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Inteqal: Transition to Afghan lead (Archived)
Last updated: 17 Nov. 2020 16:46
Inteqal – the Dari and Pashtu word for transition – is the process by which the lead responsibility for security in Afghanistan was gradually transitioned from the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Launched in 2011, the transition process was completed by the end of 2014, when ISAF completed its mission. This target was set at the 2010 NATO Summit in Lisbon and confirmed by Allied leaders at the Chicago Summit in May 2012. Following the end of ISAF's mission, support for the further development of the ANSF is continuing under a new, smaller non-combat NATO-led mission ("Resolute Support").
Transition Tranches
Transition Tranche 1
On 22 March 2011, President Karzai announced the first set of Afghan provinces and districts to start transition. This decision was based upon operational, political and economic considerations, drawing on the assessment and recommendations of the Afghan government and NATO/ISAF through the Joint Afghan-NATO Inteqal Board (JANIB).
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On 27 November 2011, following the decision-making process above, President Karzai announced the second set of Afghan provinces, districts and cities for transition implementation.
On 13 May 2012, President Karzai announced the third set of areas to enter the transition process, covering over 75 per cent of the Afghan population. This decision marked the beginning of transition in every one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, including every provincial capital, covering almost two-thirds of the country's districts.
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On 31 December 2012, President Karzai announced the fourth group of Afghan provinces, cities and districts to enter the transition process. With this decision, 23 provinces out of 34 have fully entered transition and 87 per cent of the population now lives in areas where ANSF is in the lead for security.
On 18 June 2013, President Karzai announced the launch of the fifth and final tranche of transition. Once this decision has been fully implemented, the 11 remaining provinces will fully enter into transition and Afghan forces will be in the lead for security across the whole country.
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Transition Process explained
Transition draws on the JANIB's recommendations, which are based on a thorough assessment of the security, governance and development situation on the ground.
The following elements are taken into consideration as part of the decision-making process:
the capability of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to shoulder additional security tasks with less assistance from ISAF;
the level of security allowing the population to pursue routine daily activities;
the degree of development of local governance, so that security will not be undermined as ISAF assistance is reduced; and
whether ISAF force level and posture are readjusted as ANSF capabilities increase and threat levels diminish.
For transition to be successful, the Afghan National Security Forces, under effective Afghan civilian control, need to assume their security responsibility on a sustainable and irreversible basis – albeit with some level of continued support from ISAF.
The transition implementation can take up to 18 months for each area, depending on conditions on the ground.
ISAF principles for transition
At the NATO Lisbon Summit in November 2010, ISAF Heads of State and Government agreed a list of principles which guide ISAF's gradual shift from a combat to an increasingly supporting role.
These principles, which have since been fully incorporated in the transition implementation process, include:
ensuring a better alignment of NATO/ISAF assistance with Afghan national priority programmes;
working through increasingly capable Afghan institutions;
adjusting ISAF's troop profile and configuration with the view to meeting critical security, training and mentoring needs;
further strengthening Afghan National Security Forces capacity; and
supporting the evolution of the international civilian effort, including that of the ISAF Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), to enable greater Afghan capacity and leadership.
Evolution of Provincial Reconstruction Teams
In June 2011, Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) nations agreed a set of principles for the evolution and ultimate dissolution of their PRTs. PRTs have evolved, shifting their efforts from direct delivery to providing technical assistance and building the capacity of provincial and district governments to provide essential services to the Afghan people. By the time transition is completed, all PRTs will have handed over their functions to the Afghan government, traditional development actors, non-governmental organisations and the private sector, and will have phased out.
Lead security responsibility for Kabul city transferred to Afghan forces.
President Karzai, having won a second presidential term, expresses his ambition to see the Afghan National Security Forces take the lead security responsibility across Afghanistan by the end of 2014.
Kabul Conference; the Joint Afghan-NATO Inteqal Board (JANIB) is established as the mechanism to assess districts and provinces for transition.
NATO Lisbon Summit; the Inteqal process is agreed between the Afghan government and NATO.
Afghan New Year; President Karzai announces the first set of Afghan provinces and districts to start the transition process.
First transition ceremony takes place in Bamiyan Province.
President Karzai announces the second set of Afghan provinces, districts and cities to start the transition process.
President Karzai announces the third tranche of transition.
President Karzai announces the fourth set of Afghan provinces, districts and cities to start the transition process.
Official ceremony during which President Karzai announces the fifth and final tranche of transition.
A formal ceremony in Kabul marks the end of ISAF's mission, leaving full responsibility for security across the country with the 350,000-strong Afghan forces.
Interactive timeline of how transition evolved in Afghanistan
NATO Secretary General welcomes Afghan transition announcement
I welcome President Karzai's announcement of the fifth and final group of Afghan provinces, cities and districts to undergo transition in the coming months. This decision marks an important milestone, when Afghan soldiers and police will take the lead for security across the country.
NATO Secretary General reviews transition progress in Helmand
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visited Helmand Province on Tuesday 5 March to see the progress being made in the transition to Afghan security responsibility. "Two years ago, the transition to Afghan security responsibility began and in less than two years from now, Afghan forces will be fully responsible for Afghanistan's security. Every province. Every district. Every village. And every valley," said the Secretary General. "This is a great responsibility, but Afghanistan's forces have shown they can do the job, and they can know they will continue to have our full support."
ISAF Defence Ministers prepare for transition milestone
Defence Ministers from NATO and partner nations assessed the progress made since the transition to Afghan security responsibility began two years ago, and looked ahead to future tasks at a meeting in Brussels on 22 February. "There have been challenges. But in those two years we have made real progress," NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said.
More news ...


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777 F. 2d 1224 - Toney-El v. F Franzen W
777 F2d 1224 Toney-El v. F Franzen W
Alvin F. TONEY-EL, Plaintiff-Appellee,
Gayle F. FRANZEN, Director of the Department of Corrections,
James W. Fairman, Warden, and Paul Hosier, Record
Officer Supervisor, Defendants-Appellants.
Seventh Circuit.
Decided Nov. 20, 1985.
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Jan. 15, 1986.
Thomas M. Schmidt, Atty. Gen. Office, Springfield, Ill., for defendants-appellants.
J. Steven Beckett, Reno, O'Byrne & Kepley, Champaign, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before COFFEY and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges, and GRANT, Senior District Judge.*
GRANT, Senior District Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellee sued defendants-appellants under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 alleging that they violated his constitutional rights by allowing him to remain incarcerated for 306 days beyond his release date. The district court directed a verdict in favor of the appellee on the issue of liability and a jury awarded appellee $40,000. We reverse.
On August 19, 1976, a Cook County, Illinois, Circuit Court sentenced Appellee, Toney-El, to serve four concurrent prison terms of seven years to seven years and one day in the Illinois Department of Corrections. While serving that sentence, Toney-El pled guilty to an earlier charge pending against him, and on that charge, on September 24, 1979, Cook County Circuit Judge Garippo sentenced Toney-El to a ten-year term of imprisonment and gave him 2 years and 255 days credit for the time that he had served in the county jail since his arrest on that earlier charge.1 An Illinois statute provided that the ten-year sentence was to run concurrently with the other four sentences. See Ill.Ann.Stat. ch. 38, Sec. 1005-8-4(a) (Smith-Hurd 1982). Those four seven-year sentences expired in March 1980.
Effective February 1, 1978, Illinois changed the system by which it awarded good conduct credits to inmates. The new statute provided that "the prisoner shall receive one day of good conduct credit for each day of service in prison" and that "[e]ach day of good conduct credit shall reduce by one day the inmate's period of incarceration set by the court." See Ill.Ann.Stat. ch. 38, Sec. 1003-6-3(a)(2) (Smith-Hurd Supp.1985). Taking into account the credits awarded by Judge Garippo and the statutory good conduct credits, the Department of Corrections determined that Toney-El had January 12, 1982 as a release date for the September 1979 ten-year sentence.
In late 1979 or early 1980, Toney-El began to question the manner by which his statutory good conduct credits were awarded. He wrote letters to Franzen, Director of the Department of Corrections, to the Governor of Illinois, to the Chicago Sun Times, and to Senator Adlai Stevenson.2 He also spoke with Hosier, Supervisor of the Department of Corrections Record Office. Franzen advised Toney-El that a recalculation of his sentence would be made and that he ought to contact his correctional counselor to obtain verification of his sentence calculation. Hosier informed Toney-El that his statutory good-conduct credits had been awarded pursuant to the 1978 law and that his projected release date was January 12, 1982.
On June 26, 1980, Toney-El filed a motion in the Cook County Circuit Court requesting that he receive credit on his ten-year sentence for the time that he had served on his four seven-year sentences. Judge Suria issued an order dated July 15, 1980 which stated that the previous sentencing orders "are to stand," that Toney-El "is to receive sentence credit on all of the above charges from March 2, 1976, from which time the defendant has been continuously in the custody of law enforcement officials," and that "this order is to be considered in effect as of September 24, 1979."
