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Year : 2018 | Volume : 20 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1-12
Long-term cosmetic and functional outcomes of rhinoplasty: A cross sectional study of patients' satisfaction
Sara Howldar1, Abdulkareem Fida2, Ohoud Allinjawi1, Faisal Zaqzoog3, Ghofran Qurban1
1 House-officer, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2 Consultant Otolaryngiologist and Facial Plastic Surgeon, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3 Resident Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Sara Howldar
Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
DOI: 10.4103/1319-8491.273913
Objective: To assess patients' satisfaction about cosmetic and functional outcomes of uncomplicated rhinoplasty and the consequent psychological impact
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried in adult patients (≥20 years), who underwent primary, functional/cosmetic rhinoplastic surgery at Al Mashfa hospital, Jeddah, before January 2015 (1 year of postoperative follow-up). Patients were contacted for an anonymous telephonic interview using a validated [1], semi-structured questionnaire investigating 7 postoperative satisfaction parameters.
Results: Two hundred patients who underwent functional (13.5%), cosmetic (20.5%) or both functional and cosmetic (66.0%) rhinoplasty were included. Satisfaction analysis showed 48.0% satisfied rate. Female and divorced participants had lower satisfaction compared to their counterparts; and divorced women had lowest satisfaction score 28.33/100. Pre- to post-rhinoplasty assessments showed remarkable improvement in nose function (mean±SD=53.72±27.10 to 95.71±8.86; p<0.001), appearance (41.70±26.29 to 95.49±9.18; p<0.001) and patient's mood (51.34±29.83 to 95.84±11.47; p<0.001), respectively. Change in mood was correlated with both change in function (r=0.412; OR [95%CI]=1.61 [1.39; 1.86]; p<0.001) and appearance (r=0.748; OR [95%CI]=2.30 [2.07; 2.55]; [p<0.001).
Conclusion: Patients who underwent primary uncomplicated rhinoplasty have fair satisfaction about functional long-term outcomes but remain relatively dissatisfied esthetically; especially female, divorced and unemployed patients. The functional and cosmetic improvements have positive impact on the patient's psychological wellbeing.
Keywords: Rhinoplasty, long-term, satisfaction, impact, cosmetic, functional, psychological impact
Howldar S, Fida A, Allinjawi O, Zaqzoog F, Qurban G. Long-term cosmetic and functional outcomes of rhinoplasty: A cross sectional study of patients' satisfaction. Saudi J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018;20:1-12
Howldar S, Fida A, Allinjawi O, Zaqzoog F, Qurban G. Long-term cosmetic and functional outcomes of rhinoplasty: A cross sectional study of patients' satisfaction. Saudi J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Jan 28];20:1-12. Available from: https://www.sjohns.org/text.asp?2018/20/1/1/273913
Growing demand for rhinoplasty surgery with a parallel increase in the performance requirements is challenging surgeons to be in constant improvement [2]. Consequently, new techniques are being developed continuously to improve patients' satisfaction and quality of life (QoL), whether by simple closed reduction or by strong framework of grafts [3],[4]. Other techniques have developed to improve assessment of patient's expectations, such as computer imaging planning ([4]. However, low satisfaction rates remain frequent in rhinoplasty due to the difficulty of the procedure in addition to unrealistic patient expectation [6].
A high degree of subjectivity interferes in the assessment of rhinoplasty outcomes. Patient dissatisfaction may be in relation with esthetic or functional concerns, which may or may not be confirmed by objective quantitative measures. In either case, patient's assessment remains the ultimate determinant of a rhinoplasty success, as dissatisfaction often leads to multiple revisions [7],[8]. Furthermore, continuous progress in surgeons' skills and improvement in rhinoplasty outcomes are paralleled by a change in the pattern of patients' concerns that give rise to dissatisfaction and revision requests [9]. On the other hand, revision rhinoplasty is associated with a high risk of poor functional outcomes, such as airway occlusion, often compromised by the focus on cosmetic concerns [8],[9],[10].
Several teams studied satisfaction in patients after primary rhinoplasty. A study in Brazil showed a high level of patient's satisfaction after rhinoplasty, with approximately 85% totally satisfied with a total mean of 73.25/100 [12]. Other authors have carried out pre- and postoperative assessments to highlight improvement in satisfaction regarding various functional and esthetic aspects [12],[13],[14].
Recently, assessment of QoL among the patients undergoing rhinoplasty has gained interest, providing comprehensive view on the impact of the health condition and the benefits of treatment. Several authors demonstrated significant improvement in QoL among patients, including psychological, physical, and social dimensions [15],[16].
This study aimed to assess patients' satisfaction about cosmetic and functional outcomes of uncomplicated, primary rhinoplasty, and the consequent psychological impact. It also investigated demographic factors associated with satisfaction.
Study objectives:
To assess long-term (≥1 year) post-rhinoplasty satisfaction level regarding various functional and esthetic aspects
To analyze the statistical association of long-term post-rhinoplasty satisfaction with demographic factors such as age, gender, and marital status, etc.
To assess pre-to-post-rhinoplasty improvement in nose function, appearance and in patient's mood; and to analyze the correlation of improvement in patient's mood with that in function and appearance.
A cross-sectional study was carried out between Jan 2016-June 2016, at the ENT department of Al Mashfa hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Adult patients aged >20 years, who underwent primary, uncomplicated, functional or cosmetic rhinoplasty surgery before January 2015 (at least 1 year of postoperative follow-up), were included in the study. Participants aged <20, those who underwent revision rhinoplasty or simultaneously additional nasal surgery, those with facial trauma, psychiatric disorders were excluded; as well as patients who had post-rhinoplasty infectious complications.
Two hundred patients were randomly selected from the hospital database and contacted for an anonymous telephonic interview using a valid, disease-specific questionnaire investigating 7 postoperative satisfaction parameters related to function, cosmetic and social aspects [17]. Each of the previous parameters is a 5-point likert-type scale item scored as 0 to 4 (peritem score), where greater scores correspond to higher satisfaction in the given item. A total satisfaction score was calculated as the sum of scores from the 7 items and expressed on a 0-100 scale. Three additional questions analyzed overall patient's assessment of function (4) and appearance of the nose [14] as well as his/her mood [18], pre- and post-rhinoplasty. Function and appearance were rated from 0=extremely bad to 100=extremely good; while mood was rated from 0=depressed to 100=joyful. The questionnaire was translated in Arabic and administered in the language in which the participant was most comfortable.
Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to present participants' characteristics and distribution (frequency/percentage) in different satisfaction levels, for all 7 studied parameters; and mean scores were calculated for each parameter and presented in bar chart. Chi-square test was used to analyze association of demographic factors with different satisfaction levels. Per-item satisfaction scores (0-4) were compared between different categories of demographic factors using nonparametric tests including Mann-Whitney U test for binomial variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for multinomial variables; significant results are presented in bar charts. Total satisfaction scores (0-100) were compared using parametric tests, including independent t-test for binomial variables and One-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) for multinomial variables; results are presented as mean±SD. Pre-to-post-rhinoplasty improvement in function, appearance and mood was analyzed using paired t-test; results are presented as means±SD in bar graphs. Linear regression was carried out to analyze psychological impact of functional and cosmetic outcomes by correlating the change in mood score (post – pre-rhinoplasty rating) with change in function and change in appearance, respectively; results are presented as scatter plot with fitting curve and correlation coefficient. A p-value of <0.05 was considered to reject the null hypothesis.
Participants' characteristics
Majority of the participants were married (57.0%) and females (76.0%), with a mean±SD [range] age=33.78±7.41 [20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46],[47],[48],[49],[50],[51] and high educational level (university+; 72.5%). Rhinoplasty was functional in 13.5% and cosmetic in 20.5%; while majority (66.0%) had both functional and cosmetic [Table 1].
Table 1: Participants' characteristics
Satisfaction about rhinoplasty outcomes
Results of the satisfaction questionnaire (7 items) are presented in [Table 2]. Relatively higher percentages of satisfaction in items related to functional outcomes was observed when compared to those related to cosmesis. For example, satisfaction rate was 53.5% in the category very satisfied or completely satisfied regarding nose breathing (Q2), while it was only 35.5% regarding nose appearance (Q1). Further, 67.0% expressed the likelihood or intention to attempt a new surgery to improve current appearance (Q6), versus 53.0% to improve function (Q7). Mean (SD) total satisfaction score was 50.68 (29.55)/100. Mean peritem satisfaction score was highest for nose breathing (2.5/4), followed by friends' and family satisfaction about nose appearance (2.4/4); while lowest score was for likelihood to attempt revision rhinoplasty to improve current appearance (1.5/4) [Figure 1].p<0.001), from pre- to post-rhinoplasty assessment. The notable decrease in SD, in all three parameters, further demonstrates the impact of rhinoplasty on patient's satisfaction [Figure 2].
Table 2: Satisfaction about cosmetic and functional outcomes ≥1 year post rhinoplasty
Figure 1: Mean satisfaction scores by parameter Caption: bars represent mean satisfaction score by parameter (range=0-4).
Figure 2: Patient-reported pre-to-post-rhinoplasty improvement in nose function and appearance and patient's mood
Demographic factors associated with satisfaction
Analysis of satisfaction by gender showed lower total satisfaction score (46.50±28.78 versus 63.91±28.28; p<0.001) and lower per-item scores in 6 out of 7 parameters, as compared to males, respectively. The most significant per-item difference was for likelihood of revision rhinoplasty for cosmetic concern (mean score=1.16 in females, versus 2.44 in males; Mann-Whitney U test: p<0.01) [Figure 3].
Figure 3: Rhinoplasty outcome satisfaction by gender Caption: comparison of rhinoplasty outcomes between males and females using nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney U test) showed lower satisfaction scores among females regarding 6 out of 7 parameters. Bar represent mean scores.
Satisfaction by marital status showed lower total satisfaction score among divorced participants (33.13±29.15) as compared to other categories including single (57.99±29.67), married (52.41±27.40) and widowed (66.52±32.62); using OneWay ANOVA with post hoc analysis using Tukey's test (p<0.001). In addition, per-item scores were lower among divorced participants in all 7 parameters and the differences were statistically significant [Figure 4].
Figure 4: Rhinoplasty outcome satisfaction by marital status Caption: comparison of rhinoplasty outcomes between different marital status categories using nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test) showed lower satisfaction scores among divorced patients regarding all investigated parameters. Bar represent mean scores
Satisfaction by occupation showed that unemployed category of participants had the lowest total satisfaction score (40.48±28.27; p=0.023, OneWay ANOVA) as compared to students (66.92±29.88), public (52.26±28.14) and private (48.57±28.63) sector employees, businessmen (50.50±31.02) and retired participants (78.57±21.43). In post-hoc analysis, only difference between unemployed participants and students was statistically significant (p=0.021). Peritem analysis showed that unemployed participants had the lowest score regarding nose appearance (p=0.008) and appearance limiting social and professional activities (p=0.007), confidence that nose appearance nose was the best possible (p=0.016), and likelihood to attempt revision rhinoplasty to improve appearance (p=0.016).
No significant difference in total or per-item satisfaction scores was observed by indication (p=0.193), age category (p=0.120), nationality (p=0.299) or educational level (p=0.881).
Psychological impact of cosmetic and functional outcomes
Linear regression showed positive correlation of the pre-to-post-rhinoplasty change in mood with both the change in function and appearance; however, correlation was stronger with appearance (r=0.748; p<0.001) than with function (r=0.412; p<0.001) [Figure 5].
Figure 5: Psychological impact of rhinoplasty cosmetic and functional outcomes
For several reasons, long-term patient's satisfaction after rhinoplasty is unpredictable, even after early postoperative satisfaction or good procedural outcomes [19]. Therefore, studying long-term satisfaction is essential and often shows discrepancy between surgeons' assessment and patients' subjective concerns, which may evolve or change over time.
The present study highlighted relatively low long- term patient's satisfaction about rhinoplasty outcomes, showing a mean (SD) total satisfaction score=50.68 (29.55) and up to 56.5% satisfaction rate, depending on the item. Further, lower satisfaction rates were observed in parameters related to cosmetic aspects, ranging from 33.0% to 35.5%, depending on the item. On the other hand, this study showed a considerable improvement in pre-to-post-rhinoplasty nose function and appearance and patient's mood with >40 increase in overall assessment on a 0-100 scale. This in contrast indicates that although rhinoplasty helps in restoring a good part of the patient's self-image, patient's expectations often remain elusive. In some cases, several personality factors are associated with low level of satisfaction, such as obsessive personality trait that are often observed among rhinoplasty candidates [20]. Surgeons should be aware of patients' concerns and remain receptive to details of their complaints, as lack of receptiveness is one of the cause where the patients are not preferring to revisit the same surgeon in case of revision [7].
Compared to our findings, a range of satisfaction rates were reported by other authors. Faidiga et al. reported 85.0% of total satisfaction in Brazil [12]. In another Brazilian study, Arima et al., reported 68.4% excellent satisfaction and 21.1% good satisfaction post 1 to 8 years of rhinoplasty [14]. In a social media study, Khansa et al. reported 83.6% of satisfaction rate, [6]. Comparably, Bagheri et al. assessed 1-year post-rhinoplasty outcomes and found 84% of satisfaction rate [21]. Higher satisfaction rates were reported in an Egyptian study by Foda, who assessed 1 year post-rhinoplasty satisfaction regarding columellar scar problems among 600 Arabian patients after external rhinoplasty and found 93% satisfaction score, with dissatisfaction mainly related to scar size or hyperpigmentation [22]. Several factors may explain the discrepancy in satisfaction rates between different studies, such as differences in the methods and tools used in the assessment as well as in the manner results were interpreted; in addition to population-related factors such as societal and cultural aspects [8],[23]. Another factor that may interfere with satisfaction rate is the type of nose deformity; for example, deviated nose deformity is associated with less satisfaction rate compared to other deformities [24]. Unfortunately, no data are available in Saudi Arabia about the patterns of nose deformities among candidates of rhinoplasty; and it may be interesting to assess the prevalence of each nose deformity in the local ethnic groups and study whether rhinoplasty satisfaction is predicted by the type of deformity.
In pre-to-post-rhinoplasty assessment, the present study showed +42.0, +53.8 and +44.5 increase in overall nose function, appearance and patient's mood, respectively. Comparably, Schwitzer et al. reported smaller extent of improvement including +26.5 and + 15.7 increase in satisfaction about facial appearance and psychological well-being, respectively [25]. Arima et al. used Alsarraf's questionnaire in pre- and post-rhinoplasty assessments and reported +51.5 increase in total satisfaction score [14].
Demographic characteristics showed female preponderance (76.0%) and relatively young age (mean=33.78) among candidates of rhinoplasty which is in agreement with the available literature, such as 71.2% of female and 30.1 mean age reported by Schwitzer et al. [26]. However, generally men of different ages are increasingly involved in cosmetic surgery [19].
87.6% (females); and authors reported that dissatisfied females expressed more explicitly the reasons of their dissatisfaction, while men were too elusive [6]. Similarly, Schwitzer et al. demonstrated that women experienced significant improvement in all parameters including facial appearance, social function, psychological well-being, and all aesthetic aspects of the nose including size, shape, profile, in the mirror and in photos; whereas men perceived significant improvement only in facial appearance ([26]. Herruer et al., in a systematic review (including 27 articles), concluded that male gender was among the predictors of dissatisfaction after rhinoplasty [27]. In an attempt to explain this obvious dichotomy in findings between the previous studies and our study regarding women versus men satisfaction, we analyzed total satisfaction scores by gender and marital status subcategory. Results showed that divorced women had the lowest total satisfaction score (mean±SD=28.33±26.18); which is far lower than all other sub-categories, where mean±SD scores ranged from 48.85±26.16 in married females to 66.07 in widowed females (p<0.001; OneWay ANOVA). This finding clearly indicates the existence of specific factors that interfere with satisfaction and that are particularly associated with divorced women. In the conservative Saudi society, this sub-category of the population is highly exposed to negative social stressors, the impact of which may be exacerbated by further psychological and social impact of the nose deformity; especially if divorce is the consequence of this deformity. In some cases, divorce may be a major motivation for rhinoplasty [28.] In such cases, it is relevant to investigate whether dissatisfaction is related to the particular psychosocial context [27]; in which case it would be judicious to provide psychological support to these patients to improve self-image and avoid compulsive and obsessive revision rhinoplasty. These observations also open the prospect to study the correlation between the psychosocial impact of nose deformity pre- and post-rhinoplasty satisfaction; with the hypothesis that a psychological intervention pre-rhinoplasty may be efficient to improve post-rhinoplasty satisfaction and self-image in some categories of patients.
This study evidenced the strong correlation of positive psychological impact of rhinoplasty with improvement and introversion in 8 months after rhinoplasty, with greater improvement among patients who underwent rhinoplasty for cosmetic motivation [30]. Gunel et al. demonstrated that patients with cosmetic concerns had high psychological distress before and in the early period after rhinoplasty; and that psychological distress decreased significantly in 3 months after rhinoplasty [15]. Other authors highlighted significant improvement in patient's quality of life following rhinoplasty [4],[31]. Generally, cosmetic surgery is reported to be associated with good psychological impact on patients, including in appearance, and to a lesser extent with improvement in function. This demonstrates the importance of esthetic aspects and body-image concerns in psychological well-being [29]. Ercolani et al. reported significant reduction in anxiety, negative emotions, restored self-esteem and body image and improved mood and quality of life [19]. However, negative psychological disorders, such as loss of identity, have been reported in case of poor rhinoplasty outcomes. Such severe outcomes seem to be occurring in patients with prior psychological or personality disorders [32]. Prior personality or psychological disorders were also demonstrated to be significant predictors of dissatisfaction[27].
The main limitation of this study is the cross-sectional design requiring from patients to recall preoperative assessments. Other parameters such as type of nose deformity and pre-rhinoplasty psychosocial well-being were not investigated, although these would provide more accurate information on satisfaction factors. However, as the study was conducted by telephonic interview, only important items were included for practical reasons.
Findings and gaps from this study recommend carrying out further studies on patterns of nose deformities among candidates of rhinoplasty in Saudi Arabia, and to analyze the correlation of the identified types of deformities with patient's expectation, procedure outcomes and satisfaction. Psychosocial impact of nose deformity should be included in pre-rhinoplasty assessment as it constitutes an important factor of satisfaction; and, in some categories of patients, a psychological intervention before rhinoplasty may be efficient to improve post-rhinoplasty satisfaction and self-image.
The preset study a relatively low long-term satisfaction after primary rhinoplasty; showing 48.0% of satisfied patients with a mean total satisfaction score of 50.68/100, with lower satisfaction rates and scores regarding cosmetic aspects.
On the other hand, pre-to-post-rhinoplasty showed a considerable improvement in psychological well- being, which was strongly correlated with the improvement in nose function and to a larger extent, with appearance. The offset between improvement in psychological well-being and satisfaction level appears to be aConclusion
On the other hand, pre-to-post-rhinoplasty showed a considerable improvement in psychological well-being, which was strongly correlated with the improvement in nose function and to a larger extent, with appearance. The offset between improvement in psychological well- being and satisfaction level appears to be a difficult issue to resolve, where complex personal, psychosocial and cultural factors may be involved.
Satisfaction was even lower among females and divorced participants; divorced women had the lowest satisfaction score; indicating the particular influence of some specific psychosocial contexts on patient's satisfaction, beyond the cosmetic outcome. In such cases where psychosocial factors are suspected to have significant contribution in dissatisfaction, psychological interventions may be efficient to improve satisfaction and restore self-image, as well as to prevent excessive re-surgery.
This paper was presented on the 23rd Saudi ORL Annual Conference, on April 20th - 21st, 2017 held in Albaha Province, Saudi Arabia
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
1 The aesthetic and functional outcomes of rhinoplasty surgery: a prospective evaluation
Faisal M. Obeid, Hatan Mortada, Dahna Alkahtani, Lujain Bandar Alotaibi, Othillah Maher Moazin, Waiel A. Daghistani, Faris A. Aldaghri, Khalid Arab
European Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2022;
Howldar S
Fida A
Allinjawi O
Zaqzoog F
Qurban G
psychological impact


