The Lake Superior Steelhead Association (LSSA) received a grant from the Lessard/Sams Outdoor Heritage Fund to rehabilitate trout habitat in the West Branch of the Knife River. This grant consisted of three phases. Phase I: assessing, designing and rehabilitating trout habitat; Phase II: locating black ash stands; Phase III: improving steelhead passage.
Phase I included conducting an aerial survey, stream walk-through, water temperature monitoring, aquatic invertebrate collection and electro-fish sampling to obtain baseline stream data. This assessment identified impaired stream sections, spring water seepages and stream rehabilitation sites.
Phase II examined color infrared photography to identify black ash tree stands. Color infrared photography differentiated black ash from other tree stands due to their lack of autumn foliage. Field confirmation was conducted in the spring for quality control.
Phase III consisted of restoring the second falls. The DNR altered the second falls by installing a weir in the 1970s to facilitate fish passage. In ~2003 the weir was lost during a weather event. This project restored the fish passageway by placing large boulders in the proximity of the former weir to create an improved jumping pool. These boulders mimicked the look of the original falls.
Amity Creek is one of ~720 perennial trout streams flowing into Lake Superior. Bedrock escarpments create steep, forested corridors with thin, erodible soils, low productivity, and "flashy" hydrology. Amity's watershed is mostly undeveloped (~4% rural/urban), but faces increasing development and climate change related impacts from increased temperature, stormwater runoff, erosion, riparian canopy opening, impervious surface, road crossings and reduced base flow. The stream was listed as Impaired in 2004 from excess turbidity from suspended sediment. A private gift spawned the Weber Stream Restoration Initiative (www.lakesuperiorstreams.org/weber) to help restore and protect Northshore streams using Amity as a demonstration project for restoration, assessment, and outreach activities. Partnership projects since 2005 include: two stream bank/channel stabilizations; a neighborhood stormwater reduction experiment; water, habitat, and biological monitoring; outreach activities, and developing GIS landscape stressor maps highlighting areas of higher environmental risk. GLRI funded efforts since 2011 include: (1) installing BMPs in critical areas; (2) development of on-line mapping tools for rural landowners to reduce erosion and stormwater runoff ; (3) a regional ditch design/maintenance manual; (4) geomorphic assessment of banks/bluffs using aerial and ground-based Lidar scanning; (5) assessing potential for increased groundwater storage; (6) WQ, habitat, and biological assessment; and (7) web-based outreach/education.
Habitat improvement projects employ various techniques to corral flow, create hydrologic complexity, or improve specific types of stream habitat. We are monitoring the effectiveness of a habitat improvement project on the Sucker River in NE Minnesota with the goal of improving deep pool habitat through a combination of installed large woody debris (LWD) jams and cross-vanes. We established a monitoring framework being implemented by University of Minnesota Duluth students through class laboratory assignments. To date, we have conducted pre- and post-installation surveys on 16 transects, plus LWD and pool surveys throughout the entire reach. Initial results indicated that pool habitat (areas > 60 cm deep) in the 400 meter reach increased from 53 m2 pre-installation, with 40% of that area in the largest pool, to 123 m2 immediately post-installation, with 18% in the largest pool. Additional surveys in July and October 2011 indicated a continued increase in deep pool area, from 208 m2 to 347 m2; and wood quantities increased with additional installed and captured debris. During a 500-year flood event in June 2012, many pools were filled in, leading to only 94 m2 of remaining deep pool area. While LWD quantity stayed the same, many installed structures were destroyed.
Abstract. Hydrology is increasingly recognized as a primary determinant of aquatic, riparian and shoreland ecological structure and function. Surface and groundwater use, landscape modification, and climate change can all modify basin hydrology and streamflow regimes, but the quantitative connections between these changes and ecological conditions are often poorly understood. This poster will summarize a 2010-2011 initiative led by The Nature Conservancy to advance understanding of ecological flow needs in Minnesota and establish ecological criteria for assessing and preventing flow alteration in aquatic systems based on the Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) framework (Poff et al, 2009). ELOHA is a rapid, flexible, framework for determining water requirements for healthy, sustainable rivers and integrating those requirements into regional water management. The Conservancy's effort in Minnesota focused on a) assessing available data, criteria, tools and approaches to development of ecological flow criteria (both science and policy), b) developing consensus on technical approaches to characterizing flow metrics and ecological response, c) and assessing ecological flow response relationships for Minnesota's Great Lakes Basin streams as a pilot to identify and develop flow metrics and criteria needed to protect aquatic systems statewide. Currently, a number of state, regional and university research initiatives are continuing to address gaps in the scientific foundation, policy applications, and/or implementation that were identified in this process. These efforts hold promise for progress on ecological flow protection and sustainable water management in Minnesota.
Fish Vis Mapper presents possible changes in fish species occurrence in response to global climate change. Global climate change effects on fish species occurrence in streams were evaluated by means of a number of linked general circulation, groundwater recharge, stream temperature, and streamflow exceedance models.
General circulation models (GCMs): Fish Vis Mapper results are based on a emissions scenario known as "A1B", developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (for more details see: http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/343.htm#box91). The A1B emissions scenario assumes a balanced approach to energy production is followed (fossil versus non-fossil) for the remainder of this century. The A1B emissions scenario was used as input to 13 general circulation models that provide potential air temperature and precipitation patterns to the remaining models.
Groundwater recharge model: The USGS Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model was used to estimate changes in potential groundwater recharge in response to projected air temperature and precipitation patterns for Wisconsin.
Stream temperature model: An artificial neural network model incorporating landscape factors, air temperatures, and potential groundwater recharge was calibrated to observed stream temperatures. The model was used to estimate potential for changes in stream temperature for individual stream segments.
Streamflow model: Multiple linear regression models were created to relate landscape and stream network characteristics with precipitation amounts in order to provide estimates of streamflow exceedance for specific parts of the year: annual median, 90% exceedence flow for the month of August, and 10% exceedence flow for the month of April.
Fish habitat model: Individual fish presence/absence models for 14 species of interest were calibrated to existing fish sample collection data. Fourteen species were selected that occur across the region and represent three thermal classes (cold, cool, and warm water streams). The fish habitat models generally include landscape, streamflow, stream temperature, and climate variables as drivers.
Vulnerability of fish species to climate change was evaluated by comparing predicted species occurrence under current conditions to predicted fish species occurrence under future climate conditions for 13 climate models and 14 fish species using two measures: 1) vulnerability, opportunity, and sensitivity, and 2) probability of occurrence and change in probability of occurrence.
Excess fine sediments are a problem for stream macroinvertebrates when they embed rocky substrates. Previous studies correlated macroinvertebrate traits such as burrowing vs. clinging behavior, case building, and fragile gills with fine sediments. These traits may make macroinvertebrates vulnerable to high sediment loads and would inhibit them from being dominant community members. North and south shore western Lake Superior streams have a wide range of fine sediment amounts due to clay and sand soils, but low amounts of other stressors, and thus are a good region to investigate relationships between macroinvertebrate traits and fine sediments. We created a combined sediment variable comprised of embeddedness, depth of fine sediments, and total proportion fine sediments. Macroinvertebrate traits significantly correlated with the sediment stress axis included mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly (EPT) richness; fragile gill taxa richness; and proportion taxa with hard exoskeletons. Together, the traits create an indicator that helps determine whether or not macroinvertebrate impairment is due to excessive sediments. Interestingly, stream macroinvertebrates seem to sustain few effects on assemblage diversity as long as fine sediments are continually washed out of rocky substrates, and the substrates do not remain buried.
Valerie Brady*, Lucinda Johnson, Dan Breneman*, Josh Dumke, and Robert Hell, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy, Duluth, MN 55811. vbrady@d.umn.edu.
NRRI aquatic ecologists have been sampling Duluth and North Shore stream macroinvertebrates since the late 1980's. Although the studies, goals, and methods varied, these data provide the ability to compare present-day stream invertebrate assemblages with those of up to 25 yrs ago, investigate yearly variability, compare wet and dry years, put small studies into a larger context, and other analyses. In some cases, basic water quality and habitat data were collected in addition to the invertebrate samples. A couple of studies also took Chironomidae to genus for added taxonomic resolution. Two studies included south shore western arm streams for even more comparative capability and a greater range of stream and substrate types. PIs included Anne Hershey, Carl Richards, Lucinda Johnson, and Valerie Brady; all were ably assisted by a number of graduate students, technicians, and taxonomists.
Brook trout in the North Shore region of Lake Superior are very sensitive to temperature and hydrology changes. Climate change is expected to cause increases in water temperature and possible decline of summer low flow. To estimate the effects of climate change to brook trout in this region, we developed several empirical models to predict stream temperature, and brook trout presence/absence using current (1996-2009) hydrology, air temperature and land cover. Together with projected air temperature and stream flow, these models forecasted the future (2020-2089) stream temperature and the risk of brook trout in more than 400 survey sites located in 329 streams in this region. Results indicated that averagely summer stream temperature in this region will increase by 1.2oC in 50 years. Consequently, 20% of current trout streams may lose trout, particularly in the lower shore area, where trout were predicted to disappear from almost all streams. In middle shore area, brook trout may be extirpated from half of current trout presence streams. Streams in the upper shore were less affected by climate change. Overall, suitable brook trout habitat in North Shore streams was predicted to shift northward in response to climate change.
Guideline development for timber management within riparian management zones (RMZs) requires consideration of economic benefits and potential effects on water quality and riparian/stream ecosystem function. The quantity and quality of organic matter (OM) inputs and standing crops of OM within streams can affect aquatic food webs. We measured organic matter inputs and in-stream OM standing crops in eight Minnesota streams in an experimental manipulation of varied levels of riparian harvesting. RMZs were either unharvested (controls), or harvested within 45 m of the streams to low (5.7 m2/ha) or medium (11.5 m2/ha) residual basal area (RBA). Total overhead organic matter inputs to streams were lower immediately after riparian harvesting in low and medium RBA treatments. Five years post-harvest, low RBA treatments had higher overhead wood inputs to streams. In-stream standing crops of leaves, wood, and fine organic matter 5 years post-harvest were greater and more variable at medium RBA sites than low RBA sites, but no significant differences between harvested and control reaches at either harvesting level were found. Our results show riparian harvesting treatments of similar magnitude would have minimal long-term impact on OM inputs and standing crops in streams of similar geomorphic settings of the riparian areas we examined.
Tom Estabrooks*, MPCA Project Manager; Nathan Mielke, Ben Lundeen, and John Sandberg, MPCA North Biological Monitoring Unit; Jesse Anderson and Stacia Grayson, MPCA Environmental Analysis & Outcomes.
Abstract: MPCA's Watershed Approach to condition monitoring and assessment is conducted on a major watershed scale with the goal of assessing all of Minnesota's surface waters over a ten year period. Through the Watershed Approach, lakes and streams are intensively monitored to determine the overall health of the water resources, identify impaired waters, and identify those waters in need of additional protection efforts to prevent impairments. Collection of data on water quality conditions includes: biological and physical monitoring, flow and load monitoring, and chemical monitoring. Intensive watershed monitoring began in the Lake Superior South watershed in 2011. The data collected, along with other credible data is used to assess Minnesota's surface waters to determine if they are meeting the appropriate designated uses for Aquatic Life, Aquatic Recreation, Aquatic Consumption, and Drinking Water. Results of the assessment process for Lake Superior South watershed identified nine stream segments and five beaches as not meeting the designated uses and were added to Minnesota's Draft 2014 Impaired Waters List. Current activities within the watershed include ongoing civic engagement and a stressor identification process for biological impairments. Future activities will include watershed modeling, TMDL completion and a Watershed Protection and Restoration Strategies (WRAPS) development.
