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Alessandro Volta
Home » Celebrities » Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)
He was an Italian physicist, best known for the invention of the first electric generator ever made, the battery, and for the discovery of methane.
Born in Como in the ancient palace located in the current Volta Street, in 1758 he began his studies in the humanities, rhetoric and philosophy at the local Jesuit school. Later he joined the Benzi Royal Seminary in Como, where he completed his studies and became friends with the canon Giulio Cesare Gattoni who encouraged the young Volta's scientific vocation, making his own natural sciences cabinet, housed in one of the towers (Gattoni Tower ) of the Como city walls.
Alessandro Volta was perhaps the first natural philosopher who can be considered a scientist in the modern sense of the term. With him we inaugurate the figure of the specialist, that is the man of science who, freed from metaphysical prejudices, faces the study of natural phenomena by framing them in a perspective in which counting and being decisive are essentially two things: a good theory explanatory and a valid and incontrovertible experimental verification. Both in success and in failure, Volta has embodied and inaugurated this important and new figure of scientist.
In the course of his life Alessandro Volta has had the opportunity to maintain direct and epistolary relations with many other scientists in various parts of Europe to find new instruments and meet European scientists. He repeats and perfects their experiments, making contributions of great originality. Among the typically voltian instruments stand out the perpetual electrophorus, which constitutes the first electrostatic induction machine, the condenser electrometer, whose great sensitivity will allow Volta to detect the weak phenomena of electrification by contact of different metals, and the electrometric scale, which led the scientist to accurate measurements of electrical force.
In 1792 Volta began extensive investigations into animal electricity, to which the most modern theory was that proposed by Luigi Galvani and which Volta himself defined as galvanism. It was precisely the disagreement with Galvani himself that led Volta to develop, in the 1800s, the so-called "voltaic pile", a predecessor of the electric battery, which produced a constant electric current.
The phenomenon underlying the operation of the voltaic pile, whereby a small potential difference is established between two different metal conductors placed in contact, takes the name Volta effect. From his long experiments Volta obtained three laws to describe the phenomenon.
The announcement of the invention of the pile, which took place in 1801 at the Royal Society, further increased the consensus of the international scientific community for Volta. In 1801 the device was presented at the Institut de France in Paris, in the presence of Napoleon who proposed to assign Volta a gold medal.
The fame of Volta is rightly linked to the invention of the battery, but we must not forget his studies on gases, also because during these he arrives at the discovery of methane, of the law of isobaric air expansion and of important results on the voltage of vapor.
While she was a guest in Angera in the home of her friend Teresa Castiglioni, Volta discovered methane in the marsh of the Isolino Partegora. Trying to move the bottom with the help of a stick, he saw that they were rising bubbles of gas and collected them in bottles. He gave this gas the name "flammable marsh air" and discovered that it could be burned either by a lit candle or by an electric discharge: he deduced that the gas was formed in the decomposition of animal and vegetable substances.
In 1820 Alessandro Volta retired to private life, dying in March 1827 at the peak of an extraordinary life in the service of science.
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Order "The Steel Queen" HERE
Read FBC's Review of "The Steel Queen"
Watch a Video Discussion with the Author HERE
Q: Welcome to Fantasy Book Critic. For those who are unfamiliar with you, could you please introduce yourself and tell us a little bit about your background?
Karen: I have a degree in chemical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University. After working for ten years as an engineer, I discovered a talent and a passion for taking the "big-picture" strategic approach to problem solving. I evolved from an engineer to an international business strategist, eventually becoming a Vice-President for one of the world's largest natural resource companies. I've worked on developing Canada's first gem quality diamond mine in the arctic, on coal seam gas power projects in Australia, and on petroleum projects around the world. So I started as an engineer, and then I became an international business strategist, and now I am an epic fantasy author and it is a dream come true!
Q: What inspired you to be a writer in the first place, how much time did it take to finish your first book, and anything else you'd like to share about your writing endeavor?
Karen: I'd just finished re-reading George R.R. Martin's A Storm of Swords and like most readers I wanted more. My mind was swirling with thoughts of medieval fantasy. I went for a hike in the Columbia River Gorge and started wondering why more fantasy books do not have the complexity of characters and plots that I crave. So I started thinking about what I would do if I wrote an epic fantasy saga. My subconscious must have been mulling this problem for a long time because the ideas just started to flow. By the end of the hike I knew I had enough original ideas to write a saga. I started writing and never stopped. It took me nine months of solid work to write the first draft, and another nine months to burnish the words and the story to a shine. The Steel Queen is my first book, born from that hike in the Columbia River Gorge.
Q: How would you describe The Steel Queen?
Karen: The Steel Queen is a fast-paced action-packed fantasy with a stunning female lead. Kingdoms and characters come alive as they are woven together in complex plot twists with surprises that draw the reader through each chapter. You empathize with the good and pray they prevail but you truly feast on the bad who are utterly compelling.
Q: You mentioned working as an engineer, business strategist, and Vice-President of "one of the world's largest natural resource companies." Did you have any background experience in writing or literature before you decided to take this huge leap of writing your own story?
Karen: In my opinion, the best background a writer can have is to be a reader. In that respect, I am very well qualified! When I was in the third grade, I read Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea based on a dare. It took me more than a month, but when I finished; I was totally hooked on reading, especially science fiction, and later fantasy. I have been a voracious reader ever since, but I don't just read books, I think about why they work, why the characters are engaging, why the plot twists are surprising, and why some endings work while others fall flat. Once I started writing, I joined Willamette Writers, the largest writing group in the NW, and I started attending conferences and focusing on the craft of writing. But the true bedrock of my writing ability is my life-long passion for reading, and my desire to give back to the fantasy genre some of the joy that reading has always given me.
Q: Originally your fantasy series was slated to be published via HarperCollins UK. but now you've decided to self-publish starting with The Steel Queen. Could you explain your reasons for this decision?
Karen: In February of 2009, my five book epic fantasy saga was acquired by HarperCollins Voyager in London. I was over the moon with joy. They were talking hardback books, followed by trade paperbacks, followed by audio books, published "everywhere in the English-speaking world". It was a dream come true, but then the delays started and my e-mails and phone calls went unanswered. Two years passed and then I got a notice from Amazon.com that my publishers wanted to delay the first book by yet another year! As a business person, I realized the publishing industry was undergoing a massive transformation, creating exciting new options for authors. So I re-claimed the worldwide rights to my manuscripts and formed Kiralynn Epics. The Steel Queen was published in May 2011 and is getting great reviews and performing very well on Amazon. In fact, it is now on sale just about everywhere in the English-speaking world! So my writing journey took some odd twists and turns, as life often does, but the dream finally came true.
Q: You mentioned previously that your inspiration to write was born on a hike in Oregon. Could you explain in detail your eureka moment?
Karen: I've always had a dual nature, with art as my life-long hobby, and science/logic as my career. I've often wondered if I was a scientific artist or an artistic scientist. On that hike in the gorge, at that eureka moment, there was a strange melding of the business strategist and the artist. The business strategist was analyzing my favorite books, thinking about why they worked, why they were so compelling. Meanwhile the artist was daydreaming about my ultimate fantasy saga, something I'd long to read over and over again. Somewhere on that hike, the daydreaming artist and the business strategist collided, and I realized I had enough original ideas to write a book. I started writing and never stopped. My first book, The Steel Queen, was born from that hike in the gorge.
Q: In a video interview I saw online, you mentioned three authors whose books were a huge influence on you. Could you point out what was gleaned from each of these authors?
Karen: There are three authors who had a major influence on my writing. The first is George Martin, whose work inspired me to start writing. From GRRM's ASOIAF I studied the style of writing where each chapter is told from a different POV. I love to read this style of writing and I love to write this way. This method allows me to get deep into the hearts and minds of my characters and to weave complicated plot twists that surprise the reader.
From Tolkien's LOTR I studied the art of creating settings that glow in the mind. To me, the three most intriguing settings of The Steel Queen are the great fortress of Castlegard, the Isle of Souls, and the mystery of the monastery. Readers might think they know the land of Erdhe but there are many more settings to be discovered as the five books of the saga unfold.
And the third master work that I studied was Frank Herbert's Dune, the way he wove the themes of religion and environmental science into this characters, his settings, and his plots. To me, theme is an author's secret weapon. Theme elevates a good read to a great read. I wove several major themes through The Silk & Steel Saga. One theme explores the mechanisms of evil. The avatars of good must identify and then foil the mechanisms of evil if good is to have any chance to prevail.
Q: Speaking of The Silk & Steel Saga, how many volumes are projected, how far along are you in the next book, and have you envisioned how the series will end?
Karen: The Silk & Steel Saga will be a total of five books: The Steel Queen, The Flame Priest, The Poison Priestess, and The Battle Immortal. The Steel Queen was published in May 2011. The next three books are written but they still need to be edited and formatted. I'm planning to publish the first four books in six month intervals, so The Flame Priest should be published in Dec 2011. I've got about a third of the fifth and final book written. I basically know how it will end, but I still have to write it, and the ending has to be worthy of the saga.
Q: The Steel Queen features a large number of female characters as the main protagonists. Was this done consciously?
Karen: A medieval world is a man's world, but what if the survival of the kingdom depended on the success or failure of a young blonde princess, a brilliantly strategic Queen, a sexy priestess, and a granny armed with knitting needles and knives? The Silk & Steel Saga is unique among epic medieval fantasies precisely because of its many strong female characters and their surprising role reversals. This saga explores how women gain, keep, and wield power in a medieval world. The women of this saga will weave themselves into your thoughts and emotions and never let you underestimate the "weaker" sex again.
Q: What do you hope the reader reaction will be to such a diverse cast of characters?
Karen: The beauty of having such a complex cast of characters is that there is someone for everyone to like. When I talk to readers about their favorite characters I get a wide diversity of answers from Liandra, Kath, and Jordan, to Steffan and the Priestess.
Q: Liandra was probably my favorite character! I noticed that she always describes herself as "we" when talking to other characters. Is there any particular reasoning behind this?
Karen: Liandra rules alone in a man's world. Despite the fact that she is a brilliant queen, her crown is constantly at risk because of her gender. As a woman, she uses unique weapons to protect her power. One of her weapons is image. "Few understood that the time spent before the mirror was not so much about appearances as it was about image. In a world dominated by kings and knights, the queen wielded her image like a sword, gaining advantage from every nuance of beauty and power." As part of her image, she always uses the royal "we" in her speech, constantly reminding her loyal men that she is the queen, and is set above them. As a writer, the use of the royal "we" instantly puts me in Liandra's character, but the tricky part comes when she gets close to one of her loyal lords. Will Liandra ever trust a man enough to drop the royal "we" and lower her crown?
Q: Who are your favorite characters in the series?
Karen: I have four favorite characters that I love to write. Kath because she let's me indulge my love of swords and my sense of adventure. Liandra because she is brilliantly strategic and because she is based on Queen Elizabeth I, one of my heroes from history. Steffan because he is so very male and such a walk on the Dark side. And the Priestess because her sexual prowess makes her wicked good fun.
Q: What do you do when you are not writing or reading books? Any other hobbies?
Karen: I love the ocean! My favorite hobbies are scuba diving, snorkeling, and underwater photography. To satisfy my artistic side, I love doing fused glass, acrylic painting, and rubberstamping. When I finished writing The Steel Queen, I wanted to find a way to express the kingdoms of Erdhe using my artwork, so I stamp a series of Art Cards of Erdhe to represent the characters and settings in my books. I had so much fun with this project that I stamped a deck of 90 cards. These cards are featured on my author website while others are posted on my Facebook page and The Steel Queen page. These cards are a unique way for my readers to see the kingdoms of Erdhe through the author's own artwork.
Q: Which authors would you recommend to your readers, what books have recently made an impression on you, and what titles are you looking forward to?
Karen: Lately I've been reading books by Elizabeth Chadwick. I love historical fiction, especially set in medieval England. Her books are very well written and very well researched. For an avid student of history like me, her books are like candy.
The most recent book that made an impression on me is The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, a very fun read with smart female characters set in an intriguing post-apocalyptic world.
And I am anxiously awaiting GRRM's A Dance With Dragons…like everyone else in the known universe!
Q: In closing, do you have any parting thoughts or comments you'd like to share?
Karen: Yes, the acronym for the saga is SASS! And I hope my readers will agree that this saga is full of women with attitude!
I found the Steel Queen to be a great read. Fast paced, well written. Normally not a fantasy reader, but found enough elements of SciFi to thoroughly enjoy. Looking forward to next installment.
Great Book! Can't wait for the next one. I'm already hooked on several characters, and can't wait to see what happens next!

