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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering > Vol.11 No.4, October 2022
Energy Analysis in Irrigated Sugarcane Schemes of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia ()
Yusuf Kedir1*, Belete Berhanu2, Tena Alamirew3
1Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
DOI: 10.4236/cweee.2022.114006 PDF HTML XML 40 Downloads 224 Views Citations
Sugarcane is one of the important irrigated crops in Ethiopia and its production is highly linked with its energy and water use. In this paper, identifications and quantifications of input and output, direct and indirect energy sources, and energy use of farm operations were carried out on 11 irrigation schemes of Awash River Basin. In order to grow 91.8 to 167.6 tons of cane, 47.9 to 143.4 GJ/ha of total energy was used. Average total input energies of gravity, pump surface and sprinkler scheme categories to grow 109.8, 112.7 and 136.3 ton/ha were 53.6, 68.9 and 129.2 GJ/ha, respectively. Around 90% and 74% total energies of gravity surface and sprinkler schemes were consumed as direct and indirect energies, respectively. Irrigation found to be the most energy consuming operation constituting more than 50% input energy of all scheme categories. Energy efficiency of gravity schemes was 152% and 300% higher than pump driven surface and sprinkler schemes. Energy sequestrated in cane straws burned during harvesting found to be higher than fertilizer and pumping energy demands. Use of cane straws as manure and energy sources have the potential to substitute demands which in turn needs further investigations and analysis.
Energy Productivity, Energy Sources, Farm Operation, Gravity Scheme, Pump Scheme, Sprinkler
Kedir, Y. , Berhanu, B. and Alamirew, T. (2022) Energy Analysis in Irrigated Sugarcane Schemes of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 11, 93-115. doi: 10.4236/cweee.2022.114006.
Agriculture is not only an energy user but also energy supplier in the form of bioenergy [1]. Continuous growth of world population, migration of the labor force, and development of new production techniques substantially increased energy consumptions of crop production [2]. The new production technologies require a large quantity of inputs such as fertilizers, irrigation water, fuels, chemicals, electricity, etc. Application of these inputs demands more and more use of energy [3].
Agricultural water use and energy consumption are linked in which irrigation is commonly regarded as a primary consumer of on-farm energy and higher use of irrigation water which is in turn associated with higher energy input [4]. Sustainable agricultural development depends on high resource use efficiency with the objective of increasing yields and decreasing costs of energy and water [5].
The need to use water wisely has been realized in irrigation sector of Ethiopia. One way commonly suggested for improving efficiency is to replace surface systems with sprinkler and/or drip systems which are assumed to be more efficient [5] [6] [7]. Irrigation schemes in Awash basin of Ethiopia consumed around 3.2 billion m3 with mean irrigation efficiency of 33.67% [8]. The recent development plan of Ethiopia has considered increasing area coverage of modern irrigation from 2% to 20% [9]. The use of sprinkler has been increasing and currently 22,550 ha of sugarcane is irrigated from which 3820 ha is found in Awash River Basin [10].
Irrigation system upgrades have saved water in many countries while in others this has been at the expense of increased energy use [6] [7] particularly when pumping is required. Farm operators and professionals drive improvements in water use efficiencies but little attention was paid to its relationship with energy [6]. Comprehensive information on these issues needs to be generated.
Energy consumptions in agricultural systems associated with all inputs have to be defined and quantified according to their energy intensities [2]. In fact, determinations of energy consumed in crop production are very complex [11] but different methods are in use [12] [13] [14]. Energy analysis is one of analytical method that provides the information needed to base energy decisions and uses engineering methods [11] and is a tool to define the behavior of agricultural systems [2] [11] [15].
Results of energy analysis studies depend on set of assumptions and an international agreement on how to estimate energy input has been difficult to achieve, and lack of reliable data forces researchers to take values from other countries [2] [14]. Because of these and other, local results may not be representative for others [16]; it is difficult to compare one set of data with other published in different countries, and comparison and evaluation of results from past studies are also difficult [13] [14]. [17] identified a general methodology for performing an energy analysis which was further elaborated by [2]. The method has been used by [18] and was felt to be transparent and reliable, can be applied to a range of agricultural systems, geographical locations and more importantly, it allows a comparison between irrigation schemes and technologies.
Substantial researches have been conducted on different crop production practices which suggested that energy consumptions are highly site specific [5]. For instance, total input and output energies for sugarcane production in Thailand were 24.9 and 248.7 GJ/ha, respectively [19]. A study in Iran showed that total direct and indirect input energies to produce 93.5 ton/ha yield of sugarcane was 148.0 GJ/ha in plant cane farm [20]. [21] estimated the energy inputs to produce 100 ton/ha of irrigated sugarcane to be as high as 150 GJ/ha. According to [7], a high pressure sprinkler would require around 4.5 GJ per year. [22] reported that annual energy requirement of sprinkler system (75% efficiency) from surface supply, from 50 m groundwater lift, and from 100 m groundwater were 57.1, 110 and 162.6 GJ/ha, respectively. Results from a study on pressurized irrigation in Spain confirmed that in order to apply an average of 2589 m3/ha, 1000 kWh energy is required [5] which is equivalent to 4.6 MJ/m3. Energy intensities of 0.91 and 0.59 MJ to produce one kilogram of plant cane and ratoons in the Philippines were reported [23] (Mendoza and Samson, 2004) which are lower than 1.6 MJ/kg found in Iran [20]. Energy ratio, energy productivity and net energy gain of 0.76, 0.63 kg/MJ and −35.8 GJ/ha, respectively for irrigated plant sugarcane were also reported by [20].
There are still gaps in applying energy analysis of the irrigated agriculture. Apart from being site specific, most of the above studies were applied for a particular irrigation technology or performance parameter. A single local study so far reported was that of [24]. The study assessed energy use and WEF nexus of Wonji-Shoa, Metehara, and Finchaa sugar factories of Ethiopia. Despite its usefulness, the study was carried out at factory level without segregating different irrigation schemes and technologies existed in each factory and also did not quantify energy outputs obtained from byproducts.
The main objective of this study was to undertake a comprehensive energy analysis within irrigated sugarcane production systems of Awash River Basin of Ethiopia. The specific objectives were to identify and quantify the farm inputs and operations within the production system of 11 irrigation schemes; to estimate energies of each input, farm operation, direct, indirect energy sources together with output energies of the schemes; and then categorically to compare energy productivity, energy intensity, energy efficiency and net energy gain performances of existing irrigation technologies.
2.1. Descriptions of the Study Area
Awash river basin, one of the 12 river basins of Ethiopia, accounts 25% of national agricultural production; hosts more than 65% of total industries; is the second most populous basin next to Abay by inhabiting 18.6 million people; is fourth in area coverage with 114,123 km2; the seventh in annual runoff volume; and is the most intensively irrigated basin [25]. The basin lies between 7˚52'12" to 12˚08'24"N and 37˚56'24" to 43˚17'2"E.
Around 2600 equipped surface, dragline and center pivot sprinklers, and drip system irrigation schemes covering around 0.2 million ha (almost 30% of the country) are functioning within the basin. Almost 97.5% area is irrigated with surface methods while shares of sprinkler and drip systems are 1.6% and 0.92%. Almost 23% and 71% irrigated areas use motor pumps and diversion weirs, respectively [26].
More than 50 crops are irrigated but sugarcane, maize, onion, cotton, orange and tomato are dominant covering almost 73% of total irrigated area. Sugarcane was selected for the study due to the following reasons; the crop covers more than 20% irrigated area of the basin [27]; its high energy and water consumption natures compared to other crops [3] [19] and the crop is among the highest energy producer of the world [19]. Moreover, the semi mechanized production systems of the sugar factories encompass different irrigation technologies, energy consuming farm operations and farm inputs.
Wonji, Metehara and Kessem sugar factories are found within Awash River Basin (Figure 1). The studied 11 irrigation schemes listed Table 1 are parts of these sugar factories. Wonji sugar factory comprises Wonji main, Wake Tiyo, North Dodota and Wellenchiti Bofa schemes. Water source of these schemes is Awash River. Except Wonji pump scheme, the others use diversion weirs. Dodota center pivot and dragline schemes have common diversion weir called Dodota North while Wake-Tiyo pump dragline sprinkler use a separate weir.
Figure 1. Map displaying locations of selected irrigation scheme of the sugar factories found in Awash basin. Irrigation schemes located at Wonji and Metehara are too close for the scale so geographical coordinates of the schemes are included in the figure.
Table 1. Main characteristics of the selected sugarcane producing irrigation schemes.
Plantation schemes of Metehara factory use two diversion weirs constructed on Awash River. Merti weir delivers water for Merti gravity surface scheme while Abadir weir is irrigating Abadir gravity scheme. Kenifa and Abadir pumps are situated along main canals of Merti and Abadir gravity schemes.
Kessem sugar factory crushes sugarcane collected from schemes owned by the factory (2785 ha) and a private scheme (6000 ha). For the study, however, data collected from factory's scheme (KGS) was considered which diverts water released from Kessem dam.
Several electric and diesel driven irrigation pumps are operating at Wonji and Metehara plantations and main features of the major electric pumps are presented in Table 2.
Table 3 presents data related to cropped, harvested and irrigated areas of the studied schemes. Cropped area refers to the area covered by sugarcane crop within a given production year. Harvested areas represent portion of cropped area which are harvested for sugar production.
2.2. Farm Operations of Sugarcane Production
All medium and large scale sugarcane plantations of the country are semi-mechanized irrigated farms and hence, every cultivation practices should synchronize with annual operational plan of the factories; in our case Wonji, Metehara and Kessem. The following descriptions were summarized based on field experiences substantiated with information collected from operation manuals of the factories.
Except minor differences, the major and common farm practices irrigated sugarcane can be grouped as seed cane growing, land development and preparation, planting and cultivation, and harvesting. The crop is propagated by vegetative means from cuttings of young canes previously planted. After preparing and planting of the seed materials, most of the operations are similar with growing of the main sugarcane crops. Nursery management is totally a manual operation.
Table 2. Main characteristics of irrigation pumps of some of the schemes.
(Sources: Own compilations from respective sugar factories).
Table 3. Average cropped, harvested and irrigated areas of the schemes (Source; factories).
(Sources: Own compilations from data obtained from respective sugar factories).
Matured seed canes will be planted on either old or new developed farm fields. Land development can be done in different modalities but all have more or less the same operations. For virgin lands, it is a one-time operation which covers clearing of trees and termite mounds, and land leveling. For other fields, after completing the cropping cycle removal of cane stable is needed so land preparation comprises uprooting, sub-soiling, ploughing, harrowing, and furrowing. Different tractors and implement models and sizes are used depending on soil type, topography, climate, irrigation system and etc. Number of tillage operations may differ and all the entire land preparation activities are diesel fuel based mechanical operations.
Planting, gap filling, moulding, weeding, chemical and fertilizer applications, ratoon reshaping, furrow corrections, irrigation, and cane pushing are common agronomic practices grouped under cultivation. Planting, gap filling, weeding, furrow correction and cane pushing are manual operations and moulding is done mechanically while chemical and fertilizer applications are semi-mechanized operations.
Diversion weirs and electric pumps are used to abstract the irrigation water from rivers or dams. The most common irrigation method is furrow system. Field irrigation are either manually (for surface methods) or semi-mechanically (sprinklers) operated. In dragline system, the sprinklers are moved from one field to the next between irrigation sets. Operators change the locations of sprinklers at predetermined order and irrigation intervals while center pivots sprinklers have electric driven self-rotating mechanisms. Night time irrigation is common for sprinklers. Furrow irrigation is carried out by a group of human labors mostly 3 to 5 field operators irrigating 25 to 75 ha during 8 hours of the day time. In both cases, numbers of labor depend on irrigation intervals. Mean irrigation interval for schemes at Wonji is within the range of 15 to 38 days. For Metehara and Kessem schemes, the irrigation intervals are around 25 and 15 days, respectively.
Chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals are used in varying amounts depending on recommended practices. Nitrogen (46% urea) and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) at Metehara, and urea at Wonji-Shoa and Kessem fields are applied. Manures or filter cake might also be used on selected fields. Weeds are controlled through hand weeding as well as mechanical spraying of chemicals. Harvesting is the last farm operation considered for the study in which cane burning and cutting are operated manually.
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
Parts of the raw data required for the study were recorded for irrigation schemes as part of management operations and were collected from the sugar factories. Whenever possible historical data for some of the parameters were collected otherwise data for the 2019/20 irrigation season were used. Design documents of the sprinkler systems, raw data recorded by Awash River Basin Authority, farm operation manuals of sugar factories, and previous study reports were also used to supplement the data collection. Data were collected for 11 sugarcane producing schemes found in Wonji, Metehara and Kessem sugar factories.
All collected data of farm inputs being used and output obtained were inserted into customized Excel spreadsheets and data analysis was done. Based on pressure heads, the irrigation schemes were grouped into different categories and existences of significant differences among the scheme categories checked using linear ANOVA tests. Finally, based on mean values of selected indicators, comparisons among scheme categories were made [5] and results were discussed.
2.4. Energy Analysis
2.4.1. Identification of Farm Inputs, Outputs and Equivalent Energies
Human labor, machinery, fuel, electricity, fertilizer, chemicals and irrigation water were considered as input sources for sugarcane production of irrigation schemes while harvested cane and straws were the outputs.
The direct sources of energy are those which release the energy directly like human labor, electricity and diesel. Direct energies are the energy which released directly from power sources for crop production [3]. Indirect energy sources are which do not release energy directly but release it by conversion processes like energy consumed in manufacturing, storage, distribution and related activities [3]. It refers to the energy used to produce equipment and other materials that are used on the farm and involved in all the processes in which the food industry, transportation, and distribution take part should be added [2]. The major indirect energies are seed, fertilizers, chemicals, machineries, irrigation water, and so on [3].
The input and output values or the amounts of input and outputs were calculated per hectare and multiplied with their equivalent energies collected from literatures. The values for equivalent energy of farm inputs and outputs are shown in Table 4. Overall energy equivalent includes heating value, production, packaging, transportation, and application [2].
Identifying and quantifying of the inputs and outputs were followed by evaluations of the associated input and total energies as well as source and operation wise energy consumptions of the irrigation schemes. Total energy output was considered as summation of main and by-products and can be calculated using Equation (1) as suggested by [19].
Total energy output ( MJ / ha ) = ( Yield, kg / ha ∗ Energy equivalent ) + ( By product, kg / ha ∗ Energy equivalent ) (1)
Table 4. Equivalent Energy values of various farm productions inputs and outputs.
2.4.2. Energy Use Performance Indicators
Energy consumption must be normalized to allow comparison among different irrigation systems installed in different locations [12]. One way of normalizing is the use of indicators such as energy productivity, energy intensity, energy efficiency and net energy gain.
Energy productivity is the measure of the amount of a product obtained per unit of input energy and it is specific for each agricultural product, location, and time. To improve energy productivity, it is possible either to reduce the energy sequestered in the inputs or to increase the yield of product [2]. Energy Intensity is the reciprocal of energy productivity [20] and measures the amount of energy used to obtain a unit of product. It is widely used to evaluate energy performance of production system of different configurations. Energy intensity can be used to compare projects within the same irrigation system, and to evaluate the efficiency and depreciation of equipment [12].
Energy use efficiency or ratio is defined as the ratio of total energy of output products and total sequestered energy in the production factors [2]. The expression is extensively used to measure the energy efficiency in agricultural and food systems [34] and the index allows us to know the influence of the inputs in obtaining product. If the output energy is greater than the input, the production system assures its subsistence [2]. Net energy gain or production is the difference between gross energy output produced and total energy required for obtaining it [2].
Equations (2)-(5) were used to calculate energy productivity, energy intensity, energy use efficiency (ratio), and net energy gain, respectively [2] [20].
Energy Productivity ( Kg / MJ ) = Productivity ( kg / ha ) Energy inputs ( MJ / ha ) (2)
Energy Intensity ( MJ / Kg ) = Energy Inputs ( MJ / ha ) Productivity ( Kg / ha ) (3)
Energy Use Efficiency= Energy output ( MJ / ha ) Energy inputs ( MJ / ha ) (4)
Net Energy Gain ( MJ / ha ) =Energyoutput ( MJ / ha ) − Energy Inputs ( MJ / ha ) (5)
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Input Usages of Irrigation Schemes
Identification and quantifications of all inputs and outputs were bounded within seed cane raising and harvesting of matured cane. Haulage operations even pulling of carts or trailers from harvest road to farms and from farms to harvest road were not considered.
Seed cane, fertilizers, chemicals, irrigation water, tractors, farm implements, labor, electricity and fuel are identified inputs which are common in sugarcane producing irrigation schemes of Ethiopia including schemes of Awash River Basin. Lists of the irrigation schemes and the inputs are indicated in Table 5.
Table 5. Types of farm inputs and amounts used by the irrigation schemes.
All the listed schemes are part of Metehara, Wonji and Kessem sugar factories. MGS, AGS, APS and KPS schemes are owned by Metehara while KGS is owned by Kessem sugar factory. The rest are part of Wonji sugar factory. The first five schemes use diversion weirs while the rest uses electric pumps to abstract water from the sources.
Although input types were similar, there were differences on the amounts being used due to differences of operation standards. The irrigation schemes use urea (46%) as nitrogen fertilizer for seed cane, plant cane and ratoon crops by applying 196 to 393 kg/ha. For seed cane growing, cultivations and harvesting operations, a total of 539 to 763 hours of human labor were used per hectare. However, tractor and implement hours were almost similar across the schemes (62 hours/ha).
Diesel fuel is energy source for tillage and cultivation operations with minimum and maximum consumption rates of 51.98 lit/ha in all sprinkler schemes and 85.8 lit/ha at WPS surface scheme. The difference is attributed to combination of soil types and irrigation technologies. Farm fields of WPS surface scheme is dominated by heavy clay soil while soils of sprinkler schemes are relatively light. Apart from that extra land preparation activities are carried out for surface irrigation schemes.
Electric consumptions were within the range of 357 to 8790.4 kWh/ha. The maximum and minimum water users were WGS and DPC schemes by applying 38.5 and 12.1 m3 per a hectare of cane field per year.
In general, other than inputs which are related with irrigation technologies particularly pressure heads and water, the schemes had comparable consumption rates. Moreover, applied water had direct relationship with pressure heads which reflected on electric consumptions of the schemes (Figure 2). WPS and DPC were the lowest and the highest electric consumers due to pumping the water to 7 m and 74 m, respectively which are the lowest and the highest pressure heads.
Best correlation (R2 = 0.98) was found between pressure head and electric energy consumption per hectare of sugarcane (Figure 2). Moreover, despite some variations, good correlation (R2 = 0.64) was found between pressure head and total amount of water applied. The relationship of pressure head and water applied of WGS scheme reduced the correlation and if removed the correlation will be 0.75. Hence, pressure head was the key driver for irrigation water and pumping energy use.
The first six (MGS, AGS, KGS, WGS and UGD) are gravity fed surface schemes but UGD is a dragline sprinkler. Based on energy source, the scheme was grouped with gravity surface schemes. The next three schemes (WPS, APS and KPS) are pump based surface schemes with operating pressure of 7, 20 and 30 m while WTPD, DPC and DPD are pump based sprinkler systems with operating pressure of 45, 53 and 74 m, respectively. DPC is center pivot and the others two are draglines.
Figure 2. Relationships of water and electricity consumptions with pressure heads of the schemes.
In order to assess existences of significant differences among the groups, the irrigation schemes were categorized as gravity surface, pump surface, and pump sprinklers. The variability between different technologies was tested using linear ANOVA based the values of water applied, land productivity, total input energy, energy productivity, and energy efficiency (Table 6).
The tests results presented in Table 6 indicated that, except land productivity, the scheme categories exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) on water applied, total energy, energy productivity and energy efficiency indicators which will be discussed later.
3.2. Source-Wise Energy Consumptions
The inputs used by the irrigation schemes were multiplied by respective equivalent energies and the results are presented in Table 7. Total energies to grow 91.83 to 167.62 tons of sugarcane were within the range of 47.88 to 143.41 GJ/ha. Amount of energy sequestrated in irrigation water varied from 10.12 to 32.35 GJ/ha while pumping energies were 4.26 GJ/ha for WPS pump scheme and 104.87 GJ/ha for DPD dragline scheme.
Half of total input energy of MGS, AGS, KGS and WGS schemes was irrigation water. Electric consumptions of DPD and WPS schemes were the highest and the smallest, respectively. Almost 73% of total energy of DPD scheme was electricity while water constituted only 8.1% of total input energy.
According to [5], schemes with pumping energy consumption greater than 1000 kWh/ha (11.93 GJ/ha) are classified as big energy consumers, 600 to 1000 kWh/ha (7.2 to 11.93 GJ/ha) are medium consumers, and less than 600 kWh/ha (7.2 GJ/ha) are low consumers. Based on this classification, except WPS scheme, all are categorized under high energy consumers.
Total input energy of WPS pump scheme was lower than even gravity surface schemes because of applying less water. The highest input energy of WGS was irrigation water due to applying of the highest volume.
Average total input energies of gravity surface, pump surface and sprinkler schemes to grow 110, 113 and 136 ton/ha of sugarcane were 54, 69, and 129 GJ/ha, respectively (Figure 3). Irrigation water and fertilizer applied by gravity surface schemes comprised 75% of total energy (49.3 and 25.25%, respectively). However, 80% total input energy of pump schemes was the sum of electricity (37%), fertilizers (22%) and irrigation water (21%). Almost 71% (91 GJ/ha) total energy of sprinklers was obtained from electricity followed by fertilizers (11%) and water (9%).
Operating pressure has significant effect on total input energy of the pump schemes because large part of the total input energies of the schemes were obtained from electricity. Total input energy increases as pumping head increases.
Figure 3. Source wise mean input energy use of irrigation schemes categories, GJ/ha.
Table 6. Results of ANOVA tests of scheme categories for selected indicators.
*mean followed with the same superscript are not statistically different.
Table 7. Source wise energy use of irrigation schemes and their outputs, GJ/ha.
On the other hand, energy sequestrated in irrigation water is inversely related with pumping heads. Sprinkler schemes had lowest energy of irrigation water but had highest electricity consumption (Figure 3).
Contributions of labor and fuel as an input energies in sprinklers were the lowest due to minimum tillage operations and labor required compared to surface schemes. Share of labor energy in sprinkler was below one percent of the total. Energies of tractors and implements were below five percent but uniform for all categories.
3.3. Direct and Indirect Energy Sources
Electricity, labor and fuel are direct energy sources and the rest are indirect energy sources. The proportions varied across scheme categories (Figure 4). Mean percentage of direct energy of sprinklers was 164% and 770% higher than mean of pump and gravity surface schemes, respectively.
Water and fertilizers are the indirect energy sources contributing substantial share in gravity surface sugarcane schemes. For sprinklers, pumping electricity had significant share. Around 90 and 74% total energies of gravity surface and sprinkler schemes were consumed as direct and indirect energies, respectively. For pump surface schemes, indirect energy sources were 10% higher than direct energy sources.
3.4. Operation-Wise Energy Consumptions
Operations particularly related with land preparations are a one time activities to be undertaken after harvesting of the last ratoon so quantifying the energies associated with such operations were distributed over number of cuttings. Input energies from farm inputs are regrouped based on farm operations and results are presented in Table 8.
Seed cane growing, land preparation or tillage, cultivation, irrigation and harvesting are major farm operation activities in the irrigated sugarcane of Ethiopia. Weeding, moulding, planting, fertilizer and chemical applications, irrigating, furrow correction, field cleaning, and so on activities are grouped under cultivation. The irrigation water and pumping of the water were grouped under irrigation operation. Harvesting operation comprises labor intensive burning and cane cutting activities.
Table 8. Operational energy consumption of irrigation schemes, GJ/ha.
Figure 4. Proportion of direct and indirect energy sources for scheme categories.
The dominant energy consuming operations of all gravity surface schemes including WPS (pump surface scheme) were irrigation and cultivation. Proportionally, harvesting and seed cane growing operations of all schemes consumed very small energies. The total energy consumed by irrigation and cultivation operations in KGS (gravity surface) and DPD (pump driven dragline sprinkler) schemes were 83% (40 GJ/ha) and 96% (138 GJ/ha) of total input energies. Except KGS scheme, to cultivate one hectare of irrigated sugarcane, around 22 GJ of energy was required.
Energy consumptions of the schemes for irrigation activities had considerable variation. Around 40% and 81% total energies of WPS and DPD schemes were sequestrated in irrigation water and pumping electricity.
Irrigation is the most energy consuming operation which constituted about 49%, 58% and 79.2% total input energy of gravity surface, pump surface and sprinkler schemes, respectively followed by cultivation (Figure 5).
Manual burning and cutting of sugarcane are the only activities included in harvesting operation. Input energies of the operation were quantified based on working norms i.e. 0.030 - 0.035 ton/head/day for cutting and 8 ha/day/head for burning. Total harvesting time will depend on land productivity. Land productivities of pump schemes were lower than gravity schemes so as lowering input energy of human labor.
3.5. Output Energies
Harvested cane and associated straw at farm level were considered for the analysis because of predefined boundary of the study. Factory byproducts such as bagasse and molasses were not considered. Straw was estimated as 20% of cane yield (ton/ha). The cane and straw yields were multiplied by their equivalent energies and summed up (Table 9).
Total output energy is directly related to land productivities. The highest and the lowest total output energies were that of WGS and WPS schemes, respectively. Both schemes are part of Wonji sugar factory but there was 45% variation between them.
Calorific or equivalent energy content of cane straw is three times higher than main product. Output energies obtained from the straws were almost 61% of energy obtained from the main products. Energies embedded in cane straw were 340% (DPD sprinkler scheme) to 7000% (WPS pump scheme) higher than the respective pumping energy consumptions.
Table 9. Sources and quantities of output energies of irrigation schemes, GJ/ha.
Figure 5. Energy consumption shares of farm operations.
There was no significant difference on land productivity among the scheme categories; however, pumped sprinklers had 20% lower output energy than gravity fed surface schemes (Figure 6).
Practically, cane fields are burned before harvest to remove leaves and tops with equivalent energy ranging from 295.7 to 539.7 GJ/ha without any beneficial use for the schemes.
Figure 6. Output energies obtained from cane and straw of the three scheme categories, GJ/ha.
3.6. Energy Productivity and Energy Intensity
Energy productivity and specific energy are inversely related and Equation (2) and (3) were used. The highest energy productivity was obtained from WPS scheme while the lowest was from DPD scheme indicating that in order to produce one kilogram of cane, 3.2 times more input energy was used by DPD sprinkler than WGS surface scheme (Table 10).
Despite the fact that total input energy of WGS schemes was the highest among gravity surface schemes, cane productivity of the scheme was much higher than others. On the other hand, pumping energy consumed by DPD scheme was more than double of WGS scheme.
Energy productivity becomes lower and lower towards pump surface and sprinkler schemes and there is significant difference (p < 0.05) among scheme categories. In order to produce one kilogram of sugarcane, on average, 156 and 300% more energies were used by pump surface and sprinkler schemes, respectively, than gravity surface schemes (Figure 7).
3.7. Energy Use Efficiency and Net Energy Gain
The values of energy efficiency (Equation (4)) and net energy gains (Equation (5)) were determined based on the summation of cane and straw obtained yields from a hectare of land. Results of energy efficiency and net energy gain are presented in Table 11.
The respective energy efficiency and net energy gain of WGS scheme were 361 and 174% higher than that of DPD scheme. Energy efficiency value of DPC center pivot was in between WTPD and DPD dragline sprinkler schemes.
WGS gravity scheme had the highest land productivity (167 ton/ha) which yielded the highest energy efficiency and net energy gain. On the contrary, WPS scheme had the lowest net energy gain due to having lowest cane yield (92 ton/ha).
From ANOVA test, significant difference (p< 0.05) on energy efficiency was observed among scheme categories. Differences among the scheme categories are shown in Figure 8.
Table 10. Results of energy productivity and specific energy of irrigation schemes.
Table 11. Results of energy use efficiency and net gain of sugarcane producing irrigation schemes.
Figure 7. Graph of mean energy productivity and specific energy of scheme categories.
Figure 8. Graph of mean energy ratio (left) and net energy gain (right) of scheme categories.
Energy use efficiency of gravity schemes were 152% and 300% higher than pump surface and sprinkler schemes, respectively. This may be attributed to first, land productivity of gravity surface schemes were higher so as the quantities of output energy. Second, pumping energies of these gravity schemes was zero which significantly reduced total input energy.
With the same reasons, net energy gain of pump sprinklers were almost 30 and 10% lower than gravity surface and pump surface schemes, respectively.
In general, the studied sugarcane producing irrigation schemes of Awash basin used similar farm inputs and had similar farm operations. Irrigation water and fertilizer were major energy sources of gravity fed surface schemes while pumping energy for sprinkler schemes. Electricity, fertilizers and irrigation water had comparable contribution for pump driven surface schemes.
Gravity surface schemes had much better performances in relation to all energy use indicators when compared to sprinkler schemes while pump driven surface schemes were in the middle. In order to produce the same amount of cane yields, the sprinklers are consuming 300% more energy than gravity surface schemes. Moreover, net energy gain of gravity surface scheme is 30% higher than the sprinklers.
Sprinkler schemes of the basin are excessively consuming the scares resource of the basin without providing the expected advantages. The reasons might be related with design of the schemes or management of farm operations. Whatever the reasons, which is beyond the scope of the paper, proper managements of farm inputs particularly fertilizer, pumping energy and irrigation water will have effects on performances of the schemes. For instance, improving irrigation efficiency of pump driven schemes will reduce pumping energy consumptions. Reducing water pumping heads and the amount of fertilizer being used might not be a short term remedy. However, significant improvement can be obtained through the use of cane straws as source of pumping energy, fuel energy and soil fertilizers.
Trash farming conserves considerable amount of nitrogen in the soil. In Brazil, gains in soil nitrogen equivalent to 54 kg/ha per year from unburned cane was reported. In Brazil, where trash farming is practiced, only 60 kg of nitrogen per ha was applied while 150 - 300 kg was used in most cane producing countries [33]. For a yield of 90 ton/ha, the nutrient in sugarcane tops and leaves is estimated to be 35.5 kg/ha of N, 7.4 kg/ha of phosphate (P2O5) and 128.3 kg/ha of K2O [20]. Research in Puerto Rico indicated that whole-plant harvesting could provide 25% more total biomass than that from traditional harvesting of stalks only. According to [2], burning of cane tops and straw practices remove an equivalent of 6 - 10 barrels of oil per hectare.
Bagasse is used as source of electricity for sugar processing operations while pump driven irrigation schemes of the sugar factories are fully dependent on electricity of the national grid which is frequently interrupted. Shortages of imported inorganic fertilizers and fossil fuels are also serious problems within the sugar industries. On the contrary, the energy embedded in straws burned on harvested fields were in excess of 230 up to 520 GJ/ha (or 3 up to 32 folds) higher than the sum of fertilizer, pumping electricity and machinery fuel consumptions of the irrigation schemes signifying the capacity of cane straws to substitute the imported fertilizers, fossil fuel and pumping energy demands of the schemes. Such interventions will guarantee sustainable development through resource use self-sufficiency or security.
However, use of cane straws as energy source might affect the current production systems as a whole; might alter the quality of factory sugar due to green harvesting; might affect communities who are dependent on cane straws as feed source of their livestock and energy source for cooking; might also demanded modification of some farm operations and/or introduction of new systems so the option should further be investigated and optimized.
Identification and quantification of input and output energy sources, direct and indirect energies, energy consumptions of farm operations and energy use performances of sugarcane producing schemes found in Awash River Basin of Ethiopia were carried out. Seed cane, fertilizers, chemicals, irrigation water, tractors and implements, labor, electricity for pumping and diesel fuel for machineries were identified as input energy sources. Seed cane growing, land preparation, cultivation, irrigation and harvesting were identified as energy consuming farm operations.
Pumping energy, irrigation water and fertilizer found to the major input energy contributors in the production systems of each irrigation scheme. Despite applying less irrigation water, pumping energies of pump schemes increased due to increasing pumping pressures.
Relationships between electric consumption against pressure head and water applied have been established in which electric energy found to be the major energy supplier of pump schemes. On the other hand, pumping energy restricted the volume of water to be applied. The relationship will provide preliminary information about energy consumptions while modernizing irrigation schemes.
Based on pumping heads, the schemes were categorized into gravity surface, pump driven surface and sprinkler technologies and irrigation was the most energy consuming operation by utilizing 49%, 58% and 79.2% total energies of the respective scheme categories followed by cultivation. In order to produce one kilogram, 156% and 300% more energies were used by pump surface and sprinkler schemes, respectively than gravity schemes. Energy efficiency of gravity surface schemes was 152% and 300% higher than pump surface and sprinkler schemes. Due to lower input energy consumption and high land productivities, the values of energy productivities, energy efficiencies, net energy gains of gravity surface schemes found to be the highest.
Energy lost in burned cane straws while harvesting was higher than fuel, fertilizer and pumping energy demands of the schemes. Use of straws as manure and/or biofuel has the potential to substitute pumping energy demands which is supplied from the national grid as well as the imported inorganic fertilizer requirements of the schemes which in turn needs in-depth analysis and investigations.
The authors highly appreciate reviewers of this article.
Contributions of Authors
Yusuf Kedir contributed on the acquisition, collection, analyses and interpretation of the data and also on the preparation of the full write up. Belete Berehanu and Tena Alamirew contributed by checking the quality of the data, repeatedly revising the drafts, the analyses methods, and integrity of the paper.
[1] Alam, M.S., Alam, M.R. and Islam, K.K. (2005) Energy Flow in Agriculture: Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1, 213-220.
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[6] Eyre, D.N. and Alexandra, J. (2014) The Water and Energy Nexus: A Multi-Factor Productivity Challenge. NSW Farmers Association, Greenwich, NSW.
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[8] Kedir, Y., Berhanu, B. and Alamirew, T. (2021) Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Irrigation Scheme Categories of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 79, 21-35.
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[10] Kedir, Y. (2021) The Stumbling Irrigation Sector of Ethiopia: Critical Review and Analysis. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering, 10, Article No. 32021.
[11] Safa, M. (2011) Determination and Modelling of Energy Consumption in Wheat Production Using Neural Networks: "A Case Study in Canterbury Province, New Zealand". Energy, 36, 5140-5147.
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https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2018.0549
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[28] Gundogmus, E. (2006) Energy Use on Organic Farming: A Comparative Analysis on Organic versus Conventional Apricot Production on Small Holdings in Turkey. Energy Conversation Management, 47, 3351-3359.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.01.001
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106071
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2014.11.001
[32] Wakil, M. Umar, S.S., Abubakar, I. and Zubairu, M. (2018) Energy-Use Efficiency of Rice Production under Irrigation in Jere Bowl Borno State, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 3, 6-11.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20180301.12
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CWEEE Subscription


Gareth Barry's agent has stated the England midfielder will stay with Aston Villa rather than make a late move before the transfer window closes.
Liverpool have been eager to sign Barry this summer but have been unwilling to match Villa's £18million valuation of the 27-year-old.
Agent Alex Black told Sky Sports News in a statement: "After much speculation I can confirm that Gareth Barry will not leave Aston Villa before the transfer window closes."
He added: "Gareth made the decision to stay two weeks ago and informed Aston Villa of his intentions.
"During this time discussions have taken place to decide the best way forward for all parties.
"Any talks regarding potential new contracts at Aston Villa will not take place until the end of the season.
"Gareth wants to concentrate on playing to the best of his ability for Aston Villa, and we hope this draws a line under the matter."


text:
Showing 10 out of a total of 955 results for community: Research Awards. (0.083 seconds)
Investigation of Properties of Rubber Wood Related to Solid Wood Flooring
Venukasan, T.; Amarasekera, H.S. (University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 2016)
Viral aetiologies of acute encephalitis in a hospital-based population in Sri Lanka
Lohitharajah, J.; Malavige, G.N.; Arembepola, C.; Wanigasinghe, J.; Gamage, R.; Gunaratne, P.; Ratnayake, P.; Chang, T. (International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2016)
Distribution of Sri Lanka Yellow-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus penicillatus) in Tropical Montane Cloud Forest - Horton Plains National Park
Chandrasiri, S.P.; Mahaupatha, D. (2016-10)
Exposure of Judo 40 Alters Dna Integrity and Sperm Function of Rat and Human Spermatozoa
Kudavidanage, Enoka P; Peiris Dinithi, D. (EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 2016-09)
Estimating the change of biomass and carbon with age and stem volume of Tectona geands Lin. f.
Subasinghe, S.M.C.U.P. (International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 2016)
Effect of Storage Time and Temperature on Gyrinops walla Gaertn. Seed Germination
De Alwis, H. N.; Subasinghe, S. M. C. U. P.; Hettiarachchi, D. S. (Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka, 2016)
Pathogenesis of severe dengue infection
Malavige, G.N. (International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2016)
Extraction of Toxic Metabolites from Selected Strains of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani
Withanage, S.V.; Fernando, T.H.P.S.; Subasinghe, S.M.C.U.P. (University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 2016)
Effect of natural sugars and an artificial sweetener on Biofilm formation of Candida species
Jayarathna, P.D.T.A.; Wijesinghe, G.K.; Weerasekara, M.M.; Gunasekara, T.D.C.P.; Fernando, S.S.N.; Kottegoda, N. (SLMA 129th Anniversary International Medical Congress, 2016, 2016)
Macro-Fouling Faunal Assemblage in Hambantota Port
Jayasundara, R.M.; Ranatunga, R.R.M.K.P. (University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 2016)
Vidanapathirana, M. (40)
Manage, P.M. (38)
Perera, P.P.R. (32)
Suresh, T.S. (27)
Abeysekera, A.M. (23)
Wimalasekera, S.W. (23)
Chandrika, U.G. (21)
Wickramasinghe, I. (20)
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Bacillus cereus (7)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Gai Escriboni Curió (en ) (? - 53 aC) era fill del pretor Gai Escriboni Curió que l'any , quan va ser assassinat el sediciós tribú Luci Apuleu Saturní, va donar suport als cònsols. Formava part de la gens Escribònia, d'origen plebeu, i de la família dels Curió.

Va ser un orador notable alabat per Ciceró, però no tenia grans coneixements ni memòria i això li va impedir ser considerat com un dels grans oradors. L'any , en esclatar la Guerra màrsica, era tribú de la plebs. Després va servir a l'exèrcit de Sul·la durant la guerra a Grècia contra el general Arquelau, un dels generals de Mitridates VI Eupator, i després de la conquesta d'Atenes va assetjar al tirà Aristió a l'acròpoli.

L'any  va ser investit pretor i el  va ser elegit cònsol juntament amb Gneu Octavi. Al final del seu mandat va rebre la província de Macedònia i va fer una guerra que va durar tres anys contra el poble dels dardanis i el poble dels mesis, al nord de la província, obtenint diverses victòries. Va ser el primer general romà que va arribar fins al Danubi en aquesta zona. En tornar a Roma () va celebrar un triomf. Va participar en la vida política romana i es va oposar a Juli Cèsar. Era amic íntim de Ciceró al que va donar suport en les mesures contra els participants en la conspiració de Catilina (). En el judici de Publi Clodi per violació contra la Bona Dea, Curió va defensar a Clodi, i Ciceró va atacar Curió i Clodi en els seus discursos dels quals es conserven considerables fragments, però no per això es va trencar la seva amistat, i Ciceró deia d'ell que era un dels pocs bons ciutadans romans. L'any  va ser nomenat pontífex màxim, i va morir quatre anys més tard, el 53 aC.

Referències

Senadors romans del segle II aC
Morts a Roma
Governadors romans
Curio, Gai Escriboni Consol
Oradors romans del segle II aC
Oradors romans del segle I aC
Tribuns de la plebs del segle I aC
Pretors del segle I aC
Cònsols romans de la dècada del 70 aC
Pontífexs
Amics de Ciceró

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Updatin Centos or Redhat should be done via yum command.
Apache is Done, lets continue by installing certbot.
how to add a cronjob so our Let's Encrypt SSL certificates can be renewed automatically.
Next articleInstall MyWebSQL on Ubuntu 18.04?


Sydney FC defender Nikola Petkovic has banged the drum ahead of Saturday night's 'Big Blue', labelling the match as the "biggest derby" the Sky Blues will compete in and calling for the fans to pack Allianz Stadium.
Sydney FC defender Nikola Petkovic has banged the drum ahead of Saturday night-s 'Big Blue', labelling the match as the "biggest derby" the Sky Blues will compete in and calling for the fans to pack Allianz Stadium.
"Hopefully the stadium is full of people," Petkovic said.
Petkovic, who recently signed from Serbian team Red Star Belgrade, also praised the quality of the Hyundai A-League and likened its physicality to that of the English leagues.
"I like the A-League. It-s good," said Petkovic.
Petkovic is confident he and fellow centre back Tiago Calvano are beginning to form a strong partnership, having only started a couple of matches together, and he has acknowledged Head Coach Frank Farina as the driving force behind his healthy transition to Australian football.
"We-ve only played two games together," Petkovic said.
"Obviously you need a bit of time but I think he is a good player. He-s experienced and I know we will be ok.
"He [Farina] said to just keep working hard at it. He works with us and talks with us all of the time.


In our previous posts we have discussed about how to create free Lynda account. In this article we will be discussing to get free Netflix account 2019. Or we can say how to get access to Netflix for free.
But you can get Netflix premium account for free using this trick. Follow the steps carefully and at the end of this article you will get full access to Netflix for free.
1. Download DBS App From Playstore.
3. While Location, Select Pincode As 311301.
4. On Complete Signup, You Will Get Virtual Visa Debit Card. you Don't Need To Add Any Fund.
5. Create New Account On Netflix And Verify With That DBS Virtual Card..
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text:
Q: TeamCity starts build with schedule trigger even if trigger was disabled at scheduled time I have a build with a schedule trigger for 6PM because I do not want this build to run outside of a specially-designated window. If I don't want this build to run at all, I disable the 6PM schedule trigger.
Fast forward to the next day, when I want it to resume running at 6PM. It's currently noon and I go back to the build and enable the schedule trigger mistakenly assuming it will wait to start until 6PM this evening.
What actually happens is the build is triggered immediately, I assume because it knows it would have started yesterday at 6PM had the trigger been enabled. This seems counterintuitive. How can I stop it from triggering a build immediately when I enable the trigger at a different time of day?

A: This may be caused either by TW-23632 or TW-24783 which is fixed in newer releases. I'd recommend to upgrade to latest TeamCity version.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Club Team Spotlight: Women's Club Lacrosse
BY C.J. CUMMINGS Saturday, Oct. 24, not only did the varsity programs compete for UMW, so did club sports. The women's club lacrosse team played against VCU. While they fell 14-19, it was their first game of the season.
BY C.J. CUMMINGS
Saturday, Oct. 24, not only did the varsity programs compete for UMW, so did club sports. The women's club lacrosse team played against VCU. While they fell 14-19, it was their first game of the season.
Hurricane Joaquin disrupted the beginning of the Eagle's season, causing them to not be able to play any games up until late October.
The year started out different for the women's club team as they lost a majority of their defense to graduation, but have managed to still have most of their core midfield and attack squads from last year.
This year there are many new members to the team. Some of the new members include many freshmen and even some from last year's varsity squad. With practice times that are not always convenient for most students the communication has been surprisingly outstanding. Not many show up for the practices during the early afternoon, because of classes, but they still manage to stay close to each other. With that friendship, they are able to communicate and work very well on the field.
"In attacking group we are all very good friends and because of that we are able to work very well together," said sophomore Alex Fellows, who had four goals in the game against VCU. The team is expected to get better as games go on.
The communication will improve even more than it already is and will be working even better all-around as a team. "The team is doing well this year because we have many very strong players" said senior captain Mikaela Barton.
The club team will have two more game this fall season; with their next game being played on Nov. 7 against Lynchburg College and the following game being played against Christopher Newport University on Nov. 21.
Tags: Alex Fellows CJ Cummings Mikaela Barton Women's Club Lacrosse
Previous UMW Eagles soar through Homecoming Weekend
Next Daniel Murphy, lucky season? or next Mr. October?


Red Deer, Alberta / TheNewswire / April 9, 2019: Rifco Inc. (TSXV: RFC) ("Rifco" or the "Company") the largest publicly-traded alternative auto finance company in Canada, announced today that as part of its regular review of compensation, the Board of Directors has approved a grant of 280,000 stock options to senior officers and senior managers of the Company. The options were granted at an exercise price of $1.10 per common share and will expire on April 9, 2024. The options will vest over four years.
Rifco Inc. is focused on being the best alternative auto finance company through its wholly owned subsidiary Rifco National Auto Finance Corporation. Our mission is to help deserving Canadians own automobiles. Rifco is Canada's largest publicly traded alternative auto finance company.
Rifco seeks to create sustainable long-term competitive advantages through personalized partnerships with dealers, innovative products, the use of industry-leading data and analytics, and leading collections practices. Rifco's corporate culture fosters employees that are highly engaged, innovative, and performance driven.
The common shares of Rifco Inc. are traded on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol "RFC". There are 21.60 million shares (basic) outstanding and 23.62 million (fully diluted) shares.


text:
Q: How to use hooks in Handsontable. I need check data before paste I need to check the data before inserting it into the table and if it is not correct, change it and insert it. I'm trying to create a hook with a beforeInsert prefix and describe this logic there, but it doesn't work.
I tried this code for testing, but nothing changes when pasting
  hot1.addHook('beforePaste', function(td1, row1, col1, prop1, value1, cellProperties1) {
          if (prop1 === 'cost1') {
                  var cellMeta1 = this.getCellMeta(row, this.propToCol('cost2'));
                  cellMeta1.type = 'text';
            cellMeta1.source = 'hello';
          }
         }
      );

Could the problem be that before that I call this hook?
hot1.addHook('beforeRenderer', function(td, row, col, prop, value, cellProperties) {
            if (prop === 'warehouse') {
               var cellMeta = this.getCellMeta(row, this.propToCol('xWarehouse'));
               cellMeta.readOnly = (value != ' ' && value != '' && value != null) ? true : false;
           }
     }
);

How can you check and insert the changed value into the table?
Example:
At input 3 213, insert 3213, just remove the spaces
UPD :
I also tried to use this:
            if (prop === 'cost1' && value != '') {
               var cellMeta = this.getCellMeta(row, this.propToCol('cost1'));
               hot1.setDataAtCell(row,col,value);
           }
      });

But in this case, my table freezes

A: We can change the value with afterChange hook.

var setter = false;
        hot1.addHook('afterChange', function(changes, src) {
            if (!setter) {
                setter = true;
                    for(let obj of changes){
                    var currentRow = obj[0];
                    var currentValue = obj[3].replace(/\s+/g,'');
                    var currentCol = obj[1].replace(/\s+/g,'');
                    var colNumber = hot1.propToCol(currentCol);
                    hot1.setDataAtCell(currentRow, colNumber, currentValue);
                    }
            } else {
                setter = false;
            }
        });

Handsontable will substitute the values of changes and src itself, after which we can pull out the inserted value and change it, and then insert it back


Join the UMD Outdoor Educators Club at their 21st Annual Outdoor Gear Swap/ Fundraiser. Bring your outdoor gear to sell during the drop off times, and/or come to the sale and take advantage of some great deals! Gear to help people enjoy the outdoors will be sold by students, community members and local businesses. 15% of the sale price is taken to promote outdoor education. This is a Duluth tradition. Get there early for the best deals!


A second and in-depth visit to the Irish Museum of Transport. A lovely quiet day for a visitor - loads of time to take photographs without people getting in the way!
The County Donegal railway exhibits were of particular interest - dates are a bit unclear but around 1957-59 we travelled on the Letterkenny to Strabane railway while on holiday in Letterkenny. Railway closed in 1959. Looking at the exhibits it must have been a very interesting journey.
Appears to have Yard No 180 on smoke box but unable to identify subject fully - postioned at entrance to Railway Museum car park during visit in September 2012 but does not appear to be a permanent exhibit.


text:
Q: Angular is not processing part of a view; No error in console I have an odd issue where everything on the page is being processed by angular except for one small part helping to assign a CSS property.
.full-page(ng-repeat="page in pageRange(section.id)" style="top:{{(pageHeight * $index) + (15 * $index)}}px;")

in IE I am seeing
top: {{((pageHeight * $index) + (15 * $index))}}px

and in Chrome I am getting
top: 0px

pageHeight appears to be coming from its controller via
$scope.pageHeight

I'm pretty new to angular and working on a project that uses it on the front end. I having a hard time figuring out why IE not calculating. From what I can tell Chrome isn't either its just defaulting to 0px. I've been researching online and playing around with different ways to write it but I can seem to get anything to trigger is expected.


For callous Death's decrees cannot be changed.
"Accept thy fated end," he doth enjoin.
Another day where you may feel "bound" by the decisions that you have made in the past, and where too, that you must take responsibility for your part in any dilemma that you may be experiencing. Events now are requiring you to look more deeply at your emotional side, and challenging you to explore this aspect of yourself more deeply. Although you may feel that you have lost out, this phase is unlikely to be the end, but rather an opportunity to make a stronger commitment to the future. All is not lost, something remains which can be worked on, and it is up to you to take up the challenge.


Reinforced black polyamide Conveyor Guide Rail Brackets supplied complete with reinforced polyamide knobs and stainless steel AISI304 grade eyebolt.
Available with either a single or twin 12mm clamp. We can also offer a Microban antibacterial option upon request.


text:
Q: javascript functions conflicts I have these scripts for my website but only one function works at a time, whichever code is close to head tag works fine. what is a solution to work both function with out any conflict.
CODE IS GIVEN BELOW:
<script type="text/javascript" src="demo_files/jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="demo_files/jquery.vticker-min.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
    $(function(){
        $('#news-container').vTicker({
            speed: 500,
            pause: 3000,
            animation: 'fade',
            mousePause: false,
            showItems: 3
        });
            $('#news-container1').vTicker({
            speed: 700,
            pause: 4000,
            animation: 'fade',
            mousePause: false,
            showItems: 1
        });
    });
    </script>
    <style type="text/css">
    body{ font-family:Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size:14px;}
    </style>
    <link media="screen" rel="stylesheet" href="colorbox.css" />
    <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="jquery.colorbox-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
    $(function()
    {
        $(window).bind('load',
            function(e)
            {
                $.colorbox({opacity:0.3, href:"offer.html"});
            });
    });
    </script>

A: Long Answer: It's because you are including jQuery twice, once right at the top, and again about half way down (a minified version).
The second time you include the library, the $ object will be redefined, overriding the existing instance. Any code attached the $ object when this happend, such as events and plugins, will be lost.
Short Answer: Remove the second copy of jQuery, it should work then.


A single pack of 100 resistors of the same value, useful for big projects or for very common resistor values.
A single pack of 10 resistors of the same value, useful for a single project where you need a particular resistor value.
A simple 100k ohm vertical linear potentiometer for all your projects.
The higher temperature, the lower resistance value.
With it you enter in resistance.


text:
Captain America: The First Avenger's Movie Review
Written on August 09, 2011 by Lulu
All We Like talks about the The First Avenger, as Captain America recently hits the big screen.
Not quite fun as Thor, and not as bad as Green Lantern. Captain America: The First Avenger feels less like an exciting comic book hero movie than a required reading to fully understand the upcoming The Avengers movie — which will be arriving in theaters next summer.
The recently released film started and ended with a scene set in the present time. One in an icy sea and the other in New York. However, the whole movie took place during the World War II era, where Nazi invades a lot of country. The movie tells the story of how the famous superhero, Captain America, originated.
List of Upcoming Movies for the Month of July 2011
Written on July 02, 2011 by Lulu
As the month of June ends with the release of the much-anticipated Transformer: Dark of the Moon, movie goers are now excited to see incoming movies for the month of July.
On the month of July, several movies will be out — including the most anticipated last part of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. That said, All We Like is giving you a list of movies that you can feast your eyes on this month.
Hit the break to see the list of upcoming movies for July.
Ashley Greene Dating Captain America?
Written on March 25, 2011 by R. Depp
After calling it quits with Joe Jonas, Twilight star Ashley Greene is reportedly moving on with Captain America star, Chris Evans.
Ashley Green and Chris Evans were reportedly spotted dirty dancing at the Trousdale in West Hollywood on Tuesday night. A source tells E! Online that "They were dancing together very closely."
"It looked like they had a lot of sexual chemistry. Ashley was all over [Chris], and he certainly didn't mind."
Evans is also currently being linked to Glee star, Diana Agron, with whom Chris was also seen flirting in a recent event.
However, a friend of Evans' tells E! Online otherwise:
"Chris is a really fun guy and loves girls. Just because he 'gets flirty' with one doesn't mean he is all of a sudden dating her."
View Article Source »
Thor Debuts on New York Comic Con 2010
Written on October 11, 2010 by B Waldorf
From the legends of Iron Man and Incredible Hulk, here comes another much awaited hero. Last weekend, Marvel showed a sneak peek of the movie, Thor.
Last weekend, Thor made a paramount entrance at Comic-Con. Marvel Studios released a treat to all the fans, that is Kenneth Branagh's much awaited and celebrated adaptation of "Thor". From the legends of Iron Man and Incredible Hulk, the Avengers are almost in full power.
According to UGO.com, the sneak peek shows the mighty Thor (Chris Hemsworth), an arrogant God of Thunder. Thor must have been pretty reckless, and that cost him his dominance over humans. He was cast down to Earth from Asgard and live among humans.
Hemsworth told MTV that he and his brother, who happens to be Miley Cyrus' boyfriends, were both considered to take the role.
"I'm excited for him and vice versa," the 26-year-old actor told the entertainment website. "Through that process, I was giving him advice on what I thought Ken wanted – and then when I was in there testing, he was doing the same."
The Avengers – At Last
Written on August 03, 2010 by B Waldorf
Wait no more for The Avengers is set to hit theaters on 2012.
It been ages and rumors were spread along every mouth. Comic fans had been thinking about it for so long. They had been wishing to make the comic book into a film. The Avengers has finally returned to the big screen. The wait is almost over guys.
During the Comic Con, it was announced that Mark Ruffalo will replace Edward Norton as the Incredible Hulk. The cast of the super hero mega hit is already complete. The film is to be directed by Joss Whedon and to hit the screens on 2012.


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Die Straßenbahnstrecke Rohrbachstraße/Friedberger Landstraße–Gravensteiner-Platz ist eine am 11. Dezember 2011 in Betrieb gegangene Neubaustrecke der Straßenbahn in Frankfurt am Main. Sie wird von der hierfür neu eingerichteten Straßenbahnlinie 18 befahren.

Die neue Straßenbahnlinie 18 erschließt das Neubaugebiet Frankfurter Bogen und bindet es an die Innenstadt an. Von der neuen Endhaltestelle Gravensteiner-Platz im Norden führte die Strecke ursprünglich über die Friedberger Warte, Nibelungenplatz/Fachhochschule, Konstablerwache, Börneplatz/Stoltzestraße und Hospital zum Hl. Geist zum Lokalbahnhof, samstags weiter zur Stadtgrenze Offenbach. Seit 2019 verkehrt die Linie vom Lokalbahnhof aus weiter über den Südbahnhof zum Bahnhof Louisa. Die Fahrzeit bis zum zentralen S- und U-Bahnhof Konstablerwache beträgt 19 Minuten, zum Lokalbahnhof 29 Minuten und bis Louisa 37 Minuten. Täglich wurden rund 13.000 Fahrgäste erwartet, eine Zahl, die schon bei Zählungen im April und Mai 2012 mit 14.000 Fahrgästen übertroffen wurde.

Streckenbeschreibung
Die Neubaustrecke zweigt an der Kreuzung Friedberger Landstraße/Glauburgstraße von der bestehenden Strecke der Linie 12 ab, wurde an der bestehenden Haltestelle "Rohrbachstraße/Friedberger Landstraße" an das vorhandene Streckennetz angeschlossen und führt über die Friedberger Landstraße bis zum Ostrand von Preungesheim.

Diese 3,5 Kilometer lange zweigleisige Neubaustrecke hat acht neue Haltestellen mit Haltestellenabständen von 325 bis 620 Metern und Niederflurbahnsteigen. Die Strecke auf der Friedberger Landstraße wurde als asphaltierte ÖPNV-Spur ausgeführt und wird von der teilweise parallel verkehrenden Buslinie 30 mitbenutzt. Entlang der Strecke sind Vorrangschaltungen für die Straßenbahn vorhanden. In der Rat-Beil-Straße und Goldpeppingstraße wurden neue Gleichrichterwerke und an der Endhaltestelle ein Technikgebäude gebaut. Auf dem Abschnitt Gravensteiner-Platz–Friedberger Landstraße (Bodenweg) wurde parallel zum Schienenweg ein Fuß- und Radweg neu angelegt, seine Fortsetzung ist der ebenso neu gebaute Radweg der Friedberger Landstraße bis Rohrbachstraße.

Geschichte

Planung
Der Neubau einer Straßenbahnstrecke zum Frankfurter Bogen mit Linienführung über die Friedberger Landstraße wurde von der Stadtverordnetenversammlung am 10. Oktober 1996 beschlossen. Der Kosten-Nutzen-Faktor beträgt 1,20.

Am 8. November 2001 beauftragte die Stadtverordnetenversammlung den Magistrat der Stadt mit der Realisierung der neuen Strecke. Am 15. Mai 2003 wurde die Ausgangsplanung seitens der Stadtverordnetenversammlung geringfügig geändert und bis zum Jahre 2004 die Vorplanung entsprechend diesem Beschluss angepasst. Die Betriebsaufnahme war für das Jahr 2006 vorgesehen.

Das Planfeststellungsverfahren beim Regierungspräsidium Darmstadt wurde im April 2005 eingeleitet und stand zwischen dem 25. Mai 2005 und dem 28. Juni 2005 zur allgemeinen Einsichtnahme offen. Die Planfeststellung wurde am 19. Juni 2006 vergeben.

Wie im November 2003 bekannt wurde, hatte sich der weitere Bauprozess verschoben, da die mit der Planung beauftragte Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt (VGF) die Prioritäten zunächst auf den Neubau des Betriebshofs Ost und der DII-Tunnelstrecke, deren Planungen nach den Kommunalwahlen 2006 eingestellt wurden, gesetzt hatte.

Nach den Kommunalwahlen 2006 und dem damit verbundenen Regierungswechsel erklärte der neu gewählte Verkehrsdezernent Lutz Sikorski (Grüne), dass der Neubau der Straßenbahnstrecke nach Preungesheim ein sehr wichtiges Ziel sei. Da seit Einleitung der Planfeststellung keine weiteren Schritte zur Realisierung unternommen wurden, beauftragte er ein privates Planungsbüro mit Ausarbeitung der Bauausführungsplanung. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde mit einem Baubeginn im Herbst 2007 gerechnet. Verkehrsexperten gingen von einer Betriebsaufnahme im Jahre 2010 aus.

Ende November 2006 wurde bekannt, dass die VGF nur noch auf den entsprechenden Landeszuschuss warten würde und von einem Baubeginn im April 2007 mit Leitungsverlegungen am Nibelungenplatz und einer Betriebsaufnahme im Dezember 2009 ausging. Am 6. Dezember 2006 wurde der Zuwendungsbescheid des Landeszuschusses in Höhe von 26 Millionen Euro vom damaligen Verkehrsminister Alois Rhiel an der Endhaltestelle Rebstockbad der Linie 17 an Baudezernent Franz Zimmermann und VGF-Geschäftsführer Werner Röhre übergeben.

Aufgrund von weiteren Verzögerungen bei der Verabschiedung der Bau- und Finanzierungszusagen seitens des Straßenbauamts und des Magistrates, die im Dezember 2006 erfolgen und anschließend im Januar 2007 von der Stadtverordnetenversammlung verabschiedet werden sollten, aber erst am 20. April 2007 vom Magistrat beschlossen wurden, verzögerte sich der offizielle erste Spatenstich. Es wurde nun von einem Baubeginn im Herbst 2007 ausgegangen. Wenig später wurde dieser Termin auf das Jahresende 2007 verschoben.

Durch weitere Verzögerungen, verursacht durch die Deutsche Telekom, für deren Leitungen eine Beseitigungsverfügung durch die Stadt erlassen werden musste, verschob sich der Zeitpunkt der Inbetriebnahme zunächst auf Ende 2010. Wie im September 2007 bekannt wurde, war die Verzögerung dadurch entstanden, dass das Verkehrsdezernat zehn Monate brauchte, um bei der Telekom einen Zuständigen ausfindig zu machen.

Vergabeverfahren
Am 26. September 2007 wurden die Bauausführungen durch die VGF ausgeschrieben. Der Baubeginn wurde auf Februar 2008 datiert. Ein Baubeginn zum 100. Jahrestag der Eingemeindung von Preungesheim wurde als realistisch betrachtet. Im Februar 2007 wurde seitens der VGF der 10. April 2008 als Termin des Baubeginns angestrebt. Am 25. Februar 2008 fanden auf der Friedberger Landstraße Baumfällarbeiten statt.

Im Anschluss an die erfolgte Ausschreibung kam es zu Verzögerungen, die einen Baubeginn für lange Zeit unmöglich machten. Das Unternehmen Bilfinger Berger, bei der Ausschreibung unterlegen, da sein Angebot als drei Millionen Euro teurer als das von Hastrabau-Wegener und Peter Gross war, legte gegen die Vergabe der Bauleistungen Einspruch ein.

Der Anlass für die Klage war ein fehlendes Meisterzertifikat für die Arbeiten an Beleuchtungsanlagen, welches vom Unternehmen, das den Zuschlag erhielt, aufgrund eines Formfehlers bei Ausschreibung nicht beigelegt worden war. Allerdings hatte das klagende Unternehmen dieses Zertifikat ebenfalls nicht beigefügt.

Da die Vergabekammer des Regierungspräsidiums Darmstadt die Entscheidung der VGF bestätigt hat, klagte das unterlegene Unternehmen beim Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt (OLG). Zu diesem Zeitpunkt ging die VGF von einem Baubeginn Ende August 2008 und einer Betriebsaufnahme im Jahre 2011 aus.

Am 15. Juli 2008 fand eine mündliche Verhandlung statt. Das Gericht entschied zugunsten des Klägers. Hiermit verzögerte sich der Baubeginn auf unbestimmte Zeit. Das Verfahren wurde an die Vergabekammer des Regierungspräsidiums zurück überwiesen, die am 13. September 2008 die Entscheidung der VGF bestätigte. Da in der anschließenden Einspruchsfrist das unterlegene Unternehmen erneut Einspruch erhob, konnte die VGF die Arbeiten nicht wie geplant am 26. September 2008 rechtskräftig vergeben und der Baubeginn im November mit Eröffnung im Juni 2011 konnte nicht eingehalten werden.

Am 9. Dezember 2008 verhandelte das OLG erneut den Fall. Bei einer Entscheidung zugunsten der VGF wurde von einem Baubeginn im Februar 2009 und der Eröffnung Ende 2011 ausgegangen.

Am 10. Februar 2009 wies der Vergabesenat des OLG mit Beschluss eine Beschwerde gegen das Ausschreibungsergebnis für die Tief-, Gleis- und Straßenbauarbeiten zurück, ohne eine Revision zuzulassen. Die rechtskräftige Entscheidung ermöglichte der Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt am Main, das in der Ausschreibung siegreiche Unternehmen, die "Bietergemeinschaft Hastrabau-Wegener/Peter Gross" mit den Arbeiten zu betrauen.

Kosten
Während der Projektphase mussten die Baukosten mehrfach neu kalkuliert werden. Im Februar 2009 wurden sie mit 50 Millionen Euro beziffert. Gegenüber einer Rechnung aus dem April des Jahres 2007 ist dies eine Steigerung um 5,5 Millionen.

Im Februar 2012 wurden die endgültigen Baukosten mit 55,1 Millionen Euro angegeben. Die Mehrkosten in Höhe von 10,7 Millionen müssen anteilig von der Stadt Frankfurt und der VGF getragen werden.

Bauarbeiten

Offiziell war Baubeginn am 23. März 2009. Im April 2007 begannen die Arbeiten mit der Verlegung von Versorgungsleitungen an der Friedberger Warte, die sich bis Mitte 2010 entlang der nördlichen Friedberger Landstraße bis über den Nibelungenplatz erstreckten. Für die Trassenfreimachung im Bogen an der Walter-Kolb-Siedlung mussten 28 Kleingärten aufgegeben werden.

Eröffnung
Ab dem 14. November 2011 fanden Probefahrten und Fahrschulbetrieb statt. Die Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt (VGF) eröffnete die Strecke zum turnusgemäßen Fahrplanwechsel am 11. Dezember 2011. Die neue Linie verkehrt bis gegen 20 Uhr im 10-Minuten-Takt, anschließend wird der Takt auf einen 20-Minuten-Takt ausgedünnt.

