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Category: Urban development
20th century · Adaptive Re-use · Aesthetics · Architecture · Attachment to place · Belonging · Burra Charter · Camden Story · Church History · Churches · Collective Memory · Commemoration · Community identity · Cultural Heritage · Elderslie · Families · Family history · Farming · First World War · Genealogy · Heritage · History · Living History · Local History · Local Studies · Memorial · Place making · Placemaking · Sense of place · St Mark's Church Elderslie · Urban development · Urban growth · Urbanism · Village · Wartime
November 25, 2022 camdenhistorynotes1 Comment
A public outcry
In 2009 there was a public outcry when there was a proposal to relocate St Mark's church and develop the site. (The District Reporter, 16 February 2009) While the church building had remained unused for several years, the public protests posed a conundrum for local authorities. Why was there such an outcry over an empty building?
Small churches like St Marks are vital to small communities in the construction of place and development of community identity. Their potential loss threatens a community's collective memory and sense of place. The church tells the story of a small farming community that has disappeared through the mists of time.
The history of St Mark's church is the history of Elderslie, and the church was a special place of community celebrations and commemorations along with family celebrations, traditions, and events. The church has been a gathering place, a sacred site.
This charming image taken by John Kooyman in 1998 shows the church and other buildings under the shade of the magnificent camphor laurel tree. (Camden Images)
An outdoor Sunday School proves popular
St Mark's church's origins go back to 1901 and the formation of an outdoor Sunday School by Elderslie resident Miss Elizabeth Carpenter, a disgruntled St John's church parishioner. Elizabeth (b. 1863) was the eldest daughter of Elderslie orchardist Horatio Carpenter. According to Elderslie resident Len English, the Carpenter orchard of Fernside was just behind the church with a frontage on Macarthur Road.
According to Harold Lowe, St Mark's churchwarden and treasurer, the story goes that 38-year-old Elizabeth Carpenter had a falling out with the rector of Camden's St John's Church, Rev Cecil John King. (Harold Lowe, File Notes, Camden Museum Archive)
The Sunday School proved popular with local families, and 'in the summer of 1902…[the Sunday School was] held under the shade of the great stone pines below Mrs Lydia Carpenter's orchard'. Miss Elizabeth Carpenter had her 'American organ brought down on a slide and led the singing'. During the autumn, with inclement weather, the classes were held in Fernside's 'old wine press room'. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
The Sunday School continued to be an essential part of the church's activities, and in 1933 the Camden press reported that the children of St Mark's Sunday School held their picnic in Mr Bruchhauser's 'top paddock'. Showers did not let up until after lunch, but nothing was 'daunted', and the picnic was set up by 'teachers and helpers' in the church. 'A very happy afternoon was spent by all' after the ground dried out with 'games and races'. (Camden News, 8 June 1933)
Transcript on the back of the image (Camden Images)
St Mark's Luker Street Elderslie Sunday School c1955. Bishop Wilston, Ruth Ferguson to R & believed Bishop Wilton, Mary Ferguson next to Ruth. Nancy Ferguson is on the right in a blue dress and white hat. Children, front row, from left Barbara Noble 3, Lesley Noble 6, John Bunce 8, Pat Higgs girl in front of the nameplate. Identification by Lorrie Noble (Dec 1998) Photo from transparency by Ina Cameron, 65 Harrington St, Elderslie, who came to Elderslie in 1946 and worshipped at St Mark's.
A new church
Miss Carpenter led fundraising efforts, ably assisted by RA Cross, Mr Albury, and Mr Bellingham, early in 1902 (Camden News, 5 August 1954) and moves were made 'for the purchase of a piece of land' and construction of the church building. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
A small portion of Thomas Teasdale's land was acquired by the Church of England and held in the name of the Bishop of Sydney, the Most Reverend William S Smith, and part of the Narellan Parish. (SOHI 2022)
These efforts resulted in the opening of a church building on the site, with the first service on 22 June 1902. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
A church building was constructed and has been described as
a traditional vernacular form with a simple gable roof covered in shingles. It is a good and representative example of a very modest mission church typical of those erected in small country towns in the late 19th and very early 20th Centuries. Built of weatherboard with a corrugated metal roof and a small belfry, it contained two rooms (the nave and a small vestry) plus a porch. The window openings are simple timber sashes with horizontally pivoting openings. Windows are glazed with translucent and opaque domestic glass from the early 20th Century/Inter-War period. (SOHI 2022)
A new Elderslie resident, Mr Fred Carpenter, constructed the first six 'handsome and comfortable seats of polished Kauri', and parishioners donated chairs, books, lamps, blinds, alms dish, matting, communion cloth, pulpit cushions and drape. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
The church was dedicated by The Rt Rev Bishop AW Pain from Gippsland on St Mark's Day in 1903, April 25. (Camden News, 5 August 1954) Saint Mark's Day, or the Feast of Saint Mark, is held on April 25 and commemorates Mark the Evangelist, also known as Saint Mark. Mark the Evangelist is an important character in early Christianity and is the ascribed author of the Gospel of Mark. Mark the Evangelist is considered the guardian of the earth and harvests and is celebrated in several countries.
According to the Camden press, churchwarden Harold Lowe suggested the church name some years after its consecration. (Camden News, 5 August 1954) According to Lowe, the new church was called St Marks at a meeting held on St Mark's Day. (Harold Lowe, File Notes, Camden Museum Archive)
Church of England authorities 'licensed [the church] for divine service in 1913 and named [it] for St Mark'. (SOHI 2022)
By 1914 the church was known as the St Mark's Mission Church. (Camden News, 13 August 1914) According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, a mission church is not locally self-supporting but depends at least partially upon the support of mission funds from the larger religious organisation that established it.
Church governance
St Marks was part of the Church of England Parish of Narellan along with St Paul's Cobbitty and St Thomas's Narellan. Services at St Mark's Church were conducted by the rector of Cobbitty's St Paul's, Rev Canon Allnutt. (Cobbitty 1827-1927)
The first churchwardens were RA Cross, Thomas Albury and John Latty. By 1915 churchwardens were GM Gardner and T Albury, the minister's warden was H Bellingham, and Miss Brain was the Sunday School teacher. (Camden News, 29 April 1915) Harold Lowe was the church auditor. (Camden News, 11 May 1916)
The church held its yearly vestry meeting, and the re-elected churchwardens for 1933 were T Albury, RA Cross and J Ross. (Camden News, 8 June 1933)
In 1940 the Narellan Parish Log reported that the rector decided to hold an evening service on the third Sunday of the month where he conducted a Lantern Picture Show. (Camden News, 7 November 1940)
This image shows the parishioners in 1955, which was likely taken by Ina Cameron around the same time as the Sunday School image. While a poor image, the charm and character of the period are clearly shown. Most parishioners were women and likely members of the church women's guild. Gloves, hats and Sunday best were essential fashion items when attending church in the 1950s. (Camden Images)
First World War and Anzac Day
The First World War profoundly affected the church and the Elderslie community.
In 1915 a memorial service was held at St Mark's for two Elderslie lads who 'gave their lives for the Empire' on the battlefield of the Great War and was held to an 'overflowing' congregation. They were Lance Corporal Eric Lyndon Lowe, Signaller, 18th Battalion and Bugler Milton Thornton. The local press reported that 'beautiful wreaths' were presented by Mrs Faithful Anderson of Camelot and one from the Cobbitty Rectory. Rev Canon Allnutt took the service, and his daughter, Alice, sang the 'At Rest' by Aylward during the offertory. An amount of £1/10/6d was collected for the Liverpool Camp Church Tent Fund. (Camden News, 28 October 1915)
The progress of the First World War and patriotic fundraising put pressure on the community and church parishioners. Yet despite 'the many calls and patriotic funds', church finances were pronounced 'satisfactory' at the annual 1916 vestry meeting. (Camden News, 11 May 1916)
St Mark's Day coincided with Camden's first Anzac Day in the Camden district in 1916. In 1919, the Anzac Day commemorative service at St Mark's church 'was crowded and especially attended by the families and friends of those who had met a soldier's death'. (Camden News, 1 May 1919)
In 1934 Rev AF Pain celebrated the Festival of Saint Mark at the church, where parishioners presented 'a bounteous supply of the fruits of the earth' that was sent to Camden District Hospital. (Camden News, 15 February 1934) In 1937 there was a combined service for Anzac Day and the Festival of St Mark. (Camden News, 22 April 1937)
The services for Anzac Day commemoration and St Mark's Day were split in the years after the Second World War. In 1952 the service with Holy Communion was held by Bishop EW Wilton from Cobbitty on Anzac Day, Friday 25 April 1952, at 9.30 am. The following Sunday, 27 April 1952, the church had the St Mark's Festival Service. (Camden News, 24 April 1952)
Farewells and church anniversaries
The 10th anniversary of the church celebrations in 1912 was dampened by the departure of church founders Elizabeth Carpenter and her mother, Lydia.
