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Home » News & Information » Frontlines » Child Survival & Ethiopia Edition » The Female "Army" Leading Ethiopia's Health Revolution
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Frontlines Child Survival & Ethiopia Edition May 2012
Insights from Administrator Rajiv Shah
child survival
To the Finish Line: Ending Preventable Child Deaths
Children's Saviors on the Front Lines
Madagascar: Keeping Mothers Safe to Be Mothers
Kenya: Support from Clinic to Hospital to Home
Zambia: Coordinating Roles and Connecting with Care
Bangladesh: Family Planning for Healthier Futures
Mozambique: Strength in Community Care
Timor-Leste: Walking Together on the Long Road to Health
Vaccines Shot in the Arm to Drought-Distressed Young
Your Voice: Winning The Battle Against Malaria
Navel Glazers
Infant Circumcision: A Tipping Point for HIV Prevention
Interview with Anthony Lake, Executive Director, UNICEF
Your Voice: Unfinished Business
24 Months for Pakistan's Health
Your Voice: Early Action for an HIV-Free Generation?
Driving over Despair: Mobile Medical Teams Serve Yemenis on the Fringes
Ethiopia: Land of Contrasts, Nation in Transformation
Catching Ethiopians Before They Fall
The Female "Army" Leading Ethiopia's Health Revolution
Interview with Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Ethiopia's Minister of Health
A Powerful Piece of Paper
Putting Local Wealth to Work in Ethiopia
Peace Brokers
The Education Alternative
Interview with Thomas Staal, USAID/Ethiopia Mission Director
Child Survival & Ethiopia Edition
Kelly Ramundo
A mother holds her child at their "model home" in a village outside Enticho Tigray, Ethiopia, served by the Endamariam Health Post. Nena Terrell, USAID
A fleet of 35,000 frontline extension workers and their "model" families are helping carry out Ethiopia's mission to provide universal access to basic health services and are empowering communities to take charge of their own health from the grassroots.
Ethiopia, Africa's second most populous nation, is also overwhelmingly rural. Bucking the global trend of mass migration to cities, over 80 percent of Ethiopians still live in hard-to-reach areas. This isolation presents a formidable challenge for the government's health sector, which, to complicate matters further, suffers from a severe shortage of doctors and health professionals. In a country of over 80 million, there are only 2,152 physicians—one for every 36,000 people.
Wubalem Bezabih and Fetelwork Gezahegn, center, are two of Ethiopia's roughly 35,000 health extension workers.
CREDIT: KELLY RAMUNDO, USAID
Around a decade ago, the infant mortality rate in Ethiopia was nearly 10 percent, and the rate of those dying before their fifth birthday topped 16 percent, both statistics among the world's highest. At a time when world leaders were gathering to set ambitious targets to raise the bar on global health with the Millennium Development Goals, Ethiopia's numbers demanded attention.
And while progress in child health has been made—over the past five years, the under-5 mortality rate has decreased by 28 percent, from 123 to 88 deaths per 1,000 live births—the Ethiopian Government still considers the death rate intolerably high as one in 11 children today still do not live beyond their fifth birthday.
Finding answers to several questions was considered central to making greater gains: How do you bring quality health services to rural villages? How do you empower families to take charge of their own health? How do you encourage pregnant women to seek preventive care and dissuade them from potentially dangerous home deliveries? After babies are born, how do you ensure they are fed properly, and are vaccinated to survive those tenuous first months and years of life? How do you give mothers the information they need to improve their family's health, including the benefits of birth spacing? When government-sponsored care is available, how do you encourage deeply traditionally people to use it?
While these basic questions barely warrant a second look within developed health systems, to the Ethiopian Health Ministry, they often represent a matter of life and death.
Midwife Kasech Negash, middle, and nurse Dinkineh Dawit, right, listen closely to Zergu Tafese, the USAID Integrated Family Health Program's regional manager, at the Buge Health Center in Wolayta,SNNPR.
CREDIT: NENA TERRELL, USAID
The government's response, according to Ethiopian Health Minister Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, has been to methodically construct a "women-centered" health system "by linking leaders at the national, regional and district levels with women's groups in every village across the country."
The plan was officially rolled out in 2003 in the form of the landmark Health Extension Program (HEP). The government would first train a fleet of young women for a year to provide basic, largely preventive, primary health services to rural villages, and then deploy them in pairs around the country to alert communities to unhealthy practices and empower families to take charge of their own health. The program was designed to tackle both the rural access problem and the health-sector workforce gap.
The HEP works like a countrywide referral network, rippling up from its foundation at rural health posts (home base for the extension workers), to the larger, better-equipped health centers, each serving around 25,000 people. At the top of the pyramid are the country's 122 hospitals, each staffed with at least one doctor.
Additionally, as of last year, Ethiopia's front line—the health extension workers—began to count on even deeper levels of grass-roots support when the government-named "Women's Development Army" was formed. These community-level volunteers are trained by the health extension workers to focus more intensively on sparking local behavior change. They make regular rounds to check on neighbors and encourage practices like latrine building and setting-up separate cooking spaces. They are from "model families" and serve as living examples that the health extension workers' messages are being heard.
Two health extension workers at Endamariam Health Post in Enticho, Tigray.
"These model families influence other families to follow suit, and the changes seen at the community level are phenomenal," says Jeanne Rideout, health team leader for USAID/Ethiopia, which funds the Integrated Family Health Program (IFHP), a five-year project providing technical, managerial and financial support to the Health Extension Program.
The government has a lot riding on this network of women. "These development teams are being empowered to monitor health and well-being. Through the aggressive social mobilization of this massive army of health extension workers and local development teams, we are determined to bring about the fundamental grassroots change needed to achieve our MDG targets," wrote Tedros in the forward to the Health Sector Development Plan IV, the government's road map to improving health in the next five years.
Health from the Grassroots
Wubalem Bezabih, 25, and Fetelwork Gezahegn, 28, are two of the roughly 35,000 health extension workers the government has trained under the program to date. Their base camp, Remeda Health Post in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia, is a small concrete structure. From there, the women provide basic primary health care and outreach for around 5,000 villagers.
Managing the post involves rotating on daily foot patrols to educate villagers on basic practices and services that are often lifesaving interventions in rural communities. "The really basic things are what's most important for the rural people; in other words, vaccinations, antenatal care, sanitation, nutrition—helping people to understand the importance of hand washing; simple malaria prevention like bed nets and spraying; and the need for pit latrines," says USAID/Ethiopia Mission Director Tom Staal. "This is what health extension workers can do. They're not doctors. But just these basic interventions can help prevent 90 percent of health-care issues for most families."
Bezabih and Gezahegn display the books where they meticulously record the day's interventions—the number of children who presented with fever, diarrhea or cough that month; how many women sought family planning and how many are educated on it; how many children were screened and treated for slow growth; and a directory of their area's pregnant women and their check-up schedules.
Throughout the country, including in the six regions where IFHP supports the Health Extension Program, all health extension workers record and report data in the same way, facilitating the government's ability to measure progress.
The women boast about their accomplishments: "In this kebele [Ethiopia's smallest administrative area], malnutrition has gone down. There have only been four cases out of 1,012 kids," explains Gezahegn. Challenges persist, however. Because this health outpost has no running water, the health extension workers often haul it on foot. "Sometimes you get tired," Bezabih admits. "When you get to a rural home and the people are not there."
Many of the country's extension workers are trained to perform clean deliveries. In November 2011, Bezabih and Gezahegn safely delivered three babies. Their goal, however, is to encourage the community's women to make the 3-kilometer journey to the more sophisticated health center where mothers and infants have a better chance of surviving a complicated delivery.
At the second rung of the HEP are the health centers, managed by the equivalent of physician assistants who go through three years of state-sponsored training. At the Buge Health Center, in Damot Gale woreda in SNNPR, 27-year-old Ayelech Getachew oversees 24 staff. The resident health officer explains that, like the health extension workers she works closely with, a large part of her staff's job involves convincing the surrounding populations to use their services. "Before our community sensitization and training, they explain, 10 or 11 women came here to deliver per month. Now it's 25," she said.
Like most health centers, Buge now boasts a trained midwife, deployed as part of a new government initiative to provide a skilled birth attendant at each center. Twenty-five-year-old midwife Kasech Negash enters the Buge antenatal room and explains that the health center staff encourage women to make at least four visits to the health center before delivery.
Zergu Tafese, IFHP's manager for SNNPR, explains just one of the harmful deep-seated practices midwives and health officers are trying to curb. "Traditionally, in Ethiopia, people used to [wash] newborn babies in cold water. Midwives are counseling mothers to delay baby washing for at least one day," he explains.
Adding to these health professionals' ever-growing arsenal of skills and knowledge, IFHP, implemented by USAID partners Pathfinder and John Snow Inc., recently sponsored training in integrated management of newborn and childhood illnesses, which addresses all major causes of child death in an integrated fashion. Now one provider can treat respiratory infections, malaria or diarrhea as well as screen for malnutrition in a single visit. The center also offers women information about various methods of contraception that can help limit the size of their families. "Anyone coming for family planning gets HIV tests," Getachew adds.
