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What do family scholars mean when they refer to the postmodern family?
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School: University of Mississippi
Department: Sociology
Course: Sociology of the Family
Professor: Elise lake
Term: Fall 2016
Name: Soc of the Family - Study Guide for Exam 1
Description: Study guide for our first exam
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Soc 301, Week 2 Notes
Elise Lake
Notes from the second week of class
Notes from week three. Monday we had no class, so this is from today (Wednesday, 7 Sep 2016).
Notes from 12 September and 14 September
Notes covering 19 Sep - 21 Sep
Soc 301, Week 7
Notes from 3 Oct and 6 Oct
Soc of the Family - Study Guide 2
For the exam on 19 October. You'll notice the numbers of the questions are out of order for chapter 6 -- that is because she chose like 7 questions for chapter 6, then at the end of the study guide you'll notice she added 5 or so more. Some of these were repeats. Anyway, if you have any questions just let me know but this is the completed study guide.
Soc 301 Weeks 8-9
Past 2 weeks of notes from Oct 10 - 20
Soc 301, Study Guide 3
Study guide for the exam on 14 November
Soc 301, Last Notes
Notes from the last classes of the semester 16 Nov. - 30 Nov.
Soc 301, Final Exam Study Guide
Last study guide
Soc 301/G St 303 – Lake Fall 2016
STUDY QUESTIONS FOR UNIT 1 READINGS
Lamanna, Riedmann, & Stewart  12th Edition (publ. 2015)
EXAM 1: Monday, 9/28/2016
Note: Study guides include questions on the readings only. Exams will, of course, include questions on both reading and lecture materials.
Chapter 1: "Marriage, Relationships, and Family Commitments" (227)
1. In general, what are functional definitions—what do they focus on? In contrast, what generally do structural definitions emphasize? What three major functions are fulfilled by today's families? How does the U.S. Census Bureau define family? How is a household different from a family? What are the two major family structures, and in what kind of society is each most common?
Functional definitions point to the purposes for which a thing exists (iPhone – call or text). Structural definitions emphasize the form that a thing takes (iPhone – handheld electronic device.
What is a social institution?
3 major functions: 1) raising children responsibly – adults have to properly raise and rear children to be positive contributors to society and controlling sexual activity enough that procreation happens at the most convenient and beneficial point in the child's life for the sake of THEIR child and its rearing (feeding, loving, bathing, teaching etiquette, etc). 2) providing economic and practical support – material security. If one member is laid off, others can provide support. Encouraging kids to get jobs when they are of age that way security for goods can be established. 3) offering emotional security – provide affection, companionship, protection, security, feeling you can be yourself without judgement, etc.
Census Bureau defined family as "a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together in a household"
What is a sociological imagination?
A household is defined as any group of people living together, so the distinction between a household and a family according to the Census Bureau is the adoption, blood, or marriage ties between those in the household. We also discuss several other topics like What are the slope elements?
Two major family structures are 1) extended family – most common in preindustrial or traditional societies and includes whole kinship groups (more than 2 generations in the household) and 2) nuclear families – most common in industrial or modern societies and usually has 2 or less generations in the household
2. What do family scholars mean when they refer to the postmodern family? What are some practical reasons in law, government, and business for why the definition of the family is important?
The term postmodern is used to acknowledge "the fact that families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms and that new or altered family forms continue to emerge and develop" (pg 7). It has altered family definitions to resemble something similar to this: "a group of people in which people typically live together in a household and function as a cooperative unit, particularly through the sharing of economic resources, in the pursuit of domestic activities" (pg 7) So, postmodern families don't necessarily have to be bound by marriage, for example, because today there are many who have intimate relationships and live within the same household who are not married. Other types are stayathome fathers, duel earners, and so on.
These institutions care about this because it alters rental policies, insurance packages, insurance policies, bills, and also alters and effects Census Bureau statistics. These institutions have to constantly redefine what a family is.
3. What is a social institution? Why do some scholars believe the family is in decline (the "family decline perspective")? How do their opponents, who adhere to the "family change perspective," view the family and its changes over time? Do "family change" sociologists think we should try to recreate the "idealized" family of the past? If you want to learn more check out Idea that operant responses are influenced by their effects, is what?
Families have historically been understood as a social institution – social institutions "are patterned and largely predictable ways of thinking and behaving—beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that are organized around vital aspects of group life and serve essential social functions" (pg 9). The relaxation of institutional control (such as, the newly widespread acceptance of homosexual marriages, and definitions of a "family" being altered to the postmodern viewpoint) over relationships leads to a family decline perspective. We also discuss several other topics like What are the Capitals and countries in South America?
Family change perspective argues that families are simply changing, not declining. They view family changes as beneficial, such as the easier access to divorce leading to more avenues to escape domestic violence, for example. They argue that "it makes more sense to provide support to families as they exist today rather than to attempt to turn back the clock to an idealized past" (pg 10)
4. What is a "sociological imagination?"
"Placing an individual's or family's private troubles within a societywide context is the crux of what sociologists call the sociological imagination" (pg 12). Personal troubles are influenced by and connected to the patterns of the society surrounding the individual.
5. What five broad societal trends are affecting families today? [Note that within these broad trends the book cites related subtrends—don't try to memorize them all, but be able to identify them if you see them; for example, changes in our age structure such that our population is getting older on average are an example of current demographic trends.}
1) Ever new biological and communication technologies
a. Biological – birth control, artificial insemination, embryo transfers, donor
insemination, etc
b. Communication – Twitter, Facebook, Skype, videotaping, etc. Family members who live far away can still be involved in their extended family's lives, people
meet people on the internet and marry them, etc.
2) Economic conditions
a. Increase of the inequality gap has made financial conditions very influential on families, can cause a lot of stress or a lot of comfort. Also effects educational Don't forget about the age old question of WHAT FORMS DID THE FEDERAL-STATE QUESTION TAKE AFTER 1791?
opportunities, education quality, probability of drug usage, everything else that
goes into socioeconomic risk factors
3) Historical periods or events
a. Agricultural societies switching to more industrialized ones, effects of WW1 and WW2, the Great Depression, etc. have shaped where families, and society, are
today and the characteristics and opportunities afforded to both.
4) Demographic characteristics (statistical facts about the makeup of a population) such as age, religion, and race or ethnicity
a. Age
Much more longevity when compared to those born in, say, the 1900s whose life
expectancy was 47 and in 2008 was 78.
b. Religion
Religious affiliations greatly influence family structures. For example, children If you want to learn more check out what is the difference between dulusion a hallucination?
with deep religious connections are less likely to engage in premarital sex.
Religious beliefs affect attitudes, marriages, and family dynamics.
c. Race/Ethnicity
Race and ethnicity play a pivotal role in the structure of families as, in American
and across the world, specific races/ethnicities are at a particular disadvantage as
a minority in comparison to the majority group they live with.
5) Family policy
a. "Family policy involves all the procedures, regulations, attitudes, and goals of programs and agencies, workplace, educational institutions, and government that
affects families" (pg 21). Policies that directly address functions of families
such as adoption, partner relationships, childrearing, economic support,
child care, divorce, etc.
6. In what ways are social factors important for people's personal choices? What does it mean to say that people can decide (knowledgeably) about their lives versus "slide" into choices? How do personal values affect the choice between "deciding" and "sliding" through life? Don't forget about the age old question of What is the difference between a controlled group and an experimental group?
3 ways social factors impact personal choices: 1) it is usually easier to make the common choice. For example, in the 1960s it was common to be married earlier, people felt awkward if they didn't marry by their early twenties, so a lot of people made it a personal goal to be married by then. 2) expanding people's options. Such as the widely accepted use of contraceptives and the prevalence of them make keeping the size of one's family down much easier. 3) social factors can also limit one's choice. For example, for a long time interracial marriage was illegal.
Making informed decisions means knowing about all of the alternatives to your decision and factoring in the social pressures of each while also considering the consequences of each alternative. "Sliding" into a decision entails making a decision unconsciously and simply
following suit with either pressures, the norm, or what has been engrained as the right decision without exploring other options.
7. What is family identity, and how does it emerge? Why is the family important for individual selfconcept?
"Family identity—ideas and feelings about the uniqueness and value of one's family unit— emerge via traditions and rituals: family dinner time, birthday and holiday celebrations, vacation trips, and perhaps family hobbies like working together in the garden" (pg 25)
Families provide a healthy setting for the development of one's selfconcept. The self concept is influenced heavily by the significant figures in that individual's childhood, and the home setting—that allows one to grow, develop, and feel free to selfexpress—facilitates personal identity formation.
8. How are familistic values (communal values) and individualistic values (selffulfillment) different from each other? Do these two kinds of values fit together smoothly in American society, or does one or the other predominate?
Familistic values focus on the needs, goals, and identity of the group (family
togetherness, loyalty, etc.), while individualistic values encourage people to focus on personal and individual satisfaction and happiness to foster an individual identity.
These two value sets cause tension in society, as our culture prizes and encourages individuality and selfexpression but too much individuality puts stress on relationships because there is less contribution from that person to their loved ones.
Chapter 2: "Exploring Relationships and Families" (2849)
Note: Chapter 2 summarizes several family theories; we will skip some of them, and look at others in class later on. For now, for this chapter, focus on just the theories addressed in the following questions. Chapter 2 also briefly covers some research issues; see question 16 below.
9. In studying families, how can personal experience interfere with accuracy of results? [We have also discussed this issue in class on 9/7]
It's easy for researchers to have bias toward families and family structures based on how a researcher was raised – their own home environment growing up could shift or alter their focus and could lead to them overlooking key details.
10. What is a "theoretical perspective" and why is it important to family researchers? A theoretical perspective is a way of viewing reality.
"As a tool of analysis [a theoretical perspective is] equivalent to lenses through which observers view, organize, and then interpret what they see. A theoretical perspective leads family researchers to identifies those aspects of families and relationships that interests them and suggests possible explanations for why patterns and behaviors are the way they are" (pg 32)
11. What is the main focus of the family ecology model? (You needn't memorize the various environmental components.) Why is it useful, especially for policymakers?
How a family is influenced by their surrounding environment, and the constraints it puts on families and opportunities. Including things such as "economic, educational, religious, and cultural institutions" (pg 32)
It helps in delineating rules and regulations for policies such as food stamps, federal aid, etc. and helps to pinpoint who is eligible for these and other type of government aid based on an individual's environment.
12. How does the structurefunctional perspective view the family? Why should we ask "functional for whom" when we consider family functions? Why have contemporary family scholars moved away from the kind of structurefunctionalist ideas that dominated mid20th century sociology? [We are discussing this theory briefly in class on 9/7 and 9/12.]
"The structurefunctional perspective investigates how a given social structure functions to fill basic societal needs" (pg 37)
"For instance, traditional male authority and higher prestige may be functional for fathers—and in some cultures for brothers—but not necessarily for mothers and sisters. Separating may seem to be functional for one or both of the adults involved, but it's not necessarily so for the children" (pg 37)
"However, as it dominated family sociology in the United States during the 1950s, the structurefunctional perspective gave us an unrealistic image of smoothly working families characterized only by shared values" (pg 37). It also suggested that nuclear, heterosexual families were the normal and functional family structure, and also argued for the functionality of assigned gender roles.
13. What is the basic premise of exchange theory? [We'll look at this theory's insights in much greater detail in the second, third, and fourth units of the course.]
The basic premise is that in social exchanges people want to minimize their costs and maximize their rewards. Emphasizes decision making, we make decisions after weighing out costs and rewards of the decisions.
14. How does family systems theory view the family? [We'll examine some insights of this theory in the fourth unit of the course.]
"Family systems theory views the family as a whole, or system, comprised of interrelated parts (the family members) and demarcated by boundaries" (pg 40) Parts of the family compose a functioning system that performs predictably, like an organic system in the body.
15. What is the focus of the conflict perspective? What kinds of family issues does it (and its feminist version) sensitize researchers to? [Again, some of these issues will come up in lecture over the next units.]
Conflict theory is the opposite of the structuralfunctional theory. It focuses on unequal power within families. For example, unequal distribution of household labor between husbands and wives based on power between the two. Sensitizes researchers to gender issues within relationships and households.
16. What five scientific data collection techniques are used in studying families? What briefly are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
1) Interviews and questionnaires – most common. Conducting personal interviews or asking participants to complete surveys/questionnaires.
a. Efficient for gathering data from large populations. The answers from interviews and questionnaires can easily be compared with one another.
b. But valid responses depend on participants' honesty. Plus, questionnaires with predetermined answers offer a limited scope through which the participant can
answer and they aren't always the most accurate for each participant.
2) Naturalistic observation – spend time with respondents in their natural environment and take notes.
a. Allows the researcher to make observations of family behavior as it actually
b. But it has a lot of room for bias as it is up to the researcher to decide what is
important and unimportant when taking notes of observations. Also takes a very
large amount of time for the researcher to gather data this way, meaning less
families will be accounted for.
3) Focus groups – qualitative research where a researcher gathers 1020 participants in a group and asks them questions
a. Can gather information using participants' everyday speech. Can use responses in surveys and questionnaires as part of questions. Useful when a researcher
doesn't know enough about a topic to create closeended questions for surveys.
b. Less control than a oneonone interview, so it can be time consuming—
especially if there are children involved. Plus, group conversations are casual so
it could be difficult to analyze the data.
4) Experiments and laboratory observations – behaviors are carefully monitored and observed under controlled conditions.