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During last week's chat, we discussed emerging workplace trends. But what is really underneath the desire to telecommute, inclusive workplaces or even how the space is designed? From the employee's perspective and probably even the individual executive's perspective, these trends are happening because people are want their work and life to be more fulfilling..
What is work/life balance supposed to be anyway?
Most people believe that it is a fairly even split in how you devote your time to work and to the rest of your life. There is a sense of achievement and satisfaction in how you structure your days leading to excellent health and well-being.
The reality is that we are at work for the majority of our days and have to fit in the rest of our lives around our work schedule. There is generally very little balance unless you are very lucky or independently wealthy.
It is unlikely that people in the workplace are able to balance their days so each segment of their lives gets attention. The teeter-totter model may be creating a ideal that simply cannot be real life. The model of developing a rhythm between work and life might be more realistic. However, there is still the question of whether we're developing a culture that denies workers at all levels an existence beyond work.
Are we really expecting everyone to just work 24 hours a day, seven days a week?
Now it has been going on for years that people carry their laptops, smartphones and tablets so they can instantly be connected to their office. There is this belief that if you unplug from your workplace, it will be interpreted as slacking. If you are in a lower-level position and want to take time off from work for a family event or an appointment, you risk being passed over for promotions or fired. Does anyone else think this might be insanity?
Maybe it's hard to feel sorry for C-level executives when they complain about the amount of pressure that they endure. On the other hand, how did companies exist and thrive before we had all this technology that allows us to be "in the office" no matter what? In a recent Reuters article, it featured Oscar Gomez Barbero, chief technology office at Prisa, a Spanish and Portuguese-language business group in the fields of education, information and entertainment and he seems to exemplify the notion that once you're in the c-suite, your time is no longer your own. You must respond to your organization any time.
Is work/life balance becoming a myth?
Maybe the emerging workplace trends do point to a rhythm or an integration of work and non-work activities. Yet, with all of the technology that connects us, there is a creeping sensation that everyone (not just upper-level executives and business owners) has to be connected more to their workplace and less to other parts of their lives. There seems to be a mythology that if we could add something or let go of something, we could feel the balance. It could very well be that we understand more clearly that work/life balance cannot exist and we're seeking an alternative way to work and live.
How do you understand work/life balance?
How do the emerging workplace trends support work and life being more integrated?
What kind of culture is being developed globally that allows work to creep into non-working time?
What are the potential ramifications of this workplace culture?
Do we need a new concept that describes how our working lives and our non-working lives can bring satisfaction, fulfillment and achievement?
How Is the Workplace Really Changing?
Earlier this week, I was going through the various online news outlets that I subscribe to when one item caught my eye. Business & Leadership reported that in a survey commissioned by Microsoft and conducted by Vanson Bourne three-quarters of the Irish businesses surveyed are open to a flexible workplace. This seems to be reflected in employees' desires to telecommute.
In the workplace, there are mutiple generations, the effects of the greater global recovering economy and rapid changes in technology both creating obstacles and opportunities. In Sodexo's 2012 Workplace Trends Report, they listed the top 10 workplace trends discovered in their research.
Is there a quiet revolution happening or are the companies surveyed outliers?
We forsee a new business formula for success which includes integrating workplace + work style + life-style needs of the organization and its human capital, resulting in full engagement and maximized productivity.
With the ability to work from anywhere, many employees, particularly executives, are feeling like they can never unplug from the office. Mobile technology might be a great tool that enables flexibility to get work done from anywhere but it also can act like a ball and chain. And then there is the technology learning curve. As was noted in the Business and Leadership article, many Irish firms lack the technology to allow for their employees to work from alternative sites. How typical is this overall?
There is also a mindset that has to change to allow these trends to be norms. There is still a push for face-time on a daily basis at many large and small companies. Is it simply that managers believe they must babysit their employees to get the work done?With a tight job market, it is possible that employees feel apprehensive requesting or even demanding a work environment that actually treats them as thinking, feeling and responsible adults. A friend of mine recently told me about his new job. He was totally astounded when his new manager told him to get whatever resources he needed, including hiring an assistant. His previous employer often denied even basic requests that would help complete tasks.
It's an exciting time of change, no doubt. With people becoming more aware that they don't have to do the 9-5 (or 6 or 7 or…) thing in a office or cubicle and cram the rest of their lives into the remaining hours, employers will have to respond. Perhaps the Results-Only-Work Environment (ROWE) will gain momentum. Perhaps we'll see the workplace as somewhere we enjoy spending our time because we feel valued and competent. Sure, we'll have to figure out how to create face-time because live person-to-person contact is necessary for rapport building. On the other hand, we may make other connections in cafes, parks, online or at home that promote our creativity and productivity. The ways the workplace is morphing may be a slow revolution but there is movement.
Join us on the Twitter chat, #KaizenBiz this Friday at 4pm GMT/12pm ET/9am PT to take a look at these workplace trends, possible causes and implications for the future.
Which trends do you see becoming every normal workplace behavior?
How are mainstream organizations coping with these trends?
On the face of it, you might think that business operations would be only focusing on the actions that will be taken to implement the strategic plan. And that is true…well, partly true. Sure, the business operations team is certainly responsible for how goals get accomplished. For this discussion, think of business operations as the nitty-gritty of the business. This means the systems, processes, product/service performance, customer satisfaction, managing logistics, inventory, manufacturing, increases efficiency in organization and other recurring activities that increase value.
Could they also bring a different perspective to the strate gic discussion?
Suchitra Mishra, a member of the Kaizen Biz community, wrote a post that elucidates the value of including business operations in where and why the business pursues a particular direction. It is easy to forget there is treasure to behold in the details.
The CEO has the job of envisioning where the company will go over time. It seems counterintuitive but business visions evolve. Conversations with their team members, participating in mastermind groups or reading material are all common ways that new ideas or techniques are discovered. Even experiences in one's personal life can affect one's business vision. Getting the vision realized in real life needs effective strategies.
In business, the data is reality. Having records of the customers' experience, the performance of revenue streams, line workers' input, leading indicators, the effects ofchange on the organization and other types of information are a start but being able to articulate them in a strategic planning session makes them more useful in the evolution of the business strategy.
What role should operations play in strategic planning?
Who is responsible for coordinating or connecting the disparate departments/groups for strategic planning?
How could business operations be the "voice" for the stakeholders?
What could prevent the integration of the business operations' perspective?
What are the internal and external benefits of using the business operations' perspective to drive innovation and growth?
Could Volunteering Be Your Elevator Up or Down?
Last week I was at an event that focused on women's participation on boards. Many of attendees and the participants advocated for all professional women to get involved with organizations and get themselves on boards. At another event, the president of the organization announced they were looking for committee members and board members. My local library is promoting a "Adopt An Aisle" so volunteers can come in and maintain the books in an aisle of their choosing.There are all kinds of events that can use your contribution of your professional expertise with in-kind sponsorship.
Certainly in American culture, volunteering is interwoven. There is the famous speech by President Kennedy in which he exhorted, "Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country." Being willing to help your neighbor, the local sports clubs, at your place of worship or many other groups has been part of every generation in one form or another. Interestingly, a lot has been written about the Millenial generation in the US and how they have been acculturated to collaborate and participate in community service. How does this change volunteering? Have we in some way diluted the free offer of our time and talent?
While I noted how volunteerism is part of US culture, other countries have their own relationship with it. According to the World Volunteer Web, Wales has the highest level of volunteering in Europe. As we talk more about sustainability, corporate social responsibility and our own inter-connectedness, volunteerism may be on your radar.
Community groups could use your help. Political groups love supporters. Industry groups need help with staging events and chapter meetings. There are all kinds of groups and events where you can donate your time and talent.
And while there could be a great many reasons why volunteering could be good for you, there are also times when it is not your best choice.
1. It feeds your passion. Sometimes our jobs don't quite fulfill us so we can live out our avocation someplace else.
2. It can be a great way to smooth a career transition and develop new skills. Since most organizations are grateful for help, it can be a place where you can take chances and do things you're interested in learning.
3. It can be useful when you want to connect with certain people (or certain types of people) You've probably heard that job searchers should be volunteering by using their area of expertise. But committee and board membership can be a source of leads to build your business or land that dream job.
4. It feels good and it's good for your health. Helping people feels good and provides meaning to our lives. According to the Corporation for National and Community Service, there are several health benefits.
2. It can get expensive. For some boards, there is an expectation that you will participate in the gala, the golf tournament, the capital campaign and event sponsorship. But there may be smaller organizations that have such a small budget that you feel like helping out and it adds up.
3. It can be frustrating. Passion for a cause can allow for emotional over-involvement and the feeling that what you're doing is quixotic or Sisyphean. Sometimes leadership is lacking, resources are stretched for an indefinite period of time or people are volunteering for their own reasons rather than the interest in the organizations.
So, is it the elevator up or down for your career?
The short answer is, "it depends." At the end of the day, it's down to doing your due diligence. With the rise of social entrepreneurship, the idea that all businesses must serve their customer and corporate-sanctioned involvement with charity groups, you may find yourself considering a volunteer position.
What trends in volunteerism are you noticing?
How much value do we put on volunteering?
Does it matter if people are volunteering for non-altruistic reasons? Why or why not?
What effect does it have when a company has a strong relationship with particular non-profit organizations?
How will volunteering be defined in a world of sustainability, corporate social responsibility and social entrepreneurship?