It is this kind of integrated care—promoted by health-care professionals up and down the referral network—that is the lynch pin of USAID support to the Ethiopian Government's efforts to reform the health sector countrywide, as well as to the Obama administration's greater Global Health Initiative worldwide.
Boosting Health Center Coffers
Ethiopia has over 80 million people to care for, but only modest government revenues to finance health care. In fact, the Ethiopian Government pays only around 20 percent of the total costs of providing care in the country, while international donors pick up over 40 percent with the rest coming out of patients' pockets.
For the past decade, USAID has been working closely with the Ethiopian Government to reform the way health care is financed in the country, moving away from its chronically underfunded, centralized model of support. A major success has been registered in the area of health-care financing.
"What we did over a period of five years was help to get [the government] aware and comfortable with allowing health centers and, in some cases, hospitals, to collect fees—very minimal, but certain fees for certain non-life-saving interventions," says USAID Mission Director Tom Staal.
"So there is now a small consultation fee roughly equivalent to 50 cents at health centers and one dollar at a hospital to pay for items like aspirin, a blood test and certain basic services," he explains, although there are complete waivers for the extreme poor.
Staff members at the Buge Health Center, SNNPR, Ethiopia. USAID works with the Ministry of Health to strengthen services at health centers around the country to prevent maternal and infant deaths.
CREDIT: NENA TERRELL/USAID
The program, which was first rolled out in 2004 in the Southern Nationalities, Nations and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) but is now implemented to some extent in all of Ethiopia's regions and city administrations, has three elements: permitting the country's health facilities to collect fees; allowing the health facility to keep that money (without losing their government revenue); and helping the centers make strategic use of the funds by involving the community in local governance boards.
Staal explains: "We worked with the government to set up a committee that includes officials from the facility, local government officials, and a community member to manage the fees by agreeing on approved expenses. What we found is that they were able to use those funds to upgrade facilities—put in a water tank, a generator for electricity, clean up the facilities, fix the broken windows, some additional staff training."
What happened next, explains Staal, follows the logical supply-demand paradigm: Since quality of care has improved, more people sought out care, closing the utilization gap that has been a major challenge to improving health care in the country. With rising numbers of patients, the health centers took in more revenue.
"At one health care facility I visited recently," says Staal, "they were saying that they were actually able to hire specialists at the hospital, which they could never afford before. And they were able to pay them at a salary rate higher than the government rate. So that's pretty exciting for a rural hospital to be able to get that sort of specialty," he says, especially considering that Ethiopia is one of a number of countries categorized as having a health-sector workforce crisis.
Other health centers, like Buge Health Center in the SNNPR, have used extra funds to expand their labor services. "We have seen significant improvements in the quality of service recently," says supervising Health Officer Ayelech Getachew. "Before we had no oxytocin," she says of the drug to prevent post-partum hemorrhage, a major killer during childbirth. "After we were trained by the Integrated Family Health Program on how to use it, we purchased it with the money we retained from provision of services."
"This is really turning things around," says Staal.
Treating the Person, Not the Disease
As one of the two largest bilateral donors to Ethiopia's health system (the other is the U.K. Department for International Development), USAID is also the largest supporter of its effort to integrate a vast number of diverse but desperately needed services under one umbrella.
USAID/Ethiopia's Integrated Family Health Program was launched in 2008 as an effort to bridge and streamline two separate programs, one concentrated on child health and the other on reproductive health. Today it operates in six of Ethiopia's nine regions and 283 districts, or woredas, covering almost 32 million people. At its core, the program supports the government's mission to offer the country's women, who are the primary caretakers in Ethiopian society, a range of health and education services—including maternal, newborn and child health, and family planning—as a package deal.
"Integration means addressing all a person's health concerns in one visit. Before, if a woman brought her child for immunization, a provider would not necessarily ask her about family planning, or screen her child for poor growth," says USAID's Rideout. "Now, health services are set up to address all the person's needs, not just the issue that initially brought them to the facility."
Ambitious Targets
Although Ethiopians still face a wide range of development challenges, including access to safe water and sanitation; and in some areas, harmful traditional practices such as female genital mutilation and early marriage, health-sector reform is starting to transform peoples' lives, especially in the area of child health.
Between 2000 and 2010, the under-5 mortality rate was cut in half, from 166 deaths per 1,000 live births to 88.
Contraceptive use in this time period nearly quadrupled. Although Ethiopian women still have an average of 4.8 children each, the total fertility rate is down from 6.4 in 1990 and 5.4 in 2005.
The Health Ministry's initiative to train 9,000 skilled midwives and deploy them to health centers by 2015 is expected to continue to bring maternal, infant, and child morbidity and mortality numbers down further as the battalion of female health professionals grows and gets trained.
And importantly, the Women's Development Army—the force of community-based volunteers—is continuing its advance. "It is now taking over much of the education function that the health extension workers used to do, because the volunteers are such staunch believers in the process," says Rideout.
The Ethiopian Government is not settling for mild success. It has set ambitious targets for maternal and child health for the five-year period from 2011 to 2015. Among its targets are bringing maternal mortality down from 676 to 267 per 100,000 live births and further reducing under-5 mortality rates from 88 to 67 per 1,000.
Transforming Care for the Rural Millions
Although the Heath Extension Program is less than a decade old, it has brought basic health care within reach of some 67 million rural residents for the first time: Roughly 85 percent of the population is covered.
"Up until about six years ago, the vast majority of Ethiopians had no access to a health facility of any kind," says Staal.
The number of health centers has quadrupled from 668 to under 3,000 over the past five years, and the number of health posts has more than doubled over the past six years to over 15,000. As Ethiopians receive more reliable health care, and learn to use it more dependably, heath indicators are expected to follow suit.
Staal credits Ethiopian Health Minister Dr. Tedros Adhanom as the general behind the health army's rise: "He's a dynamic guy, a real visionary, a real leader … and is internationally recognized. When it comes to the Health Extension Program, it's been his vision and his determination to make it happen that has ignited so much success."
USAID has been behind the Health Ministry every step of the way. The Agency has supported health-worker training and implementation of integrated care up and down the referral chain, especially at the community level. U.S. Government health-sector support in 2010 also provided crucial medicines, vaccinations and supplies as well as management and infrastructure support for the ministry nationwide.
Tedros calls the relationship a functioning partnership, mainly because the United States is supporting the Ethiopian Government's own priorities. "We set where we would like to be and how to get there. And I'm really glad that USAID supports us based on that: It is helping us actually to make progress and to get good results," he says, adding: "When I work with USAID, we focus on two things. One is saving lives now, but at the same time we are building the system for the future. Our partnership has been based on this understanding, and it has been key to our progress."
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You may also need to add rsNoDrag CSS class to video - it disables slider mouse drag feature over the corresponding element.
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Kevin earned his MBA and BS in Business Administration/Finance & Econometrics from the University of Southern California, where he also played four years of varsity football, serving as co-captain and playing in three Rose Bowls. Kevin's college honors included All-American (AP-Honorable Mention), All Pac-8 Conference - Linebacker (1st) and Academic All-American, two NCAA National Championships (football), NCAA Post Graduate Scholarship recipient and Trojan Diamond Award-outstanding graduating senior. He is a member of Football Writers Association of America and is a contributor to WeAreSC.com.
Defensively Speaking: USC's Air Raid or Hybrid Air Raid?
It was pretty obvious that the defense couldn't have picked a better time to show up than last night. Without such a stout defensive performance with 16 TFLs, sure tackling and a pick six (only our second pick of the season which equals JT's first quarter), this would have been a big Loss in the won/loss column.
So how does 24 – 0 become 24 – 20 with an onside kick away from a real threat to lose the game? Easy answer…we don't demand sound football play from our players; we ask for it, nicely.
Friday night's game was equal parts entertaining to equal parts frustrating. At the end, we stole a victory away from WSU with just enough offense and barely enough defense and a memorable field goal block by Jay Tufele which was the game saver play of the night.
So the question remains, what changes this week that will generate different and better results? Coach Helton, don't kid yourself as yesterday was a watershed game in the history of USC football. It's on you.
The temptation is to go into some sort of a mini-rant or such. Serves no earthly good and doesn't help us understand just what the heck is going on out on the field. So that is what I'm going to focus upon.
So here we go with early season Pac-12 opener Stanford test. For this season, it's a lot different than last year.
Yesterday's game was full of everything we've seen over the last few years under Coach Helton's leadership.
I'm going to tell you a story that will give you a clearer insight into the mindset of the Trojan championship football teams. A mindset that has been consistent down thru the decades.
So, this season is now in the books. I think most of us agree that it was a season of unfulfilled promise and talent. Now comes the inevitable attrition of seniors rolling off and underclassmen declaring for the NFL.
Last night's 28 -23 defeat of UCLA was not exactly a game for the ages but a welcome victory nonetheless.


