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Home / About Us / Faculty
Character. Heart. Excellence
Our talented and committed teachers provide individualized attention to help each student achieve his or her academic and personal best.
Alan Ching
Lead Teacher - 4G
Alan Ching has taught a generation of Hawks at Holy Nativity School, teaching since 1996. He enjoys teaching 4th grade and seeing the growth in his students, who take more ownership for their education, start to ask inquisitive questions and take more responsible risks in class. He looks forward to their annual Big Island trip each spring, and enjoys coaching Hawks Athletics. Alan holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Redlands.
Liz Cunningham
Educational Specialist - 2nd Grade
Liz Cunningham has been part of the Holy Nativity School family for a major portion of her life. She is a graduate of HNS, and has worked as a teacher here since 1989. Liz finds it especially rewarding providing valuable "TLC" in the classroom and on the playground. Working as an Education Specialist, she finds great satisfaction tending to the smaller, but no less important, needs of the children.
Renee Eveland
Lead Teacher - PreK
Renee Eveland has been part of the Holy Nativity School family since 2006. Mrs. Eveland received a B.Ed in Elementary Education from the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, and has her certification in Early Childhood Education. She loves teaching PreK, providing a safe place where children are free to explore, take risks, make mistakes, and grow!
Maddie McGraw
Ms. McGraw grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana. She attended Mt. St. Mary's University in Maryland for her undergraduate studies and recently graduated from the University of Portland with her master's degree. Ms. McGraw brings a wide breadth of experience having previously been a learning support specialist and teaching middle school social studies.
Nancy Greenberg
Co-Lead Teacher - Keiki 3s
Nancy Greenberg is an honor graduate in Family Consumer Science and over twenty years of management and administration experience. She is thrilled to bring her love of early education back to her hometown.
Petey Kaneshiro
Lead Teacher - Kindergarten
A transplant from New York in 1968, Anna Ruth Peterson Kaneshiro, known as "Petey," graduated with a BA from the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Petey has taught a generation of Hawks at Holy Nativity School, serving as Lead Kindergarten teacher since 1989. She is also a proud alumni parent — her sons Daren and Dean attended HNS from preschool through sixth grade.
Eileen Keane
Eileen has a BA in Liberal Studies, and graduate studies in both Organizational Management and Secondary English Education. She has been a teacher on O'ahu for 9 years, and has experience teaching elementary grades, middle school and high school. Eileen has also worked in community colleges and universities so she has insight which helps her to meet her students where they are and help them plot a path towards successfully reaching their long-term educational goals.
Jenna Kieburtz
Jenna Kieburtz joined the Holy Nativity School team in 2014. She was born here on Oahu, but was raised in the beautiful state of Washington. Jenna received her Bachelor's in Sociology and Master's in Teaching from Washington State University. Jenna taught internationally in Shenzhen and Chengdu, China. She is grateful to have the experience working with the international community abroad. Jenna first grade students learn to be kind and considerate members of their community, while also embracing the many opportunities to explore, inquire, and develop their individual passions.
Shelly O'Brien
PreK Educational Specialist
Hello Holy Nativity School community! It is
with a joyful heart that I am back at home in
East O'ahu after a great big European
adventure. I am excited to join Mrs. Eveland in
the Pre-K classroom for a transformational
school year, and to have my daughter Mele
join the Kindergarten class. From a school
gardening teacher to an elementary librarian
and Enrichment Teacher, I have enjoyed
working with all ages over the past 20 years
including Early Childhood to lower
elementary. I look forward to all the children
and rainbows here in the little school in the
valley at Maunalua Bay!
Destaney Peters
Co-Lead Teacher-Keiki 3s
Destaney holds a BA from Northern Arizona University, and a Master's Degree in Education with a concentration in School Counseling from Liberty University. This is her 5th year in education and 4th year as a teacher.
Dr. Kirtland Peterson
A graduate of Princeton University and Hahnemann University's clinical psychology program, "Cat" Peterson believes in academic rigor and lots of fun. A change-of-career elementary-school teacher, Cat spent most of his professional life as a management consultant to Fortune 500 and International 1000 corporations. Arriving at Holy Nativity School in 2014, he felt immediately at home at our little school in the valley. Dr. Cat strives to be good company for the right journey, acknowledging the journey is different at every age, and unique for each and every student.
Sakiko Sugihara
Educational Specialist - 4G
Sakiko Sugihara has started her career at HNS as a counseling intern in 2016. Sakiko serves as both Education Specialist in fifth grade and teaches school-wide weekly Mindfulness to all HNS classes. She loves to help students succeed both academically and interpersonally.
Nohea Behler
1G Educational Specialist
I've been part of the Holy Nativity School community for five years as a summer school teacher and substitute teacher during the regular school year. I received my Bachelor's degree in Psychology and recently obtained my certification to become a mindfulness practitioner. I have a passion for helping keiki grow by recognizing, validating, and accepting the rollercoaster of emotions that we experience in this complicated life. I look forward to working with the 1G class and to being part of the HNS community!
Lehua Alo Williams
Lehua Alo Williams has been at Holy Nativity School since 1999. Born and raised in the islands, Lehua graduated from Punahou School, holds a B.S. degree in Early Childhood Education and a Master's degree in Elementary Education from Chaminade University. Lehua is also a certified member of the American Montessori Society, and enjoys teaching in an environment where children are encouraged to investigate the world around them, while also feeling a sense of belonging and responsibility to their little school in the valley.
Erin Zitz
Educational Specialist - Kindergarten
Erin Zitz has been part of the HNS community since 2010. Erin was a commercial pilot, has served as a parent volunteer, PTO officer and altar guild member. She brings a deep and varied expertise as the 2G education specialist.
Jan Israel
After joining HNS in 2014, Jan Israel now serves as the Religious Studies teacher. She has thirty years of teaching experience, a Master's in Learning Disabilities, and a family of happy HNS graduates and current Hawks.
Pepper Bunting
Physical Education Specialist and Athletic Director
Pepper, or "Coach Pepper" to students, has been teaching/coaching for 15 years. She's passionate about developing a love for exercise in children. There are so many life lessons that can be learned through sports and team building!
Caroline Mosher
Education Specialist - 5th Grade
Jane Kim
Visual Arts Teacher
Jane Kim is passionate about teaching and has been in the education field for over 20 years. She believes in motivating students to be lifelong learners, by making creative connections that are applicable to the world around them. Jane has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Liberal Studies with an Elementary Education concentration and Art minor from Concordia University in Irvine, California. She also has a Masters of Arts degree in Marriage and Family Therapy and a concentration in Art Therapy from Notre Dame de Namur University. As an educator, she has worked with learners from Preschool to grade 6. She believes all children can succeed in school and is committed to helping them achieve their goals.
Jordan Gibson
Jordan Gibson returns to Holy Nativity School as part of the 6G teaching team. He is an Education Consultant with WestEd and Behavioral Analyst with Island Behavioral Health. He'll be teaching mathematical concepts and logical thinking skills to the 6th graders, and coaching the HNS Hawks Basketball team. Jordan received his MA in anthropology and education from Teachers College, Columbia University, and a BA in political science from Yale University.
5286 Kalanianaʻole Hwy
© 2023 Holy Nativity School. All Rights Reserved.


Sit down, grab your knitting needles and start stitching this cozy free knit afghan pattern. Featuring a design inspired by climbing ivy, this beautiful blanket is perfect for decorating a corner of your living room, bedroom or study.
Size: Approx 70" x 80" with edging.


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The Co-operative
New Co-op and affordable homes to be built near Staffordshire town
This is sure to excite a lot of people including first time buyers
Kerry AshdownLocal Democracy Reporter
Plans have been approved for new shops - including the Co-op - and new housing near Stone (Image: PA/Google Maps)
New shops and affordable housing are set to be built on the edge of Stone – despite concerns that the development could affect existing town stores.
One of the new stores at the shopping centre is set to be a Co-op branch, Stafford Borough Council's planning committee heard on Wednesday.
Alongside the proposals for the shopping and service area, earmarked for land next to Lichfield Road, an illustrative plan for 20 affordable homes was submitted to the council.
Gerald Willard, speaking on behalf of the applicant, said around £3.25m was set to be invested in the site, which would provide "much-needed affordable housing".
"It will be a significant boost to the local economy, with in the order of 30 full and part time jobs related to this development," he added.
"Additionally the provision of a new pedestrian crossing will improve safety in the area."
The plans include the building of a new Co-op store (Image: PA)
But Councillor Lynne Bakker-Collier called in the application for the planning committee to consider the development of land outside the Stone settlement boundary and the impact on shops in the High Street. She told the meeting she had spoken to town centre businesses about their intentions after their current leases expire.
"Five have said to me they are not going to continue for various reasons", she said.
"To build extra shops seems ridiculous to me when we know there are going to be some empty in Stone. Shopkeepers deserve more consideration than this.