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Biografia
Da giovane fu membro dellEaling Lawn Tennis Club. Vinse il suo primo Torneo di Wimbledon nel 1895. Si riconfermò campionessa per l'anno successivo e vinse il terzo titolo nel 1898.

Soprannominata "Chattie", era una donna alta, snella ed elegante: sul campo indossava una gonna lunga fino alle caviglie, secondo la moda vittoriana dell'epoca. Allo stesso tempo era un'atleta potente.

Divenne la prima donna campionessa olimpica della storia: alle Olimpiadi del 1900 a Parigi, le donne parteciparono ai Giochi per la prima volta e Charlotte Cooper vinse il torneo individuale di tennis, a cui aggiunse la vittoria nel doppio misto, in coppia con Reginald Doherty. Sarebbe inesatto parlare di ori olimpici, perché all'epoca non si usava ancora premiare i vincitori con le medaglie.

Si sposò il 12 gennaio 1901 con Alfred Sterry (1876-1955), tennista dilettante e avvocato.

Il loro fu un matrimonio abbastanza insolito per l'epoca, in quanto la sposa aveva 30 anni ed era considerata già una "zitella" (in quanto la sua era ritenuta un'età molto avanzata per sposarsi) e lo sposo era più giovane di lei di sei anni. Quello stesso anno Charlotte Cooper-Sterry vinse il suo quarto titolo a Wimbledon.

La coppia ebbe 2 figli: Rex (nato nel maggio 1903 e morto nel dicembre 1981) e Gwenneth Reinagle (1905-1987), la quale sposò nel 1932 il rugbista Max Simmers (1904-1972).

Per qualche anno Charlotte si dedicò alla famiglia, ma ritornò poi all'agonismo, vincendo a Wimbledon per la quinta volta nel 1908, all'età di 37 anni e 282 giorni, un record anagrafico che non è stato ancora battuto. Nel 1912, a 41 anni, era ancora una delle tenniste migliori in circolazione, al punto da arrivare alla finale di Wimbledon, dove fu però sconfitta da Ethel Larcombe.

Continuò a giocare a tennis a livello agonistico fin oltre i cinquant'anni. Suo marito divenne il presidente della Lawn Tennis Association e la figlia Gwen, anche lei tennista come i genitori, giocò nella squadra britannica nella Wightman Cup. Fino agli anni '50 continuò  giocare a tennis e nel 1961, a 91 anni, partecipò come ex campionessa al Pranzo di Wimbledon, tenutosi in celebrazione del 75esimo anniversario della nascita del Torneo .

Morì nel 1966, all'età di novantasei anni.

Finali del Grande Slam

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Vincitori di medaglia d'oro olimpica per il Regno Unito

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text:
Q: Why wont my image load in the bottom middle of the screen? I'm following a book to create a space invader game as I started learning python recently. I can't make the ship appear at the bottom middle of the screen. I have code that should do that but it starts the ship at the bottom left. If I move the code further down then the ship goes to the right place but it then won't move when the game is run.
Here is the code I am using. I have put two comments in the ship file that show the two places I have tried the code:
this is a file called alieninvasion
import sys#tools to make and quit game

import pygame

from settings import Settings

from ship import Ship

class AlienInvasion:
    """manage assets and behaviour"""

    def __init__(self):
        """initialise game and create resources"""
        pygame.init()#initialises setting for pygame to work
        self.settings = Settings()#creates an instance

        self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode(
            (self.settings.screen_width, self.settings.screen_height))
        #placed in settings method instead
        #self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((1200,800))
        pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")

        self.ship = Ship(self)

    def run_game(self):
        """start main game loop"""
        while True:
        #watch for keyboard and mouse events
            self._check_events()
            self.ship.update()#updates to check for key change
            self._update_screen()

    def _check_events(self):
        """respond to keypresses and mouse events"""
        for event in pygame.event.get():#event is key press or mouse
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:#allows you to close the window by pressing X in topright
                sys.exit()
            #basically, if click right then move right and same for left
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:#keydown is if key pressed
                if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                    self.ship.moving_right = True
                elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                    self.ship.moving_left = True

            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                    self.ship.moving_right = False
                elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                    self.ship.moving_left = False

    def _update_screen(self):
        """update images ons creen and flip to new screen"""
            #redraw screen during each pass through loop
        self.screen.fill(self.settings.bg_color)
        self.ship.blitme()
        #make most recently drawn screen visible
        pygame.display.flip()

if __name__  == '__main__':
    #makes a game instance and runs game
    ai = AlienInvasion()
    ai.run_game()

#https://pixabay.com/ = free pixel website
# want in bitmap (.bmp) file as pygames uses it by default

settings file
class Settings:
    """class to store settings"""
    def __init__(self):
        """initialise game settings"""
        #screen settings
        #set bg colour, 3 variables of RBG, 0-255
        self.screen_width = 1200
        self.screen_height = 800
        self.bg_color = (100, 10, 150)#black is default so change it

    #ship settings
        self.ship_speed = 1.5 #moves 1.5 pixels each time

ship file, theres 2 comments for where I've tried this line: self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom
import pygame

class Ship:
    """class to manage ship"""
#in pygame,the origin (0,0) is top left of screen

    def __init__(self, ai_game):#putting ai_game gives it access to all game resources
        """initialise ship and set start position"""
        self.screen = ai_game.screen
        self.screen_rect = ai_game.screen.get_rect()
        self.settings = ai_game.settings

        #load ship image and get its rect
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()

        #start each new ship at bottom center of screen
        self.x = float(self.rect.x)
#        self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom#------------------book says to put code here but goes to bot left

        #movement flags
        self.moving_right = False
        self.moving_left = False

    def update(self):
        """"update ship position based on flag movment"""
        #update ships x value if not rect
        if self.moving_right:
            self.x += self.settings.ship_speed
        if self.moving_left:
            self.x -= self.settings.ship_speed

        #update rect object from self.x
        self.rect.x = self.x

#        self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom-----------here,ship is in the right place but wont move
    def blitme(self):
        """draw ship at current location"""
        #draws image to screen at position specified by self.rect
        self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)#rect means rectangle

A: You have to set self.x after you have set self.rect.midbottom:
class Ship:
    # [...]

    def __init__(self, ai_game):
        # [...]