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public class UpdateAllMetadatasRequestEvent {

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This series is specially engineered for effective drying and grinding lumpy materials of ingoing size to 150×100×15 and basic humidity to 60%. The devices of this series differ from D series in construction and increased size of high-performance rotor. This series devices allow to get dry product of humidity below 8% by weight, medium grinding with participle size is less that 1 mm.
DR Series models are DR-500, DR-1000, DR-2000, DR-5000.
The basic model of aerodynamic dispergator DR-500 allows you to grind effectively and dry lumpy material and get homogeneous product with necessary features of dispersion and humidity with capacity of 500 kg/hr. More productive models of aerodynamic dispergators DR-1000, 2000, 5000 differ in increased capacity from 1000 to 5000 kg/hr respectively.
All DR series devices provide for the power inputs for grinding and drying in the specified equipment are optimized due to rational using of rotor percussion action to material and intensive friction of particles in dense bed during the movement in the dispergator with high circumferential speed.


text:
Ahmedabad University prof discovers novel miRNA in saliva to predict tumour aggressiveness, prognosis of oral cancer
Dr Tanavde, Associate Professor, Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences at Ahmedabad University, led the team in collaboration with senior oncologists Dr Kaustubh Patel and Dr Dushyant Mandlik of the HCG Cancer Centre.
Representational PictureFile
10 Oct, 2022, 5:23 am
Ahmedabad, Oct 10: Dr Vivek Tanavde, an Ahmedabad University professor, has led a team that made a breakthrough discovery in human saliva, which promises to alter the invasive method of conventional biopsy in oral cancer patients.
Researchers of the Oral Cancer Cluster at the Biological and Life Sciences division of the School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, and doctors from the Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad, discovered a novel miRNA in the saliva of patients that will help predict tumour aggressiveness and better prognosis of oral cancer.
Essentially, instead of recurrent invasive biopsies to monitor the growth rate of the cancerous tumour and the efficacy of treatment, oral cancer patients will just need to spit a couple of times into a tube, according to the research published in Switzerland-based International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
According to Dr Tanavde, the treatment of oral cancer has several challenges.
"Patients don't consult a doctor until there is a visible patch which might be too late for therapy. If the tumour is surgically removed, one doesn't know if resistance has developed unless a follow-up is done, which typically happens only with visible signs of tumour growth, and there is an invasive biopsy needed at every stage," he said.
"Our idea is to move towards non-invasive, definitive methods that would enable accurate monitoring of tumour response to therapy. At the same time, we would like to make this widely accessible and cost-effective," Dr Tanavde added.
He said that the team used commercially available kits to purify salivary exosomes.
"Then, through a simple PCR, which is now available in the smallest of towns, we can measure the expression of miRNA-1307," said the professor.
Oral cancer is the second largest cancer in India, with lip/oral cavity cancers accounting for 10.3 per cent of new cases and 8.8 per cent of deaths, according to a report published by the International Agency for Research in Cancer, an intergovernmental agency part of the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Saliva is a valuable body fluid for liquid biopsies. Still, the challenge of isolating good-quality RNA from saliva has hindered previous efforts to use saliva for liquid biopsy.
Salivary exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers facilitate repeated sampling, real-time disease monitoring, and assessment of therapeutic response.
This study has identified a single salivary exosomal miRNA prognosticator that will aid in improved patient outcomes using a liquid biopsy approach.
Ahmedabad university

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Elmer McCollum (1879-1967)
Elmer McCollum was a prominent American nutrition scientist of the first half of the 20th century, first at the University of Wisconsin in Madison and then at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.In 1908, McCollum started the first rat colony maintained for nutrition experiments in the United States, work which led to the discovery of vitamins A and D. In 1916, he introduced the use of letters to name what would become known as vitamins. His book "The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition" through five editions taught a generation of scientists. And he served on many government boards and panels and international nutrition organizations.However, there was apparently a nasty side to McCollum.
According to vitamin A researcher Richard A. Semba of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, McCollum left the University of Wisconsin for Johns Hopkins "under a cloud of ethical impropriety and academic misconduct." According to Semba, McCollum stole the research notebooks of his colleagues, including Steenbock's, published their data without their consent or acknowledgement, and purposely sabotaged their animal experiments. In his subsequent writings, McCollum attacked his rivals at Wisconsin, often by giving a deliberately distorted or false presentation of their achievements. Semba makes it clear that McCollum was not liked by his peers. (from: Richard A. Semba: On the 'Discovery' of Vitamin A. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2012; 61: 192-198.)
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Wikipedia biography
Tribute by L. Emmett Holt, Jr.
Nutritional Biochemistry and the Discovery of Vitamins
McCollum house in Baltimore a National Historic Landmark
full text of McCollum's The newer knowledge of nutrition: the use of food for the preservation of vitality and health (1918)
Food of a Younger Land: A portrait of American food from the lost WPA files by Mark Kurlansky
Francis Glisson (1597-1677)
Origin of Food and Nutrition Board in 1940


SICBENS is an interdisciplinary international conference that invites academics and independent scholars and researchers from around the world to meet and exchange the latest ideas and views in a forum encouraging respectful dialogue. SICBENS serves as an outstanding platform that gathers all the relevant communities and domains together, an international forum for researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Biological Engineering and Natural Science. Related domain experts and scholars will discuss academic issues, seize future development opportunities, master the subject developing tendency and exchange the latest researches and academic thinking. Experts, practitioners and policy makers from all around the world will present the latest innovations and advances on Biological Engineering and Natural Science, share the experience and insights, forecast the trends and opportunities, and discuss the policy, economics and social implications.
Authors of accepted abstracts will have the opportunity of publishing their associated paper in the official conference proceedings, and a selection of papers will be considered for inclusion in the internationally reviewed Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment (JENE), Journal of Biophysics and Structural Biology (JBSB), The International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology (IJGMB), Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews (BMBR), International Journal for Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Research (IJBMBR).
During the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) Shanghai was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172 a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dyke. From the Yuan Dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a city in 1927, the area was designated merely as a county seat administered by the Songjiang prefecture.
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's development in the Ming Dynasty. A city wall was built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids by Japanese pirates. It measured 10 metres high and 5 kilometres in circumference. During the Wanli reign (1573–1620), Shanghai received an important psychological boost from the erection of a City God Temple in 1602. This honour was usually reserved for places with the status of a city, such as a prefectural capital not normally given to a mere county town, as Shanghai was. It probably reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.
During the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became one of the most important sea ports in the Yangtze Delta region as a result of two important central government policy changes: First, Emperor Kangxi (1662–1723) in 1684 reversed the previous Ming Dynasty prohibition on ocean going vessels – a ban that had been in force since 1525. Second, in 1732 Emperor Yongzheng moved the customs office for Jiangsu province (江海关; see Customs House, Shanghai) from the prefectural capital of Songjiang city to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu Province's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions, Professor Linda Cooke Johnson has concluded that by 1735 Shanghai had become the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze River region, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.
International attention to Shanghai grew in the 19th century due to European recognition of its economic and trade potential at the Yangtze River. During the First Opium War (1839–1842), British forces occupied the city. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which allowed the British to dictate opening the treaty ports, Shanghai included, for international trade. TheTreaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia signed in 1844 forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain, France, and the United States all carved out concessions outside thewalled city of Shanghai, which was still ruled by the Chinese.
The Chinese-held old city of Shanghai fell to the rebels of the Small Swords Society in 1853 but was recovered by the Qing in February 1855. In 1854, the Shanghai Municipal Councilwas created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860–1862, the Taiping rebels twice attacked Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city. In 1863, the British settlement to the south of Suzhou Creek (northern Huangpu District) and the American settlement to the north (southernHongkou District) joined in order to form the Shanghai International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintainedits own concession to the south and southwest.
Under the Republic of China (1911–1949), Shanghai's political status was finally raised to that of a municipality on 14 July 1927. Although the territory of the foreign concessions was excluded from their control, this new Chinese municipality still covered an area of 828.8 square kilometers, including the modern-day districts of Baoshan, Yangpu, Zhabei, Nanshi, and Pudong. Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city governments first task was to create a new city-center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. This new city-center was planned to include a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall.
On 28 January 1932, Japanese forces struck and the Chinese resisted, fighting to a standstill; a ceasefire was brokered in May. The Battle of Shanghaiin 1937 resulted in the occupation of the Chinese administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. The International Settlement was occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945, during which time war crimes were committed.
On 27 May 1949, the People's Liberation Army took control of Shanghai, which was one of only three former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces over the next decade (the others being Beijing and Tianjin). Shanghai underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. After 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of a foreign divestment due to the Communist victory.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for radical leftism; the leftist Jiang Qing and her three cohorts, together the Gang of Four, were based in the city. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), in order to funnel wealth to the rural areas, Shanghai has been a comparatively heavy contributor of tax revenue to the central government. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructural and capital development. Its importance to the fiscal well-being of the central government also denied it economic liberalizations begun in 1978. Shanghai was finally permitted to initiate economic reforms in 1991, starting the massive development still seen today and the birth of Lujiazui in Pudong.