a. Controlled conditions mean it is much easier to gather data for the researchers. b. But, controlled conditions mean artificial environments which can influence
behavior and make it less natural, therefore possibly lessening the validity of the
5) Case studies – compiled by clinicians (psychiatrists, psychologists, marriage counselors, etc.) and is focused on one person or one couple over a long period of time.
a. Vividly detailed data can be gathered. Can provide hypotheses for future
b. Personal bias can influence the observations made by the clinician. Clinician's
professional training may also "lead them to misinterpret aspects of family life"
(pg. 50)
Chapter 3: "Our Gendered Identities" (5277)
17. How do the authors distinguish between gender and sex? What are gender role and gender identity? In what ways is the simple duality of masculinity/maleness and femininity/femaleness complicated?
Gender is used to describe how the individual classifies their own self. Sex is used to reference the physical and biological anatomy of an individual's body.
Gender role describes the societal attitudes and behavioral expectations of certain sexes (women cook, men work) while gender identity degree to which an individual sees themselves as masculine or feminine.
Transsexual, transgendered, intersex, and gender roles greatly challenge the duality of masculinity and femininity. Sociallyconstructed gender roles create gendered institutions that, in essence, provide guidelines for the "correct" ways for each gender to behave – however, being that these institutions are constructed solely from social views, they cannot be true and are challenged by anyone who steps outside of these carefully created boxes.
18. What is the difference between "traditional sexism" and "modern sexism"?
"Traditional sexism – the belief that women's roles should be confined to the family and that women are not as qualified as men for leadership positions…contemporary sexists agree with statements such as, 'Discrimination in the labor force is no longer a problem' and, 'In order not to appear sexist, many men are inclined to overcompensate women'…Contemporary sexism denies that gender discrimination persists and may include the idea that women are asking for too much, a situation that results in resistance to their demands" (pg 73).
19. What are instrumental (also called "agentic") and expressive (also called "relationship oriented") character traits? What messages about each sex does our culture give us? Why do some scholars refer to "masculinities" and "femininities" in the plural? To what extent do people actually follow cultural expectations?
Males are thought to have instrumental traits – traits involving characteristics for accomplishing goals such as strength, confidence, selfreliance, ambition, assertiveness, etc. Females are thought to have expressive traits that focus on relationship maintenance – traits like warmth, sensitivity, nurturance, selflessness, etc.
Culture tells us that men are supposed to be stoic figures of strength and direction while women are supposed to be dutifully loyal to being the emotional stability in a relationship. Men don't talk about feelings and be tall and muscular – women are expected to be small and quiet and gentle and supportive.
"Masculinities" and "femininities" refer to the culturally expected behaviors associated with each. Men being leaders, assertive, and independent are masculinities – women taking care of the household, being nurturing, and being gentle are femininities.
Research shows that there are few actual gender differentiations among women and men, though there are some. Such as women having greater feelings of interconnectedness. However, cultural expectations play a large role in society and many people do try to uphold what they feel is socially expected of them.
20. How do race and ethnicity interact with gender roles? Earlier scholars based their understandings of gender roles primarily on white people, but today's researchers pay much more attention to the fact that how gender roles "play out" among whites may not always resemble how these issues play out for people of color or of different ethnicities. What are some of the differences we see when looking at other groups' gender roles? Are these differences large or subtler, in general?
"When race, social class, sexual orientation, physical abilities, and immigrant or national status are taken into account, we can see that in some circumstances 'male privilege' is partly—sometimes substantially—muted" (pg 59) The same male privileges experienced by white men are not at all the same as the experiences other racial/ethnic groups.
Hispanic women in high school are at a cross road as they may have to battle their own desires for further education to get good jobs and their cultural expectation that women should be good household caretakers. Research also finds that black couples prefer role flexibility and a power sharing than white couples, and that black husbands tend to do more than other U.S. husands. It also shows that partly because of the U.S.'s history of slavery in which both black males and females labored incessantly, more black women are employed than white women.
21. How do biological approaches generally explain gender differences? How do sociologists look at the causes of gender differences?
Biologybased arguments approach gender differences through the lens of evolutionary psychology, positing that biosocial behavior evolved to facilitate survival – leading to men being more aggressive and protective of their families and taking up survivalbased duties while women generally gave birth and were expected to be the nurturer and developmental caretaker while the men gathered essentials for their survival as a group (or, family). This does not mean that these behaviors or mindsets cannot be influenced, however. These practices and mindsets are passed on through genetics through generations upon generations.
Sociologists look into the social environment to see what influences gender differences, mainly through four economic stages in human history: foraging and hoe (men forage for food while women take charge of gardenbased food production, which was compatible with taking care of children and breastfeeding and was also where the majority of food came from, thus, women were very dominant in this economic culture), agricultural (required greater physical strength leaving men to take charge in this economic society for food production as women tended more to childrearing as opposed to strenuous physical labor), industrial (began to further separate work and family life, therefore pushing women more toward the home while men left to work – creation of the public and private sphere as these became two different spheres of life that were almost genderexclusive), and postindustrial societies (more inclusive of women as it focuses on informationbased work and not simply the manufacturing of things).
22. What is meant by "gender structure"? How do men and women tend to differ in where they are positioned in their own society's institutional gender structures?
"Gender structures have implications for socialization and for the development of identities and selves…But gender structures also shape the social roles women and men are expected to follow, what "doing gender" means in any given interactional encounter, and how marriage is understood and defined. Gender structures also are formalized into institutional laws, rules, and organizational norms" (pg 64)
In religion, even though more women make up the congregations, men still generally hold the most leadership positions within the churches. Religion also affects structures within the family as some believe that the bible dictates the man must be the "head" or leader of the household.
Women hold less government positions when compared to men, such as Supreme Court judges and Congress.
More women far exceed men who are enrolled in college and therefore there are not more women with degrees than men. However, many men and women still follow "traditional" expectations in college and it ultimately effects their choice of majors.
23. How do childhood experiences in the family influence differences between boys and girls? Do all families deliberately try to create differences? What subtle messages may influence children?
Having single father, single mother, or nuclear families greatly effects how boys and girls see their own "roles" and factor in to how they will develop against these social structures. Other experiences such as fathers telling their sons not to cry but consoling their daughters when they do, mothers encouraging their daughters to play dress up and play with princesses and encouraging sons to play with guns and army men, television shows that parents allow children to watch that show boys and girls doing different things, Disney movies that portray helpless women being rescued by strong/handsome men, and colors associated with accessories and toys that target specific sexes all influence children and their views of "men vs women".
24. How do school experiences create differences? Historically, research has focused on the disadvantages girls experience, particularly in school. But in what ways have boys been falling behind?
Boys do not have many positive male role models in their elementary and middle schools. Studies have also shown that a lack of emotional expression in boys, instilled by gender structures, has negative impacts on academic performance.
Chapter 4: "Our Sexual Selves" (78105)
25. Do children express any sexual activity before age 5, or are they essentially nonsexual? How has the onset of more mature sexuality changed in the last century or so, and why do scientists think these changes have occurred?
"'Human beings are sexual beings throughout their entire lives'…As early as twenty four hours after birth, male newborns get erections, and infants may touch their genitals. Research indicates that between ages 2 and 5, a substantial number of children engage in 'rhythmic manipulation' of their genitals, which researchers consider to be a 'natural form of sexual expression'" (pg 80)
Girls are getting their menarche at much earlier age in the last century, and development breasts and puberty at happening as young as 10 as well. Scientists believe better nutrition, obesity, and pollution are some positive and negative changes in our society that have affected these changes.
26. What is sexual orientation, and does it necessarily predict a person's sexual behavior? What does it mean to say that sexual orientation may be a "continuum"? What is asexuality? [Please note: the section on sexual identity (pp. 8081) discusses several terms used to describe varying sexrelated statuses. These terms change frequently with politics, with social norms, with religious ideology, with popular culture, and so on, a point I will address briefly in class.]
"Sexual orientation refers to whether one is attracted to one's own gender or a different gender" (pg 80). It does not necessarily predict one's sexual behavior, as one may choose to be abstinent or have relations with a partner of a nonpreferred sex. That it their own choice.
Sexual orientation as a continuum simply argues the dichotomy of orientation. Meaning, it is not true to simply say one is either "gay" or "straight", sociologists and psychologists alike agree that all are inherently bisexual with latent attraction to the opposite sex, though in most one sex is preferred.
Asexuals do not experience sexual attraction to others. Differs from celibacy or abstinence as these are decisions made by the individual, asexuality is inherent.
27. Do researchers know definitively how sexual orientation develops?
Not definitively. Sexual orientation develops from a mix of environmental, genetic, hormonal, and sociocultural factors that affect the individual throughout childhood into their pubescent stage. (I could not find this in the book. This answer is my opinion.)
28. Theoretical perspectives: How does the exchange perspective explain sexual satisfaction? According to the interactionist perspective, what is a "sexual script"?
"From a general exchange theory perspective, women's sexuality and associated fertility are resources that can be exchanged for economic support, protection, and status in society… satisfaction depends on the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship, as well as the participant's comparison level—what the person expects out of the relationship" (pg 83). It also states that the alternatives to their current sexual relationship are important to, as someone else may be able to offer more. Lastly, equality of sexual rewards and costs is an important factor.
Sexual scripts are basically what an individual's culture tells them about sex. Such as, how important an orgasm is, how important monogamy is, how often sex should be had, where it should be had, with what kind of people, what positions are acceptable or not, etc.
29. How have sexual scripts in America changed since colonial times? What is patriarchal sexuality, and does it still exist today? What is expressive sexuality, and when did this pattern of behavior develop? What general changes related to sexuality took place during the 1960s? in the 1980s and 1990s? in the 21st century? [NOTE: Don't memorize all those statistics, just look at the trends.]
"From colonial times until the 19th century, the purpose of sex in America was defined as reproductive. A new definition of sexuality emerged…Sex became significant for many people as a means of communication and intimiacy" (pg 84)
Patriarchal sexuality "is characterized by many beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent. Men are to control women's sexuality. Exclusive sexual position of a woman by a man in monogamous marriage ensures that her children will be legitimately his. Men are thought to be born with an urgent sex drive, whereas women are seen as naturally sexually passive; orgasm is expected for men but not for women. Unmarried men and husbands whose wives do not meet their sexual needs may gratify those needs outside marriage. Sex outside marriage is considered wrong for women, however" (pg 84). It persists to some extent but has been greatly challenged in modern society.
Expressive sexuality emerged in the 20th century. It is more emotional and intimate: orgasm is expected for both men and women, it is not onesided, not primarily for reproduction, etc.
The sexual revolution of using sex for pleasure came in the 1960s. One reason for this revolution was the introduction of birth control pill. The 1980s and 1990s presented challenges to heterosexism: the belief that heterosexuality is "normal" and all other types of relationships are "abnormal" or "wrong", and homophobia became very widespread. In the 21st century, sex is seen through a lens of risk and caution against STDs, AIDS, and the like, as well as the emergence of vast consumption of pornography and a very sexualized media.
30. What is meant by each of the four standards for sex outside committed relationships: (1) abstinence, (2) sex with affection, (3) sex without affection/recreational sex, and (4) the double standard? Does the double standard still exist?
Abstinence is the choice of refraining from sexual activity as a moral imperative before marriage.
Sex with affection is maintaining sexual exclusivity with one partner that you care about, but do not have a committed or exclusive relationship with.
Sex without affection/recreational sex falls in line with "hooking up" and "friends with benefits". Sex is simply a pleasure outlet or stress release, you may or may not necessarily care about this individual other than as a sexual outlet.
The double standard definitely still exists. It is the notion that women's sexual activity must be more conservative than men's. Men's sexual activity is celebrated while women's sexual activity is shamed – women who have frequent sexual activity are labeled as sluts, but those who do not engage in frequent sexual activity are considered pretentious or prudes.
31. Are Americans generally more or less tolerant of extramarital sex than people in other parts of the world?
The U.S. is much less tolerant of extramarital sex than people in other parts of the world.
32. How does age affect sexual behavior over the course of marriage?
"Younger couples have sexual intercourse more frequently than do older couples" (pg 96). After the first few years of marriage sexual frequency declines. As couples grow with age, so do their responsibilities. This leads to distraction from sexual activity as both couples become very engrossed in an actively busy life. But, sexual activity does not necessarily cease as couples get older. Many older couples rate sex as a very important aspect of their relationship
33. Are teenagers more or less likely to have sexual intercourse now than they were about twenty years ago (1991)? Why have teen rates of intercourse changed over this period? Do teenagers define sex the same way today that they did a number of decades ago?
Teen sexual activity has declined since 1991. In 1991, 54% of teens were sexually active and in 2011 47% were. Experts suggest that this has happened because of sex education programs and a fear of STDs, as well as religiosity and an emphasis on abstinence.
34. Which groups are at highest risk for HIV/AIDS?
African American men and women and gay and bisexual men.
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Productivity or generativity of language
Why does it take 6-8 months for these concerns to appear?
What are the base units for mass?
Week 2 - Unit 1
Dr. Elise S Lake
Unit 1 - family structures (jan 28, 30 lectures)
Exam 1 - Feb 13
Chapter 1-4 Be sure to still review class notes! this is all textbook information
Week 3 notes
Beginning of Unit 2
Tuesday notes
Exam 2 - March 19
Chapters 5-7 - based off prof Lake's study guide and other important info from textbook
Childbearing and Childrearing
Chapter 10- textbook notes based on quiz
Divorce and other troubles
Last Quiz