Lake Nipigon is the largest inland lake in Ontario and is an important fisheries and recreational resource. Currently, two large systems that discharge into the Lake have proposed hydroelectric developments. It is well documented that increases in mercury (Hg) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) can result from the establishment of waterpower developments. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline for total Hg and MeHg in sediment, water, fish tissue, and benthic invertebrate tissue at the mouths of tributaries and open water sites. Samples were analyzed for low-level total Hg and MeHg, general chemistry, and metals. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in water ranged from 0.33 to 2.13 ng/L and 0.01 to 0.1 ng/L, respectively. Total Hg concentrations in sediment ranged from 3 to 58 ng/g dry weight, with MeHg accounting for an average of 0.4% of the total Hg concentration. MeHg did not correlate well to total Hg or total organic carbon content in the sediment. In the young-of-year Spottail Shiners, MeHg accounted for an average of 80% of the total Hg concentrations measured in the whole fish, and exceeded the Canadian tissue residue guideline for the protection of wildlife consumers of aquatic biota. Oligochaetes were collected for tissue analysis, and contrary to the fish tissue, only 5% of the total Hg concentration was comprised of MeHg. A food web assessment will be conducted to establish a baseline that can be used for comparison purposes in post-development monitoring.
This report details the first of a two part effort to begin developing an ecological systems understanding of sediment loading and its impacts on stream health along Lake Superior's North Shore. This initial assessment focused on characterizing the landscape of the North Shore as well as collecting and organizing available water quality data and data on aquatic organism health. This assessment also used GIS-based tools to identify reference and degraded areas along the North Shore. Aerial flyovers and field studies were also used to expand upon GIS findings and to further characterize stability and erosion hazard along North Shore streams. Initial findings show wide variability in stream turbidity levels with some of the greatest suspended sediment loads occurring in the spring of the year. IBI scores were found to have "Good", if not "Fair", overall health and diversity. Anthropogenic stressor results showed that potential impacts from these variables were most highly concentrated around the more urbanized areas of Duluth and Two Harbors near the Lake Superior Shore. A group of 33 sites was also field assessed for channel stability using Rosgen's modified Pfankuch assessment; approximately ~42% of those sites were considered to have "Good" stability, ~27% "Fair"stability and ~31% "Poor" stability.
Compared to trout streams in central and southern Minnesota, the trout streams along Lake Superior's North Shore lack substantial groundwater aquifers, and are therefore particularly susceptible to both land use change and climate change. To help develop management strategies to address urbanization and climate change impacts on these streams, stream temperature models have been developed specifically for North Shore streams. As part of a temperature TMDL, a relatively detailed, network stream temperature model was developed for a highly urbanized trout stream (Miller Creek). Urban development was found to impact the temperature of Miller Creek via both stormwater inputs and reduced riparian shading. In a subsequent project focused on climate change, catchment-level deterministic and empirical models were developed to project the impacts of climate change on stream temperature in less developed North Shore trout streams. These models were calibrated based on historical climate and stream data, and then used to project future (2020-2089) stream temperature conditions based on climate data from several global climate models. Overall, stream temperatures were projected to increase 1.3 to 3.5 °C, depending on the month and climate model data used. The projected stream temperatures were used to project the future extent of brook trout habitat in the North Shore region.
Since European settlement, invasive earthworms have transformed the structure, composition and function of cold-temperate hardwood forests of North America. Earthworm-invaded areas are characterized by reduced forest floor thickness, altered biogeochemical processes, increased soil compaction and leaching, and reduced soil moisture and nutrient availability. These ecosystem level changes are correlated with a cascade of changes in forest communities, however, little is known about the impacts on associated aquatic ecosystems. Hydroregime in vernal pools is expected to change as a result of earthworm invasion. Heavily earthworm-invaded areas that contain multiple species in different ecological groups are expected to experience increased inflow of water and volume following spring run-off and precipitation events resulting from increased compaction and the loss of the forest floor. However, the burrowing behavior of earthworms should result in shorter hydroperiods due to more rapid draining from increased and deeper water infiltration. Nutrient inputs into vernal pools should increase with earthworm invasion. Persistently wet riparian zones of vernal pools can support highly active earthworms which incorporate the previously thick floor into the upper mineral soil horizon. These heavily impacted soils will be associated with substantially increased transport of mineralized or highly labile forms of N, P and C.
The Red Clay Project was a research and demonstration project completed in 1980 and sponsored by five soil and water conservation districts from two states. The local district supervisors were committed to the task of seeking practical solutions to the many forms of red clay erosion and the resulting water quality problems. The overall objectives of this project were to demonstrate economically feasible methods of improving water quality, to assess the capabilities of existing institutions to cooperatively implement a pollution control program and to provide data and recommendations that could be used in future programs. This poster is a review of the recommendations that came out as a result of this extensive research and management project.
Lake Superior is a lake of extraordinary biodiversity. It contains endemic fishes, a unique deepwater form of Lake Trout, and the cool coastlines and islands harbor arctic-alpine plants and Woodland Caribou. It is also a region of growing threats. In the fall of 2012, the Superior Work Group of the Lake Superior Lakewide Action and Management Plan (LAMP) initiated a biodiversity conservation assessment for Lake Superior. This project supports implementation of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA), and contributes to the GLWQA Annex 7 commitment to "complete the development and begin implementation of lakewide habitat and species protection and restoration conservation strategies…" This Biodiversity Conservation Assessment will provide the scientific basis for a biodiversity conservation strategy that will be initiated later this year. The final Lake Superior Biodiversity Conservation Strategy will be similar to projects that have been completed for the other four Great Lakes.
Changing climate conditions will impact efforts to protect and restore Lake Superior. Current observations in the Lake Superior basin demonstrate that some changes in climate are already occurring, including increases in surface water and air temperatures and a decrease in the extent and duration of ice cover. Projected climate changes could have a range of future potential effects on Lake Superior ecosystems, including a decrease in the abundance of cold water fish and changes to coastal wetlands. In this report on Lake Superior Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation (referred to as the Report), the available science and identified adaptation opportunities for Lake Superior ecosystems has been synthesized.
The Stewart River Watershed is a small but important slice of the Lake Superior basin. The drainage is a combination of landscapes and ownerships, from maple highlands and aspen forests and openings to spruce muskegs and a mix of conifer cover in both public and private management. Swaths of public county tax-forfeit forestry lands cover the northern half of the drainage while parcels of private lands primarily dot the downstream landscape.
The watershed has been reshaped numerous times since the heyday of white pine logging, a century of settlement and the more recent removal of large areas of forest cover. Since 1900 the forest type has shifted from primarily conifer species to deciduous species with the overall age of the forest growing much younger and able to provide less cover and vegetative matter for the stream. The result is that stream flows fluctuate wildly and the entire hydrologic holding capacity of the watershed has been reduced. Water simply runs off the landscape faster today than ever before.
The Stewart River Enhancement and Watershed Improvement Project of Trout Unlimited aims to focus on several in-stream restoration projects that can directly enhance fish habitat as well as involve private landowners and their property in conservation practices across the landscape.
Grants made possible through the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCMR) have allowed Trout Unlimited to focus on improving the overall health of the Stewart River watershed.
Jason Naber, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc.
The Stressor Identification process is part of the larger Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategies for the Nemadji River watershed. The process identifies potential biotic stressors and develops the preliminary information necessary to complete TMDL reports for water bodies listed as "Impaired" or not meeting designated water quality standards. Each potential stressor is evaluated thoroughly. Although a significant volume of research and monitoring data are available for this watershed, and likely stressors are known by professionals familiar with the watershed, a robust Stressor ID process is being initiated with the broadest range of candidate stressors developed from similar aquatic systems with aquatic life impairments.
Abstract: The lower reach of the Poplar River is impaired due to excess sediment entering the stream. A TMDL report has been completed, along with extensive field reviews of watershed land use and water erosion prediction modeling to understand and quantify the sources of sediment to the river. Concurrent with the TMDL investigative work, local landowners have made a consistent effort to select and construct the most effective BMPs to manage sediment in the watershed. A recent review of water quality data shows sediment declining by 35% from the earlier annual average loads prior to BMP work. Additional projects to further reduce run-off and erosion are under development.
The U. S. Geological Survey, Natural Resources Research Institute, and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources are conducting a three-year study to: 1) assess copper, nickel, and other metal concentrations in surface water, rocks, streambed-sediments, and soils (including parent material) in watersheds that cross the mineralized basal contact of the Duluth Complex; and 2) determine if these natural concentrations are currently influencing regional water quality in areas of potential base-metal mining. Water-quality, streambed-sediment, soil, and bedrock samples will be collected and analyzed in three unmined watersheds with the following different mineral-deposit settings: (1) copper-nickel-cobalt-platinum group metal mineralization (Filson Creek watershed), (2) titanium-oxide mineralization (headwaters of the St. Louis River watershed), and (3) no identified mineralized deposits (Keeley Creek watershed). Water samples will be analyzed for 12 trace metals (total and dissolved concentrations), 14 inorganic constituents (dissolved concentrations), alkalinity, and total and dissolved organic carbon. Soil, streambed-sediment, and bedrock samples will be analyzed for 44 major and trace elements, total and inorganic carbon, and 10 loosely bound metals. Continuous streamflow and water-quality data will be applied to new hydrologic models and existing biotic ligand models to assess the influence of existing geochemistry and possible mining activities on regional water quality.
Over the last decade, bank erosion and lateral migration along Grand Portage Creek have threatened important cultural resources and historical landmarks, especially near its mouth at Lake Superior. The purpose of this study is to identify stream reaches throughout the watershed that are migrating, eroding, or depositing sediment at rates above pre-EuroAmerican settlement or prior to the 1700s. The study is being conducted by a partnership of the National Park Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Grand Portage Band and Geological Society of America.
The watershed-based study uses a combination of field-based channel and floodplain geomorphic assessments, historical records, Geographic Information System analyses, and alluvial stratigraphy. A rapid geomorphic assessment of the creek from its mouth to headwaters was completed in 2012-13 along 67 reaches and includes measurements of channel morphology, streambed sediment, bank erosion, valley type, and geologic setting. Permanent channel cross sections, longitudinal profiles, and floodplain soil cores were established at a subset of 15 reaches and measurements will continue into 2014. Data analyses has just began, but preliminary results show the importance of glacial geomorphic setting and bedrock structure in regulating the Creek's responses to land cover and climate change.
The Knife River was listed as impaired with a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for turbidity in 2010. Much of the sediment leading to this impairment enters the river from unstable streambanks. The Lake County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) is working to reduce the sediment load by designing and implementing streambank stabilization projects. Streambank stabilization projects use natural design methods established by hydrologist Dave Rosgen. This method, known as toe-wood, uses tree trunks, root wads, and brush to create a stable streambank. A stable streambank is more able to withstand erosion, resulting in less sediment entering the Knife River. A toe-wood project constructed in 2011 by the SWCD withstood the June 2012 flood. More projects of this type are in design to be constructed on the Knife River.
In 2011, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) undertook the intensive watershed monitoring effort of both the Lake Superior South and the Nemadji River Watersheds. A total of 77 biological monitoring stations were established at the outlets of varying sized sub-watersheds. As part of this effort, MPCA staff joined with local government units and organizations to complete stream water chemistry sampling at the outlets of eight subwatersheds. In 2013, a holistic approach was taken to assess all of the watershed's surface waterbodies for support of aquatic life, recreation, and consumption. Seventy-one stream segments and 14 lakes were assessed in this effort. Not all lake and stream segments were assessed due to insufficient data, modified channel condition and/or their status as "limited resources waters". Data collected between 2001 and 2011 suggest aquatic life impairments on 20 stream segments, aquatic recreation impairments on five streams segments and two lakes, and aquatic consumption impairments on two stream segments. Impairments found in both watersheds include biological (fish & macroinvertebrate), turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, bacteria, and mercury in fish.
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology provides high-resolution topographic data that can be used to detect geomorphic change in fluvial environments. In this study, we utilize successive terrestrial laser scans to investigate the relationship between peak flow rates and stream bluff erosion in the Amity Creek watershed in Duluth, Minnesota. Eight sites were selected for TLS analysis; scans were conducted following all large rain events, spring melt, and during times of low base flow.
Using our change detection measurements, we calculated an annual average retreat rate of -0.50 m/yr. By applying this rate to a watershed-scale bluff inventory, we estimated the total volume of sediment eroded from unvegetated bluffs in the watershed between November 2011 and November 2012. Results show that bluffs are likely the primary source of fine sediment contributing to the creek's turbidity impairment. Load calculations from our bluff erosion work were compared to MPCA estimates from previous years, and were found to conceivably represent 100% of the total sediment load even with the 500-year event removed. June flood loads were determined to account for approximately 80% of the sediment load from bluff erosion between November 2011 and November 2012.
TLS results from this study prove that major events are responsible for inducing considerable bluff erosion and moving the vast majority of sediment through the system. Additionally, our data demonstrate that management of turbidity-plagued watersheds along the North Shore and other regions of the state must include a focus on bluffs.
A study was conducted beginning in 2007 to estimate the magnitude of sediment sources along the Knife River, a tributary to Lake Superior. The study involved conducting geomorphic assessments of the main channel of the river, characterization of the bluffs lying adjacent to the river, outlining of tributary watersheds to the river, and modeling of surface runoff, overland flow erosion, channel erosion, and streambank erosion. The modeling involved the use of the SEDIMOT model for tributary hydrology and overland flow erosion, and the CONCEPTS model for simulating the erosion of the channel and streambanks. Cross-section data for about 25 locations along the river were available, and these were augmented with section data generated using a well-tested synthetic method. Precipitation data for three storm events was used with the hydrologic model to simulate surface runoff and overland flow erosion. The sediment generated from the various sources, overland flow in tributary watersheds, overland flow from bluffs, and streambank erosion was compared to the measured sediment loads at the gaging station at the mouth of the Knife. Comparison between simulated loads and measured loads was considered fairly good. The fraction of sediment generated from the three sources were: 59% from streambanks, 29% from bluffs, and 12% from upland areas.
The Duluth, MN, area experienced massive flash flooding following 8-10 inches of rain in 24 hours in June 2012, causing extensive damage at Jay Cooke State Park. One affected site involved a levee breach on Forbay Lake, releasing a flood wave downslope, carving a deep valley and destroying part of Highway 210. Although devastating for the park, the event provided opportunities for student research and outreach. Students from two classes at the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) conducted research in October 2012 to reconstruct magnitude and timing of the flood wave, impoundment behind the road, breaching of the road, and subsequent incision. Student projects focused on delineating the flood wave's lateral extent; determining peak shear stress and its effect on sediment mobility; estimating volumes of material eroded from the levee and deposited in the temporary impoundment; and tracking knickpoint propagation. Graduate students in a fluvial geomorphology course were able to address more complex issues including paleoflood discharge, levee geotechnical stability, and detailed long profile development. Collectively, they were able to extensively document what happened during the flood event at this site. To explain this dramatic event to park visitors, science education students from the University of Wisconsin Superior are taking data collected by UMD students and developing education materials. This collaboration between UMD, UWS, and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has provided research and public outreach opportunities for students that will eventually help educate the general public.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's (MPCA) North Biological Monitoring Unit works actively in the Lake Superior Basin on projects related to the monitoring, assessment, restoration, and protection of rivers and streams. Biomonitoring is an important component of the Intensive Watershed Monitoring (IWM) approach; since 2009, IWM biomonitoring, assessment, and reporting has been completed (or is near completion) in three of Minnesota's five Lake Superior Basin major watersheds. The Lake Superior North watershed will enter its second year of monitoring in 2014, and work is scheduled to begin in the Cloquet River watershed in 2015. A parallel project was recently initiated to more frequently monitor a network of least-impacted "reference sites" across the state; many of these sites lie within the Lake Superior Basin. These long-term monitoring sites represent a variety of stream types (e.g., headwater streams, large rivers, coldwater streams, low gradient streams) in their most natural condition, and will be monitored on a biennial schedule. This poster may also briefly cover other aspects of MPCA's biomonitoring program in the Lake Superior Basin, including: the development of Tiered Aquatic Life Uses, biota-based diagnostic tools to aid stressor identification, and a database tool for rapidly summarizing temperature logger data in terms of species-specific growth/stress/lethal durations.
Abstract: The Northland NEMO (Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials) program's Watershed Game is an interactive tool with a record of success in helping local government officials and others understand the connection between land use and water quality. Participants learn how a variety of land uses impact water and natural resources, increase their knowledge of best management practices (BMPs), and learn how their choices can prevent adverse impacts. Participants apply plans, practices, and policies that help them achieve a water quality goal for a stream, lake, or river. It has been used throughout Minnesota and in other areas of the country to build the knowledge base of local leaders, providing sound science and easier understanding of TMDL's and their role in achieving them. Currently, nearly 100 facilitators in 9 states have been trained to use the activity.
Abstract: Through surveys, focus groups, and interviews, Minnesota Sea Grant recognized that communities were interested in adapting to climate change, but didn't know where to start or how to begin thinking about climate adaptation. To address this need, we worked with the Great Lakes Sea Grant Network to develop a checklist designed to start the conversation. Titled "A Self-Assessment to Address Climate Change Readiness in Your Community," it covers a range of categories including: critical infrastructure and facilities, infrastructure, operations & maintenance, water resources, ecosystems & habitats, tourism & recreation, and community planning. During an initial meeting with community staff and officials, we present introductory information on climate change and adaptation, describe the self-assessment, and come up with a process for participants to return the assessments to us. We then analyze the responses and schedule follow up meetings to discuss the results and help the community determine their next steps.
Taylor, D. L., Hill, B. H., and Pearson, M.S.
concentration during snowmelt, baseflow, and precipitation events were taken in these reaches during 1997- 1999. In-stream and riparian habitat quality were also assessed, as was land use and land cover in each stream's watershed. The stability of each stream reach was re-evaluated in 2010-2012 and geomorphic assessments were repeated. Streams were considered unstable if the Rosgen geomorphic stream type had changed or if the width:depth ratio had more than doubled. The effects of stability on SS outputs were analyzed via linear regression. Logistic regression was used to determine stability over the course of the study. Stability after 12 to 14 years was best predicted by stream geomorphology, suspended sediment and bedload outputs, and the presence of wood in the riparian zone and streambed. Suspended sediment outputs could be predicted by stability over 12 to 14 years, geomorphology, discharge, wood availability, and by agricultural and road densities within the streams' watersheds.
Moose are commonly seen feeding in aquatic environments, but moose spatial and temporal relationships with aquatic environments across longer time periods is difficult to quantify. One reason for this is that moose are easy to observe in the water. We radiocollared moose and collected location data over a three year period and determined time moose spent in or near water over an entire season. Use of aquatic environments by moose occurs from late May through early August. We analyzed locations of moose in water, wetland cover types, and adjacent to water and wetland cover types. For most moose there was an increase in use of wetland cover types in the summer when temperatures were warm. From 30 to 70% of locations were in and near wetland cover types on hot summer days. In some cases moose were still not selecting for wetland cover types at the landscape scale because 40 to 50% of the home range was of the wetland cover types. Moose also consume aquatic macrophytes to supplement sodium in their diets. We are using activity loggers on collars in association with cover type identifications and aerial photographs to identify what proportion of active time moose are feeding on aquatic macrophytes.
Brook trout are the only stream dwelling trout native to the upper Midwest and populations have declined dramatically since early settlement; however, the extent, severity, and in some cases, the specific cause of the decline is unknown. Current fishery data along with landscape scale GIS data is being used to model the status and distribution of brook trout at the catchment and subwatershed scales in an effort to complete a range-wide status and distribution map throughout their native range in the United States. Partner agencies have provided recent fisheries data collected throughout the U.S. portion of the Lake Superior basin, and additional data has been collected during the 2011-2013 field seasons. Catchments and subwatersheds with sufficient data have been classified according to brook trout population status. Landscape scale metrics are being used to develop a classification tree model to predict brook trout status in areas where fishery data is insufficient. The end product, geo-referenced maps and data will assist biologists, land managers, and other interested parties evaluate and prioritize areas for protection, enhancement, or restoration of brook trout populations and provide a baseline for monitoring climate change effects on cold-water species.
The Great Lakes Basin Fish Habitat Partnership is committed to supporting healthy fisheries by funding and coordinating efforts to improve and protect fish habitat. We utilize a strategic, science-based approach to address the root cause of habitat decline on a landscape scale. The proposed poster will describe the Minnesota portion of our habitat assessment modeling that was completed on all US streams that drain to the Great Lakes.
The models, analyses, and data produced in tributary habitat assessments first describe fish distribution as a result of land use and habitat conditions. The statistical modeling that predicts fish distribution is then used to generate indices of anthropogenic stress and natural habitat quality. These indices can be used to set restoration and protection priorities with a broad scale perspective.
These models can help managers, agencies and local groups identify what kinds of restoration projects will improve fish distribution and target where those projects will be most effective in benefiting aquatic species. Model results and associated decision support tools can be used by partners all throughout the region to focus limited resources in areas where restoration will most make a difference.
Many streams on the North Shore of Lake Superior are impaired for turbidity. High-resolution LiDAR-derived DEMs offer a unique opportunity to develop a GIS model for identifying erosional hotspots in these streams, which can be used to inform watershed management decisions to reduce sediment loading. We used 3-m LiDAR-derived DEMs to identify several erosion predictors along Amity Creek. Because bedrock exposure significantly limits erodibility, we investigated bedrock exposure using Minnesota Geological Survey bedrock outcrop maps and by mapping bedrock exposure using a feature extraction tool.
Predictions based on remote data were compared with a field dataset that recorded erosion after a 500-year flood event. The most significant variables are bedrock exposure, a stream power-based erosion index, and bluff proximity. A threshold-based conceptual model including the three successful predictors was 70% accurate for predicting erosion hotspots. The limited predictive power of the model stemmed in part from differences in locations of erosion hotspots in a single large-scale flood event vs. long-term erosion hotspots. The inability to predict site-specific characteristics like large woody debris or vegetation patterns makes predicting erosion hotspots in a specific event very difficult. In addition, this model requires high-resolution bedrock exposure data, which may limit widespread application.
This Symposium is funded in part by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, by the NOAA's Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, in conjunction with Minnesota's Lake Superior Coastal Program.


The third edition of Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy provides a comprehensive overview of a variety of major counseling theories and focuses on the integration of different theoretical models. With new information on multiculturalism, diversity, and cutting-edge theories such as psychosynthesis, the book offers a detailed description of the philosophical basis for each theory as well as historical context and biographical information on each theory's founder. Chapters include new case excerpts and clinical examples, and each chapter follows a consistent structure in its exploration of each theory's features, including its approach to and ideas on personality development, human nature, the role of environment, the change process in therapy, and contributions and limitations to the mental health field. Theory-specific information on diagnosis, psychopharmacology, spirituality, and gender issues is also discussed, and the book is accompanied by a companion website where professors and students will find exercises and course material that will further deepen their understanding of counseling theory and allow them to easily bridge classroom study to future practice.


Welcome to my blog. Soon I'll start writing some posts.
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Curious to learn something about me? Go to this page.
Want to know why I started this blog? Go to this page.


text:
Bollywood Papa
Home Actress 12 Popular Television Actresses Who Are Divorced In Real Life
Jennifer Winget
Kamya Punjabi
Shweta Tiwari
12 Popular Television Actresses Who Are Divorced In Real Life
Prachi
The glamorous Bollywood life comes at a cost. Many famous couples, who were once head over heels in love and bound by holy matrimony, fell apart eventually. We have a list of a few such actresses who are divorced with their life partners in real life. Have a look here:
1.Sneha Wagh
Sneha Wagh who has played the role of Ratanjeet Kaur in the famous show "Ek Veer Ki Ardaas – Veera" got married actor Avishkar Darvekar when she was just 19 years. But the couple got divorced. Later, she tied the knot with an interior decorator Anurag Solanki on January 29, 2015 in a secret affair. After the 8 months of marriage, the couple filed for divorce and have been living separately.
According to sources, "Her first marriage ended because of domestic violence. The second one didn't work because of increasing differences between the estranged couple. It was an arranged marriage of sorts, which lasted only eight months". Sneha and Anurag have also reportedly filed for a divorce and will officially part ways sometime soon.
2. Rashmi Desai
These two co-actors from the famous show "Uttaran", fell in love during the show, and tied the knot in 2011. But reel to real life couple Rashmi and Nandish surprised everyone when they announce their divorce. Their marriage, problems arose and they separated in 2013. The two even took a break and tried to sort things out when they participated in Nach Baliye, but some relationships are just not meant to be. Rashmi and Nandish finally filed for divorce in December, 2015.
3. Muskaan Mihani
Muskaan Mihani who is known for her roles in "Dill Mill Gayye" and "Jugni Chali Jalandhar" is Marriage is over and is set to file for a Divorce. The actress has been living away from her Mumbai-based businessman husband Tushal Sobhani. Muskaan married Tusshar in September 2013. The couple have a 20-month old daughter Mannat.
4. Daljeet Kaur Bhanot
The beautiful and telented TV actress Daljeet Kaur, who is going through rough path due to her failed marriage with her husband actor Shaleen Bhanot. The couple got married on 9 December in the year 2009, in Shaleen's home town of Jabalpur. The couple are blessed with a baby boy in 2013. Daljeet has called it quit after five years of marriage. The couple has parted ways and are living separately.
5. Vahbiz Dorabjee
Vivian Dsena and Vahbiz Dorabjee met on the sets of "Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani" and gradually fell in love. After three years of courtship, Vivian and Vahbiz sealed the deal on January 7, 2013. Three years into the marriage, sometime around 2016, speculations began that the couple was living separately and soon, both Vivian and Vahbiz confirmed their split. They got divorced in 2017.
6. Dipika Kakar
Dipika Kakar is mainly recognised for her portrayal of Simar in the daily soap "Sasural Simar Ka". The actress got married to Raunak Samson, who is a Flight attendant, in January 2009 but later got divorced in January 2015. She has found love again in actor Shoaib Ibrahim who was her co-star in Sasural Simar Ka. As per the latest reports, the couple is all set to take the plunge this year-end or early next year.
7. Vaishnavi Dhanra
Vaishnavi Dhanraj is mainly recognized for her role Jhanvi in Colors' popular serial "Na Aana Iss Desh Laado". Vaishnavi got married to model turned actor Nitin Sahrawat in Shantikunj Haridwar on December 23 in 2012. But the lovely couple has parted ways and are divorced. Vaishnavi said that she was a victim of domestic violence.
8. Kamya Panjabi
Kamya was married to Bunty Negi. They both have a daughter named Aara (born 2009). In 2013, a month before entering the "Bigg Boss" house, the couple filed for divorce. On the show Bigg Boss, she broke down in tears after thinking about her divorce and how she misses her 4-year-old daughter.
9. Jennifer Winget
Karan Singh Grover and Jennifer Winget were one of the most loved television couples. The couple tied the knot on April 9, 2012, after dating for many years. After rumors surrounding the couple and Jennifer refuting the report, Karan finally spoke about the breakup. Putting an end to all speculations, Jennifer has admitted that they have indeed separated.
10. Dimpy Ganguly
Rahul Mahajan and Dimpy, who tied the knot on a reality show "Rahul Dulhania Le Jayega", have finally called off their relationship this year. Rahul was in the news for abusive behaviour towards Dimpy few months after their marriage, but they both were together and also participated in a dance reality show "Nach Baliye" in 2013. But unfortunately the two filed for divorce in May 2014 and their divorce was finalized in February 2015.
11. Shweta Tiwari
Shweta was married to actor Raja Chaudhary. They got divorced in 2007 after nine years together. Tiwari suffered in a troubled relationship characterised by Raja's alcoholism and violence. Tiwari had complained how he used to beat her up on a daily basis. He used to turn up on the sets of her shows and misbehave with her. An alcoholic, Raja confessed to Shweta about his affair with another actress. They have a daughter called Palak.
12. Shraddha Nigam
From Dekho Magar Pyaar Se, Krishna Arjun to Choodiyaan, Shraddha Nigam has come a long way in the television industry. In 2008 Shraddha got married to Karan Singh Grover and got divorced in 2009. Shraddha got married to Mayank Anand after two years of her Divorce with KSG.
Daljeet Kaur Bhanot
Dimpy Ganguly
Dipika Kakar
Kamya Panjabi
Muskaan Mihani
Rashmi Desai
Shraddha Nigam
Sneha Wagh
Vahbiz Dorabjee
Vaishnavi Dhanra
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Nesting an input inside another input I always thought that input elements are prohibited of having DOM contents, as stated here (at 'Permitted content') and here (in 'Tips and Notes').
Now I'm working in a project where several different input element types are rendered and altered in javascript (eg plain input text-elements and select). In that altering process, a hidden input is placed inside those elements, holding the current selected value.
So apparently it is possible via jQuery to add an input element into another input element (and using it afterwards):

function doIt() {
  //clear children of parent input
  $('#parentInput').children().remove();

  //create new input and append it to the parent input
  $('<input>').attr({
    type: 'hidden',
    id: 'testInput',
    value: 'Test value inserted into nested test input'
  }).appendTo($('#parentInput'));

  //get value of new nested input and write it to output div
  $('#output').html($('#testInput').val());
}

$('#doIt').on('click', doIt);

<input type="text" value="Test" id="parentInput">
<button id="doIt">Do it</button>

or even a div:

function doIt() {
  //clear children of parent input
  $('#parentInput').children().remove();

  //create new input and append it to the parent input
  $('
Test value inserted into nested test div
').appendTo($('#parentInput'));

  //get value of new nested input and write it to output div
  $('#output').html($('#testDiv').html());
}

$('#doIt').on('click', doIt);

<input type="text" value="Test" id="parentInput">
<button id="doIt">Do it</button>

My question now is: Why is that possbile via jQuery (and thus via plain javascript, as jQuery is 'just' a wrapper), when input elements are not supposed to have DOM content?

A: Some browsers may (or may not) support behavior that is not specifically supported in the W3C/HTML specification. Generally you want to steer clear of these "features" as they may not work the same across different browsers, or, even worse, a browser patch could change or break their behavior entirely as they are undocumented.

A:
I always thought that input elements are prohibited of having DOM contents, as stated here (at 'Permitted content') and here (in 'Tips and Notes').

You confuse HTML and DOM. HTML is just text. DOM is what the browser creates from that text.
The following is HTML. It's invalid and no browser will create nested nodes from it:
<input type="text" value="Test" id="parentInput">

Test value inserted into nested test div

</input>

The DOM tree that the browser creates will most likely look like it came from this HTML:
<input type="text" value="Test" id="parentInput">

Test value inserted into nested test div

The end tag is ignored. Browsers are forgiving when it comes to parsing HTML.
If you directly manipulate the DOM as you did, then there is no reason for the browser to prevent that. When it's time to render the DOM, the browser knows how to render an input. It doesn't really care if the input node has a child node. It's simply ignored.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Althea Says: Althea's very own product range is here, and we're starting off strong with the Petal Velvet Powder! This debuting beauty is a translucent powder that sets makeup and leaves behind a silky finish to the touch. Infused with oil from Althea seeds, this powder works to keep sebum production at bay without drying out the skin for a radiant, fresh look, all while giving out a gentle scent. Keep your makeup looking great all day or dust some on to stay shine-free!
It's packaged in a tiny cute sifter jar with a pastel pink cover. The powder is fine. Extremely fine. No kidding, this is one of the silkiest powder I felt. It's very slippery. My thoughts? Silica and silicone, known for its blurring properties are its primary ingredients. It gives it that soft texture while helping minimize the appearance of our pores. Mica makes the skin look softer and glowy. While Hibiscus Extract has anti-oxidants and serves as the skin's barrier from dehydration.
The puff included is as soft as marshmallows. It makes powder application so comfortable to apply on my skin. You can opt to use a brush if you prefer. I used the Althea Petal Velvet Powder to set my makeup and the results are seen below. I love how its lightweight and doesn't give off an unpleasant white cast. You can use it on your own for an au naturel look, or over makeup to set makeup and keep oilies at bay.
I can't help but touch my face immediately after putting this on because it made my skin feel so silky. HAHAHA! The only "downside" I can think of is it only holds 3g of product.
*Product was sent for review consideration. I was not paid in any form. All reviews are based on personal experience.


text:
Ἑλληνική
This webpage reproduces one of the
Dio Chrysostom
published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1932
Discourse 2
(Vol. I) Dio Chrysostom
p1 The First Discourse on Kingship
The first Discourse as well as the following three has for its subject Kingship, and from internal evidence is thought to have been first delivered before Trajan in Rome immediately after he became emperor. At any rate Dio does not address the Emperor in those terms of intimacy that he uses in the third Discourse.
Dio's conception of the true king is influenced greatly by Homer and Plato. The true king fears the gods and watches over his subjects even as Zeus, the supreme god, watches over all mankind. At the end is a description of the choice made by Heracles, who is the great model of the Cynics.
The story goes that when the flute-player Timotheus1 gave his first exhibition before King Alexander, he showed great musical skill in adapting his playing to the king's character by selecting a piece that was not languishing or slow nor of the kind that would cause relaxation or listlessness, but rather, I fancy, the ringing strain which bears Athena's name and none other. 2 They say, too, that Alexander at once bounded to his feet and ran for his arms like one possessed, such was the exaltation produced in him by the tones of the music and the rhythmic beat of the rendering. The reason why he was so affected was not so much the power of the music as the temperament of the king, which was high-strung and passionate. 3 Sardanapallus,2 for example, would never have been aroused to leave his chamber and the company of his women even by Marsyas3 himself or by Olympus,4 much less by Timotheus or any other of the later artists; nay, I believe that had even Athena herself — were such a thing possible — performed for him her own measure, that king would never have laid hand to arms, but would have been much more likely to leap up and p5 dance a fling or else take to his heels; to so depraved a condition had unlimited power and indulgence brought him.
4 In like manner it may fairly be demanded of me that I should show myself as skilful in my province as a master flautist may be in his, and that I should find words which shall be no whit less potent than his notes to inspire courage and high-mindedness — 5 words, moreover, not set to a single mood but at once vigorous and gentle, challenging to war yet also speaking of peace, obedience to law, and true kingliness, inasmuch as they are addressed to one who is disposed, methinks, to be not only a brave but also a law-abiding ruler, one who needs not only high courage but high sense of right also. 6 If, for instance, the skill which Timotheus possessed in performing a warlike strain had been matched by the knowledge of such a composition as could make the soul just and prudent and temperate and humane, and could arouse a man not merely to take up arms but also to follow peace and concord, to honour the gods and to have consideration for men, it would have been a priceless boon to Alexander to have that man live with him as a companion, and to play for him, not only when he sacrificed but at other times also: 7 when, for example, he would give way to unreasoning grief regardless of propriety and decorum,5 or would punish more severely than custom or fairness allowed,6 or would rage fiercely at his own friends and comrades7 or disdain his mortal and real parents.8 8 But unfortunately, skill and proficiency p7 in music cannot provide perfect healing and complete relief for defect of character. No indeed! To quote the poet:
"E'en to Asclepius' sons granted not god this boon."9
Nay, it is only the spoken word of the wise and prudent, such as were most men of earlier times, that can prove a competent and perfect guide and helper of a man endowed with a tractable and virtuous nature, and can lead it toward all excellence by fitting encouragement and direction.
9 What subject, then, will clearly be appropriate and worthy of a man of your earnestness, and where shall I find words so nearly perfect, mere wanderer that I am and self-taught philosopher, who find what happiness I can in toil and labour for the most part and employ eloquence only for the encouragement of myself and such others as I meet from time to time? My case is like that of men who in moving or shifting a heavy load beguile their labour by softly chanting or singing a tune — mere toilers that they are and not bards or poets of song. 10 Many, however, are the themes of philosophy, and all are worth hearing and marvellously profitable for any who listen with more than casual attention; but since we have found as our hearer one who is near at hand and ready eagerly to grasp our words, we must summon to our aid Persuasion, the Muses, and Apollo, and pursue our task with the greatest possible devotion.
11 Let me state, then, what are the characteristics and disposition of the ideal king, summarizing them as briefly as possible — the king
p9 "to whom the son
Of Saturn gives the sceptre, making him
The lawgiver, that he may rule the rest."10
12 Now it seems to me that Homer was quite right in this as in many other sayings, for it implies that not every king derives his sceptre or this royal office from Zeus, but only the good king, and that he receives it on no other title than that he shall plan and study the welfare of his subjects; he is not to become licentious or profligate, 13 stuffing and gorging with folly, insolence, arrogance, and all manner of lawlessness, by any and every means within his power, a soul perturbed by anger, pain, fear, pleasure, and lusts of every kind, but to the best of his ability he is to devote his attention to himself and his subjects, becoming indeed a guide and shepherd of his people, not, as someone11 has said, a caterer and banqueter at their expense. Nay, he ought to be just such a man as to think that he should sleep at all the whole night though as having no leisure for idleness.12 14 Homer, too, in agreement with all other wise and truthful men, says that no wicked or licentious or avaricious person can ever become a competent ruler or master either of himself or of anybody else, nor will such a man ever be a king even though all the world, both Greeks and barbarians, men and women, affirm the contrary,13 yea, though not only men admire and p11 obey him, but the birds of the air and the wild beasts on the mountains no less than men submit to him and do his bidding.
15 Let me speak, then, of the king as Homer conceives him, of him who is in very truth a king; for this discourse of mine, delivered in all simplicity without any flattery or abuse, of itself discerns the king that is like the good one, and commends him in so far as he is like him, while the one who is unlike him it exposes and rebukes. Such a king is, in the first place, regardful of the gods and holds the divine in honour. 16 For it is impossible that the just and good man should repose greater confidence in any other being than in the supremely just and good — the gods. He, however, who, being wicked, imagines that he at any time pleases the gods, in that very assumption lacks piety, for he has assumed that the deity is either foolish or evil. 17 Next after the gods the good king has regard for his fellow-men; he honours and loves the good, yet extends his care to all. Now who takes better care of a herd of cattle than does the herdsman? Who is more helpful and better to flocks of sheep than a shepherd? Who is a truer lover of horses than he who controls the greatest number of horses and derives the greatest benefit from horses? 18 And so who is presumably as great a lover of his fellow-man as he who exercises authority over the greatest number of men and enjoys the highest admiration of men? For it would be strange if men governing beasts, wild and of another blood than theirs, prove more kindly to these their dependants than a monarch to civilized men who are of the same flesh and blood as himself. 19 And further, cattle love their keepers best and are most submissive p13 to them; the same is true of horses and their drivers; hunters are protected and loved by their dogs, and in the same way other subject creatures love their masters. 20 How then would it be conceivable that, while beings devoid of intelligence and reason recognize and love those who care for them, that creature which is by far the most intelligent and best understands how to repay kindness with gratitude should fail to recognize, nay, should even plot against, its friends? No indeed! For of necessity the kindly and humane king is not only beloved but even adored by his fellow-men. And because he knows this and is by nature so inclined, he displays a soul benignant and gentle towards all, inasmuch as he regards all as loyal and as his friends.
21 The good king also believes it to be due to his position to have the larger portion, not of wealth or of pleasures, but of painstaking care and anxieties; hence he is actually more fond of toil than many others are of pleasure or of wealth. For he knows that pleasure, in addition to the general harm it does to those who constantly indulge therein, also quickly renders them incapable of pleasure, whereas toil, besides conferring other benefits, continually increases a man's capacity for toil. 22 He alone, therefore, may call his soldiers "fellow-soldiers" and his associates "friends" without making mockery of the word friendship; and not only may he be called by the title "Father" of his people and his subjects,a but he may justify the title by his deeds. In the title "master," however, he can take no delight, nay, not even in relation to his slaves, much less to his free subjects; 23 for he looks upon himself as being king, not for the sake of his individual self, but for the sake of all men.
p15 Therefore he finds greater pleasure in conferring benefits than those benefited do in receiving them, and in this one pleasure he is insatiable. For the other functions of royalty he regards as obligatory; that of benefaction alone he considers both voluntary and blessed. 24 Blessings he dispenses with the most lavish hand, as though the supply were inexhaustible; but of anything hurtful, on the contrary, he can no more be the cause than the sun can be the cause of darkness. Men who have seen and associated with him are loath to leave him, while those who know him only by hearsay are more eager to see him than children are to find their unknown fathers. 25 His enemies fear him, and no one acknowledges himself his foe; but his friends are full of courage, and those exceeding near unto him deem themselves of all men most secure. They who come into his presence and behold him feel neither terror nor fear; but into their hearts creeps a feeling of profound respect, something much stronger and more powerful than fear. For those who fear must inevitably hate and want to escape; those who feel respect must linger and admire.
26 He holds that sincerity and truthfulness are qualities befitting a king and a prudent man, while unscrupulousness and deceit are for the fool and the slave, for he observes that among the wild beasts also it is the most cowardly and ignoble which surpass all the rest in lying and deceiving.
p17 27 Though naturally covetous of honour, and knowing that it is the good that men are prone to honour, he has less hope of winning honour from the unwilling than he has of gaining the friendship of those who hate him.
He is warlike to the extent that the making of war rests with him, and peaceful to the extent that there is nothing left worth his fighting for. For assuredly he is well aware that they who are best prepared for war have it most in their power to live in peace.
28 He is also by nature fond of his companions, fellow-citizens, and soldiers in like measure; for a ruler who is suspicious of the military and has never or rarely seen those who face peril and hardship in support of his kingdom, but continually flatters the unprofitable and unarmed masses, is like a shepherd who does not know those who help him to keep guard, never proffers them food, and never shares the watch with them; for such a man tempts not only the wild beasts, but even his own dogs, to prey upon the fold. 29 He, on the contrary, who pampers his soldiers by not drilling them or encouraging them to work hard and, at the same time, evinces no concern for the people at large, is like a ship-captain who demoralizes his crew with surfeit of food and noonday sleep and takes no thought for his passengers or for his ship as it goes to ruin. 30 And yet if one is above reproach in these two matters, but fails to honour those who are close to him and are called his friends, and does not see to it that they are looked upon by all men as blessed and objects of envy, he becomes a traitor to himself and his kingdom ere he is aware by p19 disheartening those who are his friends and suffering nobody else to covet his friendship and by robbing himself of that noblest and most profitable possession: friendship. 31 For who is more indefatigable in toil, when there is occasion for toil, than a friend? Who is readier to rejoice in one's good fortune? Whose praise is sweeter than that of friends? From whose lips does one learn the truth with less pain? What fortress, what bulwarks, what arms are more steadfast or better than the protection of loyal hearts? 32 For whatever is the number of comrades one has acquired, so many are the eyes with which he can see what he wishes, so many the ears with which he can hear what he needs to hear, so many the minds with which he can take thought concerning his welfare. Indeed, it is exactly as if a god had given him, along with his one body, a multitude of souls all full of concern in his behalf.
33 But I will pass over most of the details and give the clearest mark of a true king: he is one whom all good men can praise without compunction not only during his life but even afterwards. And yet, even so, he does not himself covet the praise of the vulgar and the loungers about the market-place, but only that of the free-born and noble, men who would prefer to die rather than be guilty of falsehood. 34 Who, therefore, would not account such a man and such a life blessed? From what remote lands would men not come to see him and to profit from his honourable and upright character? What spectacle is more impressive than that of a noble and diligent king? What can give greater pleasure than a gentle and kindly ruler who desires to serve all and has it in his power so to do? 35 What is more profitable than an p21 equitable and just king? Whose life is safer than his whom all alike protect, whose is happier than his who esteems no man an enemy, and whose is freer from vexation than his who has no cause to blame himself? Who is more fortunate, too, than that man whose goodness is known of all?
36 In plain and simple language I have described the good king. If any of his attributes seem to belong to you,14 happy are you in your gracious and excellent nature, and happy are we who share its blessings with you.b
37 It was my purpose, after finishing the description of the good king, to discuss next that supreme king and ruler whom mortals and those who administer the affairs of mortals must always imitate in discharging their responsibilities, directing and conforming their ways as far as possible to his pattern. 38 Indeed, this is Homer's reason for calling true kings "Zeus-nurtured"15 and "like Zeus in counsel";16 and Minos, who had the greatest name for righteousness, he declared was a companion of Zeus.17 In fact, it stands to reason that practically all the kings among Greeks or barbarians who have proved themselves not unworthy of this title have been disciples and emulators of this god. 39 For Zeus alone of the gods has the epithets of "Father" and "King," "Protector of Cities," "Lord of Friends and Comrades," "Guardian of the Race," and also "Protector of Suppliants," "God of Refuge," and "God of Hospitality," these and his countless other titles signifying goodness and the fount of goodness.18 p23 40 He is addressed as "King" because of his dominion and power; as "Father," I ween, on account of his solicitude and gentleness; as "Protector of Cities" in that he upholds the law and the commonweal; as "Guardian of the Race" on account of the tie of kinship which unites gods and men; as "Lord of Friends and Comrades" because he brings all men together and wills that they be friendly to one another and never enemy or foe; 41 as "Protector of Suppliants" since he inclines his ear and is gracious to men when they pray; as "God of Refuge" because he gives refuge from evil; as "God of Hospitality" because it is the very beginning of friendship not to be unmindful of strangers or to regard any human being as an alien; and as "God of Wealth and Increase" since he causes all fruitage and is the giver of wealth and substance, not of poverty and want. For all these functions must at the outset be inherent in the royal function and title.
42 I might well speak next of the administration of the universe and tell how the world — the very embodiment of bliss and wisdom — ever sweeps along through infinite time in infinite cycles without cessation, guided by good fortune and a like power divine, and by foreknowledge and a governing purpose most righteous and perfect, and renders us like itself since, in consequence of the mutual kinship of ourselves and it, we are marshalled in order under one ordinance and law and partake of the same polity. 43 He who honours and upholds this polity and does not oppose it in any way is law-abiding, devout and orderly; he, however, who disturbs it, as far as that is possible to him, and violates it or does not know it, is lawless and p25 disorderly, whether he be called a private citizen or a ruler, although the offence on the part of the ruler is far greater and more evident to all. 44 Therefore, just as among generals and commanders of legions, cities or provinces, he who most closely imitates your ways and shows the greatest possible conformity with your habits would be by far your dearest comrade and friend, while he who showed antagonism or lacked conformity would justly incur censure and disgrace and, being speedily removed from his office as well, would give way to better men better qualified to govern; 45 so too among kings, since they, I ween, derive their powers and their stewardship from Zeus; the one who, keeping his eyes upon Zeus, orders and governs his people with justice and equity in accordance with the laws and ordinances of Zeus, enjoys a happy lot and a fortunate end, 46 while he who goes astray and dishonours him who entrusted him with his stewardship or gave him this gift, receives no other reward from his great authority and power than merely this: that he has shown himself to all men of his own time and to posterity to be a wicked and undisciplined man, illustrating the storied end of Phaethon, who mounted a mighty chariot of heaven in defiance of his lot but proved himself a feeble charioteer. 47 In somewhat this wise Homer too speaks when he says:
"Whoso bears
A cruel heart, devising cruel things,
On him men call down evil from gods
While living, and pursue him, when he dies,
With scoffs. But whoso is of generous heart
p27 And harbours generous aims, his guests proclaim
His praises far and wide to all mankind,
And numberless are they who call him good."19
48 For my part, I should be most happy and eager, as I have said, to speak on this subject — on Zeus and the nature of the universe. But since it is altogether too vast a theme for the time now at my command and requires a somewhat careful demonstration, perhaps in the future there may be leisure for its presentation. 49 But if you would like to hear a myth, or rather a sacred and withal edifying parable told under the guise of a myth, perhaps a story which I once heard an old woman of Elis or Arcadia relate about Heracles will not appear to you out of place, either now or hereafter when you come to ponder it alone.
50 Once when I chanced to be wandering in exile — and great is my gratitude to the gods that they thus prevented my becoming an eye-witness of many an act of injustice20 — I visited as many lands as possible, at one time going among the Greeks, at another among barbarians, assuming the guise and dress of a vagabond beggar,
"Demanding crusts, not caldrons fine or swords."21
51 At last I arrived in the Peloponnesus, and keeping quite aloof from the cities, spent my time in the country, as being quite well worth study, mingling with herdsmen and hunters, an honest folk of simple p29 habits. 52 As I walked along the Alpheus on my way from Heraea to Pisa,22 I succeeded in finding the road for some distance, but all at once I got into some wood land and rough country, where a number of trails led to sundry herds and flocks, without meeting anybody or being able to inquire my way. So I lost my direction, and at high noon was quite astray. But noticing on a high knoll a clump of oaks that looked like a sacred grove, I made my way thither in the hope of discovering from it some roadway or house. 53 There I found blocks of stone set roughly together, hanging pelts of animals that had been sacrificed, and a number of clubs and staves — all evidently being dedications of herdsmen. At a little distance I saw a woman sitting, strong and tall though rather advanced in years, dressed like a rustic and with some braids of grey hair falling about her shoulders. 54 Of her I made full inquiry about the place, and she most graciously and kindly, speaking in the Dorian dialect, informed me that it was sacred to Heracles and, regarding herself, that she had a son, a shepherd, whose sheep she often tendered herself. She also said that the Mother of the Gods23 had given her the gift of divination and that all the herdsmen and farmers round about consulted her on the raising and preservation of their crops and cattle. 55 "And you too," she continued, "have come into this place by no mere human chance, for I shall not let you depart unblest." Thereupon she at once began to prophesy, saying that the period of my wandering and tribulation would not be long, nay, nor that of mankind at large. p31 56 The manner of her prophesying was not that of most men and women who are said to be inspired; she did not gasp for breath, whirl her head about, or try to terrify with her glances, but spoke with entire self-control and moderation.
"Some day," she said, "you will meet a mighty man, the ruler of very many lands and peoples.24 Do not hesitate to tell him this tale of mine even if there be those who will ridicule you for a prating vagabond. 57 For the words of men and all their subtleties are as naught in comparison with the inspiration and speech due to the promptings of the gods. Indeed, of all the words of wisdom and truth current among men about the gods and the universe, none have ever found lodgment in the souls of men except by the will and ordering of heaven and through the lips of the prophets and holy men of old. 58 For instance, they say there once lived in Thrace a certain Orpheus, a Muse's son; and on a certain mountain of Boeotia another, a shepherd who heard the voices of the Muses themselves.25 Those teachers, on the other hand, who without divine possession and inspiration have circulated as true stories born of their own imaginings are presumptuous and wicked.
"Hear, therefore, the following tale and listen with vigilance and attention that you may remember it clearly and pass it on to that man whom I say you will meet. It has to do with this god in whose presence we now are. 59 Heracles was, as all men agree, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and he was king not only of Argos but of all Greece. (Most people, however, do not know that Heracles was continually absent p33 from Argos because he was engaged in making expeditions and defending his kingdom, but they assert that Eurystheus was king at this time. These, however, are but their idle tales.) 60 And he was not only king of Greece, but also held empire over every land from the rising of the sun to the setting thereof, aye, over all peoples where are found shrines of Heracles. 61 He had a simple education too, with none of the elaboration and superfluity devised by the unscrupulous cleverness of contemptible men.
"This, also, is told of Heracles: that he went unclothed and unarmed except for a lion's skin and a club, 62 and they add that he did not set great store by gold or silver or fine raiment, but considered all such things worth nothing save to be given away and bestowed upon others. At any rate he made presents to many men, not only of money without limit and lands and herds of horses and cattle, but also of whole kingdoms and cities. For he fully believed that everything belonged to him exclusively and that gifts bestowed would call out the good-will of the recipients. 63 Another story which men tell is untrue: that he actually went about alone without an army. For it is not possible to overturn cities, cast down tyrants, and to dictate to the whole world without armed forces. It is only because, being self-reliant, zealous of soul, and competent in body, he surpassed all men in labour, that the story arose that he travelled alone and accomplished single-handed whatsoever he desired.
64 "Moreover, his father took great pains with him, p35 implanting in him noble impulses and bringing him into the fellowship of good men. He would also give him guidance for each and every enterprise through birds and burnt offerings and every other kind of divination. 65 And when he saw that the lad wished to be a ruler, not through desire for pleasure and personal gain, which leads most men to love power, but that he might be able to do the greatest good to the greatest number, he recognized that his son was naturally of noble parts, and yet suspected how much in him was mortal and thought of the many baneful examples of luxurious and licentious living among mankind, and of the many men there were to entice a youth of fine natural qualities away from his true nature and his principles even against his will. 66 So with these considerations in mind he despatched Hermes after instructing him as to what he should do. Hermes therefore came to Thebes, where the lad Heracles was being reared, and told him who he was and who had sent him. Then, taking him in charge, he led him over a secret path untrodden of man till he came to a conspicuous and very lofty mountain-peak whose sides were dreadfully steep with sheer precipices and with the deep gorge of a river that encompassed it, whence issued a mighty rumbling and roaring. Now to anyone looking up from below the crest above seemed single; but it was in fact double, rising from a single base; and the two peaks were far indeed from each other. 67 The one of them bore the name Peak Royal and was sacred to Zeus the King; the other, Peak Tyrannous, was named after the giant Typhon. There were two approaches to them from without, each having one. The path that led to Peak Royal was safe and broad, p37 so that a person mounted on a car might enter thereby without peril or mishap, if he had the permission of the greatest of the gods. The other was narrow, crooked, and difficult, so that most of those who attempted it were lost over the cliffs and in the flood below, the reason being, methinks, that they transgressed justice in taking that path. 68 Now, as I have said, to most persons the two peaks appear to be practically one and undivided, inasmuch as they see them from a distance; but in fact Peak Royal towers so high above the other that it stands above the clouds in the pure and serene ether itself, whereas the other is much lower, lying in the very thick of the clouds, wrapped in darkness and fog.
69 "Hermes then explained the nature of the place to Heracles as he led him thither. But when Heracles, ambitious youth that he was, longed to see what was within, he said, 'Follow, then, that you may see with your own eyes the difference in all other respects also, things hidden from the foolish.' 70 He therefore took him first to the loftier peak and showed him a woman seated upon a resplendent throne. She was beautiful and stately, clothed in white raiment, and held in her hand a sceptre, not of gold or silver, but of a different substance, pure and much brighter — a figure for all the world like the pictures of Hera. 71 Her countenance was at once radiant and full of dignity, so that all the good could behold it without fear, but no evil person could gaze upon it any more than a man with weak eyes can look up at the orb of the sun; composed and steadfast was her mien, and her glance did not waver. 72 A profound stillness p39 and unbroken quiet pervaded the place; everywhere were fruits in abundance and thriving animals of every species. And immense heaps of gold and silver were there, and of bronze and iron; yet she heeded not at all the gold, nor did she take delight in it, but rather in the fruits and living creatures.
73 "Now when Heracles beheld the woman, he was abashed and blushes mantled his cheeks, for he felt that respect and reverence for her which a good son feels for a noble mother. Then he asked Hermes which of the deities she was, and he replied, 'Lo, that is the blessed Lady Royalty, child of King Zeus.' And Heracles rejoiced and took courage in her presence. And again he asked about the women who were with her. 'Who are they?' said he; 'how decorous and stately, like men in countenance!' 74 'Behold,' he replied, 'she who sits there at her right hand, whose glance is both fierce and gentle, is Justice, aglow with a surpassing and resplendent beauty. Beside her sits Civic Order, who is very much like her and differs but slightly in appearance. 75 On the other side is a woman exceeding beautiful, daintily attired, and smiling benignly; they call her Peace. But he who stands near Royalty, just beside the sceptre and somewhat in front of it, a strong man, grey-haired and proud, has the name of Law; but he has also been called Right Reason, Counsellor, Coadjutor, without whom these women are not permitted to take any action or even to purpose one.'
76 "With all that he heard and saw Heracles was delighted, and he paid close attention, determined p41 never to forget it. But when they had come down from the higher peak and were at the entrance to Tyranny, Hermes said, 'Look this way and behold the other woman. It is with her that the majority of men are infatuated and to win her they give themselves much trouble of every kind, committing murder, wretches that they are, son often conspiring against father, father against son, and brother against brother, since they covet and count as felicity that which is the greatest evil — power conjoined with folly.'26 77 He then began by showing Heracles the nature of the entrance, explaining that whereas only one pathway appeared to view, that being about as described above — perilous and skirting the very edge of the precipice — yet there were many unseen and hidden corridors, and that the entire region was undermined on every side and tunnelled, no doubt up to the very throne, and that all the passages and bypaths were smeared with blood and strewn with corpses. Through none, however, of these passages did Hermes lead him, but along the outside one that was less befouled, because, I think, Heracles was to be a mere observer.
78 "When they entered, they discovered Tyranny seated aloft, of set purpose counterfeiting and making herself like to Royalty, but, as she imagined, on a far loftier and more splendid throne, since it was not only adorned with innumerable carvings, but embellished besides with inlaid patterns of gold, ivory, amber, ebony, and substances of every colour. Her p43 throne, however, was not secure upon its foundation nor firmly settled, but shook and slouched upon its legs. 79 And in general things were in disorder, everything suggesting vainglory, ostentation, and luxury — many sceptres, many tiaras and diadems for the head. Furthermore, in her zeal to imitate the character of the other woman, instead of the friendly smile Tyranny wore a leer of false humility, and instead of a glance of dignity she had an ugly and forbidding scowl. 80 But in order to assume the appearance of pride, she would not glance at those whom came into her presence but looked over their heads disdainfully. And so everybody hated her, and she herself ignored everybody. She was unable to sit with composure, but would cast her eyes incessantly in every direction, frequently springing up from her throne. She hugged her gold to her bosom in a disgusting manner and then in terror would fling it from her in a heap, then she would forthwith snatch at whatever any passer-by might have, were it never so little. 81 Her raiment was of many colours, purple, scarlet and saffron, with patches of white, too, showing here and there from her skirts, since her cloak was torn in many places. From her countenance glowed all manners of colours27 according to whether she felt terror or anguish or suspicion or anger; while at one moment she seemed prostrate with grief, at another she appeared to be in an exaltation of joy. At one time a quite wanton smile would come over her face, but at the next moment she would be in tears. 82 There was also a throng of p45 women about her, but they resembled in no respect those whom I have described as in attendance upon Royalty. These were Cruelty, Insolence, Lawlessness, and Faction, all of whom were bent upon corrupting her and bringing her to ignoble ruin. And instead of Friendship, Flattery was there, servile and avaricious and no less ready for treachery than any of the others, nay rather, zealous above all things to destroy.
83 "Now when Heracles had viewed all this also to his heart's content, Hermes asked him which of the two scenes pleased him and which of the two women. 'Why, it is the other one,' said he, 'whom I admire and love, and she seems to me a veritable goddess, enviable and worthy to be accounted blest; this second woman, on the other hand, I consider so utterly odious and abominable that I would gladly thrust her down from this peak and thus put an end to her.' Whereupon Hermes commended Heracles for this utterance and repeated it to Zeus, who entrusted him with the kingship over all mankind as he considered him equal to the trust.28 84 And so wherever Heracles discovered a tyranny and a tyrant, he chastised and destroyed them, among Greeks and barbarians alike; but wherever he found a kingdom and a king, he would give honour and protection."
This, she maintained, was what made him Deliverer of the earth and of the human race, not the fact that he defended them from the savage beasts — for how little damage could a lion or a wild p47 bear inflict? — nay, it was the fact that he chastised savage and wicked men, and crushed and destroyed the power of overweening tyrants. And even to this day Heracles continues this work and you have in him a helper and protector of your government as long as it is vouchsafed you to reign.
The Loeb Editor's Notes:
1 He played at Alexander's wedding. See Athenaeus 12.54.538.
2 A king of Assyria whose name became proverbial as a type of effeminacy and luxury.
3 Mythical Phrygian peasant, or satyr, who played the flute so well that he was emboldened to challenge Apollo to a musical contest.
4 Mythical Greek musician associated with Marsyas.
5 When Alexander's friend Hephaestion died, he had the physician crucified and the battlements taken away from the cities round about.
6 A reference to the destruction of Thebes when it revolted.
7 In a drunken quarrel Alexander slew his friend Cleitus.
8 The story, supported by his mother Olympias, was current that the god Ammon, and not Philip, was his father. See also Discourse 4.19. Consequently he despised Philip.
9 Theognis of Megara, 432 (Bergk-Crusius). Asclepius (Latin Aesculapius) was the god of medicine and healing.
10 Iliad 2.205‑6.
11 Plato (Republic 4.421B) contrasts true guardians of a city with those who would exploit it, whom he calls "caterers." See also ibid., 1.345C, where the same contrast is made.
12 A reminiscence of Homer, Iliad 2.24‑25, where the dream says to Agamemnon: "To sleep the whole night through beseemeth not a man that is a counsellor, to whom a host is entrusted, and upon whom rest so many cares." — Murray in L. C. L.
13 For the thought compare Discourse 4.25.
14 Trajan is meant.
15 In Iliad 2.196 for example.
16 Ibid., 2.169 and 407 for example, where Odysseus is called Διὶ μῆτιν ἀτάλαντον.
17 Odyssey 19.179.
18 Compare Discourse 12.75.
19 Odyssey 19.329‑34.
20 An allusion to the tyranny of Domitian, by whom Dio was banished.
21 Odyssey 17.222; the goatherd Melanthius is taunting Odysseus, who, dressed as a beggar, is on his way to his home. Swords and bowls were honourable gifts for noble strangers.
22 Heraea and Pisa were in the western part of the Peloponnese. The famous Olympian games were held not far from the latter place.
23 Also called the "Great Mother" and Cybele. She was the great goddess of Asia Minor.
24 Trajan.
25 Linus, who was worshipped on Mount Helicon in Boeotia. Virgil (Eclogue 4.55‑6) and Apollodorus (Bibliotheca 1.3.2) also couple the names of Orpheus and Linus.
26 Dio calls power conjoined with folly the greatest evil, but it is power alone that men covet. Yet when the wrong sort of men gain power, folly is the result. Aristotle, Frag. 89, p1492, l. 11 (Berlin ed.) says: Τίκτει . . . ἀπαιδευσία μετ' ἐξουσίας ἄνοιαν. — "Ignorance conjoined with power produces folly."
27 Cf. Plato, Lysis 222B: ὁ δὲ Ἱπποθάλης ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς παντοδαπὰ ἠφίει χρώματα. — "And Hippothales' countenance from pleasure glowed with all manner of colours."
28 Another account of the choice of Hercules is found in Xenophon's Memorabilia 2.1.21, and in Cicero, de Officiis 1.32. It is said to have been invented by the sophist Prodicus.
a The title Pater Patriae, "Father of the Country", was among the titles decreed by the Roman Senate to a number of emperors; but it was one of the less automatically given of such titles, and usually not at the beginning of an emperor's rule, but after he had proved himself. This passage helps date Dio's speech, and is presumably the "internal evidence" mentioned in the translator's introduction: Trajan was honored by the title toward the beginning of his reign, in 98 or 99 depending on the authority.
b Spoken like a philosopher, and with the audacity of the Cynic: Dio tells Trajan "If the shoe fits, wear it" — and that is as much flattery as the emperor will get out of him. From the standpoint of humanity, philosophy, and literary sense of proportion, what a refreshing antidote this little paragraph is to the obsequious Panegyric addressed to the same Trajan by Pliny the Younger, loathsome in its servile flatteries, vacuous in its repetitiveness, and bulked out of all proportion in 110 pages of print!
Yet flattery there is, of the most subtle and effective kind, and so understated as to leave no defense against it. Imagine for a moment that little sentence spoken to a person like Domitian: it could not fail to produce in the tyrant some distinctly uncomfortable feelings, and eliciting them would have been a very dangerous thing for Dio to do. The fact that Dio can say this at all testifies to Trajan's decency. Pliny's ramblings, on the other hand, could be addressed with equal safety to the most savage tyrant!
Page updated: 20 Oct 12


This is the definitive list of articles dealing with your relationship with your children. There are a variety of topics addressing health issues, pets, parenting, new parents and more. Click on each heading to go to the individual pieces. Some of them are found on this blog, but quite a few are articles I've written on other websites or hard copy magazines. I'm sure you'll find something to suit your needs. For more information on parenting, have a look at my parenting book here.
Please feel free to share these articles about relationship with your kids on your favourite sites. As always, thanks for reading and leaving your comments.
I like your ideas of start up pets for the kids. Fish are really wonderful because they don't require much work.


text:
By Inho Seo 2021 Speakers 20210928p September 23, 2021
Meir Moalem • CEO • Sky and Space Global
A jet fighter pilot, Lt. Col (Res.) of the IAF, has over 20 years of experience in management, R&D and operation of state-of-the-art projects in Space Systems and Unmanned Aerial Systems, among those acting as a deputy sq. commander and leading the MEIDEX experiment on Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107) as the project manager for Israel's first astronaut flight, managing Israel's satellite projects (such as Ofeq, Tecsar) and more. Meir has a B.Sc. in Physics and Computer Sciences (with honours) and an M.A. from the Diplomacy and National Security executive program (with honours). Currently he is working on his PhD in national security and space programs in Tel Aviv University, Israel. Meir has also received the Israel National Defence award in 2009.
Inho Seo / About Author
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