This event is now SOLD OUT: no seats are available as of 4/22.
Spangenberg Shibley & Liber LLP is pleased to announce the 2019 Spangenberg Litigation Institute, providing the latest techniques in litigation and trial practice in the tradition of our firm.
In honor of founding partner Craig Spangenberg's commitment to justice, the registration fee proceeds will go to The Legal Aid Society of Cleveland.
This program has been approved for 5 hours of Continuing Legal Education credit in Ohio.


text:
Vanja 27. March 1981 (38), Narva, Estonia Was online more than one month ago Send him a message
I speak english, estonian.
Laughter is said to make life longer. If it's true, your life will be long and full of smiles and merry laughter. Undergoing any trials you hold your head very proud and laugh at your fears. This behavior may sometimes seem inappropriate and strange, but for you it's a kind of defense reaction, a way not to fall into depression. But you should also give way to negative emotions, otherwise you can lose interest for life. But emotional discharge will help you to keep taking everything with a smile.
What is your way of life? How effective is your way of life? Does it favour your prosperity?
You can't stay in one place too long. You live your life under the slogan "Motion is live!", and nothing can stop you if you decide to go for a walking trip or hitchhike. Your always in a rush somewhere, you try to do many things, and it must be said that you often get your plans implemented. You manage to do much more things than your friends. Watching you, many people wonder where you get so much energy from. The answer to the question is simple - you know how to use your energy wisely. If you work, it must be efficient, if you rest, your rest must be active. Conquer more peaks and don't lose your enthusiasm. More »
What is your role in sex? Sexual life is a very intimate and private sphere.
Not everybody can brag about such subtle understanding not only of your own wishes but of the hidden wishes of the partner as well. You understand the body language of the woman you love, you feel every breath of her. The ability to completely flow into the process harmoniously cooperating with the other person is a gift that you can be proud of. It's possible because you know your own body very well and want to satisfy your partner whom you trust. Just this kind of relationship can be called ideal. And if there is some difficulty, you alway can discuss it openly but delicately. More »
You're quite good company. You can listen to people, you're a good narrator and you can express yourself precisely. Your ability to control your emotions lets you behave reservedly independently on the topic of the conversation. If your interlocutor is wrong, you can correct him/her avoiding heated arguments. You're always in a positive mood, that is why your friends discuss news and share their impressions with you. Just your diplomatic communication style makes people trust you. More »
What is common between your clothing style and character? Take this quiz and find out what your clothing style has in common with your character.
Your image is quite laconic and conservative. A sort of knight, but without the whims and ultimatums. You're humble, not demanding and always ready to compromise. You have a subtle soul and you're dreamy and perceptive. You attract women with your romanticism, and they're ready to build castles in the sky with you at any time. You always try to avoid conflicts, because quarrels are not in your nature. You don't like to stand out of the crowd and have philosophical attitude to fashion trends. More »
Sexuality quiz Do you know how sexy you are? Take this quiz and find out!
You know almost everything about sex, but you never stop at what has been accomplished and improve your skills. You try to give your woman as much pleasure as possible, but your never forget about yourself, that is why women consider you a perfect lover. You like to take initiative and to experiment. You think that sex is an art, and you do it with great pleasure. More »
Your life priorities If you take this quiz, you'll find out what is important for you and why!
A family is when several people make one whole together. It's family values that you always put first, that's why you often consider the interests of your family instead of your own. Unfortunately nowadays, family values are not as highly thought of as they used to be, but you're the kind of a person who tries to observe family traditions. You're not a materialist, that's why you understand that even a person who's goals are material welfare and career oriented, they sooner or later realize that the warmth of family is much more important that fame and filthy lucre. So you shouldn't be ashamed of your life priorities although they're out of fashion today. You make your family and friends respect your views and feel that family is not a group of strangers, but a unit where you will always get understanding, support, and people who are always happy to see you. More »
Your attitude to work Find out how much time and effort you devote to your work and if you should change something
You seem to have managed to avoid excessive ardor for work. Giving enough effort to work, you don't forget about your own life which we live only once and have to do it so that later we wouldn't regret that we had wasted our time. And if your colleagues want to take upon themselves too many obligations, you won't prohibit them to do it, but you won't take their example, preferring to commit heroic acts at work only in extreme cases, but this case can't happen every day. You know how to use your time and energy, that's why it's seldom you get tired and you enjoy the work you do. Perhaps you shouldn't change this tactics even if some people think that you're selfish. You have your own opinion on this question.
Your way to success Take this quiz to find out your individual way to success!
You don't make plans to achieve success. You don't believe that one can get everything at once, but it doesn't mean that you'll stay indifferent in every situation. You're the type of person who doesn't care. You take a two sober view of things, appraise the situation impartially, but as a detached onlooker as you don't like to take part in what is going on. Only extraordinary events can make you to be active, and then an emotional impetus will wind you up like a clockwork. You probably will sail through all obstacles on your way to success. More »
What holiday are you? Each holiday has it's own meaning. Which of them do you resemble?
Your distinctive feature is selfishness. Nobody says that you shouldn't love yourself, but you shouldn't forget about other people. You should remember that everything doesn't always happen the way you want it to happen. On the other hand, your stickiness and straightforwardness make other people respect you and some people even try to imitate you. Whatever people advise you, you always do everything your way, that's why it's quite hard to influence you. Moreover, you strive for originality and individuality, that's why you want to be different from other people. More »
What is your real nationality? Find out if you have any characteristic streaks of other nationalities.
Tea with milk, stiffness, good manners and a wish to go out majestically are characteristics you have. Like the English, you're independent, aristocratic and a traditionalist. It is quite possible that you still worry about the former grandeur of your island state. More »
What fruit are you? Take this quiz, and you'll find out which fruit you resemble.
You're a prankster who is always in a good mood! It's always interesting with you. You greet every day with a smile to the whole world, and you can cheer up any surly person. There are always a lot of unpredictable ideas in your head which you try to fulfill by any means. Your love is infinite, and your friendship is solid. Keep being the same cheery fellow and make your family and friends happy. More »
Who were you in a previous life? This quiz will help you to find out whose destiny you have lived in your previous life..
Your distinctive feature is arrogance which is a characteristic of aristocrats. You're used to the fact that all of your caprices get fulfilled. You stick to the principle that it's better to only have things of the best quality or else nothing. If it is a piece of clothing, it's the most fashionable and expensive, if it's a girl, she is the most beautiful. Not all of the girls can accept your high-and-mighty manners, especially if you choose a princess who is as spoiled as you are. On the other hand, you know your own worth very well and know how to be above standards in any, even the most refined, society. More »
What car are you? Find out which car you resemble.
You're a serious and even-tempered person. You like to read or watch TV, and noisy companies don't attract you. There's some kind of charm, genuine composure and attractiveness about you. Faithfulness is one of your main qualities. You never panic, no matter what happens. All your steps are deliberate and weighed. You're always elegant, and there's a magnet inside you that attracts women to you. More »
What mythological figure are you? This quiz will help you to find out which mythological figure you have something in common with.
People often say about you that you look like a Greek God meaning your appearance. It must be said that the impression made by your irresistible appearance is being backed by your character. It's quite a rare combination when person's body and soul are both beautiful. So you can be called real treasure, and it's wonderful that men of your kind exist. Of course you know your own worth, that's why it's difficult to win your heart, but if you fall in love, you'll sincerely give yourself to the woman you love. More »
Your inborn profession What proffesion suits you best? You'll find it out if you take this quiz!
Bright floodlights, applause, flowers and fans are dying for you to blow them a kiss! You've probably imagined this many times as you like to be in the spotlight. You don't like routine, that's why you prefer to change the setting. It must be said that you're not very faithful, everything depends on your mood which is very unsteady. You want your life to be full of interesting people and events, you constantly seek changes. Life is full of pleasures that attract you, and you often want a lot and all at once. Well, then go ahead - enjoy yourself, shine, carry people with you and deny yourself nothing! More »
What kind of sport suits you? Each type of sport is motion...and motion is life!
You're light on your feet, sociable, and there is something about you that attracts people to you. You always pay a lot of attention to your body and appearance. You try to avoid bad habits, but you don't always succeed in it. Nevertheless, constant self-perfection yields. From time to time you receive evidence that your appearance has helped you find a good job, or find new quite interesting friends. More »
What type of vacation do you prefer? Find out what type of vacation suits you.
You show your curiosity in different situations. Tourism is not an exception. You prefer to spend holidays just traveling, because unknown and unexplored areas attract you. You familiarize yourself with the history of a country you visit, with its customs and traditions. The of history of countries charms you. Delighted, you walk among the unfamiliar streets with a camera in your hands. More »
What kind of a partner are you? These simple questions will help you to find out what kind of a partner you are.
Your type is very attractive to women. It is very easy to notice you in a big crowd because you're very uninhibited, and you have no doubts in your merits, imperiousness and self-control. You're not jealous because you think that you're beyond comparison and no man can compete with you. Women like confident men. They like their power and independence, as a confident man doesn't seek in women any evidence of his attractiveness, but makes women want him more and more. More »
Your personality type This quiz will help assign your personality type.
Refined manners is a characteristic which you possess. You're always happy to take in useful information, follow the news and you know how to articulate your ideas. Your friends often turn to you for advice because you can find the right decision in every situation. Punctiliousness is one of your main traits, that's why you can't stand a mess. You stick to the principle that one should learn from other people's mistakes. You, however, have one disadvantage, you're a bore. Just this trait may prevent you from finding your woman. More »


