text:
On that time you fucked a cop
Last week, I fucked a cop. I knew that he was a piece of shit. I knew I didn't want anything out of this other than a mind-blowing one-night stand. He was the hottest guy I ever slept with and 10/10 great in bed. I never returned his calls, nor do I plan on seeing him again. It was probably some of the best sex of my life, so why do I feel dirty when I think about it?
The simple answer is because you fucked a cop, but you caught me bored on a Monday, so let's dig a little deeper.
You use two spaces after periods, which means you're probably in your mid thirties. (You could be older, but I doubt it.) You're college educated, and based on your phrasing, I'm gonna go with east coast, so I'm also guessing this was NYPD.
Now, if you're in your thirties and an NYPD officer is the hottest guy you've ever slept with, that means you've probably spent some time trapped in a long-term monogamous relationship, most likely a marriage that ended some time in the last year or two, which also explains why you're still confused over how to feel about having a one-night stand.
That's why you're writing in to an advice columnist with a list of post-one-night stand clichés. You're half bragging/half guilty, which is understandable given that you're experiencing the garden variety cognitive dissonance that occurs when a thirty-something woman finally gets around to a little sexual experimentation.
Fucking a cop is the closest you've ever come to having a bad-boy phase. In fact, that's what your little one-night stand was — a late-in-the-game miniaturized bad-boy phase, and like all women who eventually mature, at some point you look back over your bad-boy phase and wonder what in the hell you were thinking. For most women, that happens over the course of many years. For you, it all happened in the same week.
That's cool, though. You had an adventure and got your brains fucked out by a guy you'd cross the street to avoid in daylight. Good for you. Feel a little dirty, sort it out, and on to the next.
← On annoying clients
21 thoughts on "On that time you fucked a cop"
Call him back for a second round.
J Lynn says:
What phrasing seemed like East Coast?
Admittedly off-topic to cop-fucking, but I really enjoy studying US regional accents, so I'm wondering what you noticed that seemed eastern/nyc-area. After reading the "ask" again, the language still seems pretty generic to me, but maybe that's because I've spent a lot of time in the NE myself. The only possible clue was maybe that her sentences are declarative, short and to-the-point, matching the idea that people in the mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes big cities tend to be more direct than elsewhere?
The Coquette says:
Yeah, I didn't hear an accent. It was her clipped writing style, the phrase "10/10 great in bed," and her use of never/nor. (Also, it's a sheer numbers bet. If my readers fucked a cop, it was most likely NYPD.)
Good catch noticing the never/nor thing. I guess the more bland, common way to say it would be "I didn't return his calls and don't plan to see him again." The never/nor way is more emphatic, more verbally confident, which does fit the general stereotype for New Yorkers. I will listen for never/nor from now on to see if I notice any regional trend. Thanks for indulging my geekery.
Kate Musk says:
Damn sistaaa that was SHARP!
Perspectivator says:
Oh jesus christ…now i'm riveted to this comment page hitting refresh to see if this woman got Sherlocked.
It doesn't really matter because that tale was so plausible. I kinda just want to let the perfection drift through the sky like an exhaled heavenly bong hit through 2000 Fonseca Port.
I really wish I could edit my comment. That's really poor phrasing for such a poetic though.
I honestly think you're reaching a bit too far with your inferences based on her writing style. It's certainly interesting but it felt tangential and distracted from the rest of the response. You usually make assumptions about those who write in, that's all part of running an advice column. I'd be willing to bet those assumptions are correct the majority of the time but it doesn't seem like it improved your response this time.
Maybe, but I got a very clear picture in my head. It's a very specific kind of Brooklyn hipster thirty-something that will call a cop a "piece of shit" and still fuck him. I mean sure, she could have been from San Fransisco or Chicago, but the tone of her reaction would have been different. Also, I'm not pulling this stuff out of my ass. People stopped being taught to use two spaces after periods in the early 90s as computers changed how people typed. People who still do it are almost always over 35. Of course, she might be 23 and her mom taught her to type, but again, her writing style would have been different. (And if I'm wrong, I'm wrong. This shit's still fun for me.)
Yeah, posts where you break down their writing are always entertaining as hell.
Boston Southie.
My mom does the two spaces thing and is in her 50s.
Are there no respectable police officers? I know what kind of person the position attracts, and that the system is horrifically broken, but someone's gotta want the job to actually protect people, right? You've said you have to participate in the system to work the system.
You can be a fireman, a paramedic, a social worker, a public school teacher… there are all kinds of ways to protect people and participate in the system that don't involve overt violence. That's what the police are — the bureaucratic embodiment of state violence. I've said it before, the idea that "most cops are good" means nothing when policing is built on a foundation of institutional racism and systemic violence.
Cokey you're the Veronica Mars (season 1+2) of the Internet
I dislike the moral assumption that coquette makes here and elsewhere that a woman's values are reflected by the morals of the men she decides to rub her body parts against.
It's actually kind of sad to view pussy as an arm of justice, seeing all the other stuff a woman had that can change effectively combat state violence (amongst others).
Margo says:
you must not have been reading her long because who could possibly fucking forget the line "the only thing worse than a bitch who thinks her pussy is lined with gold is one who thinks it's lined with social justice".
Also your entire comment is inaccurate.
We finally know who you really are… SHERLOCK HOLMES.
Uhm…Irene Adler.
Danielle Bingham says:
I love all of these well-worded, big-bodied opinions immensely! It is so fulfilling to witness intellectual interaction that does not include the phrase, "where u at" at any point! Its like a cool breath of fresh air. Thank you.


Over the past 2 years Cyprus has received more than €2bn in foreign investment via their permanent residency and "Citizenship via investment" programmes.
The Republic of Cyprus is an ex-British colony (Cyprus is not part of Greece), a full member of the EU and currently has the most attractive residency programme on offer for non-EU citizens. And her "Citizenship via investment" programme has been ranked in the Top 10 in the world by an international lifestyle review.
Cyprus has become the darling of foreign investors and is an attractive investment option because of the new energy fields, privatisation and reforms. The country exceeded growth expectations for first half of 2015 growing 2,3% in Q3; and with 1,6% GDP growth forecast for 2016, the Eurozone has declared Cyprus a success story.
The Cypriot Government recently announced 4 enhancements to their already attractive FAST TRACK permanent residency programme – making this the quickest, most inexpensive & most attractive residency programme in the EU.
Parents & parents-in-law of the main applicant also qualify on same residency application! So there is no need for each parent to purchase their own property to secure permanent residency.
All dependent children will retain their residency permits for life, without the need to submit any other supporting documentation!
Dependents of a residency permit holder can study in Cyprus on a temporary student visa for the whole duration of their studies and after graduation will secure their residency permits regardless of their age.
In the case of the main applicant's death, if the contract was solely in his/her name then the spouse and descendants can continue to retain their residency permits without the need of any other criteria. The old regulation required the spouse and dependents to reapply once they had shown property ownership.
Dependent children up to the age of 25* qualify.
The residency permits are FOR LIFE – they automatically renew every year.
It only takes 4 – 6 weeks for the residency permits to be processed and approved.
No need to stay/live in Cyprus: except for 1 day every 2 years – so you can continue to live & work in South Africa while retaining your EU residency status.
No minimum annual tax levied for your residency permit to remain valid; and Cyprus' personal & corporate tax rates are the lowest in Europe.
No inheritance tax: this is highly advantageous for legacy planning.
The annual property-ownership costs (council taxes, levies, rates etc.) are one of the cheapest in Europe.


Working with Economic Indicators Edition by Donald N. Stengel and Publisher Business Expert Press. Save up to 80% by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9781606492833, 1606492837. The print version of this textbook is ISBN: 9781606492826, 1606492829.