        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()

        self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom
        self.x = float(self.rect.x)

        # [...]

Note, midbottom is a virtual attribute of the pygame.Rect object and actually changed rect.x and rect.y.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Hey guys it's summer and it's been a while since I did a mix so here is my midsummer mix!
Spring is here, summer is not far behind. The weather is getting nice and it's about that time to start playing some latin and afro bangers for the people.
It's the latest Humpday Playlist for your enjoyment and it's super big.
Well it's happened for the first time in a long while, you are getting a Humpday Playlist for the second consecutive week in a row. What a time to be alive?!?!?!?!
It's another humpday playlist. I made one last week but never posted it on the site because I am busy and forgetful.
If this Humpday Playlist is not the best collection of music you've ever heard I don't know what more I can do.
Oh man do we have a fun little treat for you. Or rather a big treat from Australia's Paz.


Here are the latest paintings from the big wall in my studio. This gallery is constantly evolving as I post new work, so please stop back.
Please click on thumbnails for a larger image and more information.
To see another gallery of abstract work, please click here.


The "SS" is a 9'4" with volume. It is not thinned out so the board will have the glide and paddling power of a longer board without all the length. It features a subtle nose concave and vee behind the fin for quicker and harder turning. Additionally the fin is more high aspect to respond quickly and facilitate big direction changes. It has a similar outline to the Trailblazer, but slightly narrower overall. The rails are up and round and a bit fuller than the Trailblazer model. This board would be perfect for bigger riders or a person who wanted a shorter longboard with glide that is a bit more performance oriented. The SS has a snub nose for penetrating into waves and a concave in the tail on the deck. This concave feeds water off the deck quickly further helping the board come around in cutbacks and turns.
The SS has a progressive, continuous rocker with plenty of tail kick for noseriding, and just enough curve in the nose to maintain a fast entry and paddling while keeping the nose from hanging up in cutbacks and steeper drops.


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text:
Global Voices is a partner for International Year of Indigenous Languages 2019
Written byEddie Avila
Posted January 2, 2019 23:08 GMT
Read this post in Português, Español, Malagasy, Italiano, Français, Esperanto , Română
The year 2019 has been declared as the International Year of Indigenous Languages by the United Nations.
I'm happy to announce that Global Voices has been invited to become an official partner for this year-long campaign (our logo isn't up yet, though). Rising Voices (RV) will be coordinating our participation by working with the various section, regional, and language teams. As you know, RV has been working for the past several years with language digital activism and how technology can be a tool for communities working towards language revitalization.
The official launch will take place in late January in Paris at UNESCO headquarters. Our colleague Gwen Lefeuvre will attend in representation of RV to cover the event on RV's Twitter account. She's been a major supporter of this work and I'm grateful that she'll be present. Another member of our languages network, Juan Carlos Romero will also represent RV by taking part in a panel discussion about language digital activism. Currently living in Paris, he is a native speaker and professor of the Quechua language, who helped co-organize one of our languages workshops here in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
How can you get involved?
Early next year, RV will be launching our own Netizen Report style newsletter focusing on language revitalization and technology. If you are interested in taking part by sharing links or writing short paragraphs about this subject, we are assembling a group for those wanting to take part. Please let me know.
Write or translate articles about indigenous languages around the world (with or without the tech angle). There are a lot of different angles to explore and many of you are uniquely positioned to know about the role of these languages in your own countries. Please talk to your editor, site manager, or me about these options. We especially have a lot of non-time-sensitive articles in our archives that would welcome more translations.
Retweet and share our work on your own social media channels. We'll be very active on the @risingvoices Twitter account with the hashtag #IYIL2019 starting in early January. We are also working closely with our social media team for this online campaign. Soon we'll also reach out to the different regions and language groups that manage their own social media channels to coordinate more closely.
Open to new ideas! I'd love to hear from you.
In addition, with the help of Jer we're hoping to update our Activismo Lenguas (Languages) directory portal that had been mapping different language digital activism projects around Latin America. Inspired by the GV Instagram account rotation, our network of language digital activists in Latin America will be taking turns managing a dedicated Twitter account focusing on indigenous languages in the region.
Thanks for your support and interest. One of the major reasons why we accepted the invitation to become a partner is that our community understands the power and importance of telling stories and accessing information in a diversity of languages around the world as a way for increased cross-cultural understanding. We are in a unique position to demonstrate our current work, as well as the possibilities of what this UN campaign is hoping to accomplish.
Recent Languages posts
Rising Voices members to organize a panel discussion at Internet Governance Forum
Rising Voices December 8, 2021
Global Voices community members to share Indigenous language poetry
Rising Voices November 22, 2021


text:
Q: Pyside set shortcut with mouse button to the QAction I want to set shortcut to the QAction as "Ctrl + Left Mouse Button", but can't figure out how to do this. For keyboard shortcuts I do like this:
someAction = QtGui.QAction("DoSomething", self, shortcut="Ctrl+S")

Anyone has a suggestion? Thanks.


text:
Stephen Beck (* 1950 in Chicago) ist ein US-amerikanischer Videokünstler.

Leben
Beck wurde in Chicago geboren und interessierte sich früh für elektronisches Spielzeug und Radios. Die erste Idee für seine späteren Videobilder hatte er schon als Kind, indem er die Augen schloss und das so entstehende Bild bewusst wahrnahm. In den 1960er Jahren kamen Erfahrungen mit Halluzinogenen hinzu. Stephen Beck absolvierte ein Studium als Ingenieur an der University of California, Berkeley. Elektronik und Elektronische Musik studierte er an der Universität von Illinois. Beck begann während seiner Studienzeit in Illinois mit Licht zu experimentieren. Mehrere Jahre war er als Techniker im experimentellen Musikstudio der Universität tätig. 1971, während eines Artist in Residence Programms am "National Center for Experiments in Television" (NCET) in San Francisco, entwickelte Stephen Beck den "Direct Video Synthesizer/Direkt-Videosynthesizer" ("Zero" und "One"), ein Gerät, welches Bilder generiert. Stephen Beck betreibt eine eigene Computerfirma in Berkley, die Firma "Beck-Tech".

Werke
Becks videografisches Werk beinhaltet viele Videotape-Kompositionen unter Einsatz des Direkt-Videosynthesizer sowie live Performances. Bekannte Werke aus der Anfangszeit, die zum Teil auf der documenta 6 in Kassel gezeigt wurden, sind:

 Synthesis (1972–74), 30 Minuten. Drei Werke, die die künstlerischen Möglichkeiten der Arbeit mit dem Direkt-Videosynthesizer demonstrieren.
 Illuminated Music II und III (1973), 30 Minuten, mit Warner Jepson. Beck improvisiert mit dem Direkt-Videosynthesizer auf dem Bildschirm, während Warner Jepson mit dem "Buchla Audio Synthesizer" improvisiert. Das Ergebnis ist eine spontane Performance in Echtzeit.
 Video Weavings (1976), Anima (1974) und Union (1975), 28 Minuten. Video Weavings: Mithilfe eines von Stephen Beck selbst entwickelten Computers werden neue visuelle Bilder generiert. In Anima wird der Tanz von Katie McGuire in Licht und Farben transformiert und mit Musik von Jordan Belson kombiniert.

