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1 Reference guides
2 Tutorials
4 Other resources
" For the uninitiated, an Add-On is basically a pack of files that lets you change how Minecraft's world works. Want 50ft chickens? You can have them! Want to create a pigman army to do your bidding and dress them all in frilly tutus? You can do that too, you weirdo! If you want more examples of what you can do with them, check out our dedicated Add-Ons page. They're pretty powerful things! "
—Michael Ott[1]
Add-ons are the first step towards bringing customization to all editions of Minecraft and are officially supported by Mojang/Minecraft. Currently, add-ons are only supported on Pocket Edition platforms, which includes also the Windows 10, Gear VR, Apple TV and Fire TV Editions. They currently allow players to transform the look of their worlds and change the behavior of mobs. The documentation provided on these pages is officially supported and endorsed. It was provided by the Minecraft development team in order to assist the community.[2]
To provide feedback on add-ons, please visit the official feedback forums.
Reference guides[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Add-on File Structure
Tutorials[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Templates[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Vanilla Resource Pack files
Vanilla Behavior Pack files
Other resources[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Add-ons information on minecraft.net
Add-ons on CurseForge
Minecraft.net blog post on different pack types
Visual Studio Code (Free text/code editor)
Paint.net (Free image editor)
Notepad++ (Free text editor)
Since the early development of the computer version of Minecraft, there have been plans to implement an official way for developers to add and change content in the game. Plans for official game customization date back to July 5, 2010, with the Modding API planned after the release of Alpha 1.0.1_01.[3] It was then stated to be released in Beta 1.8.[4] The Modding API was then rebranded as the Plugin API[5][6], with the release originally stated to be planned for 1.3, then for 1.4, and then it was accidentally stated by Curse that it would be implemented in 1.5.[7][8]
At MineCon 2012, Mojang shared their vision for the future of the Plugin API.[9] The API was to be developed by the Bukkit team[10] and intended to simplify the modding[11][12][13] and downloading process,[14][15][16] although containing a slightly limited feature set.[17][18] After initially publishing a developer website (http://dev.minecraft.net) and GitHub page, these were both taken down within a year.
Developers on numerous occasions have mentioned that many changes made in the game's code were in preparation for the Plugin API, including Dinnerbone on July 29th 2014,[19] Grum at the "The Minecraft Team - Behind the Scenes" panel on July 5th, 2015[20] and Dinnerbone again on October 19th 2015 while working on the loot tables for 1.9.[21] A user replied "I think an official "we're working on it" would really help a lot"[22] to which Dinnerbone replied "We're working on it."[23]
On August 12, 2016, Searge tweeted: "There will be news about the API at Minecon [2016]. I'll talk about the things I'm working on and what our plans are. But no more details for now."[24] The next day it was confirmed by Grum to be for Pocket Edition[25] and at Minecon the plan and roadmap for the development of add-ons were outlined.
References[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
↑ https://minecraft.net/en/article/add-ons-whats-name
↑ https://minecraft.net/en/addons/
↑ Server scripting
↑ http://notch.tumblr.com/post/6969771554/back-in-the-office-and-some-words-on-1-7-and-1-8
↑ https://twitter.com/Dinnerbone/status/184570898920112128
↑ http://www.pcgamer.com/2012/11/11/the-future-of-minecraft
↑ https://twitter.com/jeb_/status/246175831037202432
↑ Modding API: Bukkit Developing API
↑ Modding API: Curse Interview with Jeb (Part 1)
↑ Modding API: Modding API
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtOLw1LAarE&t=45m4s
↑ https://twitter.com/FrozenDroid/status/656159540719788033
↑ https://twitter.com/SeargeDP/status/764033531223896064
↑ https://twitter.com/_grum/status/764417838278926336
Ανακτήθηκε από «https://minecraft-el.gamepedia.com/index.php?title=Add-on&oldid=17888»


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Memphis music is full of stories that seem improbable, even unbelievable. But none is stranger than Jimmie Lunceford, the North Memphis gym teacher who became an internationally renowned King of Swing.
James Felton Lunceford was born on his family's 70-acre farm in Fulton, Miss., on June 6, 1902. He was raised in Denver, where he studied music under Wilberforce Whiteman, father of the famed bandleader Paul Whiteman. He came to Tennessee in 1922 to attend Nashville's Fisk University, studying music and sociology, and dividing his spare time between sports and playing alto sax in student jazz bands. One of those also featured another future nationally-known bandleader, Andy Kirk.
After graduating, Lunceford headed west to teach language and physical education at Manassas High School. In 1927, he enlisted some of his more talented students to form a band, The Chickasaw Syncopators, a group that played in the "hot" style of the day. This gives Lunceford the distinction of being the first jazz educator in the public school system. The Chickasaw Syncopators recorded for Victor in 1927 and 1930, including "In Dat Morning" and "Sweet Rhythm." As things got serious and the band started traveling, he changed the name to the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra. Lunceford had whipped the group into a genuinely professional band.
So the band created a raucous, self-contained presentation, with comedy routines, choreography and costume changes serving as the icing on the cake that was the band's eminently danceable, unerring sense of swing. The Lunceford band's live show earned it the coveted spot of house band at New York's legendary Cotton Club, replacing the band of master showman Cab Calloway.
The early Lunceford records included compositions by the Cotton Club's first star, Duke Ellington, as well as Lunceford trademarks like "Flaming Reeds And Screaming Brass," "White Heat," and "Swingin' Uptown."
He kept some of his old students in the band even as the Lunceford Orchestra gained a national reputation. These included Memphis-born drummer Jimmy Crawford, who played with Lunceford until 1942, and who went on to become a top session player, one of producer/bandleader Quincy Jones' go-to drummers and a mainstay in the pit bands of several hit Broadway musicals.
Lunceford's success helped begin the tradition of Manassas as Memphis' jazz high school. Most of the top Memphis jazz musicians for the next 50 years came out of that school, including trumpeter Booker Little, pianist Harold Mabern, saxophonist Frank Strozier and Black Moses himself, the versatile multi-instrumentalist Isaac Hayes.
Lunceford took a forward-thinking approach, hiring the innovative trumpeter/arranger Sy Oliver in 1934, as the band was just beginning its string of successes for Decca Records. While Oliver modernized the band's sound, the group never forgot they were there to entertain. A string of comical - but always danceable - pieces were the result, songs like "I'm Nuts about Screwy Music," "Tain't Good (Like a Nickel Made of Wood)," "The Merry Go Round Broke Down," "Muddy Water (A Mississippi Moan)," "Rhythm in My Nursery Rhymes" and "Four or Five Times," the last of which became a standard among Western Swing bands.
That record was made in 1935, around the beginning of the peak of the Lunceford band's popularity. By then, Lunceford had pretty much given up playing reeds to focus on conducting the band. His stellar soloists included, along with Durham and Oliver, alto saxophonist Wizttllie Smith and trombonist Trummy Young. In 1939, Oliver left the group and Lunceford hired a new trumpeter/arranger who hailed from his old stomping grounds. Gerald Wilson, born in Shelby, Miss., in Bolivar County, went on to lead big bands that worked with Dinah Washington and Ella Fitzgerald, was an arranger for Count Basie and Dizzy Gillespie and was the musical director for several programs airing on that new gadget, the television. Lunceford's skills as a teacher apparently followed him. The group lost its Columbia record deal in 1940, but re-signed with Decca. Things were looking up, as the band went to Hollywood to appear in the 1941 film Blues in the Night. But World War II pretty much ended the Big Band Era, as large orchestras were decimated by the draft, while gas and rubber rationing made touring impossible even if you could keep a band together. The Lunceford group soldiered on, maintaining its Decca recording deal until 1945, when it began recording for the Majestic label. But by then, with small jump blues bands and bebop quintets in vogue, the orchestras were little more than oldies acts, re-playing and re-recording their pre-war hits.
In 1947, just 45 years old, Lunceford mysteriously suffered a fatal heart attack on tour in Seaside, Oregon. There were rumors that he'd been poisoned by a restaurant owner who didn't want to serve African-Americans. Other band members fell ill after the meal, but no investigation was launched. Lunceford was brought back to Memphis and buried in Elmwood Cemetery, his funeral drawing thousands of mourners.
Without Lunceford's leadership, his band only managed to keep the group going for a couple of years, dissolving it in 1949. But the group's reputation never faded, its classic compositions and precisely syncopated two-beat rhythms continuing to be revived by musicians and revered by fans. More than 50 years later, in 2005, The Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra was officially resuscitated as a "ghost band," dusting off the old arrangements for a concert at Europe's Northsea Jazz Festival.
And so the influence of Jimmie Lunceford continues, the impossible story of the Memphis gym teacher who took a bunch of local kids and turned them into a top jazz orchestra that would rival the Holy Trinity of Big Band Swing -Ellington, Basie and Goodman. Rhythm was Jimmie Lunceford's business, and he made that business boom.
I am the grandson of. Willian "Sleepy". Tomlin. One of Lunceford first trumpet players. I always wondered why I love music so much. Especially Singing and writing.
We're featuring Jimmie this week on our big band show, "Jukebox Friday Night", on Frostburg State University's WFWM-FM. Thank you for this wonderful article on this stellar bandleader!
The drummer in the Lunceford band was Jimmy Crawford . I met him while he was in the Imperial Theater pit orchestra for Lena Horne's Broadway show Jamaica.
He was stunned at Intermission when a 14 year old leaned into the pit and I asked him where he trained. He said Fisk University and with Jimmy Lunceford, Imagine his face when I named one of their hits in response, "Ain't She Sweet." Wonderful man who shared many stories over future Saturday breaks between the matinee and evening performances which included Adelaide Hall, Ricardo Montalban and Ossie Davis, Jack Cole Choreography and scenic designs of Oliver Smith.
Jimmy Lunceford has always been my all time favorite band leader. A shame that he passed at such an early age. Question: Who sang his arrangement of T'ain't What You Do? Was that Jimmy himself or another member of the band?
The solo singer on "Tain't What You Do" (answered by the band) is James "Trummy' Young, the stellar trombonist who was later featured with Louis Armstrong.


