text:
\section{Introduction}

The fact that gravity is an emergent phenomenon dates back to ideas of the last
century \cite{Sakharov:1967pk}. A renewal of the interest
to this point of view in last years has been motivated by attempts to find a statistical explanation of
the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, see e.g. \cite{Jacobson:1994iw,Fursaev:2004qz,Frolov:1998vs} and
references therein. A possible source of the entropy are quantum correlations of underlying microscopical degrees of freedom across the black hole horizon \cite{Sr:93,BKLS,FrNo:93}.

By taking the black hole case as a guide
a number of arguments have been presented in \cite{Fursaev:2007sg} that the entanglement entropy of
fundamental degrees of freedom lying in a constant time slice and
spatially separated by a surface $\cal B$
is
\begin{equation}\label{1}
S({\cal B})={{\cal A}({\cal B}) \over 4G}~~.
\end{equation}
Here $G$ is the Newton coupling and
$\cal A$ is the area of ${\cal B}$. Thus, (\ref{1}) has the Bekenstein-Hawking form.
Equation (\ref{1}) holds in the semiclassical approximation if the low-energy limit of the
fundamental theory is the Einstein gravity.

For realistic condensed matter systems the entanglement entropy associated to spatial separation of the system is a non-trivial function of microscopical parameters.
Its calculation is technically involved and model dependent. The remarkable consequence of (\ref{1})
is that the entanglement entropy in quantum gravity may not depend on a microscopical
content of the theory, it is determined solely in terms of geometrical characteristics of the surface
and low-energy gravity couplings.

Another feature established in \cite{Fursaev:2007sg} is related to the shape of the
separating surface. Because $S({\cal B})$ includes contributions of all fundamental degrees of freedom quantum
fluctuations of the geometry should be taken into account in a consistent way.
For static space-times this requires that $\cal B$
is minimal surface, i.e. a surface with a least area.
A relevant physical example of a minimal surface is the intersection of a constant time slice and
the horizon of a stationary black hole. Thus, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
can be considered as a particular case of the entanglement entropy (\ref{1}).

The fact that $S({\cal B})$ is a macroscopic quantity which obeys certain dynamical laws
points to similarity with a thermodynamical entropy. A natural question is whether the entanglement
on the fundamental level admits a form of thermodynamical laws.

A first step in this direction was done in \cite{Fursaev:2007sg}. A calculation made there in the
weak field approximation shows  that a shift by a distance $l$ of a test particle with a mass $m$ out of the
minimal surface  results in the entropy change
\begin{equation}\label{0}
\delta S({\cal B})=-\pi m~l~~.
\end{equation}
A work needed to drag the
particle by the background gravitational field is also proportional to $l$.
Now by following the recent observation by Verlinde \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} one can relate the entropy change (\ref{0}) and the work,
the relation being an analog of the first law of thermodynamics.
As we show this yields a local temperature on the surface. The temperature is proportional to the product of
the acceleration of a static observer near the surface and the normal vector to $\cal B$.

A remarkable hypothesis of \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} is that
gradients of the entropy of fundamental
microscopical degrees of freedom in an underlying quantum gravity theory determine gradients of the gravitational field. To cut it short the force of gravity is an entropic force.
The hypothesis is based on a number of assumptions for so called `holographic screens' which
store an information about fundamental microstates ('bits') in such a way that a related entropy
is proportional to the area of the screen. A variational formula for the entropy
of the screen
under the action of a point-like particle is postulated in the form like (\ref{0}) and plays a key role
in the arguments.

The main goal of this paper is to show that (\ref{0}) follows from the properties of minimal surfaces
in general static space-times and to establish an analogy between dynamics of minimal surfaces
and thermodynamical systems. Minimal surfaces, therefore, may be considered as a sort of
holographic screens with a well-understood dynamics. The form of this dynamics yields a
strong support to the hypothesis of \cite{Verlinde:2010hp}.
A possible relation of an entropic force and quantum entanglement has been  discussed recently by a number of authors, see e.g. \cite{Myung:2010rz,Lee:2010fg}, but not in the context of minimal surfaces.

In Section 2 we consider a weak field limit of gravity theory and study dynamics of minimal surfaces
caused by shifts of test point-like particles located close to the surface. To make
a connection with the ideas of \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} we start with a system
which consists of two infinite non-intersecting planes and a massive source in between.
The planes play the role of two components of a holographic screen.
The Komar integral on the each plane equals half
of the mass of the source. From this example we move to discussion of properties
of a single minimal surface with the topology of a plane, introduce a local temperature on the surface
and an analog of the first law.

The aim of next sections  is to extend these results beyond the weak field approximation. In Section 3 we prove (\ref{0})
for the entropy of a minimal surface in a slice in a static space-time which is a solution
to the Einstein equations in a vacuum. The key property used here is an approximate isometry of the slice
in the direction orthogonal to the surface.

Thermodynamical interpretation of the behavior of minimal surfaces in static space-times
is discussed in Section 4. An advantage of taking holographic screens as minimal surfaces is in the clear physical meaning of the corresponding entropy. This opens a possibility to
study further questions which we briefly describe.

We use units where $\hbar=c=k_B=1$.

\section{Dynamics in a weak field approximation}

Consider a gravitating source with the mass $M$.
The  geometry around the source is a static four-dimensional space-time $\cal M$.
Constant-time slices in $\cal M$ are denoted by $\Sigma$.
We need a holographic screen  around the source which is a minimal surface in $\Sigma$. A closed minimal surface
exists only around a black hole and it coincides with the black hole horizon.
Therefore, we consider a
screen which consists of two non-intersecting infinite components, ${\cal B}_1$, ${\cal B}_2$, with the
source located in between. We assume that ${\cal B}_k$ are minimal surfaces  in $\Sigma$
which have topology of a plane, see Fig. \ref{f1}.
The orientation of the surfaces can be specified by
conditions at asymptotic infinity.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=5cm,width=4.5cm]{e-force.eps}
\caption{\small{The figure shows two minimal surfaces, ${\cal B}_1$, ${\cal B}_2$,
around a massive source with the mass $M$
and a test particle with the mass $m$. Shifts of the test particle result in a
finite change of the area of the minimal surfaces.}}
\label{f1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

It is convenient to start with the weak field approximation when
the space-time
metric is
\begin{equation}\label{2}
ds^2=-\left(1+2\phi\right)dt^2+\left(1-2\phi\right)(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2)~~~.
\end{equation}
Here  $\phi(r)=-{MG \over r}$, $r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$, is the gravitational potential of the source
located at $r=0$.
In the weak field approximation ${\cal B}_k$ are just parallel planes.
One can direct the $z$ axis orthogonally to the surfaces and fix
coordinates of the surfaces $z_k$. It is assumed that $|z_k|\gg MG$.

For the each surface one can define the following integral:
\begin{equation}\label{4a}
{\cal E}({\cal B}_k)={1 \over 4\pi G} \int_{{\cal B}_k}d\sigma w_n~~~,
\end{equation}
where $d\sigma=dxdy$ and $w_n=\partial_n\phi$ is a normal component of the acceleration of a static observer located at the surface. The normal vectors to ${\cal B}_k$ are
directed opposite to the source. The sum of the two integrals
is the Komar mass which coincides with the mass of the source,
\begin{equation}\label{4b}
{\cal E}={\cal E}({\cal B}_1)+{\cal E}({\cal B}_2)=M~~
\end{equation}
because each ${\cal E}({\cal B}_k)$ equals $M/2$.
From this point of view the two-component screen is equivalent to a closed screen around the source.

Consider now the entropy (\ref{1}) related to the surfaces.
It is not difficult to see that the area of the surface in the weak field approximation
is given by the integral
\begin{equation}\label{3}
{\cal A}({\cal B}_k)=\int dxdy\left(1-2\phi(r_k)\right)~~~,
\end{equation}
where $r_k=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z_k^2}$. To avoid divergences in (\ref{3}) one may assume that the surfaces have a large but finite size.
Then according to (\ref{1})
\begin{equation}\label{4}
S_k={{\cal A}({\cal B}_k) \over 4G}=\bar{S}_k+\int d\textit{s}(r_k)~~~,
\end{equation}
where $\bar{S}_k$ is a constant, an entropy associated to a plane, and
\begin{equation}\label{5}
d\textit{s}(r)=-{1 \over 2G}\phi(r)d\sigma~~.
\end{equation}
By following \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} we define the number $dN$ of degrees of freedom on an element
of the screen with the area $d\sigma$ as
\begin{equation}\label{6}
d \textit{s}(r)=-{\phi(r) \over 2}dN~~
\end{equation}
and come to equation
\begin{equation}\label{7}
dN={d\sigma \over G}~~.
\end{equation}
This coincides with the result by \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} but in our case (\ref{7}) follows immediately from the
the Bekenstein-Hawking relation (\ref{1}). A relevance of (\ref{1}) for the entropy
on a holographic screen has been also pointed out in \cite{Kiselev:2010mz}.

In this almost trivial setting one can study dynamics of minimal surfaces
under the action of a test point-like particle.  The gravitational field of the particle changes
the shape of the surfaces. The area of the surface
becomes
\begin{equation}\label{8}
{\cal A}({\cal B}_k)=\int d\sigma \left[1-2\phi(r_k)-2\phi'(r'_k)\right]~~~.
\end{equation}
Here $\phi'(r'_k)=-m G / r'_k$, $r'_k=\sqrt{(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z_0-z_k)^2}$, is the gravitational potential
of the particle on the surface, $m$ is the mass of the particle, and $x_0,y_0,z_0$ are its
coordinates ($z_0>z_k$). A variation of the area of the surface under shifts of the particle is finite \cite{Fursaev:2007sg},
\begin{equation}\label{9}
\delta {\cal A}({\cal B}_k)=\delta z_0\int dxdy{2mG  (z_0-z_k) \over ((x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z_0-z_k)^2)^{3/2}}=
-4\pi mG l~~~,
\end{equation}
where $l=\delta z_0$ is the change of the distance between the particle and the surface.
Displacements $\delta x_0$, $\delta y_0$ of the particle along the planes do not change the area because of
a translational invariance.
According to (\ref{19}) the area of the surface increases if the particle moves towards the surface
$(\delta z_0 < 0)$.
The closer the particle to the surface the larger distortion of its shape.

If one restores all dimensional
constants the variational formula for
the entanglement entropy of the whole screen takes the form
\begin{equation}\label{10}
\delta S=\delta S_1+\delta S_2=-2\pi {mc \over \hbar} l~~~.
\end{equation}
It is assumed here that the particle moves out of the screen.
In \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} the variational formula (\ref{10}) has been postulated for surfaces of equal potentials.

Note that the situation is different when the particle
moves between the surfaces. Then it is a part of the system and the Komar
energy (\ref{4b}) is increased
by the mass of the particle. Because
the particle moves from one surface to the other variations $\delta S_k$ have opposite signs.
Hence, when
the particle moves staying inside the screen the whole entropy does not change, $\delta S=0$.  There is an obvious analogy here between the two-component screen and a
black hole horizon. The analogy can be strengthen if we recall that (\ref{1}), as
the entropy of entanglement, appears when the information about the states located inside the
screen is not accessible for an outside observer.

We now return to the case when the particle is outside the screen.
The gravitational field of a test particle moving in a vacuum changes a distribution of fundamental
degrees of freedom and, therefore, affects the way they are entangled.
On thermodynamical grounds a work $\delta W(x)$ which is required to change the state of
underlying degrees of freedom on the holographic screen by dragging the test particle (located at a point with the coordinates
$x$) is
\begin{equation}\label{11}
\delta W(x)=-T(x)\delta S~~~,
\end{equation}
where $\delta S$ is the variation of the entropy (\ref{10}) and $T(x)$ is a multiplier. One can then
define an entropic force as force which performs the work (\ref{11})
\begin{equation}\label{12}
\delta W(x)=-F(x)l~~~.
\end{equation}
Here $F=-m w_n(x)$ is an external force and the work (\ref{12}) is positive if the particle moves
in the direction opposite to the gradient of the gravitational field. Expression for the multiplier follows from (\ref{10}), (\ref{11}),
\begin{equation}\label{13}
T(x)={w_n(x) \over 2\pi}~~~.
\end{equation}
By using analogy of (\ref{11}) and the first
law of thermodynamics $T(x)$ can be associated to a temperature, its expression being exactly the same
as the result of \cite{Verlinde:2010hp}. Note that entropic force balances the component of force of gravity
normal to the screen. Thus, in the Newtonian theory one may say that the gravity force has an
entropic nature. The entropy increases in the direction of gradients of the gravitational potential.

For the following we need a definition of the temperature on the each surface.
The components of the screen are equivalent, each carries the energy $M/2$, see (\ref{4a}), and
acquires the same entropy variation, $\delta S_k=-\pi m l$.
Therefore, the work required to change the state
of the single component is just a half of the total work,
\begin{equation}\label{14}
T_k(x)\delta S_k=-\frac 12 \delta W(x)~~.
\end{equation}
A local temperature on ${\cal B}_k$ can be defined
in the limit when the test particle approaches the surface
\begin{equation}\label{15}
T_k(x)=\left. {w_n(x) \over 2\pi} \right|_{x\in {\cal B}_k}~~~.
\end{equation}
In the weak field approximation $T$ and $T_k$ coincide if the distance between the surfaces is much smaller than the distance of the test particle to the source.

Having this definition and the definition of the number of degrees of freedom on an element
of the screen (\ref{9}) we can rewrite the Komar integral (\ref{4a}) for a single surface as
\begin{equation}\label{16}
{\cal E}({\cal B}_k)={1 \over 2} \int_{{\cal B}_k} T_k dN~~.
\end{equation}
The relation above looks as an `equipartition' formula for an energy (see discussion in  \cite{Padmanabhan:2009kr,Verlinde:2010hp}). This gives another justification of choosing
a thermodynamic law for the single surface in the form (\ref{14}). More arguments in favor of
(\ref{14}) follow in Section 4.

\section{Dynamics in general background fields}

Let us show that a minimal surface in a general static space-times allows the same variational formula
(\ref{10}) under the action of the gravitational field of a test particle.

We consider a static asymptotically flat space-time $\cal M$  with a metric $g_{\mu\nu}$
which is a solution to the Einstein
equations.
The dimensionality $n$ of $\cal M$ is not fixed.
The space-time may describe either geometry around a black hole or a matter
source located in a compact region.  We are interested in constant time slices $\Sigma$ on $\cal M$
which are orthogonal to a time-like Killing vector field $\xi^\mu$.
The metric on $\cal M$ can be written in the form
\begin{equation}\label{19}
ds^2=-Bdt^2+dl^2=-B(x)dt^2+g_{ab}(x)dx^adx^b~~,
\end{equation}
where components do not depend on time, $a,b$ are spatial indexes, and $dl^2$ is the metric on a slice $\Sigma$.

Let $\cal B$ be a minimal least area surface in $\Sigma$.
The position of $\cal B$ is determined by a set of equations $X^a=X^a(y)$, where $y^i$ are coordinates on $\cal B$. The metric induced on $\cal B$ is $\gamma_{ij}=g_{ab}X^a_{,i}X^b_{,j}$.
The position of $\cal B$ can be fixed by conditions
at asymptotic infinity. If one places a test-particle near the surface the metric on $\cal M$ becomes
$g_{\mu\nu}+h_{\mu\nu}$ and the area of the surface acquires a variation which we denote as
${\cal A}'({\cal B})$. A trivial calculation shows that
\begin{equation}\label{23}
{\cal A}'({\cal B})=\frac 12 \int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y~ \gamma^{ij} ~X^a_{,i}X^b_{,j}h_{ab}~~.
\end{equation}
The perturbations $h_{\mu\nu}$ can be considered
in the linear order because the mass of the test particle is assumed to be small. The surface may also change its position
but this causes no effect on ${\cal A}'$ because the surface is minimal.

We allow a cosmological constant $\Lambda$ in the Einstein equations but assume that $\cal B$
does not intersect location of a gravitating source.
By following the standard procedure one gets from the Einstein
equations the equations for perturbations
\begin{equation}\label{17}
L\bar{h}_\mu^\nu=16\pi G~t_\mu^\nu~~,
\end{equation}
$$
L\bar{h}_\mu^\nu=-\nabla^2~\bar{h}_\mu^\nu-2R_{\mu\rho}~^{\nu\lambda}~\bar{h}^\rho_\lambda-{8\Lambda \over n-2}\bar{h}_\mu^\nu~~,
$$
where $R_{\mu\rho\nu\lambda}$ is the Riemann tensor of $\cal M$, and
\begin{equation}\label{18}
\bar{h}_\mu^\nu=h_\mu^\nu-\frac 12 h \delta_\mu^\nu~~,
\end{equation}
$h=h_\mu^\mu$. As usually, the gauge freedom has been used to set the condition $\nabla^\lambda \bar{h}_{\lambda\nu}=0$.
The stress-energy tensor of the test particle which is at rest in coordinates (\ref{19}) is
\begin{equation}\label{20a}
t^\nu_\mu=m \delta^{(n-1)}(x,x_0)u^\mu u_\nu~~~,
\end{equation}
where $u^\mu=\xi^\mu/\sqrt{B}$ is the velocity and $m$ is the mass of the particle.
The energy density  measured by an observer with the velocity vector $u^\mu$ is $t_{\mu\nu}u^\mu u^\nu$.
The energy density for static observers is $m \delta^{(n-1)}(x,x_0)$.
We choose the normalization
$$
\delta^{(n-1)}(x,x')=\delta^{(n-1)}(x-x')/\sqrt{\det g_{ab}(x)}~~,
$$
\begin{equation}\label{20b}
\int_{\Sigma} t_{\mu\nu}u^\mu u^\nu \sqrt{\det g_{ab}}~ d^{n-1}x=m~~~
\end{equation}
to ensure that integration of this density over the slice $\Sigma$ yields the mass of the particle.

In (\ref{17}) the wave operators on static solutions ($\partial_t \bar{h}_{\mu\nu}=0$) are
reduced to covariant Laplacians on $\Sigma$ and a number of terms
which depend on the acceleration $w^\mu=\nabla_u u^\mu$.
For instance,
\begin{equation}\label{21}
\nabla^2~ \bar{h}_0^0=\Delta ~\bar{h}_0^0-w^a\partial_a \bar{h}_0^0+2w^2~ \bar{h}_0^0-2w_a w^b ~\bar{h}_b^a~~,
\end{equation}
where $\Delta$ is a scalar Laplacian on $\Sigma$.

We consider the perturbations in a domain of the minimal surface $\cal B$ which is located in a vicinity of the particle.
One expects that in this region the operator $L$ in (\ref{17}) can be approximated by
the covariant Laplacians $-\Delta$. This happens because spatial changes of the perturbations are
so large that the curvature, $\Lambda$, and acceleration terms in $L$ can be neglected.
In the coordinates (\ref{19}) the only non-zero component of stress tensor (\ref{20a}) is $t^0_0$ and
in the given approximation (\ref{17}) yield the only non-vanishing perturbation
\begin{equation}\label{22c}
\bar{h}_0^0(x)=16\pi G m~D(x,x_0)~~,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{22d}
\Delta_x D(x,x')=\delta^{(n-1)}(x,x')~~.
\end{equation}
This single perturbation, if one uses (\ref{18}) and (\ref{23}), results
in the following variation of the area
\begin{equation}\label{23-a}
{\cal A}'({\cal B})=
-
\frac 12 \int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y~ \bar{h}^0_0~~.
\end{equation}

The approximation above does not mean that the slice $\Sigma$ is considered as a flat
space and the minimal surface as a plane. Let us show that despite the fact that $\Delta$ is a
curved Laplacian the dynamic of the minimal surface under the action
of the particle is exactly the same as in the weak field approximation.

For further discussion it is convenient to use on $\Sigma$ the
Gaussian normal coordinates which start on $\cal B$. The metric can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{24}
dl^2=dz^2+\gamma_{ij}(z,y)dy^idy^j~~.
\end{equation}
The position of $\cal B$ is $z=0$ and $\gamma_{ij}(0,y)$
coincides with the metric on $\cal B$. The
extrinsic curvature tensor for $\cal B$ in these coordinates is
$k_{ij}(y)=-\frac 12\partial_z\gamma_{ij}(z,y)$. Because the surface is a minimal the trace
$k_{ij}\gamma^{ij}(y)$ is vanishing, and the positivity of $\gamma^{ij}$ implies that
\begin{equation}\label{25}
\partial_z\gamma_{ij}(0,y)=0~~.
\end{equation}
It is important that (\ref{25}) holds globally along the surface, i.e. there is
a translational invariance along the $z$ direction in a narrow layer near $\cal B$.
In this layer one can write
\begin{equation}\label{27}
D(x,x')=D(z-z';y,y')~~,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{36}
D(z;y,y')={1 \over 2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^\infty dk e^{ikz} \tilde{D}_k(y,y')~~,
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{D}_k(y,y')$ is an operator on $\cal B$ which is a solution to
\begin{equation}\label{37}
(\tilde{\Delta}-k^2)\tilde{D}_k(y,y')=\delta^{(n-2)}(y,y')~~,
\end{equation}
and $\tilde{\Delta}$ is a scalar Laplacian on $\cal B$.

Let $(z_0,y_0^i)$ be coordinates of the test particle on $\Sigma$, $z_0>0$.
If the particle moves to a nearby
point with coordinates $(z_0+l,y_0^i+l^i)$
the area of the minimal surface changes as
\begin{equation}\label{29}
\delta {\cal A}({\cal B})=\delta {\cal A}'({\cal B})=\delta_{\parallel} {\cal A}'({\cal B})
+\delta_{\perp} {\cal A}'({\cal B})~~,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{29a}
\delta_{\parallel} {\cal A}'({\cal B})=-
\kappa ~l^i
\int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y~ {\partial \over \partial y_0^i} D(z-z_0;y,y_0)~~,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{29b}
\delta_{\perp} {\cal A}'({\cal B})=-
\kappa~l
\int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y~ {\partial \over \partial z_0} D(z-z_0;y,y_0)~~,
\end{equation}
where $\kappa=8\pi G m$. Here we have used (\ref{22c}) and (\ref{23-a}) and considered a linear order
in coordinate shifts.

The variation is composed
of two parts, $\delta_{\parallel} {\cal A}'({\cal B})$, $\delta_{\perp} {\cal A}'({\cal B})$, which
correspond to shifts in directions parallel and normal to the surface. Let us consider first parallel
variations. As in the previous section, we introduce an infrared regularization by assuming that
$\cal B$ has a large but finite size. Then $\tilde{\Delta}$ on $\cal B$ has a
discreet  spectrum specified by some boundary conditions, the Drichlet or Neuman conditions, for example. Let
$\varphi_\lambda(y)$ be a complete set of eigenmodes
$\tilde{\Delta}\varphi_\lambda=\lambda \varphi_\lambda$, normalized as
\begin{equation}\label{38}
\int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y ~\varphi^*_\lambda(y) \varphi_{\lambda'}(y)=\delta_{\lambda,\lambda'}~~.
\end{equation}
The solution to (\ref{37}) can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{39}
\tilde{D}_k(y,y')=\sum_\lambda{\varphi_{\lambda}(y)\varphi^*_\lambda(y')  \over \lambda-k^2}~~~.
\end{equation}
For the Neuman boundary conditions the operator $\tilde{\Delta}$ has a non-trivial
constant eigenfunction which
is a zero mode.  For
the Dirichlet conditions non-trivial constant modes are absent. Therefore, (\ref{38}) can be used to
write
\begin{equation}\label{40}
\int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y ~\varphi_\lambda(y)=c\delta_{\lambda,0}~~,
\end{equation}
where $c=\sqrt{\mbox{vol}({\cal B})}$ for Neuman conditions and $c=0$ for the Dirichlet conditions. One concludes
that
\begin{equation}\label{41}
\int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y ~\partial_{y'}\tilde{D}_k(y,y')=0~~.
\end{equation}
As a consequence of (\ref{36}), (\ref{41}) parallel
shifts (\ref{29a}) do not change the area of the minimal
surface, $\delta_{\parallel} {\cal A}'({\cal B})=0$.

Let us turn to the normal part (\ref{29b}) of the variation. It can be written as
a surface integral of the normal derivative,
\begin{equation}\label{29c}
\delta_{\perp} {\cal A}'({\cal B})=
\kappa~l
\int_{\cal B}\sqrt{\gamma} d^{n-2}y~ {\partial \over \partial z} D(z-z_0;y,y_0)~~.
\end{equation}
When the infrared regularization is removed (\ref{29c})
can be converted into an integral of $\Delta D$ over $\Sigma$.  After that one can use (\ref{22d})
to get for the area variation
\begin{equation}\label{30}
\delta_{\perp} {\cal A}'({\cal B})=-\frac 12 \kappa~l=-4\pi m G l~~.
\end{equation}
Note that the volume integral is equivalent to two surface terms, one on the surface $\cal B$ and
another on a surface located at some coordinate $z>z_0$. The two surface terms for a point-like source
are equivalent.

We conclude that variation of the area of a minimal
surface is proportional to the change of the distance
between the test particle and the surface, the form of the variation being exactly
the same as in the weak field approximation. The area of the surface increases if the particle moves
to the surface, $l<0$.

\section{Discussion}

As has been suggested in \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} gradients of the entropy of fundamental
microscopical degrees of freedom in an underlying quantum gravity theory might determine the gradients of the gravitational
field. Together with the fact that the gravitational field equations appear to follow from a maximization of the entropy \cite{Padmanabhan:2009vy,Verlinde:2010hp} one gets the strong evidence that gravity  is an emergent phenomenon.

The results above are based on a number of postulates. In particular, one needs to clarify the physical meaning of
the entropy.
The key element in the reasonings of \cite{Verlinde:2010hp} are holographic screens
which store an information, the total number of fundamental bits being proportional
to the area of a screen. A remarkable fact that laws of gravity take the form of
thermodynamical relations requires screens to be dynamical
surfaces which change their shape under the action of the matter.  Verlinde's suggestion was to take the screens as equipotential surfaces. This is a straight way to relate entropy variations to gradients of the
gravitational potential. However, it is not proved that dynamical properties of equipotential surfaces lead to the variational formula (\ref{10}).

One of the avenues in looking for alternative dynamical screens is to study different kinds
of horizons, as black hole mechanics teaches us. Some results \cite{Cai:2010sz} do indicate
that, for example, trapping horizons allow an analog of the entropic force.
The other option is to try to derive dynamical equations by studying lensing effects for
a flow of trajectories passing through the screen. At the present moment, however,
it is not clear which kind of trajectories has to be chosen, see \cite{Piazza} for some suggestions.

In previous sections we considered the screens as co-dimension 2 minimal surfaces in static space-times.
In a quantum gravity theory a minimal surface encodes an information about entanglement of microscopical
degrees of freedom spatially separated by this surface.
The property that the entropy scales as the area of the surface is a physical fact which has been supported by computations in many-body systems \cite{Sr:93,BKLS}.
As for the minimal shape of the surface it is formed under quantum fluctuations of the geometry  \cite{Fursaev:2007sg}.

Not only the definite physical meaning of the entropy but also the possibility to
derive explicit variational formula are among the important features of the minimal surfaces.
Equations (\ref{29}) and (\ref{30}) result in formula (\ref{0}) which yields the change of the entropy (\ref{1})
under the shift of the test particle with respect to the screen by the distance $l$.
Equation (\ref{0}) does not depend on the form of background solution
and dimensionality
of space-time.
It is the same relation as in the weak field approximation and further discussion
of thermodynamical properties
repeats arguments of Section 2.

Let us assume that $\Lambda=0$ and the test particle is suspended on a weightless rigid string near a minimal surface,
the end of the string being in the region where the gravitational effects can be neglected.
The surface is supposed to be between a massive source and the particle. Therefore,
the acceleration vector of the particle $w^\mu$ is directed toward the surface.
The force applied to the end of the string to hold the particle in a fixed position is $-m\sqrt{B}w^\mu$,
see  \cite{FroNo}. A distant observer can pull the end of the string
to change position of the particle in the direction normal to the surface.
The work done in this process is
$\delta W(x)= m \sqrt{B} w_n(x)l$, where $w_n(x)=w^\mu(x)n_\mu(x)$
and $n_\mu$ is the unit vector normal to $\cal B$.
The work is positive, if $l>0$, i.e. if the particle is shifted in the direction opposite to the
acceleration, as it should be for a work done on the system by external forces. One can now
relate the work and the variation of the entropy,
\begin{equation}\label{32}
T(x)\delta S=-\frac 12 \delta W(x)~~~.
\end{equation}
The coefficient $T(x)$ has the meaning of a local temperature
measured by a distant observer. With the help of (\ref{0}) one finds
\begin{equation}\label{34}
T(x)=\sqrt{B(x)}{w_n(x) \over 2\pi}~~~.
\end{equation}
In (\ref{32}) we took into account that the work should be distributed
between two components of the holographic screen. In our case the second component is not considered.
A single component with the topology of a hyperplane corresponds to half of the work because it carries half of the information about the entire system, see Section 2.
This can be seen again from the fact that the `energy' of the surface which is defined by the Komar
integral
\begin{equation}\label{35}
{\cal E}({\cal B})={1 \over 4\pi G} \int_{\cal B} \sqrt{B(x)} w_n(x)\sqrt{\gamma}d^{n-2}y=
{1 \over 2} \int_{\cal B} T dN~~
\end{equation}
equals half of the mass of the source.

As in (\ref{7}), the quantity
$dN=d\sigma/G$ is identified with the number of degrees of freedom per element
of the screen with the area $d\sigma=\sqrt{\gamma}d^{n-2}y$.
The `equipartition' form of (\ref{35}), see \cite{Padmanabhan:2009kr,Verlinde:2010hp}, also
supports the choice of the thermodynamical relation in the form (\ref{32}).

It is instructive to discuss also the case when the massive source is a Schwarzschild black hole and the minimal surface goes near its horizon.
There is a point where the distance between the surface and the horizon is minimal. At this point the normal vector to $\cal B$ is directed along the acceleration
of a static observer. In the limit when the surface is shifted closer to the horizon the local temperature (\ref{34}) tends to the Hawking temperature $T_H=\kappa / 2\pi$ where $\kappa=\partial_rB(r_H)/2$ is the surface gravity and the derivative is taken along the radial coordinate. This is another evidence
for the validity of equations (\ref{32}) and (\ref{34}).

We see, therefore, that at least some variational formulas of minimal surfaces allow a thermodynamical
analogy. It is a subject of further studies to find a deeper meaning behind this analogy. We also see
that minimal surfaces considered as holographic screens provide a strong support to the hypothesis that gravity has an entropic origin \cite{Verlinde:2010hp}.

Because the physical interpretation of the entropy associated to minimal surfaces is known one can pose
problems for future research. We mention two of them.
First, it is important to understand a possible role of quantum effects which may uncover the meaning of the
local temperature (\ref{34}), like quantum evaporation of black holes explains the meaning of
the Hawing temperature.

Second, it is important to study generalization of equation (\ref{0})
when the low energy limit of the gravity theory differers from the Einstein form.
The simplest example of this situation are higher curvature corrections which may be present in the gravity action.
The problem is that  higher curvature terms change both formula (\ref{1})
and equations which determine the shape of  $\cal B$.
If this generalization allows a thermodynamical analogy the ideas discussed here are robust.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The first-ever Latina U.S. Senator does not hold back
Catherine Cortez Masto is no ordinary politician. Not only is she the first woman to serve as a senator from Nevada, but she is also the first Latina ever to be elected to the upper chamber of Congress. Her election wasn't ordinary either. She barely won the seat previously held by Democratic minority leader Harry Reid — less than 3% separated her from the Republican challenger Joe Heck.
The senator is aware of the historic feat she accomplished last year and is determined to take advantage of the opportunity. "Those accomplishments mean nothing by themselves. What you do with the opportunity is what really matters," she said during a meeting with Mexican university students last Tuesday.
Those accomplishments mean nothing by themselves. What you do with the opportunity is what really matters.
Her road to the Senate was all but easy. The Republicans spent a record amount of outside money in the race — according to the New York Times, conservative activists Charles and David Koch invested in Joe Heck's campaign — which probably explains why Sen. Cortez Masto only won one county in the whole state.
Prior to her election, Sen. Cortez Masto served two terms as Nevada's Attorney General, during which she worked to crack down on drug manufacturers.
But not even $90 million in outside spending was enough to stop her. She had the full support of the party: then-President Obama tapped a radio ad in support of her, and she had joint appearances with Sen. Elizabeth Warren.
In the end, she secured a key seat for the Democratic Party — a seat they have held since 1987 — which has given the party a greater number of options when dealing with the new president.
Watch her victory speech in last year's election:
After taking office, she has made clear that, while it's still her first year in Congress, she's determined to make her voice heard on the big issues.
In a recent interview with a Nevada local radio host, Sen. Cortez Masto reiterated her support for immigration reform and discussed the first 100 days of the Trump administration. "We have a broken immigration system so let's sit down and have a common-sense solution to it, and that is passing comprehensive immigration reform," she said.
She supports a path to citizenship and refuses to accept the narrative painting immigrants — Latinos in particular — as violent criminals. "Undocumented immigrants in this community are not the violent criminals. Statistics will show that, but at the end of the day, we also want to make sure law enforcement has access to all available tools to protect our communities, even at our borders," she explained.
The freshman senator also supports LGBT+ rights and joined several Democratic Senators in re-introducing federal legislation to ban discrimination against LGBT+ people. "It is past time the LGBTQ community receive the same rights and protections guaranteed by our constitution," she said in a statement.
About the author: Mauricio Holguin is a Mexican journalism student currently on a fellowship at The Washington Center in Washington, D.C. He's been a staff writer at Shout! since January 2017.
Contact: mholguin@alumni.unav.es
Feature Image: Ethan Miller / Getty Images

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Marifrances Morrison
Marissa E. Cwik
Jordan C. Mendez
Jacob D. Cherry
FAQs on Impact of Immigration Executive Order Suspending Admission to U.S. of Foreign Nationals From Certain Designated Countries
Following is updated guidance related to President Donald Trump's Executive Order ("EO"), "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States," issued January 27, 2017. These updates are based upon information available as of February 3, 2017.
FAQs on the Impact of the Executive Order Suspending Admission to the U.S. of Foreign Nationals From Certain Designated Countries
On January 27, 2017, President Donald Trump issued an executive order, "Protecting The Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into The United States," which suspended admission to the United States of foreign nationals from the following countries for a period of at least 90 days: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. The executive order also suspended implementation of the Visa Interview Waiver Program (which is also known as drop-box). This order was effective immediately upon issuance. Several issues related to the order still require clarification. Below are answers to the most frequently asked questions (FAQs) related to the executive order.
Official guidance from U.S. federal agencies on implementation of this order may continue to be issued throughout the 90-day period. The information contained within these FAQs is based upon guidance available as of February 3, 2017, and we will continue to provide updates based on subsequent guidance.
Nonimmigrants (B-1, H-1B, L-1, O-1, E-3 etc.)
Q: I am a nonimmigrant visa holder from one of the designated countries, and I am currently in the United States. Will I be impacted?
A: The order suspends entry of nonimmigrant visa holders into the United States, but does not require nonimmigrant visa holders from the designated countries who are already present in the United States to depart the country.
Q: I am a nonimmigrant visa holder from one of the designated countries, and I am currently outside the United States. Will I be allowed to enter the country?
A: Admission to the United States will likely be denied at all ports of entry (air, land, and sea).
Q: I am from one of the designated countries and have a visa appointment scheduled at a U.S. Consulate abroad. May I still attend my visa appointment?
A: No. The U.S. Department of State has issued a statement confirming that, if you are from one of the designated countries and already have an appointment scheduled, you should not attend your appointment. The U.S. Department of State has advised that it will not permit entry to the embassy or consulate.
Q: Are any nonimmigrant visa categories excluded from this order?
A: The executive order does not suspend entry for foreign nationals traveling on diplomatic visas, North Atlantic Treaty Organization visas, C-2 visas for travel to the United Nations, and G-1, G-2, G-3, and G- 4 visas, even if these foreign nationals are from a designated country.
Q: I am a nonimmigrant visa holder from a designated country. I am currently abroad, and I have an urgent need to enter the United States. Are there any exceptions to the travel ban?
A: The executive order states that the secretaries of State and Homeland Security may, on a case-by-case basis, and when in the national interest, issue visas or other immigration benefits to nationals from the designated countries. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has advised that both the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. Department of State (DOS) can review individual cases and grant waivers on a case-by-case basis if that individual's admission to the United States is deemed to be in the national interest and if the individual does not pose a national security threat. However, CBP retains the sole authority on whether to admit an individual to the United States.
Neither the DHS nor the DOS has released guidance on the process by which an individual may apply for an exception, or the criteria that will be used to adjudicate these exceptions. Without official guidance on how a nonimmigrant may qualify for this exception, it is uncertain what documentation or circumstances may be deemed to warrant a waiver.
Q: I am a nonimmigrant visa holder from a non-designated country, but I have traveled to a designated country. Will I be allowed to enter the United States?
A: The executive order only suspends admission for nationals "from" a designated country. However, you may be subject to additional questions and review by CBP.
Lawful Permanent Residents (Green Card Holders)
Q: I am a lawful permanent resident and a national of a designated country and I am currently outside the United States. Will I be allowed to reenter the United States?
A: The U.S. government has clarified that lawful permanent residents are not within the scope of the executive order and should be admitted to the United States, even if presenting a passport from a designated country. Travelers may experience increased screening, questioning, and delays when applying for admission.
Q: What should I do if I am asked to abandon my lawful permanent resident status when I request admission to the United States?
A: Abandoning your green card can carry significant implications for your rights and options moving forward. Thus, individuals should carefully consider the significant consequences of such an action and should make such a decision only after becoming fully informed about their legal rights and options.
Q: I am a lawful permanent resident and a national of a non-designated country, but I have traveled to a designated country. Will I be allowed to reenter the United States?
A: The executive order only suspends admission for nationals from a designated country. However, you may be subject to additional questions and review by CBP at the port of entry.
Dual Citizens: United States and Designated Countries
Q: I am a dual citizen of the United States and one of the designated countries. May I travel internationally and reenter the United States?
A: The plain language of the executive order applies to nonimmigrant and immigrant entry and does not apply to United States citizens. You must present your U.S. passport at the port of entry.
Dual Citizens: Designated Country and Non-Designated Country
Q: I am a dual citizen of one of the designated countries, as well as a country not on the list, and I have a valid nonimmigrant visa. May I travel internationally and reenter the United States?
A: A U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) FAQ states that foreign nationals who request admission may be treated according to the travel document they present. If your valid nonimmigrant visa was issued in a passport of a non-designated country, the CBP FAQ states that you may apply for admission, even if you hold dual citizenship with one of the designated countries. However, this FAQ is not legally binding. Individuals who hold dual citizenship with a designated country should expect increased questioning, screening, and delays when applying for admission.
Q: I previously held citizenship from one of the designated countries, but not anymore. I am now a citizen of a country not on the designated list. Will I be allowed to enter the United States?
A: The executive order applies to all individuals "from" a designated country. There is no definitive guidance regarding individuals who previously held citizenship with a designated country. As previously noted, although CBP has clarified that foreign nationals who request admission will be treated according to the travel document they present, this website posting is not legally binding. Individuals who previously held citizenship from a designated country, or who previously asserted a claim of citizenship to a designated country, can expect increased questioning, screening, and delays when applying for readmission. There is no guarantee of admission.
Q: I am a dual citizen of one of the designated countries as well as a country not on the list, and I need to apply for a nonimmigrant or immigrant visa to enter the United States. Will I be allowed to apply for a visa?
A: On February 2, 2017, the U.S. Department of State (DOS) announced that embassies and consulates may process visa applications and issue nonimmigrant and immigrant visas to eligible visa applicants who apply with a passport from a non-designated country, even if they hold dual nationality from one of the designated countries. Please follow the instructions you receive from the U.S. Embassy/Consulate at which you will apply. Individuals who hold dual nationality with a designated country should expect increased questioning, screening, and delays with respect to both visa applications and admission to the United States.
Q: How long will the travel ban be in effect?
A: The ban will last for at least an initial 90-day period from the date of the order (through April 27, 2017). However, the timeline may be extended.
Q: I have heard that implementation of the executive order has been limited by litigation and that some foreign nationals from designated countries who were detained were allowed to enter the United States. Does this mean I am safe to travel even if I am from one of the designated countries?
A: No. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has stated that it will continue to implement the executive order. Admission to the United States will likely be denied to an individual who is a nonimmigrant from a designated country.
Visa Interview Waiver Program
Q: I am planning to renew my visa through the Visa Interview Waiver Program (VIWP), may I still do so?
A: The executive order suspends the VIWP, also known as the drop-box, requiring all nonimmigrant visa applicants to attend an interview unless an interview is not required by statute. However, the drop-box option may nonetheless remain available at certain U.S. Embassies and Consulates, as local procedures vary. Individuals hoping to renew their visas should follow any instructions from the U.S. Embassy/Consulate at which the individual will apply.
Q: Will the executive order affect my visa appointment interview if I am not from one of the designated countries?
A: Suspending the VIWP will place an additional burden on U.S. Consulates and Embassies (particularly high-volume posts) by increasing already extended interview wait times and processing times. Consequently, travel plans should take into account the additional processing time that may be needed for visa issuance.
Q: Does the executive order affect the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), which permits citizens of 38 countries to travel to the U.S. for business or tourism for up to 90 days without obtaining a visa?
A: No. The VWP was not addressed in the executive order. Citizens or nationals of the participating VWP countries are currently eligible to travel to the United States under the VWP, unless also a national of Iraq, Iran, Syria, or Sudan.
In addition, nationals of VWP countries who have traveled to or have been present in Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, or Yemen on or after March 1, 2011 (with limited exceptions for travel for diplomatic or military purposes in the service of a VWP country) are not eligible to be admitted to the United States under the VWP.
The text of the executive order is now published on the White House website: Protecting the National From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States.
© 2022, Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., All Rights Reserved.National Law Review, Volume VII, Number 33
O-1 Visas Abound: USCIS Provides Detailed Guidance on O-1 Visa Eligibility
Kristopher W. Peters
House Bill Proposes US Visa Options for Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Immigrants with Doctorate Degrees in STEM Fields
Miriam C. Thompson
U.S. Economy Slows as Fewer Immigrants Fill Available Jobs
Raymond G. Lahoud
Will Reopening of Social Security Administration Offices Ease E-Verify No-Match Backlogs?
Amy L. Peck
Software Companies Beware: Board Holds Subcontractor Cannot Enforce EULA Directly...
Ms. Morrison provides comprehensive business immigration representation to Fortune 500 companies with an emphasis on technology, semiconductor, financial, and life science industries. Ms. Morrison's immigration practice is national in scope, and is distinguished by her emphasis on delivering clients with end-to-end, compliance driven, strategic program management aimed at continually improving clients' immigration programs and obtaining positive results while increasing the overall user experience for corporate stakeholders and foreign national employees.
marifrances.morrison@ogletree.com
www.ogletree.com
Marissa Cwik is an Associate in the Raleigh office of Ogletree Deakins. Marissa assists corporate clients with hiring and retaining foreign national workers. She has expertise with nonimmigrant filings presented to the U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Labor, including E, H, J-1, L, O, P, and TN nonimmigrant petitions. She is also experienced in supporting corporate clients with sponsoring foreign national employees for permanent residency, including first preference EB-1 petitions for persons of extraordinary...
marissa.cwik@ogletree.com
Jordan Mendez is originally from Richmond, Virginia, and is fluent in Spanish.
She studied International Studies at Elon University, during which time she studied abroad in Ecuador, Argentina, and South Africa. After graduating from Elon, she worked as a bilingual case manager for Hispanic community centers. She attended the University of North Carolina School of Law, where she served as a board member of the Immigration Law Association and worked as a certified student practitioner of the Community Development Clinic. She also was a member of...
jordan.cobb@ogletree.com
Jacob D. Cherry is an immigration attorney in the Atlanta office. His practice is focused on employment-based immigration and worksite compliance matters.
Jacob works with multinational organizations to secure immigration benefits for their employees and provide guidance on immigration-related compliance matters. Jacob also counsels and advises employers on the implementation of immigration programs that align with specific hiring, employee retention, and global mobility goals, and he partners with companies to develop immigration strategies to...
jacob.cherry@ogletree.com


text:
Brookings/ICF Long-Term Care Financing Model: Designing and Using Model Simulations
Brookings/ICF Long-Term Care F...
Brookings/ICF Long Term Care Financing Model: Designing and Using Model Simulations
David L. Kennell, Lisa Maria B. Alecxih, Joshua M. Wiener, and Raymond J. Hanley
This report was prepared under contract between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy (DALTCP) and Lewin-ICF, Inc.. For additional information about the study, you may visit the DALTCP home page at http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/home.htm or contact the ASPE Project Officer, John Drabek, at HHS/ASPE/DALTCP, Room 424E, H.H. Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201. His e-mail address is: John.Drabek@hhs.gov.
This report is intended to familiarize the reader with the base case output of the Brookings/ICF Long Term Care Financing Model, the assumptions used in designing simulations, and how to use the model results.
The Brookings/ICF Long Term Care Financing Model simulates the utilization and financing of long-term care services--both nursing home and home care--for elderly individuals through 2020. Home care services include home health, homemaker, personal care, and meal preparation services. The model simulates the number of individuals receiving these services and the costs of these services as financed by various public and private sources. The objective of the model is to simulate the effects of various financing and organizational reform options on future public and private expenditures for nursing home and home care.
The two principal components of the model are the Pension and Retirement Income Simulation Model (PRISM) and the Long-Term Care Financing Model. PRISM simulates the future demographic characteristics, labor force participation, income and assets of the elderly. The Long Term Care Financing Model simulates disability, admission to and use of nursing home and home care, and methods of financing long-term care services. The model uses national data and does not take into account regional, state or local variations.
The model begins with a nationally representative sample of the adult population with a record for each person's age, sex, income, and other characteristics. The model simulates changes for each individual in the sample population from 1986 to 2020, including age, economic status, disability status, utilization of long term care, and method of paying for such care.
The model uses a Monte Carol simulation methodology. The model simulates changes in an individual's status by drawing a random number between zero and one and comparing it to the fixed probability of that event occurring for an individual with a given set of socio-demographic characteristics. For example, assume that the annual probability of death for an 85 year old noninstitutionalized female is .03 (i.e., three out of every 100 women age 85 who are not in a nursing home are expected to die). If the random number drawn by the model is less than or equal to .03 for this 85 year old woman, she is assumed to die in that year. If the number drawn lies between .03 and 1.0, then she is assumed to continue to live during that year. In order to reduce random variation due to the Monte Carlo procedure, the model is routinely run with two separate random number sets and the results are averaged.
The model can be used to simulate long-term care financing assuming changes in private financing methods (such as increased purchase of private long-term care insurance) or new public financing programs. These simulations are greatly affected by the choice of assumptions about the economy (such as the rate of growth of the overall economy and nursing home prices) and individual behavior (such as rates of nursing home utilization, insurance purchase, and induced demand). The model is designed to be run under alternative economic and behavioral assumptions. This allows one to examine how sensitive the results are to the assumptions chosen.
The current version of the model is a major revision of the model that was developed jointly by Lewin/ICF and the Brookings Institution in 1986. The model was revised in 1988 and 1989 using data from a number of newly available data sources, including the 1982-84 National Long-Term Care Survey, the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey, the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation (Wave 4), and Medicaid and Medicare program data provided by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA).
The six major components of the model are described below. A chart of these components is show in Table below.
Population Data Base: Using data from the May 1979 Current Population Survey, the model uses information for a nationally representative sample of 28,000 adult individuals in 1979. We selected this 1979 data base because it has been merged with social security earnings histories for each individual in the sample.
Income Simulator: The model simulates labor force activity, marital status, income, and assets for each individual. The probabilities in this part of the model are based upon Census Bureau data on the likelihood of marriage, work, etc. for different demographic groups. The economic assumptions underlying the simulations are generally those used in Alternative II-B of the 1988 Social Security Trustee's Report. The model simulates income from private sector defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, public pension plans, social security, Individual Retirement Accounts and Keoghs. The model also simulates the assets of elderly individuals, including the value of home equity.
Disability of the Elderly: Using probabilities estimated primarily from the 1982-84 National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) and the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS), the model simulates the level of disability for persons age 65 and over. The model simulates the onset of disability, the level of disability, changes in disability, and recovery from disability.
Utilization of Long Term Care Services: The model uses probabilities estimated from the 1982-84 NLTCS and the 1985 NNHS to simulate admission to and length of stay in a nursing home. For non-institutionalized persons, the model also simulates the use and length of use of paid home and community-based care services using probabilities derived primarily from the 1982-84 NLTCS and Medicare program data.
Sources and Levels of Payment: The fifth component of the model simulates the sources of payment and the level of expenditures for each individual receiving nursing home or home and community-based services. The model incorporates Medicare eligibility and coverage provisions and uses a set of uniform assumptions about the Medicaid program. If a resident has financial assets less than the Medicaid asset limit and his or her monthly income less a personal needs allowance is not sufficient to cover nursing home expenses, the model assumes the resident will receive Medicaid reimbursement for care not covered by income. State Medicaid program variations are not modeled.
Aggregate Expenditures and Utilization: The model accumulates Medicare, Medicaid, private expenditures, and utilization for each simulated individual for each year. The final output file from the model provides detailed information for each individual age 65 and older for each year from 1986 to 2020. For each individual, this information includes age, sex, marital status, disability, sources and amounts of income, assets, and use of and payment sources for nursing home and home and community-based services. One can tabulate this file to show aggregate long-term care expenditures for various demographic groups (e.g., age, income, and use of long-term care services) and by sources of financing (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, out-of-pocket, and program expenditures).
BROOKINGS/ICF LONG-TERM CARE FINANCING MODEL
Representative Population Data Base
Income, assets data
Earnings histories
Simulate Income, Labor Force Activity, Family Structure, Assets in Each Year in Future from Modified Version of PRISM
Income from each major source of income (including assets)
Assets, by type of asset (housing and financial)
Simulate Disability of the Elderly
Entry into disability
Level of disability
Recovery from disability
Simulate Utilization of LTC Services
Noninstitutional services
Simulate Sources and Levels of Payment
Eligibility for public programs
Eligibility for private programs
Analysis Tabulations
Public, private expenditures for LTC
Nursing home, home care utilization
Long-Term Care Financing ModelSurveys and InstrumentsPublicationsDisability, Aging and Long-Term Care ResearchModeling and SimulationData Sources and Statistics


text:
Question: Is Bart A Subway?
How did they build BART underwater?
Is Caltrain better than Bart?
Can I use Clipper card on BART?
What is the difference between Caltrain and BART?
Is Bart underground?
What is the subway called in San Francisco?
What age is senior for Bart?
Is it worth it to rent a car in San Francisco?
Can you bring drinks on BART?
Is it against the law to eat at a train station in California?
Does Caltrain connect to BART?
What is Bart short for?
Does San Francisco have a subway?
Is eating allowed on BART?
How old is BART train?
How much does it cost to ride the BART in San Francisco?
How deep is the water under the Bay Bridge?
Does BART train go underwater?
Is Bart cheaper with Clipper?
Is eating allowed on Caltrain?
Is Muni and BART the same thing?
Built using the immersed tube technique, the tube was constructed on land, transported to the site, then submerged and fastened to the bottom – primarily by packing its sides with sand and gravel.
Opened in 1974, the tunnel was the final segment of the original BART plan to open..
Caltrain is more comfortable than BART, the carriages and stations are cleaner, and you're much less likely to encounter beggars or homeless people (mostly because Caltrain has extra staff who patrol the carriages, and Caltrain stations are mostly open to the elements, whereas BART stations have shelter).
Clipper cards can be purchased at every BART station and at many retail outlets throughout the region. Paper tickets can jam our fare gates, so Clipper usage means more open fare gates, shorter lines and less fare gate maintenance. Clipper usage reduces the paper waste of the magstripe tickets in the BART system.
The BART connects directly with the terminal. … The Caltrain does connect directly with the terminal, but it can be accessed by taking the BART to the Millbrae station. This station is one stop south away from downtown SF.
BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) is a modern rapid rail system (30 km underground in downtown San Francisco Oakland and Berkeley) which crosses the Bay in a 5.8 km long immersed-tube tunnel and serves surrounding cities like Berkeley, Oakland and Richmond in the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco and San …
Muni MetroThe Muni Metro is a light rail system serving San Francisco, California, United States, operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni), a division of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA).
65Discount tickets are not available at BART Stations. Children 4 and under ride free, children 5 through 18, senior citizens (age 65 and over) and persons with disabilities are eligible for discounts. Visit the Ticket section for more information.
Most locals and frequent visitors to San Francisco (SF) would recommend against renting a car or getting to SF using their own car. This is because parking in the city is expensive and at times, hard to find. … Parking near most of the tourist areas, may cost the visitor about $12 to $15 dollars an hour in a parking lot.
BART Police reminder: where it's okay to drink and eat on BART. BART Police are reminding riders where it's okay to drink and eat on BART property and where it's not. … "You can bring your lunch or groceries onto a train, just please don't eat it," he said.
The platform video begins after McCormick had made contact with the man. California law makes it an infraction to eat or drink "in or on a (transit) system facility or vehicle in areas where those activities are prohibited by that system." "You're eating," the officer says, restraining the man by holding his backpack.
South Bay and Peninsula travelers can ride Caltrain to BART for a traffic-free trip to the Oakland International Airport. Caltrain customers can connect with BART at the Millbrae station, then ride BART to its Coliseum station. Take the BART Oakland Airport people mover from Coliseum BART to the airport.
Bart is a masculine given name, usually a diminutive of Bartholomew, sometimes of Barton, Bartolomeo, etc. It is also a surname.
Muni is San Francisco's bus and metro system that runs throughout the city, operating buses, trains, cable cars and the F-line heritage streetcar. Muni buses remain above ground and on streets while Muni Metro runs on rails and sometimes go underground.
BART says state law prohibits people from eating or drinking in the paid portions of the station. In other words, from the time you enter the turnstiles to the time to exit them at your destination.
BART, the Bay Area Rapid Transit system, turns 40-years-old on the unfortunate anniversary of 9/11. Some historical and financial tidbits: — The original system was supposed to serve Marin and San Mateo Counties, along with San Francisco, Alameda, and Contra Costa Counties.
The BART fare from OAK to downtown San Francisco is only $10.20 ($20.40 round trip). That's $30 less than a shuttle van ($40), $40 less than Uber/Lyft ($50) and $60 less than a taxi ($80). Trains from OAK operate every 5 minutes during peak hours, 8:00 a.m. – 8:00 p.m. daily.
370 feetWant to swim over the deepest part of the bay? Maybe you've already done it and had no idea – you'll find the deepest water in our Golden Gate Bridge race just under the bridge at over 370 feet.
BART goes into an underwater tube that runs from SF to Oakland. There are two tubes-one for coming to the East Bay and one for coming to San Francisco FROM the East Bay. It is not a glass tube; it is like traveling in a tunnel.
Using Clipper at BART is also cheaper because you don't need to pay a paper ticket surcharge.
It should be noted that unlike Muni and BART, Caltrain allows the consumption of food (including alcohol) on its trains, except after 9 on special event nights such as baseball games. Let's keep it clean, though!
Muni is SFO public transport including bus, trolley,light rail, and cable car. … Muni is the SF transit agency (San Francisco Municipal Railway). BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) is a regional transit service that is used by commuters, largely, and, of course by people headed to the two closest airports.
Question: What Is The Principle Of Confidentiality?
What ethical principle is confidentiality?
Quick Answer: What Is SDK Example?
What is SDK level? The API Level expressed by an application
Question: What Type Of Thermometer Is The Most Accurate?
Are forehead thermometers accurate? Rectal temps are
Quick Answer: How Much Gold Has Russia Bought?
Which country is buying the most gold? Russia.
Question: How Do I Find My Email Server Password?
What do you do if you have forgotten your email password?


Description O'Neill Thomas, blksmith A. Reaver, r. 1210 W. Commerce.
Source Morrison & Fourmy's General Directory of the City of San Antonio, 1889-90. (Galveston: Morrison & Fourmy, 1889), p. 290.
Artisan or Artist O'Neill, Thomas.


In 1631, Sara de Vos becomes the first woman to be admitted as a master painter to the Guild of St. Luke in Holland. Three hundred years later, At the Edge of a Wood, her haunting winter scene of a girl watching skaters at dusk, is her only surviving work. It hangs in the bedroom of a Park Avenue coop of a wealthy Manhattanite, a descendant of the original owner.


text:
Q: C# Winium List Items into array I'm using Winium, with Selenium Remote and C#, and I need to store in array the contents of listbox:
App = Inetcpl.cpl (internet settings),  //list of sites in Trusted sites

But doesn't work, any suggestions?
Thanks!
My code:
IList<IWebElement> options = driver.FindElements(By.Name(Sites:));
foreach (IWebElement option in options)
{
    Console.WriteLine(option.Text);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Brunei to push tourism arrivals with new offers
by Arno Maierbrugger - Mar 15, 2019
Brunei is looking to capitalise on its natural attractions and institutions such as hospitals and international schools to promote medical, educational and eco-tourism, according to a government official.
Brunei's Minister of Primary Resources and Tourism Haji Ali said that they were looking to cooperate with "various parties" to strengthen Brunei's tourism sector. He named the Jerudong Park Medical Center as an opportunity for the country to draw in medical tourists.
"We have also successfully discussed with international schools like the Jerudong International School and International School Brunei to attract students from countries like China, South Korea and Japan to attend summer school here for English courses," he said.
Haji Ali also spoke of the ministry's plans to highlight the heavily forested areas in the small nation to promote eco-tourism in Brunei. The minister pointed out that this project will feature "a new tourism concept that is sustainable, responsible and inclusive," likening it to sanctuaries or forest reserves.
"We will not disturb the wildlife, forests, existing villages and the architecture of the areas," he said, emphasising that no damage will be done to the natural environment.
Apart from that, Brunei will also keep organising a number of festivals and sports events, including a speedboat race, a midnight run, as well as cycling and treasure hunt events.
Brunei welcomed around 260,000 international visitors arriving by air as per latest available figures in 2017, most of which came from Malaysia, China, Indonesia and the Philippines. Other important source countries are South Korea, Japan and Australia. Some 11,000 visitors arrived by cruise ship.
Cambodia targets 15 million tourist arrivals by 2030
Medical tourism to Asia-Pacific to cross $20bn-mark by 2019
Myanmar´s tourism revival at risk amid Rohingya crisis
Cambodia seeks to double tourism arrivals by 2025
Laos misses out on its five-million tourists target this year
Chinese keen on Thai property
Lessons from the cold in Bangkok
Singapore, US to share data on tax dodgers
Thai tourism numbers down another 9%
Japan grants Myanmar $5b development loan
Laos launched its tourist e-visa service on July 11, a move aimed at increasing tourism arrival numbers...


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https://www.myjoyonline.com/ronaldo-receives-225m-offer-to-play-for-saudi-arabian-club/-------https://www.myjoyonline.com/ronaldo-receives-225m-offer-to-play-for-saudi-arabian-club/
Ronaldo receives $225m offer to play for Saudi Arabian club
30 November 2022 8:01am
Following Cristiano Ronaldo's departure from Manchester United, the football superstar has been offered a deal of a lifetime to play for a Saudi Arabian club.
The now 37-year-old forward is now playing for Portugal at the FIFA World Cup in Qatar.
In the midst of making history to become the first male footballer to score in five consecutive World Cups, CBS Sports reports that Saudi Arabia's Al Nassr FC has offered Ronaldo a mammoth $225 million three-year deal. The deal will supposedly commence after the World Cup.
Ronaldo is currently a free agent and has been a long-time interest of Al Nassr and other Middle East football clubs.
Ronaldo has shown keen interest in only playing at Europe's highest level. The terms of the deal offered to Ronaldo will essentially be worth $75 million a year. Conversations reportedly began in the summer and the team is currently awaiting Ronaldo's final decision.
Al Nassr FC is one of Saudi Arabia and Asia's most successful clubs.
In total, the club has won nine league titles. Their rival Al Hilal has reportedly made a move for Ronaldo as well.
The footballer's future post-World Cup remains a mystery so far. Cristiano Ronaldo has not yet commented on matters after the World Cup.
In other sports news, Kylian Mbappé led France to seal a spot in the World Cup knockout stages.
Al Nassr FC
Saudi Arabian club
Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi both score in exhibition
DStv will not show Saudi Pro League this season despite Ronaldo arrival
Cristiano Ronaldo should address Saudi issues, says Amnesty International
Ronaldo makes South Africa gaffe at Al Nassr unveiling
Cristiano Ronaldo says work in Europe is done despite 'many opportunities'
Cristiano Ronaldo joins Saudi Arabia side Al Nassr
2022 World Cup: Sunday finals could finally decide whether Messi or Ronaldo is the GOAT
Ronaldo responds to claims he threatened to walk out on Portugal at World Cup
Ronaldo says his dream of winning World Cup has 'ended'
World Cup 2022: 'Cristiano Ronaldo reduced to role of superstar nobody wants'


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Three in 10 households do not contain a book
Reporting on figures from the National Literacy Trust, The Daily Mailreported on the findings of researcher Christina Clark, who polled 18,171 eight to 17 year olds across 111 UK schools. The study found almost 40% of those aged eight to 17 live in homes with fewer than 10 books. However, 85% of those aged eight to 15 own a games console and 81% have a mobile phone. The Evening Standard also ran with this, andfocused on results from London, which revealed one in three children do not have a book of their own at home. The paper is publishing a week of articles focusing on illiteracy in the capital. 'The only book in our house is the Argos catalogue' one nine-year-old boy told a teacher as new report reveals one in three children in London doesn't own a single book.
Former Ofsted director Sir Jim Rose, author of several reports on literacy, says: "We are in serious trouble. We have entered the era of the Argos catalogue family, those with no books of their own at home. We need to do something urgently. It is a responsibility we cannot afford to shirk."
Three in ten children live in households that do not contain a single book, a poll has found.
The survey of more than 18,000 youths across the country has shown large numbers do not own any books or read on their own, fuelling slumping education standards.
This was coupled with the finding that children with no books are two-and-a-half times more likely to fall below the expected reading level for their age.
One teacher in the capital told how, when he asked his pupils to bring in a book from home to speak about with the rest of the class, a nine-year-old boy brought in the Argos catalogue.
'It's the only book my family have,' the youngster told his teacher.
The study also found almost 40 per cent of those aged eight to 17 live in homes with 10 or fewer books – although 85 per cent of those aged eight to 15 own a games console, and 81 per cent have a mobile phone.
The research, conducted by the National Literacy Trust, follows official statistics showing one in five children leaves primary school without reaching the expected level of progress in English.
The same proportion leaves school without an A* to C grade in both GCSE English and Maths.
Daily Mail article : http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1392782/Boy-9-tells-teacher-The-book-house-Argos-catalogue.html#ixzz1O70qiwnB


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CitiPAC is the League of California Cities' political action committee
Home / CitiPAC is the League of California Cities' political action committee
SUPPORT OUR CITIES
Commit to a $20 monthly contribution and help give local government a voice at the ballot box
CitiPAC, the League of California Cities political action committee, advocates for cities and protects local control at the ballot box. Several ballot measures are looming with the potential to greatly impact cities in 2020. Contributions help to ensure that our voice is heard during the upcoming election cycle.
Take The Challenge!
CitiPac Mission
Without a way to defend local democracy, cities would be vulnerable to political attacks. Since its inception in 2003, CitiPAC has provided the last line of defense for local government.
The League needs the financial capacity to advocate for cities at the ballot box, and CitiPAC has been central to the success of protecting local democracy and tax dollars in previous elections.
CITIPAC protects local democracy. For years cities worked to increase constitutional protections for local revenues. With the passage of Proposition 1A (2004) and Proposition 22 (2010) they have achieved that goal. But the Legislature frequently generates plans – legislation or ballot measures – that allow the state to assume more and more influence over all levels of government, threatening local services and local decision-making. A well-funded PAC enables the League to respond to these challenges.
2019 STRATEGIC GOALS
How does the League determine the organization's top issues? Every year, the League's members and leadership work together to set strategic priorities for the next 12 months. These goals focus our legislative and advocacy activities and serve as a powerful tool for advancing local control.
Provide Cities Additional Funding and Tools and Preserve Local Authority to Address Housing Production, Affordability and Homelessness Challenges.
Improve Disaster Preparedness, Recovery and Climate Resiliency.
Promote Sustainability of Public Pension and Retirement Health Benefits.
Address Public Safety Concerns of California Cities.
CITIPAC protects local democracy.
For years cities worked to increase constitutional protections for local revenues. With the passage of Proposition 1A they have achieved that goal. But the Legislature frequently generates plans – legislation or ballot measures – that allow the state to assume more and more influence over all levels of government, threatening local services and local decision-making. A well-funded PAC enables the League to respond to these challenges.
The League Board of Directors met in Monterey June 29–30 and took action on several additional measures slated for the November 2018 statewide ballot
The League now has positions on four of the measures that will be on the ballot this fall.
Propositions 1 and 2 Rally Highlights the Need to Tackle State's Housing and Homelessness Crises
Just steps from the Capitol today, Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg stood with Sen. Jim Beall (D-San Jose), Assembly Member David Chiu (D-San Francisco), veterans, working families and other supporters of Propositions 1 and 2 on the November ballot.
Proposition Numbers Released for June 2018 Measures
Parks and Water Bond is Prop. 68, Constitutional Protection of Transportation Revenues is Prop. 69
League Supports June Ballot Measure to Add Constitutional Protections to Transportation Revenues
Ensures Money Dedicated to Transportation Cannot be Taken for Other Uses
League of California Cities Supports the Parks and Water Bond
The League of California Cities® Board of Directors in December voted to support the California Drought, Water, Parks, Climate, Coastal, and Outdoor Access Act of 2018 that is slated for the June 2018 statewide ballot.
Support for the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond from the League of California Cities
The bond will generate $4
billion for affordable housing programs, infill infrastructure projects and the veterans' homeownership
No on Proposition 6 (2018)
Over 56% of voters voted No
With the defeat of Proposition 6, Californians chose to preserve $5.2 billion dollars a year in transportation and transit infrastructure funding. The dangerous effort to pass Proposition 6 was a direct attack on cities and would have eliminated funding for more than 6,500 bridge and road safety, transportation and public transit improvement projects underway throughout California.
Yes on Proposition 1 (2018)
Supported by over 56% of voters
Proposition 1 secured $4 billion in funding to provide military veterans a place to call home. Proposition 1 will help to address the housing crisis in California. The housing funding from Proposition 1 expected to create 137,000 jobs and pump $23.4 billion into California's economy.
Approved with a 63% majority
Proposition 2, known as the No Place Like Home Act, dedicated funding to directly address the issue of homelessness in California cities. Proposition 2 allows for the issuance of up to $2 billion in bonds to fund housing for those with mental illness who are homeless.


TRANSMISSION, 8-SPEED AUTOMATIC (STD), TRAILERING PACKAGE, HEAVY-DUTY includes trailer hitch and 7-pin connector, REAR AXLE, 3.42 RATIO, JET BLACK, LEATHER-APPOINTED SEAT TRIM, ENGINE, 3.6L DI DOHC V6 VVT (308 hp [230.0 kW] @ 6800 rpm, 275 lb-ft of torque [373 N-m] @ 4000 rpm) (STD), AUDIO SYSTEM, CHEVROLET INFOTAINMENT 3 PREMIUM SYSTEM with connected Navigation, 8" diagonal HD color touchscreen, AM/FM stereo, Bluetooth audio streaming for 2 active devices, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capable, enhanced voice recognition, additional memory for in-vehicle apps, cloud connected personalization for select infotainment and vehicle settings. Subscription required for enhanced and connected services after trial period Includes (MCR) USB data ports and memory card.), AUDIO SYSTEM FEATURE, BOSE PREMIUM 7-SPEAKER SYSTEM, Wireless Charging for compatible cell phones (expanded capability), Windows, power with driver Express-Up and Down, Window, rear-sliding, manual. This Chevrolet Colorado has a dependable Gas V6 3.6L/ engine powering this Automatic transmission.*We Make It Easy*Here at Stonebriar Chevrolet WE MAKE IT EASY to purchase a new vehicle! Straightforward upfront pricing!* Experience a Fully-Loaded Chevrolet Colorado 4WD Z71 *Wheel, spare, 16" x 7" (40.6 cm x 17.8 cm) steel, Visors, driver and front passenger illuminated sliding vanity mirrors, USB data ports, 2 includes auxiliary input jack, located on the front console (Not available with (IOT) 8" diagonal Chevrolet Infotainment System with Navigation.), USB charging-only ports 2, located on the rear of the center console, Transfer case, electric, 2-speed AutoTrac, Transfer case shield, Trailering assist, guidelines (Included and only available with (LGZ) 3.6L DI DOHC V6 engine or (LWN) 2.8L Duramax Turbo-Diesel engine.), Traction control, electronic, Tires, P255/65R17 all-terrain, blackwall, Tire, spare P265/70R16 all-season, blackwall, Tire Pressure Monitor System, Theft-deterrent system, unauthorized entry, Theft-deterrent system, immobilization, Teen Driver mode a configurable feature that lets you activate customizable vehicle settings associated with a key fob, to encourage safe driving behavior. It can limit certain vehicle features, and it prevents certain safety systems from being turned off. An in-vehicle report card gives you information on driving habits and helps you to continue to coach your new driver, Tailgate, locking, Tailgate, EZ-Lift and Lower, Tailgate handle, Black (Not available with (SCZ) Chrome tailgate handle, LPO.), Steering wheel, leather-wrapped, Steering wheel, heated, Steering wheel controls, mounted audio controls.* Visit Us Today *Come in for a quick visit at Stonebriar Chevrolet, 9950 State Highway 121, Frisco, TX 75035 to claim your Chevrolet Colorado!


Now that it's February, I figure it's time to stop procrastinating and get serious about my New Year's resolution: dry January (oops!).
Let me start by saying I didn't make it past day two of dry January — I love alcohol. But in the new year, I really do want to cut back on the booze for the sake of my skin, my tummy, and my wallet. I had heard about the booze-free beverage trend taking the form of mocktail lists at restaurants, but to me, a concoction of juices (especially without alcohol) is just wasted calories. Then, I heard about a "euphoric" beverage through the grapevine.
Kin Euphorics, according to its website, claims to "balance stress hormones and replenish neurotransmitters." No booze, no nasty hangover. As incredible as that sounds, I was skeptical, especially when the three main ingredients are big fancy words: nootropics, adaptogens, and botanics.
So, I got a bottle of Kin High Rhode and poured myself a Kin and tonic to see for myself.
What are "euphorics" anyway? According to Kin's website, Euphorics are the brainchild of "ancient remedy" meets "modern alchemy." Those three big fancy words supposedly "work in harmony to uplift mood, enhance perception, and deepen connection." Kinda sounds like something you might find at a music festival to me.
Kin contains what it calls "mind-nourishing" nootropics, "body-balancing" adaptogens, and "replenishing" botanics. OK, but what the hell does that mean? You might have heard of nootropics referred to as "smart drugs." The blanket term can refer to anything from coffee to cocaine (Kin only has caffeine in it). The term was originally coined by psychologist and chemist Corneliu E. Giurgea, PhD, for compounds that enhance cognitive function. Our brains supposedly take Kin's nootropic ingredients — GABA, phenibut, citocoline, caffeine, 5-HTP, phenylalanine, and tyrosine — and convert them into neurotransmitters, aka the brain's messenger neurons, of which they are depleted after a long, hard day. 5-HTP is converted into serotonin, tyrosine into dopamine, and so on. Adaptogens date back thousands of years in Ayurveda (and more recently, Western science). Kin contains rhodiola rosea, which is believed to reduce stress and fatigue, among other benefits. Botanics are plants used for their supposed therapeutic properties. Kin contains hibiscus, gentian, orange peel, licorice, and white grape.
Kin does not contain alcohol. While Kin is a nonalcoholic beverage, it is not intended for those under 18. It is also free from gluten, dairy, nuts, and added sugars (note: Kin contains stevia).
Upon receiving my bottle of Kin High Rhode, I was provided with a recipe for a Kin and tonic and a word of advice: Kin is meant to be drank similar to vodka or tequila; while you can drink it straight, it is best mixed. That, of course, did not stop me.
How does it taste? Served straight, Kin tastes how you might expect a beverage infused with plants would: earthy with a dash of bitters. Take my word for it, it is not worth trying this way. However, served over ice with a splash of lime juice and topped with tonic water, it tastes like a light, hibiscus-infused gin and tonic — yum!
Is Kin for you? Kin has found a permanent place on my bar cart. Since trying Kin, I have cut my alcohol consumption in half and I feel great. Kin is the perfect weekday companion after a long day at work. That being said, I still feel there's some things only a glass of wine (or three) can fix. Nonetheless, I would recommend Kin to those who drink and those who do not, as well as those who are just taking the day off.
Kin High Rhode ($47) is available for purchase online at Kin's official website.


text:
Q: Is there a way to Replicate the FormData interface from javascript in Blazor Web Assembly I have been trying to post a multipart/form-data using Blazor Web assembly, but have not been successful. I have tried using MultipartFormDataContent() etc, but can't get it to send the data the same way as using javascript. The attached image is the result i am hoping for using blazor, I need to post a file with some additional data to an api endpoint. It accepts form Data.
form id="myForm" name="myForm">

    Enter name:
    <input type="text" id="username" name="username">

    Enter account number:
    <input type="text" id="useracc" name="useracc">

    Upload file:
    <input type="file" id="userfile" name="userfile">

  <input type="submit" onclick="onPost()" value="Submit!">
</form>

Here is the html and javascript, so I am basically trying to duplicate the OnPost Function. I just used boilerplate code as an example.

A: In one of my project, we needed to send a MultipartFormData (to upload a file via GraphQl).
var rawOperations = "upload"; // Short for the example here
HttpContent operations = new StringContent(rawOperations);

string rawMap = "{ \"0\": [\"variables.input.file\"]}";
HttpContent map = new StringContent(rawMap);

using (var formData = new MultipartFormDataContent())
{
    formData.Add(operations, "operations");

    if (input.File is not null)
    {
        formData.Add(map, "map");
        formData.Add(new StreamContent(input.File.FileStream), "0", input.File.Name);
    }

    var response = await _httpClient.PostAsync("", formData);

    return response;
}

Maybe it is perfectly what you are looking for, but I'm not sure if "MultipartForDataContent" is the equivalent of your need.
Good luck and feel free to ask details :)


M4E > Moto > Mécanique Moto / Motorcycle mechanics > I need help hooking up my battery.
Voir la version complète : I need help hooking up my battery.
First off so noone thinks I am a complete idiot I am a new rider and this is going to be my second season season riding.
I wanted to hook up the battery and let the bike run for a few minutes. I hooked up the positive first with another wire (wich I dont remember if it was supposed to go the positive or negative terminal), and then the negative. The battery terminal made a couple of sparks and smoke started to come from that other wire that I had hooked up to the positive.
I pulled it off right away and there doesnt seem to be any damage. My question is about that third wire. Where does it go ? What is it ?
Theres a positive, a negative and that third wire.
Hmmmm...it all depends on the color of the wire . If its red then its positive...black then its negative . Usually thought the wire follows the one it was with...meaning that if it was with the positve it will be the same length and bends as the positive wire...I hope it helps...it seems clear to me however its in my head so it may not be clear for you :-?
Srad, that "third" wire is blue. I got the red and black wires figured out its the blue one thats the problem.
If anyone sees 3 wires connected to their battery please help me out.
I am hoping I didnt fry anything, I am going to go back (where I store my bike) and try it on the negative terminal.
Speed, if it is the ground wire then it should go to the negative terminal, right ? :-?
Again, it's difficult to determine when we can't see it from here.
Try to find an FZR discussion board on the net, or even better buy yourself a copy of a shop manual for your bike. I recommend Haynes if available: it is very well done. I do my own maintenance, but I wouldn't do anything on a bike without having a shop manual, for the sake of not screwing up something.
That's what I think to :) the blue might suppose to be connected to the frame...but try to check in the manuel.
I do have the Haynes manual and its very helpfull but as many times as I've read it this mystery wire is not mentioned anywhere.
I took a picture of it that I am going to try to attach to this reply.
On second thought I cant find a way to attach the picture. :-?
your pic has to be hosted on a website to be posted here !


Stunning news out of the MA primary this evening, where 10-term incumbent House member Michael Capuano has been defeated for re-election by Boston City Council member Ayanna Pressley . She became the first woman of color ever to serve in the city's council in 2010. The win exposes the rifts in America's opposition party and comes comes two months after Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a 28-year-old political novice and left-winger, won a similar victory.
Mortensen says Lewis was a California resident, but her hometown hasn't been determined. At least 13 people have been injured and two others are missing after two recreational boats collided on the Colorado River near the California border with Arizona.
The case comes amid concerns around growing intolerance toward the LGBT community in Malaysia in recent weeks. "Not only for LGBT people but all persons because corporal punishment affects all people". Save Malaysian LGBT Community, an activist group in the country, told PinkNews that queer people were "receiving threats from the local community".
Iran and its Lebanese ally Hezbollah have provided crucial military support to Syrian President Bashar Assad's forces in the civil war. Turkey has been working with Iran and Russian Federation to find a peaceful solution to the Idlib crisis, warning that a full-scale operation on the province would result in a humanitarian disaster.
Capitol. Neither Biden nor other speakers uttered President Donald Trump's name, but Biden made what some saw as a veiled reference to the president when he talked about McCain's character and how he parted company with those who "lacked the basic values of decency and respect, knowing this project is bigger than yourself".
A sheriff's deputy shot a man who reportedly fired his weapon into the air Sunday evening at a horse-racing track, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported. The Sheriff's Homicide Detail will give another media briefing when more information is available . The racetrack, at Del Mar Fairgrounds, is located about 21 miles north of downtown San Diego along the Pacific coast.
Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo were arrested on the outskirts of Yangon on December 12 after two police sources handed them allegedly classified documents that included the disposition of security forces in northern Rakhine State. He said Lone and Soe Oo bowed their heads as the verdict was delivered. Some of the reporters' supporters shouted "let them speak" and jostled with police as they were driven back to prison.
Only days before her death, the model was posting snaps for her 18,000 Instagram followers, including shots of the scenic Greek islands and bikini shots aboard the super yacht. Bailleres was reportedly not in Greece when McNamara died. She had many who loved her: "Our souls were so perfectly aligned we were convinced we were the same person".
But so far, the most detailed explanation of the U.S. terms of engagement came from a senior Pentagon official - Assistant Secretary of Defence for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs Randall G. "No more!" he had said. To a query regarding reported cut in security assistance to Pakistan, the foreign minister said it was not the aid which the U.S.
US President Donald Trump withdrew the US from the agreement this year and announced the re-imposition of economic sanctions that had been lifted as part of the deal. "Imran Khan hit many sixes". The prime minister's office says it's Khan's first meeting with a foreign dignitary since he was sworn in on August 18th.
The couple from New Jersey chose to help Bobbitt after he gave them his last $20 (£15.40) for petrol when they ran out late one night. It was a sad end to a friendship that began when Mr Bobbitt bought Ms McClure petrol and - although she didn't have money to repay him at the time - she sought him out days later to give him money, food and water.


Commodore Business Machines (CBM) is well-known worldwide as a leading producer of early personal computers in the 1980's such as C16, C64, C128 or Amiga. In the 1970's CBM produced a variety of office equipment including shredders, calculators and more. As it is not far away in technological terms from a LED calculator to a wristwatch - Commodore launched a series of economy LED watches in 1975. The first models with flat modules (without bubble lenses) had Swiss cases and were assembled in the USA (these rare versions have Palo Alto, California on the caseback). Later on TimeMasters were assembled in France and the last 1977 lots were made in Hong Kong however the circuitry was US made until the end of production.
The early flat modules had bigger diodes so as the market prices were dropping Commodore applied necessary modifications by shrinking the display and adding plastic magnifying lenses (these are the most common today). The disadvantage of such lenses is the impossibility of reading the time from even a small angle. The most common problem with CBM modules is a broken or missing battery contact plate which can easily be cut and shaped from any beer can or an old floppy disk cover.


Summers are here. It's time for turning on your ACs, coolers and refrigerators on high. Considering that you may be looking for the best summer appliances, Amazon is offering 'The Appliances Sale' from 4th to 6th April 2016, where you can get not only ACs, coolers and refrigerators but refrigerators, TVs and washing machines too. You can enjoy great Amazon discounts on all these appliances and shop for them at the most reasonable prices!
If air conditioner is something you can't afford, then choose from a range of air coolers that are pocket-friendly and easy to use. They help you stay cool while cutting down on your electricity bills. There is a huge collection of personal coolers, portable coolers, desert coolers and tower coolers available from top brands including Orient, Symphony, Kenstar, Bajaj, Crompon Greaves and others.
Shop for your favourite air conditioner, cooler, refrigerator, television and washing machine with the latest Amazon coupons available at DiscountMantra - India's best online offers and coupons store, to get the best deals on your bills. HDFC Bank debit and credit card owners can benefit with a 10% additional cashback. Read the terms and conditions.