According to rector Canon GH Allnutt, the Carpenter women had made an 'immense contribution' to the church's foundation with service held once a month at Fernside while the church was being built. The rector presented Miss Carpenter with a gold watch for her efforts. She 'was visibly affected' as she thanked the assembly in 'a simple words' as the presentation had come as a 'great surprise'. She said, ' she felt quite unworthy…as she had only tried to do her duty to the best of her ability'. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
In 1939 the church lost its long-term organist when parishioner Olive Burford of Camden to Alan Tindall of Rockdale. As a token of thanks, the parishioners gave her a silver hot water jug. (Camden News, 17 August 1939)
In 1952 on the 50th anniversary of the church, attendances were reported as 'encouraging' in the Camden press. Bishop Wilton conducted the evening service and said there was a Sunday School and a congregation 'that is growing in strength'. The organists were Miss L Cross and Mrs J Bradford. Churchwardens were CS McIntosh, H Rudd, N Hore and Mr Bradford. The supper was organised by parishioners: Mrs Childs, Mrs Teasdale, Miss Teasdale, Mrs Wrench, Mrs N Ferguson, Mrs C Dunk, Mrs R Dunk, Mrs Weiberle, Mrs Harris, and Mrs Wilton. (Camden News, 10 July 1952)
Improvement and additions
There were 'improvements and additions' to the church over the decades. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
The churchwardens at St Thomas Narellan gave parishioners at St Mark's the 'old 'John Oxley' harmonium' after they installed a new organ. (Camden News, 18 July 1912)
The church's original shingle roof was replaced in 1912 with 'short-sheet corrugated iron painted dark red-oxide'. The ceiling and floors were also replaced. (SOHI 2022)
On the death of Canon Allnutt in 1919, Percy Butler was commissioned to construct a communion table in his memory. Local cabinet maker and carpenter Fred Carpenter had built additional seating, a prayer desk, a communion rail and a lecturn. (Harold Lowe, File Notes, Camden Museum Archive)
A vestry was later added to the building that could act as a chancel when there was a need for additional seating. (Harold Lowe, File Notes, Camden Museum Archive)
The St Mark's Churchwomen's Guild held the 1954 church fundraising fair with stalls selling 'useful goods including handicrafts suitable for 'Christmas presents' at the home of Mrs C Dunk in Luker Street. The fair was opened by Mrs A Pain, the wife of the former rector St Paul's Church of England, Cobbitty, who held services at St Mark's church between 1919 and 1940. (Camden News, 4 November 1954)
The construction of Warragamba Dam was advantageous for the church community when the former Nattai Post Office/general store building was brought up from Burragorang Valley and placed at the church's rear to be used as a hall. (The District Reporter, 2 February 2009). The Women's Guild and the Elderslie community funded the relocation and fit-out of the hall for use as a kitchen. (The District Reporter, 16 February 2009; SOHI 2022))
In 1959 a meeting of churchwardens, the Women's Guild and the rector resolved to create a special fund to finance the purchase of the land adjoining the existing church site. It was decided at the same meeting to repair the organ, which cost £24. (File Notes, Camden Museum archives) The kitchen was extended in 1961; in 1966, the Church of England purchased a small part of an adjoining property. (SOHI 2022) In 1968 a new hall was constructed on the site.
The addition of a new building on St Mark's church site in 1955 was much anticipated by parishioners who provided voluntary labour for the construction. Images supplied by Ina Cameron, a local Elderslie resident. (Camden Images)
Funerals and remembrance services
Funerals and remembrance services were a time of community grieving and support, and the church had a central role in these events.
The death of local parishioners was always a loss to the church. A St Mark's parishioner and 'keen' church worker Mrs Ellen Cross recently died aged 66. (Sydney Morning Herald, 6 January 1930) A stalwart of the St Mark's Sunday School Mrs FA Goodman died aged 60 years old. She had taken the Sunday School just days before admission to Camden District Hospital, where she died of pneumonia last Saturday, December 5. Mrs Goodman had 'conducted' the Sunday School from 1926 to her death. (Camden News, 10 December 1931)
St Mark's churchwarden James Ross was killed by a motor car as he walked at night between the Cowpastures Bridge and the milk depot in 1938. (Camden News, 29 December 1938)
A remembrance service was held at St Mark's on the death of Joyce Asimus, daughter of Mr and Mrs Roy Asimus, of 'The Heights' Elderslie who died after a recent operation. Joyce was reportedly a 'friendly, energetic and affectionate soul held a high place in esteem and affection of the neighbourhood'. The St Mark's Churchwomen's Guild was represented by Mrs Funnell Senr, Mrs Wilton, and Mrs Childs. (Camden News, 29 October 1953)
St Mark's parishioner and Elderslie resident, 89-year-old Mr RA Cross of Macarthur Road Elderslie, died in 1954. Mr Cross had been a churchwarden since St Mark's church foundation. The Camden press reported that Mr Cross had attended St Marks Church within days of death along with other parishioners. Mr Cross was a retired brickmaker and made bricks for famous local properties, including Camelot, Carrington Hospital, and Pomare at Cobbitty. His funeral was held at St Thomas's church at Narellan, with the service taken by Bishop Wilton and buried in Narellan cemetery. A week later, there was a remembrance service at St Mark's for this 'faithful and regular worshipper'.(Camden News, 29 July 1854)
The funeral of Mrs Constance AM Ross of Elderslie, mother of Mrs Childs, was held at St Mark's church in 1952. The Camden press reported that this was the first time a funeral service with the casket was held at the church in its 50-year history. (Camden News, 10 July 1952)
This is a sad image from 2011 of a church past its use-by date, all boarded up, unkempt and unloved. Yet it was still able to rouse the emotions of the Elderslie community to protect the cultural heritage of the building and the collective memories it possessed for them. The church building is up for sale. (IWillis)
Last service and the loss of a church
Over time, church parishioners died, old Elderslie families moved away, the church congregation grew smaller, and the parish could not financially support the church. Church authorities decided to 'amalgamate St Mark's with St Thomas's, Narellan, with the final service being held at St Mark's being held on 21 October 2001. The church was then closed to sell the land'. (SOHI 2022)
In Elderslie, as elsewhere, the threatened loss of a local church often triggers a passionate response from the local community. The local church, even if unused, is a repository of collective memories and a sacred site that possesses a sense of place and community identity.
In 2009 there was a community outcry over a proposal to subdivide the land surrounding St Mark's church, relocate the church building, demolish the church hall, and cut down the camphor laurel on the Camden's Register of Significant Trees. (The District Reporter, 16 February 2009)
Passionate locals voiced their concerns, particularly about the state of the camphor laurel. Councillor Eva Campbell maintained that the church building was 'the most significant building in Elderslie'. (Macarthur Chronicle, 3 February 2009) Later reports show that the camphor laurel tree was planted to celebrate the church's consecration in 1903.