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« Edit: repetition buries this dialogue and opening scene | Main | The writer's inner life »
Occasionally I receive submissions by publicists of articles by authors they're promoting. When one looks like it might of help to you, I'm glad to pass it on. Here's one by author Elizabeth Crook.
Seven Rules for Writing Historical Fiction
By Elizabeth Crook
Author of The Night Journal: A Novel
We grow up being told to write what we "know", but history is the unknown. You have to learn almost everything about a period and the social customs just to get your characters out of their beds, (or off of their skins,) and feed them breakfast.
Rule #1: Sweat the Small Stuff.
The authenticity of historical fiction depends on your knowledge and use of historical detail. It is not enough to say a character walked down the street. The reader has to be able to see the street, see the conveyances; he has to smell the smoke from the factories or the sewage in the gutter. If there are street vendors, he has to know what they're selling. This is a new world: the reader can't fathom it unless you give him images. These should be accurate and not recycled from old movies.
Two suggestions:
1. Find experts on the topics you need to learn about. It's easier to track down someone who knows about sheep ranching in the 1890s and call them up when you need to know about scabies than it is to find, in documents or on the internet, the answer to every question that comes up in the course of writing a book. If you're going to write a scene involving a train wreck in 1891, get books on train wrecks, read enough to know what you're talking about, Google the authors and find out where they work. Call and see if they'll talk to you. Latch on to the friendly ones. "What about the couplers?" you can ask, having read enough to know that faulty couplers were a major factor in train wrecks.
I once needed to know about Mormons in Mexico. I Googled "Mormons in Mexico," found a woman who had written a dissertation on a Mormon settlement near Juarez and found her through the school. She spent two hours on the phone with me, describing vividly the Mormon settlement that my characters needed to visit.
2. If your story takes place after catalogs were in use, get hold of reprints of old catalogs. I have an 1895 Montgomery Ward Catalog that has descriptions of, and prices for, almost every personal item used by people of that time: hardware, books, stationery, toys, guns, toiletries, wallpaper, stoves, laundry equipment, harnesses and saddlery - the list goes on and on. It represents the lifestyle of that decade.
Rule #2: Dump the Ballast.
In order to write authentic historical fiction you must know a period of time well enough to disappear daily through a wormhole to the past. There you must understand the customs and use the manners perfectly enough to be accepted by people walking the streets (if there are streets) and to dress yourself, and make a living. This said, the major trick of writing good historical fiction is not in compiling research or knowing the details, but in knowing which details to leave out.
Avoid overwriting. Keep perspective on what will interest the reader. Historical fiction writers tend to be overly conscientious and excited by minutia: if you succumb to excess, and put in too much detail, then go back and take some of it out. Think of your novel as a boat that is about to sink from having too much weight on board: some loved items will have to go. Toss them over with impunity! If a rare, surprising statistic, or a moving anecdote, or an obscure reference you saw to an interesting thing that happened in the county adjacent to the one where your story takes place, does not advance your plot or provide your reader with important information about your characters, then it is irrelevant to your story and must go.
The care and time it took to assemble all that you have just thrown out has not been wasted. It was necessary to gather these facts and assess their worth in order to know which ones to save.
Rule # 3: Keep Your Conscience Clean.
If your characters are based on real people and you are using their names, be reasonably responsible to the originals. You are probably going to have to fill in a lot of gaps in the historical record: you may know from the record what a person did and when he did it, but not why. It's the "why" that defines his character. Ask yourself: Am I getting this close to right? Am I doing this person a disservice?
Rule #4: Resist Judging Your Characters.
We live in the 21st century with certain shared values: our society disapproves of prejudice and chauvinism and provincialism. But your characters are people of their times; allow them to be bigoted or politically backwards. Don't pass judgment on them, don't apologize for their mistakes, and don't attempt to make them all into free thinkers who are ahead of their times. You have to be able to see the story from their perspective, even if it offends you. If you judge your characters, you will date your book. Years from now when your own moral sensibilities are antiquated, your book will be too.
Rule #5: Watch Out for First Person.
I put down three books recently because I was annoyed with the first person viewpoint, which came across as self-absorbed. Unless you're writing in the form of letters or journals, make sure any first-person character has a good reason to be telling his story. People tend not to like people who notice themselves too much or describe themselves or seem overly aware of how others perceive them. Anyone relating a story about himself -- what he said, what he was wearing, what inflection he had in his voice or what gesture he made as he spoke some pronouncement -- we dismiss as annoying and self-important. We feel the same about characters. There are many beautiful books written in first person, but know the challenge of this before you start out.
Rule #6: Don't Get Bogged Down by Back-story.
It is easy to be overly dutiful and bore your readers with too much background information delivered too soon. There is no surer way to lose your reader than to answer every question before he wonders about it. Instead, let your story unfold dramatically. The trick is to delay telling backstory for as long as possible. You will find that most of it is never needed. It percolates up through the real story when the real story gets going.
Rule#7: Anticipate a Long Process.
Historical novels usually take several years to write, as they require research at every turn. You won't always be able to anticipate what you'll need to know for a scene, and will constantly have to return to your references. This is entirely different from writing contemporary fiction.
Take, for example, a trip from Austin, Texas to the nearby town of San Marcos. If you are going to write a present-day scene, you simply need to put your character into a vehicle -- a pickup, or a Volvo -- and head him south for forty minutes on the flat terrain of interstate 35, passing strip malls and fields and the town of Buda. He will then take the exit marked "Wonder World", named for a local cave and visitor's center, and arrive in San Marcos. The only research needed to write this scene will be to drive the route yourself.
But if your character takes this journey in 1906, you will have to learn a few things before starting him out, and learn more things along the way.
First of all, you need to know where the road is, and what's on either side of it, and what kind of conveyance your character is driving. If it's a flatbed wagon, what's pulling it -- a horse, a half-lame mule, two mules? How often do mules need water? How much traffic will there be? Any cars? What kind of food or luggage do you have along? And what if a wheel breaks, and you have to fix it, and you cut your self with a rusty tool -- how do you disinfect the cut? Do you even know about disinfection? When did people figure out where tetanus came from? And -- assuming that you eventually make it to San Marcos, what's in San Marcos, anyway? As for the Wonder World exit -- when was the cave called "Wonder Cave" actually discovered?
But here is where the magic comes in: you begin to think, "Wow. The discovery of Wonder Cave. Now that would make a scene . . ." And then suddenly you have a story, and a book to write. The only problem, of course, is that you will soon find out that Wonder Cave was discovered in 1898 instead of 1906, so you will have to move your story back eight years and find out what sort of vehicles they drove in 1898 and along what road, and the rest of it, or else joggle the facts and sacrifice credibility in the name of literary license. Or ditch Wonder Cave.
Writing historical fiction is like trying to get to San Marcos when you have no car, you don't know where the road is, and you have never in your life harnessed a half-lame mule to a flatbed wagon. Assume it is going to be a while before you arrive.
None of these rules, obviously, is iron-clad. I'm sure there is a Brilliant counter-example somewhere for each and every one of them. I hope you find them useful. Good luck! Happy Travels! God's speed.
For what it's worth.
Free edit in exchange for posting permission. You send a sample that you have questions about and of which you'd like an edit. I won't post it without your permission. Please attach samples as documents to your email.
ARCHIVES .
© 2006 Ray Rhamey
March 22, 2006 in Writing | Permalink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sculpt and tone your arms to look gorgeous on your big day! Now that we are on the threshold of January, this is the right time to get into shape for your spring/summer wedding. Your arms must have a flawless appearance if you plan to wear a strapless wedding gown that is the latest trend. Concerned about that unwanted flab in your arm area? You can easily get it corrected by a minimally invasive option, arm liposuction. Thinner arms create the impression of a thinner and more athletic body. Enjoy the confidence boost that comes along and look wonderful in your wedding photos.
The "bat wing" effect is a major concern for women as they are genetically predisposed to fat accumulation in the upper arms. The aging process is accompanied by loss of skin thickness and elasticity. Exercise and dieting are the two main options you would first consider to slim down naturally. However, areas such as the arms are hard to contour with such natural alternatives, and in most cases a cosmetic surgery would be the ideal choice. Advanced arm liposuction surgery can ensure you beautifully shaped arms. Complications are rare and downtime is minimal. The procedure removes upper arm fat and helps stimulate skin tightening.
Laser-assisted liposuction using FDA-approved Smartlipo Triplex is offered at established plastic surgery practices in the US. A minimal downtime of just 48 hours will give you that dream-come-true sculpted look on your arms and bodySCULPT®, a leading plastic surgery practice in Manhattan has made the technique very popular. The deltoid fat pad that is typically inherited cannot be resolved with exercise alone in most cases, and advanced laser lipo is now proving to be an effective alternative.
Whatever may be the technique used, the assistance and advice of a skilled and experienced plastic surgeon is most important. Qualified surgeons have expertise and proven experience in the latest techniques and technologies and may even have taken part in the process of developing related techniques. For instance, in Manhattan, NYC, bodySCULPT® plastic surgeons offer minimally invasive, result-oriented arm liposuction. They have valuable research experience and have contributed peer reviewed articles on the topic of liposuction. You can read one such article on PRS GO on their website that makes them authorities and pioneers on this subject. They have developed techniques that offer the best aesthetic results for their patients.
Liposuction of the arms is not for prospective brides alone; it can help any of you with extra fat in the arms that spoils your appearance. A successful procedure gives you smoother, slimmer and younger-looking arms. Wear sleeveless gowns, bathing suits and tops without hesitation and without worrying about your arms. Look smart and fit in your favorite outfits and feel confident with a graceful arm contour.