Each member of the group receives a card with an animal name. Everyone is blindfolded. One member of the group is the catcher and has a jingle bell around his neck. Each member of the group must now try to find his partner by making animal sounds typical of the animal on his card before he is caught by the catcher.


Do You Want to Learn Korean?
How many of you drama fans watching with subtitles have seen a drama character talk on and on only to see a three word subtitle? There's got to be more to it, right?
If you answered yes to either of these, it has probably crossed your mind that you would love to learn Korean. Learning a new language can seem daunting, especially one that uses different characters.
Fortunately, there are millions of options online. But at the same time, unfortunately, there are MILLIONS of options online. Who has time to look at 44 million Google search results? Usually you can go through the first few pages of the search and get some pretty good sites. This is one search that I did not find some of the best in the top spots. Some of my favorites have been hidden gems found as subsections of websites.
This is where I started. It gave me confidence to move forward.
Over the next few months, our team will be combing the web to bring you our favorites. One or more will be just the right fit for you and with a bit of study, you will be on your way to reading, speaking and understanding the Korean language.
Follow along with us and decide how and how much you want to learn. Whether it is a little or a lot, our suggestions will help you along your way.
Sign up here for free updates by email. All submissions private.


text:
x 21st Century Fox
x Cable & Wireless
x Guardian Media Group
x Snap
Trinity Mirror
Made in China: TikTok Global between a deal and the precipice
ByteDance is rushing to sell a 20% stake in TikTok Global to Oracle and Walmart at an enterprise value of $60 billion. TikTok otherwise faces a ban in the US on 12 November, subject to legal challenges.
The sale hinges on ByteDance obtaining approval from China to export TikTok's core technologies. China updated its export control rules to include algorithms (and AI), entrenching a tech cold war with the West.
TikTok has confounded regulatory woes in India and the US, and renewed competition from US tech, to post dizzying user growth in every major internet region where it is available, casting off its image as a niche youth product and entering the mainstream.
Art of the deal - Microsoft swoops for TikTok
Microsoft hopes to buy TikTok from Chinese owner ByteDance before President Trump's Executive Order halts transactions with the company in mid-September. Twitter is now in the game, but is unlikely to prevail
Worth tens of billions, TikTok would be the biggest acquisition in Microsoft's history. This hot new digital platform has hundreds of millions of users and an ad business that could overtake Snapchat's. Extracting the technology from ByteDance may take years
Selling TikTok to shake off anti-Chinese scrutiny would signal ByteDance's abrupt exit from the digital world stage with a fabulous return on its investment, while letting TikTok users continue to enjoy the service. However, losing TikTok sinks the global growth story that ByteDance was lining up for its anticipated IPO
Gaming's mainstream decade: Five defining themes for the 2020s
2020 promises a year of transition for the games industry: eSports and games broadcasting are competing with traditional programming; game streaming services are becoming meaningful platform competition; and new consoles are on the way.
While most in the studio and TV industries continue to struggle with the games market—neither understanding (or seeing) a strategic fit, nor showing a willingness to invest—expect explosive growth to power the industry for the next decade and transform all entertainment services, not just games.
The 'free-to-play' games sector requires oversight and regulation to protect children and the vulnerable; expect regulatory turbulence in the UK, Europe and China.
US ISPs hail the end of online privacy rules
The Federal Communications Commission's Privacy Order (FCC) was overturned by the Senate, clearing the way for ISPs to ramp up consumer data-driven advertising revenue.
While Google and Facebook dominate digital advertising in the US as in other markets, the US is alone in removing regulatory barriers to ISPs taking a piece of the pie.
US ISPs now have a self-regulatory regime for consumer rights on transparency, security and data breaches; but in the UK and EU, privacy advocates prefer enforceable rights.
Tinder and online dating: who's paying?
Tinder is one of the most high-profile mobile apps on the market and has transformed the adoption of online dating
Tinder's success is due in large part to its understanding of user experience, which is key to getting, keeping and upselling users through network effects
But the financial value of this success is limited by the industry: even a mobile revolution has not created a high-revenue mass market where none existed before

