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Pendolino (z wł. "wahadełko") – rodzina włoskich elektrycznych zespołów trakcyjnych dużych prędkości o prędkościach maksymalnych od 200 do 250 km/h, w większości przypadków posiadających wychylne nadwozie. Początkowo produkowane przez Fiat Ferroviaria, a później przez Alstom, który przejął Fiat Ferroviaria.

Powstało kilkaset jednostek, które są eksploatowane przez kilkunastu przewoźników w Europie i Azji. Własne składy Pendolino posiada również PKP Intercity (seria ED250), które obsługuje nimi relacje łączące Warszawę z Bielskiem-Białą, Gdynią, Gliwicami, Jelenią Górą, Katowicami, Kołobrzegiem, Krakowem, Rzeszowem i Wrocławiem.

Historia

Geneza
Pomysł wychylania nadwozia pociągu zaczął być popularny w latach 60. i 70. W tym czasie wielu przewoźników kolejowych, którym zaimponowały koleje dużych prędkości uruchomione we Francji (TGV) i w Japonii (Shinkansen), zastanawiało się nad rozwiązaniem technicznym pozwalającym na zwiększenie prędkości podróżowania bez konieczności budowania dodatkowych specjalnie przystosowanych torowisk, tak jak robiły to wspomniane dwa kraje. Poprzez wychylanie nadwozia pociąg jest w stanie pokonywać z większą prędkością łuki zaprojektowane dla wolniejszych pociągów, bezpiecznie i nie powodując dyskomfortu pasażerów.

Prototyp

W 1974 roku, po wielu latach testów, prób i analiz, powstał pierwszy prototypowy elektryczny zespół trakcyjny z wychylnym nadwoziem. Był to czteroczłonowy przegubowy pojazd oznaczony jako ETR401 o czole przypominającym dziób samolotu i zasilany napięciem 3000 V DC. Pojazd był przystosowany do prędkości 250 km/h, a podczas testów osiągnął prędkość 260 km/h.

Druga generacja

W 1985 roku Ferrovie dello Stato zamówiły 9-członowe EZT z wychylnym nadwoziem, których konstrukcja bazowała na ETR401. Nowe pojazdy otrzymały oznaczenie ETR450, mogły rozwijać prędkość 250 km/h i do regularnej eksploatacji weszły w 1988 roku.

Trzecia generacja

W 1993 roku powstała szwajcarsko-włoska spółka Cisalpino, która zamówiła 9-członowe EZT z wychylnym nadwoziem przystosowane do pracy przy napięciu 3 kV DC (Włochy) oraz 15 kV AC (Szwajcaria i Niemcy). Stylistyka pojazdów została zaprojektowana od nowa przez włoskiego projektanta samochodów Giorgetto Giugiaro. Pojazdy otrzymały oznaczenie ETR470 i rozpoczęły służbę w 1996 roku.

Równolegle trwały prace nad ETR460 dla Ferrovie dello Stato, różniącymi się od ETR470 brakiem możliwości zasilania napięciem 15 kV AC.

W następnych latach dla FS powstały jeszcze ETR460P – 9-członowe jednostki przystosowane do pracy pod napięciem 3 kV DC i 1,5 kV DC (południowa Francja) o zmniejszonej prędkości maksymalnej do 200 km/h oraz ETR480 – 9-członowe jednostki zasilane napięciem 3 kV DC. W 2006 roku część ETR800 dostosowano do pracy również pod napięciem 25 kV AC, po czym zmieniono im oznaczenie na ETR485.

Na bazie ETR460 i ETR470 powstało wiele eksportowych wersji Pendolino:
 w 1999 roku dla kolei hiszpańskich – RENFE – powstała szerokotorowa, 3-członowa wersja zasilana napięciem 3 kV DC, później przystosowana do pracy również pod napięciem 25 kV AC;
 w 1999 roku dla kolei portugalskich – Comboios de Portugal – powstała szerokotorowa, 6-członowa wersja zasilana napięciem 25 kV AC;
 w 2000 roku dla kolei słoweńskich – Slovenske železnice – powstała 3-członowa wersja zasilana napięciem 3 kV DC;
 w 2001 i 2004 roku dla kolei fińskich – Valtionrautatiet – powstała szerokotorowa 6-członowa wersja zasilana napięciem 25 kV AC;
 w 2004 roku dla kolei hiszpańskich – RENFE – powstała normalnotorowa, 4-członowa wersja zasilana napięciem 25 kV AC, pozbawiona mechanizmu wychylnego pudła;
 w 2005 roku dla kolei czeskich – České dráhy – powstała 7-członowa wersja przystosowana do pracy pod napięciem 3 kV DC, 15 kV AC i 25 kV AC.

ICE T

W 1994 roku powstało konsorcjum złożone z niemieckiego Siemensa i Düwagu oraz włoskiego Fiata, którego zadaniem była budowa dla Deutsche Bahn składu posiadającego mechanizm wychylnego nadwozia. Tak powstał ICE T, którego wagony i wyposażenie elektryczne zostało wyprodukowane przez niemieckich producentów, a wózki i system przechyłu dostarczył Fiat.

Pendolino Britannico

Ze względu na węższą skrajnię obowiązującą na torach w Wielkiej Brytanii i związane z nią ryzyko zahaczenia o przeszkody podczas przechyłu pudła, dla egzemplarzy zamówionych przez brytyjskiego przewoźnika Virgin Trains w 1998 roku konieczne było zaprojektowanie składów od nowa i wyposażenie w dodatkowy system TASS, który w razie konieczności ogranicza przechył pudła. Powstały w ten sposób jednostki 8- i 9-wagonowe oznaczone serią 390.

Czwarta generacja – Nowe Pendolino

W 2007 roku powstał CRH5, będący wersją przejściową pomiędzy Pendolino trzeciej i czwartej generacji. Przy jego budowie zastosowano pewne uproszczenia, takie jak brak wychylnego pudła czy starsze technologie, jednakże posiada on wygląd Nowego Pendolino.

W 2008 roku zaprezentowano pierwszy skład czwartej generacji – Nowe Pendolino dla spółki Cisalpino, oznaczony jako ETR610, mogący rozwijać prędkość 250 km/h (prędkość konstrukcyjna 275 km/h) oraz dostosowany do pracy pod napięciem 3 kV DC, 15 kV AC i 25 kV AC. Nieco później rozpoczęto produkcję wersji pozbawionej możliwości pracy pod napięciem 15 kV AC, którą oznaczono jako ETR600.

Na bazie ETR600 i ETR610 powstało wiele eksportowych wersji Nowego Pendolino:
 w 2008 roku dla kolei hiszpańskich – RENFE – powstała normalnotorowa, 4-członowa wersja zasilana napięciem 25 kV AC, pozbawiona mechanizmu przechylnego pudła
 w 2010 dla kolei fińsko-rosyjskich – Karelian Trains – powstała szerokotorowa, 7-członowa wersja dostosowana do zasilania napięciem 3 kV DC i 25 kV AC; wersja ta posiada wygląd czoła z poprzedniej generacji
 w 2013 dla PKP Intercity – normalnotorowa 7-członowa wersja pozbawiona mechanizmu wychylnego, ale z zachowanymi prędkościami maksymalnymi – eksploatacyjna 250 km/h i konstrukcyjna 275 km/h.

Pendolino dla Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori
Pod koniec 2015 roku przewoźnik Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori zamówił Pendolino kolejnej generacji, którego projekt został stworzony przez Design & Styling Centre Alstom. Pociągi te w przeciwieństwie do wcześniejszych generacji mają spełniać wymagania TSI.

Konstrukcja

Eksploatacja

Chiny
9 października 2004 roku Alstom podpisał umowę z Kolejami Chińskimi na dostawę 60 pociągów Pendolino, z których pierwsze 3 w całości powstały we Włoszech, kolejnych 6 wyprodukowano we Włoszech i złożono w Chinach, a pozostałe w całości zbudowano w Chinach przez Changchun Railway Vehicles Company. Pociągi te są pozbawione wychylnego pudła i otrzymały oznaczenie CRH5. 23 września 2009 podpisano kolejną umowę już tylko z Changchun Railway Vehicles Company na dostawę kolejnych 30 sztuk CRH5, a 13 października 2010 kolejnych 20 sztuk, a w kwietniu 2011 na następne 30 pojazdów tego typu.

Składy początkowo przeznaczono do obsługi linii Pekin – Harbin, a później również Pekin – Guangzhou oraz Shijiazhuang – Taiyuan.

Czechy

W sierpniu 1995 roku powołano do życia konsorcjum ČKD, MSV, Fiat Ferroviaria i Siemens, które do 2000 roku miało dostarczyć 10 sztuk 7-członowych Pendolino. Pod koniec 1998 roku ze względu na problemy ČKD i MSV zamówienie zostało zmniejszone do 7 sztuk. Pierwszy skład dostarczono w czerwcu 2003, a dostawy zakończono w listopadzie 2005.

17 listopada 2004 pierwsza jednostka podczas testów osiągnęła prędkość 237 km/h na linii kolejowej nr 250 pomiędzy miejscowościami Zaječí a Rakvice. Pod koniec grudnia 2004 rozpoczęto eksploatację nadzorowaną na trasie Praha – Děčín. Pomiędzy lipcem a sierpniem 2005 czeskie Pendolino przetestowano na niemieckiej sieci kolejowej. Na austriackiej sieci kolejowej jednostki przetestowano na przełomie sierpnia i września 2005 oraz w drugim kwartale 2006 roku.

W listopadzie 2005 Pendolino zostało dopuszczone do ruchu w Czechach, w drugiej połowie 2006 roku w Austrii i na Słowacji, a pod koniec 2006 roku również w Niemczech.

Pod koniec grudnia 2005 rozpoczęto planową eksploatację na trasie Praha-Holešovice – Ostrava. Podczas pierwszego pół roku eksploatacji dochodziło do licznych usterek i Pendolino były zastępowane przez klasyczne składy złożone z lokomotywy i wagonów; w związku z tymi usterkami przedstawiciele Alstoma dokonali pewnych modyfikacji w pociągach oraz ponownie przeszkolony został personel, dzięki czemu udało się wyeliminować występowanie problemów.

W grudniu 2006 rozpoczęto obsługę tras międzynarodowych składami Pendolino. Pociągi obsługiwały trasy z Pragi do Bratysławy, Wiednia i Żyliny. Wszystkie te połączenie były epizodyczne i ostatecznie z nich wszystkich zrezygnowano, koncentrując się na trasie Praga – Ostrawa.

W grudniu 2014 ponownie zdecydowano się na uruchomienie połączenia na Słowację, tym razem do Koszyc.

22 lipca 2015 jeden ze składów zderzył się na przejeździe kolejowo-drogowym z TIR-em, który wjechał na przejazd podczas opuszczania zapór. W wyniku wypadku zginęły 3 osoby, w tym 2 na miejscu. Zniszczeniu uległy również 2 człony pociągu. We wrześniu i październiku 2016 wszystkie człony pociągu zostały przetransportowane do Włoch celem wykonania odbudowy pociągu, którą ukończono na początku 2018 roku.