text:
Judy Niemack Performs Music From Her New CD "New York Stories" 9/25 Mezzrow 9/29 Jazz at KITANO 10/7 Jazz Forum
Standard / by NYC Jazz New 3-8-12 Archive Feed / September 17, 2018 / No Comments
Judy Niemack
Performs Music From Her New CD
"New York Stories"
9/25 Mezzrow
9/29 Jazz at KITANO
10/7 Jazz Forum
Judy Niemack in New York City!
"You sing like an angel, or at least like an angel who's heard Basie and Miles…"
Neil Tesser, Downbeat
Judy's new CD with Jim McNeely and the Danish Radio Big Band was just released August 17, on Sunnyside records!
New York City is the center of many worlds, the jazz world being one of them. Musicians have always felt the pull of the Big Apple. The depth of talent, competition, and energy have made the City the epicenter of growth in the music. Vocalist Judy Niemack's improvisation teacher Warne Marsh told her that she had to go and, once she did, she never looked back.
Niemack's experiences, and friendships created, in New York have shaped her career and life. One of the most important friendships turned out to be that of the great pianist, composer and arranger Jim McNeely. Niemack's new recording with McNeely, New York Stories, shows the depth of their musical and personal affinity as they present pieces they arranged together over the years, and, finally, have recorded together, along with the Danish Radio Big Band.
Sets 8:00 and 9:30 pm
Judy Niemack vocals/Sullivan Fortner piano/ Leon Parker, drums /Doug Weiss bass
Lauded as one of the top jazz pianists of his generation, Sullivan Fortner is recognized for his virtuosic technique and captivating performances. The winner of three prestigious awards – a Leonore Annenberg Arts Fellowship, the 2015 Cole Porter Fellowship from the American Pianists Association, and the 2016 Lincoln Center Award for Emerging Artists – Sullivan's music embodies the essence of the blues and jazz as he connects music of all eras and genres through his improvisation. Judy and Sullivan met in Berlin and had an instant musical rapport. They will explore this in a evening of standards reinvented with drummer Leon Parker and bassist Doug Weiss.
Saturday, September 29th
Sets 8:00 and 10:00pm
Judy Niemack and Gil Goldstein in Duo
Jazz at KITANO
66 Park Avenue at 38th Street
Jazz Reservations: 212-885-7119
Judy will debut her new duo with Gil Goldstein at the beautiful Kitano Jazz room. For nearly four decades, pianist/producer/arranger Gil Goldstein has drawn the musical blueprint for some of the most prominent artists in jazz –(Michael Brecker, Bobby McFerrin, Esperanza Spaulding, Gretchen Parlato) and in so doing, has become a highly influential figure in his own right. Gifted with an innate sense of compositional structure and harmonic balance, he has forged a diverse career that extends well beyond his own body of recorded work to include alternating turns as an insightful producer, a brilliant arranger and a prolific composer of more than a dozen film scores for the big and small screens. Judy and Gil fell in love with each others music and decided to create a unique duo with voice and accordion.
Sunday, October 7th
8:00-9:30pm (One set)
1 Dixon Ln,
Tarrytown, New York 10591
Judy Niemack will perform songs from her new release, "New York Stories" at the Jazz Forum with Jim McNeely, piano, Doug Weiss, bass and Leon Parker, drums.
"Jim McNeely, their pianist and composer-in-residence. A Chicago native best known for his association with Stan Getz, he has quietly become one of the sharpest composers on the scene. Touched by the far-reaching classicism of Gil Evans, a restless exploratory quality informs his pieces."Lloyd SachsChicago Sun-Times
www.judyniemack.com
This E Mail is being sent by:
272 Ste Route 94 S #1 Warwick, NY 10990
E-Mail: jim@jazzpromoservices.com
Web Site: www.jazzpromoservices.com/
CHECK OUT OUR NEW YOUTUBE VIDEO HERE
Next Big Jay McNeely, 91, Dies; R&B's 'King of the Honkers' NY Times
Previous In Memoriam: Max Bennett
Thanks for much for the blast! It looks great! …and i just booked two more gigs off it!
You're the best! 🙂
Lola Danza, Recording Artist, Performer, Composer and Teacher