Pursuant to Judge Suria's order, the Department of Corrections determined that Toney-El's custody date was March 2, 1976 and that his release date was March 2, 1981. The Department of Corrections believed that the March 2, 1976 date in Judge Suria's order incorporated all credits previously awarded, including the 2 years, 225 days given by Judge Garippo. Appellant Hosier had the Department's legal staff confirm the new release date.
Toney-El, disagreeing that Judge Suria's order nullified the credits granted to him by Judge Garippo, sought habeas corpus relief in the federal district court, Central District of Illinois. The district court rejected the Department of Correction's interpretation of Judge Suria's order. The district court viewed Judge Suria's order as granting sentence credit from March 2, 1976 in addition to the credit granted to Toney-El by Judge Garippo. The district court determined that Toney-El's release date was either June 23, 1978, or February 2, 1980, depending upon whether Judge Suria intended to supplant the credit Judge Garippo gave for time served since February 1978. See note 1, supra at 2. This Court affirmed the district court's decision. Toney v. Franzen, 687 F.2d 1016 (7th Cir.1982).
Toney-El then filed the present action under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 seeking damages for, among other things, false imprisonment. The complaint named Franzen, Director of the Illinois Department of Corrections, Fairman, Warden of the Pontiac Correctional Center, and Hosier, Record Office Supervisor of the Pontiac Correctional Center, as defendants. He amended his complaint to base the false imprisonment claim upon the fifth, thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. The case went to trial before a jury. At the close of the evidence, the district court directed a verdict for the appellees on Toney-El's thirteenth amendment claim and for Toney-El on the issue of liability on the due process claim under the fifth and fourteenth amendments. The jury awarded Toney-El $40,000. Franzen, Fairman and Hosier appeal.
The initial inquiry in every 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 action
must focus on whether the two essential elements to a Sec. 1983 action are present: (1) whether the conduct complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) whether this conduct deprived a person of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States.
Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 535, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981); see also Coleman v. Frantz, 754 F.2d 719, 722 (7th Cir.1985) (quoting Parratt ). The appellants clearly acted under color of state law when they calculated Toney-El's release date and Toney-El clearly had a constitutionally protected liberty interest in being released from prison before the end of his term for good behavior. McKinney v. George, 726 F.2d 1183, 1189 (7th Cir.1984) (citations omitted).
The district court decided that the appellants had denied Toney-El due process by incorrectly calculating his release date. Toney-El frames the issue as one of substantive due process while the appellants contend that it is one of procedural due process. Our next inquiry considers which form of due process applies to the instant case, because, "if substantive constitutional rights are violated, the constitutionally recognized deprivation is complete at the time of the action, irrespective of the procedures available before or after the deprivation." Hicks v. Feeney, 596 F.Supp. 1504, 1512 (D.Del.1984).
" 'Substantive due process' is a shorthand for the fact that the Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to confer certain substantive rights based mainly on the Bill of Rights." Brown v. Brienen, 722 F.2d 360, 366 (7th Cir.1983). Those substantive rights include the specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights as well as "penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance." Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 484, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 1681, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965). These penumbras embody
"a conception of fundamental justice." ... [They] protect[ ] against state transgression only those personal immunities that are "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty," ... leaving a state "free to regulate the procedure of its courts in accordance with its own conception of policy and fairness, unless in so doing it offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental." ...
"Fundamental rights," implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, include the rights to vote, ... the right of association, ... the right of access to the courts, ... and assorted freedoms against state intrusion into family life and intimate personal decisions, ....
Sotto v. Wainwright, 601 F.2d 184, 190-91 (5th Cir.1979) (citations omitted).
The Bill of Rights does not specifically guarantee Toney-El the right to an early release from prison, nor does his alleged substantive right fall within one of the penumbras formed by the emanations from the specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights. Toney-El simply has no substantive due process right to an early release from prison.
Our inquiry does not end here because a person may be deprived of procedural due process without being deprived of substantive due process. As noted above, Toney-El had a constitutionally protected liberty interest in being released from prison before the end of his term for good behavior. McKinney, 726 F.2d at 1189. To prove a violation of procedural due process, Toney-El must show that: (1) the deprivation occurred; (2) that the deprivation occurred without due process of law; and, (3) that the defendants subjected him to the deprivation. Bigby v. City of Chicago, 766 F.2d 1053, 1056 (7th Cir.1985); Hicks, 596 F.Supp. at 1508. In the instant case, no questions arise as to the first and third components; therefore, this Court must focus on the second element of Toney-El's case, that is, whether Toney-El's deprivation of liberty occurred without due process of law.
Due process " 'calls for such procedural protection as the particular situation demands.' " Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334, 96 S.Ct. 893, 902, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976) (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2600, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972)). In this particular situation, Toney-El challenges the mistaken interpretations of the orders written by Judge Garippo and Judge Suria and the resulting erroneous calculation of his custody and release dates. In section 1983 actions challenging the mistakes made by state employees rather than the state procedures by which those mistakes were made, Parratt requires a court " 'to consider the adequacy and availability of remedies under state law before concluding that a deprivation of life, liberty, or property violates due process of law'...." Guenther v. Holmgreen, 738 F.2d 879, 882 (7th Cir.1984) (quoting Wolf-Lillie v. Sonquist, 699 F.2d 864, 871 (7th Cir.1983)); see also Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Company, 455 U.S. 422, 436, 102 S.Ct. 1148, 1158, 71 L.Ed.2d 265 (1982) (Parratt reaches challenge to state agency's error, but does not reach challenge to the established state procedure underlying that error). The fundamental requirement of due process is a meaningful hearing at a meaningful time. Parratt, 451 U.S. at 540, 101 S.Ct. at 1915.
In the instant action, Toney-El could have informally informed prison officials about the error in calculating his release date through correspondence. Toney-El also had the right to seek a writ of mandamus from the state court to correct the error.3 See Ill.Stat.Ann. ch. 110, Sec. 14-101 to -109 (Smith-Hurd 1984). Finally, Toney-El had a cause of action in the Illinois courts for false imprisonment. See Fort v. Smith, 85 Ill.App.3d 479, 40 Ill.Dec. 886, 407 N.E.2d 117 (1980); Karow v. Student Inns, Inc., 43 Ill.App.3d 878, 2 Ill.Dec. 515, 357 N.E.2d 682 (1976). Because Illinois law and the informal procedures of the Department of Corrections provided Toney-El with remedies that were both adequate and available, Toney-El has failed to allege a violation of the Due Process Clause of the fourteenth amendment. Parratt, 451 U.S. at 543-44, 101 S.Ct. at 1916-17.
To the extent that Toney-El challenges the state procedures underlying the calculation error, Parratt does not apply. Logan, 455 U.S. at 436, 102 S.Ct. at 1158. Such a challenge requires that we examine those underlying procedures to determine whether Toney-El received an "opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner' " before being denied his liberty. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 333, 96 S.Ct. at 902 (citations omitted). "An essential principle of due process is that a deprivation of life, liberty, or property 'be preceded by notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.' " Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 1493, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) (citation omitted). The instant case asks whether the procedures surrounding the opportunity to be heard afforded to inmates who contest the calculation of their release dates is sufficient to meet the requirements of the due process clause.
In any situation, the
identification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. at 903 (citation omitted).
First, the calculation of Toney-El's release date affected 306 days of Toney-El's liberty. Obviously, Toney-El had a strong interest in his liberty.
Second, in general, the risk of erroneous deprivation through the procedures used seems negligible. On September 24, 1979, a judge, as part of a judicial process, originally calculated Toney-El's credit for time that Toney-El had served relative to his arrest on the charge underlying his conviction and ten-year sentence. See note 1, supra at 2 and accompanying text. Between one and two weeks later, the Department of Corrections, taking into account the credits awarded by the judge, calculated Toney-El's custody date and, after giving Toney-El the automatic day-for-day good conduct credits on his sentence, the Department calculated Toney-El's release date. In late 1979 or early 1980, Toney-El corresponded with Department of Corrections officials challenging the award of his good conduct credits. When he discovered that those credits were properly calculated, he filed a motion in the state court seeking credit for time served prior to his conviction and ten-year sentence in addition to that awarded by Judge Garippo. As part of another judicial proceeding, Judge Suria, on July 15, 1980, set Toney-El's custody date as March 2, 1976 and obscurely addressed the credits previously awarded by Judge Garippo. On July 29, 1980 and pursuant to Judge Suria's order, the Department of Corrections recalculated Toney-El's release date. Toney-El then sought a writ of habeas corpus.
Toney-El has not suggested any additional or substitute procedural safeguards which may have prevented the mistake made in his case. The Ninth Circuit has recently held that any time an inmate's release date is recalculated and extended, the inmate must be afforded a hearing. By "hearing" the Ninth Circuit apparently means a proceeding of relative formality including witnesses and evidence. Haygood v. Younger, 769 F.2d 1350 (9th Cir.1985) (en banc) (11-0 decision). We disagree.
