Fully-jointed with hand-stitched noses and rich golden plush, the VanderBears are classic collectors' bears. The family includes father Cornelius(20" tall), mother Alice(18" tall), brother Fuzzy(12" tall), sister Fluffy(12" tall), and baby Muffy(7" tall).
Classic Velvet - Introduced in 1983. White lace and black velvet formal wear. The original collection includes Cornelius, Alice, Fuzzy and Fluffy. Retired in 1988.
Muffy - Introduced in 1984. The littlest member of the family joins wearing a white christening gown.
Red Flannel Holiday Collection - Limited holiday edition for Fall 1985. Cozy cotton, red plaid nightgowns and lounge wear.
Cruisewear - Introduced Spring 1986. Cheery red, white and blue nautical outfits for all. Retired in 1988, Muffy in 1991.
Taffeta Holiday Collection - Limited holiday edition for Fall 1986. Elegant blue and green taffeta and velvet finery for the whole family.
Day in the Country - Introduced Spring 1987. Denim chambray picnic clothes, complete with breezy straw hats. Retired in 1989, Muffy in 1991.
Nutcracker Suite - Limited holiday edition for Fall 1987. Dressed in colorful ballet costumes, each member of the family assumes a role in this favorite holiday story.
Out of it in Africa - Introduced Spring 1988. Safari wear, pith helmets and camping accessories for all. Retired in 1991, Muffy in 1992.
Furrier & Ives - Limited holiday edition for Fall 1988. The VanderBears glide into the holiday season sporting their fur-trimmed skating outfits.
High Tea - Introduced Spring 1989. Wearing pink and blue organdy trimmed in lace, the family relaxes for an afternoon of English tea. (Look for Wicker Chair.) Retired Fall 1991, Wicker Chair Spring 1992, and Muffy Fall 1992.
Tree Trimming - Limited holiday edition for Fall 1989. The family decks the halls of VanderBear Manor in candy-colored greens and red. (Look for Cookie Plate, Scottie Dog, Christmas Tree, and Sofa).
Gibearny - Introduced Spring 1990. A collection celebrating the romantic lavender-hues in Monet's Water Lily paintings of the French gardens at Gibearny. (Look for Garden Bench) Retired Spring 1993, Muffy Fall 1993.
Remembearances - Introduced Spring 1990. Alice and Cornelius remember their resplendent wedding day in this elegant wedding collection. Retired in 1991.
Musical Soiree - Introduced Fall 1990. The VanderBears practice a spirited Shubeartide elegantly dressed in purple velvet adorned with lavender bows. (Look for Stradibearius, Christmas Tree and Chaise Lounge.)Retired in 1991, Accessories 1990 and Muffy in 1992.
Sweet Dreams - Introduced Fall 1990. The VanderBears prepare for bedtime in white, old-fashioned nightwear. (Look for Muffy's Teddy Bear). Retired Fall 1992, Muffy Spring 1993.
Wild West - Introduced Spring 1991. The family hits the open range in costumes inspired by the Old West. Collection also introduces Oatsie, Muffy's new pony. Retired Spring 1994, Muffy and Oatsie Fall 1994.
Bal Masque - Introduced Fall 1991. The VanderBears are set for a spectacular party as they prepare for their Commedia Dell Arte Ball, evoking the illusion and romance that was the sixteenth century Italian comedy. Hoppy and Oatsie even join in the fun. ( Look for Recamier.) Retired Fall 1992, Muffy, Hoppy and Oatsie Spring 1993.
Picnic - Introduced Spring 1992. Inspired by classic red and white tablecloth check, the VanderBears are dressed and ready for their family outing. (Look for coordinating tablecloth/napkin set and picnic basket.) Retired Spring 1995, Picnic basket Spring 1993, Muffy Spring 1990.
Alpine - Introduced Fall 1992. The VanderBears celebrate winter in traditional Tyrolean folk costumes in red, green and gray. Hoppy and Oatsie join the winter celebration as well. (Look for Muffy's Alpine Tree and Alpine Sleigh which Oatsie pulls.) Retired Fall 1993, Muffy, Hoppy, Oatsie, Sleigh and Alpine Tree Spring 1994.
A Taste of Honey "VDBeekeeping" - Introduced Spring 1993. Sporting traditional black stripes on sturdy cotton mattress ticking Cornelius, Alice, Fuzzy and Fluffy are adorned with the custom bee-themed labels and neckerchiefs. Muffy and Hoppy are adorably costumed as a honeybee and ladybug. (Look for porcelain Honey Jars and Sticker Book.) Retired Fall 1996, Muffy, Hoppy and all the accessories Spring 1997.
Highland Fling - Introduced Fall 1993. The VanderBears dress in traditional Scottish dance costumes of corduroy thistle prints and sweaters. A custom plaid theme with gold accents complete with argyle socks. Collection introduces Muffy's new dog, Lulu MacFluff. (Look for Snowdome, Wreath, Stocking as well as coordinating accessories for Lulu: a bed, brush, bowl tag and leash.) Retired Fall 1994, Muffy, and Hoppy Spring 1995.
North Pole - Introduced Fall 1994. The VanderBears take over Santa's workshop dressed as local Lapplanders in colorful red, blue and gold. Cornelius, Alice and Fluffy are costumed in traditional folk dress while Fuzzy dresses up as a toy robot, Muffy as Santa, Hoppy as an elf and Lulu as a reindeer. (Look for Sled Sack of Toys, Trim-A-Tree Kit, Water Ball and Wrapping Paper.) Retired Fall 1995, Muffy, Hoppy, Lulu and all the accessories Fall 1996.
Paint The Town Red - Introduced Valentine/Easter 1996. Cornelius and Alice premier as a numbered, limited edition of 4500 each. Celebrating a romantic evening without the little ones, Alice is stunning in crushed red velvet dancing with dashing Cornelius in check pants and striped shirt with attached Valentine box of Love Tokens.
A Christmas Carol - Introduced Fall 1996. Well-rehearsed and warmly dressed, the VanderBears perform spirited renditions of holiday favorites. Deep forest green velvet dominates the collection with woolly red and gray plaids, red satin and white "fur" accents. Hoppy, Lulu and Oatsie join the chorus. (Look for landau (carriage), lantern and muff/reticule set). Retired Spring 1997 except for Muffy, Hoppy, Lulu, and accessories; Landau Fall 1997, Oatsie Spring 1998.
Puttering Around - Introduced Spring 1997. Numbered limited edition of 3500 sets features Cornelius and Alice on the greens of Edinbeargh. Cornelius tees off in knickers, red shirt and argyle vest. Alice is par for course in ivory skirt and golf sweater. Hats and two-tone shoes keep the dashing duo on the fashion fairway. Set includes designer golf bag with ball, tee and clubs.
Display Sofa - Available Fall 1997. Decorative customized Chippendale-style sofa for store display. Upholstered in white cotton twill with black buttons and taffeta trim, this sturdy 33"W x 20"H x 19"D store display seats the entire VanderBear Family or a small child.