A lyrical book about the adventure of life, The Forest is also a magnificent visual work, both painterly and a technical feat of paper engineering. Here, sensory experience and the textures of the material world are rendered through die-cuts, embossing, cutouts, and a single gatefold. A beautifully considered work.
Riccardo Bozzi was born in Milan in 1966. He is a journalist for the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera. He lives in Milan.
Valerio Vidali is an Italian illustrator based in Berlin. Vidali enjoys botanical gardens and spends his spare time building kites that rarely fly."


Our prices are as follows and both of our gites are ideal for just a couple, as well as sleeping up to thirteen people when booked together.
Rates are for a 7 day booking. Commencing at 4.00p.m. on the first day and terminating at 10.00a.m on the last day. To reserve a gite or both gites, please email or telephone.
Please note that we can try to accommodate you if arrive or leave within the specified arrival and departure times.
Normal arrival days are Saturday to Saturday, but we are flexible with the days according to time of year.
In low season, you are allocated a certain amount of electricity, after that usage you will be charged the edf rate. Ist free basket of wood for the log burner, after that there is a charge for wood.
We do require a damage deposit in cash on arrival of either £200 or 200 euros, which will be returned after inspection of the gite and there is no damage.
Tax de sejour is payable per person per night of 71centimes, charged on arrival, we pay this to the tourist office.
Because gite 2 sleeps seven, there will be an additional charge £50pw if there are 7 people, but no extra charge if 6 people renting. no extra charge for baby in cot.
Telephone or email to make a booking, details on our contacts page.
Please contact for out of season special rates for longer lets, perhaps your house hunting, or just want a break away for a while.
Christmas & New Year on application only. Please contact us for prices.
We also take mid week bookings when available.
Please contact for the price in euros, as depends on the exchange rate.