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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PTO Rules on the Availability of Multiple Interim Patent Term Extensions
A recent decision from the Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") in which the Office granted an interim Patent Term Extension ("PTE") for U.S. Patent No. 5,407,914 but denied interim extensions for U.S. Patent Nos. 5,260,273 and 5,789,381 covering the drug product SURFAXIN appears to be the first time in which the PTO has had to address the issue of the availability of multiple interim PTEs. The PTO has previously ruled that multiple PTEs are available, under certain circumstances, once a drug product has been approved (see our previous posts here and here).
There are two types of interim patent extensions under the PTE statute (35 U.S.C. § 156): (1) interim patent extensions granted during the "review phase" of the statutory "regulatory review period" (35 U.S.C. § 156(d)(5)); and (2) interim patent extensions granted during the PTO's review of an application for a PTE (35 U.S.C. § 156(e)(2)).
The PTO may grant an interim patent extension while an NDA is undergoing FDA review if the patent owner (or his agent) "reasonably expects" that the applicable statutory "regulatory review period" will extend beyond the expiration of a patent that claims the drug product under review at FDA. The patent owner (or his agent) must submit to the PTO an application "during the period beginning 6 months, and ending 15 days, before such [patent] term is due to expire." If the PTO determines that, except for receipt of FDA's permission to market or use a product commercially, the patent would be eligible for a statutory extension of the patent term under 35 U.S.C. § 156, then the PTO publishes a notice in the Federal Register announcing the interim patent extension for the particular product, and issues to the applicant a certificate of interim patent extension for a period of not more than one year. The applicant may apply for additional interim patent extensions for the patent; however, the PTO generally limits subsequent applications for a particular patent to four one-year interim patent extensions (thus, a total of five years).
The PTO may also extend (either on its own initiative or upon the application of a patent owner) the term of a patent for up to one year if the time necessary to process and review an application for patent term extension might result in a patent expiring while the application is under review at the PTO.
The cumulative patent time granted under either type of interim patent extension cannot exceed the PTE that a company might obtain under regular patent extension provisions. That is, interim patent extensions cannot exceed what the PTO might ultimately determine is the correct PTE for which a particular patent claiming a drug product is eligible. The PTO reviews each application requesting an interim patent extension to ensure that a patent will not be extended for more time than that for which it is eligible under the law.
The PTO's recent decision on the avilability of multiple interim patent extension for patents covering SURFAXIN was made pursuant to requests under 35 U.S.C. § 156(d)(5), as the drug product is still under FDA review. In analyzing the PTE statute, the PTO stated that:
The explicit language of section 156, in many instances, states that it is the term of "a patent" which shall be extended. Additionally, the statute provides for "an extension of the term of a patent." See § 156(d)(1). This is not the first time that the USPTO has been required to interpret the language "a patent." It is a long-standing interpretation of the USPTO that "a patent" means one patent. In the context of double patenting, the USPTO's Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) clearly explains a "'same invention' type double patenting rejection [is] based on 35 U.S.C. 101 which states in the singular that an inventor 'may obtain a patent.'" See MPEP 804 (emphasis added). . . .
Based on the language of the statute, as a whole, and the plain meaning of "a patent," the statute only contemplated that a single patent is entitled to have the term extended for the same (single) regulatory review period. Similarly, the explicit language of section 156(d)(5)(C) makes clear that interim extension is applicable only for "a patent," stating, "[t]he owner of record of a patent, or its agent, for which an interim extension has been granted under subparagraph (b), may apply for not more than 4 subsequent interim extensions under this paragraph . . . ." The plain language of obtaining "an extension" for "a patent" delineates that the patent term extension statute contemplates that only one patent may be granted an interim extension. Furthermore, the language of § 156 distinguishes "interim extension" from "extension" by referring throughout subsection 156(d)(5) that the extension is "an interim extension." See e.g., § 1 56(d)(5)(F) indicating that the rights derived are "during the period of interim extension." (emphasis added).
As addition justification for the PTO's decision that only a single interim PTE is available for the same (single) regulatory review period, the Office notes that to rule otherwise would mean that "the additional patents would be listed in the Orange Book, necessitating additional patent certifications, and potentially leading to additional litigation." Instead, a policy of granting only a single interim PTE means that an ANDA applicant "would be required to provide patent certifications for only the patent which would ultimately be eligible for a certificate of extension," thereby avoiding "unnecessary litigation."
With respect to cases in which a company might ultimately be eligible for multiple PTEs once a drug product is approved, the PTO's interim PTE decision leaves the door open for multiple interim patent extensions. Specifically, the PTO's statement that "only a single interim PTE is available for the same (single) regulatory review period," means that when separate NDAs, each with its own "regulatory review period," might be approved on the same first day, more than a single patent might qualify for an interim patent extension.
Categories: Hatch-Waxman