W czerwcu 2017 Koleje Czeskie siłami spółki zależnej DPO rozpoczęły modernizację wnętrz jednostek.

27 czerwca 2022 w Boguminie jedna ze jednostkę zdarzyła się z lokomotywą ČD Cargo, w wyniku czego doznała poważnych uszkodzeń oraz zginął maszynista. W listopadzie poinformowano, że Alstom złożył ofertę naprawy uszkodzonego Pendolino za około 200 milionów koron.

Maksymalna prędkość pociągów w Czechach wynosi 160 km/h.

Finlandia

W 1992 roku fińskie koleje państwowe VR zamówiły 2 szerokotorowe pociągi Pendolino, które zostały zaprojektowane we włoskich zakładach Fiat Ferroviaria, a złożone w fińskich zakładach Otanmaki we współpracy z zakładami Transtech. Decyzja o montażu pociągów na miejscu podyktowana była chęcią lepszego przystosowania się do lokalnych wymogów i warunków klimatycznych.

Kolejne składy były produkowane już w Savigliano we Włoszech, a do Finlandii transportowano je drogą morską do portu w Turku. W 1997 roku zamówiono 8 jednostek, które dostarczono w latach 2000-2002. W 2002 zamówiono kolejnych 8, które przekazano w latach 2004-2006.

Składy zostały skierowane do obsługi zmodernizowanych linii kolejowych, pierwotnie z prędkością maksymalną 200 km/h, a później 220 km/h. Jeździły na trasach z Helsinek do innych miast Finlandii.

Pojazdy były krytykowane za dużą zawodność związaną z problemami technicznymi z wychylnym pudłem oraz sprzęgami. Występowanie problemów było szczególnie nasilone zimą. W sierpniu 2011 VR ogłosił, że Alstom przebuduje składy tak, aby zwiększyć ich niezawodność podczas zimy. Połowę kosztów przebudowy ma pokryć Alstom.

Finlandia / Rosja

28 sierpnia 2007 Karelian Trains (spółka joint venture Kolei Rosyjskich i VR) zamówiła 4 szerokotorowe, 7-członowe pociągi Pendolino do obsługi trasy Petersburg – Helsinki. Zamówienie przewiduje opcję domówienia dodatkowych 2 sztuk.

12 lutego 2010 pierwszy skład został zaprezentowany w Helsinkach. Pociągi otrzymały nazwę Allegro; są one dwusystemowe (3 kV DC i 25 kV AC) i dostosowane zarówno do rosyjskiego rozstawu szyn – 1524 mm – jak i fińskiego – 1520 mm. Na początku października Allegro zostały zaprezentowany na Dworcu Fińskim w Petersburgu.

Po stronie fińskiej pociągi były testowane w lokomotywowni przy stacji Ilmala oraz na odcinku Kerava – Lahti, a po stronie rosyjskiej w okolicach Petersburga oraz na torze doświadczalnym w pobliżu Szczerbinki.

12 grudnia 2010 prezydent Finlandii Tarja Halonen i premier Rosji Władimir Putin zainaugurowali połączenie. Wprowadzenie Allegro na tej trasie oraz kontroli granicznej w trakcie jazdy pozwoliło skrócić czas przejazdu z 6 godzin do 3,5 godziny. W 2011 roku z pociągów skorzystało 299 tys. pasażerów, w 2012 roku 354 tys., w 2016 roku 395 tys., a w 2017 roku 482 tys..

Hiszpania

W 1999 roku hiszpański narodowy przewoźnik RENFE zakupił 10 szerokotorowych Pendolino trzeciej generacji (seria 490), które zostały skierowane do obsługi połączeń Alaris łączących Madryt z Walencją, gdzie zastąpiły pociągi Talgo.

W 2005 roku RENFE zamówiło kolejne pociągi Pendolino trzeciej generacji, tym razem normalnotorowe i pozbawione systemu wychylnego pudła (seria 104). Zakupiono łącznie 20 sztuk, które skierowano do obsługi krótszych odcinków linii dużych prędkości.

W marcu 2006 przewoźnik podpisał umowę z konsorcjum Alstom – CAF na dostawę 30 składów 4-członowych czwartej generacji pozbawionych wychylnego pudła. Na początku 2008 roku zamówienie zostało zmniejszone do 13 sztuk ze względu na zwiększeniu ceny jednostkowej. Pociągi zostały dostarczone na przełomie 2009/2010 roku i od czerwca 2011 roku rozpoczęły regularne kursy z pasażerami. Skierowano je do obsługi połączeń Avant: Madryt – Valladolid oraz Barcelona – Lleida.

Polska

30 maja 2011 PKP Intercity podpisały z przedsiębiorstwem Alstom Transport kontrakt o wartości 665 milionów euro (2,64 mld zł) na dostawę 20 7-członowych pociągów New Pendolino bez mechanizmu przechyłu nadwozia oraz budowę zaplecza technicznego w Warszawie, przeznaczonego wyłącznie na potrzeby utrzymania taboru kolei dużych prędkości. Podpisana umowa obejmuje także utrzymanie techniczne pociągów przez okres maksymalnie 17 lat. Koszt dostawy samych pociągów to 400 mln euro, a pozostała suma ok. 265 milionów euro dotyczy budowy zaplecza technicznego i serwisu utrzymania. W październiku 2012 francuskie przedsiębiorstwo Karmar rozpoczęło budowę zaplecza technicznego dla pociągów Pendolino na stacji postojowej Warszawa Grochów. Budowę bazy zakończono w kwietniu 2014 i wtedy też wjechały do niej dostarczone do tego czasu Pendolino.

Od 16 listopada 2013 do 8 grudnia 2013 (w dni wolne) na Centralnej Magistrali Kolejowej trwały testy składów, podczas których kilkukrotnie bito rekord prędkości Polski oraz przetestowano poprawność działania różnych systemów, w tym ETCS. Podczas testów osiągnięto najwyższą prędkość w historii eksploatacji pociągów Pendolino na świecie – 293 km/h.

Do końca 2013 roku do Polski dotarły 4 pociągi. 6 maja 2014 minął termin przekazania pierwszych ośmiu Pendolino; składy nie zostały jednak przekazane ze względu na problemy z otrzymaniem homologacji. Ostatecznie, 11 września pierwsze ze składów otrzymały świadectwa dopuszczenia typu do eksploatacji wydane przez Urząd Transportu Kolejowego. We wrześniu 14 składów znajdowało się fizycznie w Polsce, a w połowie października pierwsze 2 składy zostały odebrane przez PKP IC. Do dnia rozpoczęcia kursów z pasażerami (14 grudnia 2014) odebrano 15 składów.

14 grudnia 2014 pociągi Pendolino rozpoczęły kursowanie w ramach nowej kategorii pociągów Express InterCity Premium obsługującej relacje łączące Warszawę z Gdynią, Katowicami, Krakowem i Wrocławiem. Maksymalna prędkość osiągana przez składy to 200 km/h. 13 grudnia 2015 podczas zmiany rozkładu jazdy wydłużono trasy części pociągów do Bielska-Białej, Gliwic i Rzeszowa, a 29 kwietnia 2016 do Jeleniej Góry i Kołobrzegu.

Portugalia

W 1999 roku portugalski narodowy przewoźnik Comboios de Portugal zakupił 10 szerokotorowych, 6-członowych składów, które zostały wyprodukowane w portugalskiej fabryce Alstoma w Amadora. Podczas testów Pendolino ustanowiło portugalski rekord prędkości – w pobliżu stacji Lisboa Oriente skład rozpędził się do 236,6 km/h.

Po dostarczeniu zostały skierowane do obsługi połączeń Alfa Pendular pomiędzy Bragą, Lizboną i Faro. Początkowo maksymalna rozwijana prędkość wynosiła 200 km/h, lecz później na niektórych fragmentach trasy podniesiono ją do 220 km/h.

W 2016 roku jednostki zostały wysłane na kompleksowy przegląd i odświeżenie wnętrza, które objęło m.in. montaż gniazdek elektrycznych i Wi-Fi. W związku z remontami przewoźnik zmuszony był wypożyczyć od RENFE kilka jednostek . Pierwsza zmodernizowana jednostka była gotowa w marcu 2017.

Słowenia

W 2000 roku Koleje Słoweńskie ( Slovenske železnice) zakupiły 3 pojazdy wzorowane na włoskim ETR 470 w wersji 3-członowej. Pociągi są eksploatowane jako InterCitySlovenija i łączą stacje Ljubljana, Zidani Most, Celje, Maribor i Koper.

Do 2008 roku jedna para relacji Maribor – Ljubljana była wydłużana do Wenecji przez Monfalcone i Triest, jednakże słoweńskie Pendolino straciły dopuszczenie do włoskiej sieci kolejowej ze względu na brak ETCS poziomu 2.

Szwajcaria / Włochy

W 1993 roku spółka joint venture kolei włoskich i szwajcarskich Cisalpino zamówiła 9 składów. Spółka otrzymała składy trzeciej generacji oznaczone jako ETR470.

Połączenia z udziałem ETR 470 uruchomiono we wrześniu 1996 na trasie Mediolan – Zurych – Genewa/Bazylea, natomiast od marca 1998 również Mediolan – Stuttgart. W 2006 roku po serii poważniejszych awarii oraz ze względu na częste spóźnienia Niemcy zakończyły współpracę z Cisalpino, a na trasie Stuttgart – Zurych rozpoczęło kursowanie ICE T.

W marcu 2004 roku spółka zamówiła 14 składów czwartej generacji ETR610. Ich eksploatację rozpoczęto na początku 2009 roku. Równolegle z wejściem nowych składów do służby doszło do rozpadu Cisalpino – cały tabor został przejęty przez szwajcarskie SBB-CFF-FFS i włoską Trenitalię.

Szwajcaria

Po rozpadzie Cisalpino SBB otrzymały 4 ETR470 i 7 ETR610 (część z nich nie była jeszcze dostarczona). We wrześniu 2015 SBB podpisało z Alstomem umowę na modernizację tych 7 ETR610 obejmującą montaż większych regałów na bagaże, powstanie nowej strefy rodzinnej, nowe toalety, Wi-Fi oraz zmiany związane z bezpieczeństwem wymagane przez włoskie przepisy kolejowe.

W czerwcu 2012 koleje szwajcarskie zamówiły kolejnych 8 ETR610; pierwszy z tych składów opuścił fabrykę w Savigliano na początku czerwca 2014, a 7 sierpnia została uroczyście zaprezentowany. W lutym 2015 SBB skorzystało z opcji na dodatkowe 4 ETR610. Dostawy ukończono na początku 2017 roku.