Weblinks
 Stephen Beck/Video Weavings (excerpt) 1976
 Steve Beck TV
 The Beck Direct Video Synthesizer

Einzelnachweise

Performancekünstler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Videokünstler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Künstler (documenta)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1950
Mann


text:
Genome-wide scan maps mutations in deadly lung cancers; reveals embryonic gene link
• Cancer • • Lung Cancer • Sep 05, 12
Scientists have completed a comprehensive map of genetic mutations linked to an aggressive and lethal type of lung cancer.
Among the errors found in small cell lung cancers, the team of scientists, including those at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, found an alteration in a gene called SOX2 associated with early embryonic development.
"Small cell lung cancers are very aggressive. Most are found late, when the cancer has spread and typical survival is less than a year after diagnosis," says Charles Rudin, M.D., Ph.D., professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "Our genomic studies may help identify genetic pathways responsible for the disease and give us new ideas on developing drugs to treat it."
The scientists found an increase in the copy number of the SOX2 gene in about 27 percent of small cell lung cancer samples. The resulting overproduction of proteins made by the SOX2 gene may play a role in igniting or sustaining abnormal cell growth in the lung. SOX2 offers a new target for scientists working to develop new drugs to combat this intractable cancer, say the investigators.
For the study, published online Sept. 2 in Nature Genetics, colleagues from Johns Hopkins, Genentech, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the University of Colorado Cancer Center scanned the genome's coding regions of 63 small cell lung cancers, including 42 with matching samples from patients' normal cells.
The scientific team scanned 56 of the samples for evidence of "amplification," a cellular process seen in cancer in which cancer cells acquire more than the typical two gene copies inherited from each parent. They found that one of the genes, SOX2, was amplified, in about 27 percent of the samples (15 of 56). SOX2 encodes a protein complex that binds to DNA and controls when and how genes are decoded to make other proteins. It has been linked to tissue and organ development in embryonic cells, and is one of the four genes used by scientists to convert adult cells into an embryonic state.
The scientists confirmed SOX2 amplification in an independent set of 110 small cell lung cancers. This amplification, they found, causes cells to overproduce SOX2 proteins and may promote growth that leads to cancer. Samples with amplified SOX2 also correlated with patients who had more advanced disease. "SOX2 is an important clue in finding new ways to treat small cell lung cancer," says Rudin. "We may be able to link a patient's outcome to this gene and develop a drug to target it or other genes it regulates." Rudin says his team will further explore the function of SOX2 and how to target it.
In addition to amplification, the study mapped errors in the genome's sequence and protein production levels.
In a second report appearing in the Sept. 2 issue of Nature Genetics, scientists from Germany and elsewhere completed another genome wide scan of small cell lung cancers and focused on changes in several genes, including FGFR1, a growth factor previously linked to cancer development. Rudin says FGFR1 may prove to be a rare but significant change among small cell lung cancers.
Funding support for the research came from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute which is part of the National Institutes of Health (P50CA058184, P50CA70907, P50CA058187), the CAPES Foundation and Ministry of Education of Brazil.
Scientists contributing to the work include John T. Poirier, Emily A. Bergbower, James Shin, Peter B. Illei and Malcolm V. Brock from Johns Hopkins; Steffen Durinck, Eric W. Stawiski, Zora Modrusan, David S. Shames, Yinghui Guan, Joseph Guillory, Celina Sanchez Rivers, Catherine K. Foo, Deepali Bhatt, Jeremy Stinson, Florian Gnad, Peter M. Haverty, Robert Gentleman, Subhra Chaudhuri, Vasantharajan Janakiraman, Bijay S. Jaiswal, Chaitali Parikh, Wenlin Yuan, Zemin Zhang, Hartmut Koeppen, Thomas D. Wu, Howard M. Stern, Robert L. Yauch, Frederic J. de Sauvage, Richard Bourgon and Somasekar Seshagiri from Genentech; Kenneth E. Huffman, Adi F. Gazdar and John D. Minna from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; and Diego D. Paskulin and Marileila Varella-Garcia from the University of Colorado Cancer Center.
Rudin has previously consulted for Genentech. Illei is a consultant for Leica Microsystems, manufacturer of a device used in this study. The terms of these arrangements are being managed by The Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.
Vanessa Wasta
Johns Hopkins Medicine


text:
Brenda Taylor Concert
Posted on 6. May 2022 6. May 2022 by Nicola Folterbauer
Mamies, Milwaukee, 18th March
Brenda Taylor and The Earth Shakers appeared at Mamie's – Milwaukee's premiere blues venue with her top-notch band who performed three, hour long sets of hard driving, gritty, raw, West Side Chicago Blues to a small, but enthusiastic audience. Brenda is the oldest daughter of the Chicago legend Eddie 'Playboy' Taylor and she recently released her full-length debut album "Buggy Ride' on Austria's Wolf Records.
Brenda is a no-nonsense singer, in the best of the West Side tradition, who likes to keep things rolling and the party going. The Earth Shakers are a talented band with her brother Tim Taylor on drums. Over the course of three sets, she played four slow numbers, everything else was up-tempo party blues. Highlights of the night were ' I'm Good', 'I Found Out', 'Mama Talk To Your Son' and 'Better Look Out For Me'. Tim Taylor is a powerful drummer, driving the band into overdrive.
It was a fantastic night of Chicago blues.
Bob-O Walesa to bringing Brenda to Milwaukee.
Written by Jim Feeney (http://www.bluesandrhythm.co.uk/)
Brenda Taylor – Buggy Ride
Living Blues Review
J. Monque'd – Butter Churnin' Man


It has been confirmed that Jeremy Hunt is to stay on as health secretary, contrary to earlier reports today that he would be axed or reshuffled by new prime minister Theresa May.
Hunt is the longest serving health secretary since the NHS was set up in 1948, having been in the post for more than three and a half years, but has been blamed for his role in the bitter dispute over a new junior doctors' contract.
Theresa May took over as prime minister yesterday, replacing David Cameron who resigned following the UK's vote to the leave the European Union, and immediately set about reshaping her government cabinet.
The most prominent departure was Chancellor George Osborne, the architect of the long-running austerity measures which have cut the deficit but also put a severe strain on public spending, including the NHS.
Further new appointments to the cabinet were made this morning, and initial media reports stated clearly that Hunt has been reshuffled to another department. This news was met with glee by Hunt's many pro-NHS opponents, including junior doctors and their supporters, who have become very active on social media.
When the news emerged that he was to stay on in the job after all, Hunt made his riposte via Twitter.
'Reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated…' Thrilled to be back in the best job in Government.
Many junior doctors and other healthcare professionals blame Hunt for the dispute over the contract, which after months of strikes and negotiations, has just been rejected in a ballot by British Medical Association members.
Hunt has now confirmed that the new contract will be imposed – a decision made in the immediate aftermath of the Brexit vote, which has raised further fears of a squeeze on the economy and public spending.
As a number of commentators have pointed out, the most crucial factor now is not who is health secretary, but whether or not Theresa May's government can find extra funding for the NHS. Health experts and think tanks are warning that the NHS will see patient care, including waiting times for A&E, surgery and cancer diagnosis – worsen because of a growing shortfall in funding.
A report by the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (Cipfa) released in May said the health service would record a deficit of £2.45 billion in this financial year, and forcast this would rise to £10 billion by 2020.
Speaking this morning on a pharmaphorum webinar on the impact of Brexit on UK pharma, Leslie Galloway, chair of industry group EMIG said NHS funding was the biggest underlying issue for the sector. He said if Theresa May's government bring NHS spending even slightly closer to the EU average (as percentage of GDP) this would boost the NHS and the life sciences sector.


text:
Le Futebol Clube da Maia était un club de football portugais. Il était basé à Maia.

Historique

Le club passe 10 saisons en Liga de Honra (deuxième division).

Il obtient son meilleur résultat en D2 lors de la saison 2000-2001, où il se classe quatrième du championnat, avec 19 victoires, 7 matchs nuls et 8 défaites. Le club évolue pour la dernière fois en D2 lors de la saison 2005-2006.

Lors de la saison 1989-1990, le FC Maia, qui évolue en Segunda divisão (D2), réussit la performance d'atteindre les quarts de finale de la Coupe du Portugal. La même chose se produit lors de la saison 1996-1997 alors que le club évolue pourtant en troisième division.

Le club joue sa dernière saison en 2007-2008 en Terceira Divisão (D4).

À cause de gros problèmes financiers le club cesse ses activités en été 2008, et ne participera pas à la saison 2008-2009.

Depuis le déclin du FC Maia, le 20 juillet 2009, un nouveau club est créé dans la ville de Maia. Le « FC Maia Lidador ».

En 2011, le club est dissout après que la condamnation à l'insolvabilité du club ait été publiée dans Diário da República le 19 avril 2011.

Bilan saison par saison

Lien externe

Maia
Club de football fondé en 1954
Portugal
Club de football disparu en 2011


text:
Two Women Die Of Electric Shock Drowning In Alabama (Photo)
Shani Shahmoon
When Shelly Darling, 34, told her husband she and a friend were off to sunbathe at the family lake house, he thought nothing of it. Little did he know, that would be the last time her saw her alive.
Darling and Elizabeth Whipple, her friend and colleague, headed out to Lake Tuscaloosa in Alabama, where Darling's family had a home along the water. They planned to lay out under the sun and maybe swim before meeting their families for the evening.
When the two didn't show up to dinner and weren't answering their phones, the families headed over to the lake house. Whipple and Darling's belongings were still out on the dock, but the two were nowhere to be found, the Independent Journal Review reported.
The Tuscaloosa County Metro Homicide Unit was called in and began a search of the lake. At 4:30 a.m., divers found Whipple and Darling's bodies.
Investigations are underway, Police Capt. Kip Hart explained. He said foul play is not suspected.
What is currently considered to be a likely cause of death would be electric shock drowning (ESD).
Boating Magazine referred to ESD as a "freshwater phenomenon." Salt water is more conductive that fresh water, meaning that if an electrical current does make its way into the water, it is carried around the person. Alternatively, in fresh water, the current will look for the least resistant path, which is many cases is a human body.
Such an electrical current can paralyze a body, and ultimately cause the victim to drown.
Hart explained in a press conference that upon preliminary findings, a medical examiner determined electrocution as the cause of death for Whipple and Darling, as there has been proof that electricity was running through the water.
During the search for Whipple and Darling, a diver was shocked, but not hurt seriously.
Alabama recently faced a similar incident where 15-year-old Carmen Johnson died from an ESD in Alabama's Smith Lake in 2016.
Carmen's father, Jimmy Johnson, said he felt an "indescribable" pain when he jumped into the water in an attempt to rescue his daughter.
"Our lives have been forever changed. We miss our Carmen so much. Our goal now is to help prevent this from happening to others. So it was so sad to see this happen again and for two other families to go through what we have and are going through. Our prayers go out to them," the Johnsons said.
The two women who lost their lives were reportedly major contributors to their community.
Whipple was the interim director of the domestic violence clinic at the University of Alabama School of Law. Darling was a clinic staff attorney at the same clinic, AL.com writes.
"Both of these ladies obviously touched a lot of people's lives. I just feel for both families right now and hopefully we'll be able to bring them some answers as to why this happened," Hart said.
Medical reports, including the cause of death, will be released soon.
Sources: AL.com, Independent Journal Review, Boating Magazine / Photo credit: Tony Webster/Wikimedia Commons, Doug Low/Twitter via Independent Journal Review
ElectrocutionDeathwater safetyLake TuscaloosaSafetyelectricityAlabamalake