Procedural due process does not require a full blown adversarial hearing in every situation. See, e.g., Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 695-97, 99 S.Ct. 2545, 2554-56, 61 L.Ed.2d 176 (1979) (requests for reconsideration of overpayment determination under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 404(a) involve relatively straightforward matters of computation for which written review is adequate); Jones v. Nuclear Pharmacy, Inc., 741 F.2d 322 (10th Cir.1984) (hearing not necessary before court approval of a settlement of a class derivative action where appellant afforded opportunity to submit written memorandum detailing his objections to the settlement); Sullivan v. Carignan, 733 F.2d 8 (1st Cir.1984) (hearing not necessary where facts not in dispute). In Illinois, a judge initially determines the amount of credit an inmate receives at a judicial proceeding which presumptively satisfies the due process clause. The Department of Corrections then makes two purely mathematical calculations to determine an inmate's custody and release dates. An inmate may challenge those calculations through correspondence. The purely mathematical nature of these calculations makes written review an adequate opportunity to be heard for purposes of the due process clause. That an error in calculation may occur in a rare and isolated case, such as the instant one, does not matter, because "procedural due process rules are shaped by the risk of error inherent in the truthfinding process as applied to the generality of cases, not the rare exceptions." Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 344, 96 S.Ct. at 907.
Finally, the Department of Corrections has an interest in mathematically calculating custody and release dates. The function involves a mere mathematical application of credits awarded by a judge and credits awarded by statute. An additional or substitute administrative hearing, such as that contemplated by Haywood, would entail substantial administrative and fiscal burdens through the expenditure of time and the use of personnel to evaluate a mathematical calculation and would provide little additional protection to an inmate than the present procedure provides.
While we abhor the mistake and deprivation involved in the instant case, we believe such instances to be rare and the exception to the general rule. Nothing in the record indicates otherwise. Therefore, we conclude that the Illinois Department of Corrections' method of reviewing challenges to the calculation of custody or release dates satisfies the dictates of procedural due process.
The decision of the district court directing a verdict in favor of Toney-El is REVERSED, and this case is REMANDED for the entry of an order consistent with this opinion.
Honorable Robert A. Grant, Senior District Judge for the Northern District of Indiana, is sitting by designation
Toney-El received 68 days credit for time served from the date of his arrest, July 28, 1973, until October 4, 1973, the date he was released upon a finding of no probable cause. Further, Toney-El received 325 days credit for time served from the date he was arrested on indictment, August 7, 1974, until July 1, 1975, the date he was released upon the granting of his motion to dismiss. Finally, Toney-El received 1 year, 224 days credit for time he served from the date of the reversal of the order of dismissal, February 28, 1978, until September 24, 1979, the date he was sentenced
The record does not reflect whether Toney-El wrote to Senator Stevenson before or after filing his June 26, 1980 motion in the Cook County Circuit Court
The Department of Corrections and Illinois law afforded Toney-El these two remedies prior to the deprivation of his liberty. He, however, properly utilized those remedies after the deprivation. We therefore consider them in our analysis under Parratt

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David Sykes' Annual Adventgram!
David Sykes is back with his annual "Adventgram" Christmas Calendar. Each year, David creates this fun and festive daily countdown chronicling the month of December via various numeric photographs.
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INSTAGRAM: davidsykesphotography
TWITTER: @dsykesphotos
Lee Clower for Vince Kids!
Lee Clower does it again!!
The JMI photographer rounds out 2014 with stellar new work for the VINCE kids Spring 2015 campaign!
Click the link above to view all of the campaign images live on the website, and for more from Lee Clower, visit: www.jmireps.com!
Behind the Scenes with Mikkel Vang!
Get a behind-the-scenes look at our very own Mikkel Vang as he shoots the latest ad campaign for FiLIP 2, a smart locator & phone for kids!
Click on the image to view the video, and for more on the kid's locator technology, visit: www.myfilip.com !
Lee Clower Photographs Fashion for a Cause
Lee Clower has teamed up with Velveteen & Prantham USA to produce a project of charitable proportion.
Lee photographed the below images in collaboration with children's clothing merchandiser, Velveteen, and Prantham USA, an organization that promotes education initiatives in India.
The two organizations have partnered to sell a special children's fashion collection for the holiday season, donating 100% of the proceeds to support Prantham's education programs in Delhi. Adhering to Prantham's mission, the line is crafted and hand-embroidered according to traditional Indian artisan techniques.
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David Sykes recently teamed up with Adam & Eve DDB to produce Ebay's latest ad campaign!
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Lee Clower Featured in the New York Post
Our very own Lee Clower is featured in today's New York Post!!
Dubbed "America's leading kids' photographer" by the newspaper, Lee contributes his insight to the article titled: "Meet the Pint-Sized Supermodels Who Can Earn $50k a Year."
With an editorial focus on the children's modeling industry, the article follows the frontrunners therein, divulging that, while these children may appear "pint-sized," their salaries are anything but.
Of his own experiences within the industry, Lee states: "I tend to work with the same circle of kids because they've become the 'go to' child models in the city...We always aim to have fun, but the kids who are constantly booked and really want to be on-set are the ones who understand that it's also a job."
For the full arcticle, visit the New York Post's website.
...And for the full scope of Lee's work, check out the JMI website!
Rita Thompson Featured in Nat Geo!
Rita Thompson steals the spolight in today's Your Shot Blog, published by National Geographic.
Titled "On Photographing Your Child," the article covers the niche specialty that is children's photography.
Check out the article, Rita's images, and some quotes by the photographer, herself, here.
And for more from the JMI photographer, be sure to view her portfolio on the JMI SITE!
Ryan Liebe for Bon Appetit!
Ryan Liebe stole this month's issue of Bon Appetit with his story on grilled vegetable salads and sides.
Check out his mouth-watering photographs below, and for more from the JMI photographer, be sure to visit: www.jmireps.com!
Lee Clower Makes a Splash with New Work!
If you haven't started feeling the July 4th spirit yet --- this should do it!
Check out this series of adorable images, shot by our very own Lee Clower, for Miami-based children's swimwear brand, Submarine Kids!
These red, white, and blue suits are just the thing to ring in your holiday weekend!
David Sykes is an award-winning photographer... literally!
The artist's print ad campaign for Marmite, titled "Neglect" and shot earlier this year with adam&eveDDB, took home THREE GOLDS at this year's Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity!!
Featured below are a few of the ads.
WAY TO GO, DAVID!!
Mikkel Vang: Travel + Leisure Cover Story!
Mikkel Vang does it again!
The JMI photographer stole the June cover of Travel + Leisure with his feature on Catalonia, Spain.
Photographing an eight-page story that dons the magazine's latest issue, Mikkel captures the captivating landscapes and vibrant culture of the Spanish coastal region of Catalonia -- which includes a number of famed cities (most notably Barcelona).
Check out Mikkel's breathtaking shots, below... and don't forget to pick up a copy of the June issue for yourself, today!
New Interview with RITA THOMPSON!
Rita Thompson is one of those rare artists who proves to be as compassionate and insightful behind the camera as she is in front of it. With a keen eye and inherent understanding of her subjects, Rita has created a body of work that, while varying in content (from kids, to landscapes, to "New York Lifestyle"), shares an altogether unfaltering sincerity and authenticity that can be achieved only by the most seasoned of photographers. Beginning her stint in the creative industry as an Art Director before later transitioning over to photography, Rita's understanding of aesthic excellence undoubtedly proves second nature. A fascinating and exceptional artist, Rita took the time to chat with JMI about her life, creative trajectory, and the passion that drives her work.
JMI Reps: I find your backstory so incredibly fascinating. You have such an incredible eye and demonstrate a means of creative storytelling that's clearly innate...and yet, you weren't always a photographer. For those who don't know it, tell us a little bit about your story; how did you become a photographer?
Rita Thompson: I spent the majority of my career as an advertising art director working at agencies across the country, from NYC to Portland, Oregon to Austin to Dallas. I even had my own little ad shop in Jackson Hole for a bit. I always loved working with photographers and taking pictures, but when I had my first child, I found taking photos became really important to me. I had this strong need to document them, and through that I fell in love with photography.
JMI: What advantages would you say your background in advertising has given you? Did it alter your creative perspective at all?
RT: Having been on that side of the business, I understand what agency creatives and clients want to achieve. And I love the collaboration. Working on advertising projects feels very natural to me.
JMI: When you first started in the business, you put together a beautiful portfolio with a focus on children's photography. You've now expanded your work to include New York Lifestyle and Landscapes, as well...but what drew you to kid's photography from the beginning?
RT: I have never had the best memory, but I can visit any photograph of myself as a child and remember being there. So I photographed my children a lot, giving me peace that I could revisit those amazing and fleeting little moments any time I wanted to. My focus had been on children's photography because children have been my world, and I have been shooting my world.
JMI: Is there something in particular that you aim to capture within your kids work?
RT: I like to capture all aspects of being a kid in its truest essence, from the little happy triumps to the disappointing -- it's all equally awesome in my eyes.