Wielka Brytania

W 1997 roku spółka Virgin Trains otrzymała 12-letnią koncesję na przewozy pasażerskie na linii West Coast Main Line łączącej stację Londyn Euston z Glasgow Central. Virgin do obsługi przewozów na tej linii zamówił 53 składy Pendolino specjalnie zaprojektowane pod kątem do brytyjskich wymogów, które zostały wyprodukowane przez konsorcjum przedsiębiorstw Alstom i Fiat. Zamówiono 34 składy 8-wagonowe i 19 składów 9-wagonowych.

W lutym 2001 pierwsze 2 jednostki były testowane na torze testowym Old Dalby w Wielkiej Brytanii, który został specjalnie z tego powodu wyremontowany. Pod koniec listopada te 2 jednostki przekazano przewoźnikowi. Pociągi zostały oficjalnie zaprezentowane w czerwcu 2002, a w połowie lipca miał miejsce inauguracyjny przejazd z pasażerami. Pojazdy weszły do regularnej służby w 2003 roku i skierowano je do obsługi połączeń z Londynu m.in. do Birmingham, Manchesteru, Liverpoolu i Glasgow z prędkością maksymalną 200 km/h (osiągnięcie maksymalnej prędkości składów wynoszącej 225 km/h nie jest możliwe ze względu na brak ATP i ETCS na linii WCML).

W październiku 2004 zakończono dostawy. Dzięki wprowadzeniu pociągów Pendolino do eksploatacji przewoźnik wycofał składy złożone z lokomotyw serii 86, 87 i 90 prowadzących wagony Mk.2 i Mk.3 (składy te zostały przejęte od British Rail wraz z przejęciem połączeń na WCML i były użytkowane do końca 2004 roku). W 2004 roku i na początku 2005 roku wszystkie jednostki 8-wagonowe zostały wydłużone o 1 wagon.

23 stycznia 2007 jeden z pociągów brał udział w wypadku kolejowym w pobliżu Grayrigg w Kumbrii. W wypadku zginęła jedna osoba, a 22 zostały ranne. Richard Branson, szef Virgin Trains, w wypowiedzi dla BBC News ocenił, że tak niska liczba ofiar i rannych jest związana głównie z budową pociągu, którą porównał do budowy czołgu. Raport, który ukazał się 4 września 2007, wskazał, że przyczyną wypadku było uszkodzenie zwrotnicy.

Na początku 2008 roku składy osiągnęły przebieg miliona mil. W drugiej połowie 2008 roku podpisano umowę na dostawę 4 dodatkowych składów 11-członowych oraz 62 wagonów do wydłużenia 31 jednostek 9-członowych do 11-członowych.

W 2014 przy okazji wydłużenia koncesji na przewozy na linii WCML Virgin zobowiązał się do przerobienia jednego wagonu 1. klasy na 2. klasę w 21 składach.

Włochy
 Ferrovie dello Stato

Na początku lat 70. we Włoszech rozpatrywano różne możliwości zwiększenia prędkości pociągów. Ostatecznie zdecydowano się na rozwój pociągów z wychylnym nadwoziem niewymagających budowy nowych linii kolejowych, ponieważ takie rozwiązanie było korzystniejsze finansowo. W 1975 roku Ferrovie dello Stato wprowadziło do eksploatacji pierwsze Pendolino (ETR401), które skierowano do obsługi linii Rzym – Ankona. W 1985 roku Włoskie Koleje Państwowe zamówiły 15 składów drugiej już generacji (ETR450), które do regularnej eksploatacji weszły w 1988 roku.

Pod koniec 1991 roku, po 14 latach budowy, ukończono pierwszą linię KDP we Włoszech – Direttisimę łączącą Florencję z Rzymem. Do jej obsługi skierowano Pendolino drugiej generacji, które mogło jeździć tutaj ze swoją maksymalną prędkością wynoszącą 250 km/h. Pociągi kursowały pod marką Eurostar Italia. Pod koniec eksploatacji w jednostkach został wyłączony mechanizm przechyłu pudła oraz ograniczono prędkość maksymalną do 200 km/h. ETR450 był użytkowany do stycznia 2015.

W latach 1995-1997 Koleje Włoskie otrzymały 25 sztuk Pendolino 3. generacji: 7 ETR460, 3 ETR460P oraz 15 ETR480. Były to jednostki 9-członowe różniące się między sobą możliwościami zasilania. Zespoły ETR460P Politenesione (3 kV / 1,5 kV) skierowano do obsługi transgranicznej relacji Mediolan – Lyon. W 2005 roku usługa ta została rozwiązana; jednostki pozbawiono możliwości zasilania prądem 1,5 kV oraz przenumerowano najpierw na serię ETR465, a potem ETR463. W grudniu 2016 w jednostkach ETR460 i ETR463 wyłączony został mechanizm przechyłu pudła.

W 2006 roku Trenitalia zamówiła 12 składów czwartej generacji (ETR600), które skierowano do obsługi połączeń marki Frecciargento.

Po zakończeniu działalności przez Cisalpino w 2009 roku Trenitalia otrzymała 5 sztuk ETR470 oraz 7 sztuk ETR610. W grudniu 2015 w jednostkach ETR470 wyłączony został mechanizm przechyłu pudła.

Jednostki ETR460-29 oraz ETR480-34 został skasowane w następstwie wypadków jakie przeszły.

 Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori
29 października 2015 przewoźnik Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori podpisał z Alstomem umowę na dostawę 8 jednostek 7-członowych. Dostawy pociągów zaplanowano na koniec 2017 roku, a ich wprowadzenie do eksploatacji na początek 2018 roku. We wrześniu 2016 rozszerzono umowę o dodatkowe 4 egzemplarze. W połowie grudnia 2016 odbyła się prezentacja pierwszej jednostki. Pod koniec 2017 roku zamówienie rozszerzono o kolejne 5 egzemplarzy, a na początku drugiej połowy 2018 roku o jeszcze 5 kolejnych.

Na początku drugiej połowy 2018 roku eksploatowanych było 11 jednostek.

Przypisy

Tabor kolejowy dużych prędkości
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne eksploatowane w Chinach
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne i wagony eksploatowane w Czechach
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne eksploatowane w Finlandii
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne eksploatowane w Portugalii
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne eksploatowane w Szwajcarii
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne eksploatowane w Wielkiej Brytanii
Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne eksploatowane we Włoszech


Hand painted Watercolor Christmas cars, red car, green car, red truck, pine tress for instant download. This is Christmas themed vintage cars and truck. They are perfect for wedding invitations, Christmas cards, fabric printing and scrapbook.
This collection includes 10 pngs of 3 classic cars and truck.
The graphic sizes typically 6 in x 8 in and 3 in x 8 in, 300 dpi.


Hot MDM themes for Ultimate Edition !!
A few programs that might be nice!
Request for "Android" section at board index.
I think sreen size is lilttle big on this site.
Can you upload CA Black on this forum, please?