text:
package org.kie.spring.manager;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;

import org.jbpm.process.core.timer.GlobalSchedulerService;
import org.jbpm.runtime.manager.impl.RuntimeManagerFactoryImpl;
import org.jbpm.runtime.manager.impl.SimpleRuntimeEnvironment;
import org.kie.api.runtime.EnvironmentName;
import org.kie.api.runtime.manager.RuntimeEnvironment;
import org.kie.api.runtime.manager.RuntimeManager;
import org.kie.api.task.UserGroupCallback;
import org.kie.internal.task.api.UserInfo;
import org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager;

public class SpringRuntimeManagerFactoryImpl extends RuntimeManagerFactoryImpl {

	private AbstractPlatformTransactionManager transactionManager;

	private UserGroupCallback userGroupCallback;

    private EntityManager entityManager;

    private UserInfo userInfo;

    private boolean pessimisticLocking = false;

    private GlobalSchedulerService schedulerService;

	@Override
	public RuntimeManager newSingletonRuntimeManager(RuntimeEnvironment environment, String identifier) {
		adjustEnvironment(environment);
		return super.newSingletonRuntimeManager(environment, identifier);
	}

	@Override
	public RuntimeManager newPerRequestRuntimeManager(RuntimeEnvironment environment, String identifier) {
        disallowSharedTaskService(environment);
        adjustEnvironment(environment);
		return super.newPerRequestRuntimeManager(environment, identifier);
	}

	@Override
	public RuntimeManager newPerProcessInstanceRuntimeManager(RuntimeEnvironment environment, String identifier) {
        disallowSharedTaskService(environment);
        adjustEnvironment(environment);
		return super.newPerProcessInstanceRuntimeManager(environment, identifier);
	}

	public UserGroupCallback getUserGroupCallback() {
		return userGroupCallback;
	}

	public void setUserGroupCallback(UserGroupCallback userGroupCallback) {
		this.userGroupCallback = userGroupCallback;
	}

	public AbstractPlatformTransactionManager getTransactionManager() {
		return transactionManager;
	}

	public void setTransactionManager(AbstractPlatformTransactionManager transactionManager) {
		this.transactionManager = transactionManager;
	}

    public EntityManager getEntityManager() {
        return entityManager;
    }

    public void setEntityManager(EntityManager entityManager) {
        this.entityManager = entityManager;
    }

    public UserInfo getUserInfo() {
        return userInfo;
    }

    public void setUserInfo(UserInfo userInfo) {
        this.userInfo = userInfo;
    }

    public boolean isPessimisticLocking() {
        return pessimisticLocking;
    }

    public void setPessimisticLocking(boolean pessimisticLocking) {
        this.pessimisticLocking = pessimisticLocking;
    }

    public GlobalSchedulerService getSchedulerService() {
        return schedulerService;
    }

    public void setSchedulerService(GlobalSchedulerService schedulerService) {
        this.schedulerService = schedulerService;
    }

    protected void adjustEnvironment(RuntimeEnvironment environment) {
        if (userGroupCallback != null) {
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).setUserGroupCallback(userGroupCallback);
        }
        if (schedulerService != null) {
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).setSchedulerService(schedulerService);
        }
        ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set(EnvironmentName.TRANSACTION_MANAGER, transactionManager);
		((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set(EnvironmentName.TASK_USER_GROUP_CALLBACK, userGroupCallback);
        ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set(EnvironmentName.TASK_USER_INFO, userInfo);

        if (entityManager != null) {
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set(EnvironmentName.APP_SCOPED_ENTITY_MANAGER, entityManager);
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set(EnvironmentName.CMD_SCOPED_ENTITY_MANAGER, entityManager);
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set("IS_JTA_TRANSACTION", false);
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set("IS_SHARED_ENTITY_MANAGER", true);
        }
        if (pessimisticLocking) {
            ((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().set(EnvironmentName.USE_PESSIMISTIC_LOCKING, true);
        }
	}

    protected void disallowSharedTaskService(RuntimeEnvironment environment) {

        if (((SimpleRuntimeEnvironment)environment).getEnvironmentTemplate().get("org.kie.api.task.TaskService") != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Per process instance and per request runtime manager do not support shared task service");
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Maháráštra (maráthsky महाराष्ट्र, Maháráštra, anglicky Maharashtra), v překladu Velký národ je svazový stát v západní Indii. Na severozápadě sousedí s Gudžarátem, na severu s Madhjapradéšem, na východě s Čhattísgarhem, na jihovýchodě s Ándhrapradéšem a na jihu s Karnátakou a Goou. Na západě ho omývají vody Arabského moře; nedaleko od pobřeží je na severu mezi Maháráštru a Gudžarát vetknuto území Nágar Havélí, součást svazového teritoria Dádra a Nagar Havélí a Daman a Díu.

Její obyvatelé Maráthové hovoří indoárijským jazykem maráthštinou, příbuznou hindštině. Maháráštra byla vytvořena v roce 1956 rozšířením státu Bombaj (za britské vlády tzv. Bombajské prezidentství) o maráthsky mluvící regiony Maráthváda (do té doby součást státu Hajdarábád) a Vidarbha (součást Centrálních provincií, pozdějšího Madhjapradéše).

V Maháráštře žije přes 96 milionů obyvatel. Po Uttarpradéši a čínské provincii Che-nan je třetí nejlidnatější nižší územní jednotkou na světě. Kdyby byla suvernéním státem, v počtu lidí by zaujímala 12. místo na světě.

Správní členění
Maháráštra se dělí na 35 okresů (maráthsky जिल्हा džilhá, pl. जिल्हे džilhé, anglicky district, pl. districts).

 AK अकोला / Akolá / Akola
 AM अमरावती / Amrávatí (Amarávatí) / Amravati
 AH अहमदनगर / Ahmadnagar (Ahamadanagara) / Ahmednagar
 OS उस्मानाबाद / Usmánábád (Usmánábáda) / Osmanabad
 AU औरंगाबाद / Aurangábád (Aurangábáda) / Aurangabad
 KO कोल्हापूर / Kólhápúr (Kólhápúra) / Kolhapur
 GA गडचिरोली / Gadčirólí (Gadačirólí) / Gadchiroli
 GO गोंदिया / Góndijá / Gondiya
 CH चंद्रपूर / Čandrapúr (Čandrapúra) / Chandrapur
 JG जळगाव / Džalgáv (Džallagáva) / Jalgaon
 JN जालना / Džálná (Džálaná) / Jalna
 DH धुळे / Dhulé / Dhule
 NB नंदुरबार / Nandurbár (Nandurabára) / Nandurbar
 NG नागपूर / Nágpúr (Nágapúra) / Nagpur
 NS नाशिक / Násik (Nášika) / Nashik
 ND नांदेड / Nándéd (Nándéda) / Nanded
 TH ठाणे / Tháné / Thane
 PA परभणी / Parbhaní (Parabhaní) / Parbhani
 PU पुणे / Puné / Pune
 BI बीड / Bíd (Bída) / Beed
 BU बुलढाणा / Buldháná (Buladháná) / Buldhana
 BH भंडारा / Bhandára / Bhandara
 MC मुंबई जिल्हा / Bombaj (Mumbaí) / Mumbai City
 MU मुंबई उपनगर जिल्हा / Mumbaí upanagar džilhá / Mumbai Suburban District
 YA यवतमाळ / Javatmál (Javatamálla) / Yavatmal
 RT रत्नागिरी / Ratnágirí / Ratnagiri
 RG रायगड / Rájgad (Rájagada) / Raigad
 LA लातूर / Látúr (Látúra) / Latur
 WR वर्धा / Vardhá / Wardha
 WS वाशिम / Vášim (Vášima) / Washim
 ST सातारा / Sátárá / Satara
 SN सांगली / Sánglí (Sángalí) / Sangli
 SI सिंधुदुर्ग / Sindhudurg (Sindhudurga) / Sindhudurg
 SO सोलापूर / Sólápúr (Sólápúra) / Solapur
 HI हिंगोली / Hingólí / Hingoli

Geografie

Maháráštra leží v tropickém pásmu v podobných zeměpisných šířkách jako např. jižní okraj Sahary nebo mexický poloostrov Yucatán. Rozlohou 307 713 km² je srovnatelná s Itálií a Polskem. Ze západu na východ měří asi 800 km. V severojižním směru je nejširší západní část státu (téměř 700 km), zatímco směrem k východu se Maháráštra zužuje (na úrovni Nágpúru jen asi 200 km).

Pohoří Západní Ghát (Sahjádrí), které se táhne severojižním směrem souběžně s pobřežím, dělí Maháráštru na dvě nestejně velké části. Úzký pobřežní pás je v severní části vyplněn rozsáhlou bombajskou aglomerací, od ní na jih pak začíná řidčeji osídlené a hůře dostupné Konkánské pobřeží.

Vlastní hory se zvedají do výšek překračujících 1000 m nad mořem, nejvyšší bod Maháráštry Kalsúbáí měří 1646 m. Reliéf je na mnoha místech silně poznamenán erozí do tvaru stolových hor, strmých stěn a kaňonů. Západní svahy zachytávají vlhkost od Arabského moře a jsou porostlé hustou tropickou džunglí; vnitrozemská část je porostlá suchými opadavými lesy, keři a místy má až polopouštní charakter.

Na východě hory klesají pozvolněji a ve výšce kolem 500 m n. m. přecházejí v Dekánskou plošinu, která představuje největší část Maháráštry.

Důležité řeky pramení v Západním Ghátu a tečou východním směrem přes Dekánskou plošinu, kde opouštějí Maháráštru a sousedními státy směřují do Bengálského zálivu. Na severu je to posvátná řeka Gódávarí (pramení u Trjambaku nedaleko Násiku), na jihu pak především řeka Krišna.

Mezi nejdůležitější města Maháráštry patří Bombaj na břehu Arabského moře (i s aglomerací má asi 16 mil. obyvatel), dále Puné (Púna, asi 4 mil. obyvatel) a Násik (1 mil.) na východních svazích Ghátu; zhruba uprostřed státu Aurangábád (870 tis.) a na východě pak Nágpúr (2 mil.)

Reference

Externí odkazy

Státy v Indii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Supernatural, Season 5 Review
Yet again, this season dials up the epic yet another notch. At the end of the last season, Lucifer was released (have they ever had a season finale where they've actually achieved what they set out to achieve?) and the apocalypse was on. The angel's plan is to have the Archangel Michael take down Lucifer to put an end to him once and for all and allow them to reshape Earth as they please, a plan that will probably have a whole lot of collateral damage to the human population – not that angels care.
But Archangels – including Lucifer and Michael – need a vessel, a human, to run around Earth in and Archangels can't just take any vessel, they need ones that can take the strain. Specifically, Lucifer needs Sam and Michael needs Dean. And they both need consent from the brothers to make that a reality.
This is a season of dodging angels and demons trying to make them say yes, while at the same time trying to find a new way to stop the apocalypse even as disasters and omens mount up, the death toll gets ever higher and the angels resort to more and more extreme methods to extract that yes.
Castiel's (Castiel fan squee!) plan to find god and have him tell everyone to cut it out was the original pl;an which is diffiucult because no-one knows where god is. Even Raphael the archangel thinks god is dead otherwise he would have intervened. But when they do get in touch, the plan fails when it becomes clear that god's willing to let everyone get on with it with only a few tweaks here and there. Plan B is to find the Colt – the colt that kills everything which finally works out when they track it down to Crowley (who is awesome and would be my favourite character in any show that doesn't have Castiel) get it and finally confront Lucifer – to find the colt doesn't work. Plan C, in between lots of desperation, involves putting Lucifer back in his prison – which means finding the keys which are carried by the 4 horsemen of the apocalypse and Sam finally saying yes to Lucifer – and them both being locked away (and Michael at that)
That's a whole lot of epic. Finding god, tracking the colt that has long been lost and sold by Bela and finally finding and defeating 3 of the 4 horsemen (and speaking carefully to Death who is not amused by all these shenanigans and who spares Chicago because he likes the pizza) as well as the showdown between Michael and Lucifer was all epic and then some. I thought the last season managed to really maintain the impact and the sheer scale of what was going on, but this season took it to the next level, and I didn't even think there could be a next level. The theme was maintained throughout the season, the desperation, the panic, the true sense of just what was at stake was a constant presence. It made the series tense, exciting and extremely compelling. I think this was especially well done when you consider the number of times Sam and Dean die in the series and either god or the Angels or who knows what bring them back to ensure they're available to be vessels – to maintain that tension while, at the same time, making the characters functionally immortal is pretty hard and impressive to do.
Most of the episodes stayed on message to make sure that sense of epic was maintained, we did have some fun, semi-side concepts raised to both add new aspects and to add to the epic: The Trickster, that long joking pain in everyone's backside, turning out to be the Archangel Gabriel (and Nightrider Sam made me laugh), for example. Or Dean seeing the future and the true extent of what happens if he doesn't say "yes" (President Palin! Ye gods what a hell on earth!). The town that succumbed to fundamentalism in a demonic ploy to pull them to hell, the tour of heaven and so many characters who have been dead for so long – there were so many golden moments here. There were a few that missed the mark – the many gods in episode 19 and the body swap in episode 12 and the half-demon in episode 6 were all low points to me. But in general the quality kept coming.
It wouldn't be Supernatural if it didn't have awesome emotional scenes and development with some excellently portrayed soul searching. In particular I liked Castiel (fanboy squee), him developing more humanity, his utterly awful attempts to investigate by telling everyone the truth (hello police officer, I am an angel of the lord, tell me things) and his continued issue with rebellion and fighting his brothers are all excellently well done and fun to watch. Even more dramatic is his loss of faith, when god turns them down, his feeling of rejection by his father and the hopelessness that comes with it – including drinking and entire liquor store (and future Castiel the drunken stoner – hey if it gets more drunken orgy Castiel I'm happy for the apocalypse to go ahead).
Dean and Sam also have their own excellently portrayed issues – including Dean's lack of faith in Sam. This is really well done and necessary – after all, last season Sam continued to seek out demon blood and Ruby despite everyone – including Dean – telling him it was a bad idea. As an addict, as someone who completely ignored people who cared for him, as someone who clearly wasn't thinking clearly and as someone who badly betrayed his family, there is every reason for Dean to be suspicious of Sam and have trouble trusting him. And plenty of reason for Sam to doubt himself, to wonder if it's right for him to hunt, if he can trust himself leading to him taking a hiatus away from hunting. It was excellent to see this relationship damaged and rebuilt rather than glossed over.
And then there's Dean's burn out – his doubt and wondering if saying yes to Michael might be the best thing especially in wake of the pressure the angels put on him. His growing desire to actually have a life, which makes so much sense when we consider how long he has been hunting and the 40 years he spent in Hell, Dean is past due a burn out. On top of that we have Bobby, fighting the good fight, being utterly awesome but still making difficult decisions because of his dead wife and being in a wheelchair. Again, a lot of emotional depth, very well portrayed.
So much good here – excellent emotional drama, major themes well maintained, fascinating plot lines, many many twists and new plans, great character development and generally something I could quite happily sit down and watch again. And again. And yet again since the season has Castiel in it. Can I end there?
Alas, no. It's more inclusion fail that I have to mention.
Firstly we have Crowley, another semi-regular straight, white, male character. Joining Sam, Dean, Bobby and Castiel in the brotherhood of Straight White Men Save the World. In a show that is so erased, the new semi-regular side characters constantly being straight, white men just adds salt to the wounds. The only new character who could come close who wasn't a straight, white man was Bobby's Sheriff friend, whatshername. And yes, she played such a significant role that I can't remember her name nor feel the need to look it up.
As to other women – well Ellen and Jo are back! Yay about time, strong female characters back on the hunt. And then they died. No really, they died to remind us how big and bad the apocalypse is. These characters were dragged up from several seasons of obscurity so they could be fridged. The only reason to bring these two women back was so they could die and convince us how bad everything was and to make Sam and Dean be all sad. What an utter waste of two great characters. We also got angel Anna returning – to be a dangerous threat to the Winchesters and then die. Do we have to draw up a list now of the women who die when they get close to the brothers? Anna, Bela, Ruby, Ellen, Jo – and that's not including myriad victims and Jess and their mother whose initial fridging was what started the whole story off.
In between the many fridged women, we also have the ongoing sexualisation and objectification of women (getting Castiel laid, for example), Dean's Madonna/Whore complex and the Whore of Babylon who everyone gleefully took the chance to call a whore over and over again. It's far from great. Women – they die, they're enemies, or the men have sex with them.
Onto race and we have Raphael! Yes the Archangel who wants to kill Castiel who has a Black vessel. Which means he joins: Gordon, Agent Henrickson and Uriel (who also made a brief appearance) in the list of Black men who want to kill the Winchesters and are thorns in their side while not even being important enough to be the big bad. This pattern is getting stronger. It'd help if they made more of the POC they actually have and made them into side characters – Rufus or the Angel Joshua, rather than them being brief appearances at best.
There's also a huge problem with episode 19. Here we see gods from various pantheons getting together to complain about the arrogance of the Judeo-Christian angels choosing the fate of the world. That? That could have been good. But ye gods how it failed. First of all, these gods kidnapped, killed and ate a hotel full of humans. Ganesh is a cannibal? Mercury, Odin? Where did that come from? Why set the gods of numerous cultures up as monsters – why even use them in this grossly disrespectful way? Then Lucifer strolls through the corridors happily murdering them – casually with a wave of his hand, and Kali only survives because Gabriel rescues her. It's one big "my religion is the true religion" episode, added nothing to the story (Gabriel/the Trickster didn't need to be Loki for his dramatic scene) and was deeply disrespectful to several belief systems – especially on the back of the lack of inclusion and Supernatural's happy raiding of other cultures for spare monsters. It was a hot mess and made me cringe from start to finish.
On the GBLT front, we have another load of tee-hee gay jokes going on. And, finally, a gay couple in one episode during which they act as comic relief and, in the end, they came out so Dean could be uncomfortable. It's pathetic that we've reached season 5 and the comic gay couple, the possibly-sorta-maybe gay ghost (only man who dies in the episode and then his ghost sacrifices himself) and the 5 minute appearing lesbian who can't touch any one without killing them is the complete extent of GBLT inclusion on this show all to a background of endless damn gay jokes. And, in light of this, I can't get behind all the slash fandom flags they like to play with. The fandom due to the books written by Chuck the prophecy, his biggest fan writing slash fanfiction – all these little nods to the slashers while barely giving the slightest nod to actual gay inclusion is damned insulting. It's similar to the Bromance we've seen in Teen Wolf and it gets on my very last nerve. They want it both ways, to get this fake sense of gay inclusion which far too many in fandom are lapping up, while at the same time all but erasing actual gay characters.
On the disability front we have Bobby in a wheelchair and it is well portrayed. Because Bobby is awesome. Not just generally awesome in the support, the father figure and the generosity and kindness he shows to the idjits, not even awesome in the many wonderful ways he bounces off Crowley (those two are just perfect) but also in his ability to fight. Too often disabled characters are kept in the background and Bobby largely is, but when zombies attack and he and Dean are fending them off, he doesn't shrink into the background, he grabs a gun and shoots them in the head. Also, as a disabled person who is newly disabled he does show part of the pain and difficulty that causes, including the poor decisions he made to try and get the use of his legs back and the blow to his sense of worth and value. And then they take all that, something they've done quite well, magically cure him. Because a disability is only useful so long as you have storylines about it, after which it's better to woo-woo it away because it' getting in the way. Ugh, and they were doing so well.
What can I say? This series gets better and better in so many ways – and that's an amazing achievement for a 5 season show. But it has these major problems that really get in the way of my fanpoodling. Damn it, get some inclusion and lose some tropes, Supernatural, I want to fanpoodle Castiel.
Labels: 4.5 Fangs, Angels, apocalypse, deities, Demons, gods, greek mythology, hindu mythology, magic, monsters, norse mythology, shapeshifters, Supernatural, television, vampires, Witches
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