JMI: There's a refreshing, unstaged element to your work that makes the captured scene feel and appear incredibly natural. What's your key to achieving that?
RT: My whole life - starting in childhood - I liked observing people. Now, I just observe with a camera in hand. When something grabs me or makes me smile, I shoot.
JMI: How would you say your work has evolved since you first started out as a photographer?
RT: I have lifted my camera off of my own life and onto the world around me.
JMI: Talk a little bit about the "New York Lifestyle" installment of your portfolio. This was such a novel and creative idea, and something that's not really been done before. How did you come up with this, and what's the message or feeling you try to convey through this body of work?
RT: I like to show what life is like living in this funny city...like tiny kids playing a soccer match right under the Western Hemisphere's tallest building. It's like this big, giant monster standing behind them constantly that they don't notice. Everything is out of proportion and extreme here, challenging New Yorkers to come up with creative ways of living or raising a family. It's fun to document.
JMI: Your landscapes are also incredibly beautiful, and very different from the rest of your work. What's your inspiration here?
RT: Being on this earth -- it's an amazing experience.
JMI: Moving forward, are there any other avenues you'd like to explore in photography? (Food, travel, interiors....)
RT: People and travel excite me. I also want to photograph Bill Cunningham for my "New York Lifestyle." I was extremely flattered that he put me on his New York Times style pages a couple of times, once going to a polo match on Governor's Island, and then another time riding a tandem bike with my daughter during NYC's Summer Streets; neither time did I see the legend himself!
JMI: Ok, last question, and less work-specific: if you could give yourself one piece of life advice, ten years ago, what would it be?
RT: "Rita of ten years ago...buy property in NYC!" (laughs) ...I've always trusted life to show us our path. I think, if anything, I am thankful that I was present these past ten years when life steered me towards photography, and that I married a man who has always supported and encouraged my passion for it.
David Sykes: "Neglect"
David Sykes is an award-winning photographer.
....literally!
At last night's ANDY Awards, held annually in New York City, the JMI photographer's "Neglect" campaign for Marmite, shot with adam&eveDDB in the UK, won a Bronze medal in the "Packaged Food" category!
For a glimpse at the campaign and the award annoucement, click here!
Establshed 50 years ago to honor creativity in advertising, the ANDY awards acknowledge the contributions of individuals and companies in the advertising world.
According to the award ceremony's website: "The International ANDY Awards stands as one of the most sought-after awards for creative excellence in advertising. Judged by a jury comprised of internationally renowned creative directors, awards are given to both single and campaign executions, distinguished by product, service or technique category."
Click the link above to check out David's award-winning work, and for more stellar shots by the photographer, visit: www.jmireps.com!
Marcus Nilsson for Ben & Jerry's!!
Recognize these?
The below print ads are a facet of the latest ad campaign for Vermont ice cream brand Ben & Jerry's, and articulate the company's newest product.
Photographed by our very own Marcus Nilsson, the ads feature the new Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream "Cores," a mouth-watering hard ice cream treat with a thick, gooey center. With flavors like "That's My Jam" (chocolate & raspberry ice cream with fudge chips and a raspberry core), and "Hazed and Confused" (chocolate & hazelnut ice cream with fudge chips and a hazelnut fudge core), it's hard to imagine what ice cream was like before!
Check out the ads, featuring Marcus' shots, below -- and for more from the JMI photographer, be sure to visit our website: www.JMIreps.com!
Easter Greetings!
Lucy Schaeffer shot this adorable, Easter-themed strory for the latest issue of Family Fun!
Out now, the magazine boasts this colorful story, created in anticipation of Sunday's holiday, to illustrate a number of ways to naturally dye eggs, using solely foods and spices!
Check out Lucy's fun and playful images, below -- and for more from the JMI photographer, be sure to visit: www.JMIReps.com!
Cook Like a Pro with Marcus Nilsson!
Bon Appetit and Marcus Nilsson team up to deliver a hearty serving of aesthetic excellence in the editorial's latest issue.
Titled "Cook Like a Pro," the below story, running in the magazine's April issue, reveals the homespun cooking tips necessary for novice cooks and bonafide foodies, alike.
Check out Marcus' stunning shots, below, and to view more work from the JMI photographer -- click the link above!
Lucy Schaeffer Does it Again: 34 Cookbooks and Counting!
The wait is over!
The highly-anticipated Ample Hills Ice Cream Book, photographed entirely by Lucy Schaeffer, has officially hit stands.
Pick up a copy of your own, today, to learn both the recipes and backstory of this family-owned creamery.
Get it while it's hot! (Or, cold...)
Marcus Nilsson for Real Simple!
Haven't picked up the latest issue of Real Simple yet?
It's about time you did!
In the mag's April issue, out now, Marcus Nilsson photographed the story "6 Techniques to Make You a Better Cook," which proves a fitting tutorial for the publication's dexterous, "DIY" readership.
Check out the full spread below -- and for more of Marcus' appetizing food photography, be sure to visit: www.JMIReps.com!
James Merrell's Cover Story for House Beautiful!
James Merrell shot this stunning cover story for the April issue of House Beautiful!
Out now, the magazine's latest issue profiles the serene composition of one family's beautiful vacation oasis.
View the article, along with James' images, in full below -- and for more breathtaking interiors from the JMI photographer, visit: www.JMIReps.com!
Lee Clower for Latina!
Lee Clower shot these beautiful portraits for the latest issue of Latina magazine!
Out now, the April publication profiles the careers of four women who have established entrepreneurial empires out of their own homes!
Read their fascinating and inspirational stories below, and for more of Lee's captivating portraiture, be sure to visit the JMI site!
April 2nd: National Autism Awareness Day
April is Autism Awareness Month, and as a result, a number of editorials are banding together in the publication of articles highlighting the growing need for awareness on, and education about, Autism.
Therefore, the inclusion of "Staying Friends Through Autism," an article photographed by JMI's own Amy Postle and featured in this month's Parents magazine proves extremely apropos.
Shown below, the affecting article exposes one woman's experiences raising an Austistic child. Read her touching story, accompanied by Amy's beautiful photographs, below, and for the full article - be sure to pick up the April issue of Parents, out now.
David Sykes: Wooly Comfort Food
We're obsessing over the latest installment of David Sykes' "Faux Food" series.
Aided in design by stylist Jessica Dance, David has been able to create a memorable series of "Faux Food" photographs, capturing scenes cleverly comprised entirely of wool.
Check the shots out, below, and for more of David's creative conceptual pieces, visit: blog.davidsykes.com!
INTRODUCING: RYAN LIEBE
There's something tremendously refreshing about Ryan Liebe's photography.
Unpretentious in both composition and presentation, the artist's work emits a sincerity and wisdom that proves altogether timeless. To the viewer, Ryan's goal becomes immediately evident: to capture life in its realest state, telling a story through the delicate juxtaposition of light and texture. As unique as it is beautiful, his work allows for an unmistakably rare documentation of the avenues of food, travel, interior, and lifestyle photography.
The newest artist to join the JMI roster, Ryan sits down with JMI's Jenn to discuss the ins and outs of his profession, work-life approach, and unique creative point-of-view.
JMI REPS: How did you first get started as a photographer? Was it something you'd always seen in your future, or did you more "fall into" the profession?
Ryan Liebe: It started early. When I was about six or seven, I got my first camera for Christmas. It was a Fisher-Price 110-cartridge camera; I thought it was awesome. I'd walk around taking photos of anything and everything, and even when I would run out of film, I'd keep snapping away, making imaginary pictures on imaginary film. In high school, I was a yearbook photographer...one thing led to another, and I ended up... at Brooks Institute of Photography, hoping to turn a passion into a career.
JMI: What inspires your work?
RL: Food is always inspiring me; trying new things, and enjoying simple timeless recipes. Texture and light [also] inspire me, and the way that light and textures play together to create beautiful shapes.
JMI: Do you try to achieve anything particular when you shoot?
RL: Capturing a slice of life that's simple, with a certain realness about it.
JMI: What's the key to achieving that feeling of realness and believability?
RL: I try to create a narrative in every image by attempting to give the viewer a feeling that there is a real person interacting with the subject...just out of view, outside the frame. I try to shape the light in a way that falls naturally across the frame, playing with shadows and highlights, giving the image a tactile feeling, like you can just reach in and pick something out of the image.
JMI: Has your work or shooting style been influenced by any particular events in your life?
RL: Assisting and learning from so many wonderfully talented people opened my eyes and allowed me to see things I'd been missing before.
JMI: Who, specifically? Are there any photographers or artists who have inspired you, or influence your work at all?
RL: I tend to find inspiration in films and everyday situations where the light is doing something unique and interesting. Irving Penn was always an inspiration, as well as a few of the iconic fashion guys like Richard Avedon and Helmut Newton. I [also] appreciate the cinematic lighting of Gregory Crewdson, and the beautifully graphic industrial landscapes by Edward Burtynsky.
JMI: Do you think your work has, in any way, evolved since you first started out?
RL: It's constantly evolving... [I'm] always reflecting on and learning from the last shoot, understanding new likes and dislikes, [and] trying to push the boundaries to find something new and unexpected.
JMI: When someone closes your portfolio, what perception of you and your work do you want that person to walk away with?
RL: Down to earth, unfussy, and an appreciation for simplicity and light.
JMI: What's the most difficult part of your profession? Or, when you walk into a shoot, what's the biggest challenge you find yourself facing?
RL: I think mostly it's just staying true to my vision and not second-guessing my gut instinct. Also, giving the client what they want, what they expect from me... but keeping it fresh at the same time. And lastly, as a daylight shooter: walking into a studio or a shooting space that has no windows (laughs).
Tom Watson Suits Up for GQ France!
New photographs by Tom Watson don the latest issue of GQ France!
On stands now, the magazine's April issue features a men's fashion how-to, appropriately titled "Master Class," teaching the ins and outs of contemporary formalwear.
Check out some images from the spread, below, and for more from the fashion photographer, be sure to visit the JMI site!
Amy Postle Shoots New Campaign for Stendra!
Amy Postle does it again!
The JMI photographer shot this amazing new ad campaign for Stendra! Out now, the campaign showcases Amy's unique ability to render unfeigned, beautiful, genuine photographs.
Check out a few of the campaign materials currently running, below, and for more of Amy's stellar work, be sure to visit the JMI site!
Marcus Nilsson: Bon Appetit Thai Night
In the March issue of Bon Appetit, the below shots by JMI's own Marcus Nilsson appear alongside the story "Thai Night," which introduces a number of tasty Thai-themed dinner party plates.
Check out the story, below, and click on any of the images to view more work by the JMI photographer!
If you haven't picked up the latest issue of Town & Country, it's about time you did!
In it, images shot by JMI's very own Lee Clower accompany the story "A Tale of Three Cities," which follows one fashionable couple as they prepare (internationally) for their dream wedding.
Shot in Paris, London, and New York, the story is laid out beautifully in the magazine's March issue, out now.
Check the story out, below --- and for more of Lee Clower's work, be sure to visit the JMI site!
Rita Thompson: Nat Geo's Daily Dozen!
Our very own RITA THOMPSON made it into the National Geographic "Daily Dozen" -- not once, but TWICE in a row!!
Check out her inclusion in the February 14th and February 18th postings, below... and don't forget to vote for Rita's images to appear in the magazine!!!
For many, the dawn of the new year brings with it a resolution for increased exercise and healthier eating habits. So, to help aid you in your quest, Real Simple, in its latest issue, offers up: the Super Bowl.
(And no, we're not referring to XLVIII...)
Out now, the magazine's article "Super Bowls," photographed by none other than Marcus Nilsson, showcases the art of creating the ultimate superfood salad, with key ingredients for sustaining energy and suppressing hunger.
Below, Marcus beautifully captures the food staff's tasty creations.
Be sure to pick up a copy of the magazine today to see Marcus' shots up close, and for more from the photographer, check out the JMI site!
Lucy Schaeffer for Family Fun Magazine!
If you haven't picked up the latest issue of Family Fun, it's about time you did!
On stands now, the February issue offers up a number of adorable, and (appropriately) Valentine's Day-themed articles that are sure to sweeten up your February!
Below, the story "Spread the Love" features photographs by the one and only Lucy Schaeffer, and showcases a number of cute, kid-friendly Valentine's crafts.
Check out Lucy's photos below, and for more from the JMI photographer, check out: www.jmireps.com!
Tom Watson: GQ France
The latest issue of GQ France dons some stellar photography by our very own Tom Watson.
Titled "Le Bordeaux," the 10-page fashion spread appearing in the latest Gentleman's Quarterly showcases various ways to style winter's "it" color.
Check out the story's photos below, and for more of Tom's fashion photography, be sure to visit www.jmireps.com!


text:
Memberships & Affiliations
Arbitration & Consulting
Recent cases (Arbitrator)
International Codification
Articles and Book chapters
Download CV (pdf)
Other languages CV (PDF)
PROFESSOR OF LAW, SCIENCES PO LAW SCHOOL
DIRECTOR, LLM IN TRANSNATIONAL ARBITRATION & DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
COMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT ARBITRATION
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW
LATIN-AMERICAN LAW
Diego P. Fernández Arroyo (Short Bio)
Diego P. Fernández Arroyo is a professor at Sciences Po Law School in Paris, where he is the Director of the LLM in Transnational Arbitration and Dispute Settlement. He is a member of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law, a member of the Institute of International Law, the Secretary-General of the International Academy of Comparative Law and a former President of the American Association of Private International Law (ASADIP). He is a member of Argentinean Delegations before UNCITRAL, and he has also represented Argentina and ASADIP before the Hague Conference of Private International Law, the Organization of American States and UNIDROIT. He is actively involved in the practice of international arbitration as an independent arbitrator and an expert. A former Professor at the Universities Litoral, Salamanca and Complutense of Madrid, and Global Professor of the New York University, he has been invited in a number of universities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Australia. The Universities of Buenos Aires and National of Córdoba have awarded him as Honorary Professor. Professor Fernández Arroyo is the author of numerous publications (published in more than 20 countries) in the fields of private international law, comparative law, international dispute resolution, international arbitration and global governance.
WHO'S WHO LEGAL FRANCE 2021:
"Diego P Fernández Arroyo receives a plethora of recommendations for his incisive handling of complex international arbitrations."
TADS/CAM-CCBC Advanced Course on International Arbitration / March 13th -17th, 2023 (SP – Brazil)
Between March 13 and 17 of this year, the TADS/CAM-CCBC Advanced Course on International Arbitration will be held in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This 5-day course will bring the international experience of the SciencesPo LLM in Transnational Arbitration (TADS) to...
Diego P. Fernández Arroyo was appointed as President of the International Academy for Arbitration
On 15 December 2022, was elected the new bureau of the International Academy for Arbitration Law. Diego P. Fernández Arroyo was appointed as President; Carine Dupeyron and Julien Fouret, as Secretaries-General; and Marina Matusenova as...
Part of the examining jury – Doctoral thesis at the Université de Genève
On 13 December 2022, Diego P. Fernández Arroyo was, together with Thomas Schulz, Marilda Rosado, and Elena Cima, part of the examining jury of Ely Caetano Xavier Jr's doctoral thesis at the Université de Genève entitled "Une vision des investissements internationaux...
Lecture at the Diplomatura de Arbitraje of Universidad Austral (Buenos Aires)
On 1 December 2022, Diego P. Fernández Arroyo, together with Julio Rivera (h), delivered a lecture at the Diplomatura de Arbitraje of Universidad Austral (Buenos Aires) on the application of soft law.
Second edition of Cross-Examination Moot
Between 28 November and 2 December, 2022 took place virtually the second edition of Cross-Examination Moot hosted by Sciences Po, New York University, Queen Mary University of London, and the National University of Singapore. Sixty teams —over 300 students and...
Publication — "Emmanuel Gaillard, le rayonnement transnational d'une pensée comparatiste"
Publication — "Emmanuel Gaillard, le rayonnement transnational d'une pensée comparatiste" by Diego P. Fernández Arroyo | Nov 10,...
General Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law – Asunción (Paraguay)
On 23-28 October, the General Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law took place in Asunción (Paraguay), with more than 1300 attendees. A new bureau was elected, with Giuditta Cordero-Moss as President and Gary F. Bell as Secretary-General. Then,...
Brazilian Arbitration Forum, Paris (BAF5)
On 6-7 October 2022, Prof. Diego P. Fernández Arroyo coorganised the 5th edition of the Brazilian Arbitration Forum in Paris. TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew...
9th Annual International Arbitration Lecture, Rome – 30 September 2022
Prof. Diego P. Fernández Arroyo delivered the 9th Annual International Arbitration Lecture in Rome on 30 September 2022 on the topic "Beyond nationalist mirages in Arbitration: the inescapable transnational approach." [button...
MORE ACTIVITES
Arbitration and Consulting
Arbitration – VERY RECENT CASES
COMPANY FROM Cayman Islands v. BOLIVIAN COMPANY, OIL, ICC, co-arbitrator (APPOINTED BY RESPONDENT), BOLIVIAN law,
Seat: La Paz, Spanish language
Companies from SWITZERLAND, COLOMBIA AND PANAMA v. COLOMBIAN companies, OIL, BOGOTÁ CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, PRESIDENT (APPOINTED BY the BOGOTÁ CHAMBER OF COMMERCE), COLOMBIAN law,
Seat: Bogotá, Spanish language
Companies from Panama and Cayman Islands v. companies from Colombia, Curacao and Nicaragua, company law, ICC, co-arbitrator (APPOINTED BY CLAIMANT), Panamanian law,
Seat: Panama City, Spanish language
Dutch investors v. Venezuela, oil, ICSID (Annulment committee, BIT Netherlands-Venezuela), co-arbitrator (APPOINTED BY ICSID),
Seat: Washington DC, English and Spanish languages
Company from British Virgin Islands v. Angolan company, telecommunications, ICC, President (APPOINTED BY CO-ARBITRATORS), Angolan law,
Seat: Paris, English language
Brazilian company v. Venezuelan companies, construction of a gas compressor, ICC, President (APPOINTED BY CO-ARBITRATORS), Venezuelan law,
Seat: Paris, Spanish and English languages
Investors from Spain and Barbados v. Venezuela, commercial distribution, UNCITRAL administered by the PCA (BITs Venezuela-Spain and Venezuela-Barbados), President (APPOINTED BY CO-ARBITRATORS),
Seat: The Hague, Spanish and English languages
Spanish investors v. Peru, gas, ICSID (BIT Peru-Spain), President (APPOINTED BY THE CO-ARBITRATORS),
Seat: Washington DC, Spanish and English languages
Italian company v. French and German companies, aviation, ICC, Sole Arbitrator (APPOINTED BY THE PARTIES), French law,
Seat: Paris, English and French languages
US investors v. United Mexican States, oil, UNCITRAL administered by ICSID (NAFTA), President (APPOINTED BY ICSID),
Portuguese company v. Colombian company, food supply contract, Bogotá Chamber of Commerce, President (APPOINTED BY THE BOGOTÁ CHAMBER OF COMMERCE), Colombian law (CISG),
Brazilian companies, electric power, UNCITRAL administered by CBMA, President (APPOINTED BY Co-ARBITRATORS), Brazilian law,
Seat: Rio de Janeiro, Portuguese language
Jamaican investor v. Dominican Republic, energy, UNCITRAL administered by CIADI (TLC CARICOM-Dominican Republic), President (APPOINTED BY CO-ARBITRATORS),
Brazilian companies, electric energy, ICC, Emergency Arbitrator (APPOINTED BY ICC), Brazilian Law,
Seat: Paris, Portuguese Language
All Arbitration Proceedings in recent years
The Continuing Relevance of Private International Law and its Challenges
(with F. Ferrari, eds.), London, Edward Elgar (2019)
Current Issues of Comparative Law – Questions actuelles de droit comparé
(with K. Boele-Woelki, eds.), Cham, Springer (2019)
Global Private International Law: Adjudication without Frontiers
(with L. Bizikova and others, eds.), London, Edward Elgar (2019)
Les droits humains comparés. À la recherche de l'universalité des droits humains
(with Niki Aloupi et others, eds.), Paris, Pedone (2019)
The Past, Present and Future of Comparative Law
Enforcement and Effectiveness of the Law
(with N. Etcheverry Estrázulas, eds.), Cham, Springer (2018)
Latest articles and book chapters
Nothing is for Free: The Prices to Pay for Arbitralizing Legal Disputes
in L. Cadiet, B. Hess & M. Requejo Isidro (eds.), Privatizing Dispute Resolution, Baden-Baden, Nomos (2019) 615-646
Denationalizing Private International Law – A Law with Multiple Adjudicators and Enforcers
Yearbook of Private International Law (Switzerland) XX (2018/2019) 31-45
Soft law and arbitral procedure – A conditioned but inescapable couple
European International Arbitration Review (2019-2) 71-86
The progressive evolution of private international law: from State centralisation to denationalisation and beyond
in Globalization and Private International Law, Moscow, Jurist (2019) 61-81
Private International Law and International Commercial Arbitration – A Dialogue about the Usefulness and Awareness of the Former for the Latter
(with G. Cordero-Moss), in V. Ruiz Abou-Nigm and M. B. Noodt Taquela (eds.), Diversity and Integration in Private International Law, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press (2019) 310-324
Legitimacy of international arbitration: commercial v. investment
in A. Bjorklund / F. Ferrari / S. Kröll (eds.), Cambridge Compendium of International Commercial and Investment Arbitration, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (forthcoming)
All articles and book chapters
Memberships, Affiliations & Other Activities
Coordination of Networks, Research Institutes & Periodical
Diego P. Fernández Arroyo © copyright 2018 ● Designed by Lexdesign


You might think that your love of popping zits is your biggest skin problem, or the fact that you fall asleep constantly still wearing your makeup. But there's one surprising thing that nearly everyone does wrong in their skincare routine.
Without that safeguard, you're more prone to skin issues like breakouts, rosacea, eczema, and even premature aging. Read on for biggest face-washing mistakes—and how to wash your face the right way.
You might just want to use a makeup wipe and call it a day, but that just gets rid of the exterior dirt and grime without cleaning the skin itself.
The gentlest way to remove makeup? An oil-based cleansing balm. Work it in with dry fingers to break down even waterproof formulas sans tugging, then add water to emulsify and rinse.
Wash twice a day with a barrier-friendly cleanser (look for non-foaming and soap-free on the label), says Bowe. It'll remove dirt without stripping away natural oils and good bacteria. If your skin feels tight afterward, your cleanser is too harsh and your skin barrier has been compromised.
For the most part, washing once or twice a day is good protocol—but any more can irritate skin, ironically leading to an overproduction of oil. If you didn't wear makeup, slather on sunscreen, or sweat much that day, skip the cleanser at night and try rinsing with tepid water. Giving your skin a break from the cycle of products is healthy from time to time.
Myth: hot water opens pores and cold water closes them. The reality is that pores don't have muscles to open and close. While hot water may feel good on your skin, it can screw with your skin's natural, protective oils and lead to over-drying or over- production of sebum. Lukewarm water is the best bet to cleanse gently yet effectively.
"Overexfoliation can lead to dehydration and inflammation," says derm Joshua Zeichner, M.D. Opt for a manual scrub so you can control the intensity.(L'Oréal's uses sugar, which dissolves as you scrub, so you can't overdo it.) And use it only once or twice a week.
And don't worry, you can still use a cleansing brush. Just use plenty of water and minimal pressure to avoid stressing out your skin. Clarisonic's new rubber guards help you detect if you're pushing too hard.
Pat, don't rub. Rubbing can feel really good, but it tugs and pulls your skin, which puts your elastin at risk (potentially leading to wrinkles and sagging in the long run, and irritation in the short run). And don't just grab the nearest hand towel, used or not. Friends don't let friends spread bacteria—especially all over a nice, clean face. Designate a clean, soft towel to blot your fresh face.


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Former Obama administration head of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Dan Gordon said, "Between approximately 99.3 percent and 99.5 percent of procurements were not protested." Committee On Oversight & Government Reform file photo
Bid Protests Are Worth Their Costs, Ex-Procurement Chief Says
Dan Gordon's study rebuts critics who say contractors exploit the process.
Charles S. Clark
Contractors on the losing side of a competitive bidding who protest to the Government Accountability Office do not hurt or game the procurement system as some critics allege, says a forthcoming study.
The percentage of contracts that spark protests is also comparatively small, while the overall impact of the protest procedure is healthy, according to Dan Gordon, the former Obama administration head of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy and now associate dean for government procurement law studies at George Washington University Law School.
In an article set for publication this spring in the Public Contract Law Journal, a copy of which was provided to Government Executive, Gordon wrote that "there exist a number of misperceptions concerning bid protest statistics that deserve attention, because these misperceptions can taint judgments about the benefits and costs of protests. In particular, even people quite familiar with the federal acquisition system often believe that protests are more common than they really are, and they believe, inaccurately, that protesters use the protest process as a business tactic to obtain contracts from the government."
Gordon traces the history of bid protests back to the building of the Panama Canal and the use of GAO as an arbiter since the 1920s. The process has also been adapted by governments around the world.
Because of the difficulty of knowing precisely how many contracts the federal government awards each year, the reports of protest to GAO -- which reported 2,353 in fiscal 2011 -- are actually overstated, Gordon says. "Between approximately 99.3 percent and 99.5 percent of procurements were not protested," even though the trend since the 1990s has been upward. That's because of increases in procurement spending, the article says.
"It is, of course, true that very high-dollar procurements are much more likely to be protested: the higher the dollar value, the greater the likelihood of a protest," he said. "For a company that loses the competition for a $100 million contract, with all the bid and proposal costs that competing entails, the additional cost of filing a protest may seem minimal, so that filing a protest can be very tempting."
Of protests making it through the full GAO process in fiscal 2010, only a handful succeeded in winning the contract, according to Gordon's calculations.
Overall, Gordon finds the bid protest process to be positive for the procurement system, citing several advantages:
Protests introduce a relatively low-cost form of accountability into acquisition systems by providing disgruntled participants a forum for airing their complaints;
They can increase potential bidders' confidence in the integrity of the procurement process if the GAO is directly responsive to participants' complaints, leading more players to participate;
Protests can increase the public's confidence in the integrity of the public procurement process; --The known availability of the protest avenue empowers those in contracting agencies who face pressure to act improperly;
Protest decisions made public provide a high level of transparency into what is happening in the federal procurement system; and
Protests provide guidance.
"Any corporate counsel who follows GAO bid protest decisions," Gordon said, "knows how strictly the GAO applies the `late is late' rule, so that counsel will ensure that their client appreciates the importance of submitting bids on time."
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Parliament passes early release bill, political prisoners excluded
Although government claims that bill is aimed at protecting detainees from the Covid-19 outbreak, journalists and other political prisoners jailed on "terrorism" charges will remain behind bars
The Turkish Parliament on 14 April passed a bill jointly drafted by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and proposing a reduction in sentences for certain convictions through a set of permanent amendments to the Law on the Execution of Penalties and temporary amendments to regulations on probation. However, convictions on "terrorism-related" charges and convictions that have not been upheld are excluded in the act.
The government claims the act, introduced as part of its Judicial Reform Strategy, is aimed at protecting jailed persons from the Covid-19 outbreak by reducing the prison population. However, while about 90,000 people convicted of ordinary crimes will be released from prisons under the act, journalists, politicians, rights defenders and others who are currently in pre-trial detention or serving sentences on "terrorism" charges will remain behind bars.
A total of 279 lawmakers from AKP and MHP voted in favor of the bill while 51 lawmakers from opposition Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), Republican People's Party (CHP) and İyi Party voted against the bill. The law will come into effect once it is signed by the President and published in the Official Gazette.
Opposition lawmakers who asserted that the bill was not fair and that it should be expanded to also cover political prisoners, journalists and others who are jailed on "terrorism" charges submitted dozens of motions proposing amendments on the bill, but they were rejected by AKP and MHP lawmakers, who hold the majority of the 600-seat General Assembly.
Through a last minute motion, violations of the Law on the State Intelligence Services and the National Intelligence Organization (MİT) were also excluded from the bill and those charged with these offenses will also not be eligible for early release.
The law introduces a set of 70 amendments to 11 different provisions. Under the new act, the period of probation for certain crimes committed before 30 March 2020, which is normally one year, will be increased to three years. In addition to "terrorism" charges, offenses not eligible for reduction in penalities or increased probation terms are murder, and sexual and drug-related offenses. Prisoners who are not convicted of one of these charges will be eligible for early release or transfer to house arrest depending on the length of their sentence. Through the amendment, the period of sentences to be served in prison for offenses other than the ones cited above will be reduced by half.
Under temporary measures introduced with the law, prisoners over 65 years of age, women with young children and prisoners with serious illnesses will be eligible for temporary release under house arrest. Those currently serving their sentences in an open prison will be eligible for house arrest until 31 May 2020. This period can be extended three times by up to two months by the Justice Ministry.
Overcrowding in Turkey's prisons has been a long-standing problem. Currently there are about 300,000 people in Turkey's prisons, although the capacity is about 220,000. Justice Minister Abdülhamit Gül confirmed on 13 April that three inmates in open prisons have died of Covid-19 while 14 others in five different open prisons tested positive. The minister also said that 79 prison staff tested positive for the disease.
Anti-Terror Law


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Home / All / Peoples / Population Growth / Dublin c. 1725
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Dublin c. 1725
Before the Stuart Restoration, Dublin was a miserable relict of less than 9,000 inhabitants depopulated by plague and decades of war. Thereafter, it recovered dramatically, initially under the oversight of the Duke of Ormonde, who decreed that riverside houses must face the River Liffey, preventing its use for dumping waste. A second bridge over the Liffey was completed in 1670, and thatched rooves banned to reduce fire risk. Phoenix Park (1662) was made public, fashionable for promenades; Blue Coat School was founded in 1669. A number of hospitals were also founded including, by the bequest of the Dean of St Patrick's, Jonathan Swift, St Patrick's Hospital 'for (the) fools and mad' (1745). The Parliament House was built in 1735 reflecting Dublin's enhanced status as the second largest city in the British Isles, its growth in large part owed to the booming wool and linen trade headquartered at Linen Hall, supported by the immigration of French Huguenots in the 1600s.
Categories: Cities/ Collections/ Irish History/ Peoples/ Population Growth/ Settlements
Dublin c. 1725 quantity
Administrative Nomes of Upper Egypt
Western Thebes c. 1550–1298 BCE
Egypt in the 21st Dynasty c. 945 BCE
The Near East in the Amarna Letters c. 1345–1330 BCE
The Theban Monarchy c. 1524–1514 BCE
The Meroitic Kingdom 6th Century BCE
Egypt in Syria 1425–1418 BCE
Campaign of Psamtek II c. 593 BCE


$325,000 Down and a $325,000 note payable at the rate of $6,283.16 or more per month, for 60 months, payments include 6% interest. All reasonable offers will be considered.
In addition to document destruction, the company specializes in recycling a full range of paper and cardboard, plastics including medical grade plastics, and specialty metals. They process these materials in their plant so they can be baled and sold to various manufacturers such as injection mold companies, paper mills and metal manufacturers who produce new products from these recycled materials. Unicor services approximately 200 customers primarily in the Albuquerque area.
The company serves a broad mix of clients including Attorney offices, Governmental offices (National Guards, Prisons, Court House, etc.) Manufacturing, Schools, Casinos, Print shops, Medical Manufacturing etc.
The company employs sixteen full-time employees who receive $9.00 - $20 per hour. Including a general manager who manages the company and the owner.
The business operates out of a 24,000 sq. ft. office/warehouse facility.
The seller has numerous ideas on how to increase sales.


Jon "Rebel" Allen worked as a general contractor, doing re-models and repairs in Marin and San Francisco. Back in the late 50's he had an apartment with with his long-time friend, and Matthew Turner volunteer Chas Denicke. Jon has done a fair bit of sailing including crewing on Hugh Jack's 45′ Seafarer yawl. He quiped, "We didn't take racing too seriously unless it looked like we had a chance to place and then we worked hard." During that period Jon also worked as a "yacht janitor", scraping, sanding and varnishing boats. Jon was devoted to his wife of 32 years, Jana and their two great kids. He's always been into woodworking and has helped Chas build two boats. Jon claims to know a little bit about everything, which he warns, "can be dangerous".
Jon found the Matthew Turner project when one day in May 2014, Chas said "you gotta get down here" to the ship and now he's been on the project for over 1,000 hours. He was drawn to the Matthew Turner project out ofcuriosity and he likes to see each job, no matter how small or large, to it's conclusion. When asked how he liked working here, Jon characteristically joked, " It's hard to soar with the eagles when your flapping around with a bunch of turkeys". Jon got his nickname "Rebel" from Chas Denicke one night at a party, when after a few drinks, Jon said, "I want to do it my way, when I want to do it and with whom I want to do it!" Jon has other nicknames too including "Grumpy Gramps", "Tijuana John" and "FNL". I'll bet there are good stories behind all of these. Come join Jon and some of the other volunteers by working on this historic project!


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Wittenborg University Press Appoints Marketing Assistant to Promote Whisky Book
Wittenborg University Press (WUP) has appointed bright Nigerian student, Tobi Odukoya, to market "Whisky Burn" – the book by British author and painter, Ben Birdsall - published at the end of last year, also available on Amazon. Scotch whisky is one of the most revered drinks in the world.
The book describes Ben's Vespa journey around the highlands and islands of Scotland, where he visited many of the well-known whisky distilleries and wrote about them, the whisky, and the people he met on his journey. It also includes his drawings and paintings of the distilleries and surrounding landscapes.
Tobi, who is doing an IBA in Marketing & Communication, has proven herself to be an outstanding and convincing orator, winning a crowdfunding pitch earlier this year in Amsterdam, in aid of a youth empowering project in Kenya.
The marketing of the book will serve as a five-month internship project, which will focus on its distribution around the UK and elsewhere. An important part of the job will be networking with different distilleries in the UK.
Tobi started her studies at Wittenborg in 2014, after studying Mass Communication at Caleb University in Nigeria. Aside from studying, she also works part-time at fashion retailer Forever 21. About the internship she says: "This is a very exciting opportunity. Single malt whisky is a niche market and I am looking forward to the challenge of marketing this book. It is a fantastic read and the drawings make it beautiful."
Of her study programme choice she says: "I always knew I wanted to do something in communication, because I love talking to people and speaking with conviction about what I believe in."
After Nigeria, she had the choice to study in the UK or Holland. "I chose Holland because I feel at home here and have the freedom to express myself." She currently lives in Amsterdam.
Aside from studying and working, she loves reading, and hopes to graduate in 2017 and work a few more years in Europe. "One of my dreams is to empower people," Tobi says.
WUP 19/12/2016
by Anesca Smith (or James Wittenborg, or others)
Whisky Burn


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All UK travel corridors will close from Monday amid 'extraordinary' pressure on the NHS
US health secretary Alex Azar tells Trump Capitol attack threatens legacy
New tougher coronavirus restrictions come into force in Scotland
Mount Athos Foundation of America Shares Update on Its Efforts
Pfizer/BioNTech to reduce vaccine deliveries in Cyprus over the next weeks
After shock British vote result, Europe ponders the fate of Brexit negotiations
Posted By: Newsroom 1
PARIS — Across Europe, the unexpected results of Britain's snap election immediately called into question the future of the negotiations over the British exit from the European Union.
With Prime Minister Theresa May, a Conservative, failing to secure an absolute majority in Parliament — and thus the strong mandate polls had predicted she would win — European officials quickly began speculating whether Brexit could now be delayed.
"Brexit negotiations should start when UK is ready; timetable and EU positions are clear," said Michel Barnier, the E.U.'s principal Brexit negotiator, in a tweet early Friday. "Let's put our minds together on striking a deal."
Meanwhile, Donald Tusk, the president of the European Council, urged the British not to drag their feet for too long before coming back to the discussion table. "We don't know when Brexit talks will start. We know when they must end," he wrote on Twitter Friday, referring to the 2019 deadline. "Do your best to avoid a 'no deal' as a result of 'no negotiations.'"
But elsewhere in the E.U.'s political establishment, there were questions over whether Britain, newly submerged in political uncertainty, could now even engage with the complex negotiations that lie ahead.
"We need a government that can act," said Günther Oettinger, speaking on Deutschlandfunk, a German public radio station, Friday morning. "With a weak negotiating partner, there's the danger that the negotiations will turn out badly for both sides."
"The clock is ticking for Brexit," wrote Manfred Weber, a conservative member of the European Parliament, on Twitter Friday morning. "Therefore the UK needs a government soon."
Nearly a year after the Britain's watershed referendum, when voters opted to leave the 27-state bloc, the long-awaited Brexit talks are still technically slated to begin June 19.
Given the magnitude of those discussions — and the lingering uncertainty as to what, exactly, Brexit will mean — May called the June 8 snap election as a means of strengthening her negotiating position beforehand.
"Every vote for me and my team on 8 June will strengthen my had in those negotiations," she said during the campaign.
But with just 11 days to go before the talks are due to start, May's hand has been anything but strengthened.
With the loss of an absolute Conservative majority in Parliament, on Friday morning the only foreseeable way her party could form a governing coalition was in partnership with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionists, a faction deeply skeptical of the "hard Brexit" May and her Conservative allies have defended for months.
As Oettinger put it: "I expect more uncertainty now."
Regardless of whether the Brexit negotiations would be delayed — as of Friday morning, no official postponement had been announced — there was a firm insistence in Europe that the surprising results of Thursday's election should not change Britain's decision to leave the European Union.
"I am not sure that we should read the results of this vote as questioning in any way the position expressed sovereignly by the British on Brexit," said French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe, speaking on French radio.
Some E.U. lawmakers viewed the election results with little besides frustration, given what they considered the inevitable result of Brexit negotiations in any form.
"EU ready to negotiate since last year. UK not ready even now," wrote Siegfried Mursean, a spokesman for the European People's Party, the largest party in the E.U. parliament, on Friday. "Start of negotiations can be delayed, end very hard to delay."
EU leaders closing in on May
Japan clears way for first emperor abdication in over 200 years
Genetically modified babies given go ahead by UK ethics body
July 17, 2018 Newsroom 2 0
HIV Tests Should Be Seen As 'Completely Normal', Says Prince Harry
Alex Salmond denies sexually assaulting two members of staff while he was First Minister
August 24, 2018 Newsroom 2 0


Mayhill Fowler wrote a significant Web-only political story this week that took the temperature of the Democratic electorate. More remarkable than her conclusion – that Democrats are more undecided and less Iraq-focused than polls suggest – is the whopping 17 reporters in nine states who filed on-the-ground accounts to contribute to it.
The cornucopia of contributors, surpassing what most news outlets could ever afford, cost virtually nothing. That's because the reporters are volunteers, including Ms. Fowler, a Californian, who at age 60 has embraced beat reporting on Barack Obama.
"I looked through all the information that people sent in and I came up with what I thought were the significant things we discovered in these 14 cities on Saturday," she says. Her story was published online by Off the Bus, a project boasting 1,500 citizen journalists and affiliation with The Huffington Post, a liberal website.
"Until [this] post, there's nothing really on the Obama campaign that I think we've brought that the mainstream media can't. It's this kind of joint effort that really is the thing," she adds.
Collaborative citizen-reporting projects like this one are sprouting across the political landscape of Election 2008. Thousands of volunteers are adding muscle to efforts by professional reporters and campaign staff to leave no stone unturned – and no skeletons in the closet. But to drive volunteer interest, many of these "crowdsourcing" efforts draw more energy from partisan fervor than traditional journalism's impartiality, say experts.


New shoes - Have you noticed your shoes fitting differently than they did last year? This is because, over time, our shoes can lose their firmness and supportiveness. Old shoes leave us vulnerable to twisting an ankle, developing flat feet, or other foot problems. Want to go the extra mile? Ask your foot doctor about orthotics!
Compression sleeves - If you haven't heard of compression sleeves, it's never too late to learn! These are a type of sleeve that fits over your feet and ankles to gently constrict your blood vessels, forcing blood to pass through faster. This actually helps improve circulation and provides support while playing sports!
Checking in with your podiatrist - When we experience some minor discomfort or pain in our feet or ankles, it can be easy to dismiss it and go on without having it addressed. No pain or discomfort is small enough not to be worth mentioning to Dr. Alan J. Discont, Dr. Gregory M. Krahn, or Dr. Boyd Andrews. Don't walk it off - get it checked!
There are so many ways to prepare ahead of time and make sure your favorite season is spent doing what you love. Nobody wants to sit on the sidelines with a hurt ankle, right? It's time for a visit to Family Foot & Ankle Care, P.C. Give our last tip a try today and call us at (408) 732-0033 to schedule an appointment at our great location in Chandler, Arizona.


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What Diversity Means For Your Business
Hiring & Career Tips February 8, 2019March 15, 2019 Ilana Greenberg
By Diane Domeyer, Executive Director, The Creative Group, a specialized staffing service placing interactive, design, marketing, advertising and public relations professionals with a variety of firms.
Diversity and inclusion are vital for any business, but it's especially critical for creative teams. Some are getting there, but others have a long way to go. In a recent survey by The Creative Group, 65 percent of advertising and marketing executives said their leadership team is more diverse today than three years ago. Twenty-nine percent said there has been no change in demographics and 5 percent reported less diversity. What's more, 40 percent of respondents said their firm has no formal process in place to build a more inclusive team.
Why Diversity Matters
Diversity means difference. While this can refer to inherent traits such as age, ethnicity or gender, diversity also includes characteristics acquired through life experiences. These include our hobbies, our workstyles, the influence of people we've met and the way we've grown to see the world.
You might think a homogeneous team would thrive when working toward a common goal, but actually the opposite is true. Boosting diversity on your team can mean a lot for your business' success. The more eclectic the group, the greater their potential, particularly in the following areas:
Innovation — When people encounter alternative opinions, they are challenged to rethink their own assumptions. This continual stream of novel ideas and approaches can result in creative solutions that a more homogenous team would have a hard time dreaming up.
Decision-making — You've no doubt read about the outcomes for companies that inadvertently created an ad or made a statement that, in retrospect, was insensitive. While having an inclusive team can't guarantee a company will never make a poor marketing move, it can increase the odds of spotting disasters before they happen.
Problem-solving — To paraphrase Albert Einstein: You can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking you used when you created those problems. Diverse minds come up with diverse and unique solutions.
Putting Together A Team That Works
Does your roster of directors and designers reflect society's diversity? How about a variety of generations and backgrounds? Here are some tips for building a dynamic creative team that will reflect your consumer base, produce smart marketing campaigns and, ultimately, help grow the company.
Consider candidates' life history when hiring. When vetting potential new hires, prioritize their digital portfolio and work history — but also give serious weight to how they could bring fresh perspectives and new insights to your team based on their former experiences. In general, your staff should reflect not only your customer base, but also have empathy for others and diverse experiences.
Coach future leaders.When you come across standout employees, pair them with a mentor who could guide their career and help them rise through the ranks. Effective mentorship programs can create a talent pipeline for the future that is diverse and inclusive, increase retention and aid with future succession planning.
Hire for the culture you want. Make it easy for job seekers to learn about your company's organizational culture and determine whether it's a match with what they're looking for. If you want them to get a true sense of what it would be like to be a part of your firm, they shouldn't have to dig to find out. Tell your story on your company website, via social media and during job interviews and networking events.
Your company's efforts at diversity and inclusion are beneficial not only for society at large but also for your company's brand and reputation. Make it part of what you stand for.
branding, diane domeyer, diversity, inclusion, the creative group
About Ilana Greenberg
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1992 Bayliner 18' 6" Capri/Rendezvous cuddy cabin. Powered by an alpha one 4-cylender merCuriser engine and a bravo one stern drive. Equipment includes: VHF radio, AM/FM radio, port-a-potty, Hummingbird depth sounder and trailer. Call Patrick at 903-271-4420 or e-mail. The boat is in very good condition. pcsilvercloud5@gmail.com.