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Belgium: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Belgium from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
by Nils-Gerrit Wunsch, last edited May 9, 2019
This statistic presents the value of wheat and meslin exported from Belgium annually from 2012 to 2018. Exports of wheat and meslin were valued at approximately 168 million euros in 2018.
Export value in thousand euros
2018 168,235
Product code 10 'Cereals'
Figures calculated by International Trade Centre (ITC) based on UN Comtrade statistics.
Release date given is the date of access (the database is constantly updated by the source).
Top U.S. states with highest wheat production 2015-2018
Global leading wheat producers 2018/2019
Grain production worldwide 2018/19, by type
U.S. wheat yield per hectare 2010-2028
Statistics on "World of wheat"
Overview: grain and wheat
Wheat in the U.S.
Global and U.S. outlook
Global grain harvested area in 2017, by type (in million hectares)Global grain acreage by type 2017
Worldwide production of grain in 2018/19, by type (in million metric tons)Grain production worldwide 2018/19, by type
Global wheat production from 2011/2012 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)**Wheat - production volume worldwide 2011/2012-2018/19
Leading 10 wheat producers worldwide from 2016/2017 to 2018/19 (in 1,000 metric tons)*Global leading wheat producing countries 2016/2017- 2018/19
Global per capita food use of wheat from 2000/01 to 2018/19 (in kilograms per year)Per capita food use of wheat worldwide 2000-2019
Global stocks of wheat from 2012/2013 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)Stocks of wheat worldwide 2012/13-2018/2019
Wheat export volume worldwide from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)Wheat export volume worldwide 2014-2019
Principal exporting countries of wheat, flour and wheat products from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)Major exporting countries of wheat, flour and products 2014-2019
Wheat import volume worldwide from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)Wheat import volume worldwide 2014-2019
Principal importing countries of wheat, flour and wheat products from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)Major importing countries of wheat flour and products 2014-2019
Total U.S. wheat production from 2000 to 2018 (in 1,000 bushels)U.S. wheat production figures 2000-2018
Leading wheat producing U.S. states from 2015 to 2018 (in 1,000 bushels)Top U.S. states with highest wheat production 2015-2018
Total U.S. wheat production value from 2000 to 2018 (in 1,000 U.S. dollars)Wheat production value in the U.S. 2000-2018
Wheat yield per harvested acre in the U.S. from 2000 to 2018 (in bushels)Wheat yield per harvested acre 2000-2018
Total U.S. wheat area planted and harvested from 2000 to 2018 (in 1,000 acres)Total U.S. wheat area planted and harvested 2000-2018
Wheat production costs in the United States in 2017, by type of cost (in U.S. dollars per planted acre)Wheat production costs in the United States 2017, by type of cost
U.S. imports and exports of wheat from 2000/01 to 2018/19 (in million metric tons)U.S. imports and exports of wheat 2000-2019
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Leading 10 wheat producers worldwide in 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)*Global leading wheat producers 2018/2019
U.S. wheat production from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in million bushels)*Global wheat production 2010-2028
U.S. wheat yield per harvested acre from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in bushels)*U.S. wheat yield per hectare 2010-2028
U.S. wheat supply projection from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in million bushels)*U.S. wheat supply 2010-2028
Projection of the U.S. wheat harvested area from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in million acres)U.S. wheat yield per hectare 2010-2028
Wheat and meslin: UK export value 2001-2018
France: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2017
Spain: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2017
Poland: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Bulgaria: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Romania: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Hungary: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Austria: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
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Portugal: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Greece: wheat and meslin export value 2012-2018
Cereals: UK export value 2018
Bulgaria: cereals export value 2018
Poland: cereals export value 2018
Portugal: cereals export value 2018
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Hungary: cereals export value 2017
France: cereals export value 2016-2017
Canadian Wheat - 2018 Crop in Review
Rogers Sugar Inc. Annual Report 2018
Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts - 2018 Summary
Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2017
Monsanto - 2017 Form 10-K
Global grain harvested area in 2017, by type (in million hectares)
Worldwide production of grain in 2018/19, by type (in million metric tons)
Global wheat production from 2011/2012 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)**
Leading 10 wheat producers worldwide from 2016/2017 to 2018/19 (in 1,000 metric tons)*
Global per capita food use of wheat from 2000/01 to 2018/19 (in kilograms per year)
Global stocks of wheat from 2012/2013 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)
Wheat export volume worldwide from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)
Principal exporting countries of wheat, flour and wheat products from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)
Wheat import volume worldwide from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in million metric tons)
Principal importing countries of wheat, flour and wheat products from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)
Total U.S. wheat production from 2000 to 2018 (in 1,000 bushels)
Leading wheat producing U.S. states from 2015 to 2018 (in 1,000 bushels)
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Wheat yield per harvested acre in the U.S. from 2000 to 2018 (in bushels)
Total U.S. wheat area planted and harvested from 2000 to 2018 (in 1,000 acres)
Wheat production costs in the United States in 2017, by type of cost (in U.S. dollars per planted acre)
U.S. imports and exports of wheat from 2000/01 to 2018/19 (in million metric tons)
Domestic use of wheat in the U.S. from 2000 to 2018, by type of use (in million bushels)
U.S. per capita food use of wheat from 2000/01 to 2018/19 (in kilograms per year)
Retail price of whole wheat bread in the United States from 1995 to 2018 (in U.S. dollars per pound)
Leading 10 wheat producers worldwide in 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons)*
U.S. wheat production from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in million bushels)*
U.S. wheat yield per harvested acre from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in bushels)*
U.S. wheat supply projection from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in million bushels)*
Projection of the U.S. wheat harvested area from 2010/2011 to 2027/2028 (in million acres)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from the United Kingdom (UK) from 2001 to 2018 (in 1,000 GBP)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from France from 2012 to 2017 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Spain from 2012 to 2017 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Poland from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Bulgaria from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Romania from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Hungary from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Austria from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Italy from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Portugal from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of wheat and meslin exported from Greece from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of cereals exported from the United Kingdom (UK) in 2018 (in 1,000 GBP)
Value of cereals exported from Bulgaria in 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of cereals exported from Poland in 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of cereals exported from Portugal in 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of cereals exported from Italy in 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of cereals exported from Hungary in 2017 (in 1,000 euros)
Value of cereals exported from France from 2016 to 2017 (in 1,000 euros)


New Flymesh upper combines with Dynamic Flywire technology for breathability, lockdown, and comfort. Dual-density Cushlon midsole features softer foam in the forefoot and firmer foam in the heel. Heel and forefoot Nike Zoom units. Duralon rubber in the forefoot and high-abrasion rubber in the heel for a winning combination of traction and cushioning. Wt. 8.8 oz.


It is the 10th year running for the Napanee & Area Multicultural Festival, and organizers have been working behind the scenes for a year preparing for anniversary celebrations, bringing together two days of events that will honour the tradition that the festival has become.
With family-friendly activities Friday night and all day Saturday, the festival promises to be bigger and more diverse than ever, with enough food, entertainment, and culture to keep attendees busy and engaged.
This year, the event will move to the Strathcona Paper Centre — in years past, the festival has always taken place in Conservation Park, next to the beautiful Napanee River.
But Stafford Murphy, chair of this year's festival planning committee, says that with the scale of the event they wanted to put on, being rained out wasn't an option.
A Thursday night gala dinner at the SPC, hosted by the Hampton Inn, will kick off the event. At the gala, organizers will officially recognized this year's four Multicultural Icons: Martin Millin, Kay Snider, Jean Morrison, and Cortwright Christian.
Friday night celebrations will feature a long list of performers and entertainers, beginning at 4 p.m. and including family-favourite stunt ventriloquist Tim Holland, the Kingston Irish Dance Club, Sam and Emma McNichols, the Napanee Pipe Band, the Egyptian Dance Ensemble, and much more.
On Saturday entertainment begins at 11 a.m. and will include the Kingston Chinese Dance Club, Flemenco Dance demonstrations, poetry by Devon Bird, plus many different musicians, performers, dancers, and more. An array of ethnic foods will be available as well, as in previous years: food booths will open at 4:30 p.m. on Friday, offering German, Polish, Greek, Chinese, Caribbean, African, Portuguese and more.
One of those students on Saturday afternoon will present an authentic Aboriginal story as part of their presentation.
At the gala dinner an appetizer will be a traditional Aboriginal soup, another element they have incorporated.
Overall, organizers are hoping that the festival will be a big reminder of Napanee's multiculturalism.
The Napanee & Area Multicultural Festival takes plays Friday June 21 and Saturday June 22 at the Strathcona Paper Centre. Admission is $2 per person, $1 per child.
For more information visit www.napaneefestival.ca.


Bob Walsh is a guest host at WWUH.
Bob Walsh began broadcasting with WJHD in Portsmouth, RI from 1978-1982. He continued on WSND in South Bend, IN from 1982-1986, where he eventually became operations director. Can you guess that they were volunteer staffed stations, based in educational institutions, like WWUH? As a host of the "Daybreak" classical show on WSND, one of his chief duties was turning on the 10,000 watt transmitter on dark and icy midwestern mornings. While on summer vacation in 1985, Bob passed an audition at WWUH and received an ID card, but had to return to school before anything came of it. Bob joined the WWUH staff "for real" in 2002.
Bob is a guest host on Evening Classics and Sunday Afternoon at the Opera. He is also an enthusiast of music and alternative radio in general. He has guest hosted on Hawks Basketball games, Culture Cafe, and the All Night Show.
Off air, Bob has cataloged CD's, taken pledges, stuffed envelopes, made a Public Service Announcement recording, and secretly dusted and vacuumed.