text:
Home>2018>July
WI Web Staff July 31, 2018
MPD, Feds Increase Reward for Info in Killing of Makiyah Wilson
At the request of the Metropolitan Police Department, the FBI's Washington field office has joined their investigation of the July…
KidBiz Conference Held at George Washington University
KidBiz Con 2018, a free annual conference sponsored by the Youth Entrepreneur Institute, convened Tuesday on the campus of George…
Heidi Anderson Named 16th President of UMES
Heidi M. Anderson has been named the 16th president of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, effective Sept. 1.
Omarosa Poised to Release Tell-All Book
Omarosa Manigault-Newman is slated to release a tell-all book next month about her time working for the Trump administration.
Frederick H. Lowe, Special to the Trice Edney News Wire via NorthStarNewsToday.com July 31, 2018
Michigan Returning Citizen Serves as Example for Other Black Men
Halfway through a newspaper interview about his life, the negative effects caused by the absence of African-American men in the…
Black Experience
Jayme S. Ganey, Special to The Informer via DiversityInc July 31, 2018
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Tyler Mitchell, 23, a New York University graduate and Instagram sensation, who has shot campaigns for Givenchy and Marc Jacobs,…
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I was in Toronto last week visiting family, and I'd also arranged to teach a paper cutting workshop mid-week at The Paper Place. It was an enjoyable evening of talking about paper cutting, knives, and paper, all in one of the best paper goods stores I've had the pleasure to visit. I did not manage to take many photos during the evening, and I wish I'd taken a few of my students work in progress.
I did two activities during the workshop, one on kirigami and the other on pattern paper cuts with templates. The photos here were taken during the kirigami portion of the evening, as we worked with lots of lovely colourful paper. I'm so glad I decided to teach a workshop while I was in Toronto because it was a terrific experience.
I went back to the store a few days later and bought a selection of Gampi, Kozo, and other Japanese papers to test out and hopefully create beautiful new work with it.


text:
Q: PDO bind param loop I saw the similar question, however it does not help me. I have this here PHP:
//looping array contains one value - below line not part of code, just for to expmplify
var_dump($categoriesBind) -> array(1) { [0]=> &string(10) "healthcare" }

$sqlPS->bindParam(':belonging', $_GET['belonging']);
$sqlPS->bindParam(':title', $_GET['title']);
//variable number of parameters
for ($i = 0; $i < count($categoriesBind); $i++){
    $sqlPS->bindParam(':'.$categoriesBind[$i], $categoriesBind[$i]);
}

The resulting string from that is this:
SELECT * FROM blog_article
WHERE belonging = ':belonging'
AND blog_article.title != ':title'
AND category LIKE '%:healthcare%'
ORDER BY FIND_IN_SET(':healthcare',category) desc LIMIT 0,3

That returns array(0){}
However if i run the query with the filled in parameters manually, it runs fine and returns results. The ':belonging' and ':title' parameters bind fine, the problem is in the other binding interpretations and i can not, for the life of me, figure out what's going on.
UPDATE: upon further testing this is what fails '%:healthcare%'. The parameters do not bind inside the LIKE syntax.
If more info is needed, please ask.


Onsare RS, MacLennan CA. New genomics studies to understand the link between nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia and gastroenteritis in Africa. J Infect Dev Ctries (in press).
MacLennan CA. Out of Africa: links between invasive nontyhoidal Salmonella disease, typhoid fever and malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Dec 13.
Micoli F, Romano MR, Tontini M, Cappelletti E, Gavini M, Proietti D, Rondini S, Swennen E, Santini L, Filippini S, Balocchi C, Adamo R, Pluschke G, Norheim G, Pollard A, Saul A, Rappuoli R, Maclennan CA, Berti F, Costantino P. Development of a glycoconjugate vaccine to prevent meningitis in Africa caused by meningococcal serogroup X. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013 Nov 19;110(47):19077-82.
MacLennan CA, Levine MM. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in Africa: current status. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013 May;11(5):443-6.
Wong VK, Pickard DJ, Barquist L, Sivaraman K, Page AJ, Hart PJ, Arends MJ, Holt KE, Kane L, Mottram LF, Ellison L, Bautista R, Mc Gee CJ, Kay SJ, Wileman TM, Kenney LJ, MacLennan CA, Kingsley RA, Dougan G. Characterization of the yehUT two-component regulatory system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Typhimurium. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12):e84567.
Saul A, Smith T and Maire N. Stochastic Simulation of Endemic Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi: The Importance of Long Lasting Immunity and the Carrier State. PLoS One. 2013; 8(9): e74097.
Goh YS, MacLennan CA. Invasive African nontyphoidal Salmonella requires high levels of complement for cell-free antibody-dependent killing. Journal of Immunological Methods 387 (2013) 121–129.
Marshall JL, Flores-Langarica A, Kingsley RA, Hitchcock JR, Ross EA, López-Macías C, Lakey J, Martin LB, Toellner KM, MacLennan CA, MacLennan IC, Henderson IR, Dougan G, Cunningham AF. The capsular polysaccharide Vi from Salmonella typhi is a B1b antigen. J Immunol. 2012 Dec 15;189(12):5527-32.
Okoro CK, Kingsley RA, Connor TR, Harris SR, Parry CM, Mashhadani MN, Kariuki S, Msefula CL, Gordon MA, de Pinna E, Heyderman RS, Obaro S, Alonso PL, Mandomando I, MacLennan CA, Wain J, Levine MM, Tennant SM, Parkhill J, Dougan G. Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Genetics 2012, 44(11):1215-21.
Lee SJ, Liang L, Juarez S, Nanton M, Gondwe EN, Msefula CL, Kayala MA, Necchi F, Hart P, Tsolis RM, Heyderman RS, MacLennan CA, Felgner P, Davies DH, McSorley SJ. Identification of a common immune signature in murine and human systemic Salmonellosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 2012; 109: 4998-5003.
F. Berti, M.R. Romano, F. Micoli, V. Pinto, E. Cappelletti, M. Gavini, D. Proietti, G. Pluschke, C.A. MacLennan, P. Costantino. Relative stability of meningococcal serogroup A and X polysaccharides. Vaccine 30 (2012) 6409– 6415.
Msefula CL, Kingsley RA, Gordon MA, Molyneux E, Molyneux ME, MacLennan CA, Dougan G, Heyderman RS. Genotypic homogeneity of multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium infecting distinct adult and childhood susceptibility groups in Blantyre, Malawi. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42085.