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By way of the Kéré Foundation e.V. our architectural practice has contributed to the creation of an inspirational infrastructure in Burkina Faso's Gando that has seen the power of thoughtful, community driven design come to fruition.
To Kéré Foundation e.V. To Kéré Foundation e.V.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nightingale HOME MAINTENANCE INC offers package deals on home maintenance services for all of Peterborough City & County. These deals can save you up to 25% when compared to like services, provided individually.
Start saving today—call Nightingale Home Maintenance for a free estimate to discuss your regular maintenance needs. All staff members of Nightingale Home Maintenance are bonded, licensed, and insured.
Services are charged by the hour (materials are extra).


No matter what your budget or schedule holds, there is always a way you can make a difference. Not all donations are monetary. Through volunteering, fundraising, and coordinating food and clothing drives, you can find the opportunity that works best for you.
North Kent Connect has a Healthy Food Policy! We made this institutional change for our families because we care about their well-being. We heard from clients that they appreciated pantries with fresh food, lean proteins, and dairy. Help us keep The Market (formerly the Food Pantry) stocked with fresh, nutritious food. Read our Healthy Food Policy and see our donation guide by clicking the link below.
Enlist the help of your church, neighborhood or civic group and collect the items most needed by our Market. Personal care items most needed are: feminine hygiene products, laundry soap, and toilet paper.
Donate your gently used clothing or household items to the North Kent Connect Store.
Not only does our Market need donations, but so does the North Kent Connect Store. The Store offers a variety of clothing and home essentials to clients and the public at incredible savings. Learn more about The Store's mission here.
Our biggest need depends on the season. Please contact our front desk at (616) 866-3478 for more information.
Can you pick up donations?
If you are a business, church, or organization hosting a drive for us, we can pick up your donations. Please give us at least a week's notice to arrange for transportation.
I'm hosting a drive. How can I spread the word?
Aimee Baskovic, our Communications Director would be happy to discuss how you can promote your food or clothing drive. Please contact her through our online form.


Cool. I'm not the only one who's wife tells them to use the windshield wipers when I don't need to.
dude, you summed it up so perfectly! people who don't ride simply don't understand it. melissa doesn't even understand it. melissa will make comments that i should have the wipers on…but i never even noticed that they weren't on!


1. Curiosità — An insatiably curious approach to life and an unrelenting quest for continuous learning.
2. Dimonstratzione — A commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence, and a willingness to learn from mistakes.
3. Sensazione — The continual refinement of the senses, especially sight, as the means to clarify experience.
4. Sfumato (literally 'Going up in Smoke')—A willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty.
6. Corporalita—The cultivation of grace, ambidexterity, fitness, and poise.
7. Connessione — A recognition and appreciation for the connectedness of all things and phenomena. Systems thinking.


Q. We are publishing plays, and the dialogue is sometimes written to convey sound as well as sense. The playwright has "August 25th, 1989." Is there any guideline preventing us from including the comma after the ordinal?
A. No, since this order of elements requires the year to be set off with commas. Regardless, the best way to write dialogue is the way you want it to be spoken rather than according to style guidelines for print. (We generally don't expect people to speak in Chicago style.) If you want a slight pause (which most speakers would naturally supply before the year), write "August twenty-fifth, 1989." Although that breaks Chicago's style of using cardinal numerals, not spelled-out ordinals, in dates (August 25, 1989), spelling out "twenty-fifth" tells the actor how to read the number.


text:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science
Oxford Research Encyclopedias Climate Science
Climate Impact: Extreme Events
Climate Impact: Human Health
Climate Impact: Managed Ecosystems and Agriculture
Climate Impact: Marine Ecosystems
Climate Impact: Sea Level Rise
Climate Impact: Terrestrial Ecosystems
Climate Systems and Climate Dynamics
Climate Systems and Climate Dynamics: Biogeochemistry
Climate Systems and Climate Dynamics: Theoretical Foundations
Climate of Africa
Climate of the Baltic Sea Region
Climate of the European Alps
Climate of the Tibetan Plateau
Development and Sustainability
Future Climate Change Scenarios
Hydrological Cycle
Management of Technology and Mitigation
Past Climates
Policy, Politics, and Governance
Psychology and Sociology
Risk Management and Adaptation
Changes in African Glaciers since the 19th Century
Stefan Hastenrath
Changes in Ice Extent
Lewis Glacier Field Measurements
Climatic Forcing
Circulation Changes
Climate of Eastern Africa
Quaternary Climate Variation in Eastern Africa
PRINTED FROM the OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, CLIMATE SCIENCE (oxfordre.com/climatescience). (c) Oxford University Press USA, 2020. All Rights Reserved. Personal use only; commercial use is strictly prohibited (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice).
In equatorial East Africa, glaciers still exist on Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, and Ruwenzori. The decreasing ice extent has been documented by field reports since the end of the 19th century and a series of mappings. For Mount Kenya, the mappings are of 1947, 1963, 1987, 1993, and 2004, with more detailed mappings of Lewis Glacier in 1934, 1958, 1963, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, and 1993. For Kilimanjaro, the sequence is 1912, 1953, 1976, 1989, and 2000. For Ruwenzori (for which information is more scarce), the information is from 1906, 1955, and 1990. Photographs are valuable complementary evidence. At Lewis Glacier on Mount Kenya, measurements of mass budget and ice flow have been conducted over decades. The climatic forcing of ice recession in East Africa at the onset in the 1880s was radiationally controlled, affecting the most exposed locations. Later warming caused further ice shrinkage, except on the summit plateau of Kilimanjaro, above the freezing level. Whereas the ice recession in the Ecuadorian Andes and New Guinea began in the middle of the 19th century, plausibly caused by warming, the late onset in East Africa should be appreciated in the context of large-scale circulation changes evidenced by the historical ship observations in the equatorial Indian Ocean.
Keywords: Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Ruwenzori, Lewis Glacier, glacier recession, climatic forcing
Professor Emeritus, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin
Access to the complete content on Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. If you are a student or academic complete our librarian recommendation form to recommend the Oxford Research Encyclopedias to your librarians for an institutional free trial.
For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs, and if you can't find the answer there, please contact us.


text:
Flight history for S7 Airlines flight S71060
FROM Kazan (KZN)
TO Moscow (DME)
09 Feb 2023 Kazan (KZN) Moscow (DME) 32A — 02:05 — 03:50
03 Feb 2023 Kazan (KZN) Moscow (DME) E70 — 02:05 — 03:50
Unknown Play
31 Jan 2023 Kazan (KZN) Moscow (DME) E70 — 02:05 — 03:50
More than 7 days of S71060 history is available with an upgrade to a Silver (90 days), Gold (1 year), or Business (3 years) subscription.


Winter Olympic Games: Gross Motor Challenges | Blog | Tools To Grow, Inc.
The Winter Olympic Games are almost here and we have the perfect activities and games kids of all ages will love to play! The Winter Olympics Games: Gross Motor Challenges are a great way to encourage gross motor skill development! Great for use in groups or individually.
improve their gross motor skills by performing a variety of movements.
Olympic Event Posters: Print the Winter Olympic Event Posters. Laminate for durability.
Individual Personal Record Form: Print one tracker form per student.
Olympic Event Record Tracker: Use this as a Group Record Tracker. Each Student will record their name and time/score.
Medal Count Form: Therapist Completes "2018 Olympic Medal Count Form" to assign metals based on student scores/times.
1. Child reads the instructions. An adult may have to assist with the reading and/or provide a demonstration of the Winter Olympic Game.
2. The adult starts the timer and the child completes the "Winter Olympic Game" as indicated.
3. The adult stops the timer at the completion of the task.
4. The child can keep track of the time/score to complete the task, or just a check mark, when the task is completed in the selected tracking form.
5. Complete additional trials if time allows (tracker form one lists 3 trials to record).
6. The child completes the remaining "Olympic Winter Games" as indicated.
7. Optional: Use the Medal Count form: Therapist assigns metals at the conclusion of the Winter Games (determined by therapist, ex/ after 2 weeks).
8. Have Fun! Go For Gold!!!!
This FREE printable is the perfect fine motor activity to accompany these Gross Motor Events. Print, Cut, Color and decorate. Find this FREE printable here!
We hope the children in your live enjoy these Winter Olympic Gross Motor Games!
Find these Winter Olympic Resources here!
Find all Winter Resources and Activities here!


text:
Топрайсар () — село у повіті Констанца в Румунії. Адміністративний центр комуни Топрайсар.

Село розташоване на відстані 193 км на схід від Бухареста, 23 км на південний захід від Констанци.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали  осіб.

Національний склад населення села:

Рідною мовою назвали:

Примітки

Села повіту Констанца

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Campaign to Transform the University Library
Building Project Reaches Milestones
East Pavilion – Aerial from Southeast View from Northeast
On December 10, 2021, the architect/engineering firms submitted the final schematic design documents. With that and the Library's successful work to secure funding for construction, the first phase of the building project (transforming the existing Undergraduate Library into an archives and special collections building dedicated for rare and archival collections) will be on the agenda for the January 20, 2022 meeting of the University of Illinois' Board of Trustees for approval. Between campus support, fundraising, and internal allocations, the $50M in funding has been secured for Phase One. Plans have been reviewed and strongly endorsed by Provost Cangellaris and Chancellor Jones, with support from President Killeen and the University of Illinois System.
"As the Library enters the project's next phase, we are excited to see ideas for the interior spaces take shape and look forward to sharing the developing designs with the campus community," said Tom Teper, Associate Dean for Collections and Technical Services and Director of the Library Building Project.
West Pavilion – View from West
View from Gregory Drive
University Library Announces Architectural/Engineering Firms
Proposed Project Schedule
Kick-Off Meeting and Initial Activities for July and Early August 2021
Alumni Couple Invests in Library's Future
Project Meetings Through September 2021
Archives and Special Collections Building and Undergraduate Services Town Hall Held
Envisioning the Library of the Future


I first begun using the MK2 DELKIM indicator around the late nineties, when I'd progressed from the OPTONIC to the first generation of FOX MICRON's, & then to the DELKIM after hearing such good reports from my friends about them. My initial purchase was of three indicators complete with the blue LED's. These performed more than admirably, & catered comfortably with any situation that presented itself. Upon subsequently parting with my carp setup, then reacquainting myself with the sport a few years later, I purchased some FOX MICRON M's, which I struggled to get on with. They weren't a bad indicator, they just didn't offer me enough flexibility, but for the price I couldn't fault them. I eventually managed to get hold of three second-hand MK2 DELKIM indicators via an internet auction site & originally when I purchased them, they had red, yellow & green LED's in them, but with the help of my mate Preston, I managed to get hold of three really bright LED's, & with a simple procedure I removed the old ones & replaced them with the new blue/purple ones, making them even better! I certainly enjoyed returning to the overwhelming sense of reliability that they gave me. A friend of mine had said that he had experienced wearing a small groove in the little plastic sensor vane, but that had come about because he had been using braided main line. I normally have my alarms really quiet, & the DELKIM can be turned down really low with ease. Likewise if you needed them really loud, they can be quite deafening at full volume! The sensitivity adjustment is just perfect for my needs, & the battery life is quite impressive. Since then I've owned a set of the new TXi version of the DELKIM & ironically I've since been converted to using the new remote Steve Neville alarm, but as you can tell, I can't praise the MK2's enough – excellent performance for excellent value!
My acquisition of three DAIWA EMBLEM-Z 5000A's was my first experience of a DAIWA reel aimed at the carp fishing market. My initial thoughts were that they were considerably lighter than my old BIOMASTER's by size / weight ratio, & were recommended by a friend that used a set of EMBLEM-S's. The line capacity on them is huge, & they swallowed up a bulk spool of 15lb GT80 with ease! My only concern with the reel was that the fine thread of the front drag disc, that I had to slacken to fish 'baitrunner style', took several turns to tighten down once a fish had taken line. I got around this by purchasing three baitrunner conversions to suit, which made life much easier, but at almost £25 each, this was a somewhat expensive solution! Another concern was that the bale arm would not pass over the conversion when the spool was fully forwards, & although this was very annoying at first (especially just as you're about to cast out!), was soon avoided after I got used to them. I also noticed that sometimes the line could loop over the conversion pin at times, & hence these were minor problems with the conversion & not the reel itself. Performance wise they easily out cast my old big pit reels, due to the extreme spool capacity & the brilliant line lay – I could cast 2oz leads on 10lb GT80 for miles, & I'm not the greatest caster! All in all I have been extremely pleased with these reels, & would happily recommend them to any angler. I paid just over £200 for three (second hand), which when you consider that they used to have a RRP of £179 each was an excellent investment.
I have to admit to not being an avid user of bivvies during my early years of carp fishing, preferring to use a brolly with stormsides that allowed me to watch more water than a full shelter would allow. My first delve into the bivvy market was an original NASH TITAN ALL SEASON when it first came out, I believe in the mid nineties. At the time I was fishing on the Packington syndicate through the winter & needed something more suitable. I was heartily impressed with the TITAN, but went back to a brolly type system when I took up the sport again around 2006 & I purchased a JRC DAVE LANE OVAL PLUS system. This served me brilliantly at Blackroot, but I was frustrated with the condensation situation whilst fishing through the winter. I invested in a TRAKKER SPECIMEN PIONEER in the spring of 2007, & although this was an excellent piece of kit, it was too big for most of the Blackroot swims. I found that I was taking two bivvies to the lake & if the swim I opted for was big enough, I'd use the PIONEER, if it wasn't, the OVAL would be employed - not the the best situation to be in! Having suffered the mosquitoes during the summer months at the Swag, I made the decision to buy the ULTRALIGHT. This had a slightly more compact footprint & has the mozzy panels fitted to allow air inside the bivvy, without the blighters having access for a free feed! The fact that it was a brolly-based system (I'm not a fan of domes & pram-hood style bivvies – you might as well use a green tent…) that is really simple to set up, & rock solid, with the second skin to prevent condensation makes it my only choice for overnight or full weeklong sessions. The Aquatex material also makes the whole lot much lighter & perhaps it's me, but maybe it's a little warmer during the colder months? This has to be be the most flexible & innovative bivvy on the market, & I can't recommend it highly enough. Well impressed!
Using mono main line has become a way of life, & up until very recently had never felt the need to change to braid, despite some recognised 'stars' giving it their seal of approval. I only use braid where I find it beneficial, & use it accordingly. I have used various recommended mono lines in different colours & diameters, & I first tried GARDNER GR60 for the first time in 2006. I was suitably impressed with its performance, & reluctantly made the switch to GT80 in 2007, after a mate raved about the stuff. I have used this in both the 15lb variety for weedy venues during the summer, & 10lb for when I needed to get those few valuable extra yards on the cast. The abrasion resistance is quite superb, & the line is impressively limp for its diameter, unlike some of its 'wiry' competitors. The 10lb variety casts like a dream, & hardly ever causes 'frap-ups', whilst the 15lb 'rope' bears all the refinements of a mono much thinner in diameter. I can honestly say I have never had one single issue with this line & this is a top performer in the mono market minefield.
Many people who know me will tell you that when it comes to hooklink selection, I am extremely reluctant to give any of the leading manufacturers my seal of approval. Having had some bad experiences with a popular market-leading brand, this has had a major effect on my process of selection. When I first used the original 'hybrid', I was reasonably impressed with its performance, but I was somewhat disappointed in the way it would often develop a kink or bend at the most inopportune moment (ie: when reeling in to recast). Although this may seem only a minor problem, the fluorocarbon coating on the braid would give the hooklink a neutral buoyancy & the hooklink would always sit up off the lake bed at the point of this bend / kink. I would normally get round this by using small wraps of lead wire along its length, but if you needed to reposition one of the wraps, invariably you would damage the coating, rendering the effect of the rig almost useless! Korda's subsequent release of their new 'hybrid soft' hooklink proved to be exactly what I was looking for… soft, supple, didn't kink or bend & seemed considerably denser when in water than many of its major rivals. I have both the 'gravel brown' & 'weedy green' versions of this brilliant material & this covers me for pretty much every eventuality. The only negative aspect of this hooklink material, is because it's much softer than the original 'hybrid', it can be prone to tangling. However, by employing some simple measures into my own presentations, I can now cast out a rig constructed with this material with complete confidence.
Having suffered the fate of finding the fish out of my normal casting range during the winter on a popular park lake, I had eventually succumbed to the idea of purchasing a set of out-&-out casting tools. I had initially read a review in a popular monthly carp magazine about these rods, & as I'm mega-fussy about my rods, (I'm always messing around with them until I get them how I need them!) I had instantly realised this was what just the type of rod I was after. Having been fortunate enough to have had a play with one some time ago, with the superior build quality & styling, I made an immediate purchase after scouting round for the best deal I could. I'm not a fan of shiny chrome bits on my rods – I prefer slim blanks, minimalist styling & a comfortable, yet usable handle, but as most carp anglers will concede, they've got to give you confidence. That said, I eventually altered the handles to my all-time favourite full-duplon style & I managed to get hold of & fit the 'free spirit' versions. I need to be able to sit behind my rods thinking; yes they're smart, & they'll do the job I want them to without paying a kings ransom for the privilege! Berkley also offer a lifetime guarantee with each rod, so you can compress them with complete confidence! Although I had some early reservations about the stiffness of the rod having an effect on fish losses, this was soon extinguished after catching a few decent carp on it A top piece of equipment!
I decided to update to these alarms after suffering an unfortunate event whilst fishing a park lake, in 2006. During one session, my rods were out in the water in front of my swim, & whilst enduring a heavy rainstorm I couldn't hear my MK2 DELKIMs at all despite them being turned up fully, because the rain was pounding onto my bivvy. I'm not a fan of having my alarms at a volume where every angler on the entire lake & surrounding area is aware of them, so I knew the answer to my problem was to use a sounder box or some kind of remote receiver. Eventually, I decided against the sounder box for my existing alarms as the cables trailing from them would have been prone to getting dogs tangled in them on the park lake! Having consulted a few guys that I knew were using TXi's, I decided to make the expensive purchase & I was most impressed! These are amazing alarms, & do just about anything you would want an alarm to do & more. Their obvious selling point – the remote receiver is simple to use & easy to carry in your pocket. Although they possess many features that I will almost certainly never use, it's a comforting thought that if I need them to do a particular job in any given condition, they'll perform it without any problem. The feature I most find of use is the 'night marking' LED configuration, where they can be set to glow very dimly, completely removing the need for isotopes. My other reason for not using a 'roller wheel' type alarm, is that I like the idea that the sensor vane in the DELKIM can detect vibrations & subtle knocks – useful in winter when trying to detect fish movements. With little or no lateral movement on the main line, this could easily go unnoticed by a 'roller wheel' type alarm.
Since taking up carp fishing over during the late eighties, I've seen many tackle trends come & go, but some items of equipment have always retained their cult status. One such item was the outrageously priced DAIWA SS3000 big pit reel. I had always dreamed of being able to own a set of these & although they seemed huge all those years ago, they have since been superseded in the spool size battle within the carp fishing reel marketplace. I had always believed that no one in their right mind would ever be able to warrant paying over £175 per reel unless the body & spool were constructed of twenty-four carat gold!!! The SS3000 was subsequently replaced some years after their introduction by the TS5000T which became a much more affordable option. This model was highly praised in carp angling circles as one of the best reels on the market & with many endorsements from some of the most respected carp anglers of our time; these were placed at the very pinnacle of my 'wish list'. I managed to purchase a set at a reasonable price & found them to be perfectly balanced when matched to my rods & they've performed without compromise since the day I purchased them. The chunky rosewood handle makes them a joy to use & the unique 'twistbuster' feature really does seem to drastically cut down line twist. To summarise, yes they're expensive, but to own such a cult piece of carp angling equipment is well worth paying good money for! Add to this the perfect line lay & the subtle blue & gold styling, these reels are a joy to use & of course, look wicked on any set-up!
I've probably owned more pairs of polarised glasses than I care to admit & invariably they usually meet a sticky end by being trodden on, sat on, bent in my pocket or just generally mislaid or lost. As a result of this general mistreatment, it is unusual for me to spend a serious amount of cash on a decent pair, but following the systematic destruction of my last pair, I decided it was time I finally bought a decent set & looked after them. After looking at many different styles, I stumbled across a small, discreet advertisement in a monthly carp magazine that caught my eye. After some menial searching via the internet, I managed to track the supplier down – Johnson Ross Tackle. Through their website, I purchased the 'Wye' style (there are five styles to choose from) & although I don't consider myself to be too much of a 'camo man', I do like a bit of the Advantage Timber. As these are fully licensed by Realtree, they certainly look the business. Once they arrived through my post box, I was surprised at just how light & comfortable they were. Once on the bankside I couldn't believe the difference between these & my old pair. They're also supplied with a soft drawstring pouch so I don't have to worry about scratching the lenses & certainly so far, they've been outstanding!
Much to the amusement of my non-fishing pals, I really enjoy fishing through the cold winter months, where I have often woken up to find the lake frozen! After spending two full winters on the CHUB SNOOPER COMPACT bedchair, I decided enough was enough, where regularly enduring up to fifteen hours of darkness & cold, is a good test for not just equipment, but angler too! I had therefore planned to buy a full sized bedchair for the third winter, where money was not going to be an object. After asking a few friends for their advice, I settled upon the NASH MK3 INDULGENCE. At the time, NASH had just released the new 'Wide Boy' version of this bedchair, & they had also produced a MK4 version, which was the same as the MK3, but with four legs. I felt that the MK3 suited my needs best & from the very first session I used it, I realised it was money well spent. Anyone who has regularly fished through below zero temperatures of the winter months will tell you that most bedchairs develop a cold-spot in the middle, where cold air can penetrate the underside of the bedchair where the main part of your body weight is supported. If your sleeping bag is not of sufficient quality, this can make for an uncomfortable night at the lakeside! The INDULGENCE however has a padded, removable foam section that is located in the centre, which completely eliminates this & has the effect of almost redistributing your body weight around the frame. With the soft, luxurious padding, & with innovative features such as the mobile phone pouch & a small zip pocket on the side for receivers / head torches etc, this is quite clearly among the very elite of bedchairs. Although not cheap, considering the amount of hours I spend fishing at night & throughout the year, this was a very worthwhile investment.
After four successive cold winters, I had been promising myself a premium quality sleeping bag for some time. Whilst my old bag served its purpose very well, I found that once temperatures dipped below zero, that it was not sufficient to keep me warm through the depths of my winter campaigns. Initially, I liked the idea of purchasing a bag that had various removable layers like the NASH Frostbite or the TRAKKER 365 Sleep System, but having spoken to a number of retailers, they confirmed that both products had some inherent frailties – not what I expect from a product costing around £150! My fishing companion Ben Woodhouse advised me to take a look at the 'Duvet' sleeping bag from AQUA Products. Although I wasn't able to actually view one, after reading lots of reviews about its performance, I decided to take the plunge, as it seemed just what I was after. When it arrived, I had to admit I was a bit concerned… It seemed extremely thin & I doubted its ability to keep me warm in freezing temperatures. These fears were soon extinguished after a couple of sessions in sub zero temperatures when I realised my money was indeed well spent. As with most sleeping bags, it's the little things that make all the difference & what I liked most about the bag was that it has a pocket for your pillow. Now I know this isn't exactly groundbreaking in design, but it keeps your pillow in one place, rather than it sliding around or dropping off the end of the bedchair! Another great feature are the small plastic clips positioned on both sides of the bag that locate the zips firmly in position when not being used. This prevents the age-old problem of the zip working its way down on the opposite side of the bag to the side you would normally exit – again simple in design, but very effective. Amid the positive reviews, some had expressed concern with a 'cold spot' at the bottom of the bag, where your feet are positioned. I soon discovered that this was due to the fact that the two fleece linings don't meet at the bottom & this is the bag's only negative point. With a little thought, I eventually overcame this problem by fitting velcro strips onto the bottom of the fleece liners, so that they could be fixed together, yet still be removed during the warmer months. I've used it in temperatures down as low as –5°C (albeit with a thermal cover), & I've been wonderfully warm & toasty! ! It packs down very small in its compression sack, weighs very little & the fleece liners (top & bottom) can be removed for summer use or to be washed. All in all, it's another quality product that I'd be lost without.
I eventually switched to using a gas stove during the summer of 2009, when I wanted a cleaner, more compact stove for my Oakwood sessions. For years I'd been more than happy with my COLEMAN Feather petrol stove, but as I was trying to compact my gear as much as possible, I was suitably impressed with the performance of my little stove. However, with the onset of winter I began to suffer the normal problems that go hand-in-hand with using gas cylinders through the colder months. Being very impressed with many of the THINKING ANGLERS products, I had no hesitation in making an immediate purchase of their Gas Stove Pouch. Essentially, it's a jacket designed to encompass a COLEMAN 500 gas cylinder (or a cylinder of similar size) that improves performance by protecting it from the elements. The jacket also serves to protect the cylinder from damage & it even features a little elasticated loop to house a teaspoon – brilliant!
Having owned a set of three DAIWA Tournament TS5000T reels for two years, I was perfectly happy with how they had performed during this time & I was convinced that I would never need to replace them. However, I never really managed to quash my passion to own a set of SS3000's, ever since I saw an original set many years ago. After raising the funds to purchase three of the re-released versions, I was fortunate to track some down after tirelessly searching the internet for the best deal I could get. Initially, I'd planned to pick up a set of 'originals', but after requesting the advice from well-respected carp angler John Claridge, he advised me to purchase the new versions, solely for the reason that they had now benefited from the Tournament 'Twist Buster' feature. Whilst I believed the SS3000 would be significantly better than the TS5000T, in reality it isn't. It is just a TS5000T with a brand new coat of metallic black paint. Clearly DAIWA had identified there was a 'buck' or two to be made here – I can just imagine a DAIWA UK board meeting taking place… "lets just paint em a different colour & charge folk an extra £75 apiece for the privilege". So has paying the extra money to upgrade from the TS5000T to the SS3000 bought me a more efficient piece of engineering? No, of course it hasn't, but they do carry that famous & timeless logo that will forever have its place in carp fishing history, alongside the likes of the Mitchell 300 & the ABU cardinal 55. Make no mistake, I love em!
The decision to replace my faithful DELKIM TXi alarms & receiver was not undertaken lightly & following a trip to France in 2010, I spent a long time considering the advantages & disadvantages of changing to the remote STEVE NEVILLE alarm. Whilst I had lots of faith in my DELKIMs, I had always had a liking for the NEVILLE alarm, but I never liked the idea of having to use the plug-in ATTX dongles to enable a receiver to be used. Once the remote NEVILLE had been introduced, I did make some tentative enquiries about its performance & having heard some very good reports about them, I decided to take the plunge. Admittedly, I didn't have a particularly good reason to want to change, I simply fancied trying something different - after all, I'd previously been perhaps a little harsh to dismiss the STEVE NEVILLE alarm in the past & here was an opportunity to find out for myself just what some anglers had been raving about. Luckily, I sold my DELKIM alarms for the amount I needed to purchase a new set of NEVILLE's & a receiver, so it didn't involve a significant investment to make the switch. Since this time I have grown to love these little alarms. From their 'old school' styling to their ultimate practicality, they are a 'no frills' piece of equipment – they simply do what is required of them very well. The only single element of the system that I would like to see would be a designated pouch for the receiver. The receiver range is excellent & significantly better than my old DELKIM RX Plus receiver (although I've never tested it at maximum range), the battery life is very good & the receiver provides the added benefit of providing an indication of the state of the battery.
During the period of time I've spent fishing for carp, I've probably used more sets of scales than I care to remember. From the old tubular type SALTER scales & various sets of AVONs, to the slim-profiled NASH stainless steel versions. After suffering the unfortunate situation of having a bottle of KRYSTON KLIN-IK leak in my scales pouch, this seeped into the unit & corroded the spindle of the scales, locking them up completely. As I was able to disassemble the unit, I managed to tidy them up & restore them to their former glory, but ultimately I'd lost a little faith in them after the episode & I'd always fancied a decent set of 'Reubens' for many years. Once I'd managed to secure the funds, I was able to get my hands on a set of the limited edition 'England' type (with the dial face sporting a George Cross) & even more fortunate to get them at a bargain price. My first concern was that I'd forgotten just how heavy they were, but once I'd used them a couple of times, it didn't take me long to fully appreciate their inherent quality. They're super-smooth, easy to use & considering they do such a simple & straight-forward job, I would have no hesitation in recommending them to anyone that is looking for a top-quality set of scales. On the negative side, they are not supplied with a weigh bar or storage pouch so this is an additional cost that has to taken into consideration. In conclusion, if were off out for a days stalking then they're unlikely to find their way into my carryall, but at any other time they'll be first item into my bag!
I stopped using my old Coleman Peak-1 & Feather petrol stoves a few seasons ago, after switching to a modern gas stove for several reasons. Initially, it was because I didn't want to have to pump & prime the stove first, but the main problem was that I grew tired of the smell of petrol every time I unzipped & opened my carryall. My first purchase was a SUNNGAS Alpine stove that served me well for a couple of years, but I'd promised myself a PRIMUS Himalaya for as long as I could remember. I came across a second-hand Himalaya some time ago that had got a damaged regulator thread & I was lucky enough to purchase this item for just £15. From here it was a simple task of removing the regulator from my old stove & replacing & re-crimping it onto the hose of the Himalaya. The difference has been quite noticeable & I have really begun to appreciate the quality of a good stove. As for its performance, it is quite simply brilliant. It fires up first-time-every-time with the piezo ignition & will boil a kettle of water in no time at all. With its increased level of performance, I naturally assumed that it would have burned more fuel & ironically, this has proven to not be the case. If anything, I'm certain that my fuel lasts marginally longer than it used to, proving the excellent efficiency of this great little stove. I have also found that one of its best qualities is the ability to adjust the burner to exactly how you need it. There's nothing worse than trying to simmer the contents of a saucepan or fry bacon in a pan when you find that you can either have it too harsh or a slight anti-clockwise turn of the regulator valve means the burner goes out completely! A joy to use because of its simplicity & performance & probably the best £15 I've spent on my fishing!
Having used DAIWA big-pit reels almost exclusively during my carp fishing career, I had never felt the need to switch to using a SHIMANO model, until an occasion where I needed to get the absolute maximum casting range from my equipment. In this instance, I had considered changing my reels for a premium DAIWA big-pit reel – namely the Basia model, when a good friend offered me the opportunity to try out a SHIMANO Technium XT10000 model. Upon conducting a series of casting trials, I was seriously impressed with their casting prowess & the increased distances on my casts where nothing short of phenomenal. As these were extremely difficult source as they are no longer manufactured by SHIMANO, after lots of effort I managed to find three & immediately I found that they were a perfect match & balance for my rods. I've since converted them to Quick-Drag & the build quality & solid feel they possess is unmatched by all of the other DAIWA models I have used previously. If I were intending to use a reel for close to medium range fishing, then I would perhaps consider the Technium to be a little over the top – the phrase: 'using a sledgehammer to crack a walnut' springs to mind, but for distance work, they are simply awesome. Their large spool, & slow oscillation provides immaculate line lay & the small, slim body makes them extremely attractive on the bank. All-in-all, they are without doubt a serious contender for the best big-pit reel ever made & it's difficult to see me ever parting with them.
I begun making my own bait back in the early nineties & back then, the only commercially available & affordable bait tables were made by GARDNER. Their standard bait tables were then superseded by the 'long-base' version & were subsequently followed up with the Baitmaster – a bigger table for producing bait in larger quantities. The downside to making bait in large quantities was that if you required your baits to be rolled in various sizes, then obviously this would require more than one size of rolling table, which would invariably work out to be very expensive. Another thing that often annoyed me with the Baitmaster was that it had to be assembled in sections & mounted on a board. Such is the manner of mass-produced plastic items, it would rarely fit together perfectly, meaning that it would almost have to 'wear' together. When I opted to increase my bait size 20mm some time ago, I searched high & wide to see if there were any alternative bait tables available & I managed to source a rolling table from the Italian company – REKORD. For around £15, I quickly took delivery of my new table & I can honestly say it has made my bait-rolling sessions much easier. To begin with, the upper & lower parts of the table are supplied in solid sections, eliminating the need to assemble & mount it on a board. The two handles press into the upper section & solid rubber feet fit to the base to prevent it from slipping whilst in motion. It is fractionally smaller than a GARDNER Baitmaster, which I first feared would have an impact on the time it took me to roll a few kilos of bait, but I soon found that it was so easy to use with the two halves locating together much easier, these fears were soon extinguished. I certainly would have no hesitation in recommending these great bait tables to anyone who rolls their own bait.


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Found 2,186 people matching Lawyer starting with J:
J. B. Dauda
Joseph Bandabla Dauda widely known as J.B Dauda, is a Sierra Leonean politician and current... more »
J. B. Jeyaretnam
Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam was a Singaporean politician and lawyer. He was the leader of the... more »
J. B. Kripalani
Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani, popularly known as Acharya Kripalani, was an Indian politician,... more »
J. B. L. Reyes
Jose Benedicto Luna Reyes was a noted Filipino jurist who served as Associate Justice of the... more »
J. B. Stoner
Jesse Benjamin "J.B." Stoner was an American segregationist convicted in 1980 of the 1958... more »
J. Bob Traxler
Jerome Bob Traxler, also known as J. Bob Traxler or Bob Traxler, was a politician from the U.S... more »
J. C. Neville
J. C. Neville was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin. more »
J. C. W. Beckham
John Crepps Wickliffe Beckham was the 35th Governor of Kentucky and a United States Senator from... more »
J. Caleb Boggs
James Caleb "Cale" Boggs was an American lawyer and politician from Claymont, in New Castle... more »
J. Christopher Stevens
J. Christopher Stevens was a diplomat and lawyer who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Libya from... more »
J. Curtis Counts
James Curtis Counts, known primarily by his first initial and middle name, was a labor mediator... more »
J. D. DeBlieux
Joseph Davis DeBlieux, known as J.D. DeBlieux, was a Democratic member of the Louisiana State... more »
J. E. "Buster" Brown
James Eugene Brown, known as J. E. "Buster" Brown, is an attorney and lobbyist in Austin, Texas,... more »
J. E. P. Wallis
Sir John Edward Power Wallis was an Indian lawyer who served as the Advocate-General of Madras... more »
J. Edward Pawlick
J. Edward Pawlick was a Massachusetts lawyer, publisher and anti-gay activist. In 1972 Pawlick... more »
J. Ernest Wilkins, Sr.
Jesse Ernest Wilkins, Sr. was a notable African-American lawyer, labor leader and undersecretary... more »
J. Evans Attwell
Joseph Evans Attwell was the youngest managing partner of Vinson & Elkins, the largest law firm... more »
J. Foster Wilkin
James Foster Wilkin was a lawyer in the U.S. State of Ohio who was an Ohio Supreme Court Judge... more »
J. Frank McInnis
Jesse Frank McInnis, known as J. Frank McInnis, was a judge of his state's Second Circuit Court... more »
J. H. M. Wigman
J. H. M. Wigman was mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin. more »
J. H. Patel
Jayadevappa Halappa Patel was the 15th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 31 May 1996 to 7 October... more »
J. H. Spring-Branson
James Henry Spring-Branson was a British lawyer who served as the Acting Advocate-General of the... more »
J. Harvie Wilkinson III
James Harvie Wilkinson III is a federal judge serving on the United States Court of Appeals for... more »
J. Holt Smith
J. Holt Smith was a lawyer and the husband of Julie Newmar. more »
J. Howard Edmondson
James Howard Edmondson was an American politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. He served as... more »


This had to be the best battle of the NOME 5 event! I wasn't expecting much initially, but O'fficial lit Jaz up (no debating)! Usually Jaz kills whoever is in her way, but this one had me wanting to throw in the white towel for Jaz. O'fficial will be dubbed the 'Jaz killer'. It was that ugly of a battle!
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After attacks by the LGBT community for performing in Dubai, Beyoncé's father comes out to defend her
United States.- Mathew Knowles decided to defend his daughter Beyonce after he faced a terrible backlash from the community LGBTQIA+ for her performance in Dubai, where the homosexuality It is illegal.
The music manager told TMZ on January 24 that the celebrity's show at the new Atlantis The Royal resort "brought together a very diverse crowd" and brought people together. Mathew, 71, also added that Beyoncé "has always stood for inclusivity" and would never do anything to "deliberately hurt someone."
About why he didn't perform any songs from his new album, his dad confirmed what they had been saying about him planning a tour. "She'll announce it when she's ready."
Although the singer has not addressed the criticism, social media users were quick to speak up about it about her headlining performance on Saturday. "No problem, but I have a hard time understanding why Beyoncé, who has half a billion dollars, would accept $20 million to make her debut presentation of the album Renaissance, a record that is very elevated from queer culture, in Dubai, a country where LGBT rights are not recognized," one person tweeted.
Are they forgetting that Dubai is one of the most homophobic places [sic] in the world and all of you gays are enjoying #Beyonce… she gets paid £24m to perform for a bunch of homophobic idiots. She is not an idol of mine."
However, other fans shared their father's feeling about the famous program. "Everyone is crying over @Beyonce's performance in Dubai, yeah they can be anti-gay whatever. But think about it! she just brought so many gays to dubai for her weekend. She thinks big Bitches," one tweeted.
Beyoncé can perform wherever she wants! Dubai paid him $24 million. I don't care what Dubai has to say about gays. 24 million? Where do you want me to perform?"
So they got mad [sic] with @Beyonce when she toured those states in the US that have anti-LGBTQ laws? or are you gone [sic] do you still get your tickets? Selective outrage is working on my #cozy nerves," tweeted TS Madison, an LGBTQIA+ activist who appeared on Renaissance.
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Shubman Gill 200 Runs: 'It seemed like you were playing Gilli Danda', Shubman Gill dominated by scoring a double century
Hyderabad. Team India cricketer Shubman Gill continued his brilliant performance in one-day internationals, scoring a double century against New Zealand at the Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium in Hyderabad on Wednesday. With this, he also became the fifth Indian to score a double century in ODI format. Shubman Gill also holds the record for the fastest 1000 ODI runs during the first match of India's current ODI series against New Zealand.
India scored a mammoth score of 349 for eight in the first ODI against New Zealand thanks to Shubman Gill's double century. Gill faced 149 balls during his innings and scored 19 fours and nine sixes. Apart from them, Rohit Sharma contributed 34 runs and Suryakumar Yadav contributed 31 runs for India.
The double century from the bat of opener Shubman Gill made cricket experts and fans around the world his fans. He took the support of social media to read ballads in praise of Gill. Let's take a look at how fans reacted to Shubman Gill's double hundred against New Zealand:
Dinesh Karthik wrote, 'A brilliant knock with each shot more beautiful than the one before. I can see you batting Shubman Gill.
A beautiful knock with each shot being more elegant than the earlier one.
Can keep watching you bat @ShubmanGill,#INDvNZ pic.twitter.com/DMyIoLNclw
— DK (@DineshKarthik) January 18, 2023
Tags: BCCI, Shubman Gill, team india
ICC ODI Rankings: Virat Kohli enters top 5, Siraj reaches number 3
IND vs NZ: Shubman Gill and Ishaan's blast, India overtakes the world in 2 months, for the first time in 52 years


Netflix's Homecoming: A Film By Beyoncé goes behind the scenes of one of the most iconic performances in 2018; Beychella.Last year, like many years, lots of important and iconic things happened on the music scenes. One of these events was Beyonce headlining Coachella as the first African-American female to do so. The crowd was crazy, social media went wild and the two hour performance of 26 songs on April 14, 2018 made history even transforming the event's name to Beychella. The show was not only critically acclaimed but also described as "epic," "iconic" and "historic," like most of what Queen Bey does.
After some teasers over the weekend and a trailer which recently dropped we now know that the unforgettable Beyoncé's Coachella performance is documented and will be available to stream on Netflix starting April 17th. The internet is buzzing with excitement and anticipation of the new Netflix special.
This documentary will take us behind the scenes to see the preparation Beyoncé put into executing her vision of that killer performance at #Beychella. It promises to be "inspiring" and we're feeling it.
Visual-wise, different glimpses from the actual film are shown as the interviewer asks Maya what advice would she have for this generation.
The clip goes on into a powerful feed of images from the iconic performance and certainly leaves us wanting for more. Homecoming: A Film By Beyoncé premiers on April 17, so let the countdown begin!
This entry was written by Rita Elhajj and edited by Elige Abou Youness for Virgin Radio Lebanon and Laughing Might Help.
Dance To This just got better somehow!


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Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress
Continental Congress
The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution....
was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies
Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were English and later British colonies established on the Atlantic coast of North America between 1607 and 1733. They declared their independence in the American Revolution and formed the United States of America...
that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...
, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War , the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers.The war was the result of the...
had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress
First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts by the...
, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence
United States Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. John Adams put forth a...
on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States.
Which two documents wer written or adopted by the second continental congress?
What was the plan of government at the Second Continental Congress
What is the 2nd Continental Congress?
What document was created by the continental congress to govern the United states at the end of the revolution?
How does congress assume the power of the central government?
What colony did john adams, john hancock, benjamin franklin, john dickinson, richard henry lee, thomas jefferson each represent during the second cont...
Which man called for the independence of the colonies from Great Britain at the Second Continental Congress?


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David J Singh (2009)
For contributions to the methodology for electronic structure calculations and in applications to diverse classes of materials.
Bennett Richard Bass (2008)
For outstanding scientific, programmatic, and institutional contributions to ORNL in advanced computational structural mechanics and nuclear safety technologies.
C. Stuart Daw (2008)
For pioneering the application of chaos theory and nonlinear dynamics to energy technologies, including gas-fluidized beds, internal combustion engines, and pulsed combustion.
Amit Goyal (2008)
For pioneering research and distinguished contributions to the field of high-temperature superconductors, including fundamental materials science advances and technical innovations that enable commercialization.
Kenneth W Tobin, Jr (2003)
For outstanding contributions to the field of applied computer vision research and development that address important national interests in industrial and economic competitiveness, biomedical measurement science, and national security.
David L Greene (1999)
For distinguished contributions to energy policy research and analysis for transportation, and for advancing understanding of the transportation sector's role in energy and environmental concerns.
(-) Former Research Fellow (9)


The company that sells digital forensics and mobile hacking tools to others has itself been hacked.
Israeli firm Cellebrite, the popular company that provides digital forensics tools and software to help law enforcement access mobile phones in investigations, has had 900 GB of its data stolen by an unknown hacker.
The Israeli firm Cellebrite, which provides digital forensics tools and software to help law enforcement access mobile phones in investigations, has had its firmware and software leaked online.
The legal battle between Apple and the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) over a locked iPhone that belonged to one of the San Bernardino shooters may be over, but the Department of Justice (DoJ) are back in front of a judge with a similar request.


In our youth-obsessed culture, as women get older they start to lose value. Enter the era of the older model.
Women well past 40 are gaining speed in the modeling world. Some are former models returning as the Baby Boomer generation demands more representation of their demographic, others never stopped working.
I'm featuring four here, but there are many, many more out there. All are proudly silver haired and eschew coloring it.
First up is Daphne Selfe, a British model known as "the world's oldest supermodel." In an article from the Huffington Post, 85 year old Selfe can be seen in a video for a TK Maxx (UK version of TJ Maxx) strutting her stuff alongside her much younger counterparts.


If you ever wished you could have more leisure in your life, think again. It might not be as exciting as you might imagine. Pretty monotonous - besides the part about waking up in a cat pile. That never gets old.


Why are our MPs putting blatant self-interest ahead of the Brexit vote?
Could Gina Miller's next move compel the EU to delay Brexit?
The panel What were the silver linings of 2018?
What were the silver linings of 2018?