text:
package fi

type Target interface {
	PutResource(key string, resource Resource, hashAlgorithm HashAlgorithm) (url string, hash string, err error)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Poetic justice on Nov. 2 is forecast by a mock election held by the National Association of Student Councils. George W. Bush wins the popular vote but loses the electoral vote to John Kerry.
Marlene Baldwin has been named California Businesswoman of the Year by the National Republican Congressional Committee. Baldwin now sells direct-mail advertising, but before that, according to The San Francisco Chronicle, she spent "fifteen years as the most famous brothel madam in San Francisco." When advised of this fact by the Chronicle, a spokesman for the Republican group said, "Really? We did not know that, I'm sure." Anyway, he explained, the award recognizes contributions to Republican causes or Republican candidates.
During his speech at the Democratic National Convention, Bill Clinton won my respect with his willingness to acknowledge his own failure to serve while expressing admiration for Kerry's courage in Vietnam. This election could turn on whether most of his fellow draft-avoiders can do the same. The fact is that there are more of them than there are of those who served.
Clinton himself provides the relevant facts in My Life. During the Vietnam era, 10.9 million men served in the military, but 16 million avoided the draft. I know enough of them to know that many have experienced wildly conflicting emotions about not having served–pride at having opposed the war mixed with guilt over those who were killed or maimed in their stead. Some, like Clinton, have worked their way through this tangle of feelings to an acceptance of what they did that leaves them capable of honoring those who served. But for some of the others, their self-hatred translates into hatred of Kerry. Let's hope that they are few in number, or at least that the worst of them, the chicken-hawks who supported the war but avoided serving in it, are already Republicans.
Have you noticed this past summer how stories of American soldiers dying in Iraq quietly moved to the back pages? On July 9, for example, Los Angeles Times put the story of five G.I.'s being killed on page 7; The New York Times put it on page 8. On July 22, "U.S. Troops Dying Two Per Day Since Turnover In Iraq" made page 10 of The Washington Times. We need another dramatic reminder of the costs of this war such as Ted Koppel gave us in March. And this time, stories of the wounded, nearing 6,000 at last count, need to be told. Many Americans have no idea of the terrible injuries that have been suffered, and of the impact those injuries are having on the lives of the wounded as they return to the civilian world.
Just before we went to war in Iraq, I wrote in this space, "This country has been conned by Karl Rove and the super-hawks. They have succeeded in changing the subject from Bush's failures and embarrassments, putting Iraq first on the national agenda for nearly six months at the expense of more important matters–like finding Osama bin Laden, securing peace between Israel and Palestine, drastically improving the FBI and CIA's ability to deal with terrorism, keeping nuclear weapons from being used by nations that already have them, including North Korea, and engineering economic recovery here at home. If we end up paying practically all the bill for Iraq and subsequent military occupation, that money won't be there for badly needed health and education programs Once you consider these other higher priorities, the danger from Iraq isn't nearly imminent enough to justify war." I haven't changed my mind.
In my own experience, what protects incompetence in the bureaucracy is the spirit of collegiality that encourages government officials not to blow the whistle on the other guy's ineptitude lest he call attention to theirs. How else did the FBI's Robert Hanssen and the CIA's Aldrich Ames survive for so long, despite plenty of evidence that Hanssen was weird and Ames a drunk? Usually the worst that happens to such turkeys is that they are "farmed." The supervisor who has caught on engineers a transfer of the turkey to another branch of his organization. While this is usually seen as a great bureaucratic triumph for the supervisor, the catch is that the turkey may be able to do, as Ames did, yet greater harm where he was farmed.
Government tends to attract people looking for job security who come in risk-averse, a tendency which only grows as risk might imperil their slow but steady rise up the ladder.
Tom Ridge has told colleagues he may retire in November. The AP reports that he needs to make more money in order to "comfortably put his two children through college." The man is making $175,000 a year. That should make them very comfortable.
During the Democratic convention, FOX News channel gave less than one minute to Al Gore's speech (this, courtesy of that great devotee of fair play Bill O'Reilly) and not much more to Jimmy Carter and Ted Kennedy. MSNBC's Chris Matthews cut off Al Sharpton, righteously proclaiming, "This is a partisan act here," as if political conventions were ever anything else. Even NBC's Tom Brokaw and CBS' Dan Rather were guilty. On Monday night, they chose to feature 10 minutes of themselves instead of a speech by the Rev. David Alston, the black clergyman who was a swift-boat crewmate of John Kerry's. On Thursday night, two of the big three networks did not show the eight high-ranking military officers, including two former chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who endorsed Kerry. CBS did not show Max Cleland's introduction of Kerry. It should have–we owe him. I also thought Alston deserved to be heard. And it was important for the country to know that respected military leaders believed Kerry could be trusted with responsibility for the nation's security.
The truth is having a hard time catching up with the lies of the Bush gang. When asked whether there was a partnership "between Saddam Hussein in Iraq and al Qaeda," 56 percent of the respondents in a late June poll said yes, and only 28 percent disagreed. The respondents were also asked whether Saddam had advance notice of the 9/11 attacks. When the same question was posed late in 2001, 79 percent said it was very or somewhat likely. Now, despite abundant evidence to the contrary, that figure has only declined to 68 percent.
Why are state legislatures rushing to help tobacco companies? "Thirty states have adopted controversial laws in recent years offering protection for cigarette makers that lose massive verdicts," reports The Wall Street Journal's Vanessa O'Connell. Why such solicitude for the bad guys? Tobacco company lobbyists have convinced legislators that large verdicts threaten the ability of the companies to pay their share of the giant 1998 tobacco settlement. States have come to rely on this money as part of their regular revenue stream. So now they have become allies of the very people whose wrongdoing the settlement was supposed to punish.
While I was working for the Peace Corps back in the 1960s, I began to notice that the idealism of the students who were volunteering for our and other worthy causes was accompanied by a less noble but growing trend towards commercialism by their universities. Prestigious institutions were committing larceny with outrageous charges for what they called "overhead" on contracts for the training of our volunteers. Professors were opening outside offices to moonlight as "consultants." It seemed that every second floor on Mount Auburn Street in Cambridge, Mass., housed another consulting firm.
The trend was only in its infancy. Potential profits have soared. Now we have what James B. Twitchell, writing in the Wilson Quarterly, describes as "a $250-$270 billion business." He calls it Higher Ed., Inc. Just one institution, Harvard, has an endowment of $20 billion, which Twitchell describes as "greater than the assets of the Dell Computer Company, the gross national product of Libya, the net worth of all but five of the Forbes 400, or the holdings of all the non-profits in the world except the Roman Catholic Church … Every two weeks, Harvard's endowment throws off enough cash to cover all undergraduate tuition." Instead it adds to the endowment and increases salaries for faculty and administrators. Harvard's five top money managers, according to The New York Times, were paid $105 million last year.
Those entrepreneurial professors I began to encounter in the '60s are having their talents harnessed by Higher Education, Inc. to tap another fiscal oil well. At the University of Pittsburgh, reports Bernard Wysocki of The Wall Street Journal, Dr. David Kuptor, the head of the psychiatry department, has helped the university move from 12th to eighth in the amount of grants received from the National Institutes of Health in just five years, by requiring his students "to attend boot camps" for writing applications for grants, and by paying researchers bonuses of as much as $50,000 a year based on how much NIH money they bring to Pitt.
Here's a man-bites-dog story from The International Herald Tribune which you may have missed. It seems that a passenger on an Aeroflot flight out of Moscow was beaten up by drunken flight attendants. Deplorable as this may be, it has to quicken the hearts of countless flight attendants who have struggled to pacify passengers who have had far more than one too many.
Since 1981, DuPont has been making around $200 million a year from the manufacture of Teflon. It has also been suppressing studies showing that a chemical used in making Teflon is toxic. A 1981 study showed that the chemical was, reports Los Angeles Times, "toxic to newborn rats, killing some and causing some to be born with eye and facial deformities …. Within a few months, DuPont discovered that two babies out of a group of five born to employees exposed to the chemical at a plant in Parkersburg, W.Va., had similar rare birth defects …. The company found [the chemical] in the blood supply of its female workers… and also learned … that the chemical had contaminated the water supply of 30,000 Ohio River Valley residents." The Environmental Protection Agency is now proposing to fine DuPont several hundred million dollars. But, and this is my point, the EPA would not have found out what DuPont had done if the facts had not been uncovered by discovery in a lawsuit.
The General Accounting Office (GAO) has long been one of the most important agencies in Washington. Unfortunately, it has been handicapped by a name that absolutely reeks of dullness. Its work–of finding out for Congress what is going right and wrong in the rest of the government–is crucial, extending far beyond accounting. So, to give the public a better idea of what it is, it has changed its name. The initials are still the same, but now they stand for Government Accountability Office. It still doesn't exactly suggest naked ladies dancing on the lawn, but it's definitely an improvement.
Occasionally, although increasingly rarely, I find myself agreeing with Ralph Nader's plague on both your houses. The latest of these occasions was when I learned the following, from a column by Jeffrey Birnbaum in The Washington Post: There are regular meetings between Democratic lobbyists and Democratic Senate staff members (every other Monday), between Democratic lobbyists and House minority leader Nancy Pelosi's chief of staff (every Friday), and between Republican lobbyists and Republican senators (every other Tuesday and every other Wednesday).
You may have noticed that the aircraft that caused all that security hullabaloo just before the Ronald Reagan memorial service at the Capitol was the private plane of the governor of Kentucky. Many other governors have their own planes. Why? I suspect it is because they see the president riding around in Air Force One and want their own toy. Many of these governors also have their own security details, like the president's secret service. In the case of the governors, their only real function seems to be to protect the governors from indignant voters.
Unfortunately, the commission did not take the obvious next step, which is to point out that every signal emanating from the Bush White House said "we want information that justifies war with Iraq." Ambitious analysts who wanted their work included in the President's Daily Brief knew that providing such information was their ticket to success.
Another problem with the CIA's analysts is that many of them have no background in the area they cover. U.S. News & World Report tells of what a leading scholar found when he recently met with the CIA's top analysts for Southeast Asia. Half had no experience in the region at all; none knew any of the languages.
U.S. News reveals another shocking fact about the CIA's clandestine service. As of April, it had fewer agents abroad than the FBI has in its New York field office–and that figure is 1,100. This raises two questions. Why does the FBI need 1,100 in New York? And, what do the CIA's other 20,000 or so employees do all day?
The "CSI effect" is what prosecutors are calling it. Jurors who have seen all those television crime shows have come to expect "DNA, fingerprints, and other irrefutable scientific evidence," reports the Associated Press. The problem is that in Baltimore, for example, fewer than 10 percent of the homicide cases in the state attorney's office involve fingerprint or DNA evidence. The result is that jurors aren't convinced even by the kind of eyewitness testimony that used to nail down convictions. In one recent case, an 11-year-old girl pointed at the defendant and said, "That's the man who shot my father." The jurors found him not guilty. One explained, "I would have liked to see some evidence, like finding the gun with fingerprints.
Does this make sense? How much will it cost? And what will be its effect on the morale of the crews? We've been told repeatedly that the Navy's been stretched too thin by its duties in support of military actions in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, with sailors and their families complaining about long separations from home and talking about not reenlisting. There is plenty of real work for these people to do. The last thing they need is a phony public-relations exercise that just might succeed in supplying more targets for the terrorists.
Charles Peters is the founding editor of the Washington Monthly.


Visit Evernew's Ti Non-Stick Pot 1.9L page.
Evernew Camp & Hike Titanium Non Stick Pot w/Handle - 1.9L 696913. Evernew has developed non-stick coatings that use an organic non-teflon silicone-based ceramic compound. We care about the health of our customers so all of our cookware is PFOA-free.
Dinner always tastes better when cooked outdoors, and preferably without three prior week's worth of dinner residue stuck to the bottom of the pot. The Evernew Titanium Non-Stick Pot with Handle bolsters your backcountry kitchen with a tough and meal-ready cooking option. A non-stick treatment means you won't have to follow every meal with a battle against crust, and a capacity of nearly two liters lets you boil plenty of water or cook enough for you and your adventure partner.
The Evernew Ti Non-Stick Pot 1.9L is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen January 10, 2018	at CampSaver.com.


+ I HAVE A GIFT FOR ALL BUYERS AND COURSE MEMBERS (they actualy received it, it's in Mics category on course website for free).
Not moral but legal (except Canada!), fake impressions - holy grail of Blackhat Community. What are the precautions for someone from canada. Can you point me to the articles regarding the laws.
This is not flagship method. This only shows how to do it but it's little forgotten by me, the main method from course is OUTSIDE APP ADS, that gives you 50x more impressions than normal inside apps, user don't know where ads come from and you have real clicks and ads engagement. Cash is much bigger than any fake impressions I've tested in the past.
Outside app ads are legal in all countries, we are not breaking any law but only Google Play Policy. They decided to put ads inside application but what is problem to display it when for example user unlocks phone? Yes, this is not very kind for user and can be annoying but user can always uninstall all apps from device and keep it clean next time. 30% users are uninstalling, 70% users left and display our apps for months or even years.
HOW PEOPLE EARN MONEY NOW?
No, it's not needed but you need to learn Android Studio basics to make reskins.
NOBODY HAVE USED MY LAST PROMOTIONS!
Is this Course Still Works ? can i ask you a question ... can we use same admob with multple google play developer accounts ? if one developer account get suspend .. will it suspend other accounts on prior violation error ?
Yes, it works, everything is updated to 2019.
I purchased this yeaterday and I have to say how impressed I am on the entire course. I have always been working on mass mailing since about 2002 and decided to broaden my horizen and get into other things and decided on this. I am looking forward to begin this new chapter and learn/work this new area. Luke has been fantastic at always answering my questions and extremely knowledgeable. I look forward to a great working relationship. Very happy with my decision to get the course!
What's your count, still not reached 80?
I'm so in love with this course. Would really love to purchase. In my country though, 400$ is someone's life savings .
Still below 80, I kicked many resellers scums (more than 20), it's just unbelievable.
You have doubled the question. Even I wrote you 4 PMs, zero response. If you not reply on PM, I will report you for flood, spam and thread hijacking.


Look at all those luscious and delicious curves!!
This is 125 slides of pure Zentangle Decadence.
it's so great to be able to see them in a slideshow...really do appreciate your loving efforts to keep us challenged and giving us pleasure in seeing other creative people's work.
Great job everyone and Laura, this is so fun to watch. Thank you for doing this!
Is it possible to add her to the list? Great, Thank you!
woops! should be there now.


text:
<?php

namespace Kunstmaan\FixturesBundle\Provider;

use Kunstmaan\FixturesBundle\Loader\Fixture;

class Spec
{
    public function current(Fixture $fixture)
    {
        return $fixture->getSpec();
    }
}


I was up bright and early this morning to take my car down to get its inspection. New York has a yearly safety/emissions test that all cars have to pass. I also had a slow leak in one of my tires that I've been alternating between ignoring it and adding air when needed. Apparently there was a screw in it. Whatever.
Then they called to tell me my brakes were worn down to practically nothing. Since I kind of need those, they went ahead and fixed that.
I spent some quality time with the treadmill - 7 miles - and watched my usual Gilmore Girls. It's a habit.
And I tried out the root beer GU.
Not my favorite. Don't get me wrong, it pretty much tasted like root beer (though slightly off), it just seemed wrong for it not to be carbonated. Needs more bubbles!
Tom and I are going to a semi fancy dinner in a couple of weeks, and I had absolutely nothing to wear (because all I wear are running clothes or jeans), so some shopping was in order.
I was expecting to have to try a few stores, but I actually found a dress at the first place I stopped. Can I just say, there are a lot of really ugly clothes in stores right now. It can't just be me, right? There's some really strange trends happening.
I tried on 5 dresses, which ranged from "hahaha - no" to "the dress."
I ended up getting this one in black. But I got it at TJ Maxx, so it was way cheaper. I don't have a picture of it yet, (because I was making a really weird face in the picture I took and deleted it) but eventually there will be pictures. My mom has already demanded photos of Tom and I all dressed up, so it's going to happen.
There have been a few unsuccessful attempts to find some dressy shoes the last few days. I got rid of most of mine during the great packing purge when I moved from Oregon to Alaska and everything had to fit in my car. I found these on Zappos.
Hopefully I got the right size, but even if I didn't, Zappos is so fast, I would still have plenty of time to get the right ones.
- Once or twice a year, max.
Would you rather dress up or stick to casual?
- Casual! In fact, where are my pajamas?
Thanks for reporting back on the rootbeer GU!
Your dress looks fab, as do the shoes!
I kept meaning to take my car in for weeks - it's a pain.


text:
Pristimantis gretathunbergae, Greta Thunbergs regngroda, är en groda i familjen Strabomantidae, som lever i Panama. Den är uppkallad efter klimataktivisten Greta Thunberg. Grodan upptäcktes av en grupp biologer, lett av läkarna Abel Batista och Konrad Mebert.

Beskrivning
Arten beskrevs första gången 2022 av zoologer från Panama, Barzilia, Schweiz och Tyskland och ingår i artgruppen Pristimantis ridens. Den är genetiskt närmare arten Pristimantis erythropleura. P. gretathunbergae skiljer sig markant från alla andra Pristimantis-arter som finns i centrala och östra Panama genom sin mycket mörka till svarta icke-retikulära iris, respektive genom sina fullständiga ögon (iris är klar och/eller kraftigt fläckig av ljus hos andra arter ).

Referenser

Stjärtlösa groddjur
Anura
Groddjur i neotropiska regionen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I would love to hear from you! Have a personal thought, question or comment about a post you read? Is there some way that I can be praying for you? Please email me below. I look forward to hearing from you!


If you wish to use this material for other than individual purposes, please take a look at our (very reasonable) terms and conditions of usage.
This material is undergoing revision. Chapters in this version are being updated individually. There are marked formatting differences in the updated material and the modification dates are all 2002 or later. This website should contain the most current versions of each chapter that is currently available. Older versions of these pages may be found at http://www-cs101.ai.mit.edu/ipij and at the Morgan Kaufmann site. Some relatively current pdfs are available here.
For more information, including information on participating in a current or future classroom test, check out the IPIJ home page at Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.


text:
The North Korean Nuclear Problem, Japan, and the Peace of Northeast Asia
Wada Haruki
Volume 5 | Issue 3
Translation by Gavan McCormack
Since the Six Party Beijing Agreement on North Korea of 13 February 2007, optimism has spread on all fronts save one – Japan. For the Abe government, nuclear weapons constitute only part of the North Korea problem. Indeed, as Wada Haruki notes below, for the Japanese government it is not nuclear weapons but the abduction problem that constitutes "the most important problem our country faces."
Former US Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage recently commented to a Korean newspaper (Hankyoreh, 18 February) that it might take more than a decade to achieve the denuclearization of North Korea, and raised the possibility of the US having to "sit down with Japan and prepare for the possibility that North Korea will remain in possession of a certain number of nuclear weapons even as the [Korean] peninsula comes slowly together for some sort of unification." The well-informed Russian observer Georgy Bulychev also suggested a 10-year scenario in writing for Japan Focus.
The shift in policy on the part of the Bush administration since the North Korean nuclear test, opening the possibility of accommodation with North Korea, is having a seismic shock effect on Japan that could prove comparable to the shock of Nixon's China policy shift of three decades ago. With Bush now requiring Japan to negotiate normalization, Abe's North Korea "containment policy" is in disarray, as the Asahi Shimbun commented on 15 February. Nobody in Japan, least of all its Prime Minister, is ready for the sort of "sitting down" that Richard Armitage suggests. Confusion and anger spreads, and some political instability may perhaps be expected.
The following comment, reviewing North Korea's road to developing atomic weapons in the face of the US threat, and in the context of the deepening relationships in recent decades between the Soviet Union and China on the one hand and South Korea on the other, was written by leading Japanese scholar, critic, and North Korea expert, Wada Haruki, for the Spring 2007 issue of the Korean journal Historical Critique (Yoksa Pip'yong), Seoul, Spring 2007, No. 78). Gavan McCormack translates and slightly abridges it here from Wada's original Japanese text. (GMcC)
After North Korea conducted its nuclear test, the 10 October (2006) issue of Rodong Sinmun reported it in column 18 of page 3, as if to say – why the fuss, we said we possessed nuclear weapons and the conduct of a nuclear test is nothing special. The rest of the paper carried details of the celebrations of the 80th anniversary of the foundation of the Down with Imperialism Union.
It showed that the North Koreans themselves were relaxed and that there was nothing out of the ordinary. Of course it also concealed the magnitude of their effort to be able to conduct the nuclear test. But we could see that they were sufficiently in control of things to be able to determine the attitude they would present to the outside world. In Japan, by contrast, the media was full of reports suggesting that North Korea had gone crazy.
North Korea has long been exposed to the threat of American nuclear weapons. It is well known that at the time of the Korean War the US gave serious consideration to the use of such weapons. North Korea fought with the endorsement of the Soviet Union, and with its material aid and the participation of Soviet pilots, but the situation was such that, had the US used nuclear weapons, Soviet nuclear retaliation would have been out of the question. As for China, its forces fought with and gave very considerable aid to North Korea but China did not possess nuclear weapons. In other words, Chinese forces without nuclear weapons fought against American forces that both had them and might well have used them. In the end, the US held back from the use of nuclear weapons, and a ceasefire was reached.
Under this ceasefire, Chinese forces remained in North Korea until 1958. During this period, there were various negotiations between the Soviet Union and China over the question of Chinese nuclear weapons development. In the end, in the context of Sino-Soviet confrontation, China from 1960 undertook to develop nuclear weapons independently. After both the Soviet Union and China in 1956 failed in their plans to replace Kim Il Sung as North Korean leader, from 1961, taking an independent path, North Korea concluded mutual cooperation agreements with both. As a result, North Korea came under the Soviet nuclear umbrella. From 1964 China too came to possess nuclear weapons.
After the ceasefire ending the Korean War, North Korea gave up the idea of unification by force of arms but during the 1960s, stimulated by the course of events in Vietnam, it adopted a line of seeking unification through support for armed guerrilla movements in South Korea. In 1968 it sent guerrillas on a raid to the Blue House and captured the American warship, Pueblo. This North Korea action alarmed the Soviet Union. As the Vietnam War turned into a quagmire, the US responded by making concessions. The North Korean guerrilla incursions were also rejected by the South Korean people. North Korea's unification-by-arms line ended as a whole in defeat, and for the next 25 years there was no possibility of war breaking out on the Korean peninsula. Because there was no risk of war on the Korean peninsula, the South Korean army was able to dispatch a large force to participate in the Vietnam War.
Watching China's independent nuclear development, from the 1960s North Korea was interested in nuclear development, and in the context of its adoption of Juche Ideology and its aim at a "unique ideological system," "a Suryong (leader) system," and a "partisan state," the idea of nuclear weapons as the pillar of autonomous defense came easily. However, even though there may have been such an idea, and research may have begun, the path to success in nuclear development must have seemed remote.
Korean monument to Sure Victory
In the 1980s, South Korea achieved democratization, gained economic power, stabilized its system, and successfully staged the 1988 Olympics. The pressure it exerted on North Korea reached a peak. North Korea's response seems to have been the destruction of the KAL airliner in 1987. When the Soviet Union proceeded to open diplomatic relations with South Korea, it meant that North Korea was deprived of its nuclear umbrella protection. On 2 September 1990, North Korean Foreign Minister Kim Yong-Nam told visiting Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze that since the Soviet-North Korean treaty no longer had any substance, "henceforth we will have to take steps to supply ourselves with the few weapons that till now we have relied on the alliance for." (Asahi Shimbun, 1 January 1991)
To cope with the multi-layered crisis it faced, North Korea seems to have decided simultaneously to begin negotiations for normalizing relations with Japan and to take its first serious steps on the path of nuclear development. Having lost the nuclear umbrella, it must have decided that nuclear weapons would have to constitute the pillar of national defense. Nuclear weapons, which would be aimed at South Korea, were seen as indispensable to make up for the inability to maintain the balance in conventional weapons due to economic collapse. When North Korea blocked the International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors and then withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, a decisive confrontation with the US ensued. In 1993-4, relations moved to the brink of war, for the first time since the ceasefire ending the Korean War. Since the US could not fight such a war without the use of Japan as a base and Japan's full cooperation, it demanded that Japan adopt an effective crisis cooperation system. In the late 1990s, the Joint Security system was redefined, and various laws adopted in Japan for dealing with "regional contingencies" and "emergencies."
However, the 1994 crisis was dramatically resolved by the Carter visit to North Korea and his meeting with Kim Il Sung. The "Agreed Framework" was reached between the US and North Korea soon thereafter. South-North talks were also promised but in the wake of Kim Il Sung's sudden death, because of the policies of South Korean leader Kim Young Sam, South-North relations suddenly grew extremely tense. That influence also reached Japan and even the Murayama Tomiichi government was unable to reopen Japan-North Korea negotiations.
The Kim Dae Jung government came to power in South Korea in 1998 seeking to open South-North relations under the "Sunshine" policy. The realization of the South-North summit of 2000 brought great change. US-North Korea relations were also affected. North Korea's Number Two, Choe Myong-rok, visited Washington and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright visited North Korea. The moment was reached when a visit by President Clinton to North Korea might have decisively pushed the relationship towards normalization. That visit did not, however, materialize.
Kim Dae Jung and Kim Jong Il at 2000 summit in Pyongyang
With the victory of the Republican candidate, George W. Bush, in the presidential election, the situation took a sudden turn for the worse. Bush showed personal hostility towards Kim Jong Il, and referred to North Korea as a member of the "Axis of Evil." After 9/11 he went to war in Afghanistan and in Iraq. North Korea began to look for ways to pursue nuclear weapons development outside of the Agreed Framework which was in shambles.
Major steps were taken towards normalization of relations with Japan with the 2002 Koizumi visit to North Korea and the signing of the Japan-North Korea Pyongyang Declaration. In response, the US insisted that North Korea was pursuing a uranium enrichment program and scrapped the Agreed Framework. However, even though the US was refusing direct negotiations and North Korea was pursuing its nuclear development, from April 2003 the Six Party talks began. These talks culminated in the September 2005 joint statement spelling out the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and a future of peace and cooperation in Northeast Asia. However, just before that agreement, the US Treasury froze North Korean accounts in the Banca Delta Asia in Macao, accusing North Korea of counterfeit dollar manufacture. North Korea said that, unless those financial sanctions were rescinded, it would not return to the Six Party Talks. Instead, it sought direct negotiations with the US, which the US refused. In that context, North Korea carried out its succession of missile tests on 5 July and its nuclear test on 8 October 2006.
Map showing location of North
Korean nuclear test
From this sequence of events, North Korea conducted its nuclear weapon program with the US in mind, while at the same time it was striving for normalization of relations with Japan. Even at the time when it reached the agreement with the US to stop nuclear development, we can see that it did not completely abandon the possibility of nuclear weapon development, thinking of it as perhaps a kind of insurance. The Bush administration's policies threatened North Korea, but were unable to stop it from possessing nuclear weapons.
Japanese meteorological agency official points to seismic indicator of 4.9 following the North Korean October nuclear test
Why is North Korea now manufacturing and possessing nuclear weapons? North Korea explains that its possession of nuclear weapons is the lesson it draws from the war in Iraq. In other words, it sees the Saddam Hussein government in Iraq as having been overthrown by US forces because it did not have nuclear weapons. What does this mean?
We need to pay attention to the situation at the beginning of the Iraq war. It began as an American terrorist stratagem to kill Saddam Hussein. On 18 March 2002, President Bush issued a final ultimatum for Saddam Hussein and his sons to leave Iraq within 48 hours. On 19 March, before the ultimatum expired, the US destroyed a Baghdad restaurant by pinpoint missile attack. It was a terrorist attack based on intelligence that Hussein and his advisers were in that restaurant. Had they been able to kill Hussein, war might have been unnecessary, but this terror measure failed.
North Korea must have watched these events carefully. The US had several times said it was not thinking of military measures against North Korea. But would it not be sensible to think that they might also have been planning to kill Kim Jong Il, and that any intelligence to the effect that North Korea was proliferating nuclear materials or selling to terrorists would have served as a pretext for carrying this out? Presumably because it sensed this, North Korea repeatedly said that it did not intend to proliferate nuclear weapons but it most likely also secretly sent messages to the US saying that they would respond by using nuclear weapons if any attempt was made to kill Kim Jong Il. The spirit of "Defend the Suryong [leader] to the death" has long been cultivated. The slogan of "defend with our lives the respected supreme commander Comrade Kim Jong Il as the brain of the revolution," is the most fundamental slogan of the "military first" [songun] policy. And one can easily understand that nuclear weapons came to be seen as the tool for the resolute defense of Kim Jong Il's life. If North Korea were to use nuclear weapons, it would be against South Korea and Japan. The target would of course be US bases in South Korea and Japan, but North Korea is unlikely to be capable of pin-point attack, and anyway, in the event of any nuclear attack, the US would respond with nuclear counter-attack in the next moment, reducing North Korea to a smoldering wasteland. For North Korea nuclear weapons are really weapons of self-destruction. We recall that along with "the spirit of readiness to die in defense of the leader (suryong)" North Korea also emphasizes the "blow oneself up spirit."
For this reason, in the name of all the people of Northeast Asia, we must insist that any American operation to kill Kim Jong Il be nipped in the bud, while at the same time we absolutely oppose North Korean nuclear weapons.
One additional consideration for North Korea is that possession of nuclear weapons is a diplomatic tool for seeking direct negotiations with the US. In this sense, the North Korean nuclear test had an effect on the US mid-term Democratic victory and forced Bush into a corner. Not only did Bush's Iraq policy have to be revised but his North Korea policy too was affected, and the call for direct talks gathered strength. The US agreed to set up a working group on easing the financial sanctions, with a view to reopening the Six Party talks, and it agreed in practice to bilateral negotiations. Partial moves towards lifting the freeze on North Korean funds in the BDA were reported. It would appear that the US was intent on selling to North Korea the idea of "early harvest."
If all of this was the result of the nuclear test, then it was clear that the nuclear card was really a powerful instrument of North Korean diplomacy. The US could not ignore a North Korea that not only declared that it had nuclear weapons but had given a practical demonstration of them. If North Korea's nuclear weapons were thus an instrument of diplomacy, then it should be possible to respond diplomatically to set about changing relations between North Korea and the other countries.
Put differently, North Korea's nuclear weapons have two sides, the "in itself " component and the diplomatic tool component, and it becomes desirable to widen as much as possible the diplomatic tool component while constraining as much as possible the "in itself" component.
The Ghost of Regime Change Theory
The policy of regime change by non-military, non-terror means constitutes an additional problem. Such thinking exists both within the Bush administration and in the Japanese Abe government. The US tried to achieve this goal by using financial sanctions and human rights as levers.
It is a fact that the UN Security Council resolution for sanctions, led by Japan and the US but supported also by China, Russia and South Korea, functioned as pressure on North Korea. However, there are limits to such pressure. As the US revises its policy on North Korea, it is the Japanese government that, at the present juncture, is left behind.
Since Abe became Prime Minister because of his hard-line stance on the abductions, the resolution of the abductions is the number one problem for his cabinet. All members of cabinet are also members of the "Abduction Problem Headquarters" that he set up. From 10 to 16 December 2006, the first "North Korean Human Rights Violations Week" was conducted under a law passed the previous June. On its opening day, all six national newspapers carried a half page advertisement under a photograph of Prime Minister Abe as head of the Abduction Problems Headquarters and the heading, "Abduction Problem – Striving Earnestly for the Return to Japan of all the Abductees." It included the sentence, "Taking the stance that all the abductees are alive, our country ... is exerting every effort to secure the return of all the victims ..." It is a formulation that takes for granted that North Korea is lying. It also says, "We strongly demand that North Korea immediately send back to Japan all the abductees. The abduction problem is the most important problem our country faces." If resolution of the abduction problem means return of all the abduction victims, then the abduction problem cannot be solved other than by the overthrow of the Kim Il Song government. Adrift in the currents of regime change theory, Japan has abandoned diplomacy.
Japanese government policies and the mood of its media constitute a major obstacle to resolution of the North Korean nuclear problem, and along with the North Korean government's policies, constitute a serious problem for Northeast Asia.
Wada Haruki is professor emeritus, Institute of Social Science, Tokyo University and a specialist on Russia, Korea, and the Korean War.
Posted at Japan Focus on March 10, 2006.
Gavan McCormack, a Japan Focus coordinator, is the author of Target North Korea. Pushing North Korea to the Brink of Nuclear Catastrophe.
See also Gavan McCormack, A Denuclearization Deal in Beijing: The Prospect of Ending the 20th Century in East Asia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Quality and convenience usually are mutually exclusive.
But what people might not realize is that of the 2,400 Michelin-starred restaurants in the world, Nestlé says about 30 percent partner with its haut-coffee-pod brand.
If you're ready to add Nespresso to your daily coffee routine, you're in the right place as the Essenza Mini is a unique model with a lot to offer (despite its small size).
We break it down completely in The Coffee Maven's Nespresso Essenza Mini Review.
The Nespresso Essenza Mini delivers premium Nespresso performance in a condense, smartly designed package. At just 3″ wide and 13″ long, it fits just about anywhere, and it has two default brew sizes (1.35 oz and 3.70 oz) plus simple one-button programmability to give you any brew size every time.
Performance: 93 // The Essenza Mini works as advertised, delivering quality espresso with a crema-like foam on top. (Scroll down to the bottom for why I say crema-like.) The machine is easy to clean, never jams, and gives you easy control over serving sizes with Nespresso's one-touch custom sizing system.
Features & Design: 85 // Due to its compact design and low price point, the Essenza Mini loses points for not having many features. (The one-touch custom sizing system is about as fancy as this model gets.) The compact size also means the smallest water reservoir (20.3 oz) and spent capsule capacity (6) of any Nespresso machine. However, that's all by design! I own the Essenza Mini because I don't have a ton of counter space and want a compact model. In that regard, this model delivers.
Materials: 90 // Internally, the Essenza Mini is made of quality, durable components that yield a reliable coffee time after time. Externally, the Essenza Mini falls behind other Nespresso machines. Its shiny plastic exterior shows fingerprints and isn't totally scratch-resistant. In fact, the whole thing is made of plastic, unlike a few Nespresso machines with stainless steel components, such as the Nespresso Pixie.
Value: 97 // Bang for your buck, the Essenza Mini scores high marks. It's the smallest, most affordable machine Nespresso offers and delivers the same quality OriginalLine-style coffee without fail.
Brand: 92 // Nespresso is a big name synonymous with quality; in fact, many high-end hotels and restaurants provide Nespresso machines for their clientele who know what great espresso is. The Essenza Mini itself is manufactured by either Breville or DeLonghi, which aren't slouches either.
This machine will fit just about anywhere.
Have a few inches between your blender and refrigerator? The Essenza Mini will fit. Live in a small apartment or dorm room? The Essenza Mini will fit. Want a personal machine for your desk at work? The Essenza Mini will fit.
Pro Tip: Have a favorite mug? Measure it! Most demitasse cups, espresso cups, or coffee mugs should fit under the spout, but better safe than sorry.
Note: The model reviewed above is about 9 months old and has been used almost daily, so it has a little visible wear and tear.
Pro Tip: When descaling, the Essenza Mini will cycle through all of the remaining water in the water reservoir, so make sure you have a container under the spout that holds 20 oz.
A downside of the Essenza Mini's compact design is its reduced capacities, chiefly the 20.3 oz water reservoir.
How small is 20.3 oz? You won't need to refill it every day, but definitely every few days. It's enough for 5-10 coffees, depending on whether you prefer 1.35 oz ristretto, 3.70 oz lungo, or something else.
So all-in-all, 20 oz isn't that much smaller.
Simplicity is the name of the game with the Essenza Mini. Now, almost all Nespresso machines are easy to use, and the Essenza Mini isn't an exception.
The capsule drops into the spent capsule container below, which holds up to six used capsules.
I have some issues with calling Nespresso beverages espresso because they don't meet those criteria.
Specifically, I measured the water temperature at just 163°F, well below the 200°F temperature in the definition above. And that was measured on the third run through a pod-less machine into a pre-heated mug. So I prefer to call Nespresso beverages espresso-like and their crema crema-like.
Bryan, does that mean you hate Nespresso?!
No! Actually, I really like Nespresso if you can appreciate it for what it is.
I don't think anyone is going to claim that Keurig makes objectively great coffee. It just doesn't. But people still love Keurig coffee makers because they're simple and good enough.
Similarly, Nespresso is simple and good enough — even better than good. I genuinely like a good Nespresso beverage!
I'm a big fan of the Nespresso universe. While Nespresso doesn't directly compete with Keurig, who goes after coffee drinkers, I think Nespresso makes a far superior single serve machine with better durability and a better final product.
So we've decided that Nespresso is great and you definitely want one of these machines. Good decision.
Is the Essenza Mini that machine?
If you value compact size and affordability more than having features like an integrated milk frothing system, then the Essenza Mini is for you. If you don't mind refilling the water reservoir or emptying out the spent capsule container every few days, then the Essenza Mini is for you!
Have you ever used this machine? Comment below with your own Nespresso Essenza Mini review and tell us what you think!


Lee Gerdes is the founder of Cereset, a wellness company that helps clients manage stress, restore hope and finally achieve restful sleep through patented BrainEcho™ technology. Gerdes, an experienced computer engineer with a background in psychology, physics and math, created Cereset to ease his own stress and restless nights following a violent, physical attack that left him traumatized. His proprietary algorithm has been used to help 130,000 worldwide and has been the subject of several successful clinical trials by Wake Forest University and the U.S. Military.


text:
EquityIssuesWithinTheProffesion Paper
Paper type: Essay , Subject: Affirmative Action
Equity Issues within the Profession:
Angel Merheb
University of Windsor
Why Canada needs affirmative action to combat the diversity deficit within the STEM fields
Within the STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) fields in Canada there is an evident lack of diversity and equity within it as many minorities are discouraged from pursuing a job that's image has been set by society's standards to be a Caucasian male. Without this range of perspectives, it can inhibit the future of the country as there will be a lack of diversity in innovation and customer base as less customers will be represented. The way to combat this issue is by utilizing affirmative action to increase the number of local engineers, correct history's mistakes, and create a society where everyone can flourish.
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Keywords: gender gap, residential schools, discrimination, representation, stereotype, multiculturalism
In Canada, multiculturalism and dealing with all the differing perspectives and ideas that reside within the country has been a topic of constant discussion. Canada is known to represent so many different cultures that are interested in its many perks like universal healthcare and job opportunities that can make it easier for them to find jobs, this attracts so many individuals from all around the world. Many immigrants and minorities feel a sense of belonging and equality in Canada because of the many established laws and practices like the Multiculturalism Act and the Employment Equity Act, but how far does that sense of belonging stretch? In many areas such as work and studies there are always some sections that have less representation for minorities which is why there are still many communities that feel like it is not enough. Many groups bring to the public's attention that the Employment Equity Act's jurisdiction covers only 10 percent of the workforce leaving the rest unaccounted for. The country relies on immigration to help increase its workforce but can be counterproductive in discouraging them to explore areas in science and math and restricting them to less intellectual jobs. Canada and the engineering field is in desperate need of affirmative action as it can correct past wrongdoings it has perpetrated, increase the number of local engineers, and create more diverse innovation that could benefit the country greatly in the long run.
An uncomfortable topic for many Canadians is the discussion of the mistreatment of its aboriginal and First Nation communities. Residential schools and continued oppression of these people is an issue that many of the community members still feel the effects of to this day. The government has made some improvement to correct the mistakes of the past with its Path to Reconciliation Act that aims to address the healing process, build rapport, and reconcile the differences between them. Studies have shown that many of the First nation peoples still suffer from low employment rates, inadequate housing, lower income, and higher rates of suicide. The lasting effects of a terrible legacy is still being felt today and although the Path to Reconciliation Act is a great start, many individuals of these communities need to feel the push forward into the post-secondary education scene and even more in areas of STEM as they are severely underrepresented. Since many have to face more hardships than average just to get in a position of applying, affirmative action can ensure that they can feel welcome and given a higher chance of being admitted. Without an extra helping hand it can be very difficult to compete with everyone else that might have not endured such hardships and do not need certain accommodations because in the end, they were not on equal footing. After so many hardships, obstacles, and mistreatment by Canada, it is only fair that the country gives back and supports these and many other minority groups that have been victims of discrimination into a field they want and feel like they belong. To help heal the discrimination faced, Canada needs affirmative action to ensure a stable future and break the abusive cycle perpetrated onto them.
When talking about minorities most people tend to forget about women. Women have been shown to be severely underrepresented in fields that rely heavily on mathematics and science and it is definitely not because they are inadequate. The STEM fields are largely dominated by males in many countries including Canada making it a very uncomfortable experience for many aspiring female engineers. Many women have the potential to become great leaders in the fields of math and science but are taught either directly or indirectly by their family or society that they cannot do it as it is a man's job. This causes them to grow up with a mindset defining that they cannot achieve great things in the fields that take considerable intellect and are better off in work areas that are less demanding like being a secretary or a nurse and working under the more qualified men. This stereotype can be very detrimental to a women's confidence. It can inhibit a young girl's potential and drive to be a part of that line of work. Representation can play a large role in supporting people and helping them envision themselves as successful individuals in the field, but sadly, many communities do not have that kind of representation to look up to and to encourage them. Almost every movie that has a role for a scientist is played by a Caucasian male causing many to subconsciously make a link between the two, defining the smart and successful person as only a white male. These can include Doc Brown from the "Back to the Future" trilogy and Indiana Jones from "Indiana Jones". Individuals may not even realise that they are making the connection and that these movies have a great impact on the career path they choose to go on. If a young Indian girl for instance loves science and wants to be a scientist someday, the lack of women available for being her role model can take a toll on her mind and cause her to doubt her own abilities and competence. If only men dominate the science department how can she ever compete with them and stand alongside them as an equal when everyone else in the world has told her she is less? Throughout the years it has definitely improved and less gender stereotyping and more encouragement for women has taken place like "hErvolution" and the "Society for Canadian Women in Science and Technology" initiatives. This is a very positive movement as it is encouraging many more young girls and women to join and find acceptance in these disciplines and to give them the courage to decrease the jarring gender gap. Since more than half of the population in the world is made up of women, it only makes sense to give them a voice and a means to help solve the problems that they and others like them face. Most men cannot address these concerns and create solutions to these problems as they have a different set of daily obstacles and cannot always relate to and understand women. If there are more women engineers, it means that more problems can be solved, a broader customer range will be achieved, and more representation will take place, creating a more diverse and innovative society.
Including women and different minorities into the engineering profession can aid the country greatly because many problems cannot possibly be addressed without diverse perspectives and opinions being represented and having a voice. For example, when developing a health app, a male dominated team can provide many services but forget an important part of biology that males do not have to worry about. This is menstruation. Since men do not have to deal with this, they can easily forget to include it into their "universal" app causing women to feel left out and not be able to use the app in all areas concerning their health. Since an engineer's job is to help create solutions to problems, how can one small community possibly think of all the problems faced by people that are different from them and have different needs?
There are many benefits of taking affirmative action towards creating a more diverse and equitable community, but it can also have many pitfalls. Harvard's affirmative action strategies gained negative feedback and became labelled as racist in 2014. Its push to try to include and encourage minorities like the Hispanic and native Americans was viewed as being reverse discrimination as more qualified students with higher SAT scores were being rejected based on their race. This gave African Americans and Hispanics more advantages while applying to college. Also, having a quota system in place causes the chosen people to feel like they constantly need to fight to show that they are worthy and deserve to be in the spot they were given. Although it is true that individuals may feel reverse discriminated in times like this, it is also important to embrace affirmative action for the greater good as it increases the amount of Canadian-born engineers so that the country would not be forced to look internationally to fill the labour gaps and solve its own problems, thus creating more opportunities for Canadians. Ultimately, not every community is on equal footing when they start. Many minorities have to go through much more obstacles and hardships than others just to get into a position of applying to either post-secondary institutions or to work, making it less equal. If there is affirmative action in place it gives these struggling communities a better chance, which only leads to it becoming more equal as it compensates for the hardships they have received in the past. Although taking action to combat the inequitable rates of minorities in fields like engineering can have some drawbacks, it can make up for it by creating a better future with more diversity and inclusion making Canada a leader in fields like science.
Canada is well known around the world for its multiculturalism and respect for all minorities so living up to these expectations can be difficult. What many people do not see is the amount of inequity when it comes to the engineering fields. Many STEM fields are dominated by Caucasian males leading to less diversity in innovation and a less comfortable space for minorities. To ensure participation of groups like women and the disabled in Canada and in the engineering profession, the country needs to implement affirmative action initiatives to break the glass ceiling and inspire the discouraged groups that are facing discrimination within it. Imposter syndrome can be felt across a range of different minorities in the field of engineering as they continuously feel as though they do not belong, ultimately discouraging them to continue and inhibiting their potential. This syndrome causes the individual to doubt themselves and quit early in the race and sometimes even before they start. That is why this country and many others need to establish initiatives and actions to actively promote minorities in engineering because without them hope for these communities will be fragile and easily breakable. The world should not let itself typecast only one community as the image of an engineer as it inhibits the strong and diverse innovation that comes with having a diverse team.
Joseph, B. (2019, April 26). 8 key issues for Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Retrieved from
Z. (2018, February 5). Affirmative action is essential for equality. Retrieved from S. (2016, January 22). These STEM initiatives are inspiring women and girls around the globe. Retrieved from
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As a former child and family therapist at a children's mental health agency, Janice is very aware of the challenges that many children today face, both mentally and emotionally. While the adults in their world play a significant role in helping children to learn to regulate their emotions, there are also some things that children can be empowered to learn themselves.
Combining her therapy/mental health and yoga/meditation backgrounds, Janice developed the Mindful Movement program, which is a blend of gentle, accessible, yoga-based movements to help participants connect with their bodies in a positive way while learning to cultivate focused attention through present-moment awareness (Mindfulness) and regulated breathing. Participants are encouraged to listen to their bodies with each subtle movement and are thus, developing body-awareness and intuition. Even the busiest of bodies can generally find a sense of calm and relaxation during and following a Mindful Movement session.
Mindful Movement facilitators pepper in tidbits of psychoeducational information throughout the session, regarding the "why's" behind some of the practices we are engaging in, ie. Calming our nervous system, helping us to be present and pay attention, gently moving and stretching our bodies to keep us healthy and mobile, and learning to slow down our breath to help us in times of stress or anxiety.
These are skills that, when consistently practiced, begin to generalize outside of practice on the mat (or chair) and ideally become a way of life!
Janice has been teaching Mindful Movement to youth and adults in the mental health programs at the Oakville hospital for a year and a half and it has continued to receive positive feedback from both participants and staff. She teaches at community agencies in Halton and facilitates workshops for businesses (corporate wellness) and schools throughout the GTA.
For further information, or to schedule a booking for your school or class, please connect with Janice here.


text:
Q: Collections.sort not give expected I'm trying to sort the index of an array based on the value at that index. Eg. [0,2,2,1] would give [0,2,3,1] or [0,3,2,1]
List<Integer> index_map = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(0,1,2,3));
final int[] sizes = {0,2,1,1};

Collections.sort(index_map, new Comparator<Integer>() {
    @Override
    public int compare(Integer a, Integer b) {
        return sizes[a] < sizes[b] ? -1 : 1;
    }
});
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sizes));
System.out.println(index_map);

However, using Collections.sort() and the defined comparartor gives [0,3,1,2] instead. Can someone tell me why the output is like that and if there's a better way to accomplish the target? Thanks

A: FIX: you miss th case for equal value and don't re-implement the comparison code, use the method Integer.compare directly :
List<Integer> index_map = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(0,1,2,3));
final int[] sizes = {0,2,1,1};

Collections.sort(index_map, new Comparator<Integer>() {
    @Override
    public int compare(Integer a, Integer b) {
        return Integer.compare(sizes[a],sizes[b]);
    }
});

Improve: it can be reduce with it's lambda version
Collections.sort(index_map, (a, b) -> Integer.compare(sizes[a], sizes[b]));

Best: use the comparingInt that allows to just specify the value to use to compare, also you can direcrly call sort on the list :
index_map.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(a -> sizes[a]));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


WOOD Magazine documents a span of time spent hiking in a number of places around the United States. The first issue documented 10 hours in the Golden Gate National Recreational Area outside of San Francisco. Notes and photos based on what the hiker saw and experienced as time passed are included in a final booklet that presents an hour by hour account of the time in the woods, along with ecological research of the area.


Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Ltd.
In 2015, Agrium Inc. and Potash Corporation accounted for 64.5 per cent of all phosphate purchases from Western Sahara. On September 11, 2016, the two companies agreed to an all-stock merger of equals that will create a combined company with 20,000 employees and $20.6 billion in sales.
 PotashCorp, "Overview, About: Who We Are" http://www.potashcorp.com/about/overview/.
 PotashCorp, "Phosphate Rock from Western Sahara," November 2015, http://www.potashcorp.com/media/POT_Western_Sahara_11-2015.pdf.
 Financial Post, "Canadian Firms Dominate Phosphate Imports from Western Sahara: Report," April 8, 2016, http://business.financialpost.com/news/mining/canadian-firms-dominate-phosphate-imports-from-western-sahara-report.


text:
Home > Opinion > Columns
[OUTLOOK]Trade talks are domestic also
Seoul and Washington made a good start in 2006 by agreeing to commence negotiations for a free trade agreement between the two countries. But no matter how good a start it might be, there is no guarantee that it will lead to a good result. The free-trade negotiations with Japan had a good beginning and seemed to progress smoothly: The initial goal was to conclude the agreement by the end of 2005. Yet, since the sixth meeting was held in October, 2004, no progress has been made. With no plan on when to resume the meetings, the negotiations have been laid aside as if they never happened. On the surface, agricultural products seem to be an obstacle, but in fact, the deadlock is due to political factors. The dispute over Dokdo islet and the controversial visits to Yasukuni Shrine have ruined the negotiating mood.
Since we are beginning negotiations with Washington while letting the partially completed negotiations with Tokyo stand, the nation can end up looking half-hearted unless we successfully seal the deal this time. Many obstacles await us in the course of negotiations with Washington. Many troubles are expected in economic negotiations, but the recent anti-American sentiment that has grown among some parts of society could be a big threat. Under these circumstances, what do we need to do to successfully conclude the trade pact with the United States?
First, a successful free trade agreement has to be a priority of state policy. Of course, the talks are beginning because the agreement is a part of the national policy. But that is not enough. A consensus has to be reached within the government. We should agree and be determined to make certain sacrifices in order to conclude the agreement with the United States because it is essential to our national strategy. Several political and economic problems are already expected to be an impediment to the talks. The bigger interests that the unidentified majority will enjoy from the agreement might be overshadowed by small disadvantages to an unidentified minority. Their voices and claims are heard aloud, and already the atmosphere has worsened, resulting in the cancellation of a public hearing on the negotiations. With the local elections approaching, I expect that many politicians will try to exploit differences over national policies to please voters. The government has to have firm determination and courage to overcome these obstacles, and we are not confident that the government has the drive.
Second, a very powerful man has to take the helm and lead Seoul's side of the negotiation. While the Office of the Minister of Trade will be in charge of the negotiations, it needs a powerful patron. The domestic bargaining will be as difficult as those with Washington. So many government agencies and interest groups will be involved, and the negotiating team will have to work against the resistance of bureaucrats trying to protect their existing interests. Sometimes our negotiators will have to fight against them and sometimes compromise with them. In order to use strategies freely, the commander has to have power. In the past, the leader lacked drive and would just order his subordinates to settle troubles smoothly. This time, an influential figure has to take charge and keep things moving.
Because each ministry will hold on to its partisan interests, the negotiating team should oversee them from the perspective of the nation and make appropriate decisions on whether to give up or adopt suggestions from ministries. The job is very important but might make enemies, so not just anyone can play the role. Of course, the president has to make final decisions, but the prime minister, who has a lot of influence these days, seems to be a suitable candidate for the commander of the team. He is especially appropriate considering the significance and toughness of the negotiations with Washington. The deputy prime minister for economy might have been a natural choice in the past, but his power has been reduced too much now for this job.
Third, the government has to plan the negotiating schedule carefully and tackle it strategically. Seoul is aiming to conclude the negotiations by the spring of 2007, so the agenda has to be planned in reverse order to meet the deadline. A comprehensive conclusion, both with Washington and domestically, has to be reached. The government needs to provide financial and administrative support, making concesssions and seeking ways to persuade people. Unreasonable complaints should be prevented. What's most important is prompt decisions. If we are still reluctant after hours of meetings, we can never make the deadline.
Once we complete the negotiations with Washington according to schedule, Seoul will earn international trust as a faithful negotiator. But if domestic troubles impede the negotiation, we had better be ready to see considerable losses.
* The writer is a columnist for the JoongAng Ibo. Translation by the JoongAng Daily staff.
by Choi Woo-suk
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It was a strange night for everyone associated with the Burns Bulldogs.
First, the Bulldogs were playing what was supposed to be their �Senior Night� home game at another location � oddly, rival Crest�s Sid Bryson Stadium.
Secondly, the R-S Central Hilltoppers (1-10) who most expected to be a pushover, proved anything but in the opening half, trailing Burns only 14-6 at the break.
But Jaylin Hill�s 78-yard kickoff return for a touchdown to open the third quarter served as a trumpet blast to wake up the Bulldogs.
From that point they exploded for a 49-6 triumph that clinched the No. 1 3A seed for Matt Beam�s Burns squad out of the South Mountain Athletic Conference.
Next week the Bulldogs (5-0, 7-3), who now own a share of their third straight league crown for the first time ever, can win it outright with a victory at Shelby. Burns hasn�t lost a SMAC league contest since 2009.
When Burns got a one-yard scoring run from Tylan Ruff on its first series, it seemed it might be an easy night for the Bulldogs. But R-S came right back with a 58-yard scoring pass from Elric Ruff to Rashaun Whitesides to make it 7-6.
Burns got a another short scoring run in the second period to go to the break in front 14-6.
But successive big plays early in the third quarter turned the tide for good. After Hill�s touchdown on the return, Ajonte Coates picked up a fumble and dashed 40 yards to make it 28-6 less than three minutes after halftime.
Burns� offense then produced a 10-yard scoring pass from Chris Montgomery to Reggie Schenck, plus another one-yard touchdown from Ruff, and led 42-6 with 9:02 left.
Travis Brooks would complete the scoring for the Bulldogs, picking up a fumble and dashing 28 yards to the end zone with 2:36 to play.


text:
Noé Maya Vilchis (ur. 1 lutego 1985 w mieście Meksyk) – meksykański piłkarz występujący najczęściej na pozycji ofensywnego pomocnika, obecnie zawodnik Tijuany.

Kariera klubowa
Maya jest wychowankiem zespołu San Luis FC. Do drużyny seniorów, występującej wówczas w drugiej lidze, dołączył przed sezonem 2004/2005 i już po roku awansował z nią do najwyższej klasy rozgrywkowej. W meksykańskiej Primera División zadebiutował za kadencji trenera Carlosa Reinoso – 28 września 2005 w przegranej 1:2 konfrontacji z Necaxą. Pół roku później, w rozgrywkach Clausura 2006, wywalczył z San Luis historyczny sukces w postaci wicemistrzostwa kraju.

Nie potrafiąc wywalczyć sobie miejsca w wyjściowej jedenastce San Luis, Maya sezon 2006/2007 spędził w drugoligowym Correcaminos UAT, będąc podstawowym graczem drużyny z siedzibą w mieście Ciudad Victoria. W rozgrywkach 2007/2008 występował w Club Tijuana, także w drugiej lidze meksykańskiej – Liga de Ascenso. Na tym samym szczeblu rozgrywek rozegrał także jeden mecz w barwach Petroleros de Salamanca, w sezonie Apertura 2008.

Po powrocie do San Luis Maya strzelił pierwszego gola w pierwszej lidze meksykańskiej – 18 lutego 2009 w zremisowanym 2:2 spotkaniu z Cruz Azul. Latem 2011 na zasadzie rocznego wypożyczenia zasilił swój były klub, Tijuanę, tym razem pełniący rolę beniaminka Primera División.

Linki zewnętrzne

Meksykańscy piłkarze
Piłkarze San Luis FC
Piłkarze Correcaminos UAT
Piłkarze Club Tijuana
Piłkarze Petroleros de Salamanca
Urodzeni w 1985
Ludzie urodzeni w mieście Meksyk


text:
Q: Swagger-annotation generation I have a problem generating a swagger.json file with swagger annotations. The problem is with the generation of map with array.
Ex:
I have an @ApiModel with a field:
@JsonProperty
private Map<String, String[]> example;

When it generates it looks like this:
"example" : {
               "type" : "object",
                "additionalProperties" : {
                "$ref" : "#/definitions/Array"
             }
            }

"Array" : {
            "type" : "object"
        },

When I create my client class with swagger-codegen based on the generated json, it resolve to:
private Map<String, Array> example = new HashMap<String, Array>();

But Array doesn`t exist.
Based on what I`ve seen, the json should look like this:
  "definitions": {
    "example": {
      "type": "object",
      "additionalProperties": {
        "type": "array",
        "items": {
          "type": "string"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Is there anyway to make it works ?
I use: Dropwizard, Jersey2, Swagger, JAX-RS


June 13, 2018 -- Advanced visualization firm Riverain Technologies has been awarded a patent for a software process that features deep learning and synthetic data modeling.
The patent covers the company's ClearRead CT software, which is designed to enhance the computer-aided detection (CAD) and diagnosis of lung cancer at an earlier stage by selectively removing anatomical structures from CT scans to optimize reading accuracy.
The software may be applicable for other clinical uses within modalities such as MRI, PET, full-field digital mammography, and tomosynthesis, where normal structures interfere with the detection and diagnosis of disease, according to Riverain.