Stafford Borough stories
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Plans for fire station
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House of Bread
"Traffic is the next issue. There are two nurseries and a school close to the site. Parents are distraught at the traffic along Lichfield Road."
Planning committee member and fellow St Michael's and Stonefield ward councillor Geoff Collier also spoke out against the prospect of more shops in the area.
"It is a rural exception site which should be 100% affordable housing", he said.
The development will be built off land at Lichfield Road near Stone (Image: Google Maps)
"Here we are putting a convenience store on it which, to be honest, this area does not need and it has never needed. It would have to grow a lot bigger to need it.
"The area has a convenience store at the garage and it caters for everything. Stone doesn't need any more food stores."
Councillor Jonathan Price spoke of a loophole in the council's planning policies where rural exception sites were concerned. These sites would not normally be used for development but can be for affordable housing schemes.
Staffordshire County Council stories
M6 chaos
Chase Line trains
One-way system call
Best and worst primaries
He said: "Our policies are not tight enough to prevent this from happening. If we refuse this application we would lose this appeal.
"A loophole in our policy is the reason that developers are getting away with this."
Councillor Carolyn Trowbridge said: "We desperately need affordable homes. But the shop part to me is the bit that's wrong."
A proposal to refuse permission for the development was defeated however, by seven votes to five, and planning consent was granted.
McDonald's, KFC and Aldi say they'll run out of fresh food in a no-deal Brexit
VICTORY! 248 school crossing patrols saved from axe in council U-turn

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Inside the Hall Mailbag: May 5
Alex Bozich
05/05/2015 11:38 am in
The Inside the Hall Mailbag is a collection of questions tweeted to us via Twitter (@insidethehall), via email, submitted on our premium forum and sent to us via our Facebook page. Submit your questions and we'll answer as many as we can.
Anthony Baird on Facebook writes: Will (Thomas) Bryant really be that big of an improvement? Crean has proven he can't get it done with bigs. I mean look what he did to Cody Zeller. I'm looking more forward to the return of Devin Davis!
Yes, Thomas Bryant will be a major improvement and a major factor from the minute he steps onto Branch McCracken Court. He's a high energy guy who is coachable and makes hustle plays. He chose Indiana for a variety of reasons, one of which I'll get into now as I tackle your second comment regarding Zeller. That reason is player development.
If "not getting it done with bigs" is putting a guy into the lottery for two straight years, I'm not sure what else you'd like to see. Zeller came to Indiana ranked just outside of the top 10 nationally in his recruiting class and went No. 4 overall in the NBA draft and was an All-American. When he left campus, he was a much better player than he was when he arrived. Those are all facts. You can certainly argue that IU should have advanced further than the Sweet 16 back in 2013, but that is a separate discussion. In terms of making guys better that put in the effort and helping them reach their potential, it's hard to dispute what Crean has been able to accomplish. – Alex Bozich
mcoghlan on the premium forum writes: Assuming there are no more departures or additions in the Big Ten, where do you think IU will end up in the Big Ten standings?
Right now, I'd put IU third behind Maryland and Michigan State. I think the Terrapins are the favorite on paper based on the strength of their returning pieces (Melo Trimble, Jake Layman) and two interior additions (Diamond Stone, Robert Carter). The Dez Wells loss obviously hurts, but Mark Turgeon has some other young players in Dion Wiley and Jared Nickens who should also be better as sophomores.
I'd give the edge to Michigan State over IU right now because the Spartans have the less challenging Big Ten schedule. Michigan State only plays IU and Maryland one time each and both games are in East Lansing. The Spartans also return Denzel Valentine, Bryn Forbes, LouRawls Nairn, Matt Costello, Gavin Schilling and add West Virginia transfer Eron Harris and a pair of McDonald's All-American big men in Caleb Swanigan and Deyonta Davis. That's a very solid roster with depth. Michigan and Purdue should also both field strong groups and if the Boilermakers can add a point guard, they can easily challenge for a top three finish again. I do like Michigan's team on paper, but I'm more in wait-and-see mode there as Derrick Walton and Caris LeVert are working to get back to 100 percent from injuries. Wisconsin also can't be counted out as Bronson Koenig and Nigel Hayes are back, but the Badgers will be young and are going to have a ton of production to replace. – Alex Bozich
@PatrickJMaley on Twitter writes: Any word on or thoughts about who will fill the open assistant coaching spot and when? Strength trainer, too?
There's nothing new to report on either front. Director of basketball operations Rod Judson was on the road recruiting for the two April evaluation periods in place of the departed Steve McClain. Beyond that, there hasn't been any indication nor an announcement on who will fill those openings. – Alex Bozich
Tom Jameson on Facebook writes: Alex, what kind of rotation do you see for this season? As detailed as you care to get (I see Yogi, JBJ, Troy, Bryant as certain starters), but also how do you see this very deep team competing for minutes?
I'm not quite ready to project a starting lineup, given that it's early May and there's plenty to play out between now and the start of practice, but I would expect Yogi Ferrell, James Blackmon Jr., Robert Johnson, Nick Zeisloft, Collin Hartman, Troy Williams, Emmitt Holt, Bryant and Hanner Mosquera-Perea to all be in the rotation. That's nine guys right there.
Beyond that, there's still uncertainty surrounding Davis and his situation, but if he's healthy, I think he'll have a role. That leaves Juwan Morgan, O.G. Anunoby and Tim Priller as the other three guys competing for minutes. While there's certainly a chance that Morgan or Anunoby could carve out a role, there's talent and experience in front of both guys and it's not often that you see a team go more than nine or 10 deep with any regularity. – Alex Bozich
dmacer1227 on the premium forum writes: With the addition of Harrison Niego, how does that impact Ryan Burton and Nate Ritchie?
I haven't heard anything that indicates that the addition of Niego will have an affect the status of Burton or Ritchie. – Alex Bozich
@IngramGreg on Twitter writes: What's the experience INSIDE THE HALL going to be like next year given they'll be midway through the renovations?
I see what you did there, Greg. Nice play on words. As for the experience at games next season, I would direct you to the video below from last month where Fred Glass talks about the renovations project. This is really the latest information we've been given on the project and Glass discusses some of the challenges that may be present next season. Hope this helps. – Alex Bozich
GregorySpera on the premium forum writes: After all the highs and lows of the past few years, in your mind, how important is next season when it comes to determining whether or not Tom Crean is really the man to return Indiana Basketball to "elite" status, long term?
It's incredibly important. All of the pieces appear to be there to have a team that should challenge for a Big Ten crown and a favorable seed in the NCAA tournament. Assuming those things materialize, there will be plenty of focus on how this team performs in the tournament.
Glass, who is ultimately the one responsible for the direction of all of IU's athletic programs, was pretty clear in his postseason comments that he wants to see more next season while remaining a strong advocate for the job Crean has done to this point. – Alex Bozich
twoturntables on the premium forum writes: Now that the rosters are mostly finalized and the schedule is out for 2015-2016, which of the top teams (IU, UM, MSU, Maryland, PU) go the best draw? Who got the worst?
The best draw has to be Michigan State. The Spartans have single plays with Indiana (home), Maryland (home), Michigan (away) and Purdue (away). Assuming those are the top five teams in the leagues (I wouldn't could out Wisconsin just yet), getting a single play with each of the other four contenders is a nice gift from those making the schedules.
The worst draw would probably be Maryland. The Terps get IU and Michigan State just once, but both of those contests are on the road. They also get to play the following teams twice: Michigan, Northwestern, Ohio State, Purdue and Wisconsin. I'm expecting Northwestern to be improved and while Ohio State will be young, the Buckeyes have a great recruiting class coming in and are tough to beat in Columbus. If Maryland wins the Big Ten next season, it will certainly be a deserving champion. – Alex Bozich
kmark22 on the premium forum writes: Alex it has been discussed in the forum recently, primarily by me, that IU needs to refocus and get stronger with in state recruiting and not just at the elite level. With one in state recruit in the past two classes do you think this is an issue or are they days of locking up the state's best talent over?
IU certainly tried to make recruiting in the state a focus in 2014, but things obviously didn't work out with Trey Lyles, Trevon Bluiett or JaQuan Lyle. I don't think it was from a lack of focus in the state, I just think some of those situations didn't work out. The Lyles situation obviously hurt, but I'm not sure what else could have been done there.
Looking at 2015, IU got a very good big man in Thomas Bryant who I would argue is probably a better fit for the program than Caleb Swanigan, who went to Michigan State. The only other sure-fire Big Ten recruit in 2015 was Jalen Coleman, who IU tried with for several years before he ultimately chose Illinois.
It's obviously impossible to forecast the future, but IU seems to be making the state a focus in 2017 and in 2016, the Hoosiers seem to be firmly in the mix with Joey Brunk out of Southport and also recruited Kyle Guy diligently before he committed to Virginia. The talent hasn't been as deep the past couple of years in the state, but 2017 appears loaded and should help us answer your question better. – Alex Bozich
"WILL" take charge on the premium forum writes: What are your thoughts about the chances that Thon Maker comes to IU?
I don't believe the chances are good, particularly if the mid-season enrollment is going to happen. That's a situation that would seem to better suit a program like Arizona State that needs to acquire talent more than a program like IU, who will be trying to mold together a team that should compete for a Big Ten championship.
Bringing in a player who appears to be a one-and-done in the middle of the season could be more disruptive than helpful despite the talent. Obviously Maker could end up being a positive for the program that ultimately lands him, but there are simply too many negatives of a mid-season enrollment to take the chance in my opinion if that's what ends up happening with Maker. There are still those – I know Evan Daniels of Scout.com is among them – who still question whether Maker will ever play college basketball as there has been plenty of discussion that he could explore his professional options overseas or maybe just stay in Canada for his senior season and try to enter the NBA draft without going to college at all. – Alex Bozich
brosallman on the premium forum writes: Alex, what are the chances that Devin Davis plays meaningful minutes next year?
IU is planning for Davis to play next year, but there are medical hurdles that still need to be cleared. I think the program has taken the correct approach with Davis in bringing him along slowly and letting the injury heal properly.
Assuming he's cleared to play next season, I think he's going to have a role and play meaningful minutes. Ferrell mentioned his rebounding ability in his comments yesterday, so it seems evident that his teammates are also excited about the possibility of Davis rejoining the rotation.
Given the roster IU has assembled next year, the best role for Davis would likely be as an energy guy off the bench who can rebound and play alongside a guy like Bryant for stretches. To answer the question, the chances appear to be good, but we'll have a better idea later in the summer as he continues to progress in his rehab from a very serious injury. – Alex Bozich
Filed to: Twitter Mailbag
Notes, quotes from availability with IU's assistant coaches
Mindset unchanged, Williams ready to put in work


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Posted on February 25, 2016 February 25, 2016 by Catherine
Top Ten By Year: 1930 – Poll Results
Previous Top Ten By Year Polls: 1925, 1958, 1978, 1992
Poll Rule Reminders: Participants could vote for up to 10 films; no more, but certainly less. Order was not required since it had no bearing on the results.)
I'm doing the Poll a bit earlier than I normally do. This is because I'm trying to spread out the Top Ten By Year posts a bit – and the only ones I can do that with without having seen all the films on my watchlist are Poster Highlights and the Poll. Plus, seeing everyone's votes is also an opportunity for me to make any final additions to my watchlist (I made two based on people's votes; Outward Bound and Raffles).
First off, thank you so much to everyone who voted! 1930 is such an absorbing year in cinema, and such an overlooked one to boot, so I wasn't sure how many people would participate. Many of you gave a full top ten, and many others were kind enough to contribute a handful of passionate picks. All in all, 69 people voted for 79 different films!
Taking into account the Internet oversaturation of lists/listicles, I hope it's clear that this project is anything but tossed off. The Top Ten By Year Project is an effort to reclaim what I love about lists in the first place. Seeing what makes the collective top ten is a lot of fun, but may I direct your attention to the full breakdown of votes and the individual ballots? My hope with these polls is that, in addition to planting seeds of anticipation for the related posts to come (What I'll Remember About the Films of 1930: A Love Letter, Favorite Shots, and the Top Ten. Poster Highlights for 1930 can be found here), they mainly serve as a resource for anyone looking for new films to watch whether it's from seeing:
a. what 'Film Twitter' collectively loves
b. more importantly, the films towards the bottom of the list, the ones you've never heard of that are begging for (re)discovery.
c. the individual ballots from people whose taste and knowledge you value ("I don't know what this is, but if Labuza likes it, surely it's worth a look!")
So exciting to have first-time voters I've long admired such as Farran Nehme, The Nitrate Diva, and author Megan Abbott. Even filmmaker Anna Biller voted! Was also honored to have Miriam Bale, Richard Brody, and so many others whose contributions and tastes are so valued. Actually, all of you who voted!
Surprises? Disappointments? General thoughts? Leave your thoughts on the poll in the comments section!
POLL RESULTS – Top Ten By Year: 1930
1. L'Age d'Or (The Golden Age) (France / Buñuel) – 37 votes
2. Der blaue Engel (The Blue Angel) (Germany / UFA / von Sternberg) – 36 votes
3. All Quiet on the Western Front (US / Universal / Milestone) – 31 votes
4. Morocco (US / Paramount / von Sternberg) – 27 votes
5. Animal Crackers (US / Paramount / Heerman) – 25 votes
6. City Girl (US / Fox / Murnau) – 24 votes
7. Zemlya (Earth) (Soviet Union / VUFKU / Dovzhenko) – 21 votes
8. Menschen am Sonntag (People on Sunday) (Germany / Filmstudio Berlin / Siodmak, Siodmak, Ulmer, Zinneman & Gleise) – 18 votes
(8.) Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris) (France / Films Sonores Tobis / Clair) – 18 votes
10. Monte Carlo (US / Paramount / Lubitsch) – 13 votes
The Rest:
12 votes: Le Sang d'un Poète (Blood of a Poet), The Dawn Patrol
11 votes: The Divorcee, The Big Trail
9 votes: Murder!, À propos de Nice (short)
8 votes: Borderline
7 votes: Madam Satan, Anna Christie (Brown version)
6 votes: Abraham Lincoln, Hell's Angels, Sono yo no tsuma (That Night's Wife)
5 votes: Prix de Beauté (Miss Europe), Ladies of Leisure, Our Blushing Brides, Laughter, The Big House
4 votes: Westfront 1918, The Doorway to Hell
3 votes: Min & Bill, Liliom, Swing You Sinners! (short), Die drei von der Tankstelle (The Three from the Filling Station), Salt for Svanetia, The Bat Whispers, Outward Bound, The Unholy Three, Follow Thru
2 votes: Anna Christie (Feyder version), The Gorilla Mystery (short), Journey's End, Paid, La Petite Lise (Little Lise), Fujiwara Yoshie no furusato (Home Town), The Golf Specialist (short), Let's Go Native
1 vote: Das Lied ist aus (The Song is Over), Up the River, Whoopee!, Aimless Walk (short), The Sea of Ravens (short), Ein Lichtspiel schwarz weiss grau (Lightplay: Black/White/Gray) (short), Romance sentimentale (Sentimental Romance) (short), War Nurse, Studie Nr. 6 (short),
Barnacle Bill (short), The Royal Family of Broadway , Rakudai wa shitakeredo (I Flunked, But…), The Fire Fighters (short), Billy the Kid, Free and Easy , Au Bonheur des dames, Not So Dumb, Sins of the Children, The Flirting Widow, Hogaraka ni ayume (Walk Cheerfully), Another Fine Mess (short), The Devil's Cabaret (short), Hell's Heroes, Montana Moon, Fast and Loose, The Office Wife, Raffles, Her Man , Loose Ankles , King of Jazz, Sunny Skies , Let Us Be Gay , The Devil to Pay!
THE BALLOTS:
@fantasmascope (Emily of Femina Ridens):
Madam Satan, City Girl, Prix de Beauté, Borderline, People on Sunday, Das Lied ist aus, Girl with a Hatbox (I keep seeing this last one as 1927 so I won't be counting it)
@alexkittle (Alex Kittle of alexkittle.com and 366 Weird Movies):
Min & Bill, Madame Satan, Anna Christie, The Blue Angel, The Divorcee
@tnyfrontrow (Richard Brody of The New Yorker):
The Dawn Patrol, People on Sunday, City Girl, Abraham Lincoln, The Big Trail, The Blue Angel, Whoopee, Morocco, Under the Roofs of Paris
@EricNBarroso:
L'Age d'Or, The Blue Angel, Blood of a Poet
@PaulBoyne: (Paul Boyne of Infinite Crescendo):
1. The Blood of a Poet 2. Animal Crackers 3. All Quiet on the Western Front 4. L'Age d'Or 5. City Girl
@MrDude_o_o:
Der Blaue Angel, People On Sunday, Zemlya (Earth)
@ateliertovar:
Prix de Beauté, Madam Satan, City Girl, Liliom, Ladies of Leisure, L'Age d'Or
@Cinedaze (Paul Anthony Johnson of Film-Philosophy, Popmatters):
The Blue Angel, Morocco, Animal Crackers, Swing You Sinners, L'age D'or, All Quiet on the Western Front, Hell's Angels, Ladies of Leisure, Murder!, Earth
@fishingwithnate (Nate Fisher):
@redroomrantings (Justine A. Smith of Vague Visages, Vice Canada, and Globe Arts):
1. City Girl 2. Morocco 3. Swing You Sinners! 4. All Quiet on the Western Front 5.Animal Crackers 6. The Divorcee 7. Anna Christie 8. The Blue Angel 9. Monte Carlo 10. Madam Satan
@railoftomorrow (Scott Nye, writer and podcast co-host at CriterionCast, etc.):
Blue Angel, Morocco, Blood of a Poet, Three From the Filling Station, City Girl, People on Sunday, Hell's Angels, L'Age d'Or, All Quiet on the Western Front
@dsl89 (Daniel S Levine of Movie Mania Madness):
Animal Crackers, City Girl, The Dawn Patrol, Anna Christie (German!), Westfront 1918, The Big Trail, All Quiet on the Western Front
@TheEndofCinema (Sean Gilman of The End of Cinema; The George Sanders Show, and They Shot Pictures podcasts):
1. Morocco 2. The Dawn Patrol 3. People on Sunday 4. City Girl 5. Under the Roofs of Paris 6. The Blue Angel 7. Earth 8. All Quiet on the Western Front 9. The Big Trail 10. Animal Crackers
@48ONIRAM (Brian!):
L'Age D'or, Animal Crackers, The Blue Angel
@bmrow (Brent Morrow):
1. City Girl 2. Morocco 3. The Big Trail 4. Laughter 5. Murder! 6. L'âge d'or 7. Monte Carlo 8. The Dawn Patrol 9. Under the Roofs of Paris 10. Earth
@eyeshakingking (Keefe Murphy):
1. Earth 2. People on Sunday 3. L'Age d'Or 4. Borderline 5. Salt for Svanetia 6. Aimless Walk 7. À propos de Nice 8. City Girl 9. The Sea of Ravens 10. A Light Play Black White Gray
@Huntress62:
Min & Bill, Hell's Angels
@glazomaniac (Sally Jane Black):
Romance sentimentale
@womensrites:
People on Sunday, The Divorcee, L'Age d'Or
@willow_catelyn (of Curtsies and Hand Grenades):
Blood of a Poet, Monte Carlo, L'Age d'Or
@cinebeats (Kimberly Lindbergs of TCM and Cinebeats):
All Quiet on the Western Front, Anna Christie, The Bat Whispers, The Blue Angel, The Gorilla Mystery, L'Age d'Or, Madam Satan, Our Blushing Brides, Outward Bound, The Unholy Three
@marshlands:
All Quiet, L'Age d'Or, Borderline, Dawn Patrol, Earth, Morocco, Blue Angel, Westfront 1918, Blood of a Poet, Murder!
@jasondashbailey (Jason Bailey of Flavorwire):
Animal Crackers ten times (note: I did not count Animal Crackers ten times)
@jodamico1:
Dawn Patrol, All Quiet on the Western Front, People on Sunday, City Girl, Blood of a Poet, Borderline, Earth, Journey's End, Mickey Mouse's Gorilla Mystery, aaaaannnd probaaaably Westfront 1918
@HellOnFriscoBay (Brian Darr of Hell on Frisco Bay):
Morocco, That Night's Wife, City Girl, Big Trail, Blue Angel, Salt For Svanetia, Swing You Sinners, Studie n. 6, Earth, Liliom
@astoehr (Alice Stoehr of Pussy Goes Grrr, Movie Mezzanine, etc.):
L'Age d'Or, Barnacle Bill, Borderline, The Divorcee, Morocco
@FCardamenis (Forrest Cardamenis of Spectrum Culture, The Film Stage & Movie Mezzanine):
The Blue Angel, Morocco, That Night's Wife, All Quiet on the Western Front, L'Age d'Or, Earth, and Salt for Svanetia
@jchristley (Jamie N. Christley):
1. L'Age d'Or 2. City Girl 3. Under the Roofs of Paris 4. The Royal Family of Broadway 5. I Flunked, But… 6. Morocco 7. Abraham Lincoln 8. Liliom 9. The Fire Fighters 10. That Night's Wife
@afterglow2046:
City Girl, Blood of a Poet, Age d'Or, Murder! Under the roofs of Paris, Billy the Kid, Morocco, Earth, Divorcée, Miss Europe (Prix de beaute)
@derek_g (Derek Godin):
Animal Crackers, L'Age d'Or
@rgodfrey (Ryan Godfrey):
The Blue Angel, Animal Crackers, Under the Roofs of Paris, All Quiet on the Western Front, L'Age d'Or, Free and Easy
@SchmanthonyP (Brian Schmid):
All Quiet on the Western Front, People on Sunday, Earth, L'Age d'Or, City Girl, Under the Roofs of Paris, The Blue Angel
@dvanhouw (Dave Van Houwelingen):
All Quiet on the Western Front, The Blue Angel, L'Age d'Or, Animal Crackers, Blood of a Poet, Under the Roofs of Paris
@oldfilmsflicker (Marya E. Gates of #AYearwithWomen, #Noirvember, Cinema Fanatic, Rotten Tomatoes, etc.):
À propos de Nice, All Quiet on the Western Front, The Big House, Der blaue Engel, The Divorcee, The Doorway to Hell, Hell's Angels, Morocco, Our Blushing Brides, Paid
@CineFile:
Animal Crackers, All Quiet on the Western Front
@DavidBlakslee (David Blakslee of Criterion Reflections, Criterion Cast) :
L'Age d'Or, All Quiet on the Western Front, Blood of a Poet, The Blue Angel, Borderline, Monte Carlo, Under the Roofs of Paris, People on Sunday
@labuzamovies (Peter Labuza, Author of Approaching the End, host of The Cinephiliacs. Critic for Variety, The AV Club, Little White Lies, etc):
La Petite Lise, The Dawn Patrol, Version, Walk Cheerfully, Home Town, A propos de nice, The Golf Specialist, Abraham Lincoln, Another Fine Case, Dizzy Dishes, The Devil's Cabaret
@juvie_cinephile:
L'Age d'Or, The Big Trail, The Blue Angel, Earth, All Quiet on the Western Front, Monte Carlo, Under the Roofs of Paris
@bybowes (Danny Bowes of Salt Lake City Weekly, RogerEbert.com and Indiewire):
All Quiet of the Western Front, Anna Christie, The Blue Angel, City Girl, The Divorcee, Earth, Hell's Heroes, L'Age d'Or, Let's Go Native, Madam Satan, Prix de beaute
@leggoet (Marvel Presents Salo):
1. L'Age d'Or 2. The Blue Angel 3. People on Sunday 4. A propos de nice 5. City Girl 6. Animal Crackers 7. The Big Trail 8. Under the Roofs of Paris 9. All Quiet on the Western Front 10. Borderline
@sarahnwondrland (my Aunt!):
1. The Divorcee 2. The Blue Angel 3. Animal Crackers 4. Morocco 5. Anna Christie
@mimbale (Miriam Bale, programmer and contributor to various publications including Film Comment and the New York Times):
Let's Go Native, Outward Bound, The Dawn Patrol, The Blue Angel, Montana Moon, People on Sunday, Our Blushing Brides, Paid, Fast & Loose, Morocco
@missannabiller (Anna Biller, filmmaker; The Love Witch, Viva):
The Blue Angel, Murder!, Madam Satan, Under the Roofs of Paris, Monte Carlo, Follow Thru, The Unholy Three, Raffles, Our Blushing Brides, Morocco
Janiejoness (tumblr):
L'Age d'Or, Blood of a Poet, Under the Roofs of Paris, Murder!
@FernandoFCroce (Fernando F. Croce of CinePassion):
Earth, L'Age d'Or, Abraham Lincoln, Monte Carlo, Morocco, Dawn Patrol, Murder, City Girl, Big Trail, Up the River
@faithx5 (Jandy of The Frame):
1. All Quiet on the Western Front, 2. The Big Trail, 3. Animal Crackers, 4. People on Sunday, 5. The Blue Angel, 6. The Office Wife
@tenkmovies (of TenKMovies):
1) Blood of a Poet 2) All Quiet on the Western Front 3) Animal Crackers 4) Morocco 5) The Big House 6) The Divorcee 7) Anna Christie 8) Laughter 9) L'age d'Or 10) Abraham Lincoln
@meganeabbott (Megan Abbott, only my favorite current author! Author of Dare Me, The Fever, etc.):
The Blue Angel
@selfstyledsiren (Farran Nehme, the Self-Styled Siren of Film Comment, NY Post, author of Missing Reels):
All Quiet on the Western Front, Her Man, La Petite Lise, City Girl, Min and Bill, The Big House, Morocco, Animal Crackers, Dawn Patrol, The Doorway to Hell
@inessentials
Ladies of Leisure, Monte Carlo, Animal Crackers, The Blue Angel, Sunny Skies
@r_emmet (R. Emmet Sweeney of Movie Morlocks):
Abraham Lincoln, L'Age d'Or, All Quiet on the Western Front, The Big Trail, The Dawn Patrol, Follow Thru, Home Town, Morocco, People on Sunday, The Three from the Filling Station
@HouseOfSparrows (David Robson of House of Sparrows):
The Bat Whispers, A Propos de Nice, Animal Crackers, L'Age d'Or, That Night's Wife, The Dawn Patrol
@opalfilms:
Blood of a Poet, Blue Angel, All Quiet on the Western Front, L'Age d'Or, Earth, Animal Crackers, Golf Specialist
@UUUUAHHH:
L'Age d'Or, The Blue Angel, Earth, All Quiet on the Western Front, City Girl, Borderline (need to see more)
@bunnifluezl:
People on Sunday, The Big Trail, A propos de Nice
@BBandmoviegal:
MURDER! (Because Herbert Marshall & Hitchcock), CITY GIRL, ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT, HELLS ANGELS, ANIMAL CRACKERS
@NitrateDiva (The Nitrate Diva):
The Devil to Pay!, The Doorway to Hell, Follow Thru, Journey's End, Ladies of Leisure, Laughter, Monte Carlo, Morocco, Our Blushing Brides, Outward Bound
@Onceatenor:
The Blue Angel, Animal Crackers, King of Jazz, All Quiet on the Western Front
@PreCodeDotCom (Pre-Code.com):
All Quiet on the Western Front, Animal Crackers, The Big House, The Divorcee, L'Age d'Or, Let Us Be Gay, Loose Ankles, Monte Carlo, The Unholy Three, War Nurse
@SeithTristan (Tristan Seith):
The Three from the Filling Station, The Blue Angel, People on Sunday, Earth, Westfront 1918, Under the Roofs of Paris, The Big House, L'Age d'Or, Murder!, Doorway to Hell
Amanda (BFF):
Morocco, Anna Christie
Adam K. (friend):
Earth, All Quiet on the Western Front
WordPress and/or Facebook replies:
Duane Porter:
The Blue Angel, Morocco, Monte Carlo, Prix de beauté, L'Âge d'Or, People on Sunday, Under the Roofs of Paris, Laughter, Earth, Au bonheur des dames
Randommyriad:
FleurRinna Guta:
1.All Quiet on the Western Front 2. The Blue Angel 3.City Girl 4.Under the Roofs of Paris 5. People on Sunday 6.Anna Christie (German) 7.Monte Carlo 8.That Night's Wife 9.The Divorcee 10.Not So Dumb
Jerry Bryant Jr.:
Laughter, The Blue Angel, Morocco, City Girl, All Quiet on the Western Front, Ladies of Leisure, À propos de Nice, The Bat Whispers, Sins of the Children, The Flirting Widow
L'âge d'or, All Quiet on the Western Front, Animal Crackers, Der blaue Engel
Hell's Angels, Morocco, À propos de Nice, Sous les toits de Paris, Zemlya (Earth)
Steve Elworth:
1. The Blue Angel, 2. That Night's Wife, 3. Morocco 4. Earth 5. Murder! 6. Under the Roofs of Paris 7. City Girl 8. l'Age D'Or 9. A propos De Nice 10. Monte Carlo
Steve Ruskin:
Posted in Poll, Poll Results, Top Ten by Year, UncategorizedTagged Alexander Dovzhenko, All Quiet on the Western Front, Animal Crackers, City Girl, Earth, Ernst Lubitsch, France, FW Murnau, Germany, Josef von Sternberg, L'Age d'or, Lewis Milestone, Luis Bunuel, Marx Brothers, Menschen am Sonntag, Monte Carlo, Morocco, People on Sunday, Soviet Union, The Blue Angel, Under the Roofs of Paris, Zelmya
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text:
When China trades with the world
On July 11th, 1405, an immense armada of Chinese sailing ships set sail from Suzhou under the command of Admiral Zheng He, at the behest of Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty. There were 317 ships in the fleet, carrying about 28,000 crewmen. Over 60 of the ships were large, roughly 500 feet long, versus the more common Chinese ships of 100-foot length. It was to be the first of seven such voyages into the Indian Ocean by Zheng He, visiting Southeast Asia, Thailand, Arabia and the Middle East, India and the Horn of Africa.
The purpose was trade and exploration, and to assert a Chinese presence. They took gold, silver, porcelain and, of course, silk. They brought back exotic animals such as ostriches, zebras and camels, as well as ivory. There was also a giraffe, which was thought to be a qilin, the mythical Chinese unicorn thought to be symbolic of prosperity and good fortune. This showed heaven's favour on the expedition and the rulers who commissioned it.
It was by no means China's first trading foray. They had sold silk for thousands of years, and the Silk Road was well established about 200 BC when the Han dynasty began. One route went South to India, and other went North through Uzbekistan to the Persian Empire. It carried silk, tea and porcelain, bringing back horses, carpets, glass and precious metals.
Even Zheng He's route had been blazed by merchants and diplomats of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and the Song dynasty (960-1279), who traded to Malaya, India and Sri Lanka, and the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Ethiopia and Egypt. Kublai Khan (1260-1294) supported the Silk Road by a postal system, infrastructure, and loans to finance caravans.
Seen in this light, China's new Belt and Road Initiative is a re-establishment of the international trading network that previous Chinese rulers had encouraged. It is strangely named, because the 'Belt' part is the overland routes for road and rail, and the 'Road' part refers to the sea routes. Together they constitute a new Silk Road, perhaps the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken, one that will take years to complete. To facilitate it will be massive construction, including road and railway, a power grid, and intermediate facilities.
It shows that China is determined to re-establish a trading route that will see widespread trade with the world. President Trump might back protectionist policies with tariffs that make Americans pay more for their imported goods, but China is committing itself to the international trade that will enrich its citizens. They know that the future is not self-sufficiency, but specialization, by which people become richer by buying from those who can produce more cheaply, thus leaving them with more to spend on other things.
China's past saw a great trading nation that exchanged goods with distant parts of the world. It is determined that China's future will capture that spirit, and is taking the steps that will facilitate it. This is to be applauded. It will make for a more interconnected world, and as Bastiat observed, when nations send goods across frontiers, they rarely send armies. Trade deals involve negotiation rather than warfare, and negotiated deals don't kill people; they enrich them.
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text:
Jesus Freaks is a 1999 book by DC Talk and Voice of the Martyrs. The name comes from DC Talk's album and song Jesus Freak that they released in 1995. It includes stories and testimonies of Christians from all over the world, past and present, who have been persecuted, tortured, or martyred for their Christian beliefs. Jesus Freaks is published by Bethany House ().

Related books were also released including a blank journaling book Jesus Freaks: A Journal (2001), a devotional-style book, Live Like a Jesus Freak (2001), and a book of Bible verses, Promises for a Jesus Freak (2001)

Sequel and other related publications
A follow-up volume, Jesus Freaks Volume II, by DC Talk and Voice of the Martyrs was published in 2003.

Voice of the Martyrs released its own stories book Extreme Devotion in 2002.

Michael Tait and Toby Mac of DC Talk have also compiled stories in the books Under God and Living Under God in 2004, published by WallBuilders.

See also
 List of Christian martyrs

External links
 Jesus Freaks book at Voice of the Martyrs

1999 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about Christianity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Clore Leadership alumni and Coventry City of Culture Trust are hosting a Clore Open afternoon. This is a free and informal event and will give you a chance to hear from those who've experienced Clore's leadership programmes first-hand. A member of the Clore team will be on hand to answer any questions you might have about the content of the programmes and the application process.
After hearing from the panel, there will be a Q&A.


text:
Edifier R1280T Review: The Best $100 Speakers You Can Buy
By Trent Moore | July 10, 2017 | 10:30am
Tech Reviews Speakers
Sometimes you really can believe the hype.
The audio company Edifier likes to tout its R1280T speaker model as "the best $100 speaker" on the market — which are strong words, considering everyone from Yamaha, to Sony, to Cerwin Vega are fighting and clawing for that low-to-middle end segment of the market.
Despite the competition, though, the R1280T really is one of the best systems you can get at that price point. It stands up well against competitors that cost about twice as much, but that's not to say it's perfect. Edifier has been designing and selling audio gear for more than 20 years, including everything from high-end speaker systems, to headphones, and Bluetooth speakers, so there's certainly a level of expertise there. It seems the company leveraged almost every bit of it when putting the R1280T together.
First, the basics: The powered, dual speaker system includes dual RCA inputs to allow for multiple devices (a real coup for a system at this price), as well as a wireless remote that allows users to adjust the volume and mute the sound. It also features a four-inch bass driver, and a calibrated and flared bass reflex port. If you like to have some control over your audio, the R1280T delivers on that front, as well. The system includes bass and treble dials (along with the volume dial) on the active speaker, which provides a good bit of flexibility depending on what you're listening to, and how you'd like it to sound.
How Does It Sound?
For a system that sets you back less than $100, it sounds like something worth a good bit more than that. Not like what you could get for a few hundred bucks, obviously, but at the top of the game in its price range. The bass is rich and punchy, the highs are lows are clear, and it pumps out more than enough crystal clear sound to rock out in your living room or office. I tested the speakers hooked up to a few different turntables, and it kept the tunes rolling. If you're looking for a speaker set-up to build an entry-level or mid-tier audio system around, this one is pretty much the best option I've run across. The system isn't huge, but it pipes out some volume for something so small. It's obviously not what you need when it's time to light up a house party, but it'll do the trick for pretty much any of your household jams. If your space is limited, or you're just looking for something small, save yourself some time and buy these speakers.
The setup process is relatively painless — if you know how to plug a speaker into a stereo, you should be set. Even if you don't, it's plug and play enough to put together in just a few minutes. The RCA inputs provide a great connection (though the included cables are nothing to write home about), and it's painless to tie in the passive speaker with some quality speaker wire once you have everything up and running. Pretty much everything you need is in the box. Well, you know, except for the stereo or turntable. You have to bring that yourself. The included directions are also easy to follow if you need a bit of help.
How Does It Look?
As far as aesthetics are concerned, the R1280T is one of the best looking speakers sets you'll find for the size and cost. It's simple, elegant, and the woodgrain style mixed with a more industrial front goes with pretty much any setup. Have a sleek, metal-style record player or audio set-up? It'll make it feel a bit warmer. If you have an earthier style, it'll fit right in, too. If you're setting it up on on a table beside your record player, or mounting it on speaker stands, it has enough heft and style to look good regardless of the layout. Even the dials and controls, contained in a recessed housing on the side, are stylish and have some heft to them, and thus don't feel cheap. The system also has some tiny "feet" on the bottom to keep it from bouncing, which helps it stay put, preventing unwanted movement and possible scratches.
The R1280T may be great, but it's not perfect. It has a remote — which is great for a system this size! — but it underwhelms. It's tiny, and can only be used for mute and volume adjustment. It's frustrating to have a remote, but still be required to reach around the side of the speaker to actually turn it on. It's not at all uncommon with systems of this size and price range, but still worth noting. There's also the feel of the system itself. It's not bad at all, but still comes across as a bit plastic-y in places. Again, it's a solid system, but just worth noting. It'll look fine for most, but if you're particularly picky, you might have some gripes.
The cables included in the box are also of so-so quality, so if you're serious about your audio, you may want to snag a set of gold plated ones to use, instead. The included cables are certainly decent (and it's a nice touch that they are included in the first place), but they're not going to blow your socks off. Give up a wiggle and you might get a crackle or two. Which isn't ideal.
In case it wasn't already obvious, this is a great set of speakers. If you're not looking to spend a ton — or just have a smaller space you're looking to fill — you can't do much better than the R1280T.
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The following is an extract of a larger talk (slides) I recently gave at the University of Wisconsin Madison's Digital Humanities Research Network. At some point Ill write out the full talk but recent provocations by folks I admire (e.g. James Baker, Purdom Lindblad, and Michelle Moravec) pushed me to put some of the words to page.
Over the past couple years I've focused a great deal of effort on communicating the concept of data in the Humanities. Attendant to efforts of this kind are common questions like why it matters. Why call a digital image data? What's the point of thinking about texts as data? In a pragmatic sense, what does it do for me to call a thing by another name where its current label has held up pretty well over not just recent memory, but centuries really? The effort to see a digital object as data and to reckon with it as such is as much a functional consideration as it is an ethical imperative.
In plain terms a functional consideration takes into account how to leverage computation to work with data to explore a question. The ethical imperative refers to a process of translating your own disciplinary training on how to work with objects, to interpret their structure, their provenance, their authenticity, and the labor that has been invested into their manufacture and relative permanence to have equal purchase in a digital environment. Translating these imperatives leads to a critical data praxis. A critical data praxis leads to better questions.
So first, the functional angle. Working with a digital object as data is a functional consideration. It's a functional consideration insofar as it moves you toward an engagement that is predicated on its actual materiality. Digital photos, videos, audio, and images are composed of vast numerical differences, that are recorded, stored, and made interpretable to a computer, its components, and at end of line – you.
Recognition of the nature of the recorded difference underlying the familiar, surface level representation you see on a computer screen is the first step toward a functional orientation that allows you to leverage difference manifest in the data computationally to extend research questions that you might typically accord to a paper book or a film. The primary difference at the level of the research question that a functional orientation engenders are the micro and macroscopic levels at which your questions can be extended in a digital environment.
Identification and exploration of these characteristics can be guided in a structured way by considering Lev Manovich's five principles of new media, which are described at length in The Language of New Media. Typically I focus on three of the principles (1) Numerical Representation (2) Modularity (3) Automation. Madeleine Sorapure provides a super helpful breakdown of each.
With a functional orientation achieved, we come to the ethical imperative. Seeing and working with an object as data requires figuring out how to extend the ethics that many of you learn as you train to become Humanists in your respective fields. At the base of many Humanities disciplines, the thing we share in common are the sensibilities that are imparted to us as we consider how to work with the material evidence of Human activity, interest, and concern. Speaking from my own disciplinary training, I know that Historical inquiry hinges upon accessing, evaluating, interpreting, documenting, and developing arguments predicated upon primary sources.
Drawing from a common textbook used to help acclimate undergraduate students to the discipline of History, A Pocket Guide to Writing in History, we see that Historians-to-be are instructed to consider who the author of a primary source is, why they created the source, to try and evaluate the intended audience, to suss out unspoken assumptions, to try and identify bias, and to think about its likely historical reception.
When we combine the notion of the paratext common to literary interpretation we round out an approach to studying the past that focuses on the message as well as the medium, or in other words the express as well as latent information present in any one given object.
These considerations are marshalled in support of the development of arguments which are in turn contextualized by comparing and contrasting prior arguments evidenced in secondary sources. Common conventions for working with objects allow arguments to be proposed based on their interpretation and accordingly for those arguments to be tested by peers in that disciplinary community. In the end, existing praxis is based on notions of integrity that make clear the intent of an argument. There is certainly precedent in the Humanities that align well with issues discussed in more traditionally data intensive fields like reuse, reproducibility, transparency, and so on.
The challenge we face as Humanists when working computationally with data is to adapt our praxis so that it is equally suited to evaluating primary data as it is to evidencing our work with that data so that it can be evaluated by intended audiences at the minimum, the most heterogeneous audiences at the maximum. Its not as difficult a stretch as you might imagine, and despite some characterizations of anachronistic Humanistic practice, we have the experience and sensibilities to make this happen relatively easily. We just require a ramp to new vocabulary and an awareness of corollary structures and labor involved in the organization and production of materials that form the axes on which our research spins.
We know how to work critically with physical objects. If we work with digital objects, it is an ethical imperative to extend those considerations to ensure that the research claims are developed, extended, and evaluated properly. Furthermore this effort extends our ability to acknowledge the labor invested in the creation of the data that we use and the potential impact that the forces driving that investment have on the repository of data that is available to us.


To study health related quality of life (HRQOL) and depressive symptoms in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and to investigate in which domains their HRQOL and depressive symptoms differ from those of healthy adolescents.
Several symptoms such as disabling fatigue, pain and depressive symptoms affect different life domains of adolescents with CFS. Compared to adolescents with other chronic diseases, young people with CFS are reported to be severely impaired, both physiologically and mentally. Despite this, few have investigated the HRQOL in this group.
This is a cross-sectional study on HRQOL including 120 adolescents with CFS and 39 healthy controls (HC), between 12 and 18 years. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™, 4.0 (PedsQL) was used to assess HRQOL. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire assessed depressive symptoms. Data were collected between March 2010 and October 2012 as part of the NorCAPITAL project (Norwegian Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Adolescents: Pathophysiology and Intervention Trial). Linear and logistic regression models were used in analysis, and all tests were two-sided.
The difference in HRQOL between CFS patients and healthy adolescents was even larger than we expected. The large sample of adolescents with CFS in our study confirms previous findings from smaller studies, and emphasizes that CFS is a seriously disabling condition that has a strong impact on their HRQOL. Even though depressive symptoms were found in the group of patients, they could not statistically explain the poor HRQOL.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a well-known, disabling and long-lasting condition with an estimated prevalence of 0.1 % to 1.0 % in children and adolescents (Nijhof et al. 2011, Crawley et al. 2011). The criteria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are most frequently used , and are also cited as the Fukuda-criteria. CFS is characterized by an unexplained disabling chronic or relapsing physical and mental fatigue of new onset lasting for more than six months, which is not relieved. It is combined with four or more of the eight specified accompanying symptoms: headache, muscle pain, joint pain, sore throat, tender lymph nodes, impaired memory or concentration, unrefreshing sleep, and malaise after exertion . For children and adolescents, specific pediatric criteria have been introduced, requiring only three months of fatigue and only one additional symptom [2, 3]. Both pain and fatigue have great impact on physical activity , which again might act as a disease-maintaining factor . Young people with CFS have reported more pronounced impairment, with reduced school attendance, compared with a corresponding sample of juvenile idiopathic arthritis . This may be critical, as adolescents are in a vulnerable stage of life when social interaction with peers is highly important . Depression is shown to be common in this group, but the causal relationship between CFS and depression is still unknown . More important in this setting, anxiety and depression seem to be intensified by social isolation . A previous qualitative study among healthy adolescents has shown that friends are one of the most important factors for HRQOL . In the recent qualitative study from our group, the adolescents with CFS described a feeling of being different and forgotten when not being able to interact with friends or attend school . CFS affects several life domains, and in adult CFS samples HRQOL has shown to be poor [12, 13]. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the HRQOL perspective among adolescents with CFS. In a small study, including 25 children with CFS, Kennedy et al.  found that HRQOL was significantly more reduced compared with children and adolescents suffering from other chronic conditions.
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a multidimensional construct consisting of different domains from physical, psychological, social and spiritual issues . The functional capacity is affected in adolescents with CFS, but there is a lack of knowledge about physical impairment and how the impairments affect their HRQOL. When Kennedy et al.  assessed HRQOL among 25 children with CFS, they found physical health to be the most seriously affected domain. In other studies on this group, both physical and psychological functioning have been found to be particularly poor . Our research group found that adolescents with CFS have a reduced level of activity measured as reduced number of steps daily . This may have led to increased body mass index (BMI)  and poor physical quality of life .
The aims of this paper were to examine HRQOL and depressive symptoms in adolescents with CFS and to compare HRQOL and depressive symptoms with a group of healthy adolescents. We hypothesized that adolescents with CFS report lower HRQOL and have a higher degree of depressive symptoms compared to HCs.
This is a cross-sectional study which describes HRQOL in adolescents with CFS and compares the HRQOL with a group of healthy adolescents. The study is part of the NorCAPITAL-project (The Norwegian Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Adolescents: Pathophysiology and Intervention Trial; Clinical Trials ID: NCT01040429) which explores possible mechanisms of CFS, the effect of low-dose clonidine treatment, and patients' experiences in adolescents with CFS .
One hundred and twenty adolescents with CFS and 39 healthy adolescents were recruited between March 2010 and October 2012. All pediatric departments in Norwegian hospitals (n = 20), as well as primary care pediatricians and general practitioners, were invited to refer adolescents with CFS (aged 12–18 years) to a central Norwegian department of pediatrics. The referring units were required to confirm that the patients did not have any medical or psychiatric disorder that might explain the fatigue. In agreement with clinical guidelines [2, 3] a "broad" case definition with three months of unexplained, disabling fatigue of new onset was required. We also required that the patient was not permanently bedridden and did not use pharmaceuticals (including hormone contraceptives) regularly. Those who fulfilled the pre-specified criteria for inclusion (Table 1), went through a thorough medical examination before they were invited to take part in the Nor CAPITAL study.
Persisting or constantly relapsing fatigue lasting 3 months or more.
To recruit a control group of healthy adolescents, information about the study was sent to local schools. Those who replied, were given extended information. No regular use of pharmaceuticals (including hormones) was required to be included. A group of 39 healthy and normally active adolescents and comparable on gender and age, was enrolled. The HCs, however, were not actively matched.
Research in children and adolescents shows that overweight and obesity have impact on their HRQOL . According to The Norwegian Directorate of Health , BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in squared meters and is adjusted for age and gender. We decided to transform BMI into a categorical variable with three categories; BMI < 25 (normal weight), 25 ≤ BMI <30, and BMI ≥ 30 (Table 1). Weight and height were measured by the researchers.
To measure HRQOL we used the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™, 4.0 (PedsQL), which is a 23-item generic questionnaire developed to measure HRQOL in healthy children and adolescents, as well as in pediatric populations with acute and chronic health conditions . The questions cover all the health domains stated by WHO including school functioning  and are suitable for children and adolescents aged between 5 and 18 years. Corresponding questionnaires for proxies exist (there are several versions dependent on age). The PedsQL provides a total sum score and four subscale scores in the following domains; (1) physical functioning (8 items), (2) emotional functioning (5 items), (3) social functioning (5 items), and (4) school functioning (5 items). Three of the subscales (emotional, social, and school functioning) are combined to provide a specific scale for psychosocial health. Participants are asked to rate the severity of each item during the previous month by a Likert Scale from 0 (never a problem) to 5 (a lot of a problem). Items are reverse-scored and linearly transformed on a scale ranging from 0–100 (0 = 100, 1 = 75, 2 = 50, 3 = 25, 4 = 0), where higher scores indicate better HRQOL. Each subscale score is computed as the sum of points from each item divided by the number of items answered . The instrument has been translated into several languages, among these Norwegian, and validated . Scale internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha, varying between 0.77 and 0.88, which is considered good .
Levels of depressive symptoms were identified using The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) which is validated for children and adolescents . MFQ consists of 33 items with three alternative answers (not true = 0, sometimes = 1, true = 2). Total score ranges from 0 to 66. A score ≥ 20 implies presence of depressive symptoms to a degree that suggests mood disorder , and was therefore chosen as the cutoff. MFQ has been used in several Norwegian studies [26–28], showing good internal consistency .
Also the PedsQL includes questions concerning depression-like symptoms. These questions, however, are phrased differently and cover slightly different areas compared to questions in MFQ. Moreover, the questions covering depressive symptoms, are to be scored differently, and represent only a part of the overall score. We thus found it meaningful to model associations between HRQOL and depressive symptoms.
The study was approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Service and by the Norwegian Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. Participation in the project required informed consent by the adolescent and by his or her parents/next-of-kin after written and oral information about the study.
Continuous data (age and disease duration) are presented as means with SD while categorical data (gender, parents' education and BMI) are presented as numbers and percentages. Differences between CFS patients and HCs were assessed with Chi-square test analyses for the independent categorical variables gender and BMI.
To further investigate the differences between CFS patients and HCs, we fitted a linear regression model with overall HRQOL score and the sub-scores for each domain as dependent variables. We moreover adjusted for gender, depressive symptoms and categories of BMI. The factor BMI, however, did not reach statistical significance and was excluded from further analysis. The risk of having depressive symptoms (a dichotomized dependent variable) was modeled using logistic regression and adjusted for gender and BMI.
Both regression models fitted the data well (goodness of model fit), and all residuals were approximately normally distributed (linear regression). The results are presented as estimates of beta (B) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). The results of logistic regression are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95 % CI. All tests were two-sided, and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 21.
There were almost no missing data in any of the data sets. Values were imputed for individuals when less than 10 % of the values were missing by using the mean score for each variable. Individuals who had more than 10 % missing values in total, were excluded.
As a result of difficulties in recruitment of healthy controls, our sample of HCs was smaller than the group of adolescents with CFS. We therefore compared the average levels of the HCs with corresponding levels in the healthy population in the Norwegian validation study of the PedsQL , and the control group of HCs in the study by Diseth and coworkers  including children/adolescents subjected to renal transplantation (TX) and children in remission after acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Confidence intervals were not available in these studies, but knowing the mean and SD, we could compute the CI making it possible to compare the data.
In total, we included 120 adolescents with CFS and 39 healthy adolescents as controls. Participants were comparable regarding age (mean 15.4 for CFS patients and mean 15.2 for HCs), and gender (72 % girls in both the CFS and HC group).
The comparison of our relatively small group of HCs with other studies using PedsQL to measure HRQOL in children, suggest that our sample of HCs is a representative control group (Table 2).
Almost all the patients had suffered from CFS for a long period of time (mean 21.4 months) (Table 3), and only two patients had a short disease duration of between three and six months.
As there was no difference between the CFS group and HCs concerning demographics such as parents' education (Table 3) and ethnicity (data presented elsewhere ), we did not need to adjust for these variables when assessing group differences. The CFS group had a slightly higher mean BMI, but the group difference did not reach statistical significance.
When adjusted for gender, CFS patients had significantly lower overall HRQOL than did the HCs (44 HRQOL points, B = −44, 95 % CI (−39.6 to −48.6)) (Table 4), and for each subscale the group differences were even more pronounced; on a scale from 0–100 it was 60 points lower for physical functioning, 52 points lower for school functioning, 28 points lower for emotional functioning, and 27 points lower for social functioning. Concerning psychosocial HRQOL, the CFS patients had on average 33 points lower scores than HCs, independent of gender and BMI (Fig. 1 and Table 5).
Figure 1 depicts point-estimates for HRQOL for CFS patients and controls with standard errors of the mean values for sum-score and sub-scores for each domain. The estimates show a high precision due to the high number of CFS patients and the homogeneity of the control group. The specific values are presented in Table 5.
Regarding gender differences, girls (both adolescents with CFS and HCs) demonstrated a 5 points lower overall HRQOL level (B = −4.7, 95 % CI (−8.9 to −0.5)) compared to boys. This was also the case for the subscales physical health (B = −5.9, 95 % CI-11.3 to −0.5) and emotional functioning (B = −7.3, 95 % CI −13.4 to −1.3).
Logistic regression analysis indicated an eight times higher risk of depressive symptoms when having CFS compared to HCs (OR = 7.9, 95 % CI 2.3-27.4). When modeling quality of life using linear regression, higher levels of depressive symptoms were inversely associated with higher levels of HRQOL both in CFS patients and in HCs. Further, we modelled HRQOL with multiple linear regression. When depressive symptoms was entered as a covariate, we only uncovered an additive effect of depressive symptoms and no interaction between having a higher level of depressive symptoms and being a CFS patient. Thus having a higher level of depressive symptoms was associated with the same change of effect on HRQOL in CFS patients and HCs, and the strength and size of the association between being a CFS patients and HRQOL were not changed when adjusted for depressive symptoms. We therefore conclude that both depressive symptoms and being a patient were independently associated with lower levels of HRQOL.
Our findings show that adolescents with CFS have a significantly lower quality of life compared with healthy controls, demonstrated by lower overall HRQOL score and sub-score levels for specific HRQOL domains. Depressive symptoms were found in both adolescents with CFS and HCs, but the score levels were higher among the adolescents with CFS. The low HRQOL level in the CFS group was not explained by depressive symptoms but by having CFS.
This is the first large study investigating HRQOL in adolescents with CFS. Both overall HRQOL and the subscale-scores for different life domains were lower compared to HCs, in line with the results from a smaller, previous study which included 25 adolescents with CFS . The group differences in our study were not explained by gender, BMI or socio-demographic differences.
Although depressive symptoms is found to be the main predictor for reduction in daily functioning in adults with CFS , the cause effect relation between CFS and depression is still debated . Skapinskis et al., studying an adult population, proposed that depression might lead to CFS , while Bould and coworkers, on the contrary, suggested that the experience of having CFS could explain depressive traits in adolescents with CFS . The CFS patients in our sample showed an eight times higher risk of having a mood disorder, but a higher level of depressive symptoms had statistically the same effect on HRQOL in both groups. Our model showed that having depressive symptoms and having CFS independently explained the low HRQOL scores. Thus, being a CFS patient was an independent factor explaining the lower HRQOL, and it was not confounded by depressive symptoms.
We chose a low cut-off indicating mood disorders and not a clinical relevant cut-off screening for major depression. This might be the reason for the relatively high proportion of HCs (8 %) with depressive symptoms.
On emotional functioning, our CFS population scored 60 out of maximum 100 points; 30 points lower than the group of healthy adolescents. Even though we used a different questionnaire, the results are almost equal to Kennedy et al. who found 54 points out of 100 on emotional function. Alexithymia, which means difficulties in experiencing, expressing, and describing emotional responses, has been suggested as a factor in the development of medically unexplained diseases such as CFS. In a study by van de Putte et al. , however, alexithymia did not correlate as a unique factor to CFS and did not appear as a prognostic factor for recovery from CFS. A study by Garralda & Rangel  has shown that children with CFS use more emotional regulation or resignation and fewer problem-solving strategies to deal with disabilities compared with other children. Experiencing difficult thoughts and sad feelings (depressive symptoms) might not be surprising, considering the consequences of the disease, such as reduced school attendance and time with peers. Thus, it should be of importance to support the adolescents in handling sad and difficult feelings.
Despite the sparse number of studies on HRQOL in adolescents, those which are available address domains like physical impairment and school attendance [34, 4, 35]. It should be borne in mind that physical health in PedsQL includes both physical activity, the feeling of low energy, and pain as an unpleasant bodily symptom , as they are all interconnected. Low mood and fatigue are associated with worse physical function and are the strongest predictors for school absence .
The fact that physical health and school functioning were most affected in our sample, might not be surprising considering the nature of CFS. Garralda and Rangel (2004) have demonstrated that children (10–18 years) with CFS are even more impaired compared with children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (9–18), especially when it comes to schoolwork, expectations and attendance. This was also the case when compared with children with type 1 diabetes and asthma . We further compared our findings (Table 2) with a recent Norwegian study on HRQOL including children and adolescents subjected to renal transplantation (TX) (with a median age since transplantation at 4.9 years), and children in remission after acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) . Our study suggests that adolescents with CFS were even more interfered by their illness than adolescents with renal TX and ALL. We have previously reported that our CFS patients performed a significantly lower number of steps per day , suffered from more severe pain, and had a lower pressure pain threshold than HCs . The low activity among CFS patients might stem from the feeling of extreme fatigue and/or activity-related pain. When experiencing malaise and pain after even normal activity, patients may easily develop a fair avoidance behavior  as demonstrated among adults with CFS . Gray and Rutter  identified two important factors for predicting physical functioning in adolescents with CFS: adolescents who adapted to the illness (using Leventhal's self-regulation model measuring) reported a better quality of life, and those who managed to maintain some degree of activity reported better physical outcomes. A stronger focus on symptoms was by contrast associated with poorer HRQOL. The authors suggested that adapting to the illness might act as a mediator, leading to better coping strategies.
In our study, school functioning was the most affected HRQOL domain, with a score level (Fig. 1, Table 3) substantially lower compared with previous studies on CFS patients [14, 39, 6]. In a qualitative study, recently published, we explored adolescents' own experience of living with CFS, and found that lack of participation at school and in teen venues made them feel like outsiders . This is a serious finding, considering that a good relation to friends is one of the most important factors for HRQOL in healthy adolescents . Other studies on adolescents with CFS have similarly emphasized the need for friends as an important factor for well-being [9, 40]. The adolescents with CFS experienced loss of a normal life, and the changes in friendships as difficult, leading to loneliness and isolation .
School is surely an institution for learning and intellectual activities, but is also an arena for socializing. Previously, we have reported that some of the adolescents managed to shift focus from friends and school towards other arenas like their family, and appreciated their support . Thus, relational factors within the family seem to be even more important for children with CFS than those with other chronic conditions . In this way, however, adolescents with CFS might become even more dependent on care-givers  which may hinder growing towards independence. This dilemma underpins the importance of involving the family in treatment. The dramatic changes following low school functioning may have serious educational and social implications . A study on school drop-outs in adolescents with chronic somatic diseases found an increased risk of sickness and disabilities later in young adulthood . To minimize school drop-out and the risk of long term consequences, the authors pointed to the importance of early intervention.
Looking at gender difference, the overall scores of HRQOL were lower among girls compared to boys, both in the CFS and the HC group. Gender differences have also been demonstrated in previous HRQOL studies  and are not unique in adolescents with CFS.
The Nor CAPITAL study had one clear selection bias, as the study included only patients who were able to attend our research clinic; and the results can therefore not be extrapolated to the most seriously affected CFS adolescents. Secondly, the number of HCs in our study was only one third compared to the group of CFS patients. We therefore additionally compared the average levels of the HCs with corresponding levels from the healthy population in the Norwegian validation study of the PedsQL  and the control group of HCs in a study by Diseth and coworkers  (Table 2). The comparison with the other studies suggest that our sample of HCs is a representative control group.
Validating MFQ, Daviss et al.  suggested two different cutoffs which differentiate between depressive symptoms (cutoff ≥20), and major depression (cutoff ≥29). The relatively high proportion of patients with depressive symptoms in our study might be explained by the low cutoff value. Although depressive symptoms were only found to have an additive effect on HRQOL, this does not change the fact that adolescents with CFS report seriously poor HRQOL.
The large study population contributes to underpin an area almost not studied and documented in this population. The study provides new knowledge about how bad the life of these adolescents are, and their HRQOL was even poorer than we expected. The poor HRQOL was explained by the illness and not by depressive symptoms. The relatively large study population with few missing data makes it possible to generalize the findings.
The large sample of adolescents with CFS in our study confirms previous findings from smaller studies and emphasizes that CFS is a seriously disabling condition that has strong impact on their HRQOL. Compared to healthy adolescents, HRQOL in adolescents with CFS was even poorer than we expected, and physical function and school function showed the lowest sub-scores. Even though depressive symptoms were found in the group of patients, they could not statistically explain the poor HRQOL.
Kari Gjersum provided secretarial assistance, Berit Widerøe Njølstad, MA; Adelheid Holm, RN; Marianne Svendsen, BSc; Anne Marie Halstensen, RN; Kristin Villa, RN; Esther Gangsø, BSc; Hamsana Chandrakumar, BSc and Anna Marie Thorendal Ryenbakken provided practical assistance.
ME conceptualized and designed the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript as submitted. EF conceptualized and designed the study, acquired data and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript as submitted. SH conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted data, drafted the manuscript, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, obtained funding and approved the final manuscript as submitted. GK conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted data, drafted the manuscript, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript as submitted. MCS analyzed and interpreted data, carried out the statistical analyzes, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript as submitted. DS conceptualized and designed the study, acquired data and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript as submitted. AW conceptualized and designed the study, acquired data, analyzed and interpreted data, drafted the manuscript and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, carried out the statistical analyzes, obtained funding and approved the final manuscript as submitted. VBW conceptualized and designed the study, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, obtained funding and approved the final manuscript as submitted. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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