Are you using your inhaler correctly? Why it matters.
If you have never used an Inhaler, it may look easy. However, most actors or sports figures on TV who you see using an inhaler are doing it wrong! If you were just prescribed an inhaler but not thoroughly instructed on how to use it, chances are you're not using it correctly. Even if you have used an inhaler for many years, it is easy to develop some bad habits that may decrease the amount of medication that is delivered to the lungs. Even if you are using your inhaler correctly, usually less than 50% (yes, that's right, less than 1/2 and usually closer to 1/3!) of the medication reaches the small airways of the lungs where it is needed to treat asthma.
All patients with asthma will have a rescue inhaler such as albuterol (Pro-Air®, http://www.proairhfa.com/, Ventolin®,http://www.ventolin.com/ , Proventil®, http://www.proventilhfa.com/ ) or lev-albuterol (Xopenex®, http://www.xopenex.com/). These all come as traditional "press-and-breathe" inhalers known as metered-dose inhalers (MDI).
Patients with persistent asthma will also be taking a daily controller medication. These inhalers can be either MDI inhalers such as Q-var® , Alvesco®, Flovent® MDI, Advair MDI®, Dulera® or Symbicort®, or Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI) such as Flovent diskus®, Advair diskus®, Pulmicort Flexhaler®, or Asmanex Twisthaler®.
When using a MDI, a holding chamber or "spacer" should be attached the MDI to limit problems with coordination thus improving lung deposition of the medication and decreasing potential side effects like thrush in the mouth. A good example is the OptiChamber ® (http://optichamberholdingchamber.respironics.com/) A DPI does not need a holding chamber. The technique is significantly different for MDI vs. DPI. When using a MDI, you breathe in nice and slow then hold your breath for 10 seconds. In contrast, when using a DPI, breathe in rapidly and deeply, and then hold your breath for 10 seconds.
At Family Allergy & Asthma Care of Montana, we strive to use the least amount of medication necessary to control and prevent asthma symptoms. You will be instructed on the use of your inhaler to ensure that the most medication possible reaches the small airways of the lungs. In this way, you may require a less potent dose or fewer puffs to achieve the same good end result.
And isn't that what we all really want? Less medication and better asthma control! It's at your fingertips and your lips!
This is great information! I hadn't realized the important difference of speed of inhalation with the two different types of inhalers. Thank you!


shenzhen litkconn technology co., ltd.
d1,no.3 building,shasan shangxiawei creative industrial park,shajing town,shenzhen citychina.
zhengzhou inledco lighting co., ltd.
lights which includes road lights;floodlights;spotlights;fresh lights;ceiling lights;monument lights;landscape lights;fishing lights and so on.
shenzhen city tianci hongye lighting ltd.
guangdong unihero optoelectronics technology co., ltd.


Good. 0916766586 Volume 25, Book 1. A small note on fly page and check page on page 25. Binding solid, pages crisp and clean, no other markings found. Dust jacket bright with light scuffs and dents. Extremities lightly bumped with minimal tip wear.


text:
using Anjril.PokemonWorld.Common;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using UnityEngine;

class Arena : BattleArena
{
    public float Tilesize { get; private set; }
    public GameObject[,] Tiles;

    public Arena (int size, float tilesize) : base(size)
    {
        Tilesize = tilesize;

        Tiles = new GameObject[ArenaSize, ArenaSize];
        for (int i = 0; i < ArenaSize; i++)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j < ArenaSize; j++)
            {
                var obj = GameObject.Instantiate(Resources.Load("ground/ground")) as GameObject;
                var mapNode = GameObject.FindGameObjectWithTag("Arena");
                obj.transform.parent = mapNode.transform;
                obj.transform.position = new Vector3(tilesize * i, -tilesize * j, 0);
                Tiles[i, j] = obj;
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


1. Los Angeles Rams – Carson Wentz, QB, North Dakota St. – The Rams have two really strong options for the top pick, but everyone seems to be convinced that they will draft Jared Goff strictly because he is a California guy and played in the big conference. Wentz is the more naturally talented passer and leader, and since Jeff Fisher already groomed a small school quarterback who nearly took his team to a championship in Steve McNair out of Alcorn State, this pick seems much less risky than if it were some other regime.
2. Cleveland Browns – Myles Jack, LB, UCLA – The best players have been getting taken at the top of the draft in recent years, which bucks the trend to be honest. Jack might not be ready for the start of camp, which might upset some Browns fans initially, but he is a game changer and is the type of dynamic defensive player who can change the culture in Hue Jackson's tenure.
3. San Diego Chargers – Jalen Ramsey, S, Florida State – Ramsey is the best player in the draft. He is by far the best safety and is probably the best cornerback as well. The departure of Eric Weddle opens up a big hole for the Bolts, so my guess is their jump at one of the best DB prospects in years.
4. Dallas Cowboys – Ezekiel Elliott, RB, Ohio State – Letting Demarco Murray go a year ago is still an embarrassment for the Cowboys. With Tony Romo's injuries last season, it was clear that there was a major need at the running back position when they could not move the ball despite having a polished offensive line. Elliott will change the way they look at their running backs, a back with speed to hit the outside and toughness to block and make his money between the tackles.
5. Jacksonville Jaguars – Joey Bosa, DE, Ohio State – The Jags need front seven help, and with Jack going higher than expected, they are left with a player who is arguably the most pro-ready player in the draft. His motor doesn't quit, and I just don't buy the drawbacks that everyone is bringing up about his character concerns.
6. Baltimore Ravens – Laremy Tunsil, OT, Mississippi – This would be a dream pick for Joe Flacco, who didn't have a whole lot of time to do anything last season. Tunsil is the best pass blocker in the class, and it is the biggest need for the Ravens.
7. San Francisco 49ers – Jared Goff, QB, California – So, the 49ers get lucky here. Goff is the type of player who can do wonders with the right offense and right set of weapons, but the 49ers don't exactly have that at the moment. The best case scenario would be for Goff to sit a year behind Blaine Gabbert and take in Chip Kelly's offense before having to take meaningful snaps.
8. Philadelphia Eagles – Vernon Hargreaves III, CB, Florida – The Eagles are suddenly very thin at the back end of their defense thanks to the flop free agent signing of Byron Maxwell. Hargreaves is the best cover corner in the draft, and he will be an impact player from day one.
9. Tampa Bay Buccaneers – DeForest Buckner, DE, Oregon – Sometimes it works out perfectly for teams. The Buccs could not get after any passer last year, and Buckner is one of the most gifted D-linemen in the draft. He will be a work in progress in the beginning, but he could be a real threat by midyear.
10. New York Giants – Reggie Ragland, LB, Alabama – He will be an immediate starter in the middle of the tortured Giants defense. They are basically good to go on offense. If they draft another skill position player, then I would really have to question the firing of Tom Coughlin.
11. Chicago Bears – Eli Apple, CB, Ohio State – This will be severely overdrafting the corner, but he is one of the higher upset secondary guys in the draft. In that division, you have to be able to lock down the wideouts. Apple will struggle early on, but he could develop into a lock down corner in a couple seasons.
12. New Orleans Saints – Shaq Lawson, DE, Clemson – The Saints need all kinds of help on defense, much like the Giants. Remember that 52-49 game last year? Lawson will be the type of player that will be able to create matchup problems on the interior and get after the quarterback.
13. Miami Dolphins – Noah Spence, DE, Eastern Kentucky/Ohio State – Spence had some issues that removed him from the Buckeyes program and forced him to play his final year in FCS. He was dominant at both levels, and the Dolphins need pass rush help, as usual. Spence could be an immediate starter on that defensive line.
14. Oakland Raiders – Mackenzie Alexander, CB, Clemson – I would have put William Jackson here, but I'm not sure if the Raiders want another Houston corner after DJ Hayden has disappointed as much as he has. Alexander had no interceptions in his career at Clemson, but he is a talented lock down corner that will help the Raiders, who already have a stout pass rush.
15. Tennessee Titans – Ronnie Stanley, OT, Notre Dame – This would be the best case scenario for the Titans, who were going to probably take a tackle with the first pick anyway. Stanley is a day one starter for a team that could not protect Marcus Mariota at any point in 2015.
16. Detroit Lions – Jack Conklin, OT, Michigan State – The Lions have never made much of an effort to keep Matthew Stafford upright. Now without Calvin Johnson to bail him out all the time, they absolutely need to address the left side of that putrid offensive line.
17. Atlanta Falcons – Hunter Henry, TE, Arkansas – Henry is far and away the best tight end in the draft. He might not be the best value at this point in the draft, but he fills a big point of need at a constantly increasing position of importance in today's game.
18. Indianapolis Colts – Laquon Treadwell, WR, Mississippi – The Colts definitely have needs on defense, but they need to find a permanent replacement for Reggie Wayne since he left and hung up his pads last year. Treadwell might not be the best receiver in the class, but he fits what they are looking for.
19. Buffalo Bills – Robert Nkemdiche, DT, Mississippi – Rex Ryan will have no problem embracing the character issues of Nkemdiche. He is the type of player who will make an immediate impact on the D-line, playing multiple positions and creating a matchup nightmare.
20. New York Jets – Paxton Lynch, QB, Memphis – This might be a half dozen spots too high for the highly talented Memphis signal caller, but the Jets can't really risk missing out on him. QB has got to be their #1 need.
21. Washington Redskins – Sheldon Rankins, DT, Louisville – This would be quite a drop for someone as talented as Rankins. The Redskins, despite making the playoffs last year, have holes all over both sides of the ball. This will shore up their defensive interior.
22. Houston Texans – Corey Coleman, WR, Baylor – He was the best receiver in college football last year. He can stretch the field as well as anyone. Brock Osweiler would have to be thrilled walking into a team with Coleman and DeAndre Hopkins on opposite sides of the field.
23. Minnesota Vikings – William Jackson, CB, Houston – You can never have enough CB depth in the NFC North. Jackson is a gifted player, but he is still a bit raw. This would be a nice landing spot for him.
24. Cincinnati Bengals – Will Fuller, WR, Notre Dame – They lost two of their top three targets for Andy Dalton to free agency, so they have to address that need here in the draft. They could trade down a few spots if need be, but Fuller is a fine pick at this point.
25. Pittsburgh Steelers – Taylor Decker, OT, Ohio State – The Steelers do not have an awful lot of needs, but O-line depth is certainly something that can be improved, especially in that division.
26. Seattle Seahawks – Bronson Kaufusi, OLB, BYU – The Hawks always like to shake it up a bit. Losing Bruce Irvin to free agency creates a void at OLB/rush end, so I can see them going with one of the best players that fits their scheme here. Their offensive line is a mess as well, but all of the good tackles are going to be taken by this point.
27. Green Bay Packers – A'Shawn Robinson, DT, Alabama – With BJ Raji taking a step out, Robinson seems like an immediate starter on the interior of that shaky defense. This would be extremely good value at this point in the draft.
28. Kansas City Chiefs – Josh Doctson, WR, TCU – The Chiefs can always use more good receivers. Doctson will add some big play ability to the offense that has always seems a bit one-dimensional.
29. Arizona Cardinals – Ryan Kelly, C, Alabama – It is the end of the first round that we normally see the best center in the class come off the board. Few players have as much experience and winning mentality as Kelly.
30. Carolina Panthers – Vonn Bell, S, Ohio State – The offensive line looked fairly horrible in the Super Bowl, but they really performed well throughout the rest of the season. Bell will provide some playmaking ability in that secondary that looks a bit unstable at the moment.
31. Denver Broncos – Connor Cook, QB, Michigan State – He looks like a Broncos quarterback. If they can't get a deal done with the 49ers for Colin Kaepernick, then they will be forced to do something to prevent Mark Sanchez from being their only option at the start of camp. Trading down seems likely, but for the sake of making a clean first round, I will have them take Cook here.
That first round seems slightly deflated with only 31 picks, but that's how it goes. Any overlooks? Who do you want your team to pick in round one (if your team has a pick)? Let me know in the comments. And...Go Hawks!


Barbara passed away in April 2019. Barbara was a resident of Pennsylvania at the time of passing.
CAMPBELL, Bertha M. Age 92, of Atlanta, passed away March 31, 2019. Services April 6, 11:00 AM at Providence Missionary Baptist Church. Goolsby Mortuary, Atlanta, GA.
In Loving Memory of Alexander Campbell who passed away on March 26, 2018.
Alexander was born on June 18, 1961 and passed away on Friday, March 22, 2019. Alexander was a resident of South Carolina at the time of passing.


A cultural event is the best stress buster for any institute from its rigorous schedule of studies. Every year the students from across Pune wait for intercollegiate cultural event at HNIMR – 'PANACHE". It is a mega event which is imbibed with numerous other sub-events (competition). This year the event was organized on 29th, 30th and 31st of January 2019. The event got tremendous response from participants.
Ms. Savaniee Ravindra & Ms. Rajashri Nikam in the presence of ocean of audience. The institute's CDC chairperson Prof. N. D. Patil and director Dr. Jagdish Pol were also present for the inauguration ceremony.
During this event 20 competitions were organized i.e. Table Tennis, Suryanamaskar, Long Jump, Face Painting, Mehendi, Singing, Street Play, Rangoli, Group Dance, Solo Dance, Fashion Show etc.
Of all these 3 days all the competitions were a success and all the participants gave in their whole-hearted effort to it. The best thing of this mega event was the enthusiasm of participants and there vigor. Any event to be a success always needs a concrete base and this base was the entire team of HNIMR which included first and foremost the Director Dr. Jagdish Pol Sir, faculty guide of event – Prof. Archana Pradhan, Dr. Geeta Jadhav, Prof. Priyanka Potdar and Prof. Prashant Mamarde, all the student event heads and the volunteers who worked day in day out for the event to become a grand success. This event had become the talk of the town only because of their dedicated efforts for it.
On the last day a closing ceremony was organized with Prize distribution. For this again a popular face of Marathi movies Miss. Surbhi Bhave was present. She felicitated the winners. The guests for the event praised the entire event and the Panache team. For all the sub-events well known dignitaries had come to judge the participants.
The participant and faculty member from other college also appreciated the efforts of "Student volunteers" of Panache which was definitely a proud moment for HNIMR.


text:
Industry Agenda
Role of Religion
Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue to feature model in burkini
From refugee to fashion model.
Image: REUTERS/Brendan McDermid - RC11EA18CF80
This article is published in collaboration with Thomson Reuters Foundation trust.org
Lisa Richwine , Reuters
Somali-American Halima Aden will appear in Sports Illustrated's popular swimsuit issue as the first model in the magazine to wear a hijab and burkini, the magazine said on its website.
The annual swimsuit issue, which will debut on May 8, is known for showcasing women in revealing bikinis. A burkini is a full-body swimsuit worn by some Muslim women.
Aden, who is Muslim, was born in Kenya at a refugee camp and moved to the United States at age 7. Her burkini photos were shot in Kenya at Watamu Beach, Sports Illustrated said in a statement on Monday.
In 2016, Aden made headlines when she was the first woman to wear a hijab in the Miss Minnesota USA pageant. She has also appeared on the cover of British Vogue and on runways at New York Fashion Week.
"Ladies, anything is possible," Aden wrote on Instagram. "Being in Sports Illustrated is so much bigger than me. It's sending a message to my community and the world that women of all different backgrounds, looks, upbringings ... can stand together and be celebrated."
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit editor MJ Day said she and Aden "both believe the ideal of beauty is so vast and subjective."
"We both know that women are so often perceived to be one way or one thing based on how they look or what they wear. Whether you feel your most beautiful and confident in a burkini or a bikini, YOU ARE WORTHY," Day said in a statement on the magazine's website.
How traditional Islamic giving can play a role in the future of aid
Our relationship with water isn't gender neutral. Here's why that matters
Lisa Richwine, , Reuters
This article is published in collaboration with Thomson Reuters Foundation trust.org.
Featured: Education and Skills View all
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Robbert van Eerd and Jean Guo 17 Jan 2020
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Howard Elias 16 Jan 2020
Civil society can make sure no one is left stranded by the skills gap
Christopher Worman, Hector Mujica, and Melissa Huerta 14 Jan 2020
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Jaime Saavedra · World Bank 08 Jan 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
module Deployer.Types where

import           Language.Types
import           Monad
import           System.FilePath.Posix (takeExtension)
import           Types

data DeployerCardReference
    = DeployerCardCompiled FilePath
    | DeployerCardUncompiled CardFileReference
    deriving (Show, Eq)

instance Read DeployerCardReference where
    readsPrec _ fp
        = case length (words fp) of
            0 -> []
            1 -> if takeExtension fp == ".sus"
                  then [(DeployerCardUncompiled (CardFileReference fp Nothing) ,"")]
                  else [(DeployerCardCompiled fp, "")]
            2 -> let [f, c] = words fp
                  in [(DeployerCardUncompiled (CardFileReference f (Just $ CardNameReference c)), "")]
            _ -> []

type SparkDeployer = StateT DeployerState Sparker
data DeployerState = DeployerState

data PreDeployment
    = Ready FilePath FilePath DeploymentKind
    | AlreadyDone
    | Error String
    deriving (Show, Eq)

data ID
    = Plain String
    | Var String
    deriving (Show, Eq)


text:
Q: How to add together two of the lowest value numbers here? How do I have to edit the "answer" here to get it to add together two of the lowest numbers?
var luku1, luku2, luku3, luku4, answer;

luku1 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 1"));

luku2 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 2"));

luku3 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 3"));

luku4 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 4"));

answer = luku1 + luku2;

document.write (answer);

A: You can sort variables and add first 2 values.

var luku1, luku2, luku3, luku4, answer;

luku1 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 1"));
luku2 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 2"));
luku3 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 3"));
luku4 = parseInt(prompt("Give number 4"));

var arr = [luku1, luku2, luku3, luku4].sort(function(a,b){
  return a>b?1:a<b?-1:0;
})
answer = arr[0] + arr[1];

document.write (answer);

You can also try something like this as well:

var inputs = [], answer, n = 4;
for(var i=0; i<n; i++){
  inputs.push(parseInt(prompt("Give number 1")));
}

var arr = inputs.sort(function(a,b){
  return a>b?1:a<b?-1:0;
})
answer = arr[0] + arr[1];

document.write (answer);

A: Store the numbers in an array, after you have all of the input, sort the array, and sum the elements at index 0 and 1.
var luku = [];
var answer;

for (var i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
  luku.push(parseInt(prompt("Give number " + i)));

luku.sort();

answer = luku[0] + luku[1];

document.write(answer);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


hello friends, i m rachit aggarwal .....doin my b.tech from computer science from iet lucknow and presently in 6th sem...got selected 4 tcs...first of all ,there was a writtten on 4th june in which 190 are shortlisted out of 240......interviews are on 5th....my chance come at 11.00..
Interviewer: what about scorching heat in lucknow?
Interviewer: ok tell me sth about urself?
Interviewer: ok wat is ur area of interest ?
interviewer: can u be more specific in data structure?
interviewer: how many types of sorting u hav learnt?
interviewer: ok start telling me one by one.
me:told bubble sort and ask for a paper to writes its program.
interviewer:(gave paper)u can also write an algo in whatever u r comfortable.
interviewer:ok.tell me the ht. of binary tree?
interviewer:tell me difference between fat32 and ntfs?
interviewer:ok.tell me wat is dbms? and referential integrity?
then he talk about my elder brother who is also in tcs ....and ask wat feedback u r getting from him???
interviewer:why u wanted to join tcs??
interviewer:(after some moment)so,u dont have any gap??


text:
class ChangePhoneNumberType < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def up
    remove_column :students, :phone_number
    add_column :students, :phone_number, :string
  end

  def down
    remove_column :students, :phone_number
  add_column :students, :phone_number, :integer
  end
end


As members of the Caltech community, we expect that each of us will embody the high standards that have gained Caltech its worldwide reputation. Responsibility and accountability are the hallmarks of our community. We expect every member of the Caltech community treats one another with dignity and respect. Human Resources fosters the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of our community.
This belief guides the Respectful Community Campaign; a year long exploration into the Institute's commitment to fostering a respectful community.


Manila Hotel reinvents themselves and relaunches with new offerings while raising the bar of excellence in the hotel industry.
Yes, you now have new rooms and suites which were redesigned to showcase the elegant, sophisticated, and authentic Philippine interior design. But don't think this is all just a throwback to the tranquil years of the past, because all of the rooms at the Manila Hotel are well-equipped with modern facilities and amenities.
The Manila Hotel's New Cafe Ilang-Ilang brings you chic casual dining that brings together a wide array of cross-continental cuisines. The spacious restaurant can easily accommodate a lot of people who will excitedly go for the buffet and open kitchens.
Can't wait to check out their delectable desserts space.


Numerous retirees have possessed the capacity to depend on private or state manager based retirement medical advantages for supplemental social insurance inclusion while on Medicare before, yet this is winding up less normal.
Boss based wellbeing related advantages can give essential inclusion to the holes that exist in Medicare programs. Extra inclusion advantages can lighten the cost-sharing prerequisites and deductibles related with Medicare. Tops on the sum that can be spent out-of-take, frequently connected with supplemental inclusion, are likewise regularly supportive for retirees.
By and large, supplemental retiree wellbeing and health advantages supported by a private or city manager have helped numerous retirees adapt to high restorative expenses frequently brought about in retirement.
The Kaiser Family Foundation as of late announced, in any case, that the quantity of substantial private businesses considered bosses with at least 200 representatives offering retiree medicinal services benefits has dropped from 66 percent in 1988 to 23 percent in 2015.
State managers have likewise not been safe to the pattern, but rather the sort and dimension of inclusion being offered by most states is altogether not quite the same as retirement social insurance inclusion being offered by expansive organizations.
In contrast to numerous private managers, state governments keep on offering some dimension of retiree medicinal services advantages to help pull in and hold gifted laborers, as indicated by a report titled "State Retiree Health Plan Spending," distributed by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John D. what's more, Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in May, 2016.
Except for Idaho, all states right now offer recently enlisted state workers some dimension of retirement medicinal services benefits as a major aspect of their advantages bundle, as indicated by the report. Of the states offering retiree health advantages, 38 have made the pledge to add to medicinal services premiums for the inclusion being advertised. State managers are, nonetheless, additionally making changes to the retirement human services protection benefits they give to state laborers.
Noteworthy among these progressions for the states is no less than one main thrust the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) presently expects states to report liabilities for retirement benefits other than annuities in their budget reports. The progressions were required from all states before the finish of 2008. Subsequently, the expanded budgetary straightforwardness constrained states to survey the expense of their other post-business benefits (OPEB) and deliver how they intend to pay for them.
Since retirement social insurance benefits represent most of the states' OPEB commitments, numerous states have made approach changes to address the forthcoming commitments. Factors, for example, date of contract, date of retirement or vesting qualification, including least age and least administration year necessities, are currently being utilized by states to shift or constrain retirement medicinal services benefits.
In general, from 2010 to 2013, the states saw their OPEB liabilities decline by 10 percent from $627 billion after swelling alterations. While this may sound conflicting, the decays are credited to a stoppage in the development of human services costs combined with advantage adjustments went for cost decreases.
To see one state for instance, California's ongoing spending plan uncovered that social insurance benefits for retirees are costing the state more than $2 billion per year for a 80 percent expansion over the earlier 10 years. In spite of the fact that the circumstance as of late changed, California was already one of 18 expresses that had nothing put aside to cover its future retiree human services advantage expenses of $80.3 billion.
It ought to be noticed that retiree medicinal services designs are ordinarily financed by plan supports on a "pay as you go" premise, implying that monies to pay present and future social insurance commitments are taken from current resources and not put aside ahead of time. This contrasts fundamentally from benefits designs represented by ERISA, which are liable to subsidizing rules.
In light of California's unfunded OPEB obligation, representatives and the state are presently paying into a reserve for future retiree medicinal services advantage costs. The state is likewise coordinating $88 million in representative commitments and paying an extra $240 million to prefund future retirement social insurance advantage costs. The progressions are affecting retirees just as state and private bosses.
By and large, business based retirement medicinal services benefits, when critical for enhancing Medicare for resigned seniors, keep on declining.
Many gen X-ers who are presently secured by retiree therapeutic designs and plan to depend on future business paid health advantages, are probably going to be baffled to discover that these advantage designs can be changed or ended. ERISA-represented advantage designs regularly contain a "reservation of rights" arrangement permitting the arrangement support to change or end all or parts of the arrangement. Numerous private and state businesses are decreasing or ending retiree medical advantages because of the expanding cost of protection premiums, rising human services expenses, and increments in life span.


text:
INDUSTRIAL COATINGS QUIZ
1. Michael Beitzel (17/15)
2. Dirk Kuijken (17/15)
4. Juan I. Ordinas (15/15)
5. Sid Stewart (15/15)
7. Roland Peemans (14/15)
8. Doug Driscoll, Sr. (14/15)
9. Douglas Steitz (14/15)
10. Bryon Beck (13/15)
11. Luis Ruiz (13/15)
12. Brian Dove (13/15)
13. john petford (13/15)
14. Mark Anater (12/15)
16. Mark Edmonds (12/15)
17. Mark Allen (12/15)
18. Gabriel Anoruigwe (12/15)
19. Dave Heyne (11/15)
20. Robert Cloutier (11/15)
What is checked by a blotter test?
Tackiness of a coating
Cleanliness of compressed air
Moisture level of concrete surfaces
True or false: In the construction of transmission towers, one of the durability-enhancing measures on structures for severe environments is to increase the film build of the zinc/iron and pure zinc layers during galvanizing and one method to reliably achieve this is by abrasive blasting the steel before galvanizing, says a JPCL author.
True or false: NIOSH is the organization that defines the content of Grade D breathing air, required in CFR 1910.134 for supplied air respirators.
What is one thing Lloyd Smith, Bernie Appleman and Bob Kogler have in common?
True or false: Mill scale is synonymous with corrosion scale.
True or false: Abrasive blasting of concrete substrates can produce silica sand inhalation hazards.


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Most of these articles are focused on traditional email marketing, rather than the outreach that's typical of PR, link building and influencer marketing.
These posts typically dive into the details without providing an overarching set of principles to consider when thinking about deliverability.
An exception to this is a recent podcast interview of Mark Risher. on the Converge Podcast. If you're running media or blogger outreach campaigns, you can learn much of what you need to know from a 90 second segment of this interview.
Risher, Google's director of product management responsible for preventing unwanted emails, was interviewed by Casey Newton. The interview covered a a broad range of topics, but in the middle of the podcast they specifically spoke about deliverability as it relates to PR and blogger outreach campaigns.
What I found so valuable about this discussion was that, rather than dancing around the specific factors that may or may not be part of Google's spam detection efforts, Risher explained their guiding principles for fighting "commercial annoyance and abuse" emails.
What also jumped out at me as I listened was the fact these guiding principles are the same ones that our most successful customers employ in their campaigns (as measured by open rates and coverage/placement rates).
Here's a lightly edited transcript of the relevant parts of the interview. If you want to listen to the actual podcast, this discussion starts at around the 33 minute mark.
CASEY NEWTON: Sometimes when someone sends me a marketing email and I hate that email, …I report that as spam. Is that bad?
MARK RISHER: Absolutely not, it's good. Reporting things as spam is the best signal you can give to us. We are processing literally millions and millions of messages every second, and so it's very important to us to get these signals from you if we might have gotten something wrong. In part because, even though each email might be customized, they're not a single point. There's a campaign that's going on, and the earlier that someone lets us know about it, the faster our systems, and our people, can respond to it and take action on it.
CASEY NEWTON: Right. I'm speaking particularly of the case where somebody wants me to write about something and, for some reason, instead of sending me one email, they subscribe me to their mailing list. So, it's not spam in the sense that they're sending it to ten million people, but I consider it spam in the sense that I don't like it.
There are only fourteen sentences in this exchange, but if you look at each of Risher's comments, there's a lot packed in. 🙂 Let's look at some of Risher's comments individually so that we understand their full meaning and the implications to outreach professionals.
"….even though each email might be customized, they're not a single point. There's a campaign that's going on, and the earlier that someone lets us know about it, the faster our systems, and our people, can respond to it and take action on it.
There are two key messages in these quotes.
First, even if the overall deliverability for your domain and email address is good, it doesn't necessarily mean the deliverability of a specific campaign will be good. While there are a set of "signals" that impact your overall "sender score" (and it's important to understand these), Google also makes deliverability decisions at the campaign level. Through a mix of algorithmic methods and manual interventions, Google tries to identify emails that are part of a campaign holistically and then makes deliverability decision on them together.
Second, people often think that they can avoid campaign deliverability issues by simply making some low-bar effort to personalize each email. This alone is unlikely to help your emails make it to the inbox. Just because your email includes a reference to a blogger's website or the name of a post they've written in the past doesn't increase the chances they'll ever see your email. Again, because Google is making efforts to recognize that these emails are all part of a single list, they evaluate performance at the campaign level.
Over the past year, we've seen an increased effort by Google and other mail providers to identify emails that are part of a campaign.
When someone tries to blast a list without qualifying the recipients, increasingly we'll see the initial emails go through, but shortly after, the sender receives an email saying that the emails are temporarily blocked. In most cases, the remaining emails are never successfully delivered.
While some have found ways to "beat the spam defenses," we believe this is a short-term play. Bet on Google, Microsoft and other mail providers getting better and better at this over time.
"So, for staying in spam in the commercial, kind of annoyance and abuse area, the strongest and almost only signal we care about is whether users want to receive this or not.
So, there you have Google's guiding principle in black and white. If you look at nearly every individual "signal" that gets included in discussions about campaign deliverability (engagement levels, spam complaints, subject lines, etc) nearly all of them tie back to this.
We often see outreach professionals try to expand the size of their outreach lists by reaching out to multiple verticals as part of a single campaign. This can be a really effective strategy, as long as you're able to make a very strong case that the additional segments will be interested in your offer. Where we see people get in trouble though is when they expand their outreach to verticals that are only marginally related to their offer.
For example, if you're promoting a campaign about drone technology, you're likely to get yourself in trouble if you reach out to everyone in the technology beat…the blogger that writes exclusively about cloud computing isn't likely to be too thrilled about your "new drone technology" pitch.
Gisele Navarro of NeoMam Studios, one of the most respected outreach professionals in the industry, has said that she only emails someone if she's 90% confident that they'll share her confident. This seems a bit too selective, in my view, but I think the sentiment is spot on. After evaluating the journalist's or blogger's content, you should have a very high level of confidence that they're going to be interested in learning more about the thing you're pitching.
What specifically does this person care about and what specifically do they need in order to cover you? Ideally, each email you send will have been personalized to take each recipient's interests into account. At a minimum though, you should be sending to a list that has provided some information that demonstrate a clear interest in the topic your pitching.
Often when people talk about deliverability, the discussion of the risks creates a fear of sending any emails that might possibly be flagged as spam. In my view, this is an unnecessarily high bar. It's important to remember that this is all a matter of degrees.
If you're sending a campaign that has almost no engagement and is getting marked as spam by multiple people, your risk is high. On the other hand, if you're getting lots of opens and replies to your outreach, but a very small percentage of your emails are marked as spam, your risk is quite low.
To sum up: as long as you follow the "email the recipient will want to receive" principle, you'll be fine.
*Thanks to John-Henry Scherck for bringing this interview to my attention.
Paul May is the CEO and co-founder of BuzzStream. Previously, Paul was the first employee at Support.com, helping grow the company through its IPO. Paul also helped build products and grow revenue at BMC, Tonic, Alterpoint, Wavebender, and Pluck. You can follow Paul on Twitter or Google Plus.


This week's photo challenge is "Self Portrait." I took this crazy picture of myself recently while I was under an incredibly hot hair dryer.
I'm not as fan of being under that thing, can you tell?!! To me, it's almost as painful as a root-canal.
Putting people under those things is a miserable practice, it's torture. The heat made my eyes feel and look swollen! My hair looked very pretty after all that, and I looked nothing like this after all was said and done!
It is probably the most God-awful picture of me on record! My own Mother wouldn't recognize me in this picture!
I have to say, though, it's so ugly it's funny!
Good for you to be able to poke fun at yourself! It's worth a laugh and I don't think you look ugly at all!
Lol! At first glance, I thought you were wearing some kind of whacked-out motorcycle helmet!!
LOL Kitt! Precisely, it IS a whacked out helmet… and I look like a drunken sailor in a helmet!
very funny …how did you take it?
What a lovely picture 🙂 Thank you Andrea for sharing it pictures with us.
I can't stand those things…..AND….you are smiling. That's awesome.
There's only one thing that's worse than being under an incredibly hot hair dryer… being under an incredibly hot hair dryer with a stinky permanent solution in your hair. I'm so glad that I don't perm my hair anymore. And, your self-portrait is NOT ugly at all. Your smile is wonderful!
Oh! Thank you so much for saying that! LOL… my own mother didn't recognize me! I'm glad you don't have to put yourself through that anymore – it's just so darn awful and too bloody hot!
I thought that was a helmet! Funny and cute!
I love it! what a great idea — your smile got me smiling this morning.
Hi Gracie, Yup, it's so darn uncomfortable, but the end-effect is what it's all about! Mom used to tell me, "It's painful to be beautiful." LOL! I'll second that!
Excellent picture! It shows a lot of character, and very telling. We will endure anything – for beauty!
Great self-portrait capture. I really enjoyed your post.
fun! nothing ugly about this one – it's a unique interpretation!
Weekly Photo Challenge:Self Portrait | Thinking aloud….


text:
» Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe
Time preference and consumer discount rates - Insights for accelerating the adoption of efficient energy and transport technologies
Haq, A. G. A. & Weiss, M., Dec 2018
Article in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
Growing old in a changing climate
Haq, A. G. A., 26 Jan 2017
Article in Public Policy and Aging Report
CO2 Labelling of passengers cars in Europe: status, challenges and future prospects
Haq, A. G. A. & Weiss, M., Aug 2016
Article in Energy policy
Building community resilience: can everyone enjoy a good life?
Cinderby, S., Haq, A. G. A., Cambridge, H. M. & Lock, K., 5 Nov 2015
Article in Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability
Policy pathways towards achieving a zero carbon transport sector in the UK in 2050
Vallack, H., Haq, G., Whitelegg, J. & Cambridge, H. M., Sep 2014
Article in World Transport Policy and Practice
The insantity of normality: reconceptualising the road safety debate
Haq, A. G. A. & Whitelegg, J., 2014
Dutch Transport Policy from Rhetoric to Reality
Haq, A. G. A., 1998
Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe
Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe. / Haq, Anwar Gary Anthony.
In: World Transport Policy and Practice, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1999, p. 21-27.
Haq, AGA 1999, 'Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe', World Transport Policy and Practice, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 21-27.
Haq, A. G. A. (1999). Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe. World Transport Policy and Practice, 5(2), 21-27.
Haq AGA. Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe. World Transport Policy and Practice. 1999;5(2):21-27.
Haq, Anwar Gary Anthony. / Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe. In: World Transport Policy and Practice. 1999 ; Vol. 5, No. 2. pp. 21-27.
Bibtex - Download
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title = "Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe",
keywords = "transport, Air Pollution, EUROPE",
author = "Haq, {Anwar Gary Anthony}",
journal = "World Transport Policy and Practice",
RIS (suitable for import to EndNote) - Download
T1 - Scenarios for air pollutants from the transport sector in Europe
AU - Haq, Anwar Gary Anthony
KW - transport
KW - Air Pollution
KW - EUROPE
JO - World Transport Policy and Practice
JF - World Transport Policy and Practice


text:
Fraudsters, Charlatans and Hidden Jihadis Masquerading as Liberal Muslims
Tufail AhmadDecember 22, 2016
Increasingly, it appears to me that fraudsters, charlatans and hidden jihadis are posing themselves as liberal Muslim intellectuals in India. On the issue of Uniform Civil Code (UCC), some articles and tweets tend to reduce the UCC to a debate between uniformity and diversity, with the purpose being inevitably to do a favour to Islamic Sharia. Their running argument is also that the UCC is a blueprint for the Hindu rule, not a blueprint for the universal values of liberty and equality.
On December 15, historian S. I. Habib tweeted an article whose singular objective was to oppose the UCC. Habib's tweet contained these words: "No reason to impose Uniform Civil Code on Muslims, but a legal basis to abolish triple talaq."[1] These words are not Habib's but constitute a subtitle to the article, written by A.G. Noorani, who seems to have decided to use his constitutional expertise to the cause of Sharia rather than human freedom.[2]
Habib can walk away by saying that he does not endorse Noorani's intellectual position, especially since many people tweet opposing views. However, some people questioned Habib for his tweet and his responses do make it clear that he does endorse Noorani's position. Artist Punminder Kaur, resorting to sarcasm, responded to Habib: "And we have to hear these intellectuals (like Habib) on prime time giving lecture(s) on secularism."[3] To Kaur, Habib retorted: "What has secularism to do with this? Homogeneity in any field (is) not possible in a heterogeneous society."[4]
If one were to speak of a person's IQ, this is very unfortunate that Habib, the self-called historian of science, cannot see secularism and universalism in the UCC. Habib's original tweet also got a response from one Mukesh Bhardwaj, who tweeted: "According to this gentleman Sharia will (be) good for India's diverse culture."[5] To Bhardwaj's tweet, Habib gave an argument: "If this is what… (you) conclude after reading the article then I can only blame your IQ."[6] I have reviewed Habib's timeline, and it doesn't appear that his own IQ is any better than merely opposing the UCC without any arguments in favour of rights and scientific thought.
To Habib's original tweet, prominent Islamist editor Shahid Siddiqui too responded: "UCC is not suitable for a diverse country like India. It will divide instead of uniting the nation."[7] Siddiqui is editor of the Urdu-language weekly Nai Duniya. He often appears on television and takes liberal-sounding positions, which are contrary to the positions in his weekly newspaper, which justifies pro-jihadi arguments, which I have discussed in details elsewhere.[8] His newspaper has been known for injecting religious orthodoxies and conspiracy theories into Muslim minds. He speaks of "uniting the nation" in his tweet while his paper is separating Muslims from India's mainstream.
Habib and Siddiqui, much like explicit Islamists associated with the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, are intentionally diverting the debate on UCC away from the constitutional rights of equality, liberty and non-discrimination. Their singular objective seems to be to mislead public opinion, so that pro-Sharia forces continue to thrive in modern India. Writers and scholars like them are the first line of defence for Islamist clerics, who promote religious orthodoxy, women's subjugation and religious discrimination. The UCC is not about religion, not even about culture. The UCC is a debate about constitutional rights and universal values for every man and woman.
A.G. Noorani's article, which was published by The Indian Express, opens with a bold dishonesty: "There is absolutely no case for enacting a uniform civil code." The facts are otherwise. As a constitutional expert, Noorani must know that Article 44 still exists in the constitution. It says: "The state shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India." Noorani's second sentence declares that Modi's speech at Mahoba in UP on October 24 "professing profuse and unprecedented concern for 'my Muslim sisters', impressed none." Blindsided by his hate for Modi, Noorani cannot see that semi-educated Muslim women are knocking at the Supreme Court's door to protect their fundamental right to equality. Here is a question for Noorani: how do you know that Modi's speech "impressed none?"
In the second paragraph, Noorani launches an attack on the Bharatiya Janata Party for not opposing Article 371A on "Naga customary law", but conveniently ignores the fact that any UCC, whenever it materialises, will ultimately remove all personal laws that conflict with the fundamental rights granted by the constitution. In the third paragraph, Noorani defends, by deliberate omission, the cause of Sharia by arguing that Muslims were offered "respect for their personal law" by Nehru and Gandhi, who also promised "protection by specific provisions" for Muslims in the constitution. If this argument is correct, then Noorani is a hidden jihadi in our social midst, who will also justify Gandhi's support for the Khilafat Movement, which stood for Sharia rule.
Noorani's crime is that he is writing over 1,050 words to justify Sharia in India. He quotes Shiv Sena leader Uddhav Thackeray as saying that the BJP "should first announce that this country is a Hindu rashtra and impose the uniform civil code." Noorani's clever use of Thackeray's statement is meant to hide his own love for Sharia rule, and shows complete disregard for constitutional ideals of equality, liberty and women's rights. He thinks that the UCC's goal is to "obliterate Muslim identity." Noorani's intellectual dishonesty is that he is presenting the UCC in terms of cultural identity, whereas the UCC's goal is not to change people's lifestyles, but to uphold their constitutional rights when they come in conflict with personal laws.
"Hence, the Muslims' opposition (to UCC). It is the lust for uniformity that alienates people," writes Noorani and I do not know if he understands the political meaning of lust. Lust, which being a private feeling, if defined in the context of his article, will essentially mean Noorani's lust for Sharia rule in India. The truth, he ignores is this: Muslims have chosen separatism. In the 1857 war, Muslims and Hindus fought together, the former for the revival of Islamic rule. After the war, Muslims missed two historical opportunities – as reminded by Maharashtra-based reformer Hamid Dalwai – to join the national mainstream. The first was the educational movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, which began in opposition to Hindus; and the second was the freedom movement during which Muslims chose a Shariah state in Pakistan.
After Independence, numerous Hindu Islamists – of whom Gandhi was the prime example, since he had supported the Khilafat Movement – fostered separatism by offering quota, by causing Hindu-Muslim riots to win votes and by establishing minority wings of political parties. It is not surprising that in his article, Noorani cites the statements of many Hindu Islamists, who supported Sharia principles and quoted the Quran – rather than the Indian constitution – in their judgements regarding Muslim women's rights. Unfortunately, Noorani recommends Sharia's criminal law in India by arguing that a "small UK has two systems of criminal law."
It suits the hidden jihadi in Noorani to cite justices V.R. Krishna Iyer and Baharul Islam for quoting the Quran, not the constitution, in their judgements. In this country, unfortunately many judges do quote religious texts, not the constitution, when questions about women's rights and equality are raised. The interesting point is that Noorani quotes these justices as if their word is the word of god, non-negotiable for the democratic age. There are Islamist groups that will find support for Noorani-like intellectuals. For example, the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Aandolan (BMMA), which runs parallel Sharia courts in India, masquerades as a women's rights group.
Noorani also has an objection to "national integration" and therefore, he belongs to the camp of prominent Muslims, who are fostering Islamic separatism, which once led to the partition of India. He also thinks that the "modern trend is acceptance of diversity." As if he is emerging from an elementary school, Noorani cannot understand, or understands, but pretends not to, that the UCC is not about diversities in people's lifestyles and dresses, but about the universal values and rights of individuals. Identities can be diverse, but the rights to liberty, equality and non-discrimination are achievements of rational thinking and secular movements worldwide.
Unfortunately, the word "uniform" in the Uniform Civil Code is being misused by such writers to advance their love for Sharia. The "uniform" in the UCC is meant as a uniformity and equality in terms of rights available to all the citizens. Even secularism is the rational spirit behind the UCC, a point Habib needs to learn quickly. Contrary to Noorani's arguments, the UCC is not meant to impose lifestyles. Muslims can continue to offer prayers in mosques, go for Hajj or fast during Ramzan. Similarly, members of other religious communities can adhere to their lifestyles and religious practices. The UCC is meant to uphold the constitutional rights of liberty, equality and non-discrimination, when these rights are denied to a citizen for absolutely any reason.
In November, I had a meeting with Maulana Mahmood Madani of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in Goa, where we discussed the personal law issues. I asked Maulana Madani about the UCC to which he said, we will talk about it when the government brings it, since it relates to other communities as well. I asked him: So, why is it that the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is organising protest meetings almost every week across India, especially in parts of Maharashtra, against the UCC when its specifics are not yet available? Maulana Madani had no answer to this question. Much like Maulana Madani and his brand of Islamic clerics, Muslim writers like A.G. Noorani, S. I. Habib and Shahid Siddiqui too have launched attack on the UCC even without knowing what its specifics would be. Their intention is clear. This is their intellectual dishonesty in public space. If they are honest, they should say this: let the government present the specifics of UCC first, then we will discuss.
The fundamental objective behind the UCC is the protection of the rights of Indian citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs and identities. Due to these concerns, I drafted with assistance from two friends Satya Prakash and Siddharth Singh a UCC within the broader framework of a Universal Bill of Rights for the Indian Citizen (Ubric).[9] On November 30, 2016, we put this draft UCC in public domain for wider discussion. This is the first draft UCC, since the constitution came into force in 1950. It has 12 clauses, which seek to protect the rights of Indian citizens irrespective of their religious and other identities.[10] These twelve clauses affect neither the lifestyles nor the religious identities of any community. If A. G. Noorani has even an ounce of intellectual honesty, he should spend his legal acumen and draft his own UCC for all Indians, or publicly declare himself a jihadi out to advocate Sharia rule in India. This great country of 1.3 billion people needs to know who we are dealing with.
Endnotes and References
[1] https://twitter.com/irfhabib/status/809249391978561536, December 15, 2016.
[2] http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/triple-talaq-uttar-pradesh-elections-islam-modi-abolition-mizoram-special-status-4427245/, December 15, 2016.
[3] https://twitter.com/punamChoudhar12/status/809266416688001024, December 15, 2016.
[5] https://twitter.com/inderjeet12377/status/809362779379552256, December 15, 2016.
[7] https://twitter.com/shahid_siddiqui/status/809251699932045312, December 15, 2016.
[8] For example, read the following on Shahid Siddiqui's justifications of jihadism in India: i) http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/politics/in-response-to-zafarul-islam-islamist-editors-are-indeed-radicalising-indian-muslims; ii) http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2014/oct/09/Fanning-Minority-Fears-669548.html; and iii) https://www.memri.org/reports/special-terrorism-and-islam-issue-indian-urdu-weekly-accuses-hollywood-facilitating-us
[9] http://indiafacts.org/statement-draft-uniform-civil-code-indian-citizen/, November 30, 2016.
[10] http://indiafacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Universal-Bill-of-Rights-for-the-Indian-Citizen-Working-Draft.pdf, November 30, 2016.
Disclaimer: The facts and opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author. IndiaFacts does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or validity of any information in this article.
Tufail Ahmad
Former BBC journalist Tufail Ahmad is the executive director of the Open Source Institute, New Delhi. Ahmad is the author of "Jihadist Threat to India – The Case for Islamic Reformation by an Indian Muslim." He tweets @tufailelif


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India UK USA
About Magic Bus
Audited Statement of Accounts
FCRA Details
Impact and Outreach
Magic Bus in the News
Begumpur
Magic Bus' work in this community is made possible with the support of our donor, Arvind Narain.
Thank you Arvind!
About Delhi
Begumpur Village in South Delhi is home to around 350 households with more than 1,500 people. There are around 350 children in the age group of 7-14 in this community.
People from Begumpur Village are mostly engaged in informal sector jobs and work as plumbers, shopkeeper, drivers, domestic help etc.
Magic Bus became operational in Begumpur at a time when gender-based issues were very prominent in the community. Volunteers and staff from Magic Bus visited parents and key decision makers at the village and interacted with them. After elaborate consulting and convincing, a playground was developed with local support.
The first Magic Bus sessions were conducted in February 2011, where only 15 boys participated. This was a hard time, because the Youth Mentor Manoj had to put in serious effort to convince people to allow girls to mix with boys and play.
Magic Bus broke the ice by organising a sports tournament in the village, which instantly gained attention from residents and received a good response, hinting at a growing interest for serious Sport for Development sessions in the village.
Through regular meetings, house visits and organising a cricket tournament, the Magic Bus team convinced parents and the community to let girls participate in the programme. Magic Bus currently has a Youth Mentor and four community youth leaders conducting sessions with more than 300 children aged 7-10 in the village. There are currently 130 girls in the programme.
Off the training field, they supplement sports activities by working with the larger community that the children come from. Besides regular meetings with children and parents, the Magic Bus team holds rallies, cleanliness drives and community-wide sporting events aimed at empowering and strengthening the communities they work with.
Programme Inputs
Sonu, a 14-year-old girl, had to drop out of school because her family were facing extreme financial problems even though both her parents are working.
Sonu was also an aggressive and abusive child. She would loiter around in the locality. She got into bad company and got involved in playing cards and gambling.
Even after she joined the Magic Bus Sport for Development programme, initially, she was unruly and disruptive. Things started to change only after the Youth Mentor started to counsel her. Gradually, Sonu became more regular at the sessions and her behaviour changed.
She was very interested in Cricket and was well known in the community for her batting skills. She performed very well in a cricket tournament organised by the staff, and was encouraged to continue playing.
After some time, she approached the Youth Mentor saying that she wanted to re-enrol in school. The staff quickly got to work and met her family. After convincing her parents, they made arrangements for her to join Std 6 in the girls-only Government Senior Secondary School, Begumpur (Malviya Nagar).
The Magic Bus Youth Mentor and Community Youth Leaders have managed to increase awareness about subjects such as gender equality and education, through the sessions. Residents of Begumpur are now responding to the messages Magic Bus is trying to convey. The community is slowly realising that girls are just as competent, willing and able as boys are.
Cricket is gaining swing in the village, and young adults are happy practicing with improved equipment.
Faces of change
A typical Magic Bus session lasts for 2 hours and is divided into 3 parts:
Warm up: The development goal is introduced using interactive activities
Main activity: The development goal is reinforced using sports and activities
Review: A discussion is facilitated to draw parallels to real-life situations and sum up the learning objectives.
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On December 30, the Afterfeast of the Nativity, let us offer thanks to Christ our God, Who is born of a Virgin for our salvation.
As the days begin to grow longer, we recall that the Lord is also called the Sun of Righteousness, and enlightens those who were in darkness. At this season of the year the daylight increases, and we remember the words of Saint John the Baptist, "He must increase, but I must decrease" (John 3:30).