In the end, Camden Council voted to cut down the tree and approved shifting the church across the existing site to allow the consolidation of three allotments into two. (The District Reporter, 16 February 2009; Macarthur Chronicle, 3 February 2009)
The Anglican Church deconsecrated St Marks in 2010. (SOHI 2022)
The removal of the camphor laurel tree adjacent to St Mark's church in 2009 after approval by Camden Council. At the rear of the church, site are the kitchen and hall in the process of demolition (IWillis)
The church site and buildings were sold to the private owners in 2011 and converted to a private residence where the new owners became the guardians of the community's collective memories.
In 2022 a proposal by the private owners to extend the former church building generated public interest in maintaining the cultural heritage of the church's history.
This charming image shows the current usage of the former St Mark's church in 2022 is now in private hands and used as a residence. The character and integrity of the former church building are still intact, with the belfry, entry porch, and church building with sash windows clearly shown here. The addition of a picket fence adds to the rustic nature of the original building. This image illustrates adaptive reuse that is outlined in the Burra Charter guidelines for heritage sites within Australia. (IWillis)
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September 19, 2022 September 19, 2022 camdenhistorynotes
The private English-style estate village of James and William Macarthur
The establishment of Camden, New South Wales, the town in 1840, was a private venture of James and William Macarthur, sons of colonial patriarch John Macarthur, at the Nepean River crossing on the northern edge of the family's pastoral property of Camden Park. The town's site was enclosed on three sides by a sweeping bend in the Nepean River and has regularly flooded the surrounding farmland and lower parts of the town.
John Macarthur on the cover of Australia's Heritage 1970. The original oil painting of John Macarthur is held in SLNSW (I Willis, 2022)
The site of Camden was within the 5000 acres granted to John Macarthur by the 2nd Earl Camden [3.2], the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, in 1805, while Macarthur was in England on charges for duelling. Macarthur was a fractious quarrelsome self-promoter who arrived in NSW with his wife Elizabeth and family in 1790 as paymaster of the New South Wales Corps. The Corps (sometimes called The Rum Corps) was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment of the British Army to relieve the New South Wales Marine Corps, which had accompanied the First Fleet to Australia in 1788 to fortify the colony of NSW.
The town's site, as part of the Macarthur grants, was located on some of the finest farming country in the colony in the government Cowpastures reserve on the colonial frontier. The grants were part of the dispossession of traditional lands of the Dharawal people by the British settler colonial project and inevitably led to conflict and violence. Macarthur claimed that the town's establishment threatened the security of his landholdings at Camden Park and opposed it during his lifetime. On his death in 1834, his sons had a different worldview and moved to establish an English-style estate village dominated by a church.
A fine Gothic-style church
The ridge-top location of St John's Church (1840) on the southern end of the town meant that it towered over the town centre and had a clear line of sight to the Macarthur family's Georgian mansion at Camden Park 2.6 miles to the southwest. The fine English Gothic-style church was funded mainly by the Macarthur family and has been the basis of the town's iconic imagery. There were a number of large gentry estates built on convict labour in the surrounding farmland, the largest being the Macarthur family's Camden Park of over 28,000 acres.
St John's Anglican Church in its hilltop location at the top of John Street Camden. This image is by Charles Kerry in the 1890s (Camden Images)
Many immigrant families came to the area under Governor Bourke's 1835 plan and settled on the gentry estates as tenant farmers, some establishing businesses in Camden. The first land sales in the village occurred in 1841, which stifled the growth of the existing European settlements in the area. The population of Camden grew from 242 in 1846 to 458 in 1856, although the gentry's estates still dominated the village. Camden Park, for example, had a population of 900 in 1850.
English-style gentry
The English-style gentry practised philanthropy in Camden to maintain its moral tone. Elizabeth Macarthur Onslow, John Macarthur's granddaughter, encouraged the maintenance of the proprieties of life, moral order and good works, as well as memorialising her family by donating a clock and bells to St John's Church in 1897. She also marked the memory of her late husband, Captain Onslow, by providing a public park in 1882 named after her husband (Onslow Park), which is now the Camden showground.
Transport hub
Camden became the district's transport hub at the centre of the road network, primarily set by the pattern of land grants from the 1820s. The earliest villages in the district predated Camden and then looked to Camden for cultural and economic leadership as the district's major centre. The arrival of the Camden tramway in 1882 meant that silver ore west of the district (1871) was shipped through the Camden railhead to the Main Southern Railway from Sydney.
The Camden Branch Line Locomotive Crossing the Nepean River Bridge 1900 Postcard (Camden Images)
Progress assured
Combined with rail access to markets, the town's prosperity was assured by a series of technical and institutional innovations that transformed the dairy industry in the 1890s. In the 1920s, the Macarthur family set up the Camden Vale Milk Company and built a milk processing plant at the eastern end of the main street adjacent to the rail line. Whole milk was railed to Sydney and bottled under its label until the mid-1920s. Milk was delivered daily to the factory by horse and cart until the 1940s from local dairy farms.
Camden Milk Depot, trading as Camden Vale Milk Coop Ltd located at the northern end of Argyle Street adjacent to Camden Railway Station. (Camden Images)
Camden's progress saw the construction of a new bank (1878), the commencement of weekly stock sales (1883), the formation of the Camden Agricultural, Horticultural and Industrial Society and the first Camden Show (1886), a new post and telegraph office (1898), the foundation of two weekly newspapers (Camden Times, 1879, Camden News, 1880), a new cottage hospital (1898), the formation of a fire brigade (1900), the opening of a telephone exchange (1910), the installation of reticulated gas (1912), electricity (1929), town water (1899) and the replacement of gas street lighting with electric lights (1932), and a sewerage scheme (1939). By 1933 the population of the town had grown to 2394.
First local council
The first attempt at local government in 1843 was unsuccessful. A meeting of local notables formed the municipality of Camden at a public meeting in 1883. Still, it was not until 1889 that the municipality was proclaimed, covering 7,000 acres and including Camden and the neighbouring village of Elderslie. Nine townsmen were elected aldermen at the first election that year, and the first meeting was held at the School of Arts. In 1993 the Camden Municipal Council eventually became the Council of Camden.
In 2014 this is the head office of Camden Council in the former Victorian gentleman's townhouse built by Henry Thompson. (Camden Images)
Camden's 1840 street grid is still intact today, with streets named after members of the Macarthur family – John Street, Elizabeth, Edward Street – and NSW colonial notables – Oxley Street, Broughton Street, Mitchell Street. The main highway between Sydney and Melbourne (the Hume Highway) passed along the main street (Argyle Street), until it was re-routed in 1976. The town's business centre still has several Victorian and Art Deco shopfronts.
Some charming Federation and Californian bungalows in the church ridge-top precinct were the homes of the Camden elite in the early 20th century. The precinct is the site of Macarthur Park (1905), which was dedicated to the townsfolk by Elizabeth Macarthur Onslow and contained the town's World War One cenotaph (donated by the Macarthur family).
John Street heritage precinct
John Street runs north-south downhill to the floodplain from the commanding position of St John's church. Lower John Street is the location of the Italianate house Macaria (c1842), St Paul's Catholic church and the government buildings associated with the Camden police barracks (1878) and courthouse (1857), and Camden Public School (1851). This area also contains the oldest surviving Georgian cottage in the town area, Bransby's Cottage (1842). Lower John Street has the Camden Temperance Hall (1867), which later served as Camden Fire Station (1916–1993), and the School of Arts (1866), which served as the Camden Town Hall, while the rear of the building was occupied for a time by Camden Municipal Council.
Camden School of Arts located in John Street PReeves c1800s (CIPP)
Community voluntary organisations have been part of Camden's life from the town's foundation. In the late 1800s, they were male-dominated, usually led by the landed gentry, and held informal political power through patronage. James Macarthur sponsored the Camden School of Arts (1865) and Agricultural, Horticultural & Industrial Society (1886), later called the Camden Show Society, while the non-conformists sponsored various lodges and the temperance movement. A small clique of well-off local women established several conservative women's organisations after Federation. Their social position supported their husbands' political activities, and the influence of the Macarthur family was felt in these organisations, for example, the Camden Red Cross and Country Women's Association.
The women of the Camden Red Cross at their weekly street stall in Argyle Street Camden in the 1920s. The women ran the stall for decades and raised thousands of pounds for local and national charities. (Camden Images)
Many men and women from Camden and the district saw military service in the Boer War and later World War One and Two when residents set up local branches of national patriotic funds and civil defence organisations. On the outskirts of the town, there were active defence establishments during World War II, including an airbase, army infantry, and training camps.
Economic prosperity from coal mining in the district's western part challenged old hierarchies in the postwar years, replacing the old colonially-based rural hegemony. New community organisations like Rotary and later the Chamber of Commerce fostered business networks in the town. The Camden Historical Society (1957) promoted the town's past and later opened a local museum (1970).
Camden Museum Library building in John Street Camden, where the Blue Plaque with being located, recognising the efforts of the Camden Red Cross sewing circles in both World War One and World War Two. (I Willis, 2008)
The New South Wales state government decreed that the town would become part of a growth area in the form of 'new cities' under the Macarthur Growth Centre Plan (1973), modelled on the British Garden City concept. Increasing urbanisation threatened the town's identity and the number of community members formed by the Camden Residents' Action Group (1973).
Mount Annan suburban development, which is part of Sydney's urban sprawl c2005 (Camden Images)
In 2007 Camden was the administrative centre of the Camden Local Government Area, which had a population of over 51,000 (2006) and an area of 201 square kilometres. The Camden LGA became part of the state government's Sydney South West Growth Centre, planned to house 500,000 new residents, and is one of Australia's fastest-growing urban areas.
Wave of nostalgia
Increasing levels of Sydney's urbanisation have continued, threatened the loss of rural landscapes around the town, and awakened a wave of nostalgia. The NSW state government created the Camden Town Conservation Area (2008) based on the mid-20th century country town that aimed at preserving the town's integrity and material fabric.
Macarthur Regional Tourist Promotion by Camden and Campbelltown Councils
Art · Attachment to place · Belonging · British colonialism · Camden · Camden Mayor · Colonial Camden · Colonial frontier · Colonialism · Cowpastures · Cultural Heritage · Frank Brooking · Frontier violence · Heritage · History · Local History · Local Studies · Memorial · Memorials · Memory · Monuments · Parks · Place making · Public art · Sculpture · Storytelling · Uncategorized · Urban development
Cowpastures memorial at Mount Annan
June 13, 2022 June 16, 2022 camdenhistorynotes2 Comments
Governors Green Heritage Park, Mount Annan
Hidden out of the way in the back streets of Mount Annan is a memorial to Governor Hunter.
This memorial is located in the reserve called Governors Green in Baragil Mews, Mount Annan.
The view of the entrance off Baragil Mews to Governors Green Heritage Park at Mount Annan with the statue of Governor Hunter in the distance. The park is set in a bush reserve adjacent to residential housing. (2022 IW)
This is another hidden, and largely forgotten, memorial to the Cowpastures in the local area.
There is a bronze statue of Governor Hunter is at the centre of a circular colonnade with artworks celebrating the Cowpastures.
The land developer AV Jennings commissioned Lithgow sculptor and artist Antony Symons (1942-2018) in 1995 to construct the work.
The view of the statue of Governor Hunter at you approach it from Baragil Mews. The statue is located at the centre of circular colonnade with other parts of the artwork. on the colonnade fencing. (IW 2022)
Governor Hunter and the Cow Pastures
The story of the Cowpastures begins in 1787 with the First Fleet and HMS Sirius which collected 4 cows and 2 bulls at the Cape of Good Hope on the way out to New South Wales. After their arrival in the new colony, the stock escapes within 5 months of being landed and disappears.
In 1795 the story of the cattle is told to a convict hunter by an Aboriginal, who then tells an officer and informs Governor Hunter. Hunter sends Henry Hacking, an old seaman, to check out the story. After confirmation Governor John Hunter and Captain Waterhouse, George Bass and David Collins head off from Parramatta, crossing the Nepean River on 17 November 1795. They find good farming land covered with good pasture and lagoons with birds. After climbing a hill (Mt Taurus) they spotted the cattle and named the Cowpastures.
Governor John Hunter marked area on maps 'Cow Pasture Plains' in the region of Menangle and elsewhere on maps south of Nepean. The breed was the Cape cattle from the First Fleet and the district was declared out of bounds to all by 1806 the herd had grown to 3,000.
British colonialism and a settler society
Governor Hunter was part of the settler society project and the country's dispossession of First Nations people. Hunter was a representative of British imperialism and how it implemented its policies on the colonial frontier of New South Wales.
The Cowpastures was a site of frontier violence and the displacement and dispossession of Indigenous land in the early 19th century.
Governor Hunter Statue
The statue of Governor Hunter in Governors Green reserve at Mount Annan. The statue was commissioned by land developer AV Jennings and Lithgow sculptor Antony Symons was engaged to complete the artwork in 1995. (2022, I Willis)
Plaques below the Governor Hunter statue
The plaque on the plinth at the base of Governor Hunter statue celebrating the opening of the reserve in 1995. (2022, I Willis)
Plaque inscription
Governor's Green Heritage Park was presented to the people of Camden by AV Jennings and was officially opened by the Mayor of Camden Councillor FH Brooking on the 6th April 1995 in celebration of the centenary year of the discovery of the herd in 1795 at Cowpastures Camden.
Camden Mayor Frank Brooking
Frank Brooking served as Camden mayor from 1993 to 1997. Mr Brooking was a motor dealer whose business was located on the corner of Cawdor Road and Murray Streets and sold Morris and Volkswagon brands. Frank was a community-minded person who volunteered for the Rural Fire Service, Camden Rotary Club, Camden Show Society, Camden Area Youth Service and other organisations. He died in 2013 aged 74.
Plaque Governor Hunter statue
A plaque highlighting the history of the decision of Governor Hunter in 1795 to the name the Cowpastures. The naming of the site was an act of dispossession of Dharawal country. Hunter was an agent of the British Colonial Office and its imperial interests in the settler society project of New South Wales. (2022, I Willis)
Governor John Hunter (1737-1821), Governor of New South Wales September 1795 – November 1799.
'On the evening of my arrival…, I was directed to the place where the herd was feeding,… we ascended a hill, from which we observed an herd…feeding in a beautiful pasture in the valley I was now anxious to ascertain of what breed they were, whether natives… or the descendants of those we had so long lost, but in this attempt we were disappointed by being discovered and attached most furiously by a large and very fierce bull, which rendered it necessary for our own safety, to fire at him. Such as his violence and strength, that six balls were fired through, before any person dared approach him. I was now satisfied that they were the Cape of Good Hope breed…. offspring of these we had lost in 1788, at this time we counted sixty-one in number, young and old. They have chosen a beautiful part of the country to graze in…
Historical Records of Australia, Governor Hunter to the Duke of Portland, 21st December 1795.
AV Jennings.
Other elements of the artwork
Artwork by Antony Symons of a horned cow located on the collonaded surroundings of the Governor Hunter statue (2022, I Willis)
Artwork by Antony Symons of the Cowpastures on the colonnade surrounding the statue of Governor Hunter. The artwork is made up of a settlers slab hut, Cumberland Woodland, and a farmer's cart. The cart carries the artists signature. (2022 I Willis)
Artist Antony Symons signature located at the bottom of the cart on the colonnade fencing. (I Willis, 2022)
A regal-looking Governor Hunter in full naval uniform. Hunter held the rank of Vice-Admiral of the Royal Navy, and succeeded Arthur Phillip as the second Governor of New South Wales, serving from 1795 to 1800. The artwork was commissioned by land developer AV Jennings who engaged Lithgow sculptor Antony Symons. (I Willis, 2022)
Aesthetics · Art · Attachment to place · Colonial frontier · Colonialism · Cowpastures · Cultural Heritage · Dharawal · Farming · Frontier violence · Harrington Park · Heritage · History · Landscape · Living History · Local History · Macarthur · Memorial · Memory · Monuments · Place making · Placemaking · Sense of place · Storytelling · Urban development · Urban growth · Wayfinding
Cowpastures artwork at Harrington Park Lake
November 6, 2021 camdenhistorynotes2 Comments
Public art as wayfinding, placemaking, memorial and urban development
The story of the Cowpastures is represented in public art across the Macarthur region and one example is found along the Harrington Park Lake walkway.
A pleasant stroll around the lakeside path will bring the walker to a wooded section and where there is an art installation with cows hiding under the trees.
The public artwork is a mixture of elements that combine wayfinding, placemaking, memorialisation and urban development in a new suburb.
The artwork installation called Cowpastures was created by artist Jane Cavanough of Artlandish Art and Design in 2001. The signage states 'The cows represent the history of cattle grazing in this region, formerly known as "The Cowpastures".
Artist Jane Cavanough
Artist Jane Cavanough writes that she 'produces site-specific public art that is a union of both classic and contemporary design, interactive, low maintenance with long-lasting beauty. She states that her 'strength is creating artworks that have a strong relationship to the site'. (Cavanough 2020)
Cavanough has achieved her aim with Cowpastures on the Lakeside walk where walkers have been able to engage with the artwork and ponder what the real cows might have looked like over 200 years ago. The artwork has weathered well over the last 20 years and still carries the story that was created by the artist.
Jane Cavanough's Cowpastures public art installation on the Harrington Park Lakeside walkway (I Willis, 2021)
<cows pic>
Public art.
The considerations in Cavanough's Cowpastures parallels the aims of public art in the Northern Beaches LGA. Important considerations for the community and the council along the Northern Beaches Coast Walk were eight principles:
Respect and acknowledge Aboriginal cultural heritage
Celebrate and conserve significant natural and cultural values
Connect places and people along the coast
Foster artistic and cultural expression and encourage creative collaboration
Enrich places through high quality art and design
Interpret the history and significance of the coast
Value artistic and cultural diversity and be inclusive
Create a distinctive and recognisable Northern Beaches Coast Walk identity.(Council 2019)
It is useful to actually define what is public art. The Northern Beaches Council Public Art Policy provides some guidance and states:
Public Art refers to a range of artwork and art-based activities that interface with the public, including property in private ownership that has publicly accessible space and the public domain. Public Art can include sculpture, place-making elements, wall embellishments, art integrated into the design of buildings, artist-designed seating and fencing, paving work, lighting elements and other creative possibilities. Public Art can serve both an aesthetic and functional purpose.
The public domain means public places and/or open spaces that are situated within, vested in or managed by Council, including parks, beaches, bushland, outdoor recreation facilities, streets, laneways, pathways and foreshore promenades and public buildings, facilities or enclosed structures, owned and managed by Council which are physically accessible to the general public. (Council 2019)
The storyboard
To assist Harrington Park Lakeside walkers engage with Cavanough's Cowpastures artwork there is information signage that provides an interpretation of the installation. It states:
In 1788 a herd of 4 long horn cattle and 2 bulls escaped from the Government Farm at Rosehill. [sic] They were found seven years later in 1795 as a herd of 40 in a rich expanse of grassland. Later that same year Governor Hunter surveyed this region and appropriately named it "Cowpastures". Harrington Park with [sic] the Cowpastures region.
The pastoral industry in Camden began when Governor King granted John Macarthur 2000 acres, which became known as Camden. Further land grants were handed out across the region, including Harrington Park in 1815 to Captain William Douglas Campbell.
The Davies family purchased Harrington Park from the Campbells in 1833. The Rudd family owned the property from 1902/3 to 1944 when it was sold to the Fairfax family.
It operated as a dairy in the 1920s-1930s and then, in 1946, under the Fairfax family's ownership, it was operated as a poll hereford [sic] stud, nursery and dairy.
Harrington Park-Taylor Woodrow-Fairfax
The storyboard has a supplementary map of Harrington Park property in the Cowpastures.
The storyboard beside Jane Cavanough's Cowpatures on the Harrington Park Lakeside walkway (I Willis, 2021)
<info board pic>
Hidden in the past
Cavanaugh's Cowpastures tells the story of the site and reveals the layers of the past to the viewer. Yet there is more to the story hidden in the shadows. Some of these hidden stories are hinted at while others are still to be revealed. One example is the violence of the colonial frontier in the Cowpastures as the settler society project unfolded and Europeans took up territory from the Indigenous Dharawal. (Karskens 2015)
At Harrington Park lakeside Cavanough has taken part in placemaking, wayfinding, memorialisation and urban development with her creation of Cowpastures. She has engaged in telling the cultural heritage and contributed to the construction of place and community identity in a new suburb, directed visitors to discover the stories of Cowpastures from the past in an aesthetic landscape setting, and celebrated the history of the site and the Europeans who farmed the land.
Cavanough, J. (2020). " About Jane Cavanough." Jane Cavanough Artlandish Art and Design. Retrieved 5 November 2021, from http://janecavanough.com.au/about/.
Council, N. B. (2019). Public Art Policy. Sydney, Northern Beaches Council.
Karskens, G. (2015). Appin Massacre. Dictionary of Sydney. Sydney NSW, State Library of New South Wales & City of Sydney.


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FAW VW ID.4 CROZZ has a range of 520 km, a 77 kWh battery, and a price of around $36,000.
FAW VW ID.6 PRIME has a range of 650 km, a 77 kWh battery, and a price of around $27,000.
Fengon Scenic E3 EV SUV is a mid-sized SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 259,800 - 275,800 yuan or 37,260 - 39,860 USD.
Fengon Scenic E3 EVR is a mid-sized SUV with a hybrid powertrain. It has a price range of 289,800 - 305,800 yuan or 41,660 - 44,260 USD.
Fengshen AX7 PHEV is a mid-sized SUV with a plug-in hybrid powertrain. It has a price range of 198,800 - 218,800 yuan or 28,620 - 31,620 USD.
Foton V5 MPV is a minivan with a 2.0-liter turbocharged engine. It has a price range of 112,800 - 136,800 yuan or 16,260 - 19,660 USD.
FQT Motor EX7 is a mid-sized crossover SUV with a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine. It has a price range of 117,800 - 137,800 yuan or 16,960 - 19,860 USD.
FQT Motor M70 EV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 271,800 - 291,800 yuan or 39,060 - 42,060 USD.
GAC Aion Y is an electric SUV with a starting price of US$25,000. It has a range of up to 300 miles, a maximum power output of 200kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Enpulse is an electric sedan with a starting price of US$35,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 140kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC FCA Jeep Commander is an electric SUV with a starting price of US$47,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 180kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC FCA Yuejie is an electric sedan with a starting price of US$22,000. It has a range of up to 200 miles, a maximum power output of 120kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Honda Everus Sport VE1 is an electric crossover SUV with a starting price of US$15,800. It has a 40kWh battery, a range of up to 250 miles, and a maximum power output of 120kW.
GAC Honda Shirui PHEV is another electric crossover SUV, with a starting price of US$33,000. It has a range of up to 50 miles, a maximum power output of 140kW, and a charging time of 4-6 hours.
GAC Mitsubishi Qizhi EV530 EV Eupheme is an electric hatchback with a starting price of US$44,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 120kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Toyota C-HR EV is an electric crossover SUV with a starting price of US$37,000. It has a 54 kWh battery, a range of up to 400 km/250 miles, and a maximum power output of 120kW.
GAC Toyota Levin Dual Engine E+ is an electric sedan with a starting price of US$28,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 120kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Toyota MPV is an electric minivan with a starting price of US$23,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 140kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Toyota Sequoia is an electric SUV with a starting price of US$50,000. It has a range of up to 300 miles, a maximum power output of 180kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Trumpchi Aion LX 60 is an electric SUV with a starting price of US$23,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 120kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Trumpchi Aion S 530 EV is an electric SUV with a starting price of US$38,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 140kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Trumpchi Aion V 60 is an electric SUV with a starting price of US$29,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 120kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Trumpchi Entranze is an electric sedan with a starting price of US$25,000. It has a range of up to 250 miles, a maximum power output of 140kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
GAC Trumpchi iA5 is an electric sedan with a starting price of US$37,000. It has a range of up to 300 miles, a maximum power output of 140kW, and a charging time of 8 hours.
Geely Bin Yue Ranger 260T PHEV has a 1.5T 177 hp L3 Hybrid Direct injection engine, 1477 cc, Turbocharged, and a price of around $27,000.
Geely Emgrand GL PHEV has a 1.5T 177 hp L3 Hybrid Direct injection engine, 1477 cc, Turbocharged, and a price of around $35,000.
Geely Geometry A has a 150 kW electric motor, a 78 kWh battery, and a price of around $30,000.
Geely Geometry C has a range of 600 km (NEDC), a NCM523 battery, and a price of around $25,000.
Geely JIA-JI PHEV MPV has a 1.5T 177 hp L3 Hybrid Direct injection engine, 1477 cc, Turbocharged, and a price of around $36,000.
Geely Xing Yue Star T400 has a 56km range, a 1.5T 177 hp L3 Hybrid Direct injection engine, 1477 cc, Turbocharged, and a price of around $27,000.
Gyon Matchless has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 68 hp and a maximum torque of 120 Nm. It has a top speed of 87 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 11 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 28.2 kWh and a range of 186 miles (299 km). The starting price is around $20,000.
Haima E1 EV has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 68 hp and a maximum torque of 120 Nm. It has a top speed of 86 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 11.5 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 28.2 kWh and a range of 186 miles (299 km). The starting price is around $19,000.
Haima E3 has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 110 hp and a maximum torque of 210 Nm. It has a top speed of 93 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 8.4 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 46.6 kWh and a range of 196 miles (315 km). The starting price is around $30,000.
Haima F7 has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 160 hp and a maximum torque of 300 Nm. It has a top speed of 108 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 6.7 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 63.9 kWh and a range of 250 miles (402 km). The starting price is around $45,000.
FSTAR MPV has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 120 hp and a maximum torque of 220 Nm. It has a top speed of 97 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 8.1 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 51.7 kWh and a range of 210 miles (338 km). The starting price is around $35,000.
Han Teng Happiness e+ has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 150 hp and a maximum torque of 220 Nm. It has a top speed of 104 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 7.2 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 42.2 kWh and a range of 155 miles (249 km). The starting price is around $30,000.
Hawtai Sante Fe 7 XEV520 has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 120 hp and a maximum torque of 220 Nm. It has a top speed of 103 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 8.5 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 42.2 kWh and a range of 155 miles (249 km). The starting price is around $30,000.
Henan Suda SA01 has an electric motor that produces a maximum of 120 hp and a maximum torque of 220 Nm. It has a top speed of 97 mph and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 8.5 seconds. It has a battery pack capacity of 42.2 kWh and a range of 155 miles (249 km). The starting price is around $25,000.
HiPhi X is a mid-sized luxury crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 899,800 - 1,119,800 yuan or 129,140 - 160,140 USD.
HiPhi X Launch Edition 4 Seat is a mid-sized luxury crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 1,239,800 - 1,359,800 yuan or 177,340 - 194,340 USD.
Honda CR-V is a mid-sized crossover SUV with a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine. It has a price range of 159,800 - 199,800 yuan or 22,960 - 28,740 USD.
Honda SUV e.concept is a mid-sized SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 299,800 - 339,800 yuan or 43,060 - 48,740 USD.
Hongqi E-HS3 Long Range is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 219,800 - 249,800 yuan or 31,540 - 35,740 USD.
Hongqi E-HS9 is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 259,800 - 309,800 yuan or 37,260 - 44,460 USD.
Hongqi E-HS9 Base is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 269,800 - 319,800 yuan or 38,660 - 45,660 USD.
Hongqi E-HS9 Performance is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 309,800 - 359,800 yuan or 44,460 - 51,540 USD.
Hongqi E111 is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 139,800 - 159,800 yuan or 20,060 - 22,960 USD.
Hongqi HQE230 is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 279,800 - 339,800 yuan or 40,260 - 48,740 USD.
Hozon U Concept
Hybrid Kinetic H600
Hybrid Kinetic K350
Iconiq Muse
Ideal ei 1
Ideal EV3
Ideal EVS3 EV
Isuzu Taga EV
Iveco Wolfson EV
JAC iEV A60
JAC iEV330P EV
JAC iEVS4
JAC iEVS4 Luxury Zhiyue
Jetour X
Jetour X70S EV
JMC E180 EV
JMC E500
JMC T500EV Pickup
JMC Teshun L500 Long Wheel EV
JMC Yusheng S330 EV
JMC Yusheng S330 PHEV
JMC Ford Territory
JMC New Energy EV3
JMC New Energy EX5
Kandi K27 (USA Version)
Karma Revero
Karry "YoYo"
Karry Dolphin EV LDV
Leading Ideal One
The Leap Motors C11 is a mid-sized SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 209,800 - 229,800 yuan or 30,140 - 32,940 USD.
Leap Motors S01 EV380 Pro is a mid-sized SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 169,800 - 189,800 yuan or 24,360 - 27,140 USD.
Leap Motors T03 is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 139,800 - 159,800 yuan or 20,060 - 22,960 USD.
Leopaard CS3 EV is a subcompact crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 99,800 - 119,800 yuan or 14,420 - 17,220 USD.
Levdeo i3 Comfort Edition EV is a subcompact crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 99,800 - 119,800 yuan or 14,420 - 17,220 USD.
Levdeo i5 EV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 169,800 - 189,800 yuan or 24,360 - 27,140 USD.
Lexus UX 300e is a subcompact crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a price range of 259,800 - 289,800 yuan or 37,260 - 41,660 USD.
Lincoln Aviator 3.0T SUV PHEV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with a plug-in hybrid powertrain. It has a price range of 495,800 - 555,800 yuan or 71,340 - 79,940 USD.
Lincoln Corsair Grand Touring
Link Tour BX100
Link Tour C3
Link Tour S5 City Edition
Lotus Lambda
Luxgen S3 EV
Luxgen U5 EV+
LVCHI EV SUV
LVCHI Venere Gran Turismo
Lynk&Co 02 PHEV Pro
Lynk&Co 06 PHEV
Lynk&Co Zero Concept EV
Maxus EUNIQ 5
Maxus EV30 MPV 5 LR
Mercedes A250e L 4Matic
Mercedes EQ EQC400 4MATIC Sport
MG eHS e-Plus
MG EZs
MG Pilot
Min'an ET-5
Neta 05 has a range of 400 km, a 50 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.
Neta 400 U has a range of 400 km, a 50 kWh battery, and a price of around $27,000.
Neta N03 has a range of 400 km, a 50 kWh battery, and a price of around $30,000.
NEVS 9-3 EV has a range of 400 km, a 50 kWh battery, and a price of around $35,000.
NIO EC6 Performance 100kWh has a range of 600 km, a 100 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.
NIO ES8 EV 6 Long Range has a range of 500 km, a 84 kWh battery, and a price of around $27,000.
NIO ES8 EV 6 Short Range has a range of 400 km, a 84 kWh battery, and a price of around $30,000.
NIO ET7 150kWh has a range of 1000 km, a 150 kWh battery, and a price of around $35,000.
NIO ET7 Concept has a range of 1000 km, a 150 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.
Ora ES11 has a range of 300 km, a 45 kWh battery, and a price of around $27,000.
Ora Good Cat LR has a range of 300 km, a 45 kWh battery, and a price of around $30,000.
Ora R1 EV Concept has a range of 300 km, a 45 kWh battery, and a price of around $35,000.
Ora R2 Concept has a range of 250 km, a 45 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.`
Polestar 2 has a range of 500 km, a 78 kWh battery, and a price of around $60,000.
Qifeng K7 EV has a range of 300 km, a 52 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.
Qoros Milestone Concept has a range of 500 km, a 52 kWh battery, and a price of around $30,000.
QYEV Xiaozun has a range of 400 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $27,000.
QYEV Zun has a range of 400 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $36,000.
Range Rover Velar "Road Rover" has a range of 500 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.
Roewe ER6 has a range of 600 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $27,000.
Roewe Marvel R has a range of 500 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $30,000.
Roewe R-Aura has a range of 600 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $35,000.
Roewe RX5 eMAX500 has a range of 500 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $25,000.
Roewe Vision i Concept has a range of 400 km, a 60 kWh battery, and a price of around $36,000.
Ruichi Jinguo S513 EV
Ruili Ruili DoDa EV160
SAIC VW e-Tharu EV
SAIC VW ID. 4 X
Saleen Mai Mai EV
SERES SF5
SERES SF5 EVR RWD
SF Motors SF5 EV
SF Motors SF5 Range Extender
Singulato iC3
Singulato iM8 MPV
Sitech Lite
SOL E10X
SOL E50A
Songsang Motors SS Dolphin
Songsang Motors Summer
Tesla Model Y AWD Long Range
Tesla Model Y AWD Performance
Tesla Model Y RWD Long Range
Thunder Power Chloe EV
Thunder Power Sedan Base
Thunder Power TP488C Limited Edition
TRAUM MEET 3
TRAUM SEEK 5
Venucia D60
Venucia D60 SR
Venucia Qichen e30
Venucia T60
Voyah FREE
Voyah iFree
Weima EX6 Concept
Weima EX6 Plus
WEY P8 GT PHEV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with a plug-in hybrid powertrain. It has a power output of 246 hp (184 kW) and torque of 300 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.9 seconds.
Xpeng P7 AWD is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 544 hp (404 kW) and torque of 820 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.0 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 4.3 seconds.
Xpeng P7 RWD LR is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 338 hp (250 kW) and torque of 420 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 4.3 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.9 seconds.
Yueda KIA K3 PHEV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with a plug-in hybrid powertrain. It has a power output of 151 hp (112 kW) and torque of 265 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 4.3 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 11.3 seconds.
Zedriv GC1 EV is a subcompact crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 200 hp (147 kW) and torque of 310 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.9 seconds.
Zedriv GC2 EV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 300 hp (220 kW) and torque of 470 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.2 seconds.
Zedriv GT3 EV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 400 hp (295 kW) and torque of 620 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.2 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 7.4 seconds.
Zedriv GX5 is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 300 hp (220 kW) and torque of 470 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.2 seconds.
Zhi Dou D5 EV SUV is a subcompact crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 200 hp (147 kW) and torque of 310 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.9 seconds.
Zinoro 100H PHEV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with a plug-in hybrid powertrain. It has a power output of 260 hp (190 kW) and torque of 350 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 4.6 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 10.4 seconds.
Zotye i-across EV is a mid-sized crossover SUV with an electric powertrain. It has a power output of 300 hp (220 kW) and torque of 470 Nm. It has a 0-50 km/h acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a 0-100 km/h acceleration of 8.2 seconds.
Tesla's rivals in China include Chinese companies BYD, SGMW, Chery, and GAC. Tesla is one of the biggest electric-vehicle manufacturers in China, but is facing increasing competition from companies like NIO, Li Auto, and Xpeng. These companies have recently raised piles of cash in US IPOs and are selling EVs. Geely has also recently launched a premium electric car brand that hopes to compete with Tesla.
The following is a list of Tesla's competitors in China, sorted by their total revenues in descending order, including Tesla:
Tesla: $21.5 billion
BYD: $17.7 billion
Geely: $28.6 billion
SGMW: $4.4 billion
Chery Automobile: $3.3 billion
GAC Motor: $2.3 billion
NIO: $2.8 billion
Li Auto: $1.7 billion
Xpeng Motors: $1.4 billion.
The most profitable electric car in China is the Tesla Model Y. Tesla reported a net profit of $8.87 billion dollars in the first three quarters of the year, while BYD reported a net profit of 9.31 billion yuan, or $1.14 billion dollars using the average exchange rate during that time. On a per vehicle basis, Tesla made $9,761 in profit—over eight times more than BYD, which notched $1,190 in profit per car sold.
The best competitor to the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV in China is the Ora Good Cat GT. This electric hatchback offers up to 500 km (310 miles) of range on a single charge and a 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) sprint time of 6.9 seconds. It also has aggressive styling cues and a customizable drive mode, making it a great alternative to the Wuling Mini EV.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PRED-TMR2 [1, 2] is a new version of PRED-TMR with protein classification capabilities. This software uses a simple artificial neural network which classifies proteins into two classes from their sequences alone: the membrane protein class and the non-membrane protein class. This may be important in the functional assignment and analysis of open reading frames (ORF's) identified in complete genomes and, especially, those ORF's that correspond to proteins with unknown function. The network used here has a simple hierarchical feed-forward topology and a limited number of neurons which makes it very fast. By using only information contained in 11 protein sequences, the method was able to identify, with 100% accuracy, all membrane proteins with reliable topologies collected from several papers in the literature. Applied to a test set of 995 globular, water-soluble proteins, the neural network classified falsely 23 of them in the membrane protein class (97.7% of correct assignment). The method was also applied to the complete SWISS-PROT database with considerable success and on ORF's of several complete genomes.
PRED-TMR2 is a Web-based tool that can be executed on the Biophysics and Bioinformatics Laboratory of the University of Athens's site.
1. Pasquier C, Hamodrakas S: An hierarchical artificial neural network system for the classification of transmembrane proteins. Protein Engineering Design and Selection 1999, 12:631–634.
2. Pasquier C, Promponas V, Palaios G, Hamodrakas I, Hamodrakas S: PRED-TMR2: An hierarchical neural network to classify proteins as transmembrane and a novel method to predict transmembrane segments. In Proceedings of the 21st conference of the hellenic society for biological sciences. Galissas, Syros island; 1999.


Ron Fussell our operations manager has presented this report of the operations and project updates for June 2015.
The crew responded to 16 service calls in June, five were markings and the others were turn offs, turn on calls, inspect customer shut off valves and meter re-reads. There were 8 private leaks identified by AMR. We had one system leak this month at 825 E. Victoria which was fixed the same day it was discovered. All of the private leaks have been fixed. Shelbie had 8 stock transfers in June. Juan and Wayne have been trimming small shrubs and branches away from our road right of way areas.
During the month of June we purchased 1,085,400 gallons of water from CLAWA and our wells produced 488,276 gallons. During the month of May we purchased 1,020,600 gallons of water from CLAWA and our wells produced 453,930 gallons. In June 2014 the total water delivered was 1,699,400 gallons and the June 2015 total is 1,573,676 gallons. The difference is 125,724 gallons a reduction of 8%.
Ron explained that since the AMR project was started just over a year ago the month to month reductions from the previous year to the current year will become smaller because the leaks will be detected and corrected sooner.
The total precipitation for the month of June was 3.53".
The Tank Site Project – NV-5 is continuing with the preliminary work at the Sycamore tank site. The boring has been completed and the soil samples look favorable for a new water tank. They determined the bedrock was decomposed granite and that the top soil was between 6 – 8 feet deep. We will need to grade the 6 – 8 feet to put down the foundation for the new tank. NV-5 requires we submit a record of survey for the Sycamore lots and that AVMSC pass a motion to accept the original bid amount for the first phase of the construction project. On Wednesday June 22, 2015 the AVMSC passed the motion to approve NV-5's original bid amount for the first phase of the project.
Automated Meter Reading project – Ron advised that all but one meter for Cal-Trans have been installed and activated. The meters are working great in pin pointing small household leaks. We are now reading once per month but will continue to bill quarterly. By reading monthly and after below freezing temperatures we will be able to minimize water loss and help reduce the large overage charges that some shareholders have encountered in the past.
On June 23, 2015 the AVMSC Board of Directors passed a motion to approve the purchase of a Skid Steer for the company. The Skid Steer was delivered to the company on July 8, 2015. The staff have become trained on the Skid Steer and they have used the vehicle several times since delivery to clear debris after the mudflows from the recent flash flooding. In the future it will be used for snow plowing in close areas, for leak repairs and road repairs as well as for loading cinders and base materials to name just a few uses.
AVMSC also passed a motion at the July 24, 2015 Board meeting to stop billing for assessments of inactive shares on vacant lots. This will begin with the next billing cycle.
Ron also encouraged shareholders, residents and visitors to continue to observe the water conservation requirements and tips provided by the office. Ron also introduced a new Voluntary Recycling Pilot Program. A recycling bin will be available in the AVMSC yard after May 21, 2015. Call the office for details.


here are some pics of an epic al basrah i played on the 22nd may. I joined a squad with guybrush/3pwood/a.dickman/boogy/toe tagger and me the great suzerain.
Boogy was the most awesome ever SL we had fire teams of 2 men at a time. Saved a APC that supported us. Didnt build pointless firebases for points.
When we went in the south side of the city we got wasted by insurgent fire fought our way out got healed smoked and lept from buildings hustling our way out anyway we could the only Boogy rule no GIVEUP.
Shiz you shud see how we valued our lives all game and we had a squad score of 6000 odd 19 insur kills 3 caches maybe 4 and only Death due to our 2nd mortar attack then as we went back to base APC driver falls asleep hit a mine and boom, gameover other squads had 25/47 death rates and chopper neevr lasted more than 10 mins.
This is in dedication to that squad that game and Boogy the best ever Insurgency Squad leader i have ever had i enclose pics for you to see the teamwork between APC our squad and ocasionally some other squads.
o yeah played on TG.
Nice story, sounds like a great round.
Good to post in there for other peoples' reference.
I second that. That round was just so awesome. Great squad leader, but great squad members also!
Wow looks like PR has found a great squad leader.


Our lab has had a problem recently with people from other parts of the building "borrowing" equipment. The term here is used loosely, since we're rarely told when they take stuff, or even asked for that matter.
I worked in retail for a very short bit during my undergrad career, and for some reason I'm a bit surprised at how similar the situation is in research academia. Given the whole building is one big department, we've definitely got that community vibe going strong. It's not too surprising then when you realize there's something you need on the next floor down, and hey, we're all in this together right? It happened a lot at my retail gig; the price gun would spontaneously teleport across the store (mind you, this was a large department store), your extra roll of receipt paper would be gone, that sorta thing. So it happens here too. The difference of course being that a loose coat hangar isn't really equivalent to a $8000 dual channel source meter, if only for the fact that I can't hang my lab coat on it.


Are you an artist or a photographer? Find out more about our contests. All welcome!
The Polish Home Association has announced two competitions related to the 100th anniversary of PHA and the centennial of Poland regaining its independence in 1918: an art competition and a photo competition.


I'm not one to shy away from elaborate recipes but everyone needs some quick and easy recipes as well in their arsenal. This is definitely one of mine.
Like all Thai food lovers, Im obsessed. From Red to Green curry, Satay Panang to Khao Soi, Ive made and relished it all.
Bang for your buck flavor and the perfect mid week meal!
For kids school lunches, school packed lunches, office lunch, work lunches, check out this healthy kids school lunch idea: I make this Pad Thai Sandwich with NO noodles! ..
The origin of Khao Soi is traced right up to Burma and was brought to Thailand, in particular the Ching Mai region by Chinese immigrants.
Tom Yum Soup is an all-time favourite Oriental recipe, which features an assortment of veggies and low-fat paneer in a clear vegetable stock.
We fire up the Kamado Joe Classic for some hot and fast grilling. If you love Thai food as much as I do then you will love this recipe. It is bursting with coconut flavor.


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specification adopts the definitions of "challenge" and "credentials"
server-driven negotiation for subsequent requests.
to view it on screen or print it on paper?).
potential violation of the user's privacy.
latter reduces network bandwidth requirements; we use a "validation"
mechanism for this purpose (see section 13.3).
and clients to explicitly reduce transparency when necessary.
this is required by all parties.
explicitly request and control non-transparent operation.
detect any potential relaxation of semantic transparency.
design decisions not explicitly discussed in this specification.
of the origin server alone.
"no-cache" cache-request-directive; see section 14.9).
or error (4xx or 5xx) response message.
warning indicating that there was a communication failure.
MAY display a warning indication to the user.
MUST attach a warning to that effect, using a Warning general-header.
distinguish these responses from true failures.
validating a cached entry. It MUST NOT be generated by clients.
deleted after a successful revalidation.
texts in both English and Basque.
to the HTTP caches. We use the Cache-Control header for this purpose.
The cache-control directives are described in detail in section 14.9.
to do so by an explicit action of the user.
fish) or some other indicator.
unless it is impossible to comply for technical or policy reasons.
directives of the Cache-Control header.
further relax the cache's approximation of semantic transparency.
response without first contacting the server.
section 14.9.4 for a more restrictive way to force revalidation.
revalidate" cache-control directive (see section 14.9).
header, or the max-age directive of the Cache-Control header.
expiration times as much as possible.
the age of a response or cache entry.
a globally accurate time standard.
generated or revalidated by the origin server.
a form appropriate for arithmetic operations.
negative, the result is replaced by zero.
HTTP/1.1 paths, one gets a reliable (conservative) result.
this delay could result in improperly low ages.
the request that elicited this response was sent.
the freshness lifetime, and to determine if a response has expired.
the Cache-Control header in a response (see section 14.9.3).
since all of the information comes from the origin server.
has not already been added.
since that time. A typical setting of this fraction might be 10%.
section 14.9), to force a check with the origin server.
reload or a revalidation of an apparently fresh cache entry.
ordered to a granularity of one second.
(or MAY, if it is being extremely prudent, request a new response).
if their expiration times overlap.
see if its cached entry is still usable. We call this "validating"
method (usually, GET) into a conditional.
only if no validators match.
entity, which means it will not be refreshable after it expires.
entity tags are described in sections 14.19, 14.24, 14.26 and 14.44.
always change when the resource changes is a "weak validator."
part of an identifier for a set of semantically equivalent entities.
usable in contexts that do not depend on exact equality of an entity.
in other forms of request.
Section 3.11 gives the syntax for entity tags.
or if it is unfeasible to send a strong entity tag.
would lead to serious problems.
provide a way to disable this, in case of difficulty.
HTTP/1.1 caches to respond appropriately.
header to the current time.
response with what is held in the cache entry.
transmitted in any response formed from a cache entry.
(section 14.10) to be introduced into HTTP/1.1 (or later).
in the message (see section 14.46).
although it MAY change the transfer-length (section 4.4).
in the cache entry and the forwarded response.
replace the corresponding headers from the cache entry.
cache entry, all such old headers MUST be replaced.
warn-code 1xx, which are deleted even if not overridden).
equal or missing), and MUST discard the other partial information.
is known as the "selecting" request-headers.
about message headers in section 4.2.
entity tag or Content-Location that indicates the entity to be used.
(Not Modified) response to tell the cache which entry is appropriate.
the existing entry, and the result MUST be returned to the client.
would be fully satisfied by that entry.
and SHOULD be deleted from the cache.
in this case SHOULD be enforced by appropriate security mechanisms.
using a status code of 200 (OK).
origin server's explicit restrictions on caching.
be taken from a cache. See section 9.1.1 for related information.
return for a new request on that resource.
reduce the likelihood of erroneous behavior.
performed if the host part is the same as in the Request-URI.
server. This currently includes all methods except for GET and HEAD.
inbound server has sent its final reply.
rules in section 13.5.3 apply.
existing cached responses is not cacheable.
By default, an expiration time does not apply to history mechanisms.
configured the agent to refresh expired history documents.
telling the user that a view might be stale.