Festival of the Nibelungs (Die Nibelungen-Festspiele – "Di Nibelungen Festspiele") opened in in worms (Worms) is one of the most important centers of intellectual, cultural and political events in Europe.
From the beginning the festival was a great success, and for several years was the most popular outdoor festival. On the steps in front of an impressive Vormskyy the Imperial Cathedral (Kaiserdom – "Kaiserdom") gathers the most famous actors of theatre, film and television and show the diversity that carries the legacy of the Nibelungs.
All German media at the time of the festival only write about the impressive performances of this event. Every year it gathers more than 230 000 viewers watching live performances, and millions of TV viewers watching the performances on home screens or screens of the city.
Many medieval traditions of the report of the Nibelungs (Nibelungen). The Nibelungs were the guardians of treasures. Their glorified all over the world work "the Song of Nibelungen" (Nibelungenlied – "Nibelungenlied"). It tells the story of how the treasure of the Nibelungs from the king and his sons moved to the hero Siegfried, when he, possessing supernatural powers, kills the dragon Fafnir. As a reward for bravery, the king Reingold gives him the hand of brünnhilde – the last of the daughters of the old gods. But he rejects her because he loves another. After the death of Siegfried's treasure falls into the hands of the Royal house of the Burgundians. This is a trilogy, which is archetypal conflicts: love, deceit, betrayal and murder. "Nibelungenlied" is one of the most powerful and violent stories in world literature. It's an old myth about the deadly dispute women, power and gold.
In addition to the famous epic of the Nibelungs in worms at the festival highlights and other historical themes.
Worms is one of the most beautiful centers summer theatre festivals. Spectacular performances on the stage at the Cathedral put on a lovely background of a huge temple. Romantic Heliopark (Heylshofpark) around the Cathedral, with its charming atmosphere is referred to by the press as one of the most beautiful halls open air. This Park has everything you need: restaurants, where you can eat dinner and discuss a cultural event, as well as hotels and recreational facilities.
In order to participate in the festival should book a ticket at a special hotline or Fax, you can also book the ticket online. You can pay at the box office in cash or by check, or through the network "Internet". To redeem the reservation is required no later than one week before the festival. When ordering tickets via the Internet will need to pay for it (about 4 euros in a simple letter, about 7 Euro registered letter and 9 euros when sending abroad).
Given the high attendance of the event can be argued that the Nibelungen festival not only makes a high contribution to the art of the city, but also strengthens the local economy (buying tickets, restaurants, shops, hotels).
Given that the Nibelungen festival is held outdoors and is not interrupted even in questionable weather and rain, visitors are advised to bring warm and waterproof clothing. The use of umbrellas is not permitted, as they block your view. Compensation for a refund due to unfavorable weather conditions will not be paid.
This year a new festival Director appointed producer, theatre Director Nico Hofmann (Nico Hofmann). The festival will be held from July 31 to August 16.
The Nibelungen festival in worms in recent years, brings positive changes in the national society. Regarding it as a part of German culture, the festival has helped to revive local customs to strengthen the relationship of citizens with their city and civic pride. The Nibelungenlied is a real treasure, a heritage that is perceived not only in worms. Many actors, including from the provinces, have contributed to the success of the event and made sure that the festival represents the cultural heritage of the inhabitants of worms.


Digital agencies and suppliers who are across web accessibility, gain a competitive advantage when dealing with Government agencies and corporates, ensure a great user experience for those with a disability (and everyone else), and also mitigate the litigation risk for clients. Three great reasons to get accessible!
Government agencies and businesses are increasingly including accessibility as a critical requirement in their tenders. Why? One in five Australians have a disability, some of whom find it difficult to access web content due to poor design and coding. Add to this our ageing population, and more people than ever coming to Australia with English as a second language, and it all adds up to millions of people with massive spending power and influence.


text:
Freshman class sponsoring recycling contest
by Elizabeth DeLyser, Copy Editor
The freshmen class is trying to make going green a little more fun: their class project this year is a recycling contest, with pizza parties, movie nights, donuts, and cookies as prizes for the winners. Megan Fitzgerald, the freshmen class president, is coordinating the project. "We were trying to do something to go with Brother Norman's environment sustainability mission," said Fitzgerald. "We worked with FMO to set up the bins and with prefects to get surveys." SGA first had to determine what type of recycling bins each pod had. Hall representatives went around and surveyed the pods in Saint Benedict Hall, before taking the results to FMO. FMO then made sure each pod had the correct bins needed and added a new paper recycling bin to each pod. Students now have three options to dispose of waste in the pod main area: plastic bottles and cans, paper, and trash. Each bag of recyclables collected, paper or containers, will earn a pod a point, which FMO will tally when the bags are changed. The pod with the most points at the end of the month will win a pizza party, the second place pod will win a movie night, and the third place pod will win donuts and cookies. "I'm excited to see how the first month goes," said Fitzgerald. "We're trying to motivate people to recycle with the prizes." SGA put a lot of thought into where to put the tally sheet to prevent cheating. The score sheet is kept safely in the FMO closet, where students will not have access to it. Fitzgerald admitted that SGA did not have a way to prevent students from stealing recyclables from other pods to increase their own tally, but commented, "Who has time to steal recyclables? Students here are pretty trustworthy." SGA hopes to take the program campus-wide in a few years. The competition in Saint Benedict Hall is currently the test case for the contest. The first month's contest ended December 5, but SGA is still finalizing the counts. The contest will end on April 19, 2011, with prizes coming out during finals for winning pods.


GOVERNMENT TEACHER: HAJRI PATRAK MATE STUDENTS NI VIGAT BHARVA MATE NU PATRAK. USEFUL FOR ALL CLASS TEACHER.
HAJRI PATRAK MATE STUDENTS NI VIGAT BHARVA MATE NU PATRAK. USEFUL FOR ALL CLASS TEACHER.
HAJRI PATRAK MATE STUDENTS NI VIGAT BHARVA MATE NU PATRAK.
USEFUL FOR ALL CLASS TEACHER.


In a world where your smartphone can pay for your coffee, locate a designer sale, and even land you a boyfriend, shouldn't it also keep you safe? That question has been raised by Kansas State Senator Greg Smith, whose mission to make carriers implement better safety measures is very personal. Just over a week after Smith's daughter Kelsey graduated from high school in 2007, she was abducted from a Target parking lot in Overland Park, Kan. Police searched for days, but without the location information from cell phone carriers, they were unable to find her. Once the cell phone company released that valuable information, police were able to find her body within 45 minutes.
There has been a slew of new personal safety apps, like Kitestring, which notifies your emergency contacts if you don't check in at your destination. Then there's bSafe, which allows your network of "guardians" to trace your route via GPS; if you press the app's alarm in an emergency, they'll get an alert with your exact location while bSafe records audio and video from your phone in case the police need it later. The Guardly app calls emergency personnel when you feel unsafe. And there's also Lifeline Response, which uses patent-protected technology to gauge human response to notify the authorities if you're in trouble.
Your cell phone is actually traceable, however, without these extra apps: Cell phone carriers can locate you with towers that constantly ping your phone to provide service. But why are cell phone companies so reluctant to release that information to law enforcement? To date, there hasn't been any legal action taken against carriers who decline to release location information related to missing-persons cases. But guidelines need to be put in place so these tracking abilities aren't used inappropriately.
So how can the police account for and act on the new flood of notices coming from these new apps? Sgt. Filbert P. Barrera IV of the University of Arizona Police Department says he finds the 911 system works well, as long as people are calling. That said, the friends and family we list as our emergency contacts on these apps need to be ones who can be trusted to take the right steps. "Whoever they list on there—are they going to be a reliable avenue for people to use?" Barrera says. "The apps are only good as the people who operate them. I think you just have to choose really carefully."
Ultimately, with colleges looking away from sexual assault cases and gun violence across the nation, these apps can certainly prevent more harm and are great if you tend to travel alone at night. But that doesn't mean a woman without them should be any less safe—there must be a good working relationship between authorities and cell phone providers who have access to important technology that could save lives.
A downside to these apps can include desensitizing friends to alerts. While it's better to be safe than sorry, Barrera worries contacts set up through an app could start underestimating the user's emergency situations if they receive multiple false alarms. In general, he advises to always let friends or family know where you're going, whether it's through a text or using social media. "Guys and girls, men and women—we all need to be responsible and let people know what we're doing," Barrera says. There's always the possibility of a phone losing service or battery, so it's best to be proactive and not just reactive.