MIU COLOR® Foldable Cargo Trunk Organizer is a High Quality Washable Storage with Reinforced Handles and Durable Cover.
I received the trunk organizer with a bonus soft sided cooler a couple of months ago. When I first opened it – I knew I'd find several uses for it. There's so many features in this well constructed organizer!
It can be stored in its own zipper case which has a handle. Also comes in a stuff sack. It has dividers on the inside that can be moved to use in different configurations and a variety of pockets on the outside.
A nice little plus is it has a reflective triangle that can be used in the event you are broken down on the side of the road.
Depending on your lifestyle this trunk organizer has so many uses. For your gym gear, sports gear, groceries, office supplies, baby gear – it's endless.
After using it a few times for groceries…. I am now storing jumper cables, blanket and a small bag with hammer & a few emergency supplies. Sort of a bug out bag (BOB). These items have always been in the trunk of my Toyota Corolla – however they were always rolling around.
Now they sit neatly in the MIU Color trunk organizer towards the back of the trunk. When I go to load groceries these items are not in the way anymore.
This great organizer will bring the OCD out in anyone haha! It's worth clicking on the link to view more about their product if you need some organization in your vehicle.
Made with High quality 1680 DD polyester. Non-slip gripper pads at the bottom will prevent sliding around!
Flexible space design makes it easy to expand and fold up, when folded, it likes a hand bag, space saving.
8 High Quality bags outside make it easy to store and find your small things. Also, a stiff cover will protect your stuff better!
MIU COLOR Cargo Trunk Organizer keeps Your Car Tidy and Under Control, also Benefit all Your Life!
✔ When Shopping? Easily store your shopping bags and prevent your groceries from rolling around your trunk.
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✔ Even in an emergency? Just remove the organizer from your vehicle and place outside for additional visibility. A warming reflective parking triangle sewn on the pocket will be useful.
Please do not wash the organizer in water or wash it in a washing machine, it will badly damage the organizer.
We advise you clean it by wiping the surface slightly back and forth with damp cloth. If stains with oil or drink, you could also use a small brush like toothbrush to clean them.
After Clean, put the boxes in ventilated place until they are totally dry. Dry it in the HOT SUN will not be recommended!


Considering an intelligent optimization of individual mobility-induced CO2 emissions, the usage of renewable energies in electric vehicles is obvious. Unfortunately, renewable energies are not as consistent in their availability over the day and over the seasons as conventional energies based on oil and gas. For this reason, the energy generated by renewable sources would have to be buffered in special energy storage systems for later usage. But not all customers relish the idea of installing a voluminous temporary storage system in their homes.
In our approach we take a model based generic mobility demand of the everyday mobility behaviour as a basis for evaluating the emission savings potential for a household. For that aim a high usage factor of the energy generated by a home-integrated photovoltaic system (PV) is crucial. This work presents the optimisation process for determining the optimal configuration of the PV, buffer system and electric vehicle (EV) relative to the respective mobility characteristics. In order to evaluate the emission savings, the optimisation also proceeds with regard to cost-effectiveness considerations. This is conducted in a two-layered assessment. First, the technical costs for all installations are considered. Then, based on survey results, subjective user-dependent factors are integrated.
The results show that the emission savings potential ranges up to 90% of everyday mobility behaviour, taking different EVs as a basis for the mobility demand model. Relating to a compact car, an average savings potential of 75% is realistic. The main contributor for increasing the savings is the buffer storage system, allowing for emission-neutral recharging at all times.