Ehemalige Nutzung der Linie 18
Bis 1986 fuhr die damalige Linie 18 zwischen Praunheimer Brücke und Enkheim, wurde zuerst verkürzt und danach 1992 eingestellt.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt
 traffiQ, Lokale Nahverkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt am Main: Pläne und Karten, Informationsmaterialien, Fahrpläne
 Trampage Frankfurt Seit 1996 informiert diese Website über die Geschichte und aktuelle Entwicklungen der Frankfurter Straßenbahn
 Frankfurter Bilderbogen-Eröffnungsfahrt Bilder und Kommentar zur Eröffnungsfahrt

Einzelnachweise

Straßenbahn Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt-Nordend
Frankfurt-Preungesheim
Rohrbachstrasse Friedberger Landstrasse GravensteinerPlatz


text:
Q: h:selectOneRadio doesn't work with ajax change event i have two radio buttons and no one is selected by default, and it's mandatory to select one of them, so here's what i did:
   <div id="payment_method">
     <h:message for="sel_payment_method" style="Color:red;"/>
     <h:selectOneRadio id="sel_payment_method" required="true" requiredMessage="Please select a payment method" value="#{myBean.selectedPaymentMethod}">
       <f:selectItem itemLabel="Debit or Credit Card" itemValue="credit" />
       <f:selectItem itemLabel="Checking Account" itemValue="checking" />
       <f:ajax event="change" render="credit_inputs_fragment checking_inputs_fragements" />
     </h:selectOneRadio>
    </div>

the selectedPaymentMethod property is a string and its default value is null
and the credit_inputs_fragment is a ui:fragement that contains a div
ISSUE: when clicking on a radio buttons the two fragments to be changed are not affected.
please advise, thanks.

A: You're not entirely clear in describing the concrete problem, but I can see at least two potential problems in the code posted so far:

*

*The <f:ajax event="change"> is wrong in case of radiobuttons and checkboxes. It should be event="click". Or, better, just remove it altogether. It defaults to the right one already. See also What values can I pass to the event attribute of the f:ajax tag?

*The component referenced in <f:ajax render> must be a fullworthy JSF UI component and always be rendered to the client side. If the component is by itself never rendered to the HTML, then JavaScript simply can't find it to update its content. You basically need the conditionally rendered components in another component which is always rendered. See also Why do I need to nest a component with rendered="#{some}" in another component when I want to ajax-update it?

A: i followed the example code in the following link, and it solved my issue:
JSF: Dynamically change form


text:
Thailand Population 2015
Bangladesh Population 2015
Thailand's current population is 69,184,615 on Thursday 5 July 2018, based on the latest United Nations estimates. In 2016 Thailand ended with a population of 68,863,514, an increase of 25,514 persons compared to 2015. Statistics live for the population of Thailand. 12/01-17 Summary of the Labour Force Survey in Thailand: December 2016. These statistics show the total population of Thailand from 2012 to 2016, with forecasts until 2022.
Inhabitants of Thailand (2018 and historical)
Thailand's population currently stands at 69,185,013 on Friday 6 July 2018, according to the latest United Nations estimations. The population of Thailand corresponds to 0.91% of the entire population. In terms of population, Thailand is ranked 20th on the country (and dependency) ranking. Population densities in Thailand are 135 per km2 (351 persons per mi2).
In Thailand, the average is 38 years old. Thailands population diagram (1950 - 2018) shows the overall population on 1 July each year, from 1950 to 2018 shown in the historic graph showing the percent variation of last year under the assumption of a homogenous variation over the previous five-year periorm.
1st year: from 1 July of the specified year. Population: Whole population ( "both genders and all age groups") in the county on 1 July of the year indicated, as assessed by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Perspectives of the world population: Annual Percent Change: 2018: Percent increase in the overall population compared to last year (from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018).
In all other years: year on year percent variation over the last year on the assumption of a homogenous variation over the previous five-year time frame, expressed by means of reversal joining. Annually change: 2018: last year's complete population changes (increase or reduction in the number of persons) (from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018).
In all other years: mean year on year numeric variation over the previous five-year cycle. This is the mean yearly number of migrants less the number of emigrés in the previous five years (from 1 July to 30 June of the first and last year) or in the following five years (for 2016 data).
Media Age: The population is divided into two groups of the same number: half of the population is older than the specified media age and half is younger. or TFR, it is measured as the number of kids per wife. This is the mean number of babies that an ordinary female will have during her reproduction time ( "15-49 years old"), on the basis of the actual fertilization rate of each group in the population, and on the assumption that she is not mortally ill.
Tightness (P/Km²): Population per km² (Km²). City population as a proportion of the population. Municipal population: Inhabitants of areas categorized as municipal according to the criterion of the state. Proportion of the population of the country: Overall population of the state as a percent of the overall world population as of July 1 of the given year.
world' s population: Entire world population on 1 July of the given year. Thailand's place in the global ranking of all nations by population (from the highest to the lowest) as of July 1 of the given year.
Burma trip from India
Tourist Places of Yangon
Near Buma
Myanmar Local News
Yangon Land
Burma love full
Myanmar State of Inle Lake Shan
Shwevideo Myanmar Movie
North American Shorthair
Anaatolic cat
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Myanmar World News
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Burma City Name List
Gnome town of Naypyidaw
Myanmar nationality
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The Baw Baw Gyi Pagoda
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What is the best time to travel to Myanmar?
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German to Myanmar Translation Online
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Burma Tours to Thailand
The Myanmar Military 2016
Yangon Global Hotel
Awww Hotel in Myanmar
Burma Airlines Booking
A Burmese classic Daily film review


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text:
Q: How to set environment variable to localhost? I have a very basic question regarding environment variables. The Tika python library that I'm trying to work with mentioned the following:

TIKA_SERVER_ENDPOINT: set to the host (local or remote) for the running Tika server jar

I downloaded the server jar from here and ran it with java -jar jarname.jar I'm trying to set the environment variable to the localhost, but I'm not sure how exactly to do this. I tried the following:
TIKA_SERVER_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:9998

But this simply resulted in a 404, with Network Error (dns_unresolved_hostname), Your host cannot be resolved by the DNS,
I also ran ps aux | grep java to check if the jar file was running and saw that it was running on the port 9998..... i.e:
java -cp /tmp/tika-server.jar org.apache.tika.server.TikaServerCLi -- port 9998 --host localhost

What exactly am I doing wrong here with my environment variable? I'm just very new to messing with jar files and environment variables, so any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks!

A: I had a similar issue and was able to resolve it by simply downloading the latest server jar from the Apache downloads page and then starting the server on my local machine from bash with:
java -jar tika-server -x.x.jar --port xxxx

Which started the tika server. I was then able to access tika in python through:
from tika import parser
parser.from_file('path_to_file')

A: Maybe java is installed incorrectly. You can check java installation here
Installation (with pip)
pip install tika

Installation (without pip)
python setup.py build
python setup.py install

Environment Variables
These are read once, when tika/tika.py is initially loaded and used throughout after that.
TIKA_VERSION - set to the version string, e.g., 1.12 or default to current Tika version.
TIKA_SERVER_JAR - set to the full URL to the remote Tika server jar to download and cache.
TIKA_SERVER_ENDPOINT - set to the host (local or remote) for the running Tika server jar.
TIKA_CLIENT_ONLY - if set to True, then TIKA_SERVER_JAR is ignored, and relies on the value for TIKA_SERVER_ENDPOINT and treats Tika like a REST client.
TIKA_TRANSLATOR - set to the fully qualified class name (defaults to Lingo24) for the Tika translator implementation.
TIKA_SERVER_CLASSPATH - set to a string (delimited by ':' for each additional path) to prepend to the Tika server jar path.
TIKA_LOG_PATH - set to a directory with write permissions and the tika.log and tika-server.log files will be placed in this directory.
More information you can get here.


Creating a Web page in Linux can be done in a variety of ways. There are many Web editing and Web design software programs, known as WYSIWYG programs, that are available for the Linux operating system. WYSIWYG stands for what-you-see-is-what-you-get; these programs allow you to see what your Web page will look like as you create it. Many people choose to install one of those programs and use it to design and create Web pages. Popular choices include TinyMCE, SPAW Editor and PWEditor (see Resources below).
For website creators with enough HTML knowledge, building a Web page using only an HTML editor is a quick and easy way to create a Web page. An HTML editor is usually very simple; you open it to find a basic text editor type interface and simply type in the HTML code that, when saved in .html format and published online, will produce a Web page. Popular choices for Linux HTML editors include EditiX and OpenWebSuite (see Resources below).
Once the Web page has been created, either through a WYSIWYG software program or an HTML editor, there are many options for Linux users in how to publish the Web page. One way is to use an open-source FTP client, such as FileZilla, to transfer the HTML file from the computer's hard drive to the appropriate folder on the server so that it will be published online. Of course, individual hosting services each have different methods of transferring files as well; some offer Web-based file uploading and some offer Web-based FTP options (see Resources below).
Any Linux user can also take advantage of the many simple options for creating a Web page online using platforms such as Blogger.com or Wordpress.com to quickly design and publish a simple Web page. Firefox is usually the Web browser of choice, though Opera and Songbird are also nice options. Once you open the browser, simply follow the normal procedure for creating a Web page through any of the online options for designing and hosting a Web page.