text:
Introduction the couple and assist in performing domestic
has quite a situation of female children out of school involved in child labour
and branded as house girls. In southern Nigeria, after a wedding, the new
couple receives as part of their gifts to take home, a female house girl (Afolabi 2012). The maids are usually perceived to bring luck for
easy conception of the couple and assist in performing domestic chores. The United Nations Children's Fund citing
the International Labour Organization (ILO) states that "staggering 15 million
children under the age of 14 are working across Nigeria" (Unicef. 2018). Nigeria is a country of 182 million people (Bello. 2017), meaning 8.2% of her population is involved in
child labour. Most of these children are out of school. They engage in
dangerous jobs such as street
hawking, begging, car washers or watchers, shoe shiners, apprentice mechanics,
hair dressers, bus conductors, domestic servants and farm hands (Unicef. 2018).
essay discusses the trafficking of girls from rural parts of Nigeria, countries
like Togo, and Benin Republic to urban cities in Nigeria to become underpaid house
maids engaged in domestic services, they are uneducated, maltreated and abused.
Arranged in five parts, the first part identifies the actors involved and
explains why this is a social injustice, the second part delves into the
institutions involved in, the third part lists the social power relations and
the fourth part, using intersectionality of two social power relations analyses
the case. Thereafter is the conclusion and recommendations.
analysis involves the simultaneous analyses of multiple, intersecting sources,
power relations and practices of subordination, oppression, and/or privilege
and is based on the premise that the impact of a particular source of
subordination or privilege may vary, depending on its combination with other
potential sources of subordination or privilege. A person could be at the
bottom of one hierarchy and at the top of another (Denis 2008)
House Girls in Nigeria
In Nigeria, the term house girl is very
prevalent. This refers to under aged children usually between the ages of six
to fourteen who work as domestic helps. Afolabi citing Ramazanoglu (1994)
states that "domestic service indicates the existence of a category of women
who directly control the labour of other women" (Afolabi 2012). They do a range of jobs considered as informal such
as the cleaning of homes, caring for kids, cooking, laundry, hawking, etc.
These children "house girls" mainly are brought from the rural areas to the big
cities in Nigeria and some of them are smuggled from Benin Republic and Togo
into Nigeria to work as domestic helps. They are sometimes forced against their
will by their parents or guardians who hands them over to middle men who act as
the agents and distributes them to the various clients in need of domestic help
because of their busy schedules (Aljazeera. 2015). They are excluded from engaging in activities as their
counterparts, intersectionality
of different forms and practices of exclusion, discrimination, of different
social disadvantages and hierarchies, of different systems of privilege are
observed(Collins and Bilge 2016).
actors involved here are the girls (children), the traffickers or middle men,
the employers of the children etc. In this essay, the girls (children) will be
our focus. This is a social injustice because the house girls are engaged in
child labour, they are mostly treated as slaves, most of them do not go to
school and so their right to education is infringed upon. They sometimes lose their
identity as they do not ever use their real names and sometimes are treated as invisible.
They are also paid below minimum wage, payment is made through their middle men
to their parents or guardians , their middlemen also hold on to their passport
or any means of them escaping and they are forced to work against their will,
little wonder why the recruitment process is shrouded in secrecy as this is illegal
and people shy away from talking about its existence (Aljazeera. 2015).
involved here includes the families of the girls, (especially their parents and
guardians), National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS), International
Labour Organization (ILO) and the governments of Togo, Benin Republic
and Nigeria. The two institutions to be analysed in this essay are the
institutions of the family and the Federal Government of Nigeria.
Social Power Relations
power relations involved are gender, age, race, class etc. As Joan Scott rightfully
insists "on intersecting gender with other social relations of power; gender
does not operate in a vacuum but in/through other social relations of power:
race, class, sexuality, age, religion, ethnicity" (Scott 1986)..This essay from an intersectional perspective
analyses the social power relations of gender and class. Using an
intersectional perspective gives the advantage of analysing just more than one factor
involved in this case.
An Intersectional Analysis of The
Institutions and Social Power Relations in The Case.
and illiteracy can be considered as the main reason which families,
particularly parents and guardians hand their children to middle men
(traffickers) to become maids in unknown places and to unknown people (Afolabi 2012). These
families usually have many other children, clothing, feeding and paying for
their education is usually a problem. The parents give them out to ease the
burden of seeing them starve and use them as a source of income. With the
economic recession and as more families plunge into poverty, the engaging of
children in labour is seen to be on the increase. The children are separated
from their families at tender ages and given to their employers. They have no
agreement as to how many hours of work and mainly live in and sometimes work
for as much as 18 hours per day taking care of children who are either younger
than them or slightly older and serve everyone else in the household by doing
laundry, cooking, hawking, cleaning and other household chores.
Government of Nigeria being a member of ECOWAS as is Togo and Benin Republic,
the citizens have free entry into these countries. This gives the traffickers
easy entry to and from these countries with the victims. This is because of
globalization. The Nigerian government has the NAPTIP, an organization in
charge of trafficking related cases but this case of house girls is still very
rampant and even in Nigeria, girls are taken from the rural areas to the big
cities to engage in child labour. As such, child labour is perpetrated even
though Nigeria has signed the ILO convention and some states in Nigeria have
the child rights law. According to the ILO "child labour is often defined as
work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their
dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to
work that is harmful to children, interferes with their schooling by depriving
them of the opportunity to attend school, obliging them to leave school
prematurely or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with
excessively long and heavy work (ILO.
2018)". Child
labour takes different forms but Article 3 of ILO Convention No. 182 states the
following forms which has to eliminated swiftly;
forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and
trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory
labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed
conflict;
use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of
pornography or for pornographic performances;
use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for
the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant
international treaties;
which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely
to harm the health, safety or morals of children.
Labour that jeopardises the physical, mental or moral well-being of a
child, either because of its nature or because of the conditions in which it is
carried out, is known as "hazardous work"
to prevent child labour, the ILO Convention sets the age for work, for
hazardous work, ILO sets 18 years and 17 years under strict supervision and
also states that the minimum age for work should not be below the minimum age
for finishing compulsory schooling. For this it states 15 years and 14 years as
an exception (ILO. 2018). However, the Child Rights Act in Nigeria is vague
as to the required age of labour.
Gender structures the fundamental division
between productive labor and unpaid reproductive and domestic labor, assigning
women to reproductive work (Fraser 2008). Household work is considered as informal and
reproductive work. Girls are preferred because female labour is cheaper,
they are considered as more efficient because they already have motherly
instincts and so are biologically wired as care givers. As such more and more
girls leave their homes too early. Again, girls are preferred because of the dangers
of having a male maid. Most householders are afraid that a male maid might
steal, join bad gangs or sexually abuse their children, they are also more
difficult to control while the girls are simple and easy to control. Again,
their work is considered as menial; for example, Marx explains that "the cooks
and waiters in a public hotel are productive labourers, in so far as their
labour is transformed into capital for the proprietor of the hotel. These same
persons are unproductive labourers as menial servants, in as much as I do not
make capital out of their services, but spend revenue on them. In fact,
however, these same persons are also for me, the consumer, unproductive
labourers in the hotel" (Rob. 2014). These maids usually work without the help of
technological appliances, when their mates are in school, they work all day
long, they have no time for play and so grow up as deficient youths, they also
are victims of rape, maltreatment, oppression, sexual abuse/harassment, teenage
pregnancies, forced abortions and VVF (Afolabi 2012). Globalization also projects women labour as cheap
labour.
Afolabi
citing a study carried out by Akinrimisi maintained that among housemaids in
two locations in Lagos – Ikoyi/Victoria Island and Surulere, on the average,
36% of all respondents fall between ages 10 and 17, showing that the
respondents are within the age of schooling. A lot of women now engage in paid
work and so buy cheap domestic labour from these under aged girls to fill the
gap of domestic work at home (Afolabi 2012). It is the purview of women to carry out domestic
work. According to the paradox of Ramazanoglu (Ramazanoglu 2012) "women's successes in achieving educational and
occupational parity with men have enabled a growing minority of successful
women to buy cheap domestic services from more disadvantaged women" and as Harriet Taylor states in
"Enfranchisement of Women" as cited by Rosemarie Tong that "women cannot both
work full-time outside the home and be devoted wives and mothers without
running themselves ragged" (Tong 2009):18) and that they would be in need of "panoply of
domestic servants" and so they rely on child labour.
wise, these are people from the lowest class who live in abject poverty, As
Marxist-feminist Martha Gimenez comments, while women of all classes share
certain experiences of oppression, women of different classes are also
simultaneously locked into an antagonistic relationship. Thus, as she notes,
crucial class differences between women reflect important class and
socioeconomic status differences the use of paid domestic workers not only by
capitalist women but by women affluent enough to afford them highlights how
oppression is not something that only men can inflict upon women (Gimenez 2005). The real advances upper-middle-class professional
and business women (those earning six-figure salaries) have made in the last 30
years presupposes the existence of a servant stratum, drawn from the less
skilled layer of the working class, including a large proportion of women from
racial and ethnic minorities, often undocumented immigrants.
Conclusively,
the house girl syndrome is saddening and should be stopped urgently. For the
eradication of child labour in Nigeria, policy makers should consider the
income status of the families in rural areas, family planning should be
encouraged, NAPTIP should work in conjunction with the Immigration authorities
to foil these easy means of transportation at the borders of each country. According
to Nancy Fraser, Redistribution Justice today requires both
redistribution and recognition." (Fraser 1999: 1) "In short, no redistribution
without recognition." (Fraser 1992: 9), government of the day should redistribute
resources and help these children to be recognized as children and not nameless
maids.
Afolabi,
M. (2012) 'Underage House Maids and the Problems of Educating them in the
South-Western Part of Nigeria', PHD. United Kingdom: University of Hull.
Aljazeera, A. (Last
updated 2015) 'A Day in the Life of the Nigerian House Girl' (a webpage of
Aljazeera). Accessed 01/08 2018 .
Bello, G. (Last
updated 2017) 'Nigeria;s Population Now 182 Million – NPC' (a webpage of
National Population Commission). Accessed 01/08 2018 .
Collins, P.H. and
S. Bilge (2016) Intersectionality. John Wiley & Sons.
Denis, A. (2008)
'Review Essay: Intersectional Analysis: A Contribution of Feminism to
Sociology', International Sociology 23(5): 677-694.
Fraser, N. (2008)
'Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition,
Participation'.
Gimenez, M.E.
(2005) 'Capitalism and the Oppression of Women: Marx Revisited', Science
& Society 69(1: Special issue): 11-32.
ILO (Last updated
2018) 'International Labour Convention'. Accessed 01/08 2018 .
Ramazanoglu, C.
(2012) Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression. Routledge.
Rob, S. (Last
updated 2014) 'Th Puzzle of Productive and Unproductive Labour'. Accessed 01/08
Scott, J.W. (1986)
'Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis', The American historical
review 91(5): 1053-1075.
Tong, R. (2009)
'Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, Boulder', Co: West
View Press: PP 2.
Unicef, N. (Last
updated 2018) 'Child Labour' (a webpage of UNICEF). Accessed 01/08 2018 .
Slavery does not end even if the entire
To some primary sources to look at election
Methodology addition elaboration to recognize and analyze the
CHAPTER the supply and demand of electricity; current
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Abstract good Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance;