text:
//
// C++ Interface: Audio::SceneManager
//
#ifndef __AUDIO_OPENAL_RENDERER_H__INCLUDED__
#define __AUDIO_OPENAL_RENDERER_H__INCLUDED__

#include "../../Exceptions.h"
#include "../../Types.h"
#include "../../Renderer.h"
#include "../../Format.h"

namespace Audio {

    namespace __impl {

        namespace OpenAL {
            // Forward declaration of internal renderer data
            struct RendererData;
        };

    };

    /**
     * OpenAL Renderer implementation
     *
     * @remarks Audio renderer implementation based on OpenAL.
     *
     */
    class OpenALRenderer : public Renderer
    {
    protected:
        AutoPtr<__impl::OpenAL::RendererData> data;

    public:
        /** Initialize the renderer with default or config-driven settings. */
        OpenALRenderer() throw(Exception);

        virtual ~OpenALRenderer();

        /** @copydoc Renderer::getSound */
        virtual SharedPtr<Sound> getSound(
            const std::string &name,
            VSFileSystem::VSFileType type = VSFileSystem::UnknownFile,
            bool streaming = false) throw(Exception);

        /** @copydoc Renderer::owns */
        virtual bool owns(SharedPtr<Sound> sound);

        /** @copydoc Renderer::attach(SharedPtr<Source>) */
        virtual void attach(SharedPtr<Source> source) throw(Exception);

        /** @copydoc Renderer::attach(SharedPtr<Listener>) */
        virtual void attach(SharedPtr<Listener> listener) throw(Exception);

        /** @copydoc Renderer::detach(SharedPtr<Source>) */
        virtual void detach(SharedPtr<Source> source) throw();

        /** @copydoc Renderer::detach(SharedPtr<Listener>) */
        virtual void detach(SharedPtr<Listener> listener) throw();

        /** @copydoc Renderer::setMeterDistance */
        virtual void setMeterDistance(Scalar distance) throw();

        /** @copydoc Renderer::setDopplerFactor */
        virtual void setDopplerFactor(Scalar factor) throw();

        /** @copydoc Renderer::setOutputFormat */
        virtual void setOutputFormat(const Format &format) throw(Exception);

        /** @copydoc Renderer::beginTransaction */
        virtual void beginTransaction() throw(Exception);

        /** @copydoc Renderer::commitTransaction */
        virtual void commitTransaction() throw(Exception);
    protected:

        /** Makes sure the AL context is valid, creating one if necessary */
        virtual void checkContext() throw(Exception);

        /** Sets expected defaults into the context */
        virtual void initContext() throw(Exception);

        /** Sets doppler effect globals into the context */
        void setupDopplerEffect() throw(Exception);
    };

};

#endif//__AUDIO_OPENAL_RENDERER_H__INCLUDED__


Eksempler med tilsvarende betydning He presented excerpts from William James' philosophical writings.
Eksempler med tilsvarende betydning Pull weeds.
Eksempler med tilsvarende betydning I extracted a promise from the Dean for two new positions.
Eksempler med tilsvarende betydning We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant.
Eksempler med tilsvarende betydning Distill the essence of this compound.


text:
HomeLearnAbout CorvetteCorvette Hall of FameZora Arkus-Duntov – GM/Chevrolet – 1998 Corvette Hall of Fame
Zora Arkus-Duntov – GM/Chevrolet – 1998 Corvette Hall of Fame
GM ~ Chevrolet Category
b. December 25, 1909 – d. April 21, 1996
He was a risk taker, a daring race driver, a brilliant engineer, and an opportunist. Reckless, Resourceful, and Resilient. Zora Arkus-Duntov was all these things. Car enthusiasts know Duntov as the patron saint of the Corvette. But he was much more than that. He was a man who packed the experiences of nine or ten lifetimes into one-a man who defines the term "living on the edge."
Zora Arkus-Duntov was born in Belgium, raised in Leningrad, and educated in Berlin. He hip hopped through wars and revolutions in Europe and along the way, married a dancer from the Follies Bergere. After World War II broke out, he joined the French Air Force and later arranged for the escape of his family from the Nazis. He then came to America to set up Ardun Mechanical, a war munitions company that eventually employed 300 people. In the post-war years, Zora shifted gears into the high performance arena, designing a cylinder head conversion for the Ford Flathead V8. It became the darling of hot-rodders everywhere.
After joining GM in 1953, Zora changed the Corvette from a turntable darling into one of the most respected sports cars in the world. It started slowly… a suspension tweak, some aerodynamic work, then the V8 high-performance camshaft, and fuel injection. Later would come independent rear suspension, pure-bred race cars and daring prototypes. Suddenly, "The General" was more alive than ever. Corvettes began to appear in racing paddocks at places like Pebble Beach and Sebring alongside Mercedes, Jaguars and Porsches. As the years passed, the Corvette would become the best selling sports car in the world and like, blue jeans and Marlboros, the Corvette would become known for its brash American character.
Duntov understood what an American sports car ought to be, despite the fact that his primary influences were European. His pedigree was drawn from some of the greatest names in motoring history-Ettori Bugatti, Luigi Chinetti, Dr. Ferry Porsche, Sydney Allard, and Carroll Shelby. Duntov, in fact, interacted with all of them and, as with these great men and their own marques, the Corvette, at least in its early years, became the product of Duntov's singular vision, not of a committee or a focus group.
Zora was a renegade who believed in himself. He didn't wait for things to happen, he made things happen-a throwback to a much more romantic, intuitive era. His fortunes took him like a young lad, leaping stone to stone across the raging river of history in the 20th Century. It was inevitable that Duntov, like thousands before him, would file through Ellis Island in search of a new life, a new opportunity in the United States. But Duntov didn't just live the American dream, he helped to invent it by immortalizing one of the foremost expressions of fun and freedom, the Chevrolet Corvette. Upon Zora's death in April of 1996, columnist George Will wrote, "If you do not mourn his passing, you are not a good American."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
MSF paediatric hospital in Zaatari camp opens today
Over the last three months, escalating violence in Syria has caused an unprecedented flow of refugees into neighbouring countries. According to the Jordanian authorities, an estimated number of 400,000 are now living in the country.
Zaatari camp, located 10 km east of the Jordanian tow n of Mafraq, has become a makeshift home to more than 100,000 Syrian refugees. Set up in July 2012, its population has sharply expanded and the camp has exceeded its capacity of 60,000 refugees.
Medical assistance from the local authorities and humanitarian organizations has been gradually overwhelmed, leading to important gaps and giving way to an international appeal for assistance from the Government of Jordan.
"Since the camp opened, the medical needs of its population have been of great concern to MSF. Critical sectors of medical aid, such as paediatric care and immunization coverage are now at the limit of what is acceptable," said Antoine Foucher, MSF Head of Mission in Jordan.
"In response, MSF has opened a 24-hour paediatric hospital with an operational capacity of 30 beds and 3 emergency beds. The hospital shall receive cases of children patients of one month up to 10 years old," added Foucher
MSF is an independent, neutral and impartial organization offering medical support to those whose lives have been affected by conflict and natural disasters. It has been present in Jordan since August 2006 and continues to receive Syrian and other patients affected by conflict at its surgical hospital in Amman, where it offers specialized surgical interventions.
For more information or to arrange interviews, please call Kate Ribet, Media Liaison Officer at: kate.ribet@joburg.msf.org or +27 (0) 79 87 229 50
Find out more about MSF
Read more stories from Syria.
Women and children continue to suffer in Al Hol camp
MSF Hassakeh hospital seeing an increase in casualties of airstrikes in north east Syria
Seeking to assist Syrians, wherever they are in need of help


text:
Q: Energy transfers and entropy What I understand so far: in processes where the form of energy is replaced with another form and/or energy is transferred (and so work is done), there is always some degree of loss of energy as heat which is indicated by a change in entropy and which makes the process irreversible (getting the process back to where it began, will require an additional external energy expenditure to compensate for the loss). The Carnot cycle is a theoretical process which exhibits a zero entropy change and is therefore reversible.
When an atom absorbs a photon, its energy is completely transferred causing an increase in the potential energy of the system that is the atom. The photon energy equals this increase and the possible increases for the atom are quantized. So this is a zero-entropy process? There is no decay of some of the photon's energy? Since then it wouldn't be able to be absorbed anymore because that's not allowed by the quality of the system being a quantized one?
When the atom returns to the ground state, the same photon is reproduced and emitted, so without any loss of energy as heat?
Related to thermal energy and work: why is it that thermal energy sometimes can do work(nuclear energy drives generators, pushes pistons to drive cars...) but in the case of entropy is considered as the forever loss of potential work. Is it because of 'density of the thermal energy' or because of the specific organization of the system (closed chamber with a movable piston) in which it is produced?
Help in elucidating and clearing this up is greatly appreciated

A:
in processes where the form of energy is replaced with another form and/or energy is transferred (and so work is done), there is always some degree of loss of energy as heat

I would say that is true for bulk systems.  Temperature (and heat transfer) simply don't make sense for single particle interactions.  Temperature is a description of the statistical behavior of a region.  It's a way of describing the interactions without tracking each individual particle.  This makes talking about the entropy of one or two interacting particles more difficult (but also see Can a single classical particle have any entropy?)

why is it that thermal energy sometimes can do work...

Thermal energy (like just about every other form of energy) can only be exploited across a gradient.  Thermal energy at a single temperature is not useful.
In the cases you list (nuclear power plant or internal combustion engine), these plants are exploiting the difference between two separate temperatures (a hot core and the colder environment).  That makes them examples of heat engines.
But the process of exploiting this temperature gradient reduces the difference.  It makes the hot side cooler and the cool side warmer.  Over a sufficient period, this reduces the thermal gradient and the amount of work that can be extracted.

A: The first thing to remember is that the second law of thermodynamics is probabilistic. If you have a system of many particles and many energy units, then the probability of entropy decreasing vanishes. But in the case of one photon and one atom, the probability of entropy decreasing may be quite high. The other thing to understand is that heat on such a small scale is basically meaningless when you are talking about one atom, since heat is basically the transfer of kinetic energy between particles.
Entropy differs from regular heat because it is "waste heat." It cannot be used due to the fact that entropy must increase (second law) and that fact is due to the fact that heat flows from hot to cold. How much entropy increases during the process depends on the engine's efficiency, but even the most efficient system must expel waste heat just to make sure the entropy of the universe stays constant. In the process of taking in heat from a heat resivoir, it takes in entropy as well.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Montana Senate passes novel late-term abortion rules
Bob Brown, WORLD News Service
3 MIN READ TIME
The Montana state Senate has passed a bill requiring abortionists to try to save babies born at 24 weeks of gestation and older. Even if the Republican-controlled House passes Senate Bill 282, the bill still faces an uncertain future. The Senate voted 32–18 in favor of the bill, just shy of a two-thirds majority needed to override a likely veto from pro-abortion Democratic Gov. Steve Bullock.
Montana law currently prohibits late-term abortions except to save the mother's life. But SB 282 would require the abortionist, even in that rare case, to induce labor or deliver the baby by Caesarean section and then provide the baby "life-sustaining support." The bill, passed by the Senate on Feb. 23, also prohibits the abortionist from "intentionally [causing]" a viable baby's death "prior to or during delivery."
Abortionists who violate the law could be charged with a felony.
The bill's primary sponsor, Sen. Albert Olszewski, an orthopedic surgeon, said he's "proposing two methods of terminating a pregnancy – and both would produce a live birth and it's safe for the mother."
Olszewski said the bill "represents a paradigm shift."
"It reverses the pro-choice argument that the safest way to save a woman's life is to kill the baby," Olszewski said. Citing statistics he submitted to the Senate during deliberations, he said induction of labor and C-sections are "the two safest methods available to terminate a pregnancy." Olszewski added that the real danger is "for the legitimacy of the pro-choice stance on late-term abortions."
Martha Stahl, CEO of Planned Parenthood Montana, disagreed, calling the bill "unconstitutional" and saying the legislation "requires women to undergo invasive medical procedures that might not be the best medical options for a woman."
The American Civil Liberties Union of Montana also opposed the bill, saying SB 282 "flies in the face of" Supreme Court rulings that prohibit states from setting viability markers. The bill does not specify a strict gestational age of viability, but instead defines viability as "24 weeks or more, or that a [baby] is able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid, whichever occurs earlier."
The first of its kind, the bill would likely affect few women and children. The pro-abortion Guttmacher Institute reports that approximately 1 percent of abortions are done for any reason related to the mother's health.
A more detailed study indicates that abortions specifically to save a mother's life are considerably rare. The Florida Agency for Health Care Administration, which requires abortionists to report the reason for each abortion, found that only 47 of 71,740 abortions (about 1 in every 1,526) carried out in Florida in 2015 were done to save the mother's life.
In Montana, there were 1,842 abortions in 2013, and 1,690 in 2014.
(EDITOR'S NOTE – Bob Brown writes for WORLD News Service, a division of WORLD Magazine, worldmag.com, based in Asheville, N.C. Used by permission.)
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At 'solemn assembly,' Executive Committee to focus on God's will, nothing else
Pastor braves Chicago winter on rooftop
Newsom named Caskey Center director at NOBTS


Mumbai: Ministry of Railways and Government of Maharashtra signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for speedy implementation of railway projects in Maharashtra in the august presence of Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, Hon'ble Minister of Railways and Shri Devendra Fadnavis, Hon'ble Chief Minsiter of Maharashtra at Sahyadri Guest House, Malabar Hill, Mumbai on 28.6.2015. Shri Sunil Kumar Sood, General Manager, Central Railway represented the Ministry of Railways and Shri Gautam Chatterjee, Additional Chief Secretary (Transport and Ports) represented Government of Maharashtra as the signatories to sign the MoU.
Speaking on the occasion, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, Hon'ble Minister of Railways said 75 lakh people travel daily in Mumbai Suburban System. Due increase in population, the services are inadequate because Mumbai suburban system is lifeline of Mumbai. That's why MUTP-3 has been launched at an approximate cost of Rs.11000/- crore. In fact it has been discussed with the Chief Minister so as to include elevated road option along with elevated rail corridor even if the cost increases.
He further said the GDP of Maharashtra is the highest in the country and if Maharashtra progresses, then the nation progresses. The SPV is an umbrella organisation of Indian Railways and Govt. of Maharashtra and it is a great step forward. He also added that the signing of concession agreement between KRCL and JSW Infrastructure for the 33 km rail line costing Rs.771 Crore, connecting Jaigad port with Digni on Konkan Railway is achieved in record time. It is also serving a larger public interest for development of backward region.
Shri Devendra Fadnavis, Hon'ble Chief Minister of Maharashtra while addressing the gathering said today is an important day in the history of Maharashtra. He said earlier due to lack of participation by State in the railway projects it delayed the execution of the projects. But now for the projects in Maharashtra in which State Government is partner, people will use the facility during the next 5 years. He said that State Government can explore the possibility of elevated road along with railway corridor above the railway line. He also said integrated transport system with single ticketing will enable people to use public transport in a big way. He appreciated the Hon'ble Minister for Railways for his fast decision making and execution.
Shri Subhash Desai, Guardian Minister Mumbai City, and Shri Divakar Raote, Hon'ble Minister of Transport, Maharashtra and Shri Arvind Sawant, Hon'ble MP also spoke on the occasion. S/Shri Rajan Vichare, Ramdas Athawale, Dr. Shrikant Shinde, Hon'ble MPs and Shri Mangal Prabhat Lodha, Sunil Prabhu and Smt. Manda Mhatre, Hon'ble MLAs were also graced the occasion.
In addition to this, signing of concession agreement of Jaigad Port connectivity between Konkan Railway and Jaigad Digni Railway Ltd, Launched MUTP-III and implemented e-office in Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation.
The proposed SPV is a joint venture Public Sector Company namely Maharashtra Rail Infrastructure Development Company (महाराष्ट्र लोहमारग पायाभूत विकास कंपनी) with registered office in Mumbai with 50% shares each between Ministry of Railway and Govt of Maharashtra under the Railways Act 1989.


Members of Feminist Collective and event attendees gathered at "Take Back The Night" event at NEIU.
As a transfer student, I am fortunate to be a member of a wonderful club here at NEIU: the Feminist Collective. I joined in the fall of 2013, my first semester at NEIU, and joining has connected me with like-minded students and faculty. The Feminist Collective offers time and space for students to come together and discuss current issues from feminist perspectives as well as plan and host event here on campus.
Semester after semester, the Feminist Collective thinks about what we like and don't like about the world around us, and how we can work toward meaningful change. How can we work for a world without inequality? Why is it so hard to imagine a world where gender doesn't serve as a basis for discrimination and violence? What can we do to make the relationships we have with others and with ourselves healthier? Although we know there are no concrete answers to these questions, we host events that bring these questions into discussion. With a busy school/work schedule, it's easy to get lost in article reading and paper writing. The Feminist Collective, the meetings, the events, and the people, are a weekly breath of fresh air.
The Feminist Collective aims to bring fun, informative, feminist events to campus. Last year, the Feminist Collective hosted Take Back the Night where we hosted a safe and educational event for students to learn about the different ways that sexual violence affects people and how we can work towards a world free of sexual violence and free of fear. This year, we are hosting the event again! Our event is scheduled for Thursday, November 6 from 5-9pm in SU 003. Come to learn about the many ways that we can empower each other to resist violence in our lives.
I am a senior with a major in Sociology and a minor in LGBTQ studies and I could not be happier with the education I have received at NEIU. Every class, every professor, every article, and every presentation has sharpened the way I think and transformed the way I participate in the world around me. I am applying to PhD programs for the fall of 2015 and I truly feel that my experiences here at NEIU have thoroughly prepared me for anything the future has in store. And before I go, what would this be without a plug for the Feminist Collective?! We meet on Tuesdays from 3:05-4:05 in LWH 2094. The Feminist Collective is a group of bright and insightful students who are always happy to welcome new members!


Yarns suitable for hand and machine knitting, crochet and weaving - by type category and by manufacturer.
Tip: If you know the name or type of yarn you are looking for - use the search box above to quickly take you there. For example enter the word 'silk' to see our products that contain silk.


The oustanding digital imagery is part of 2019 Jewelry Trend forecast Lovely forecast Fabulous Le Vian S 2018 Jewelry Trend Predictions Jck has dimension 3226 x 2947 pixel. You can download and obtain the 2019 Jewelry Trend forecast Lovely forecast Fabulous Le Vian S 2018 Jewelry Trend Predictions Jck images by click the download button below to get multiple high resolutionversions. Here is crucial information about Fashion. We have the resource more digital imagery about Fashion. Check it out for yourself! You can acquire 2019 Jewelry Trend forecast Lovely forecast Fabulous Le Vian S 2018 Jewelry Trend Predictions Jck and see the 2019 Jewelry Trend Forecast For Stylish Women in here.


Yes! You Need to Eat Walnuts!
Omega-3 fatty acids, protective fats that may promote cardiovascular health, help maintain optimal cognitive function, and tone down inflammation.
Ellagic acid, an antioxidant compound that helps support a healthy immune system.
L-arginine, an essential amino acid that promotes healthy blood pressure.
Try adding walnuts to your plain yogurt and fruit parfaits or steel cut oatmeal to start the day, eat them as a snack, and use walnut oil in salad dressings for a nutritional boost. Or try a Walnut Pesto recipe!
2 cups gently packed fresh basil leaves.
2 large garlic cloves, roughly chopped.
2/3 cup extra virgin olive oil, best quality such as Lucini or Colavita.


text:
Opening Hours: Sun-Thur:
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Discover amazing experiences at Drink N Sink in Amsterdam. Reserve your table now using the form below. You can also book for staff/hen parties, business meetings and birthday parties. You can also contact us by telephone 020 223 53 01, or by mail info@drinknsink.com
Party	 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Drink N Sink
Warmoesstraat 58,
1012 JG Amsterdam
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We have 10 big screens where you can watch every sport you desire.
by darren roche on Drink N Sink
Cool bar. Nice staff. Could do with a choice of draft beers. Would recommend
by Marina Lopes on Drink N Sink
My favorite bar in Amsterdam so far, nice songs, great staff, wonderful music and cold beer!"
© 2018 Drink N Sink, All Rights Reserved.
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Home / Events / Little Red Riding Hood
Recurring Event Event Series: Little Red Riding Hood
DCA Grantee EventFamily FriendlyFolk and Traditional ArtsTheater
Jan 28, 2023 @ 01:00 PM
Jan 28, 2023 @ 01:00 PM - Jan 28, 2023 @ 02:00 PM
https://theatrewest.org/
Council District
Our award-winning musical retelling of the beloved fairy tale, a sneaky wolf intercepts Little Red Riding Hood in the woods and tries to pull a fast one on her grandma, only to discover that Little Red and Grandma have a big surprise in store for him! Not too scary, not too dark, it's just right for ages 3-9. There's humor, songs and lots of audience interaction. If you've got little ones, you won't want to miss this production from the company Los Angeles Magazine called the "best in the City for the squirmy set."
October 29-January 28.
Saturdays at 1pm
Spanish Shows Nov 19, Dec 17, Jan 21 at 11am
ASL Show Jan 14 at 1pm
facebook.com/storybooktheatrela;
instagram.com/storybooktheatrela
Theatre West
Los Angeles, CA 90068 United States + Google Map


Frediano Finucci is a senior journalist, actually the chief of the Business and Foreign Desk of the Italian National newscast TG La7. He also anchors the week end edition of Omnibus1, the popular morning news program, aired by La7 every day from 8.00 AM to 9.30 AM.
Previously for La7 he has been special correspondent in Italy (2001-2003) Brussels Correspondent (2003-2006) foreign desk Chief (2006-2007) responsible for the late night news edition (2007-2009), chief of the newsroom of Otto e mezzo (2009-2010) the popular prime time news program anchored by Lilli Gruber. He has covered almost all the EU summits from 2003 to 2015, the Conclave of Papa Francesco (anchoring the election night) and has travelled reporting in the US, Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Tunisia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, French Guyana, Norway, Switzerland, Azerbaijan and in almost all the EU countries.
Freudian has a large experience in moderation of events and TV debates.
He presents in Italian and English .


text:
Simon de Pury on Why TEFAF Really Matters and the Future of the Art World
Simon de Pury explains the changing tastes that shape the future of this fair.
Artnet News, February 5, 2015
A rare brown-glazed Delft spherical teapot and cover with silver mount (1700–10). Marked LVD for Lieve Van Dalen The Young Moor's Head Factory from 1695–1715 .
Photo: Courtesy Aronson Antiquairs, Amsterdam
Simon de Pury is a leading figure in the global art market. From 2000 to 2012, de Pury was chairman and chief auctioneer of Phillips de Pury & Company, a leading global auction house for contemporary art, design, and photography. A spirited and highly successful career at Sotheby's preceded this chapter. Earlier in his career he was also curator of the Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection that today is housed in its own museum in Madrid.
Currently de Pury is chairman of de Pury & de Pury, a company specializing in private treaty sales and advising major private collections on Impressionist, modern, postwar, and contemporary art. He is also an active charity auctioneer, raising hundreds of millions of dollars for the benefit of cultural, philanthropic, and medical institutions (see Billionaire Buys $1 Million Picasso Sketch at Leonardo DiCaprio Gala).
In his spare time, de Pury is a DJ and a photographer who has exhibited his work in Geneva (Art & Public), Berlin (The Corner), Paris (Colette), and Moscow (MAMM, Multimedia Art Museum Moscow). We spoke with him about his experiences at TEFAF and what's ahead for the fair.
How many times have you attended TEFAF? What is the pleasure of attending?
I have tried to visit TEFAF most years. With the exception of the Biennale des Antiquaires in Paris, it was for a very long time the only fair where you could see the best in every imaginable category, from Old Masters to contemporary art and from works of art to jewelry. As someone who is interested in all these areas, it presents a welcome variation to the fairs that only show 20th- and 21st-century art.
Have you ever had an unusual experience at TEFAF? What was it?
In the same way that TEFAF covers all areas, it also attracts the many very different microcosms that make up the collectors in these fields. This is also a welcome change, since the market for modern, postwar, and contemporary art has become a traveling circus that sets up its tent in a different place every week, if not every day. The only thing that doesn't change is the public; you meet the usual suspect everywhere. In Maastricht you can make more surprising chance encounters that in themselves can be unusual experiences.
TEFAF is known for its authoritative vetting process. Its website describes how 175 international experts in 29 different categories examine every work of art for quality, authenticity and condition. What are some of your thoughts about this practice?
The more vetting, the better. With a constant renewal of the collector base, trust and confidence are absolutely essential. A serious and thorough process clearly contributes towards it.
The fair beautifully displays Old Master paintings and contemporary pieces. What should fairgoers be on the lookout for at this year's edition?
It is the dialogue between objects and unexpected juxtapositions that create excitement. Axel Vervoordt was a pioneer in this and can be credited for more and more contemporary art collectors wanting to create a stimulating mix as opposed to living in a stereotype environment which is limited to one period. It is that mix that has become contemporary.
The annual TEFAF Art Market Report by Dr. Clare McAndrew [the 2014 edition is here] provides sound information about international trade and new markets. Do you yourself have a prediction for 2015?
We have witnessed a nearly unprecedented growth in most areas of the art market over the last few years. With the affluent getting more and more affluent and with only a limited supply of great art being available, one could be inclined to think that the good days should continue. While taste continuously evolves over time, the overall art market has mostly only grown and expanded since the mid-19th century. At the same time we know that every now and then, completely unforeseen circumstances can occur that temporarily halt or slow down things.
Simon de Pury tweets and Instagrams from @simondepury.
For more artnet News coverage about TEFAF 2015, see TEFAF to welcome new CEO Patrick van Maris, What Does Hervé Aaron Predict for TEFAF 2015?, and What Are Top Dealers Bringing to TEFAF Maastricht? Want to see more about what the fair has to offer? Go to www.artnet.com/tefaf.
Contemporary Impressionism & Modern Old Masters Postwar
La Biennale des Antiquaires Braces for a Changing Market
By Katy Diamond Hamer , Sep 12, 2016
Celebrated Collector and TEFAF President Willem Baron van Dedem Dead at 86
By Henri Neuendorf , Dec 2, 2015
Keno Brothers and Proxibid Team Up to Offer Classic Cars Online
By , Feb 5, 2015
artnet News Writer Analyzes Old Masters Auctions in Art Market Monitor Artelligence Podcast


The Catalan coastline is alive with people enjoying everything on the water; from leisure sailing, to extreme sports. You can choose from an enticing array of options to dive in amongst the waves and warm Mediterranean sea. Try a relaxing kayak into the horizon, or catch a break with a surfboard or paddleboard. Are you after a thrill and the wind in your hair with sea spray? Jetskis, motorboat rides, and yachts are just for you.
Windsurfing and Kitesurfing: At the Base Nàutica, between Bogatell and Mar Bella beaches, is a major site for wind and kitesurfers where you can experience gentle waves and a fresh breeze. If it's more challenging breaks you're after, it's best to head further north to the Costa Brava. Feel the breeze and seaspray as you cut through the waves. Take a guide with you, or go solo if you want total freedom.
If you want to see the view from the air, and get an adrenaline rush, try parasailing. It's a fun way to see the action on the beach and the water, with a fresh perspective. Sail above the crowds on the beach, see the swimmers bobbing in the ocean, with the view of Barcelona in the background. Spy the yacht harbour and casino, and relish the experience of flying without the fear of falling.
Several other watersports – sea-kayaking, jetskiing, and paddleboarding – are also available on the Costa Brava coast particularly near Empuriabrava (inbetween Figueres and Cadaques), and L'Escala. It's also possible to head just a little outside of Barcelona to Castelldefels or Sitges where you can spend the day relaxing on the beach as well as enjoy some water action.
And if you want to go deep, exploring underneath the waters and the world of fish and coral, then check out the snorkelling and diving packages, Mataro being one of the best spots to lose yourself in the calm green Mediterranean waters. Located between Cabrera de Mar where surfers love to catch waves, and Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, it's a mere half hour drive north-east of Barcelona. Pull on the wetsuit, flippers and mask, and wet your toes to experience the blue, fascinating world of marine life.
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Perfect Pussy Sign with Captured Tracks for Debut Album
By Alex Hudson
Syracuse, NY-bred noiseniks Perfect Pussy have generated a lot of buzz in 2013, and Exclaim! named their debut cassette I have lost all desire for feeling the best EP of the year. The punk-y four-piece's success has now paid off in the form of a record deal with Captured Tracks.
A press release confirms that the band are currently working on their debut album, which is due out in 2014. But there's no word as to whether the band intend to polish their blown-out production and punishing sound; I have lost all desire for feeling was a live-off-the-floor demo.
It's also not clear as to exactly when the band will head into the studio, or if they already have. Certainly, the group don't have much free time between now and the end of January, since they're in the midst of North American tour. This will come to Toronto on January 25 and Montreal the day after that.
Scroll past the schedule to hear I have lost all desire for feeling.
12/05 New York, NY - New York University *
12/06 Brooklyn, NY - Shea Stadium ^
12/07 Medford, MA - Tufts University ^
12/08 Philadelphia, PA - The Golden Tea House
12/09 Washington, DC - The Black Cat (Backstage)
12/10 Asheville, NC - The Mothlight
12/11 Atlanta, GA - The Drunken Unicorn
12/13 New Orleans, LA - Mudlark Theatre
12/14 Houston, TX - East Side Social Center
12/15 Austin, TX - The Mohawk
12/16 Albuquerque, NM - Launchpad
12/17 Phoenix, AZ - Wall Street
12/18 Costa Mesa, CA - Detroit Bar #
12/20 Los Angeles, CA - 7th Street Warehouse
12/21 Oakland, CA - 1234GO! Records
12/22 San Francisco, CA - Fortress/Ouija Club (213 Clara Street)
12/26 Dallas, TX - Three Links
12/27 Kansas City, CA - Czar Bar
12/28 St. Louis, MO - Chromozone
12/29 Columbus, OH - Cafe Bourbon Street
12/30 Pittsburgh, PA - The Fun Home
12/31 Brooklyn, NY - Baby's Alright
01/03 Rochester, NY - Bug Jar %
01/08 Baltimore, MD - Metro
01/09 Raleigh, NC - Kings Barcade @
01/11 Savannah, GA - Hangfire
01/14 Orlando, FL - Will's Pub
01/15 Miami, FL - Churchills
01/16 Tampa, FL - Unit B
01/17 Birmingham, AL - Spring Street Firehouse
01/18 Athens, GA - Warehouse (169 Tracy St)
01/19 Chattanooga, TN - Sluggo's
01/20 Louisville, KY - Nachbar
01/21 Bloomington, IN - The Bishop
01/22 Chicago, IL - Schubas !
01/23 Grinnell, IA - Gardner Lounge at Grinnell College
01/24 Detroit, MI - Trumbullplex
01/25 Toronto, ON - Silver Dollar
* with White Lung, Ceremony
^ with California X
# with Nasa Space Universe
% with Potty Mouth
@ with Davidians
! with Broken Player
I have lost all desire for feeling by PERFECT PUSSY
More Perfect Pussy
Perfect Pussy's Meredith Graves Named New MTV News Host
Meredith Graves is already multitasking as the singer of Perfect Pussy, a solo artist and owner of the Honor Press label, but she's crammed...
Perfect Pussy Book North American Winter Tour, Tease New Album
In 2015, Perfect Pussy's Meredith Graves has mostly been focusing on her solo work and her Honor Press label. To finish off the year, howeve...
Perfect Pussy's Meredith Graves Launches Honor Press Label
Perfect Pussy frontwoman Meredith Graves had already promised that she would be launching her own label with a release from Sacramento post-...
Beefs 2014: Perfect Pussy's Meredith Graves Denounces Mark Kozelek and His War on Drugs Diss Track in Essay About the "Language of Male Violence"
Sun Kil Moon songwriter Mark Kozelek has been waging a one-sided battle against the War on Drugs ever since the latter act drowned out the f...
Perfect Pussy's Meredith Graves Sounds Off on Sexism, Celebrity and Andrew W.K. in New Essay
In the past year or two, many of us have become more aware of the music industry's inherent sexism thanks to thought-provoking essays from G...


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By Tony Bradley, PCWorld | PT
Practical security advice
Microsoft confirms patch for Flash in IE10 coming soon
Adobe recently issued an update for the popular Flash Player utility to patch critical flaws that could allow an attacker to run malicious code on the target system. But, if you're using Windows 8, the version of Flash that Microsoft has embedded in Internet Explorer 10 is still vulnerable. Good news, though—an update is forthcoming to address that problem.
Adobe responds quickly to patch identified vulnerabilities, and most Windows users are conditioned to apply security updates as they're released, but Microsoft is responsible for updating Flash in its Web browser. Windows 8 hasn't yet officially launched, though, and Microsoft's initial response was that Flash would not be updated until after October 26 when Windows 8 becomes available to the general public.
Microsoft baked Flash into IE10, so it's responsible for patching it.
A couple of the flaws addressed by Adobe were given its highest threat warning level, and are associated with attacks that are already circulating in the wild. Last week, Adobe confirmed that Windows 8 users are still vulnerable to these threats.
[ Further reading: Our best Windows 10 tricks, tips and tweaks ]
I asked Microsoft about speculation that a patch is imminent. Yunsun Wee, Director of Microsoft Trustworthy Computing, replied with this statement: "In light of Adobe's recently released security updates for its Flash Player, Microsoft is working closely with Adobe to release an update for Adobe Flash in IE10 to protect our mutual customers."
Wee added, "This update will be available shortly. Ultimately, our goal is to make sure the Flash Player in Windows 8 is always secure and up-to-date, and to align our release schedule as closely to Adobe's as possible."
Microsoft isn't the first to embed its own version of Flash. Google's Chrome browser has had Flash baked in for a couple years now. However, Google has a solid track record of speeding patches to users as fast as—or sometimes faster than—Adobe.
With Flash in Internet Explorer 10, Microsoft has to accept responsibility for addressing issues in a timely manner. Leaving these Flash vulnerabilities open is similar to the situation Apple put Mac OS X users in earlier this year when it was so slow to deploy an update for its proprietary Java implementation.
There is no confirmed timeline for an update from Microsoft, but it's welcome news that Microsoft realizes the urgency of the situation, and is diligently working on a patch rather than leaving customers vulnerable until the end of October.


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Sports, January 17th
January 17, 2014 Ron Milhorn
HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL ON TAP TONIGHT
Glenwood will host Palisade at 6 and 7:30. Both games will be broadcast live on KMTS and KMTS.com.
Delta plays at Rifle at 6 and 7:30. Coal Ridge plays at Cedaredge, Grand Valley travels to Gunnison and Roaring Fork welcomes Aspen to Carbondale tonight.
NBA/NUGGETS
Denver—The Denver Nuggets go for their third straight win tonight when they take on the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Pepsi Center.
NHL/AVS
Denver—The Avs beat the New Jersey Devils last night at the Pepsi Center 2 to 1 in a shootout. Ryan O'Reilly had a goal and scored in the shootout, Semyon Varlamov made 33 saves. The Avs travel to Nashville, Tennessee tomorrow night to take on the Predators.
BRONCOS VP ELWAY SAYS MANNING HAS MORE IN THE TANK
Denver—(AP) – John Elway doesn't see Peyton Manning riding off into that orange Rocky Mountain sunset the way Elway did 15 years ago if the Denver Broncos quarterback caps his record-setting season with a second Super Bowl ring. Elway's body was breaking down, having been sacked 516 times – 244 more than Manning has been in about the same number of games. Manning has given no indication that he's anywhere near calling it quits at age 37, although he has dropped phrases lately like "light at the end of the tunnel" when talking about his career. Elway takes that to mean Manning knows that whenever he does walk away, these are the days he'll look back on. Manning is preparing to lead the Broncos against the New England Patriots Sunday in the AFC championship.
COLLEGE BASKETBALL: BUFFS LOSE AT HOME TO UCLA
BOULDER (AP) – Norman Powell matched his season high with 19 points and No. 25 UCLA pulled away in the second half to beat No. 21 Colorado 69-56 last night, handing the short-handed Buffaloes their first loss of the season at home.Jordan Adams had 14 points and 13 rebounds, and David Wear added 13 points for UCLA (14-3, 3-1 Pac-12), which has won consecutive games since a narrow loss to top-ranked Arizona a week ago.Askia Booker scored 21 points and Josh Scott 19 for Colorado (14-4, 3-2). The Buffaloes were playing for the first time since guard Spencer Dinwiddie, who was leading the team in scoring, assists and steals, sustained a season-ending knee injury during last Sunday's loss at Washington.
News, January 17th
Parachute Branch Library regularly scheduled events/programs


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The Boise Airport Will Pay You $1,000 To Accept Their Job Offer
Mateo Published: August 5, 2021
Credit: Scott Olson, Getty Images
Now more than ever, all sorts of businesses are looking for employees. You see "now hiring" signs just about everywhere. Along with this need for workers comes a very heated debate, too.
We don't have to tell you about how much of a year it has been across our area and the greater State of Idaho. No matter where you looked, a year ago, you would see folks in need, business shut down, and an overall sense of nervousness and uncertainty in the air. No, all of that uncertainty has not cleared up--however, as things slowly feel more normal out and about, many places need employees.
The conversation now is all about the big question: why are so many places short staffed and where are all of these potential workers at? How are they making ends meet?
The Boise Airport is hoping to offer a solution.
So, here is the deal. Currently, the Boise Airport is seeking to hire on all sorts of positions. From cooks to utility workers, bartenders to cashiers, there's a position for everyone and they need filled. Every single Tuesday for the entire month of August, you can pop into the Boise Airport from 12:00 p.m. through 4:00 p.m. and apply for a position.
Should you sign-on as a cook, a cashier, or a utility worker, the Boise Airport will include a $1,000 sign-on bonus for agreeing to take the job. They're looking for the best of the best and they're willing to pay for it!
Take a look at the job postings for yourself, HERE.
The Amazing Views and Eats at The Tower Grill
The Tower Grill in Nampa offers an amazing menu right on an airport runway. Watch planes come and go as you enjoy a filling breakfast, lunch, or beer!
The Castles of Idaho
When you think of Idaho you most likely don't think of fairytales or kings and queens in big castles. However, medieval architecture, drawbridges, gargoyles, knights armor, towers, and even secret passages can be found right here in Idaho.
Where To Ride a Horse in Idaho
You don't have to drive far around the Treasure Valley or the gem state before you see a horse or two or ten. So where can you actually go on a horseback ride and even go on riding tours in the gem state? There are many breathtaking options and horse riding experiences waiting for you. Here are places in the gem state where individuals, families, friends and even kids can experience the thrill and joy of riding a horse, something you must try at least once. This list was inspired by Trip Advisor, Yelp, and google reviews.
Filed Under: boise airport jobs, boise job bonus, cash bonus boise, Mateo, newsletter
Bogus Basin Seeks Hundreds of Employees for Summer
Boise Pride Festival Announces 2022 Festival Dates
Animated Map Shows Idaho Shockwaves After Tonga Eruption
Families Celebrate Free Full-Day Kindergarten in Boise
These 7 Idaho Counties Are Experiencing the Most Growth
Boise Man No Longer Stranded at Airport Amid Flight Chaos


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Read a lovely review of The New Baby and Me from Books for Keeps.
Five brothers, each quite different, are looking forward to the birth of a new sibling. They are convinced it will be a boy, and each of them thinks the baby will be like him. The first wants to be an explorer, the second a scientist, the third is determined to be an artist, the fourth a pirate, and the last just wants to be a dreamer and 'stare out of the window and wonder'. No prizes for guessing that the newcomer is a girl! The boys are flummoxed at first, but come to realise that while she is like them in some ways, she will be herself and only herself. The theme of the story is individuality, and the fact that each of the boys believes that the new baby will be just like him, is significant. The fact that they then have to accept that this one is going to be different from any of them means that they also accept their own individuality. A quite different approach to the coming of a new baby, and the illustrations are outstanding, full of deep colour and collage work.


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Catharina Berthout van Berlaer (1420? - ) was het inderhaast gewettigde kind van Jan III Berthout van Berlaer en Margaretha van Lieshout, en erfvrouwe van Helmond.

Ze verwierf de heerlijkheid bij de dood van Jan III in 1425, en in 1433 trouwde ze met Jan I van Cortenbach, waarmee de heerlijkheid in handen van de Limburgse familie Van Cortenbach kwam, wat tot 1681 zo zou blijven.

Heer van Helmond
Huis Berthout

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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CES: HP's reveals new lineup of laptops, minis
Continuing the march toward 11.6-inch laptops, HP is making the new Pavilion dm1 its CES 2011 showpiece. At slightly less than 1 inch thick and 3.5 pounds, the dm1 is one of the first laptops to use AMD's new Fusion platform, which is powered by AMD's new "APU," an accelerated processing unit. AMD's new platform combines a traditional CPU and better-than-integrated graphics (and DirectX 11 support) on a single chip. The actual CPU is AMD's new 1.6GHz dual-core E350, with AMD Radeon HD 6310M graphics. More - Dan Ackerman, CNET
Published: January 4, 2011 -- 08:52 GMT (00:52 PST)
HP's CoolSense technology is quickly becoming standard across HP's laptop lines, and today it gets added to the massive 17-inch HP Envy 17 (and it also turns up in the new 11-inch Pavilion dm1). CoolSense is a control panel for setting fan performance, from maximum cooling to quietest operation. HP says its inclusion in the Envy 17 makes it "the first high-performance HP PC with advanced cooling technology."
Even more HP laptops are joining the march to Intel's second-generation Core i-series processors. The Pavilion dv6 and Pavilion dv7 are getting the upgrade, and sticking with AMD Radeon graphics.
The changes here are all under the hood, and we suspect HP's entire line of Core i3/5/i7 laptops will jump to the second-generation CPUs soon. Dan Ackerman CNET
HP Pavillion dv6 and dv7
HP's The Envy 17 is also moving to Intel's second generation on Core i-series processors, but continuing to couple them with AMD graphics, namely the AMD Mobility Radeon HD 6850M. There's a certain level of automatic graphics switching built into the Envy 17, but it's not as transparent and adaptable as Nvidia's Optimus system (nor, according to our sources, is it likely to be anytime soon). That said, a 17-inch laptop is likely to spend most of its time plugged in, so turning the GPU off and on automatically to save battery life isn't a top priority. More - Dan Ackerman CNET
HP Envy 17
HP's popular line of Mini 210 Netbooks is expanding, at least visually. Two new plaid designs are joining the collection, named iceberry and raspberry. Existing colors include charcoal, lavender frost, luminous rose, and ocean drive. But don't expect any upgrades in performance. To get that, you'll have to buy a more expensive 11-inch ultraportable.
Mini 210 Netbook
HP is featuring performance upgrades and new designs to highlight its 2011 roster of notebooks and netbooks.
Hewlett Packard Enterprise Hardware Data Centers Cloud Storage Networking
Meet HP's Sprout, now available in the UK
The intriguing HP Sprout is a next-generation desktop computer combining an all-in-one PC, a projector-scanner unit, a touch mat and a custom Windows-integrated workspace. ...
Top four Chromebooks by screen size
The Chromebook space is becoming crowded with lots of models to choose from. Here's our picks of the top models in each available screen size.
Six Clicks: From least to beast: The best Chromebooks
A Chromebook may be all you need for all your computing needs. Here's the best of the breed so far.
Six Clicks: The best Chromebooks for school
School will soon be in session and a Chromebook may be just what you need for the coming academic year.
Six Clicks: Gadgets of yesteryear that defined mobile
Given how far it's come, mobile technology is not very old. In the early days, some outstanding gadgets set the stage for the mobile tech of today. These are six of them that had a big impact. ...
Five best tablets of all time
Tablets are taking over the world, and it's taken them longer than most people realize. The Tablet PC appeared over 12 years ago, and contrary to popular belief there were some pretty ...
Six Clicks: Features introduced in webOS you are using today
The webOS mobile platform introduced by Palm is no longer used on commercial products, but it introduced features so innovative that some are still in use by Apple, Microsoft, Google... ...


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Q: Google Map library V2 glitches in inflating it at Run time I have an xml name layout.xml.
my question is how to inflate it at run time ?
LayoutInflater mInflater=(LayoutInflater)HomeActivity.this.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.fake,null, false);
maplayout.addView(view);

As view does not have "findFragmentById" which map uses to initialize
like
map=((SupportMapFragment)getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.map)).getMap();

Please Help !!
layout.xml

<fragment
    android:id="@+id/map"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    class="com.google.android.gms.maps.SupportMapFragment" />

A:
i need to inflate it at run time

No, you do not. You are welcome to use a FragmentTransaction to add the fragment to the UI dynamically at runtime.

A: You dont inflate it you get the map by calling GoogleMap map = getMap(); in the fragment in your onCreateView


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Home 2016 July (Page 2)
Environmental Aspects of the South China Sea Award
Published on July 21, 2016 Author: Joshua Paine
Earlier posts (here and here) have provided a general overview of the much-anticipated 12 July Award of an UNCLOS Annex VII Tribunal in the Philippines v China case. This post will focus on the environmental aspects of the Award. The Tribunal's consideration of environmental issues is largely contained in the part of the Award dealing with the Philippines' submissions 11 and 12(B) ([815]-[993]). While these submissions were phrased differently, they both sought declarations that China had violated its obligations under UNCLOS to protect and preserve the marine environment (submission 11 related to various locations whereas submission 12 related to Mischief Reef). The Philippines' environmental claims related to two aspects of China's conduct: firstly China's alleged toleration or support of environmentally harmful fishing practices by its nationals; secondly, the environmental impact of China's land reclamation and construction activities.
Treaty Interpretation and Due Diligence
The Tribunal's interpretation of the general obligation under UNCLOS Article 192 to 'protect and preserve the marine environment', and the more specific obligations under Article 194 regarding marine pollution, embedded these provisions within wider environmental law. The Tribunal noted that these obligations require states to exercise due diligence and to ensure that activities occurring within their jurisdiction and control do not harm the marine environment, referring to ITLOS' 2015 Advisory Opinion regarding a state's obligation to investigate reports by another state of non-compliance by its vessels with provisions of the Convention concerning protection of the marine environment, and the ICJ's remark in Pulp Mills on 'due diligence' requiring a 'certain level of vigilance': [944].
In interpreting Article 194(5) of UNCLOS, which requires states to 'protect and preserve rare or fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species', the Tribunal drew on several aspects of wider international environmental law. This included having regard to the definition of an 'ecosystem' in Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the term not being defined in UNCLOS. Based on the scientific evidence before it, the Tribunal had no doubt that the marine environments in question were 'rare or fragile ecosystems' and the habitats of 'depleted, threatened, or endangered species': [945].
The Tribunal also had regard to CITES, to which both the Philippines and China are parties, in informing the content of UNCLOS Articles 192 and 194(5). The context here was that the sea turtles found on board Chinese fishing vessels were listed under Appendix I of CITES as a species threated with extinction, and the giant clams which had been harvested by Chinese nationals, as well as corals in the area, were listed in Appendix II of CITES: [956]-[957]. The evidence indicated that Chinese-flagged vessels had made widespread use of a particularly damaging technique of breaking up coral with their propellers to extract clams: see [847]-[851], [958]. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, International Court of Justice, International Environmental Law, International Tribunals, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Treaty Law
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Remote-Controlled Killing in Dallas
Published on July 19, 2016 Author: Mary Ellen O'Connell
On 8 July 2016, most likely for the first time in history, Dallas, Texas police used a remotely piloted land vehicle — a type of drone — to bomb a criminal suspect to death. When asked whether the bombing was justified, a former Los Angeles police captain said yes: "This was not a conventional police operation. This was more of a war zone type operation".
That Dallas could be a war zone for purposes of killing a criminal suspect and that police would use a bomb to do so are new examples of a continuing post-9/11 phenomenon. It is another case indicating the spreading, negative influence of legal arguments developed to weaken the restraints on the use of force. Other examples have been discussed here recently, including legal reasoning to justify the 2003 Iraq invasion and the abusive claims to self-defense in response to terrorism. This post will focus on the artificial war zone and the militarization of police practices.
"War Zones" Beyond War Zones
Just one week before the Dallas bombing, the U.S. Director of National Intelligence (DNI) released drone death statistics from killings "outside zones of active hostilities." For years the Obama administration has argued for a broader understanding of what constitutes a battlefield, along with attenuated readings of the right of self-defense and of the right of a state to consent to the use of military force on its territory. In a speech at Harvard Law School in September 2011, John Brennan, currently the CIA director, said, "The United States does not view our authority to use military force against al-Qa'ida as being restricted solely to 'hot' battlefields like Afghanistan." These efforts were first motivated to provide legal cover for the use of drones in targeted killing beyond the combat zones of Afghanistan and Iraq. (For an overview of the history, law, and ethics of using drones for targeted killing, see my review essay, Game of Drones.) Since then, the concept of a right to kill beyond a zone of active hostilities or hot battlefields has taken on a life of its own. It has morphed into the thinking and justifications behind killing with means other than drones, against targets other than Al-Qaida members, and by operators other than U.S. military and intelligence personnel, such as the Dallas police and Chinese law enforcement. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: Armed Conflict, EJIL Analysis, Use of Force
Announcements: CfP for EJIL Symposium – International Commissions of Inquiry; Free BIICL Event – Obligations of States in Undelimited Maritime Areas
Published on July 17, 2016 Author: Mary Guest
Call for Papers for a Symposium for the European Journal of International Law: International Commissions of Inquiry: What Difference Do They Make? The proliferation of inquiry bodies in international affairs is a marked phenomenon of the post-Cold War period. Scholarly attention has largely focused on the procedures and methodologies adopted by such bodies, in addition to their findings of fact and conclusions of law. Comparatively little systematic attention has been devoted to the impact of international commissions of inquiry on the specific disputes, incidents or situations that they are created to address. This symposium sets out to consider what difference various commissions of inquiry have made on the circumstances that provided the impetus for their creation. For the full call for papers, see here.
BIICL Event on 'Obligations of States in Undelimited Maritime Areas'. On Friday 22 July, the British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL) will hold a free to attend event titled: 'Obligations of States in Undelimited Maritime Areas'. Consisting of two panels featuring experts in Law of the Sea and members of the BIICL research project on the obligations of States in undelimited maritime areas, this event will analyse and discuss the obligations of States in regard to undelimited areas pending agreement on maritime boundary delimitation. In particular, the event will focus on the obligations of States under Articles 74(3) and 83(3) of UNCLOS to refrain from activities that could jeopardise or hamper the reaching of a final agreement on maritime delimitation. The event will be of interest to international law practitioners, government officials, offshore oil and gas industry specialists and academics. Copies of the BIICL publication "Report on the Obligations of States under Articles 74(3) and 83(3) of UNCLOS in respect of Undelimited Maritime Areas" will be distributed at the event. For more information, see here or the event flyer.
Filed under: Announcements and Events
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Russia and China Challenge the Western Hegemony in the Interpretation of International Law
Published on July 15, 2016 Author: Lauri Mälksoo
On 25 June 2016, the Presidents of Russia and China adopted a common Declaration on the Promotion of International Law in Beijing. The Declaration has already been subject to insightful commentary in the Western blogosphere, for example by Ingrid Wuerth.
The context of the Declaration is that both Russia and China have recently faced criticism for their attitudes towards, and even violations of, international law. In March 2014, the majority of states in the UN General Assembly considered Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula illegal under international law. On 12 July 2016, about two weeks after the Russian-Chinese Declaration was adopted, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in a case initiated by the Philippines, de facto rejected most of Chinese territorial claims in the South China Sea.
In this sense, the Russian-Chinese Declaration represents a defensive political document in which the signatory states reject Western suggestions that the two UN SC permanent members have a somewhat problematic relationship with international law. Within the Declaration, Russia and China offer their own interpretation of what the big picture of international law is – an interpretation according to which it is the West, especially the US, that emerges as an actor displaying a problematic record and attitude. It is important that the two powers have now officially come together to put forward a common interpretation on the big picture of international law. At least in Russia, strategic criticism of the Western approach to international law has been prominent in strategic documents for the last ten or so years.
One has to keep in mind that the discourse on international law within Russia and China differs considerably from the way it is typically understood and constructed in the West. However, the realization of this fact is not necessarily too deep in the West where at least academic discourse on international law is usually carried out as an intra-Western affair i.e. Western experts debating with other Western experts. Outside the West, international law is often portrayed as an hegemonic tool of the West. For example, in April 2016, the Director of the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and a leading practitioner in international law matters in Russia, Alexander Bastrykin, made a statement according to which, international law has for a while been used as an element of Western hybrid warfare against Russia. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Study of International Law
Tags: China, Declaration on the Promotion of International Law, Russia, Russia-China Declaration
A Plea Against the Abusive Invocation of Self-Defence as a Response to Terrorism
Published on July 14, 2016 Author: Olivier Corten
The use of force in self-defence against terrorist groups is one of the most controversial issues in the field of jus contra bellum today. Particularly since 9/11, several States have supported a broad reading of the right to use force in self-defence, as allowing them to intervene militarily against terrorists whenever and wherever they may be. A consequence of that conception is that any State could be targeted irrespective of whether that State has 'sent' the irregular (in this case terrorist) group to carry out a military action or has been 'substantially involved' in such an action, to use the terms of Article 3g) of the Definition of Aggression (annexed to GA Res 3314 (XXIX)) considered by the ICJ as reflecting customary international law. However, an even more substantial number of States do not seem to subscribe to this broad reading of the right to self-defence. The Non-Aligned Movement, for example, representing some 120 States, has regularly expressed its clear reluctance to adhere to this view. Thus, in February 2016, in an open debate before the UN Security Council on 'Respect for the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations as a key element for the maintenance of international peace and security', the Non-Aligned Movement reaffirmed that 'consistent with the practice of the UN and international law, as pronounced by the ICJ, Article 51 of the UN Charter is restrictive and should not be re-written or re-interpreted' (S/PV.7621, 15 February 2016, at 34).
But what about international lawyers? The reaction on their part has been equivocal. Some have supported a broad interpretation of Article 51 of the UN Charter, focusing on the possibility to invoke self-defence against terrorists. Others argue in favour of a more 'restrictive' and classical reading of the Charter. Following this second line of reasoning, a plea against the abusive invocation of self-defence as a response to terrorism has been drafted by a group of scholars (available here). The aim of this post is to (i) explain in what context and how this plea was conceived, and (ii) briefly describe its main characteristics. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Self Defence, Terrorism, Use of Force
Tags: self-defence, terrorism, use of force
A Rejoinder to John Bellinger on the Chilcot Report
Published on July 13, 2016 Author: Marko Milanovic
Over on Lawfare, John Bellinger has an interesting post on the Iraq Inquiry which is well worth a read, responding partly to Oona Hathaway's recent post on Just Security. However, there are a couple of points in Bellinger's post that I think are highly problematic and would like to address here.
First of all, Bellinger notes that the Inquiry did not expressly criticize the UK (and the US) legal argument for intervening in Iraq, and draws from that the following conclusion:
Even if the Chilcot committee did not want to substitute its own legal conclusions for Goldsmith's, if the Goldsmith view is as "widely repudiated" as Oona believes, surely the committee (which had former ICJ President Rosalyn Higgins as its legal adviser) would have noted this fact and provided the counter-arguments. That the committee does not criticize the substance of Goldsmith's legal conclusions tends to indicate that the committee did not find them "manifestly implausible."
I don't think this inference is correct, i.e. that from Chilcot's silence we can infer anything about the commissioners' views on the legality of the war. Chilcot expressly said that the legality of the war was outside the Inquiry's mandate. This would include any judgments about the plausibility (as opposed to correctness) of any particular argument. And he moreover noted that the war was not one of last resort AND that in the Inquiry's view the UK (and implicitly the US) undermined the authority of the Security Council. Since the UK/US argument was based on implied Security Council authorization, the Inquiry's finding is if anything directly contrary to the overall thrust of that argument, at the very least politically so.
Second, Bellinger notes (correctly) that, as a matter of principle, the 678/687 revival argument was not new, i.e. it was used before to justify several bombing campaigns in Iraq. But that the revival argument was not new has little bearing on whether it is plausible or correct, the political optics aside. It was always highly controversial, and received a lot of criticism in the legal literature even when it was used on a vastly smaller scale than the full invasion and regime change of 2003.
Nor does the fact that the government lawyers of five states (US, UK, Australia, Poland, Spain) endorsed that argument inherently make it plausible. I suppose a lot depends on the exact criterion by which we judge plausibility. I am reminded in that regard of a panel discussion on the Ukraine crisis that I chaired at last year's ESIL conference in Oslo. There were a couple of hundred people in the room, and at one point I asked for a show of hands on how many of the international lawyers in that room thought that that Russia's intervention in Ukraine was lawful – only one person did so. I then asked the same question about the US intervention in Iraq, and again only one person did so (it was not the same guy!). That is obviously just an unscientific data point, but it still aligns with my anecdotal impression that 99% of international lawyers outside the US (and even there the percentage is not much smaller) think that the Iraq war violated the UN Charter. That (some of) the government lawyers of five states thought otherwise doesn't change much, I think, about the judgment that the profession as a whole has passed on the Iraq war, which I admit is also inevitably influenced by the unmitigated disaster it eventually turned out to be.
Thirdly, and most importantly, I think Bellinger doesn't take into account that even among these five states there were significant differences in how they actually approached the revival argument. In particular, even the UK, the US closest ally, per the advice of Lord Goldsmith, considered that the US version of the revival argument was legally wrong. Just as a reminder, under both versions of the revival argument the authority to use force under SC res 678 was suspended but not extinguished by 687, and could be revived by a material breach of the conditions imposed on Iraq by 678 and subsequent resolutions. However, under the US version of this argument it was for individual states (i.e. the United States, i.e. President George W. Bush) to decide whether Iraq was in material breach, but under the UK version that judgment had to be made collectively, by the Security Council. This is why, under its legal view, the US had no need of resolution 1441, but on the UK view that resolution was indispensable, i.e. without it the 678 authority could not be revived. This is also why, in his 7 March formal legal advice , at para. 9, Lord Goldsmith noted that he 'was not aware of any other state which supports [the US] view.'
Finally, this is also why, as Dapo and I argued in our submission to the Iraq Inquiry, which was joined by many other scholars, Lord Goldsmith's last-hour change of heart about the interpretation of 1441 could not be justified by discussions with US interlocutors and by reference to US 'red lines' that US negotiators could not possibly have conceded, since the US red lines were predicated upon the US version of the revival argument and not the UK one. In other words, the US may well have succeeded in upholding its red lines, but this would not automatically have meant that the UK succeeded in getting from 1441 what it needed to get to invade Iraq. (Notwithstanding the point of principle Richard Gardiner and Michael Wood have made before on whether UNSC resolutions can be interpreted by reference to what some of the negotiators privately thought they had or had not achieved).
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Iraq, Security Council, Use of Force
Tags: Chilcot, iraq inquiry
Philippines v China: first thoughts on the Award in the South China Seas Case
Published on July 12, 2016 Author: Douglas Guilfoyle
Any international lawyer looking at a news site in the last few hours will have seen that the final award has been handed down at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Philippines v China dispute brought under the UN Convention on the Law Sea Annex VII procedure. The arbitral tribunal's decision is simply historic. While Philippines has lost on a number of smaller points, the scale of its win overall is much greater than most commentators were expecting.
What follows is a very preliminary comment – and I stress that faced with a 500 page decision I may well revise my views later. It is also more in the nature of an explainer than a deep dive on any of the many legal questions already highlighted below. (This is also an excessively long post, for which I apologise.) However, on a first, quite brief, examination the tribunal has attempted to be meticulously fair to China and has applied the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea strictly and thoroughly. It has delivered a result which was, by and large, predictable.
James Kraska of the US Naval College has summarised the key holdings as:
the nine dash line has no basis in law,
there are no islands in the disputed area within the meaning of Article 123, UNCLOS,
China has interfered in the Philippines' EEZ; and
China's actions have aggravated the dispute.
I would add to this list three matters. First, the Tribunal has concluded that Mischief Reef is a low tide elevation over which no State can claim sovereignty or possession. This means it is simply a maritime feature within the Philippines exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Chinese island-building activities there are thus not merely without legal effect but are in violation of the sovereign rights of the Philippines.
Second, it has found that China has breached various obligations under UNCLOS regarding the protection and preservation of the marine environment by having caused severe and irreparable harm to coral reef ecosystems in its construction of artificial islands in the South China Seas.
Third, international tribunals normally bend over backwards to avoid findings of bad faith against a state. That is, one cannot act in bad faith without violating some other substantive right. So most tribunals consider it sufficient to stop at determining that a right or duty has been violated. This tribunal has found China violated Article 300 of UNCLOS: the duty to act in good faith. This is an extraordinary rebuke and a clear indication that the law of the sea dispute resolution system will not be cowed by the posturing of the superpower. As a matter of principle, it takes a principled stand on the supremacy of the rule of law. As a matter of pragmatism, it flies in the face of the conventional wisdom that angering China over this dispute could jeopardise the stability of the law of the sea system.
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Inter-State Arbitration, International Environmental Law, Jurisdiction, Law of the Sea, Natural Resources, Permanent Court of Arbitration
The Philippines v. China Arbitral Award on the Merits as a Subsidiary Source of International Law
Published on July 12, 2016 Author: Diane Desierto
"Great Game" politics in the Asia-Pacific has just changed irrevocably, especially for all parties, claimants, and affected constituencies in the South China Sea, after the Annex VII UNCLOS arbitral tribunal released its 12 July 2016 Award in Republic of the Philippines v. People's Republic of China (Permanent Court of Arbitration Case No. 2013-19). While we will be featuring posts over the coming days on this award that dissect and analyze the award, its international legal significance, and its larger geopolitical consequences for all claimants to the South China Sea dispute and third-party actors (such as the United States), for now, a close read of all 479 pages of this arbitral award reveals it to be an extremely rich and fertile piece of international jurisprudence, one that will certainly have far-ranging doctrinal impacts as an international judicial decision that is also an authoritative subsidiary means for determination of the international law rules under UNCLOS, especially on questions such as the:
1) normative weight of "historic rights" and differentiating the same from "historic title" and "historic rights short of sovereignty", and clarifying what could still possibly amount to historic rights that States could still validly assert within the UNCLOS treaty regime;
2) authoritative criteria for determining the existence of low-tide elevations (LTEs), noting that the legal consequences of which were not completely settled in the International Court of Justice's judgment in Qatar v. Bahrain;
3) objective criteria for the authoritative interpretation of Article 121 UNCLOS;
4) objective and subjective criteria for testing the lawfulness and unlawfulness of a coastal State's asserted 'enforcement' activities; and the
5) objective or scientific factors that could be taken into account to determine the existence of actionable environmental damage to the marine environment under Articles 192 and 194 UNCLOS.
Interestingly, the arbitral tribunal did not assume jurisdiction in this case over the interpretation of "military activities" within the meaning of Article 298 of UNCLOS, which the Philippines had asserted in regard to various military and paramilitary incidents with China over Second Thomas Shoal. It would be interesting to see, in the coming days, how the United States reacts to this development, since it has frequently insisted on the prerogative of the coastal State to make the authoritative determination of what "military activities" could be justifiably excluded from compulsory dispute settlement under UNCLOS Article 298(1)(b).
The evidentiary rules and fact-finding procedures of this tribunal will also, I suspect, also provoke considerable commentary, if not critique, since the tribunal drew heavily from numerous statements, published views, and opinions that were attributed to the respondent in this case. One can also expect questions to be raised on why the respondent never chose to participate in the proceedings if only to challenge jurisdiction, to contest the veracity or authoritativeness of the Philippines' technical, environmental, hydrographical, and other expert submissions under protest, or to otherwise set its own narrative, instead of permitting China's narrative to be formed from the tribunal's reconstruction of innumerable media statements and statements of officials.
Clearly, this award has greater consequences beyond China's repeated refusal to recognize it (at least for now). As a subsidiary means for determining international law, it is conceivably difficult for any of the claimants – the Philippines included – to ignore the legal effect of this ruling and its impact on all future steps to be undertaken in the actual maritime boundary delimitation negotiations. The ruling will likely affect the landscape of interpretation for the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties to the South China Sea, and the ongoing work agenda of the ASEAN-China Working Group on the Code of Conduct for the Parties to the South China Sea. Whatever the stated preferences may be of China or the new Duterte administration in the Philippines, and regardless of objections to the veracity of factual findings of the tribunal, the very existence of the Philippines v. China arbitration award as a subsidiary means for determining the rules of international law arguably changes the very scope and interpretation of actual applicable law to be considered by parties to this dispute.
We look forward to featuring a broad spectrum of views from various international lawyers and scholars on this landmark arbitral award, as we track contemporaneous developments in the Asia-Pacific region, and invite further discussion especially on next steps ahead for the actual disputes between the claimants on maritime boundary delimitation. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Law of the Sea, Natural Resources
Announcements: James Brown Scott Prize; Revista Tribuna Internacional; CfP Jus Post Bellum and the Justice of Peace
Published on July 9, 2016 Author: Mary Guest
1. Institut de droit international James Brown Scott Prize. This competition, endowing an award of 10'000 Swiss francs, is organized under the auspices of the Institute of International Law as established by the late J.B. Scott. The Prize bears the name of thirteen distinguished international lawyers on a rotating basis, and on this occasion is the John Westlake Prize. The subject of this competition is 'Dispute Settlement Before International Courts and Tribunals'. Papers related to this subject can be submitted in German, English, Spanish French, or Italian and should comply with all other requirements as specified in the Regulations of the Prize, which can be consulted in the Yearbook of the Institute of International Law, Vol. 61-II, 1986, p. 359-367 and on the website of the Institute of International Law. The papers have to be submitted to the Secretary-General of the Institute by 31 December 2016 to the following address: Professor Marcelo Kohen IHEID, Chemin Eugène Rigot 2 Case postale 136 CH-1211 Geneva 21. The Prize will be awarded during the 2017 session of the Institute of International Law.
2. Revista Tribuna Internacional New Issue. Issue N° 9 (1st semester, 2016) of law journal "Revista Tribuna Internacional", Law Faculty – Univesity of Chile, is now online. It includes academic articles, commentaries of jurisprudence and book reviews of books related to public and private international law and international relations by authors from many different countries. It can be accessed here. Articles in Spanish and English are accepted. The rules of submission can be read here.
3. Call for Papers: Jus Post Bellum and the Justice of Peace. The Jus Post Bellum Project is seeking submissions of academic research papers for presentation at the final project conference on 'Jus Post Bellum and the Justice of Peace' on 29-30 September 2016 in The Hague. In the Conference, we will explore to what extent international law contains norms and principles of just and sustainable peace in specific areas, such as (i) ending of conflict and conflict termination (cease-fire, peace agreements, constitutional reform), (ii) security (use of force in peace operations, detention, law enforcement), (iii) protection of public goods (cultural property), (iv) movement of persons (property rights, immigration, refugees), (v) accountability (sequencing of peace and justice, hybrid/international/domestic tribunals), (vi) rule of law reform (vetting practices, institution building, sequencing), (vii) sovereign debt and economic injustice (land reform, socio-economic rights), and (viii) reparation and prevention (collective reparations, reconciliation). Submissions should include an abstract of no more than 300 words and be accompanied by a CV. Submissions must be written in English and sent to j.m.iverson {at} law.leidenuniv(.)nl no later than 5 August 2016. Draft papers should be submitted by 15 September 2016.
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UK Iraq Inquiry Report
Published on July 6, 2016 Author: Marko Milanovic
In the past couple of hours, the Chilcot inquiry on the Iraq war delivered its long-awaited report, which can be accessed here. It is highly critical of virtually every aspect of UK policy that led to the Iraq war and its unfortunate aftermath – indeed, much more critical than many have expected. When it comes to the legal aspects, the inquiry's mandate did not include an assessment of the legality of the use of force, but the inquiry nonetheless concluded that "the UK chose to join the invasion of Iraq before the peaceful options for disarmament had been exhausted. Military action at that time was not a last resort" and that:
The judgements about the severity of the threat posed by Iraq's weapons of mass destruction – WMD – were presented with a certainty that was not justified.
Despite explicit warnings, the consequences of the invasion were underestimated. The planning and preparations for Iraq after Saddam Hussein were wholly inadequate.
The government failed to achieve its stated objectives.
The inquiry also found that:
Mr Blair and Mr Straw blamed France for the "impasse" in the UN and claimed that the UK Government was acting on behalf of the international community "to uphold the authority of the Security Council".
In the absence of a majority in support of military action, we consider that the UK was, in fact, undermining the Security Council's authority.
Second, the Inquiry has not expressed a view on whether military action was legal. That could, of course, only be resolved by a properly constituted and internationally recognised Court.
We have, however, concluded that the circumstances in which it was decided that there was a legal basis for UK military action were far from satisfactory.
A 170-page chapter of the report on the provision of legal advice is here; further commentary from Joshua Rozenberg here.
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▪ In August 2007, he hit his wife and used a wooden board to break down a door as his children dialed 911. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 180 days in jail, with 165 days suspended.
▪ In July 2011, he hit his wife on the cheek and was sentenced to 200 days in jail, with 170 days suspended.
▪ In November 2013, he grabbed his wife and threw her against a door. He was sentenced to 360 days in jail with 300 days suspended.
After he assaulted his wife again a year later, James was charged with domestic assault by a habitual offender in U.S. District Court. He pleaded guilty as charged in May.
U.S. District Judge John C. Coughenour sentenced James on Tuesday to three years of supervised release to follow his two-year prison term. The standard sentencing range is 30 to 37 months imprisonment.
James is the third person prosecuted by the Western District of the U.S. Attorney's Office for domestic abuse by a habitual offender.