text:
Primus lT is a professional ftth manufacturer in China, committing to the research and development of PON technology and provides the best solution in ftth to ethernet/lan converter. Primus lT can cooperate in the development according to the special requirements of customers, and provide customers with a complete set of FTTH solutions based on acomplete ftth network connection product line.
FTTH Types
GPON (Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Networks) technology is the latest generation of broadband passive optical integrated access standard based on the ITU-TG.984.x standard. It has many advantages such as high bandwidth, high efficiency, large coverage, and rich user interfaces. Considered by most operators as an ideal technology to realize broadband and comprehensive transformation of access network services.
The asymmetric system only has a downlink rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s, while the uplink rate is still 1.25 Gbit/s. As the first mature next-generation PON technology, 10G EPON technology is in line with network development trends. It has the advantages of large bandwidth, large optical splitting ratio, compatible networking with EPON, unified network management, and smooth upgrade.
GEPON generally refers to a passive optical network as a pure medium network, which avoids electromagnetic interference and lightning effects from external equipment, reduces the failure rate of lines and external equipment, improves system reliability, and saves Maintenance cost is a long-term technology that the telecom maintenance department expects.
Symmetrical mode: That is, the uplink and downlink rates are both 10G. The asymmetric mode can be considered as a transitional form of the symmetric mode. In the early stage where the upstream bandwidth demand is less and the cost is more sensitive, the asymmetric mode can be used. With the development of business and technological progress, it will gradually transition to an asymmetrical model.
Combo, as the name implies, means a combination. Combo PON is a combination of GPON and 10G GPON. It uses two technologies to adopt different bearer wavelengths. The two wavelengths are combined in one optical module to achieve independent transmission of GPON and 10G GPON optical signals.
FTTH Fiber to the Home China
FTTH (Fiber to the home) is a transmission method of fiber communication. Specifically, FTTH refers to the installation of optical network units (ONU) at home users or corporate users and is the type of optical access network application that is closest to users in the optical access series except for FTTD. The notable technical feature of FTTH is that it not only provides greater bandwidth, but also enhances the transparency of the network to data formats, rates, wavelengths, and protocols, relaxes the requirements for environmental conditions and power supply, and simplifies maintenance and installation.
Advantages of FTTH technology
1. Very large transmission medium and speed and high bandwidth.
2. Its bandwidth is relatively wide, and the long distance is exactly in line with the large-scale use of operators.
3. Easy and fast installation.
4. Low-cost maintenance.
5. Low losses in network.
6. Enhance the transparency of the network to the data format, rate, wavelength and protocol.
7. Relaxed requirements on environmental conditions and power supply.
8. Increased reliability of broadband transmissions in comparison to other networks, either today or in the future.
Applications of FTTH service
FTTH is a comprehensive access solution for all services. Although the main driving force of FTTH is broadband video services in the future, FTTH must be able to support a variety of existing narrowband and broadband services, as well as possible new services in the future. FTTH system must be able to provide integrated access, so that users can enjoy multiple services at the same time.
PON technology, especially EPON, is widely used in the access network. EPON and GPON manufacturer put efforts on promoting the simplification of the network level, makes the network structure clear, management and maintenance more convenient, and greatly reduces the cost of computer room, electricity, and maintenance. The current access network construction is widely implemented by EPON, and common networking methods include FTTB+LAN, FTTB+EOC, and even FTTH.
In the past, EPON devices were mostly independent box-type devices with low port density, low capacity, and simple business functions. Now, operators mostly adopt integrated equipment that combines EPON and Layer 3 switches, especially the integration of large-capacity, multi-function switches. EPON is inserted into the chassis of the switch as a plug-in card (multiple EPON modules can be inserted), so that the OLT part of EPON and the aggregation layer switch are integrated, which further simplifies the network structure.
Another advantage of this is to make business processing more flexible and convenient, such as flexible QinQ technology, VLAN three-layer termination, and even MPLS VPN services. At present, the integrated equipment with the highest business performance can provide 160 PON ports, which fully meets the operators' high-bandwidth and large-capacity access requirements.
FTTH telecom development
In the optical access family, there are FTTB (Fibre To The Building) fiber to the building, FTTC (Fibre To The Curb) fiber to the roadside, FTTSA (Fibre To The Service Area) fiber to the service area, and so on.
When the optical fiber is directly connected to the user's home, there are no restrictions on its bandwidth, wavelength and transmission technology. it is suitable for the introduction of various new services. it is the most ideal service transparent network and the ultimate way for the development of access network. Although the development speed of mobile telecommunication network is amazing, because of its limited bandwidth, the terminal volume can not be too large, the display screen is limited and other factors, people still pursue the fixed terminal with relatively superior performance, that is, they want to achieve fiber to the home.
The charm of fiber to the home lies in its great bandwidth, which is the best way to solve the "last kilometer" bottleneck from the Internet backbone to the user's desktop. With the upgrading of technology, the cost of fiber to the home is greatly reduced, which will soon be comparable to DSL and HFC, which makes it possible to make FTTH practical. In addition, FTTH technology is also used to solve the "last kilometer" problem in the information superhighway. FTTH+ Ethernet is much faster than ADSL and ISDN.
FAQs of FTTH
Q: What is Fiber TO THE HOME (FTTH) Technology?
Speaking of FTTH, we must first talk about fiber access. FTTH belongs to the access network part. The access network is the part from the local office or remote module to the user, which mainly completes the multiplexing and transmission functions, and generally does not include the switching function. Historically, this part was also called the local loop or subscriber loop. According to the definition of ITU-T, FTTH is the entrance of the fiber to the household. There is no copper wire between the end office and the household. The FCC in the United States defines a new meaning for the "H" in FTTH. Family, including small business establishments.
Q: What Is The Difference Between Gpon And Epon?
EPON and GPON have their own advantages and disadvantages. GPON is superior to EPON in terms of performance indicators. However, EPON has advantages in time and cost. GPON is catching up. Looking forward to the future broadband access market, it may not be a substitute for others, but coexistence and complementarity. For customers with high bandwidth, multi-service, QoS and security requirements and ATM technology as the backbone network, GPON will be more suitable. For cost-sensitive, QoS, and low-security customer groups, EPON has become the dominant one.
More Topics about FTTH
Benefits of Using FTTH
1. It is a passive network, from the central office to the user, it can basically be passive in the middle;
2. Its bandwidth is relatively wide, and the long-distance is just in line with the large-scale use of operators;
3. Because it is a service carried on optical fiber, there is no problem;
4. Because of its relatively wide bandwidth, the supported protocols are relatively flexible;
5. With the development of technology, more complete functions have been developed including point-to-point, 1.25G and 10g FTTH methods.
Ftth Internet
In the optical access family, there are FTTB (Fiber To The Building) fiber to the building, FTTC (Fiber To The Curb) fiber to the roadside, FTTSA (Fiber To The Service Area) fiber to the service area and so on.
FTTH is the Triple Play broadband solution that the final telecom network intends to provide. Each household provides one-core or two-core optical fiber, and uses passive optical network PON to provide low-cost, high-stability, and home users who meet the needs of voice, data and image services. The technologies and networks currently in use include E-PON, A/B-PON, G-PON, and WDM-PON.
Ftth Test
Ensuring the high stability of network operations tests the pre-test work of PON service providers, the ability of network monitoring in the service, and the ability to quickly check and repair when obstacles occur, including: PON fiber quality measurement, OLT and ONU network traffic Test, All in One's PON fiber and network test, etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Version control is a necessary piece of the open source community and Git has an unfortunately steep learning curve. It is easy to forget that the tools we use everyday are not actually intuitive for beginners. The purpose of this article is to help educators anticipate where their students' confusion and questions might be coming from. Here is what I have learned from teaching Git to beginners, so you do not have to make the same mistakes.
This article is not an outline or a road map you can follow. This article is the caution sign along the side of the road telling you where there are sharp turns and potholes. There is no good one-size-fits-all curriculum, so instead this is a collection of the problems you might come across while teaching Git and some tips for how to avoid them or deal with them when you get there.
Before you start teaching how to use Git, start by giving your newbie an understanding of the environment Git exists in and the problem that it solves. A lot of the confusion that occurs later on (related to remotes, branching, commit history structure) can be avoided if your beginner understands why Git exists.
When explaining Git, do not say "it's version control". This isn't helpful, especially to beginner programmers. That phrase only helps if they already know some other version control system.
I like to say that Git is a tool that protects yourself and others from yourself and others. Git exists so you can modify/change/break/improve your code, secure in the knowledge that you can not ruin your work too badly because you created save points along the way.
When teaching Git, try not to get side tracked and accidentally teach graph theory or what a hash function is or any other cool concept underlying Git. It is easy to start talking about the things you think are interesting, but just focus on the part the student needs to know. They will be learning a lot of new information in this process and adding on unnecessary levels of detail will compete for attention with necessary information.
You're teaching your student to drive, not how the engine works.
You must explain the terms before using them and then use them so that your student can Google when they get confused later. This seems basic to say, but we all fail at this regularly, so explain what the terminology means before using it. When teaching a new tool, try not to use incantations, and instead use analogous phrases or metaphors.
For tips on constructing good metaphors, see "Bad Metaphors" by Thursday Bram in the 0th issue of The Recompiler.
When teaching git init actually say the word 'initialize', because 'init' sounds like 'in it', which can be confusing.
Make sure you explain that this will have git keep track of changes in your current directory and if they leave this directory, there is not a way for git to keep track of changes elsewhere. If your student has a firm grasp on what ls -la does, then I recommend showing them that git init created the subdirectory .git. You can even show them what happens if you delete .git.
The staging area is a confusing concept so this would be the ideal time to break out the whiteboard and start drawing pictures. By using terms like 'staging area,' you're invoking a sense of moving things spatially, so be careful and make sure your student understands that files are not being moved from one directory to another. Moving files from the 'working directory' to the 'staging area' and then the 'repository' does not move them but actually changes how Git is keeping track of them.
Encourage your student to use this command constantly. Since it won't change the state of things, you can use it at any time whether state has changed or not to help them see. Teach them to use this a lot because it will be useful in the future when they're confused. This command should be at the top of their list of "how do I figure out what happened" tools.
Sometimes students think add means "start tracking this file" rather than "include the changes from this file." To avoid this confusion, don't just use the incantations: explain the steps, and walk them through multiple commits so you can add a file which had been included in the previous commit.
rm and mv can be very confusing to learn alongside add, and I recommend waiting until a later day to teach these tools because they probably won't need them for a while. Let them get used to how git add works and feel comfortable with it before getting to these.
More so than many of the other commands, forcing yourself to explain the concept of a commit as much as possible before using the word commit is useful, in part because commit has conflicting meanings in colloquial English. Explain that commit is a save point or a check point. If you're talking to someone who likes playing video games, this is an ideal time to use video game metaphors.
You can also talk about a commit as a collection of changes that need to be made together. Especially with beginner programmers, explain this concept with non-code examples, because it might not be clear that saving files separately could leave the code base in a broken state.
Always make sure you teach git commit -m "message" because if they forget to use the -m flag then git will open vi and ask them to enter the message and save the file. No one wants that. Using vi without prior experience is a confusing and potentially scary process so teach commit as if commit without -m does nothing.
This is a great time to talk about documentation as well.
A strange confusion I've run into is some beginners think commit means push. My theory is that a lot of people teach push as the command immediately after commit and it is a more recognizable concept so they latch on to that. However, learning 'commit' as a separate command, rather than a step that is a part of pushing (or, worse, synonymous), is important. To avoid this problem, walk through the process of adding and committing a few times before setting up and pushing to the remote repository. This will separate git commit from git push and help show that the commands to set up the remote repo are not a part of the workflow.
log, much like status, is an incredibly important tool that doesn't get enough attention early on. Many tutorials do not show how to recover old states, despite the fact that the whole point of Git is to be able to recover old versions of your code. You should teach git log on day one, with no exceptions.
Show them how to recover a previous state using the name of the commit, but do not teach them what a hash function is. If they already know about hash functions, feel free to use the terminology, but if they have never heard of a hash function, do not say "hash" and do not try to explain it right now, just say that the random sequence of numbers and letters is the "name" of the commit. They are only going to retain so much information, and we are not teaching hash functions.
On the first day of teaching Git, just tell beginners history is immutable or permanent— — teach Git as if the log will never be altered and they can always get back to anything. Early on, it is more important that beginners feel like they have a safety net than they know that the safety net can be ripped open. Someday, they will need to know about rebase, but for now, keep things simple and don't give them the tools to accidentally delete something important.
Much like log, this is a function that is not always taught right away despite the fact that it only gives information and doesn't change anything. Teach diff on day one. Show them what git diff and git diff commit-hash do. Being able to see what you changed before committing will help people review and get a clearer understanding of what the commit will keep track of.
I recommend teaching git diff as part of the work flow right before or after git status, so that they see which files have been changed and what changed in them.
The next two categories are Remote Repos and Branching. You can teach either one first; there are benefits and drawbacks to either order.
Before teaching any command related to pushing and pulling, take some time to explain why one would use remote repos: for backups, collaboration, etc. Once again, everything will go more smoothly if they understand why they are doing these incantations, which is especially important now, since you are about to teach the worst most confusing commands.
Good luck explaining these. They've never seen the word "origin" before, and -u is short for "set upstream", another word they've never seen before. They will have trouble Googling for help if they don't understand the underlying concept.
Teach that these are just names assigned to the place they will push and pull from (this is easier to explain if you've already taught branches). The names are used so you do not have to type out the whole address every time you push and pull.
Teach these terms like environment variables. Make sure you distinguish between setting these up and pushing. The commands are often taught together but make sure they understand that in the future they don't need to use the whole command git push -u origin master. A lot of tutorials they will come across online will not explain that they can have multiple remotes, so you should explain that.
git pull and git fetch are hard to explain together, especially if you haven't covered branching yet. It is easier to just teach one of them, because they probably will not need to know both for a while. Teach the other one later. It does not matter which one you teach first, pick your favorite.
Unless you are teaching them Git for a specific code base you want the people you are teaching to push to, just use GitHub.
Be careful when teaching with GitHub though, because GitHub wants all use of Git to be in terms of GitHub, so it is easy to slip into a GitHub-centric workflow.
Make sure to teach that Fork and Pull Requests are not built in to Git, they are GitHub tools.
When teaching git clone for the first time, use HTTP, rather than SSH. Teaching SSH key-gen is a confusing, time consuming tangent. Understanding SSH is taking focus away from Git. SSH is about optimization, and on day one, you need to focus on keeping everything conceptually simple.
Once your student knows Fork and git clone, this is an ideal time to show them that there are three ways to start a project: Fork + git clone, git clone, and starting locally with git init.
When you start talking about branching, set aside the computer, grab a whiteboard or paper and start drawing a hypothetical Git history. Draw the acyclic directed graph and explain that conceptually this is what the history looks like. As you walk them through creating branches and merging, refer back to your diagram and show how it affects the picture.
Once again, do not take this time to teach graph theory. Avoid graph theory terminology, even if it is hard to remember that learning the graph terminology takes a lot of time and focus that we should be directing towards Git.
The built-in tree metaphor that Git uses will help you a lot right now.
Teach that Git automatically calls the main branch "master". That is just a name for the "good copy", "the copy others might use so I should make it clean", "the version of my code that my boss cares about".
Show them how to make branches, checkout branches, and checkout a branch name that doesn't exist yet. You can teach your students how to delete branches later: we only need to give them tools to get stuff done, not tools to clean up yet.
Sometimes beginners get confused about branches being subdirectories. I don't know what metaphors or descriptions lead to this confusion, but hopefully if you have explained the tree structure well and what individual commits actually "know", you can avoid this confusion.
When you teach branches, teach them how to merge and choose an example case that will create a merge conflict.
Learning how to merge branches without resolving merge conflicts is not learning to merge. You need to teach resolving merge conflicts right away, because they will definitely encounter merge conflicts in the wild early on. Git is going to throw a scary error message that says "CONFLICT" in all caps followed by "Automatic merge failed". If this is not a familiar, it can be intimidating and confusing.
Once you have walked them through making new branches with incompatible histories and a failed merge, explain that Git is asking for help and human input, because although it is very smart, it is still pretty dumb. You need to talk about merge conflicts without using the words merge conflict, even though it sounds self explanatory.
Open up the files in question, and show them how to find the patches of code that generated the error. Git marks these problems the same every single time. You might feel compelled to explain HEAD at this time, but suppress that urge, it probably will not help clarify the situation.
At this time, I recommend explaining that Git will let a user commit if they delete the lines of arrows and equals signs, regardless of what they keep between them. Git does not care if you take pieces from one history and pieces from the other. Git only cares if a human looked at it and said "yeah this looks good".
Once you have fixed the conflict in the two histories, commit the changes and show your student the logs again so they can see Git treats merging just like regular commits. This is also a great time to talk about writing useful commit messages.
Also, now that your student has seen branching and merging, show the log history of both branches so they know log only shows the history of one branch. Refer back to your drawings of the tree at this time.
If you have already talked about remote repositories, you can teach merge conflicts as a part of pull requests to prepare them to contribute to other projects.
git rm filename.txt: don't teach this on day one!
git mv filename.txt otherfile.txt: don't teach this on day one!
git branch: what are all my branches? or what are all the names of the different versions of my code?
git rebase: don't teach this yet!
git cherry-pick: don't teach this yet!
git bisect: don't teach this yet!
git amend: don't teach this yet!
git reflog: dear god, don't teach this yet!
git blame: don't teach this yet!
HEAD: don't teach this yet!
Acyclic Directed Graph: do not teach them graph theory right now!!!
git rebase: seriously don't teach this on the first day!!?!
If you're teaching a workshop with a lot of people, have them install Git and make a GitHub account ahead of time to save time.
Anticipate Windows users and be prepared for the strange ways in which Git bash works differently.
Partner students up so there are fewer different machines to worry about. Make sure the partners have the same operating system so that they do not learn Git in an environment they will never use again.
If you are teaching an individual, give them a project to work on so they can use Git in context. It is harder to pick a project that would work for a group of people, and it will be hard to monitor all of them, of course. But if you can use a project, especially for teaching a single person, the process is a lot easier.
When pair programming, let your mentee type. No one has ever learned to drive from the passenger seat.
Build a context for your student before teaching commands by explaining the problem Git solves, drawing pictures, and using metaphors.
When you teach the commands, make sure you explain them without using the name of the command in the explanation.
Be choosey about what to teach right now and what they can learn later.
Georgia Reh is a mathematician, science educator, programmer, rock climber, immediate friend of every dog she's ever met, cheese enthusiast, cocktail researcher, probably addicted to caffeine, freakishly good at minesweeper, and professionally trained marshmallow roaster.
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Happy anniversary Mr Cameron and Mr Clegg but forgive me if I don't send you a card and a bunch of flowers. You've been busy in your first year of marriage.
Let's go back to polling day, 6th May 2010.
It began with a bang. Literally.
I was driving to a school from the office when a bloke walking along the pavement decided, for no earthly reason, to start walking in the road. I had to do an emergency stop to avoid squishing him but the huge refrigerated van behind me didn't make it and ploughed into the back of my car. I know it's wrong but I love my car, it cost me a lot of money and because of having a job that involved a lot of driving, was my living. It was now sitting in the middle of the road steaming gently, its rear end caved in.
Long story short, the local police patrol stepped in and took over and the man in the road was sent off with a flea in his ear. I went home and went off to vote, still shaken and shocked.
Well the van's insurance company insisted on giving me a fancy hire car while mine was in the garage so I ended up driving around South London in a Mercedes the size of a boat feeling like a drug dealer.
A few days later, we heard that you would be joining together in holy coalitionamony .
To Mr. Cameron, a boy, Nick.
Sadly, however, it was the backroom staff that ended up doing the cutting so they got rid of frontline staff first. Even my line manager got the chop. No one knew how to manage.
Over the last few months we've seen you cutting children's centres, school sports funding and local authority staff who work with children, disabled people and the elderly. We've seen you put up tuition fees for university students and cut the EMA grant.
But we've also seen protests and sit ins and the worm turning. The worm seems to have turned mostly against you, Cleggy but let's not forget the Dark Lord of the Sith. No disrespect, Dave.
But nothing is your fault is it, Dave? You're till peddling the 'we inherited these problems from the previous government. 'Or rather, 'a big boy done it and ran away.' No mention of the fact that you were probably rubbing your hands together in glee at being able to restructure local government, the NHS and schools with gay abandon.
As for me, my job is a distant memory and I'm working on building my business and being a private entrepreneur like you always wanted.
So happy anniversary, boys, and I hope you sleep well at night.
PS I'm listening to the radio as I write this. Grant Shapps is saying, 'we inherited this deficit, it was the fault of the previous government.' Sigh.
Today MPs will vote on whether to raise university tuition fees and Nick Clegg and his fellow lib dems are expected to vote in favour despite being vocal in their election campaign against this (did you see Sarah Teather being chased down the street by a Sky news reporter?). Students have not taken this lying down. They have been on marches and demonstrations for the last few weeks and another is planned for today. There are sit-ins and protests and banner-waving across the country from university students and school pupils.
Yesterday it felt like I couldn't listen to the radio or the TV news without a conservative student with an accent that could cut glass defending this decision. One young chap on the BBC news sputtered that some students didn't even fully understand what they were protesting about. I don't doubt it. I hazard a guess that many of the young people on marches don't have a full understanding of the situation but what they do understand is that things are Not Fair and they're going to do what teenagers do best and rebel.
Yes, there have been some idiots breaking stuff, graffiti-ing stuff and making a nuisance of themselves and they really haven't done their cause any favours but the majority are there for what they believe to be a righteous cause.
It's good to see teenagers involved in something that isn't just vodka-flavoured and the girls who held hands around the police van to stop people attacking it were a joy to see. Proper Citizenship in action rather than a worksheet in a classroom.
It will be interesting to see what happens later today.
What do readers of this blog think about revolting students?
Brucie: Good evening and welcome to Strictly Come Coalition. It's cuts for you, for you….
Tess: And our first coopool onto the dance floor tonight is Michael Gove and his partner the state school system. Last week the joodges said that his University U turns were unbearable and his fees fleckles were flawed. Can he do any better tonight with his education white paper quickstep?
Brucie: Wonderful, wonderful stuff from thingy…er…Michael Gove but what did our judges think. Bruno let's start with you.
Bruno: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMichael!!!! That was as wet and drippy as a day old cornetto. It was all over the place. I didn't-a like it. 4.
Craig: O.M.G. Oh Michael Gove. What a disaaaahhhhster, darling. You haven't listened to a word anyone has said to you, you've gone totally overboard on assessment and discipline. Testing at 6, an obsession with synthetic phonics and exclusions all ovvvvvaaaaaaa the place. 2.
Brucie: Don't worry Michael. You're my favourite.
Tess: Wow, harsh comments there from our joodges but what do you think at home? Well, it doesn't really matter what you think because we've decided for you.