Xmas is actually that point from the 12 months, whenever existence breathes anew. The actual odor associated with whole milk as well as snacks in conjunction with the actual warm Dundee dessert floods in the nostrils along with your gastronomical internal organs. It is now time with regard to merriment, time with regard to providing, period for that application designers to become on the feet and obtain hectic to provide the actual completing details for their Xmas applications.
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The actual application offers its solitaire, checkers, hangman, my own sweeper and many other people to obtain within the procrastination, many people might have upon Xmas day time. Prepare in order to shake your own thumbs.
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The actual application offers built-in themes associated with its. You are able to place tackle through connections. Simply by having to pay $2. 99c every, you are able to printing these types of credit cards upon high-quality document share by using letterpress publishing as well as deliver this in order to all your family members.
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You will find countless distinctive presents, that are additional every single day. A person just solution a few pre-determined questions and you'll obtain a completely customized present checklist. The actual application particularly stresses the actual presents, which supports a person within connecting the connection within good methods.
Xmas is the period with regard to merriment as well as tranquility. It's also time for that application designers to provide their finest as well as develop the actual applications, which supports within offering your own Xmas nature. Consider your own choose for that ideal Xmas application and also have the Cheerful Xmas.


It's is but one of the components in professors. Additionally, it has become a part of these professors. It takes a few actions and skills that are several.
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Nikolay Pimkin is the current Russian record holder in the premier S1 category and has the fastest speed ever by a 50+ racer.
Born in Leningrad (now St-Petersburg) Nikolay started skiing at an age of 3. His parents were both climbers and skiers. He was an alpine racer when he was young and his favourite discipline was downhill. in 1980-1982 he was a member of the USSR National Junior Team.
In the years 1985 to 2006 Nikolay was very active in alpinism. He is the first person to ski Peak Pobeda (Victoria) at 7439m in 2002. Video He was there already in 1992 but without skis that time. Another of his accomplishments is skiing the North Face of Lenin Peak 7134m.
Nikolays speed skiing carreer started with a bet. Friend and speed ski racer Juhani Laakso told Nikolay and his friend Pavel Nuyanzin to try it. They made a bet that they would, and it ended up with both of them being World Cup S1 Speed Ski racers.
2008 was Nikolays first season. He made his debut in Salla, Finland, in the S1 category from the start. Already his second season he passed through 200 in Verbier, first with a 208,57 km/h, then with a 210,07 km/h race result. He also took his first top-10 World Cup race result in Idre the same season.
2014 marked another milestone when he climbed the podium for the first time in a FIS Speed Ski World Cup race, and took a 3'rd place in Idre.
Nikolay lives in Zelenogorsk, not far from St-Petersburg. When he's not speed skiing, Nikolay is busy with alpinism, rock climbing, paragliding, cross country ski racing, running and sometimes even seeking the calm of fishing.


text:
A novel scoring system for predicting the neurologic prognosis prior to the initiation of induced hypothermia in cases of post-cardiac arrest syndrome: the CAST score
Mitsuaki Nishikimi1,
Naoyuki Matsuda1,
Kota Matsui2,
Kunihiko Takahashi2,
Tadashi Ejima1,
Keibun Liu3,
Takayuki Ogura3,
Michiko Higashi1,
Hitoshi Umino1,
Go Makishi1,
Atsushi Numaguchi1,
Satoru Matsushima4,
Hideki Tokuyama1,
Mitsunobu Nakamura3 &
Shigeyuki Matsui2
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine volume 25, Article number: 49 (2017) Cite this article
The aim of this study was to develop a scoring system for identifying the post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) patients with a good potential for recovery prior to the initiation of induced therapeutic hypothermia.
A multi-center, retrospective, observational study was performed. Data of a total of 151 consecutive adults who underwent induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest (77 learning cases from two hospitals and 74 validation cases from two other hospitals) were analyzed.
In the learning set, 8 factors (initial rhythm, witnessed status and time until return of spontaneous circulation, pH, serum lactate, motor score according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), gray matter attenuation to white matter attenuation ratio (GWR), serum albumin, and hemoglobin) were found to be strongly correlated with the neurological outcomes. A tentative scoring system was created from the learning data using these factors, and the predictive accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) was evaluated in terms of both internal validation (0.85 and 0.84) and external validation (cutoff 50%: 0.95 and 0.90, 30%: 0.87 and 0.98, 15%: 0.67 and 1.00). Finally, using all the data, we established a post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome for induced Therapeutic hypothermia (CAST) score to predict the neurologic prognosis prior to initiation of induced hypothermia.
The CAST score was developed to predict the neurological outcomes of PCAS patients treated by induced hypothermia. The likelihood of good recovery at 30 days was extremely low in PCAS patients with a CAST score of ≤15%. Prospective validation of the score is needed in the future.
Care of patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is mainly aimed at improving the neurological prognosis of the patients after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) [1, 2]. To improve the outcomes of PCAS patients, many hospitals perform undertake induced therapeutic hypothermia, based on the results of previous randomized controlled trials [3,4,5,6,7]. Prediction of the prognosis of PCAS patients at the time of their arrival in the Emergency Room before the initiation of induced hypothermia will be useful for stratifying patients for precise clinical research, as well as for providing a baseline estimation of their prognosis.
Some studies have examined several factors that are quantifiable before the initiation of induced hypothermia to determine their relationships to the neurological outcomes in PCAS patients. For example, the duration of the resuscitation effort has been shown to be correlated with a good functional outcome in patients with PCAS [8, 9]. Other studies have revealed correlations between the pH [10], serum lactate [11, 12] and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score [13, 14] with the neurological prognosis in PCAS patients. However, none of these factors has been found to be by itself capable of satisfactorily separating patients with a good outcome from those with a poor outcome, suggesting that establishment of a "suitable scale" based on a combination of prognostic factors might be useful [15, 16]. The aim of the present study was to develop a prognostic scoring system for predicting the neurologic prognosis in PCAS patients treated with induced hypothermia based on the results of examinations carried out prior to the initiation of induced hypothermia. A summary of this study was previously reported in a letter format [17].
We conducted a multi-center, retrospective, observational study examining adult patients who were treated with induced hypothermia after experiencing cardiac arrest. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical management charts of the eligible patients who were admitted to our hospitals during a period spanning the last 3-5 years: 54 patients treated at Nagoya University Hospital between April 2011 and March 2016, 23 patients treated at Chutouen General Medical Center between April 2013 and March 2016, 64 patients treated at Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital between April 2011 and March 2016, and 10 patients treated at Komaki City General Hospital between April 2012 and March 2016. Eligible patients were all who were treated with induced hypothermia after experiencing cardiac arrest (induced hypothermia was considered for cardiac arrest patients who were in a coma (GCS ≤ 8) after ROSC without remarkable hemodynamic instability or a "Do Not Attempt to Resuscitation" directive.). They were excluded if they were traumatic cardiac arrest patients, or pediatric patients (age < 18 years), or did not have lived independently prior to experiencing cardiac arrest. For the purpose of developing and validating the prognostic scoring system, we divided all 151 patients into a learning set (77 cases treated at Nagoya University Hospital or Chutouen General Medical Center) and a validation set (74 cases treated at Komaki City General Hospital or Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital). These sets were created with the aim of developing and validating a scoring system for a broad population of patients from city hospitals and general medical centers in the countryside, so each set contained one hospital located in a city and one located in a countryside. This study was approved by the research ethics boards of Nagoya University Hospital, Chutouen General Medical Center, Komaki City General Hospital and Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital.
Participating hospitals
The four participating hospitals are tertiary emergency medical centers (Japanese centers for emergency patients with serious or life-threatening conditions): Nagoya University Hospital is an academic hospital, while Chutouen General Medical Center, Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, and Komaki City General Hospital are general hospitals. Nagoya University Hospital and Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital are both located in cities and have 1,035 and 592 beds each, including 26 and 12 ICU beds, respectively; these hospitals respectively treat about 12,000 and 20,000 emergency patients each year. Chutouen General Medical Center and Komaki City General Hospital are both located in the countryside and have 500 and 558 beds each, including 10 and 30 ICU/CCU beds; these hospitals treat about 20,000 and 30,000 emergency patients per year.
Data was collected retrospectively from electronic chart reviews, including the clinical histories (age, sex, situation surrounding the cardiac arrest), cardiac rhythms, physical examinations performed upon the patient's arrival in the Emergency Room (GCS, mydriasis), results of blood examinations (C-reactive protein [CRP], albumin [Alb], hemoglobin [Hb], glucose, creatinine, pH, lactate), cranial CT scan images, and clinical courses after admission. Scoring variable candidates were selected from among parameters measurable before admission to the ICU and the initiation of induced hypothermia.
The gray matter attenuation to white matter attenuation ratio (GWR) was measured using the method described in Torbey's report [18]. CT scan images were obtained using an Aquilion64 (TOSHIBA) or SOMATOM Definition Flash (SIEMENS) within 6 h after the patient's cardiac arrest event. As shown in Fig. 1, the intensities of circular areas of interest (about 10 mm2) were measured for both the gray matter and the white matter on three axial slices (5-mm slice thickness) at a basal ganglia level, a centrum semiovale level, and a high convexity level. Then, the GWR was calculated as shown below [19]:
$$ \mathrm{G}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}=\left(\left[\mathrm{Th}/\mathrm{PIC}\right]+\left[\mathrm{MC}1/\mathrm{MWM}1\right]+\left[\mathrm{MC}2/\mathrm{MWM}2\right]\right)/3 $$
where Th represents the thalamus, MC1 represents the medial cortex at the centrum semiovale, MC2 represents the medial cortex at the high convexity level, PIC represents the posterior limb of the internal capsule, MWM1 represents the medial white matter at the centrum semiovale, and MWM2 represents the medial white matter at the high convexity level. Each value was the average of the right and left hemisphere values.
Three imaging slices used to calculate the gray matter attenuation to white matter attenuation ratio. Left, high convexity level (a). Middle, centrum semiovale level (b). Right, basal ganglia level (c). In each slice, the Hounsfield units (HU) were measured within circle 1 on the gray matter and within circle 2 on the white matter. Then, each HU value was then calculated based on the average of the values for the right and left brains. The slice thickness was 5 mm, and the circle size was 10 mm2
Before developing the scoring system for the learning set, we conducted some unit imputations because the baseline data involved some missing values. The mean value was used for the missing values of continuous variables, while 0 was used for the missing values of binary variables. Of note, we confirmed that the accuracy of the prediction did not change even if a value of 1 was used for the missing values.
Protocol for therapeutic hypothermia
Induced hypothermia was performed for eligible patients according to each hospital's protocol. Induced hypothermia was considered for cardiac arrest patients who were in a coma (GCS ≤ 8) after ROSC without remarkable hemodynamic instability or a "Do Not Attempt to Resuscitation" directive. At Nagoya University Hospital, Chutouen General Medical Center, and Komaki City General Hospital, a temperature of 34 °C was targeted by the infusion of cold fluids in combination with surface cooling, an ice pack and cold blanket, or a surface cooling device with a computerized automatic temperature control (Arctic Sun 2000 TTM; Bard Medical Louisville, CO). After the targeted temperature had been maintained for 24 h, rewarming to 36 °C was performed at a rate of 0.2 °C/4 h. Propofol, dexmedetomidine, fentanyl and rocuronium were used for sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation according to individual clinician preferences. At the Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, the target temperature was mostly 34 °C, but the target was changed to 35 °C or 36 °C if the patient experienced hemodynamic instability. Induced hypothermia was performed using a surface-cooling device with a computerized automatic temperature control (Arctic Sun 2000 TTM; Bard Medical Louisville, CO). After the targeted temperature had been maintained for 24 h, rewarming to normothermia was performed at a rate of 1 °C/24 h, stopping at 36 °C. Propofol, dexmedetomidine, midazolam, fentanyl and rocuronium were used for sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation according to individual clinician preferences. At all the participating hospitals, the ventilator settings, fluid infusion, and doses of vasopressors, sedatives, and analgesics were adjusted so that the mean arterial pressure, pCO2, and urine output were ≥80 mmHg, 35-45 mmHg, and ≥0.5 mL/kg/h, respectively, to maintain cerebral perfusion.
Neurological outcome
We used the Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) at 30 days to estimate the neurological outcomes as follows: CPC 1, full recovery; CPC 2, moderate disability; CPC 3, severe disability; CPC 4, coma or vegetative state; and CPC 5, died [20]. We calculated the CPC score at 30 days by reviewing the electronic charts or interviewing the patient's family and the institutions where the patients were admitted at 30 days. The categories were grouped into either a good outcome (1-2) or a poor outcome (3-5) [20].
Sample size for external validation
We determined the sample size for the external validation set so as to ensure a high precision in estimating the proportion of correct classification (PCC). Specifically, we set the target value of PCC as 85%, which is the point estimate for the classifier based on the logistic regression obtained in the internal validation. We required that the width of a two-sided confidence interval with a 95% confidence level based on a normal approximation be less than 10%. In this manner, we determined that at least 51 patients were needed for the external validation.
During the development of the prognostic scoring system, we first identified a set of prognostic factors that could be used to predict the clinical outcome, that were both clinically important and routinely measurable in the Emergency Room, and that also exhibited some correlation with the outcome variable in the learning set. In developing classifiers using the resulting set of prognostic factors, we applied the standard logistic regression and decision tree algorithms to the learning set. For the internal validation of these classifiers, we conducted a 10-fold cross-validation using the learning set to estimate the indices of the predictive accuracy, including the proportion of correct classification, specificity, and sensitivity. Here, specificity measures the proportion of patients with poor outcomes who were correctly identified as such. We repeated the cross-validation analysis 50 times with different random sample splits in the learning set to obtain stable estimates of these indices. We then applied the prediction algorithm with a higher accuracy in the internal validation to all the patients in the learning set to obtain a classifier for the external validation. In the cross-validation, we also identified the most appropriate number of the variables for the scoring system by comparing the predictive accuracies between different numbers of variables. In the external validation, we estimated each 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using an exact method based on the beta distribution (a normal approximation was not used). Finally, we applied the prediction algorithm to the entire 151 patients to create a novel scoring system for use with future patients. R software was used for all the statistical analyses. We used the "glmnet" package for logistic regression (http://www.jstatsoft.org/v33/i01/) and the "rpart" package for the decision tree (http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rpart). In "glmnet" package, the logistic regression algorithm allows a "good prognosis" to be identified if the posterior probability of a good prognosis is greater than 50%; otherwise, a "poor prognosis" is identified.
A flow chart illustrating the subject enrollment and development of the score is shown in Fig. 2. A total of 151 consecutive adults were divided into learning set in two hospitals and validation set in other two hospitals. From the learning set, we extracted several factors for developing the scoring system and performed an internal cross validation in order to decide the optimum statistical algorithm and number of variables. A tentative scoring system was created from the data, and the predictive accuracy of the scoring system was examined by external validation. Finally, using all of the data, we created the post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome for induced Therapeutic hypothermia (CAST) score to predict the neurological prognosis in PCAS patients prior to the initiation of induced hypothermia.
Flow chart illustrating the subject enrollment and development of the score
The baseline characteristics of the patients in the learning and validation sets are summarized in Table 1. The correlations between the baseline variables and the patient outcomes in the learning set are shown in Table 2. Candidate variables for inclusion in the scoring system were selected from among the variables that were examined before the patients were admitted to the ICU for the initiation of induced hypothermia.
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Learning and Validation Data Sets
Table 2 Correlation Coefficients and P Values between Each Variable and Patient Outcomes in the Learning Data Set
From among the variables that were considered, we selected 8 factors (initial rhythm, witnessed status and time until ROSC, GCS-M score, pH, serum lactate, Alb, Hb and GWR) that showed significant correlations (P <0.01) with the patient outcomes. For convenience, while using the variables to create the scoring system, we converted the continuous variables into categorical variables in such a manner that higher scores implied poorer outcomes (Table 3).
Table 3 Categorical Classification of Each Variable
The cross-validated predictive accuracies (sensitivity, specificity, percentage of correct classifications) of the tentative scoring system created using the learning set were 0.85, 0.84 and 0.85 for the logistic regression algorithm, and 0.82, 0.73, and 0.78 for the decision-tree algorithm, respectively We used the logistic regression algorithm to construct the scoring system, because it yielded more accurate values for the sensitivity, specificity, and percentage of correct classification in the internal cross-validation, as compared to the decision-tree algorithm. The most appropriate number of variables was also confirmed using internal cross-validation. We compared the predictive accuracies of three scoring systems created with the logistic regression algorithm using different numbers of variables (6, 8, and 11 variables, which showed correlations with the outcomes at P <0.001, <0.01 and <0.05, respectively). The predictive accuracies of the three scoring systems were (0.86, 0.82, 0.84), (0.85, 0.84, 0.84), and (0.84, 0.83, 0.83), respectively. We decided to create the scoring system using 8 variables, because the highest specificity was obtained with this number of variables (specificity was prioritized because ethically, it may be more acceptable to misjudge a patient as being likely to have a good outcome, even if they actually have a poor outcome, than to misjudge a patient as being likely to have a poor outcome when they actually have a good outcome). An additional figure file illustrates this in greater detail [see Additional file 1].
Next, the 8-variable tentative scoring system that was developed from the learning set using the logistic regression algorithm was externally validated using a validation set consisting of 74 cases. For establishing the classification, we set 50, 30, and 15% as the cutoff values; for example, a 50% cutoff value meant that a "good prognosis" was identified if the probability of a good prognosis according to the score was greater than 50%; otherwise, a "poor prognosis" was identified. Based on these cutoff values, the sensitivity and specificity estimated using the validation set were (50%: 0.95 (95% CI, 0.82–0.99), 0.90 (0.77–0.99)), (30%: 0.87 (0.69–0.96), 0.98 (0.88–1.00)) and (15%: 0.67 (0.47–0.83), 1.00 (0.92–1.00)), respectively. Then, we plotted the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and found an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 [see Additional file 2].
Since the results of evaluation of the predictive accuracy of the scoring system by both internal and external validations implied that the process of creating the scoring system was appropriate, we finally developed a novel scoring system to predict the neurological outcomes of PCAS patients prior to their undergoing induced hypothermia (the post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome for induced Therapeutic hypothermia (CAST) score), by applying the logistic regression algorithm to all the 151 patients (including both the learning and validation sets; Fig. 3).
Calculation used for determining the post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome for induced Therapeutic hypothermia (CAST) score. Using the correlation coefficients from all the data (a), the resultant scores and the probability of a good outcome were calculated (b)
The considerable advances in neurological critical care medicine, including the use of induced hypothermia, have led to remarkable improvements in the neurological prognosis of PCAS patients. Such critical care treatments are, however, expensive and time-consuming (for example, the average total cost of admission of a PCAS patient treated by induced hypothermia at our hospital in 2015 was about $49,410 USD). Accurate prediction of the neurological outcomes before the initiation of induced hypothermia will help us to carefully consider the indications for these intensive and expensive therapies.
Although a few previous studies have attempted to establish a scoring system to estimate the neurological outcomes of PCAS patients at the time of their arrival in the Emergency Room, none of these studies took into account whether the patients included in the study had undergone/not undergone induced hypothermia [10, 21,22,23,24]. Today, many ICU doctors employ induced hypothermia in an attempt to obtain good recovery in patients in whom intensive treatment is indicated. It is noteworthy that the CAST score in this study was created using only data from PCAS patients who had undergone induced hypothermia, and not from all PCAS patients. Moreover, the factors included in the scoring systems attempted in these previous studies were mostly limited to clinical history items, such as the time until ROSC, the initial rhythm, and the witness status; no blood examination, physical examination or imaging findings were included. For the present study, we collected data from the patients' clinical history, blood examination, physical examination and imaging findings, all of which were available prior to the initiation of induced hypothermia, and some of these parameters actually showed strong correlations with the patient outcomes. Using these findings, we created the CAST score to predict the neurological prognosis of PCAS patients even prior to the initiation of induced hypothermia.
When creating a scoring system, the convenience of the calculation should be emphasized, and until now, a simple decision-tree algorithm [22] or scoring system utilizing a simplified odds ratio [25] had been considered to be optimal. Today, however, electronic devices allow more complex formulae to be used, and utilize statistical algorithms with more logical and statistically verified backgrounds, enabling the creation of more accurate, and possibly more complex, scoring systems. In the present study, we judged that a logistic regression algorithm was optimal for establishing the CAST score system based on the results of an internal validation. To calculate the score more easily, we developed application tools for calculating the CAST score as iOS applications for the iPad [26] and iPhone [27].
Studies on predictive scores, while being extremely interesting, can also be contentious [28]. Predictive scores should be carefully considered, since they only show the probability of outcome in a general population, and not the precise probability for an individual patient. Although predictive scores can be useful for guiding decision-making and risk assessments for individual patients [28], their results are not absolute. Of course, the final therapeutic strategy should be decided based not only on the results of the scoring system, but also on different factors, such as the results of discussions with family members, the patient's own wishes, societal considerations, etc. Most importantly, a patient's exact neurological prognosis cannot be predicted without decisive examinations, such as an electroencephalogram or the long-term observation.
The predictive accuracy of the CAST score is limited, because it was created using retrospective data, even though its generalizability is likely to be high, since it was developed using data from multiple centers. We have to take into account that there were some missing values, for which we conducted some unit imputations. Moreover, it is possible that minor differences between hospital protocols (such as the kinds of sedatives or methods used for inducing and maintaining induced hypothermia) could have had some influence on the patient outcomes. The differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients among the participating hospitals can also not be ignored, because of the limited sample size of the study. It would be interest to conduct the further validation of the score using data from more participating hospitals. The endpoint used in this study was the outcome at 30 days. Although the outcome at 30 days has been used in a few other studies that have attempted to establish a predictive score for cardiac arrest patients [10, 29], it may be better to set longer-term end points, such as outcome at 90 days, for more accurate prediction of the future clinical course [30]. Prospective validation of the CAST score and a study to examine the usefulness of this score for predicting the long-term prognosis of PCAS patients are warranted.
The CAST score was developed to predict the potential neurological outcomes of PCAS patients treated by induced hypothermia. According to our results, in PCAS patients with a CAST score of ≤15%, the likelihood of a good recovery at 30 days is extremely low. Prospective validation of the CAST score is needed in the future.
PCAS:
Post-cardiac arrest syndrome
GCS:
GWR:
Gray matter attenuation to white matter attenuation ratio
CAST score:
Post-cardiac arrest syndrome for induced therapeutic hypothermia score
ROSC:
Return of spontaneous circulation
ICU:
CRP:
Alb:
CPC:
Cerebral performance categories
PCC:
Proportion of correct classification
95% CI:
Receiver operator characteristic
AUC:
Area under the curve
Nagoya:
Nagoya University Hospital
Chutouen:
Chutouen General Medical Center
Komaki:
Komaki City General Hospital
Maebashi:
Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital
Correlation ratio
Logistic:
Logistic regression algorithm
Dec. tree:
Decision tree algorithm
Sp:
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Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study G. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):549–56.
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Nishikimi M, Matsuda N, Matsui K, Takahashi K, Ejima T, Liu K, et al. CAST: a new score for early prediction of neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest before therapeutic hypothermia with high accuracy. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(12):2106–7.
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This work was supported by the Clinical Research Program at Nagoya University. We thank Takanori Yamamoto and Miwako Kado for assisting with treatment at Nagoya University Hospital and Takuya Inoue for assisting with treatment at Komaki City General Hospital; we also thank Teruko Mizutani, the secretary for our ICU and Emergency Room, for providing daily support.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Availability of the data and materials
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
MN, NM, TE, TO, MN and SM designed the study. MN, KM, KT and SM performed the analyses. MN, KL, MH, HU, GM, AN, SM and HT collected the data. MN, NM, TO, KM, KT and SM drafted the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests.
All the authors confirm that they agree to publication of this study in Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.
This study was approved by the research ethics boards of Nagoya University Hospital, Chutouen General Medical Center, Komaki City General Hospital and Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital.
Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Syowa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 4668560, Japan
Mitsuaki Nishikimi
, Naoyuki Matsuda
, Tadashi Ejima
, Michiko Higashi
, Hitoshi Umino
, Go Makishi
, Atsushi Numaguchi
& Hideki Tokuyama
Department of Biostatistics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Syowa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 4668560, Japan
Kota Matsui
, Kunihiko Takahashi
& Shigeyuki Matsui
Advanced Medical Emergency Department and Critical Care Center, Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Asahi-cho 3-21-36, Maebashi, Gunma, 3710014, Japan
Keibun Liu
, Takayuki Ogura
& Mitsunobu Nakamura
Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Cyutouen General Medical Center, Shobugaike 1-1, Kakegawa, Shizuoka, 4368555, Japan
Satoru Matsushima
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Correspondence to Mitsuaki Nishikimi.
Comparison of tentative scoring systems created using different algorithms and using different numbers of variables. The logistic regression algorithm yielded a higher sensitivity, specificity, and percentage of correct classification in the cross-validation study, than the decision-tree algorithm (A). The predictive accuracies of three scoring systems created using 6, 8, and 11 variables are shown (P values of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively) (B). Logistic logistic regression algorithm, Dec. tree decision-tree algorithm, Se sensitivity, Sp specificity, PCC percentage of correct classification. (TIFF 16702 kb)
Results of external validation of the tentative scoring system. The sensitivity, specificity, and percentage of correct classification for the external validation are shown (A). In these predictive accuracies, the cutoff values for discrimination between a poor and good prognosis was 50% (a "good prognosis" was identified if the probability of a good prognosis on the score was greater than 50%; otherwise, a "poor prognosis" was identified.), 30%, and 15%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the tentative score for which the logistic regression algorithm was applied with the different cutoff values (B). ROC receive operator characteristic. (TIFF 9281 kb)
Nishikimi, M., Matsuda, N., Matsui, K. et al. A novel scoring system for predicting the neurologic prognosis prior to the initiation of induced hypothermia in cases of post-cardiac arrest syndrome: the CAST score. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 25, 49 (2017) doi:10.1186/s13049-017-0392-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-017-0392-y
Neurological prognosis
Induced hypothermia
CAST score


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There's a cool panel I'll be going to this Sunday in Berkeley at the Hillside Club.
I don't mean to make the event sound confrontational in my headline. The goal of this panel is to get everybody in one room so we can hear all of the different viewpoints on these issues. Hopefully we'll be willing to listen to one another. It should be pretty interesting.
Members of the press: this would be a good chance for you to spend an hour or so of your time and learn everything you ever wanted to know about spam tech and collect a round of business cards from the participating parties for quotes in the future when this stuff hits the mainstream media over the next few months.
Directions are at the bottom of the full invite.
impossible or potentially - like Agent Orange -- worse than the problem.
the end when we see which solution you all prefer.
From San Francisco, take Bay Bridge, and merge onto I-80 East.
Exit University Ave. and bear RIGHT UNDER the freeway toward 4th St.
STRAIGHT on Cedar for a couple of miles, past Shattuck and Spruce.
From North Bay, take Richmond Bridge to I-80 and Berkeley.


This section focuses on the energy-efficient heating and cooling of buildings. Two renewable energy sources that can heat or cool buildings are discussed separately: and .
Technologies such as and offer inexpensive energy savings.
Ventilation is the least expensive and most energy-efficient way to cool buildings. In some cases, will suffice, although it usually needs to be supplemented with . Homeowners might want to investigate .
In low-humidity areas, evaporating water into incoming air provides a natural and energy-efficient means of cooling. Evaporative coolers, also called swamp coolers, rely on this principal.
Desiccants absorb water and release it again when heated. Desiccants can provide dehumidification and can also extend the application of evaporative coolers into more humid climates.
Dehumidifiers with the ENERGY STAR? label are energy efficient.
For whole-house cooling, central air is more efficient, but if you only need to cool your bedroom, consider a room air conditioner instead. Choose an energy-efficient or and be sure it has an ENERGY STAR? label.
Older air conditioners use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a refrigerant. Because of environmental concerns, modern air conditioners use or other CFC replacements.
These commercial building systems save money by using inexpensive off-peak power to produce ice, usually at night. The ice provides building cooling during the day and avoids taxing utilities during peak usage hours.
Technologies such as air-to-air heat exchangers help ventilate buildings with minimal energy loss.
Furnaces and boilers with the ENERGY STAR? label are energy efficient.
Heat pumps are generally more energy efficient than furnaces and boilers, and provide both heating and cooling. Air-source heat pumps powered by both natural gas and electricity are available with the ENERGY STAR? label for energy efficiency.
Dense commercial areas can benefit from the energy efficiency advantages of centralized heating and cooling plants that provide heating and cooling services to several buildings within their service district.
Heating and cooling ducts often leak energy. Special techniques have been developed to test and repair ducts.


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