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Q: HTML1506: Unexpected token, with stylesheet_link_tag I am trying to upgrade a series of gems so that I can get current support.  However, whenever I try this, I start receiving HTML1506 on applications.html.erb.  The problem occurs between stylesheet_link_tag and javascript_include_tag where a "/body" is followed by a "script".  Both are generated, so I can't seem to resolve the issue.
The gems I am upgrading include:
Successfully installed sprockets-3.4.0
Successfully installed sprockets-rails-2.3.3
Successfully installed sass-rails-5.0.4
Successfully installed bootstrap-sass-3.3.5.1
Successfully installed jquery-rails-4.0.5

The error I get is:
From better-errors:
Invalid CSS after "...les.responsive'": expected "{", was ";"

From F12 console:
HTML1506: Unexpected token.

From F12 debugger:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Manchester City FC striker Edin Džeko struck in each half to earn victory for FIFA World Cup hopefuls Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and Herzegovina stepped up their FIFA World Cup preparations with a 2-1 victory against the Ivory Coast in Missouri.
The Bosnians' all-time leading scorer, Edin Džeko struck both his country's goals, with Didier Drogba on the mark from a free-kick for the Ivory Coast. Bosnia and Herzegovina's triumph was their first on United States soil.
It was an even game throughout, Zvjezdan Misimović with the first clear opportunity after 11 minutes. Though that chance went begging, Safet Sušić's side were in front six minutes later, Džeko finishing from around 16 metres out after Edin Višća's cross had bounced off Ivory Coast goalkeeper Sylvain Gbohouo.
Džeko passed up three further openings before doubling his tally soon after the interval when he vollied in Miralem Planić's pass. Drogba came off the bench to half his team's deficit with an extraordinary effort through the wall from around 18 metres out. Bosnia and Herzegovina had done enough, however, and can now look forward to their next friendly, against Mexico on Wednesday. They face Argentina, Iran and Nigeria in World Cup Group F.


A new workgroup was announced today to create a set of industry standards. The group consists of leaders from some of the largest exchanges in crypto, with hopes of convincing investors who have stayed out of crypto to make the leap.
In many ways, we are still in the Wild West of crypto adoption. There are tremendous opportunities to be found in the space, but anyone speculating blindly is likely to strike upon a high number of duds as well. And sometimes it can be difficult to tell the two apart, with the massive amount of projects entering the space, little regulation and even less oversight.
The Winklevoss-owned Gemini, along with Bitstamp, bitFlier, and Bittrex hope to impose some of that regulation and oversight by producing industry standards that all projects must meet to become listed on the main US exchanges.
This would work similarly to the equities market, where securities exchanges have long since joined together to create a private organization that ensures a modicum of quality in projects hoping to be listed on member exchanges, as well as combating issues like market manipulation and presenting a common front against regulators.
In the case of a crypto equivalent, many have called for regulation to combat these issues, whether regulators be government appointees or members of a private board. We are at a point in crypto now where we cannot even trust the trading volumes presented by the most popular exchanges since the exchanges themselves have an interest in making their volume appear as high as possible.
All these issues aside, a voice with any claim of authority to represent the crypto community as a whole has been sorely lacking, and the 'Virtual Commodity Association Working Group,' as it is called, may well claim that role for itself in DC.
The working group will not find itself uncontroversial, however. It represents so far only American exchanges, and the most significant U.S. exchange of all, Coinbase, is not involved with the group at all. Nor can we forget that everyone who is represented by the group is the owner of a large and successful exchange.
If the workgroup persists and becomes the Association they are discussing, there is little so far to indicate that it will look after the interests of smaller exchanges, or of the average trader or investor in crypto, should those interests ever conflict with those of the leading exchanges.
The workgroup is set to meet for the first time in September 2018.


Thomas,1751–1806, English cabinetmaker and furniture designer.
of the style of furniture designed by Sheraton.
As she ducked out of the Sheraton fundraiser, she met a group of women coming at her on the up escalator.
Then she blacked out the name of the woman who had spent the night at the Sheraton Hotel.
Sheraton trusted almost entirely for decoration to his marqueterie.
This shape was much affected by Hepplewhite on his sideboards, and by Sheraton in his earlier style (see Figures 35 and 38).
There were the high, wide ones of Chippendale or Sheraton, that would almost fill one side of a room.
They had backs with straight tops, rather like Sheraton chairs, and several small splats joining top rail to seat.
Sheraton, more the artist than the craftsman, made no such blunders.
severe style of late 18c. English furniture, 1883, from name of cabinetmaker Thomas Sheraton (1751-1806). The family name is from a place in Durham, late Old English Scurufatun (c.1040), probably "farmstead of a man called Skurfa" (an old Scandinavian personal name). The hotel chain dates from 1937 and has no obvious direct connection.


From the Cricketers - about 8.4 miles to/from Harry Potter World.
From the Cricketers - about 7.3 miles to/from Chiltern Open air museum.
Open 7 am - 6pm.
From the Cricketers - about 3.8 miles to/from The Grove golf course.
From the Cricketers - about 9.6 miles to/from Vicarage Road.
Open All day, car park closes at 9pm.
From the Cricketers - about 4.9 miles to/from Cassiobury Park.
From the Cricketers - about 11.2 miles to/from Bhaktivedanta manor.
From the Cricketers - about 11.3 miles to/from Watford Palace Theatre.
From the Cricketers - about 12.6 miles to/from Roald Dahl museum.
From the Cricketers - about 1.5 miles to/from Micklefield Hall.
Open 10 am - 8pm.
From the Cricketers - about 6.8 miles to/from Hemel Hempstead Ski Centre.


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The Push to Make Taiwan Bilingual
Niralee Shah/ October 10, 2019 October 16, 2019 /Leave a comment
The promotion of English proficiency is designed to increase competitiveness in the international arena. To help ensure this country's continued competitiveness in an era of globalization, the National Development Council (NDC) last December launched a plan to develop Taiwan into a "bilingual nation" by 2030. The goal is not to establish English as an official…
The Battle Against Disinformation
Jane Rickards/ August 21, 2019 August 19, 2019 /1 Comment
Taiwan is seeking to fight back against fake news with stricter new legislation, media-literacy education, and fact-checking mechanisms.  When President Tsai Ing-wen last year was in an armored car visiting areas in southern Taiwan affected by flooding, a Facebook fan page devoted to news accused Tsai of feeling contempt for the victims. The evidence offered was…
Making a Comeback from Morakot
Steven Crook/ May 21, 2019 May 21, 2019 /Leave a comment
Some areas of southern Taiwan have recovered more rapidly than others from the powerful 2009 typhoon with its deadly flooding and landslides. BY STEVEN CROOK AND ERYK MICHAEL SMITH Typhoon Morakot, which smashed into central and southern Taiwan on August 8, 2009, was the deadliest, most destructive storm in Taiwan's recorded history. The typhoon dumped…
The Big Question Mark for 2019: What's Ahead in the U.S.-China Trade War?
Jane Rickards/ December 13, 2018 December 14, 2018 /Leave a comment
Forecasts for Taiwan's economic growth next year currently range between 2.18% and 2.5%. The Taiwan economy is expected to undergo a moderate slowdown next year as overseas demand falters for its information technology and other high-tech products. But if that prospect is somewhat disappointing, the consolation is that Taiwan is likely to escape suffering harsh…
Taiwan Food Waste – Right Resource, Wrong Approach
Tim Heberlein/ October 16, 2018 October 15, 2018 /2 Comments
Food waste carries a heavy social, environmental, and financial cost, but with the right technology, it can become a stable, low-cost, high-return source of electricity. Taiwan generates an estimated 16.5 million tons of food waste a year. That's enough to fill 182 Olympic-size swimming pools every day all year, year-in and year-out. For most people,…
The Circular Economy is the Future for Taiwan Manufacturing
Stephen Su/ May 16, 2018 May 14, 2018 /Leave a comment
Taiwan brings several important advantages to this relatively new field. In the traditional Linear Economy, raw materials are made into products using a "take, make, and dispose" approach – with any waste material thrown away after use. By contrast, the Circular Economy as defined by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, is restorative and regenerative by…
Energy in Taiwan: Uncertainty in Liquefied Natural Gas
Timothy Ferry/ November 9, 2017 November 9, 2017 /Leave a comment
The third receiving terminal has been postponed for environmental reasons – the prospective impact on a unique reef. Citing the need for further study of the rare coral reefs that lie nearby beneath the waters off Taoyuan County, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) on October 26 called for further postponement of a project to build…
The Cement Industry and the Environment
Timothy Ferry/ October 24, 2017 October 27, 2017 /Leave a comment
The recent death of filmmaker Chi Bo-lin focused renewed attention on the ecological consequences of cement production in Taiwan. The death of celebrated documentary filmmaker Chi Bo-lin, who was killed in a helicopter crash on June 10 while filming his latest movie, ignited a firestorm over the use of land resources in Taiwan. Chi won…
Going After Telecom Fraudsters
Chris Horton/ August 17, 2017 August 15, 2017 /Leave a comment
Recent cases have revealed that telephone scamming involving Taiwanese swindlers is a big international business. It's a story that has become all too common. On July 17, Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Cambodia had arrested seven Taiwanese nationals after busting up a telecom fraud ring following a tip-off from China. A ministry spokeswoman…
Nukes and Uncertainty Charge Taiwan's Energy Debate
Timothy Ferry/ June 14, 2017 July 28, 2017 /Leave a comment
Idled nuclear reactors are being restarted, but policy uncertainty and capacity limitations continue to trouble Taiwan's power sector. After sitting idle since November 30 last year, reactor 1 at Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant 2 (NPP 2) has resumed operations this week in time to meet summer peak demand. As of publication the reactor was running…


The CAD & Mechanical Development team within Complete Vehicle, are responsible for operational development within the Product & Quality area. With efficient and knowledge based processes and methods, we are utilizing the mechanical development in CAD, visualisation, virtual verification as well as supplier collaboration. We look for someone who continuously pushes the boundaries in terms of innovation, value, sustainability and simplicity in our product development processes.
As a Business Engineer/Analyst, you will lead the method and IT tools development around our domains to meet our future challenges by increasing our efficiency, virtual capability and quality into our products. Our fast and nimble approach within the team will also give you the opportunity to expand your skills into new domain areas. You will actively contribute to identifying and describing the business needs and maintain and support implemented solutions and methods. Defining, initiating and participating in new operational development projects as a domain area Business Analyst and Developer will also be included in your daily work.
We believe you have a technical academic background for this role. You need to be experienced in Mechanical Design Engineering, Operational/Method Development or PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) support. You also have knowledge in CARIA or other major 3D CAD/Visualisations tools. Further, you have an ability to lead cross functional meetings and activities, and have an interest in Mechanical Development and related engineering tools.
It's a benefit if you have experience or knowledge from CAE.
We are looking for someone that has a high level of personal drive and that work independently in a structured and organized way. You can work in cross-functional teams and have a positive and open-minded attitude. You are fluent in English, written and spoken.
If you have any questions about the recruitment process, please contact Kent Adolfsson (Manager - CAD & Mechanical Development) at kent.adolfsson@volvocars.com or Johan Stabeck (Senior Manager - Process, CAD & PDM Development) at johan.stabeck@volvocars.com. For questions about the recruitment process, please reach out to Sofia Fredriksson (Senior Recruiter) at sofia.fredriksson@volvocars.com.
Register your application as soon as possible, but no later than 27th of March 2019. Please note that we will not accept application via email.


Because as Sullivan prepares to decamp for DC, taking with him his carefully cultivated reputation for relentlessly cracking down on street crime, he leaves in his wake a basket case of a U.S. Attorney's Office. Judges are complaining of sloppy briefs and missed deadlines in Sullivan's shop. Cases are taking longer to resolve than in any other state in the country. And bungling management and sometimes shocking instances of patronage have sunk morale. An estimated dozen assistant U.S. attorneys—the career professionals who do the important legal work—left the office during a recent 12-month stretch.
Hat tip to Red's Trading Post for the story.
Wot? You couldn't find a picture of a worm?
I think Weasel is more apt for Gonzales. A worm is someone who is just a low life, but not underhanded. The story about cajoling Ashcroft when he was in the hospital was enough to make me label Gonzales a weasel.
Sebastian, you must really hate weasel to libel them that way.


3BUTTON REMOTE CONTROLS MODELS 953EV, 953EVC, 956EV AND 956EVC For use with Chamberlain 315 MHz or 390 MHz garage door openers manufactured after January 1, 1993. The garage door opener activates when the programmed button on the remote control is pressed. Chamberlain 953EV User Manual Battery, Replacement parts, Warranty Chamberlain Kitchen Amazon. com: chamberlain 953evevc. From The Community. Amazon Try Prime All Chamberlain Group MC100P2 Universal Garage Door Opener Mini Keychain Remote MC1006, Works with Chamberlain, LiftMaster, Craftsman, Genie and More, Security 2.
0 Compatible. by Chamberlain. 39. 98 39 98 Prime. For use with Chamberlain 315 MHz or 390 MHz garage door openers manufactured after January 1, 1993.
The garage door opener activates when the programmed button on the remote control is pressed. The remote control can activate up The Chamberlain Group, Inc. garantiza al primer comprador de este producto que dicho producto est libre de defectos de materiales yo mano de obra durante un perodo de 1 ao a partir de la fecha de la compra. Find great deals on eBay for chamberlain 953evevc. Shop with confidence. 3BUTTON REMOTE CONTROLS MODELS 953EV, 953EVC, 956EV AND 956EVC The Chamberlain Group, Inc.
warrants to the first retail purchaser of this product that is free from 114A3924 3 Button Remote Controls Models 953EV, EVC, 956EV& EVC Instructions Author: The Chamberlain Group, Inc.
Sep 24, 2017 Programminginstall your Chamberlain garage door opener Keychain Remote with Visor Clip (953EVEVC) with this easy to follow video.
LiftMaster remotes use the same programming steps. See chart below for extra information. 3BUTTON REMOTE CONTROLS MODELS 953EV, 953EVC, 956EV AND 956EVC For use with Chamberlain 315 MHz or 390 MHz garage door openers manufactured after January 1, 1993.
The garage door opener activates when the programmed button on the remote control is pressed. Feb 04, 2012 I last week got this keychain, and I got the garages programed, now all I need is the lights.
3BUTTON REMOTE CONTROLSMODELS 953EV, 953EVC, 956EV AND 956EVCFor use with Chamberlain 315 MHz or 390 MHz garage door openers manufactured afterJanuary 1, 1993.


Young carers are, regardless of their cultural, social, ethnic and religious background, under 18, looking after, or helping to look after, a family member suffering from a long term illness, disability or a dependency on substances. They may undertake a range of caring tasks and assume physical and emotional responsibilities normally carried out by an adult.
In an ideal world, no parent would need to rely upon support from a child that would place an undue burden upon them. At Meopham School we acknowledge the many challenges young carers may face in their everyday lives and aim to support them in achieving their full potential. We also recognise the sense of pride young carers may have in respect of their caring role and the strengths and skills they may developed as the result of being a young carers.
At Meopham School, young carers and potential young carers will be given the opportunity to learn, develop and thrive.


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Create a stunning backdrop to your cake table, photo booth or even at the entrance of your venue with this stunning rose gold flower petal curtain. This truly is perfect for all events from birthdays to christenings or even at your beautiful wedding. Simply hang this glistening backdrop and encourage all of your guests to take their photo in front of it for a beautiful memory.
Each pack contains 1x backdrop measuring 2m.


text:
2012 hottest year on record, federal agency says
The first eight months of 2012 were the hottest ever recorded in the continental United States and the summer period of June, July and August was the third hottest ever, the National Climatic Data Center reported Monday.
Although the August average of 74.4 degrees Fahrenheit made it only the 16th hottest August on record, the hottest July ever combined with the hottest spring on record to keep January-August 2012 atop the record books.
The nation as a whole is averaging 4 degrees Fahrenheit above average for the year. That's a full degree higher than the same period in 2006, the second hottest January-August on record.
Record keeping began in 1895.
The record warmth is a constant for from cities north to south, from Fargo, North Dakota, at 5.7 degrees F above average, to Tampa, Florida, at 2.2 degrees F above average. Green Bay, Wisconsin, posted the biggest difference to the average, 6.7 degrees F above.
The hottest temperature recorded for the month was 126 degrees F in Death Valley, California, recently recognized as the hottest place on Earth.
If you were looking colder than normal weather, the West Coast was the place to be. San Diego was .2 degrees F below normal for the year, San Francisco was 1 degree F below normal, Portland, Oregon, .7 degrees F below normal and Seattle, 1.1 degrees F below normal.
Outside the continental 48, Alaska and Hawaii temperatures were also below normal.
Meanwhile, drought conditions continued to affect a large chunk of the 48 states. The portion of the country experiencing exceptional drought, the worst level of drought, doubled in August to 6%, the NCDC reported. Overall, 39% of the country was in severe to extreme drought, "indicating that the drought has intensified," it said. Only the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s have been worse, the agency said.
Drought by the numbers
Post by: CNN's Brad Lendon
Filed under: Heat • Weather
Paradise Earth
I'm hoping to settle down in Death Valley once this world becomes a paradise. (if i survive what's coming) I figure it will take me about 100 years to explore Death Valley in it's entirety, and then it's off! to spend a thousand years cleaning-up what was once called Colorado.
And on the 1100th year, Philip rested. 🙂
Jeez, ego much?
ego?
Hope, not ego. What hope do you have? 401K plan? Lmao 🙂
It's funny how Bush paid off those scientists years ago to debunk Gores theory of climate change.How he warned of just what is going to happen from world renowned scientists that kept a tab on just this subject,keeping temp logs and their changes from all over this earth and it was fact,something these extremist rightwing idiots kept ignoring for years with getting rid of EPA pollution controls standards in manufacturing nationwide..Bush did that and more for corporate gifts and you republicans evangelists know better but as usual play a dementia patient forgetting everything,right did I hit the nail on the head!!!Now we're paying for it and we have to try to fix what corporate America has done and get our earth back,its important if you want your children to have a better world,not a burned out cinder that used to be a beautiful,vibrant planet.
September 19, 2012 at 9:19 am | Report abuse |
LOL, you are so ignorant
I guess you didn't notice that the hottest places on the map (wyoming, nebraska, south dakota) are Republican?
Why do people call republicans stupid , then claim they are the one percenters? Having most of the money and power sounds quite preferable to me.
Dave, There are many 'flavors' of Republicans. The "one per centers" are a very specific breed. As for Republicans, on one end, you have what are called "blue collar republicans" which typically encompasses low income (under 50K per individual), very often white, living in a rural or suburban area, and usually over 50 years old, and identify religiously as Christian. These are ONE version of Republican, which are clearly STUPID - since they vote against their own best financial interest as they have been promised (somehow) by the Republican elite that if they keep voting Republican, they are on the "FAST TRACK" to success - as if by voting Republican, they hold some fairy tail virtual lottery ticket that doesn't exist.
December 11, 2012 at 12:28 am | Report abuse |


text:
<?php

namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use AppBundle\Entity\Categorie;
use AppBundle\Entity\Courrier;
use AppBundle\Entity\Reaction;
use AppBundle\Form\ReactionType;
use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormError;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\JsonResponse;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\ParamConverter;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\NotFoundHttpException;

class CourrierController extends Controller
{

    const RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY = '6LcwDXYUAAAAAJCy0yX4xHtjNsL6gLCmPb3aRHpa';

    /**
     * @Route("/", name="courrier_index")
     *
     * @param Request $request
     * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
     */
    public function indexAction(Request $request)
    {
        $courriers = $this
            ->getDoctrine()
            ->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier')
            ->findLast(2, null, $this->get('security.authorization_checker')->isGranted('ROLE_SUPER_ADMIN'))
        ;

        return $this->render('courrier/index.html.twig', [
            'courriers' => $courriers,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * @Route("/{slugCategorie}/{slugCourrier}/", name="courrier_voir", requirements={"categorie_slug": "[a-zA-Z1-9\-_]+", "courrier_slug", "[a-zA-Z1-9\-_]+"})
     *
     * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
     */
    public function voirAction(Request $request, $slugCategorie, $slugCourrier)
    {
        $sent = $request->query->get('send', null);
        $isAdmin = $this->get('security.authorization_checker')->isGranted('ROLE_SUPER_ADMIN');
        $captchaReturn['success'] = false;

        $doctrine = $this->getDoctrine();
        $em = $doctrine->getManager();
        $repoCourrier = $doctrine->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier');

        $courrier = $repoCourrier->findOneBySlugWithReactionsFiltered(
            $slugCourrier,
            Reaction::STATUS_ACCEPTED
        );

        $is404 = [
            'notFound' => empty($courrier),
            'wrongSlug' => !empty($courrier) && $courrier->getCategorie()->getSlug() != $slugCategorie,
            'denied' => !empty($courrier) && (!$courrier->getPublished() && !$isAdmin),
        ];

        if ($is404['notFound'] || $is404['wrongSlug'] || $is404['denied']) {
            throw new NotFoundHttpException('Courrier non trouvé.');
        }

        $reaction = !$isAdmin ? new Reaction() : (new Reaction)
            ->setName('Administrateur')
            ->setUrl('http://lenervee.com/')
            ->setEmail('admin@lenervee.com')
        ;
        $formReaction = $this->createForm(ReactionType::class, $reaction);

        if ($request->isMethod('POST')) {
            $request = Request::createFromGlobals();
            $captchaValue = $request->request->get('g-recaptcha-response');

            $formReaction->handleRequest($request);
            $nickname = $formReaction['name']->getData();
            if (!$isAdmin && $nickname == 'Administrateur') {
                $formReaction->addError(new FormError('Vous ne pouvez pas utiliser cette valeur pour pseudo.'));
            }
            if ($formReaction->isValid()) {

                $curl = curl_init('https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify?' . http_build_query([
                        'secret' => self::RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,
                        'response' => $captchaValue,
                    ]));
                curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, false);
                curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
                curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 1);
                curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);

                $captchaCurlResponse = curl_exec($curl);

                if (!empty($captchaCurlResponse)) {
                    $captchaReturn = json_decode($captchaCurlResponse, true);
                }

                /** @var Reaction $reaction */
                if ($captchaReturn['success']) {

                    $reaction = $formReaction->getData();
                    if ($isAdmin) {
                        $reaction->setStatus(Reaction::STATUS_ACCEPTED);
                    }
                    $reaction->setCourrier($courrier);
                    $em->persist($reaction);
                    $em->flush();
                }

                return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl('courrier_voir', [
                    'slugCategorie' => $courrier->getCategorie()->getSlug(),
                    'slugCourrier' => $courrier->getSlug(),
                    'sent' => true,
                ]));

            }
        }

        $previous = $repoCourrier->findPrevious($courrier, $isAdmin);
        $next = $repoCourrier->findNext($courrier, $isAdmin);

        return $this->render('courrier/voir.html.twig', [
            'courrier' => $courrier,
            'prev_courrier' => $previous,
            'next_courrier' => $next,
            'reaction_form' => $formReaction->createView(),
            'sent' => $sent,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * @Route("/blog/courriers/rechercher/", name="courrier_rechercher")
     *
     */
    public function rechercherAction(Request $request)
    {
        $query = $request->query->get('s');

        if (!is_null($query)) {
            $courriers = $this
                ->getDoctrine()
                ->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier')
                ->findLikeBy([
                    'name' => $query,
                ])
            ;

            return $this->render('blog/rechercher.html.twig', [
                'courriers' => $courriers,
                'query_string' => $query,
            ]);
        }

        return new Response();
    }

    /**
     * @Route("/blog/courriers/push/", name="courrier_apercu")
     */
    function apercuAction(Request $request, $id = null)
    {
        if (is_null($id)) {
            $id = explode('-', $request->request->get('id'))[1];
        }

        $noMoreCourrier = false;

        $courrier = $this
            ->getDoctrine()
            ->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier')
            ->find($id)
        ;

        $requestStack = $this->get('request_stack');
        if (null === $requestStack->getParentRequest()) {
            $courrier = $this
                ->getDoctrine()
                ->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier')
                ->findLast(1, $courrier->getEnvoi(), $this->get('security.authorization_checker')->isGranted('ROLE_SUPER_ADMIN'))
            ;
            $courrier = array_shift($courrier);

            if (empty($courrier)) {
                $noMoreCourrier = true;
            }
        }

        return $this->render('courrier/apercu.html.twig', [
            'courrier' => $courrier,
            'no_more_courrier' => $noMoreCourrier,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * @Route("/blog/courriers/popup/", name="courrier_popup")
     *
     * @param Request $request
     * @return Reponse|JsonResponse
     */
    public function popupAction(Request $request)
    {
        if ($request->isXmlHttpRequest() && $request->isMethod(Request::METHOD_POST)) {
            $slugCourrier = $request->request->get('courrier');

            $courrier = $this
                ->getDoctrine()
                ->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier')
                ->findOneBySlug($slugCourrier)
            ;

            if (empty($courrier)) {
                throw new NotFoundHttpException();
            }

            $courrier = [
                'name' => $courrier->getName(),
                'date' => $courrier->getEnvoi()->format('d/m/Y'),
                'image' => $courrier->getImage()->getPath(),
                'intro' => $courrier->getIntro(),
            ];

            return new JsonResponse($courrier);
        }

        return new Response(null, 405);
    }

    /**
     * Not routable
     */
    function sliderAction($id)
    {
        $repository = $this
            ->getDoctrine()
            ->getRepository('AppBundle:Courrier')
        ;

        /** @var Courrier $courrier */
        $courrier = $repository->find($id);

        $tags = [];
        foreach (iterator_to_array($courrier->getTags()) as $tag) {
            $tags[] = $tag->getId();
        }

        $courriers = [];
        foreach ($tags as $idTag) {
            foreach ($repository->findByTag($idTag) as $fetchedCourrier) {
                $courriers[$fetchedCourrier->getId()] = $fetchedCourrier;
            }
        }

        unset($courriers[$courrier->getId()]);

        if (empty($courriers)) {
            return new Response();
        }

        return $this->render('courrier/slider.html.twig', [
            'courriers' => $courriers,
        ]);
    }
}


Discover Dubrovnik, Mostar, and Montenegro in 4 days 3-night escorted tour from the pearl of the Adriatic.
During the tour you will visit the world known wonderful walled town of Dubrovnik, then towards Mostar in Bosna Herzegovina,a world known town for its breathtaking bridge and a place full of contrasts,colours,and culture, where " the east meets the west", the day after is dedicated to exploring Montenegro, a small but fascinating country with high mountains rising above the sea.
Optional Dubrovnik airport transfer – 40 EUR supplement for up to 3 persons.
Pick-up at Dubrovnik airport and transfer to the hotel in Dubrovnik. Check-in the hotel and day at leisure. Overnight.
Breakfast followed by escorted bus tour to Mostar. Pass through the breathtaking Neretva Valley and local countryside and arrive in Mostar - where "the east meets west", a town full of contrasts, culture, color, and cuisine. Mostar is not only divided by the famous bridge over the Neretva River, but also by religion and culture from one bank to the other. Late afternoon return to Dubrovnik. Overnight in hotel.
Escorted bus excursion to Montenegro - a small country with magnificent mountains rising above the Adriatic Sea, filled with natural beauty, clear lakes, fast rivers and serene beaches. Enjoy exploring Montenegro's contrasting nature attractions, interesting history, culture, tradition, and clean air.During the day we will visit the town of Perast, the small islets in the center of the Kotor Bay and the town of Kotor listed among the Unesco Heritage Sites. Late afternoon return and transfer to hotel.
Breakfast and check-out from the hotel. Transfer to Pile gates followed by a guided tour of Dubrovnik Old Town.
Transfer to Gruz Harbour Cruise or back to the hotel to end the program.


Description: Tesselink recruits four �ordinary people,� John, Perfida, a goblin with extrasensory powers Ber-lak (Dru Viergever), and a young conman Adric (Christopher Jacot) and dubs them the Knights of Bloodsteel. It becomes their job to protect the last of Marabili�s most precious commodity � a rare metal called Bloodsteel � from the forces of evil. Seems the folks of that land haven�t been very green, or should that be red, and now the natural resource is running low....... In order to save the world, The Knights of Bloodsteel must locate the mythical Crucible which is reputed to be the source of all Bloodsteel. But the evil Dragon Eye and his army are also looking for the Crucible, as whoever finds it first will have unlimited power..... It�s knights and sorcerers and dragons, oh my! And it all begins on April 19 at 9:00 on SCI FI.


New addition to the book club pages!
Having left Chamonix over a year and a half ago, and therefore no longer being part of a book club, I have regrettably let my book reviews slide, but I have read a few cracking ones lately and have decided that I don't need to be in a book club to review a good book, if it's good, then the word needs to be spread!
So here's my first review in a while, a superb book called Unbroken, by Laura Hillenbrand. Read the full review here.


Are you looking for dress & formal shoes? If you are, then you are reading the right article as you will be able to gain knowledge where you can buy your own pair of dress & formal shoes. You must know that there are so many shoe stores these days that may offer you a good number of dress and formal shoes. You must know that it is really important to give time in going from one store to another because this will entitle you to choose the best among the shoes that will be presented to you.
Moreover, you must always remember to try on the shoes before you buy them so that you will know if you will be comfortable wearing them. Moreover, you must also know that it would be really great if you will get the one that will match perfectly with your dress. Furthermore, you should also know that you can also purchase dress & formal shoes from the internet.


text:
Q: IdentityServer4 save and retreive data using UserId IdentityServer4 creates among other tables an AspNetUsers table with userIds, I would like to use these userids to store and retrieve related data.
When I send a request with a bearer token how would I retrieve the userid from the request using the following example;
[Authorize]
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> Post([FromBody]VehicleRequest message)
{
    userId = "?";

    Vechicle vehicle = await _vehicleRepository.AddVehicle(
        message.licensePlate,
        message.make,
        message.model,
        userId);

    return new ObjectResult(vehicle);
}

[Authorize]
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> GetVehicles()
{
    userId = "?";

    IList<Vechicle> vehicles = await _vehicleRepository.GetVehicles(userId);

    return new ObjectResult(vehicles);
}

A: The user ID would typically be in the "sub" claim accessible via User.Identity.Claims in your controller action.


They comprise, depending on institution, a wide range of subjects. In Bristol these are: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art History, Classics, English, Film and TV, History, Modern Languages, Music, Philosophy, Religion and Theology, Theatre.
All these subjects critically analyse different aspects of the cultural capital of a society, creatively add to it, and compare it to other cultures. Their findings and contributions cannot be replaced by the Social and the Natural Sciences. But there is overlap and an enormous potential in interdisciplinary cooperation which at Bristol has an institutional basis in various innovative Research Institutes and Centres.
The distinct and unique contribution of the Arts and Humanities consists in providing students with a high degree of self-reflexivity, a sense of perspective and purpose, and their holistic formation as a human being. Thus, the Arts and Humanities are indispensable for the University's mission to educate independent learners and global citizens.