text:
TheServerSide
Software Design & Development
Software Development Methodologies
Team Structure & Skills
Testing Tools & Techniques
Software design and development
Quickbase CIO talks low-code roadmap, MCF Tech acquisition
Quickbase CIO Deb Gildersleeve discusses the growing use of low-code platforms, its recent services acquisition, and what's on the company's roadmap for 2022.
Bridget Botelho, Editorial Director, News
Low-code application platforms provide some relief to understaffed IT departments by allowing them to move resources into the hands of business users.
It's one of the reasons use of low-code development tools increased sharply during the pandemic. Low-code platform provider Quickbase, for example, touts the ability of remote workers to quickly move from siloed spreadsheets and paper-based processes to more centralized and connected systems. The platform requires little training, and even non-technical employees can use it to build applications with simple drag and drop clicks.
"Quickbase frees up skilled resources by putting the high-value output into the hands of non-technical staff," said Paul Nashawaty, an analyst at Enterprise Strategy Group.
Quickbase is not unique here; all major SaaS vendors provide low-code development, and there are a number of low-code integration vendors, including OutSystems, Appian, Progress Software, Mendix, Kintone, Newgen and a number of others. Quickbase CIO Deb Gildersleeve said her company stands out in its ability to quickly stand up complex processes, and its usability for a wide range of users, from non-technical to traditional developers.
Sharpening that market differentiation, Quickbase acquired on Jan. 5 MCF Technology Solutions, a service provider that offers vertical-specific application templates built on Quickbase. The deal will allow Quickbase to support more customers as they build out complex processes and applications using the low-code platform. Terms of the deal weren't disclosed.
In this Q&A, Gildersleeve discusses the growing use of low-code platforms and what's on the company's roadmap for 2022.
Quickbase describes itself as a no-code platform. Tell me about that positioning vs. "low code" app development. Is this just marketing, or is there truly a technical difference?
Deb Gildersleeve
Deb Gildersleeve: We're a little bit of both. From a no-code perspective, you could have a business technologist, not just an IT generalist or a business user, go in and create an application themselves without needing to know much about code at all.
From a low-code perspective, taking that to the next level, there is some code behind it that you could use to make a more complex system out of our tooling.
Does that mean users are able to do some tinkering with the code if they need to?
You can go in and tinker with the code. It's not coding in the way that your classically trained programmer codes, but there are more specialized ways of doing things behind the scenes. There is a little bit of code behind it that if you wanted to do something more complex, as the IT generalist, you could. If you want to get into more complexity -- if this field is this, do this kind of coding -- you can do that as well. It's not like you're coding in Java, but you're coding in a language that allows for some manipulation of the data or to do things in certain instances, that sort of thing.
But if you are a business user, you can build a form, you can build an application. It's pretty much plug and play.
In an ESG survey of 2022 IT spending priorities, 30% of 706 respondents said they plan to use low-code/no-code processes "extensively" this year. Organizations that develop cloud-native apps lean on low code at a higher rate, with 44% saying they use it extensively. What do you see as the driver here?
There are a lot of reasons why you're seeing that that sort of uptake. You've got companies building cloud-native applications, but they probably still have a number of systems that sit on-premises. So you need some sort of broker in between, or maybe there's some functionality in their on-premises application that can't readily transfer to the cloud version of that application, so they're using low code to build out those processes.
We're now in a hybrid working environment, and processes that might have required somebody to walk over from one desk to another are much better served with a low-code application that everybody has access to.
Deb GildersleeveCIO, Quickbase
Also, there is the resourcing issue that has been happening since before the pandemic. The pandemic exacerbated it to a certain extent. We're now in a hybrid working environment, and processes that might have required somebody to walk over from one desk to another are much better served with a low-code application that everybody has access to. We're still seeing some paper-based processes that were in place pre-pandemic, and low code is a good place for those processes to go. It allows a business user to automate and get data into the cloud, as opposed to it sitting on their machines.
We recently spoke with an AT&T business executive about their experience with Quickbase. They used it along with robotic process automation to quickly transition to a remote workforce during the pandemic. Can you speak to the prevalence of RPA integration with your platform?
We do see more and more of that because a lot of companies that use low code also use RPA … RPA may be moving the data behind the scenes, and Quickbase might be the landing spot for it.
Tell me about the pandemic's effect on Quickbase, from a customer adoption perspective.
The customers that were with us prior to the pandemic, they were able to use Quickbase to set up some of the new applications that we now have for things like checking COVID symptoms before somebody goes into an office -- keeping track of your workforce in a different way. There weren't off-the-shelf version of these things. They were able to build them out very quickly.
For the new customers that came in, they'd found all these different processes that weren't on IT's radar. People were sharing a spreadsheet or sending something by email, and when people leave organizations, it's like, "Oh, wait a second, where does this data now sit? How do we get that more centralized for the work environment of today?" That's what we saw at the beginning of the pandemic, and that hybrid work environment is going to continue.
Online reviewers have positive feedback about Quickbase, but one area of complaint is the rigidity of table relationships, which can make it difficult to integrate apps across the business. Is that something you are aware of, and is there a plan to address it?
We're constantly looking at the platform and making improvements to it. But one of the things with low code sometimes is that while it's really easy to stand up, if you are going to try and create some table relationships, there's a little bit more planning that probably needs to go into some of that. I think it's a combination of education and continued upgrading of the system to get to that sweet spot.
For IT buyers, price is often a tiebreaker. The most common area of complaint is Quickbase's licensing model and cost. Reviewers say it isn't accessible for startups, and the free version is too limited. What can you say about Quickbase's pricing model?
We do have a number of startups and companies that are using Quickbase. It's a cost-versus-value kind of discussion in terms of the price of entry, which they might see it as higher, [but] they really get the benefit when they build out multiple applications. If they were to go buy a point solution, they get well past our pricing pretty quickly.
What's on the 2022 roadmap that you can share?
We're constantly updating our feature set, and there are a lot of different things that we're working on. We continue to work on our governance, features that are part of the product that we are continuing to build out -- our form capabilities, and things like that. Those are some of the big areas for us.
We acquired one of our service providers, MCF Tech. We've had a relationship with them for a long time. With them, we're looking to grow our service offerings and to better meet market demand around that. Building an infrastructure and some of the more complex projects we can manage within Quickbase, this [acquisition] is going to help us really accelerate that as the world accelerates this big infrastructure project.
Enterprise Strategy Group is a division of TechTarget.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
The most common type of superconductivity occurs where electrons form spin-singlet Cooper pairs.
Such a superconductor spontaneously breaks local $U(1)$ symmetry.
Recent experiments reported the discovery of the so-called $s+is$ superconductor  Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$ \cite{grinenko2020superconductivity,grinenko2017superconductivity,grinenko2021bosonic}.
The $s+is$  superconductor \cite{StanevTesanovic,carlstrom2011length, maiti2013s+,boker2017s+} is a spin singlet superconductor, that  spontaneously breaks an additional time reversal symmetry, so the total broken symmetry becomes $U(1)\times Z_2$.
The evidence of such states comes from spontaneous magnetic fields observed in the system's bulk in muon spin relaxation experiments \cite{StanevTesanovic,carlstrom2011length, maiti2013s+,muller2018short}.
Previous theoretical studies, based on Ginzburg-Landau models, predicted such fields to arise due to certain types of defects, present in the bulk of an $s+is$ superconductor     \cite{garaud2014domain,maiti2015spontaneous,garaud2016thermoelectric, lin2016distinguishing,vadimov2018polarization,garaud2018properties,benfenati2020magnetic}.

Superconducting states that break time reversal symmetry have been sought after for decades.
Previously, the research was almost exclusively focused on different kinds of superconductors with broken time reversal symmetry (BTRS) $U(1)\times Z_2$, i.e., the topological and chiral $p+ip$ superconductors.
A hallmark of chiral superconductors that spontaneously break
time reversal symmetry are surface currents producing magnetic fields near surfaces \cite{Sigrist.Ueda:91,bouhon2010influence,etter2018spontaneous,tada2015orbital}.
By contrast, by the standard symmetry and topology arguments, $s+is$ superconductors should not have surface currents.
Namely, these are superconductors with Cooper pairing in different bands, described by several complex fields $|\Delta_\alpha|e^{\mathrm{i}\theta_\alpha}$, which serve as order parameters.
The time reversal symmetry breaking is associated with a non-trivial phase difference locking between different bands $\theta_\alpha-\theta_\beta\ne 0, \pi$, so that a time reversal operation, i.e., complex conjugation of the order parameters, brings the system into a different state from which, one cannot rotate back to the original state by a gauge transformation.
The standard argument for the existence of a surface current is as follows: let us assume there is a spontaneous surface current in the superconductor. Since there is no chirality in real space in a $s+is$ state, flipping the sample does not change the chirality of the state and should not invert the current direction. Thus, one would conclude that the edge currents should be absent.

The physics of the boundary of superconductor is subtle,
and it was recently shown that there are
effects which are missed by quasi-classical approaches
\cite{barkman2019surface,samoilenka2020bcs,samoilenka2020microscopic,benfenati2021boundary}.

In this paper, we investigate in a fully microscopic model, the physics of the boundary of
a superconductor with frustrated interband
interaction that under certain conditions gives
rise to the $s+is$ superconducting state in the bulk.

We find superconducting surface states that can break time reversal symmetry locally near the sample's boundaries, specifically, in correspondence with the corners.
These are counterparts of non-topological boundary states
recently reported in non-BTRS systems \cite{barkman2019surface,samoilenka2020bcs,samoilenka2020microscopic,benfenati2021boundary}.
Next we show that  non-topological, non-chiral BTRS superconducting states, such as $s+is$ states, do have spontaneous currents and spontaneous magnetic fields. These fields and currents have dipolar structures and are allowed by symmetry.
\section{The model}
We obtain self-consistent solutions in a three-band Bogoliubov-de Gennes model with a gauge field, describing a three-band $s$-wave superconductor in real space. For a two-dimensional $N$-sites square lattice, the mean-field Hamiltonian we consider reads
\begin{equation}\label{eq: mfHamiltonian}
\begin{aligned}
    H= & -  \sum_{\sigma\alpha}\sum_{<ij>} \exp\qty(\mathrm{i} q A_{ij} ) c^\dagger_{i \sigma \alpha } c_{j\sigma } \\
    & + \sum_{i \alpha} \qty( \Delta_{i \alpha} c^\dagger_{\uparrow i \alpha} c^\dagger_{\downarrow i \alpha} + \Delta_{i \alpha}^* c_{\downarrow i \alpha} c_{\uparrow i \alpha} )\,.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
The indices $i,j$ label the lattice sites, and the sum over $<i,j>$ is restricted to the nearest neighbors.  $c_{\alpha i \sigma}, c^\dagger_{\alpha i \sigma}$ are the annihilation and creation operators for a particle with spin $\sigma \in \uparrow, \downarrow$, at site $i\in [0,N-1]$ and in band $\alpha\in[1,3]$.
Moreover, the Hamiltonian is rescaled such that all energies are expressed in units of the hopping energy, which, therefore, becomes unitary, and the spatial coordinates are expressed in units of the lattice spacing.
Finally, in this paper, the Fermi energy for each band is set to zero.
The phase factor $\exp\qty(\mathrm{i} q A_{ij})$ introduces the coupling to the vector potential, with $q$ as coupling constant, through the Peierls substitution. $A_{ij}$ is defined as
\begin{equation}
    A_{ij} = \int_j^i \vb{A} \cdot \dd{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\,,
\end{equation}
where $\vb{A}$ is the vector potential, which is related to the magnetic field by $\curl \vb A = \vb B$.
Finally, $\Delta_{\alpha } = \abs{\Delta_{\alpha}}e^{\mathrm{i} \theta_{\alpha}}$ are the superconducting gaps, which are obtained through the self-consistency equations,
\begin{equation}
(\Delta_{\alpha})_i = \sum_{\beta=1}^3V_{\alpha\beta}\langle c_{i\uparrow\beta}c_{i\downarrow\beta}\rangle \,,
\end{equation}
where $V_{\alpha\beta}=V^*_{\beta\alpha}$ is the matrix containing the intra-band ($V_{11},V_{22},V_{33}$) and inter-band couplings ($V_{12}, V_{13}, V_{23}$).
The boundary conditions that we utilize correspond to lattice termination (see a more detailed discussion of boundary conditions in,  e.g., Refs. \cite{samoilenka2020bcs,samoilenka2020microscopic}). We neglect the effect of interband scattering at the boundary that  leads to the effects studied in Refs. \cite{bascones2001surface,Bobkov2011}.
At each iteration for $\Delta_{\alpha i}$ we compute the current density from site $j$ to $i$,
\begin{equation}
   \begin{aligned}
    J_{ij} & = - \expval{ \pdv{H}{A_{ij}}} = \\
    & = -2q \sum_{\alpha\sigma} \Im\qty[ \expval{c_{i\sigma\alpha}^\dagger c_{j \sigma \alpha}} \exp\qty(\mathrm{i} q A_{ij} )]\,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
which is defined, together with $A_{ij}$ on the links connecting lattice sites.
The current density is then used to re-compute the vector potential, as we outline below.
First, we discretize the vector potential $\vb A$ using a finite difference method, where $\Delta x = \Delta y = 1$ so that it becomes identically equal to the quantities in the phase factors of \eqref{eq: mfHamiltonian}.
Following this scheme, the magnetic field $B_z$ is defined on the lattice plaquettes as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:latticeSetup} and is related to the vector potential by a discrete curl operation. The magnetic field energy is
\begin{equation}
    E_{\textrm{mag}} = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{\rm{plaquettes}}  B_z^2\,.
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[htb]
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth]{1_latticeSetupMain.pdf}
    \caption{
    The discretized vector potential $A_{ij}$ is defined on the links connecting lattice points, whereas the magnetic field is defined on the plaquettes. They are related by the discrete curl operation, which in this case results $B_z  = A_{21} + A_{32} - A_{34} - A_{41}$.
    }
    \label{fig:latticeSetup}
\end{figure}
Then, we solve the discrete version of Maxwell equation $\curl\curl \vb A = \vb J$, namely
\begin{equation}\label{eq: Aeom}
    \pdv{E_{\textrm{mag}}}{A_{ij}} + \expval{ \pdv{H}{A_{ij}}} =0\,.
\end{equation}
In the computation of the vector, potential we utilize the  boundary conditions which set the magnetic field on the sample's edges equal to zero, maintaining gauge invariance.

We solve self-consistently for the gaps and the vector potential. To compute $\Delta_{\alpha i}$ we use Chebyshev polynomial expansion method \cite{kernelPoly,chebCovaci,chebNagai} with a polynomial up to order 700, which is sufficient in the considered temperature range. To calculate the vector potential at each iteration, we perform a gradient descent step, adapting $\vb A$ to the changing current density distribution. Then, we use the new vector potential to update all the phase factors in \eqref{eq: mfHamiltonian}.
We iterate this fully self-consistent procedure until a specific convergence criterion is achieved. In our paper, we consider a simulation converged when the mean relative variations of the individual gaps and the vector potential components are smaller or equal to $10^{-8}$.

We consider two-dimensional square lattice samples of size $N_x N_y = 100\times100$, and unless specified otherwise, we fix the temperature to $T=0.44$ and and the coupling constant to the vector potential to $q=-0.5$.
The intra- and interband interactions are given by the coupling matrix,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:couplingMatrix}
    V_{\alpha\beta}=\mqty(1.92 && -1.0 && -1.0 \\ -1.0 && 1.95 && -1.0 \\ -1.0 && -1.0 && 1.9)_{\alpha\beta}\, .
\end{equation}
In $s+is$ superconductors, the interband couplings yield phase frustration. To fully minimize the energy, a phase difference of $\pi$ between each band would be preferred, which is not achievable in the three bands' case.
The $s+is$ state arises where the disparity of the coupling is not too significant so that there are two energetically equivalent interband phase-difference locking $\theta_\alpha-\theta_\beta \neq 0, \pi$. Whereas, when the phase differences are $\pi,0$ the system is in the so-called $s_{+-}$ or  $s_{++}$ states, respectively.
The choice of relatively strong coupling is motivated by the fact that we perform a fully self-consistent simulation of a two-dimensional system.   Lager characteristic lengths, arising for inhomogeneous solutions at weak coupling, require computationally inaccessible systems sizes.
\section{The results}
We begin by analyzing the case of a square sample.
First, we find that, at elevated
temperature, the system has a new phase, in addition to the phases discussed for the same model in  Refs. \cite{StanevTesanovic,carlstrom2011length,maiti2013s+}.
In that state, the bulk of the system is in a $s_{+-}$ state, but the system breaks time reversal symmetry, locally, near the boundaries, where $\theta_\alpha-\theta_\beta \neq 0, \pi$.
The resulting gaps absolute values and phase differences are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:gap_square}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
    \includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{2_gaps_uniform.pdf}
    \caption{Superconducting gaps and phase differences for a three-band  two-dimensional superconductor with time-reversal symmetry breaking.
    We observe that the interband phase differences are not spatially uniform: whereas in the bulk the phase differences are $\pi,0$, resulting in a $s_{+-}$ state, near the boundary there is a local time reversal symmetry breaking resulting in a local $s+is$ state. This situation yields spontaneous counter-currents in different bands, arising near the corners. The parameters used in the simulation are $T=0.44$ and $q=-0.5$ and \eqref{eq:couplingMatrix} for what concerns inter/intra-band coupling.
    \label{fig:gap_square}}
\end{figure}
Second, our solutions show the presence of a spontaneous magnetic field, localized near sample corners shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:B_square}.
The modulus of the supercurrent generating the magnetic field is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:J_square}.
Both  effects originate from the simultaneous enhancement of the density of states near the sample's boundaries \cite{samoilenka2020bcs,benfenati2021boundary}, and by the $s+is$ state localized at the corners.
We find that the effect of spontaneous field in our model is not generic but exists
when there is a slight disparity in the couplings of different bands.
\begin{figure}[h]
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\columnwidth]{3_B_uniform.pdf}
    \caption{A spontaneous magnetic field in the corners of a square superconducting sample with local $s+is$ state, obtained via a self-consistent solution of Bogoliubov-de Gennes model.
    The value of the magnetic flux associated to each red (positive) \textit{petal} of magnetic field is $\Phi/\Phi_0=3.4\cdot10^{-5}$, whereas the blue (negative) \textit{petals} have opposite flux.
    The parameters used in the simulation are $T=0.44$ and $q=-0.5$ and \eqref{eq:couplingMatrix} for what concerns inter/intraband coupling. The spatial extent of the magnetic flux is macroscopic as it is determined by coherence and magnetic-field penetration lengths.}
    \label{fig:B_square}
\end{figure}
In each corner, the spontaneous magnetic field has a dipolar structure, and, therefore, it carries zero net flux through the whole system.
The field configuration respects the rotation symmetry of the lattice.
\begin{figure}[h]
    \includegraphics[width=0.925\columnwidth]{4_J.pdf}
    \caption{
    Modulus of the spontaneous supercurrent generating the magnetic field in Fig.~\ref{fig:B_square}. We can notice a substantial localization of the currents near the sample's corners.
    The parameters used in the simulation are $T=0.44$ and $q=-0.5$ and \eqref{eq:couplingMatrix} for what concerns inter/intra-band coupling.
    }
    \label{fig:J_square}
\end{figure}
The origin of the spontaneous magnetic field can be understood as follows.
First, in an $s+is$ superconductor, the normal modes are a mixed linear combination of the gap amplitudes and phase differences \cite{carlstrom2011length}, which means that even a tiny variation of relative densities
results in a variation of relative phases. This is in contrast with ordinary multiband superconductors where minor spatial variations of the gap amplitudes do not produce variations in the phase difference.

In the present system, the gradients of relative densities and relative phases induce supercurrents.
Let us consider, for example, a Ginzburg-Landau model for a two-dimensional three-band superconductor.
The expression for magnetic field $B_z$ can
be written by taking the curl of the vector potential, expressed as a function of the supercurrent. For a three-band superconductor with standard gradient terms, the expression reads \cite{garaud2013chiral}
 \begin{equation}\label{eq:BGL}
 \begin{split}
     B_z = -\varepsilon_{ij}\partial_i\qty(\frac{J_j}{e\abs{\Psi}^2})- \frac{\mathrm{i}\varepsilon_{ij}}{e\abs{\Psi}^4}\left(\abs{\Psi}^2\partial_i\Psi^\dagger\partial_j\Psi\right. \\
   + \Psi^\dagger\partial_i\Psi\partial_j\Psi^\dagger\Psi\Big)\,.
 \end{split}
 \end{equation}
This is a three component generalization of the results in \cite{Babaev.Faddeev.ea:02}, where $\Psi=(\psi_1,\psi_2,\psi_3)$ is a vector with the three order parameters as components and modulus $\abs{\Psi}^2 = \Psi^\dagger \Psi$. $J_i$ is the $i$-th spatial component of the Ginzburg Landau current density and $\varepsilon_{ij}$ is the two dimensional version of the Levi-Civita symbol.
The first term in \eqref{eq:BGL} is the standard contribution, generic for London's  magneto statics. The second term is specific for three-band superconductors and describes currents originating from the cross gradients of the relative phases and relative amplitudes of the gaps in different bands.
It has the form of $\mathbb{C}P^2$ skyrmionic topological charge density \cite{garaud2013chiral},
\begin{equation}\label{eq:topQ}
    \mathcal{Q}\qty(\Psi) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^2}\frac{\mathrm{i}\varepsilon_{ij}}{2\pi\abs{\Psi}^4}\left(\abs{\Psi}^2\partial_i\Psi^\dagger\partial_j\Psi\right. \\
   + \Psi^\dagger\partial_i\Psi\partial_j\Psi^\dagger\Psi\Big)\dd^2 x \, .
\end{equation}
Note that the second term is identically zero if there is no disparity in the variations of the gaps in different bands.

Near the surfaces and corners, Friedel oscillations of the density of states produce disparities in the gap amplitudes of the different bands \cite{samoilenka2020bcs,benfenati2021boundary}. However, when the gradients of these quantities are collinear, the second term in \eqref{eq:BGL} remains zero and, thus, one does not see any currents in the vicinity of the edges.
Our microscopic solutions show that, in the corners, the spatial profile of the gaps exhibits noncollinear gradients in the amplitude and phase difference and, therefore,  generates spontaneous currents.
The gap enhancement was demonstrated also to arise at various boundaries in higher dimensions in single-component systems \cite{samoilenka2020bcs}. We, therefore, expect a similar effect to be present near the edges and vertices of a three-dimensional superconductor.

Let us consider now how the spontaneous magnetic field $B_z$ varies as the temperature $T$ changes. Figure \ref{fig:B_T} displays the maximum value of $B_z$ for temperatures in the range of $T\in[0.39, 0.455]$ in a square superconducting sample.
Figure \ref{fig:B_T} also depicts the absolute values of the phase differences $|\phi_{\alpha \beta}| = |\phi_{\alpha} - \phi_{\beta}|$, with $\alpha,\beta=1-3$, in the bulk ($|\phi_{\alpha \beta}^\textrm{b}|$) and in the corners ($|\phi_{\alpha \beta}^\textrm{c}|$).
The time reversal symmetry breaking superconductivity survives at slightly higher temperature than the bulk critical temperature in the vicinity of the corners.
\begin{figure}[htb]
    \includegraphics[width=0.90\columnwidth]{5_B_complete_2.pdf}
    \caption{
    Temperature dependence of the absolute values of the phase differences $|\phi_{\alpha \beta}| = |\phi_{\alpha} - \phi_{\beta}|$, with $\alpha,\beta=1-3$ in the system's bulk $|\phi_{\alpha \beta}^\textrm{b}|$ and in the system's corners $|\phi_{\alpha \beta}^\textrm{c}|$.
    The figure also reports the maximal spontaneous field $B_z$, which exhibits a non-monotonic behavior as a function of the temperature $T$.
    The effect is the strongest at the transition point in which, the system's bulk turns from $s+is$ (blue background) to $s_{+-}$ (white background); at this point, time reversal symmetry is locally broken in the vicinity of the corners.
    Furthermore, we observe that the TRSB state persists in the corners even after it disappears from the bulk.
    This result illustrates that spontaneous magnetic signatures significantly depend on the system parameters and, in this example, are best detectable at a higher temperature.
    It is important to note that this effect occurs below the system's bulk critical temperature $T_c$.
    The parameters used in the computations are $q=-0.5$ and \eqref{eq:couplingMatrix} for what concerns inter/intraband coupling.}
    \label{fig:B_T}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[htb]
    \includegraphics[width=1.99\columnwidth]{6_mix.pdf}
    \caption{Superconducting gaps and phase differences (on the left) and spontaneous magnetic field (on the right) for a three-band two-dimensional superconductor with time-reversal symmetry breaking. Differently from Fig.~\ref{fig:gap_square}, the sample presents a diagonal cut along which the three order parameters undergo enhancement compared to the horizontal sides. The gray color indicates the vacuum.
    We can notice that in the corners formed with the diagonal edge, the magnetic field is enhanced and does not have a locally dipolar profile, in contrast to the squared sample of Fig.~\ref{fig:B_square}.
    The parameters used in the simulation are  $T=0.44$ and $q=-0.5$ and \eqref{eq:couplingMatrix} for what concerns inter/intraband coupling.}
    \label{fig:gaps_cut}
\end{figure*}
The result in Fig.~\ref{fig:B_T} suggests that the presence of spontaneous magnetic signatures is not a universally detectable property of three-band superconductors breaking time reversal symmetry, and it
may be easier to detect at elevated temperatures.
However, it is peculiar to note that the maximal spontaneous magnetic signature occurs at the same temperature at which the bulk is no longer in the $s+is$ state.

For a square geometry, the flux in each corner locally adds up to zero, which may compromise the detection process due to the resolution in scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) probes.
To make the effect more observable, one may break the spatial symmetry by considering different shapes.

By cleaving a corner of a square, one obtains the geometry with five corners shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:gaps_cut}, where the gray color indicates the vacuum.
In which case, the total flux is still zero. However, the corner states inherently depend on the corner geometry, and the resulting flux fractionalization pattern becomes different: now there are well-separated corners with nonzero local flux.
In this configuration, we notice how the magnetic field (left panel) maintains the same spatial profile of Fig.~\ref{fig:B_square} in the 90\textdegree corner but substantially changes near the diagonal edge. The magnetic flux in the lower left and upper right corners of the sample is on the order of $\sim 10^{-4}$ flux quanta and does not have a locally dipolar structure. We expect such magnetic fields to be more easily detectable by SQUIDS techniques.
\section{Conclusions}
In conclusion,
we considered boundary effects in the basic microscopic model of a three-band superconductor with repulsive interband interaction.
We find that, in the minimal model, that does not include interband impurity scattering at the boundaries, the critical temperature of the time reversal symmetry breakdown is different for the boundaries of
a superconductor and its bulk due to the presence of boundary states.
An interesting followup investigation would combine the effect of the interband surface scattering, considered at the level of a quasiclassical
theory in Ref. \cite{Bobkov2011}, with the boundary effects considered in our paper, that appear in a fully microscopic theory beyond the usual quasiclassical approximation.

Our second finding is that $s+is$ superconducting states localized near the sample's boundaries for certain parameters give rise to spontaneous
boundary currents.
This occurs at lower-dimensional boundaries: near the corners in the two-dimensional case, and we expect in the vicinity of the edges of three-dimensional samples. The origin of these fields is the existence of surface states \cite{samoilenka2020bcs,samoilenka2020pair,benfenati2021boundary,samoilenka2020microscopic} and the mixing of gap amplitude and phase-difference modes \cite{carlstrom2011length} occurring in superconductors breaking time reversal symmetry.
This phenomenon is different in its origin and form from the surface currents in topological chiral superconductors \cite{Sigrist.Ueda:91,bouhon2010influence,etter2018spontaneous,tada2015orbital}
.

In our example, we find that, the spontaneous fields are sufficiently strong and can be detected  by
scanning SQUID techniques \cite{hicks2010limits}, scanning Hall \cite{gutierrez2012scanning}, or single-atom magnetic resonance \cite{Willke2019}.
Since the spontaneous fields originate from the interband phase-difference gradients, they are expected to persist and, thus, to serve as a probe of
the $Z_2$ bosonic metal phase \cite{bojesen2013time,bojesen2014phase}, that was recently reported in  Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$ at $x\approx 0.8$ \cite{grinenko2021bosonic}.

This superconducting state is nonchiral and nontopological within the common classification framework.
That shows that the boundary currents is a more general phenomenon that can exist in nontopological systems.
We note, however, that our simulations show that the effect exists and is detectable, only within certain parameter rages and, therefore, is not generic.

\section{Acknowledgements}
We thank M. Barkman and A. Samoilenka for discussions and collaboration. The work was supported by the Swedish Research Council Grants No. 2016-06122, 2018-03659, and No. the G\"{o}ran Gustafsson Foundation for Research in Natural Sciences and Medicine.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
namespace Moonfish.Guerilla.Tags
{
    using Moonfish.Tags;
    using Moonfish.Model;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Linq;

    public partial class GScenarioEditorFolderBlock : GuerillaBlock, IWriteQueueable
    {
        public Moonfish.Tags.LongBlockIndex1 ParentFolder;
        public Moonfish.Tags.String256 Name;
        public override int SerializedSize
        {
            get
            {
                return 260;
            }
        }
        public override int Alignment
        {
            get
            {
                return 4;
            }
        }
        public override System.Collections.Generic.Queue<Moonfish.Tags.BlamPointer> ReadFields(System.IO.BinaryReader binaryReader)
        {
            System.Collections.Generic.Queue<Moonfish.Tags.BlamPointer> pointerQueue = new System.Collections.Generic.Queue<Moonfish.Tags.BlamPointer>(base.ReadFields(binaryReader));
            this.ParentFolder = binaryReader.ReadLongBlockIndex1();
            this.Name = binaryReader.ReadString256();
            return pointerQueue;
        }
        public override void ReadInstances(System.IO.BinaryReader binaryReader, System.Collections.Generic.Queue<Moonfish.Tags.BlamPointer> pointerQueue)
        {
            base.ReadInstances(binaryReader, pointerQueue);
        }
        public override void QueueWrites(Moonfish.Guerilla.QueueableBinaryWriter queueableBinaryWriter)
        {
            base.QueueWrites(queueableBinaryWriter);
        }
        public override void Write_(Moonfish.Guerilla.QueueableBinaryWriter queueableBinaryWriter)
        {
            base.Write_(queueableBinaryWriter);
            queueableBinaryWriter.Write(this.ParentFolder);
            queueableBinaryWriter.Write(this.Name);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub