this article.
Copyright of Heathfield Grosvenor 2016. All rights reserved.
Posted in COMMERCIAL LAW, GUIDE TO BUSINESS IN AUSTRALIATagged business lawyer, business lawyers sydney, commercial lawyer sydney, Commercial lawyers Sydney, sydney business lawyers
3 thoughts on "Establishing an Australian branch of an overseas business vs an Australian subsidiary company of an overseas business"
Madhuri 17 March 2018 Reply
My employer is a US based MNC with operations in India, Russia, Ukraine, France etc. They want to explore business opportunities in Australia/NZ and establish an office if business prospects are good. There will be 1 contact person/representative in Australia and if the business grows we plan to employ up to 10 people in the initial phase. Do we need to register as a business or company? What is the starting point?
Madhuri Rathi
heathfieldgrosvenor Post author 14 May 2018 Reply
Dear Madhuri
Please contact us at contact@hglaw.com.au so that we can discuss this further.
Robert Crocker 14 May 2018 Reply
We are a New Zealand Business wanting to do B2C online trading and B2B Wholesale supply in Australia.
We are not planning to have any permanent staff working in Australia.
We are planning to hold stock in a 3rd party fulfillment center.
Please indicate if (1) establishing an Australian branch of an overseas business is the right choice for us, (2) if you can assist with the process, (3) how much it will cost and (4) how long it will take?
Robert Crocker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the early morning hours of April 10, 1943, Seaman 2nd Class Merrill Walter Hoover sounded the alarm that an oncoming freighter was in the direct path of the CG-72010 he and his shipmates were patrolling aboard in Chincoteague, Virginia. The crew of the freighter, a steamship named Colytto, and CG-72010 made it out alive but Hoover's body was never recovered. Hoover went in harm's way and sacrificed his own life to save the lives of his shipmates and was posthumously awarded the DeMolay Medal of Heroism in 2016.
Through his own initiative to learn more about geospatial science and geographic information systems, First Class Cadet Evan Twarog learned about crisis mapping and how it can help during emergencies. During Hurricane Harvey, Twarog began working on taking posts from social media asking for help and placing them on a map to give first responders a location to search.
Few people today know that on July 28, 1945, a large aircraft crashed into the Empire State Building. Fewer still know that the accident produced the world record for surviving an elevator fall and that the fall's victim was rescued by a United States Coast Guardsman.
On the southern tip of Los Angeles Harbor's Terminal Island, after driving through two-mile sea of stacked containers and straight through the center of a federal correctional institution's fence-lined campus, you will find Coast Guard Base Los Angeles/Long Beach. From the base, you will find scenic views of San Pedro, Los Angeles Harbor and the busy channel that borders the west side of Terminal Island. Among the Coast Guard units, you will find Station LA/LB. In July, Senior Chief Petty Officer Nicholas Bernice had an opportunity to spend a few days with the station's 25 reservists during their two weeks of active duty training.
Petty Officer 2nd Class Zac Edwards's wedding to his wife Cindy was more exciting than he ever imagined. While taking photos after the ceremony, he noticed a teenage boy struggling in the current about 60 yards from Orange Beach, Alabama. With Cindy's urging, Zac hurried to rescue the boy.
Coast Guard Fireman Dallin Matthews, a member of the Coast Guard Fire Department stationed at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May, New Jersey, witnessed a woman crash into a tree. His training as a firefighter and quick thinking led him to safely extract the woman from her smoldering car and save her life.
San Francisco Bay-based Coast Guard Auxiliarists patrol aboard a 1949 schooner.
A Coast Guard officer who helped coordinate the response to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria has earned an international emergency management credential. Lt. Cmdr. Matthew J. Walter received the Certified Emergency Manager credential from the International Association of Emergency Managers in June 2018.
The Long Blue Line: local enforcer to global responder—nearly 230 years of Coast Guard evolution!
In 1790, Alexander Hamilton established a small fleet of coastal law enforcement vessels to patrol off East Coast seaports. Over the next 228 years, the service experienced rapid growth in its geographic area of responsibility, mandated missions, and organization through mergers with other maritime services, reorganizations, and transfers from one federal agency to another. These frequent changes demanded remarkable flexibility and resourcefulness of the Coast Guard. The service has lived-up to its motto Semper Paratus by adapting and evolving to meet the nation's changing needs emerging as a global responder known and respected at home and abroad.
Hoax calls happen all too frequently and not only impact the responders and community, but also waste time, money and resources at the taxpayers' expense. Hoax calls are a Class D felony and incur substantial prison time and fines.


Chris Hedges has a long post at Truthdig describing the Muslim Menace industry, a group of right-wing organizations that bill themselves as "counterterrorism specialists and experts on the Muslim world", and make big bucks indoctrinating US law enforcement and security agencies in the evils of Islam.
Here Shoebat explains to a group of extremely gullible Christians why the Mark of the Beast, usually referred to as 666, really means Muslims, who owe allegiance only to the Antichrist. The part that gets me is when he says "It's so clear! The reverse of what you believe is what they believe. The antithesis of the Bible is what they believe in." And Shoebat and his colleagues are spewing their racist garbage at taxpayer expense.


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You are here: Home / RHONY / Bethenny Frankel / Porsha Stewart On Bethenny
Porsha Stewart On Bethenny
January 17, 2014 by tamaratattles 41 Comments
After a busy day yesterday out in THE WORLD, I am narcoleptic today and slept right through this show this morning after attempting to get up and watch it. I am still half asleep at 3 p.m., yet valiantly, I will try to recap the important parts. As if we expect there to be any important parts.
Porsha says she feels brand new in 2014. She feels like she has a fresh new start as Porsha Williams. Bethenny asks, "So who is Porsha Williams?" Bethenny say that she felt like Porsha Stewart was Kordell's plus one and that she was his meek little doll. I am going to try to write down EXACTLY what Porsha says because it's usually just word salad. Porsha says, "You know when you are married are one with someone else. (um, noe, Bethenny did not know that, that was part of her whole problem) For me, I am getting back to being independent, I'm getting back to business, um, you know, I had been a child care center back before I was married. People don't know that. Ima had two successful child care centers and I'm just getting back to what I know, and that builds me up and it fulfills me and it's that sense of accomplishment. And for me that's what I need. I need to be focused on business right now, romance a little, /giggles but focused on business."/giggles
Bethenny says she wants to hear about the romance. But she wants to hear about the show, how is it going through something like that on the show? Porsha says, " Well, I'll tell you this, filming it wasn't , um, I didn't think about filming when I was filming it. I was just living my life. That was a very traumatic time, the cameras were there and they were capturing everything, so I mean, it was very, very real. So as the season progresses it actually shows all of that, romantically, financially, um,just, independence wise, it shows that growth so I can watch it when it gets to that but, in the beginning it's like, oh, am I crying every episode? I'm like, oh my God!"
Bethenny asked what it was like coming on the show pretending to have it all. "Well, I felt like at the time, what you saw on television was what I wanted my marriage to look like. I wanted it to be successful so I acted like it was successful. So I felt, I had the mindset of fake it till we make it. You know at home behind closed doors this may not be what I'm living. But if we can act happy, maybe one day we will actually be happy. It just…if I act Fulfilled, maybe one day I will actually be fulfilled."
Bethenny asked why she didn't have a happy life. "It was just different things, you know, we were newlyweds, (um aren't you still supposed to be happy then?) you know, it was just a lot of different things that got in between us. Main thing is communication. (because Porsha doesn't have a firm grasp on communicating in English?) On the first episode, last season you see us going to counseling. I'm big on counseling. Because communication, if it's a break down, that's almost it. That's like the death of the relationship right there."
Bethenny asks about Kordell being controlling. " Well with me being such and independent woman before (okay that time I was the one giggling) I got married. I made a choice to be that housewife what you saw. And I made a choice to make my family 100% you know (prime?) priority. So I at some point with in that being that I gave up so much to be a wife, I felt like I wasn't being appreciated the way I should, which most wives do feel, and, that hurt me because I felt like I was giving so much."
Bethenny asks if she felt like she lost herself in the relationship. She said she did and now getting back to Porsha she is remembering what she is worth, and the next guy that she is with better realize what she is worth.
Bethenny asks about Kordell being gay, Porsha says, " Um the rumors as far as him being gay or what have you, that was there before we got married. What you see in the show, anything I say on the show, that is me living my truth. That is the way that I felt at the time. And that is what I stated on the show, I didn't say he was this or that. What I said was I don't know why. I am just happy and blessed to be in a whole nuther space right now. So whatever it is and however he wants to live, I hope he is happy. And I put so much into him for my happiness that I lost it. When you put so much of yourself into someone you are going to be let down. So I had to love me more than I loved him. And once that happened, I realized my dreams were more important than anybody else."
Bethenny asked about the Towanda Braxton rumors. Porsha says that is what she has heard. She says she is "excited" The audience laughs. She says if she can make him happy, then that's great.
Bethenny asks if she still loves him. She says she still has love for him. If something happens to him she would definitely be sad. (audience laughs). But she does not love him that way anymore. She would not take him back.
Bethenny asks about Kenya and who she is friends with and will be friends with in five years. Bethenny says it's okay to say nobody because that is often the case. Porsha says she is not friends with Kenya. She doesn't have time for fake friends. With regard to who Porsha will be friends with in five years she says, "The show is not really set up for you to be close, close friends right now because of the tension that has to be brought in and all that. I love Kandi, I just love her heart. um, Nene they are great girls so I can definitely see myself wanting to be friends and wanting to know how they are." Bethenny clarifies about Kenya and Porsha says not Kenya.
Bethenny says that Nene wrote in her blog, "Porsha or Kenya have no clue about parenting, so let's just let them say in their rooma nd do their fake hug and cry. I love it! Moving on! " So how did that make you feel. Porsha says she thinks it is harsh to say she did not know anything about parenting. She was a parent to Kordell's son for two years. So I think we act out when we get on the blog. We say harsh things for entertainment and we really don't think about who we could be hurting.
Bethenny says you just moved into a new huge house. The audience gasps. Porsha screams out, "Ain't God Good?" /giggles. Bethenny responds with, so, God gave you that house? Porsha says, "Absolutely." Bethenny says how are you paying for the house? Porsha says she doesn't know any grown woman who would answer how they pay their bills. Bethenny says, I will! Porsha says she has a hair company. She got the house on faith. Oh Lord. Bethenny says that she knows the hair is new, so that is not how she is buying the house. (actually she's renting, buying would have been cheaper actually) Bethenny says she also knows what she makes on RHOA and that didn't buy the house. I think Bethenny has no idea how much the MacMansions down here cost. You can buy a house like that for $500K or less if you drive an hour out of the city like Porsha did. Bethenny said, either your family helped you or Kordell helped you or something is going on. Bethenny then says it is none of her business and she doesn't have to tell her, she just knows she can't afford that house. Porsha says it is none of her business. She said she splurged on that house because she likes her family around. So to review, you move out of your mother's home out into the hinterlands and buy a big ole empty house because you want to be around family. Porsha invites her over for dinner. Bethenny smooths things over by saying she would love to and RHOA is her favorite.
She asks Porsha if she is dating and she say, "Well, I am uh, there's someone special. But I am keeping my options open. I'm just having a good time right now. When someone becomes serious enough for me to share him with the public, you know when you are dating someone in the public eye, you really want to make sure it is solid. Especially after what I have been through. " Bethenny says, "So you are dating someone in the public eye?" Porsha gets flustered. Did I say that? I meant IF, IF I were dating someone in the public eye.
So do we know who Porsha is dating? Do we care?
Filed Under: Bethenny Frankel, Filming Real Housewives of Atlanta, Real Housewives of Atlanta, RHOA Tagged With: Bethenny, Bethenny Frankel, Kordell Stewart, Porsha, Porsha Stewart, Porsha Williams, Real Housewives of Atlanta, RHOA
Sorry, don't care. I did enjoy your recap though. Parts if it were down right funny. Listening to Porsche speak hurts my brain.
Isabella Johannson says
Ditto. Love the recap though!
Karma Grant says
So this confirms it, Bethenny is nothing more than a Bravolebrity interviewer. She's the WWHL of the morning, minus the live aspect.
The best I got out of this is I like Bethenny's style of interviewing these reality personalities, asking what we all want to know or wonder, and checking them on ridiculous answers. And I don't see her show.
Bless Porsha's heart. I don't think a soul that watches RHOA believes for one minute she is, was, or will ever be 'an independent woman'!
Did Porsha actually say "…I HAD BEEN A CHILD CARE CENTER back before I was married"? Because that makes more sense than anything she's had to say.
jarlath says
It's so hard being a woman married to a gay man, I should know. So Porsha had a day care centre, interesting.
I thought you WERE a gay man. I'm serious. I don't know why.
Because of the cattiness?
LOL. No. Probably because of the name you use to post. It's not a name I'm familiar with.
LOL! Well I am not a woman that's for sure
OMG, YOU TOO?
LOL!!! Lord!
Hum, I guess one of us was teasing cause I WAS married to a gay man! I am expecting Lifetime to be giving my a ring any day now…..
Yeah I was joking but it does feel like I am a woman married to a gay man often times in my relationship … either that or I feel like a (young) mom with a really slobbish teenage son.
Ewww, I got the flip side, neat tidy rich and extremely into khaki.
Did you cash out in the divorce?
omg, you have NOOOOOO idea….:)
Popcorn and Vodka (@popcornandvodka) says
I am one of those who really really likes Bethenny and always has, but I also really really do NOT like her show. However, recently she's had all these reality stars on (not just Housewives) and she really does ask questions and push on answers that no one else does. Even when Andy tries he let's them get away with laughing it off, but Bethenny doesn't. I think her show has gotten much better since she's had these reality "stars" on.
That said, Porsha needs to go back to being a child care center, and hopefully she'll find a caring man soon who will take care of her when she loses that house. Because she obviously can't take care of herself.
And you can MAYBE get a ghetto house or a 1000sq ft condo here in Silicon Valley for $500K. WTF.
Are you sure there's even a empty lot $500k in Silicon Valley?
Atlanta was CRUSHED by the housing market bubble bursting. We are just starting to recover. There are a few million dollar homes in that neighborhood, but until the recent economic rebound, you could get in for 5 or 6 100K
Can you find a house in the ghetto in the Bay Area for under half a million? I'm dubious.
SnookumsLynn says
yup in the hood…. 800 sq ft and a basement that's below the street and will flood everytime the water company has a leak…lol $500K, and people are eating it up and driving hours to work..this ish is DUMB!
LOL. Before the dot com crash you could get a single wide in the trailer park for $500K. After the crash, in recent years you could actually get a small house in a nice neighborhood for $500K. But now things are getting impossible again. If you act quickly, you could get a pretty nice but small condo. 🙂
I grew up in Mountain View but my parents recently had to move to the ghetto and their crappy home is near $600K
Yah I rent an apartment in SJ and it's over $2K/mo. :/
I didn't watch Bethany at all after the first episode, but now that she's having so many housewives on, I have now set my dvr to record her show. She is a million times better than lame ass Andy cohen at interviewing these gals. She goes for it and I love it!
I've been taping them too, then I just check who is on and delete if it they aren't interesting. 🙂
One can't question how Porsha affords that big ol' house since God pays the rent – she should've gone bigger and closer to ITP 🙂
myinfo says
Actually Porsha did pretty good by not answering anything or much directly. She is not that dumb.
I like her. She brings in a younger viewer.
Are you saying she's playing dumb?
brillke says
She deserves an Oscar if she acting dumb.
Gina Phillips says
Porsha ain't playing. She's dumb 265 days a year.
I can see how one would give her cred for coyly not giving any tea away, and even maybe cred for having some sorts of street smarts. But when saying she's not that dumb, considering her heritage, her grandfather, a Civil Rights Movement figure who has a foundation for which she's a spokesperson, then not knowing, really not knowing what the Underground Railroad was all about, that's kinda' dumb.
She's still looking for that train station. I was embarrassed FOR her. And, her family.
I'm down towards Salinas and Monterey, live between the two towns.
All homes crashed here but it's on it's way back up.
I was 1.2 but now it's $600k.
I can see Bethanny as a more hardcore interviewer because that is more her personality. She used to blogging for a site. She has also been on a reality series and has a lot of insight about what goes on behind the scenes. Andy is an executive producer, but he he is not there for the day to day production. Porsha should know her African American history. I don't think she is dumb, just a little dense.
TheWigIsBack says
It's apparent why the housewives do Bethenny's show (because nobody else will); that's her forte–she knows exactly what to ask because that platform was once her truth. While she sits on top of her high horse she remembers a time when she faked it to make it on HWONY as a "chef to the stars", going door to door distributing homemade chocolate chip cookies, hoping for a break. She's full of ih! She can't keep a man, and the whole "Skinny Girl" concept was stolen from an author. Porsha may be as dumb as a rock, bt she handles herself pretty well during Bethenny's attempt to make a mockery of craft. I'm counting down the days until her show is canceled.
…sorry for the typos. For some reason I can't see what I'm typing after the first paragraph. Weird.
lilkunta says
who did bethenney steal skinnygirl form? if she stole it wouldnt she have been sued? wouldnt her sale of the company have been blocked?
how can bethenny say 'i know how much you earn as a hw' , had she seen the contract? bravo is paying more since HW franchise is their money maker and Atl HW are the highest rated.
um she is BFFs with Andy Cohen?
still the contracts are confidential. for him to be loose lipped like that is very unprofessional. even all us fans are just going off reports but no one knows concretely how much they make until a few season later when real numbers leak, we just have estimates.


The floral beauty RSVP card is sent with your day invitation. An rsvp card is a great way for your guests to let you know if they will be attending your wedding. RSVP cards come as postcard style or with envelopes.
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A bitter-sweet tale of a marriage on the rocks. A Parisian couple and their son. A professor of Chinese culture can't quite bring himself to tell his wife he's been unable to get his pompous father to intervene on behalf of a relative of hers. In seeking to intervene, his life enters a downward spiral. True love falters.
Subtly observed and very well acted.


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There's Growing Fallout Over Code Violations Against Serena Williams Rachel Martin talks to London-based writer Tobi Oredein about how she believes racism and sexism drove the call from umpire Carlos Ramos against Serena Williams at the U.S. Open women's final.
There's Growing Fallout Over Code Violations Against Serena Williams
September 11, 20185:02 AM ET
Heard on Morning Edition
Rachel Martin talks to London-based writer Tobi Oredein about how she believes racism and sexism drove the call from umpire Carlos Ramos against Serena Williams at the U.S. Open women's final.
There's growing fallout over the U.S. Open women's final in which the umpire fined Serena Williams for three code violations. Williams accused the umpire, Carlos Ramos, of treating her differently because she's a woman. Now tennis fans and others say racism is at play, too. Tobi Oredein has been thinking about all this since the Open last weekend. She's a writer based in London and joins us now.
Thanks so much for being here.
TOBI OREDEIN: Thank you for having me.
MARTIN: You say this is not just about sexism. There is an element, a threat of racism here, that this is about how society responds to or manipulates black female anger. How so?
OREDEIN: Yeah. I think a lot of us are familiar with the term misogynoir, this combined discrimination of racism and sexism. And at the heart of misogynoir, because it only affects black women, is a caricature of the angry, black woman - that black women, when they show emotions, they're obviously angry. And it dehumanizes us, and it stops us showing emotion.
So when Serena felt she was being treated unfairly and she showed her anger towards the reaction of the insinuation that she was a cheater, I think people try to reduce it as - oh, it's just another angry black woman. Or they were appalled that a black woman could show such emotion in such a public way. And I think that has been part of the backlash, as we've seen, when it's been discussed on certain platforms, publications and even when people have drawn...
OREDEIN: ...Their interpretation of how the series of events that happened in the U.S. Open unfolded.
MARTIN: Right. I mean, we think about John McEnroe who, yes, was...
OREDEIN: Yeah.
MARTIN: ...Censured from time to time for his anger - but he drew on it. It was part of his popularity.
OREDEIN: Yeah, yeah. Yeah. And we know that anytime - we've seen it before. Even when Michelle Obama has emotions, you know, people who didn't politically agree with her or her husband's beliefs reduced her opinions to being an angry black woman to silence her. This is not just in sport. This is just common to the experience of black women across the world.
MARTIN: There - you mentioned the images, some of the cartoons that have come out after this. There was one in...
MARTIN: ...An Australian tabloid, the Herald Sun.
MARTIN: It's gone viral. It depicts Serena Williams drawn with all these exaggerated features, clearly a racist bent here. How did you respond to that?
OREDEIN: I think there was two emotions. It was one of disgust, but I wasn't surprised. And I think it was disgust that it was allowed to get past editors but not surprised because, again, it's kind of a black woman who - it was kind of like they didn't want - a black woman should know her place. But I think the thing that we have to also realize was how Naomi Osaka was also drawn. She's half-Haitian, half-Japanese. But yet, she was drawn as a white girl. And I think that's really important to remember, that you had someone who was seen as heroic and good and within her place because she didn't show - well, she had no reason to be upset apart from the ending of the match. And she had blonde hair, and it was straight. And yes, we know she has blonde tips in her hair, but that looks nothing like her. She was completely whitewashed.
MARTIN: Is this opening up something new in tennis and in sports right now?
OREDEIN: Yeah. I think we need to have a - I think we need to understand that black women and their talents, especially in sports, are treated with suspicion. Venus was also accused of cheating by Carlos Ramos. And the bigger picture is, we have to remember that Serena is constantly drug tested even though she's never been found positive of drugs. Her talent is being treated with suspicion. And I think we need to understand how differently she's treated to her white counterparts.
MARTIN: And what the roots are of that.
Tobi Oredein, a London-based writer, thank you so much for your time this morning. We appreciate it.
OREDEIN: Thank you.
(SOUNDBITE OF MAD Q'S "ZIMZIMILIA")


Your Consequences Have Actions was Saelia Aparicio's first major exhibition in a UK public gallery, bringing together newly commissioned works made specially for The Tetley with a selection of existing work, shown alongside several drawings and sculptures from the Musgrave Kinley Outsider Art Collection at The Whitworth, The University of Manchester.
The body is a malleable source of wonder and horror for Aparicio. For her it is simultaneously a mask, a costume to be worn, and a changing, ever moving form shaped by ageing and disease. Aparicio's figures take their skin off and leave it behind draped over chairs, creatures emerge from under fingernails, features are squashed and smashed together.
Underneath the skin, the body's hidden functions are affected by the world outside, in the film A Mysterical Journey we travelled into digestive tracts and through nerves and veins, as the body improbably digests chairs, mops, knives and pot plants. Humour, and an aesthetic style inspired by comic books and cartoons, belies a concern for the bodily impact of daily life, disease and age.
In this exhibition, Aparicio created a new drawing for The Tetley's Leeds Beckett Atrium wall – filling the gallery space and flowing into the ground floor Bar & Kitchen. Spanning four floors and curling around walls the drawing is impossible to view in its entirety.
Alongside Aparicio's works was a selection of works by six female artists from the Musgrave Kinley Outsider Art collection, with sculptures by Marie Rose Lortet and Judith Scott, and drawings by Aloise Corbaz, Madge Gill, Lee Godie and Martha Grunenwaldt. The Musgrave Kinley Outsider Art collection was started in 1984 with the express purpose of collecting artworks created outside the mainstream system of formal art training. The collection includes a wide range of artists from across the world, including the USA, Germany, France and Britain, and artists with mental and physical disabilities.
If you didn't have a chance to see the exhibition or you want to relive the experience again, view our 3D showcase of the entire show by clicking here.
With special thanks to The Whitworth, The University of Manchester.
Sealia Aparicio, Your Consequences Have Actions, 2017. Courtesy the artist and The Tetley. Photo Jules Lister.


Sometimes it really does work like I'd hoped. Sometimes it's quiet. Sometimes he plays by himself with his toys. Yesterday, he saw me typing on my laptop, so he went and fetched his little toy laptop and pulled up a chair at the table beside me and began banging away at it. One day last week, I was working on a scene that I just wasn't sure about, so I started at the top of the page and read it aloud to myself to see how it sounded. About halfway down the page, he appeared beside my chair. I reached the end of the scene, satisfied with how it sounded, and he said, "Thank you, Daddy. Thank you for reading your book to me." These moments are truly priceless. And with my wife teaching an extra class this semester, I'm spending more time alone with my son than ever before and more than ever before, I love being a stay-at-home dad.
But life has a way of balancing things out, doesn't it? More often than not, I find it impossible to concentrate on my work because he no longer has his sister to entertain him and he wants my attention, often for far longer than I have the stamina to last. And when I'm finally able to convince him to go and play with his toys, I'm quickly reminded of how incredibly annoying a great many of his toys are. Between the tambourine (thanks so much, Uncle Gary) and the harmonica (you too, Grandma) and his talking Star Wars Clone Troopers helmet (…okay so I was the one who got him that…seemed like a good idea at the time…) I simply can't form coherent thoughts.
Now I find myself constantly struggling to balance work with parenting. For this, nap times have been a blessing, but they're starting to get shorter and I'm not sure how long he'll be willing to take naps. Of course, if I turn on the television, he'll sit and watch quietly, sometimes for a considerably long time, but I don't like to rely on the television. It's not a babysitter and I've never believed in using it as one…no matter how much I may want to… The remaining option is to keep looking for things to keep him busy when I want to be writing. Not too long ago, I brought out some Play-Doh and let him play with it while I worked. Except for having to stop every few minutes to acknowledge his newest creation, it was quite successful in keeping him entertained…but what a mess! I'm still finding that stuff! I don't even know how it found its way into the bathroom… And I didn't realize this before, but if you leave Play-Doh stuck to a hardwood floor overnight, you'll need a putty knife to clean it up. Oh, and for any new parents out there who still care to try this, be sure to clean it up before lunch. Don't just move it aside so he can continue playing with it when he's done eating. It will somehow find its way onto his plate and he won't like it on his peanut butter sandwich. Alternately, I suppose I could probably keep him busy with crayons for a while…but every time I do that, one of them vanishes…and a new work of art usually appears mysteriously somewhere in the house within a few days. I remain somewhat skeptical about the eyewitness testimony accusing the cat.
Kind of makes it all worth it.


text:
Energy, nutrients, and contaminants derived from aquatic ecosystems and transferred to terrestrial ecosystems are termed aquatic-terrestrial subsidies or, more simply, aquatic subsidies. Common examples of aquatic subsidies include organisms that move across habitat boundaries and deposit their nutrients as they decompose in terrestrial habitats or are consumed by terrestrial predators, such as spiders, lizards, birds, and bats. Aquatic insects that develop within streams and lakes before emerging as winged adults and moving to terrestrial habitats contribute to aquatic subsidies. Fish removed from aquatic ecosystems by terrestrial predators are another important example. Conversely, the flow of energy and nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems are considered terrestrial subsidies; both aquatic subsidies and terrestrial subsidies are types of cross-boundary subsidies. Energy and nutrients are derived from outside the ecosystem where they are ultimately consumed.

Allochthonous describes resources and energy derived from another ecosystem; aquatic-terrestrial subsidies are examples of allochthonous resources. Autochthonous resources are produced by plants or algae within the local ecosystem  Allochthonous resources, including aquatic-terrestrial subsidies, can subsidize predator populations and increase predator impacts on prey populations, sometimes initiating trophic cascades. Nutritional quality of autochthonous and allochthonous resources influences their use by animals and other consumers, even when they are readily available.

Resource subsidies
Resource subsidies, in forms of nutrients, matter, or organisms, describe movements of essential resources across habitat boundaries to animals or other consumers. These inputs of resources can influence individual growth, species abundance and diversity, community structure, secondary productivity and food web dynamics. Allochthonous resources are defined as originating outside of the ecosystem while autochthonous resources are derived within the ecosystem. For example, leaf fall into a stream would be an allochthonous resource.

Resource subsidies supplement the productivity of the recipient consumer, but the consumer has little impact on productivity of the resource. As a result, resource subsidies are described as "donor-controlled".  The flux rate of the subsidy is independent of productivity in the recipient habitat.  Aquatic-terrestrial resource subsidies are often strongly seasonal.  Aquatic insect emergence is typically highest during the warm season, while terrestrial leaf fall into aquatic habitats is associated with autumn in temperate biomes.  The timing of these resource-subsidy pulses is important to how they are used by predators and other consumers, and the impacts on predator-prey dynamics in recipient habitats. In some cases, subsidies can destabilize predator-prey dynamics in recipient habitats. For example, blooms of algae can increase insect productivity and emergence, resulting in growth of terrestrial predator populations.

The rate of resource subsidy fluxes is mediated by the permeability of ecotones and modified by physical and biological factors. Species interactions within donor habitats and variability in climate can both alter rates of cross-habitat resource fluxes. The response of recipient consumers to an influx of resources depends on conditions within the recipient habitat; effects are largest when other resources are scarce within the recipient habitat. Flows between terrestrial and stream environments are among the best studied cross-boundary subsidies.

Aquatic subsidies
Aquatic subsidies are energy or nutrients that are transferred from the aquatic environment to the terrestrial environment.  These aquatic subsidies vary spatially and seasonally. Subsidies support ecosystem functions and link interactions between species.

Marine anadromous fishes such as salmon provide a subsidy to freshwater and then terrestrial ecosystems through spawning and carcasses.  These marine-derived nutrients provide resources to a range of species both in the stream and on land. Terrestrial species that feed on salmon include river otters, mink, bald eagles and bears. Stream invertebrates such as stoneflies, caddisflies and midges also derive energy and nutrients from salmon and, in turn, provide food to terrestrial species such as birds and bats.  Animals are not the only benefactors of these aquatic subsidies, riparian plants can receive up to 26% of their nitrogen from salmon.

Lateral movement of nutrients and energy from the stream to the surrounding riparian zone and terrestrial environment beyond serve an important role in food webs. Flooding of a stream and the movement of organisms both act to transfer nutrients and energy sources to the terrestrial environment. Algae and fine organic matter washed up from high flows provide resources to herbivorous species and promote plant germination. These lateral movements are limited in how far they make it away from the stream without help, but terrestrial species can increase the distance that these subsidies travel. For example, the emergence of adult aquatic insects from streams is one of the most distinct and well studied forms of aquatic subsidies. They supply 25-100% of the energy or carbon to riparian species such as spiders, bats, birds, and lizards. Emergence of aquatic insects typically peaks in the summer of temperate zones, prompting predators to aggregate and forage along riparian and stream boundaries. These species typically feed near the water's edge but then when they leave to travel elsewhere, their feces will add nutrients to other environments. Another example of a terrestrial species that moves aquatic subsidies further inland is that of the brown bear. Brown bears consume a massive amount of salmon from streams, so much so, they are considered a keystone species. Brown bears have been shown to deliver as much as 84% of the nitrogen found in white spruce trees that are up to 500 meters from the stream on the Kenai Peninsula (Alaska, USA) through their interactions with aquatic subsidies.

Ecological importance of aquatic subsidies

Although inputs from the terrestrial environment to an aquatic one (terrestrial subsidies) have been studied extensively, aquatic inputs to the terrestrial environment (aquatic subsidies) haven't been as widely studied. Aquatic subsidies, however, can be extremely important in the terrestrial landscape and are generally of higher nutritional quality because they come from animal, rather than plant-based or detrital, sources. These aquatic subsidies may be more important than terrestrial prey for riparian predators in some ecosystems.

However, aquatic subsidies are also increasingly recognized as important sources of environmental contaminants to terrestrial food webs. Aquatic animals can accumulate pollutants in their tissues and exoskeletons (such as metals and polychlorinated biphenyls) and move them to riparian and terrestrial systems as they emerge or when they are consumed by terrestrial predators.

While aquatic subsidies provide a pathway for anthropogenic stressors to propagate from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, they are themselves being impacted by global change.  Global warming and habitat modification change both the physiology and phenology of emerging aquatic insects as well as the physical boundary between water and land, which in turn affects their dispersal.  In temperate regions, increasing temperature increases the growth and emergence rate of aquatic insects, while in tropical regions aquatic insect emergence rates decline.

Terrestrial subsidies
Terrestrial subsidies are primary production on land that is transferred to aquatic ecosystems as litter fall or dissolved organic matter.

Terrestrial subsidies or allochthonous inputs into aquatic environments are a major component of organic carbon budgets for aquatic systems. In many ecosystems autochthonous production of carbon is not enough to support the food web and organisms rely on allochthonous to maintain secondary production. Aquatic ecosystems are generally heterotrophic; respiration exceeds production, suggesting the food web is supported externally. The carbon that enters the aquatic ecosystem from terrestrial inputs is taken up by micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi which are then consumed by higher trophic levels This microbial transfer of organic carbon has shown to support food webs in lakes and streams.

Organic carbon inputs into aquatic ecosystems come in multiple forms. The two main forms are dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or particulate organic carbon (POC). Particulate organic carbon includes living organisms like bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, as well as detrital components. Dissolved organic carbon is organic carbon that has been broken down, is suspended, and considered soluble in water. Dissolved organic carbon has been shown to stimulate heterotrophic production in aquatic settings and  heterotrophic bacteria can use dissolved organic carbon to support their growth. Particulate organic carbon also stimulates heterotrophic production which becomes available to bacteria or other micro-organisms through decomposition and other consumers by direct consumption.

Terrestrial invertebrates such as spiders, caterpillars, and ants are also an important form of terrestrial subsidy to aquatic ecosystems.

Drift-feeding fish can rely on falling terrestrial invertebrates for up to half of their annual energy budget. Variation in the flux of terrestrial invertebrates is dependent on the weather, time – annual and daily – and the riparian architecture. Warmer and more humid temperatures, generally associated with summer and early fall, facilitate greater invertebrate activity and thus larger subsidies, whereas wet seasons reduce the flux of terrestrial invertebrates. Daily, the input of terrestrial invertebrates is greatest during afternoons and evenings. Finally, riparian zones composed of closed canopy deciduous vegetation can support higher density and diversity of fishes compared to other vegetation types, due to the greater supply of terrestrial invertebrates.

Terrestrial leaf litter, wood inputs and deposition of pollen are important organic matter sources that augment benthic invertebrate productivity. In particular, these terrestrial subsidies are vital for detritivores and shredders and control their population sizes. Benthic invertebrate communities respond swiftly to changes in the supply of organic matter; the absence of litter stocks led to a drastic decline in productivity and predators in one experimental temperate stream system. Furthermore, provision of organic matter may increase productivity and create hypoxic conditions in streams; however, this is typically uncommon given the high turnover and low residence time of water. In the Mara River basin, though, substantial rates of organic matter and nutrient loading by hippopotami create subsidy overloads in hippo pools, stimulate anoxic conditions approximately three times a year, and cause multiple fish kill events.

Contaminants as aquatic-terrestrial subsidies
Aquatic-terrestrial contaminant subsidies originating in the aquatic environment can be transported across ecosystem boundaries, primarily mediated by organisms. The transmission of contaminants can have negative ecological consequences that amplify up the food chain, including reduced nesting success of birds, disruptions to riparian food webs, and contamination of otherwise pristine environments. The mechanism of aquatic-terrestrial contaminant transfer can be especially influential when there are no additional sources of those contaminants to the terrestrial system.

Types of contaminant subsidies
Various organic compounds, trace elements, metals, algal toxins, pesticides, and pharmaceutical waste products resulting from intentional or incidental releases via human activities can act as contaminant subsidies. After being loaded into waterways, contaminants that accumulate in the aquatic food web can return to terrestrial environments through consumption by organisms.

Movement pathways through animals
Organisms serve as the vector for transportation of contaminant subsidies across trophic levels and aquatic-terrestrial ecosystem boundaries. Understanding the fate of aquatic-terrestrial subsidies is key to predicting their impact on terrestrial consumers.

Invertebrates
Aquatic invertebrates take up contaminants introduced to the environment via the water column, by grazing on surfaces, and from contaminated sediment. These contaminants can have several fates depending on their biochemical properties. One, that contaminants like metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are preferentially shed into the exoskeleton during metamorphosis, and then recycled into the aquatic environment. Two, macroinvertebrates eaten during aquatic or larval stages transfer their contaminant burdens to higher aquatic trophic levels such as fish and those contaminants are retained by the aquatic environment. Contaminants that would otherwise be shed during metamorphosis are therefore most likely to be taken up by aquatic predators of larval stage insects. Three, larval aquatic macroinvertebrates can transfer contaminant subsidies directly to terrestrial environments following successful metamorphosis to their adult form. In particular, man-made organic contaminants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can become concentrated in adults. Predator risk for the uptake of organic contaminants is higher when preying upon adult life stages of aquatic insects, and adult aquatic insects are more likely to be consumed  by terrestrial predators such as birds. Terrestrial predatory invertebrates have also been identified as vectors of contaminant transport. In particular, riparian spiders have been shown to move contaminants, such as methylmercury, originating in aquatic prey to the terrestrial environment.

Fish
Because many fish species prey upon macroinvertebrates that may have taken up contaminants, fish are an important middle trophic level for contaminant transport. Subsequent consumption of fish from aquatic environments by terrestrial predators is a significant movement pathway for aquatic-terrestrial subsidies.

Anadromous migratory fish, such as salmon, transport contaminants far distances and across aquatic ecosystem boundaries. The consumption of salmon by terrestrial predators, such as bears, when salmon return to freshwater ecosystems to spawn transfers marine-derived contaminant subsidies to terrestrial systems far removed from areas of contaminant uptake by the aquatic food web. Salmon can be the largest dietary source of marine-derived contaminants consumed by bears. Salmon-derived contaminants are also transported to recipient aquatic ecosystems where salmon spawn and/or die. Contaminants may be maternally transferred to eggs or recycled to the base of aquatic food for subsequent trophic transfer to higher trophic levels. Consumption of animals containing these contaminants by terrestrial predators is another pathway of aquatic-terrestrial subsidy transfer across large spatial scales.

Birds
Fish-eating birds are at the topmost trophic level of many aquatic food webs. As a result, birds are often the recipients of aquatic contaminant subsidies and transporters of aquatic contaminants to the terrestrial environment. An area of much research in birds is the tendency for contaminants present in the aquatic environment to biomagnify to significant levels in predatory birds. This phenomenon was exemplified by DDT biomagnification in predatory birds during the 1960s in the US, which resulted in the collapse of many bird populations.

Migratory birds share the same capacity for contaminant transport across vast distances as fish. This may be of particular concern with Arctic migratory birds, as they have the ability to transport contaminants to environments with otherwise limited contaminant input. Birds can also recycle contaminants back to aquatic environments via guano.

Ecological consequences of contaminant subsidies

Impacts of contaminant subsidies on terrestrial predators
For flies and other metamorphosing insects, high burdens of Se, PCB, metals, synthetic nanoparticles, and other contaminants can decrease body and reproductive fitness, leading to reduced amounts of larvae metamorphosing and emerging from the water column as terrestrial adults. When contaminant exposure does not impact metamorphosis or emergence, emerging insects may carry high concentrations of contaminants that are readily bioavailable to the terrestrial food web. Consuming these contaminated prey items can result in severe histological, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive issues in terrestrial predators like spiders, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. The large number of insects that some predators need to consume in proportion to body mass for survival raises the risk of contaminant bioaccumulation, increasing the likelihood of developmental deformities and mortalities. This also can result in the biomagnification of organic and element subsidies like PCBs, selenium, and mercury by higher trophic levels that consume contaminated aquatic insects and their primary consumers like arthropods and fish. Contaminant levels in prey can be so highly concentrated that, for example, small-bodied songbird chicks can experience adverse physiological effects from feeding on a single spider containing high levels of PCB (at less than 6,000 parts per billion).

Ecosystem-wide impacts
Concentrated contamination of aquatic insect populations can facilitate a decline in the ecological health of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Consumption of contaminated insects either continues the contaminant pathway up trophic levels or excretion returns the subsidies back into the sediment, a major sink of contaminants in aquatic environments. Due to the movement of subsidies through lotic systems and emergence patterns of flying insects, the source of contamination can be some distance away from the source of contamination and affected habitats. Furthermore, the massive biomass of insects compared to other animals, and the sequestration of organic contaminants in one water body, can lead to large amounts of contaminants being exported across many different terrestrial ecosystems. From a single creek, it was estimated that emerging insects exported around 6 grams of PCBs per year to land, which is equivalent to the amount exported by 50,000 migrating salmon in an entire watershed. The subsequent reduction in recruitment from a lack of prey or consumption of contaminant subsidies can lead to local extirpations of fish, and aquatic and arachnivorous birds. The loss of biomass and reduced subsidy pathways deteriorate the complexity of aquatic and terrestrial food webs. As the biodiversity of a habitat decreases, its ecological resilience to further contamination and food web restructuring also declines.

Measuring aquatic-terrestrial connections
Researchers use several tools to assess how terrestrial and aquatic food webs are connected. Stable isotopes, particularly of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, can be used to determine what resources consumers are eating. Other compounds, such as fatty acids, can also be used to trace food web connections between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Stable carbon isotope ratios (ratio of carbon 13 (13C) to carbon 12 (12C)), are one of the most common methods used to measure the energy inputs and sources for aquatic ecosystems, and can be used to track flux of aquatic resources into riparian zones.  Naturally-occurring variation in carbon stable isotope ratios can often distinguish organic matter produced by photosynthesis of terrestrial plants or aquatic algae. A more precise but also more expensive method requires adding a form of carbon labelled with an extreme ratio of carbon 13 (13C) to carbon 12 (12C) that does not naturally occur and which can be used to trace the movement of the added carbon through the ecosystem and food web. Once the tracer carbon has had time to go through the system, samples of water, algae, bacteria, and other organisms are collected and the ratios of  carbon 13 (13C) to carbon 12 (12C) in their tissues are determined. A food web can then be drawn by tracing what organisms have taken up the tracer carbon and how much. Stable isotope ratios are measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer from dried organic samples.

There is sometimes overlap between terrestrial plants and algae in naturally-occurring stable carbon isotope ratios, complicating their use in identifying aquatic-terrestrial subsidies.  Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen (ratio of deuterium to hydrogen) can be used to distinguish terrestrial and aquatic primary production when carbon isotope ratios overlap.  However, stable hydrogen isotope ratios of aquatic organisms can also be influenced by variation in the isotope ratios present in the water molecules of the aquatic environment.  Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen are particularly useful in tracing fluxes of marine-derived resources such as anadromous fish into riparian and terrestrial environments.

Measuring contaminant subsidies and impacts
The movement of aquatic-terrestrial contaminant subsidies can first be measured by testing the water quality of sites with known contamination or near urban centers or factories that discharge chemical waste. This enables scientists to determine where contaminants are highly concentrated in aquatic habitats. Next, aquatic insects are often collected and analyzed for contaminant loads and to model any population changes. Aquatic insects are commonly studied to estimate water quality because many species are highly sensitive to pollution, resulting in community composition changes in contaminated waterbodies. Finally, researchers study histological, blood, gut, feather, and egg samples from predators to determine if contaminants are traveling up trophic levels via the consumption of contaminated prey and what negative effects this may have on predators.

See also

References

Ecological connectivity
Trophic ecology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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