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This morning I intended to write a quiet, contemplative, devotional post in the spirit of Holy Week. But instead I find myself deeply disturbed by the overwhelming specter of violence – not only around the world, but in domestic news too.
Once particular incident is the recent United Airlines debacle, where a passenger – already seated and holding a valid boarding pass – was forcibly removed by security officers because the airline wanted the space for some of their own employees.
Here's what's bothering me (other than everything about it), and it comes up every time any policing agency acts this way, intimidating, bullying, using violence against the powerless at the behest of the powerful. Are the citizens of this country being served and protected… or those in uniform deployed as a kind of brute-squad in order to protect the interests of those who already hold power?
Are the citizens of this country being served and protected… or those in uniform deployed as a kind of brute-squad in order to protect the interests of those who already hold power?
Historically this turns out to be a huge question. What is the role of the peace officer? What does the militarization of policing say about the relationship of government to citizen? That's the inequity what worries me when students in public schools are roughed up by uniformed officers when there is no threat of harm; that's why I'm troubled at the ease and frequency with which the state deploys violence against minorities; that's why this latest outrage against the common person rankles me so deeply.
When I taught exceptional education (students with emotional challenges) I participated in a school study designed to get to the bottom of a huge uptick in physical altercations between staff and students. We observed a consistent point of no return, after which order broke down and violence escalated. That point of no return came when staff chose to substitute bullying and intimidation for best teaching practices.
The off-kilter and politically-charged rational that seems to govern today's conversations might say, "Double-down on those troublemakers, and teach them to respect authority. We need to make an example of anyone who won't knuckle under." But that's exactly what was happening in some classrooms at my school, and the number of restraints, take downs, forceable removals from the classroom, and detailed "incident reports" skyrocketed in response.
So our administration tried something different. We took note of what was happening in classrooms where teachers were experiencing success. Then we retrained all the staff, taught a course in NVCPI (Nonviolent Crisis Intervention), instituted accountability protocols, and then documented a spectacular reduction in violence across the board.
Our job as teachers was to facilitate learning, social responsibility, and ongoing healing in our students. Instead, staff were using their authority to protect the institution and they started using their power to keep the powerless "in their place." That wasn't education, that was oppression.
Today, in like manner, we need to constantly examine and reexamine the practices of community policing, security forces, and any uniformed entity that stands in the space between the powerful and the powerless, to make sure we have not forgotten the purpose of such agencies.
We must constantly examine and reexamine the practices of community policing, security forces, and any uniformed entity that stands in the space between the powerful and the powerless, to make sure we have not forgotten the purpose of such agencies.
So I'd like to call out United Airlines, and pray that this unacceptable incident sparks a national conversation that results in a stop in this seismic shift in our society – a growing divide that seems intent on favoring those who have power, and doubling down on those who do not.


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Home News by Location Bodmin Camel Valley sparkles for CAAT
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Camel Valley sparkles for CAAT
Air Ambulance Paramedic Mick McLachlan, Bob and Sam Lindo, Air Ambulance Paramedic Stuart Croft
The Camel Valley Vineyard has raised over £11,000 for the Cornwall Air Ambulance (CAAT) – enough to fuel the aircraft for a month.
The Cornwall wine producer, which celebrates its 25th anniversary this year, offers visitors the opportunity to upgrade their vineyard tour to include a glass of Camel Valley's famous sparkling wine. The entire £1 upgrade fee is donated to the charity and over the past year alone, these donations have totalled more than £1.7k
Bob Lindo, who started Camel Valley with wife Annie in 1989, said: "There are two sorts of people in Cornwall: those who have needed the air ambulance, and those who might need it in the future.
"We see this reflected in the reaction from our visitors when we tell them the upgrade fee is in aid of the air ambulance. Many people pay the £1 fee and put an additional donation in the air ambulance collection jar."
Bob and his son Sam, who has now taken over as Winemaker at the vineyard and has won UK Winemaker of the Year several times, recently visited the Cornwall Air Ambulance base to see the impact their donation will have.
Bob, himself a former RAF pilot, said: "Our visit made us very proud that Camel Valley has now raised in excess of £11k for this charity over the years. As a Cornish business we are proud to be able to give something back to the county, its people and those who come here on holiday."
The Lindo family were inspired to start fundraising for Cornwall Air Ambulance after their 15 year old daughter Esther was airlifted in 1996 following a horse riding accident in Pencarrow. She is now a primary school teacher in Plymouth.
Susie Smith, fundraising manager for Cornwall Air Ambulance Trust, said: "We are thrilled that Camel Valley are continuing their fantastic support for this charity, having already raised enough to fuel the helicopter for a month's worth of missions – a truly amazing achievement."
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Rreshly cut, real roses preserved in lacquer and trimmed in 24k gold, silver or platinum. These gold dipped anniversary roses are gifts that will truly stand the test of time.
Your special message can be imprinted on the anniversary rose petal, or engraved on a heart charm. You can also add special engravings to many of our vases. Our beautiful anniversary roses are the most creative anniversary gifts you will find, and you will only find them here at Love Is A Rose.


I'm more interested in this scrap of paper (yes, again) I found on a table. That day I was listening to a blogger, Jen Louden, whose work I love, conversing on The Creative Giant Show podcast. It wasn't the main thread, but she touched on various ways she's observed women (including herself) derail themselves as they start to wade into the creative work of their hearts.
Research is generally my seducer…it's secretly related to 'collapse in a heap,' since my go-to avoidance activity is to read books. (Reading's also my fastest energy-renewal mechanism, which gets confusing.) 'Take a course' always sounds fantastic to me, since I love going to school. But I had this one seminar experience—I'm not naming the conference, because it's not it's fault—that illustrated Jen's point about a decade in advance of this podcast. <blush> So right now I'm inoculated.
Mostly? Even though I've currently stepped back from being socially OK in my working, I'm feeling unsure that what I'm doing is really acceptable.


Benchmark is a nationally recognised scheme that gives manufacturers and installers the responsibility for ensuring best practice for the installation, commissioning and servicing of domestic heating and hot water products, in accordance with the Building Regulations in England and Wales.
When the engineer has finished installing your product, they complete the Benchmark commissioning checklist. This is found at the back of the manufacturer's instruction manual. You can see what it looks like here.
The terms and conditions for Baxi parts and labour warranties can be found here.
What are the benefits of Benchmark?
A completed Benchmark checklist gives you evidence that your product has been installed and commissioned correctly.
If the engineer has not completed the Benchmark checklist correctly for a gas boiler installation, your warranty will not be valid.
This is because the UK's major gas boiler manufacturers, including Baxi, with the support of HHIC, have launched a campaign to rid the industry of incompetent, installers. By linking the completion of a commissioning checklist to the warranty of a new boiler, the boiler manufacturers are supporting the large majority of heating engineers who carry out their work competently and professionally. They are also sending a clear message to illegal and cowboy installers that manufacturers will no longer carry the cost for installations that have not been carried out in line with the manufacturers' instructions.


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Two Roads Defeated Part 3: Proletarian Jacobins
By Jacob July 17, 2016 China, historyLeave a Comment on Two Roads Defeated Part 3: Proletarian Jacobins
The defeat of socialism in the People's Republic of China was not the result of the lack of a social program or the lack of struggle as diverse critics ranging from Slavoj Žižek to Philip Short have implied. (1) These critics re-cycle the claim that communism is heavy on criticism of the status quo, but short on practical answers. The Cultural Revolution was an attempt to reach a higher level of socialism, to move closer to communism. And, there were two currents, the roads, that had a chance at certain junctures of moving the Cultural Revolution forward on a communist axis: the spontaneous, mass movement road and the road of the Maoist People's Liberation Army (PLA).
Proletarian Jacobins
Head of the Central Cultural Revolution Small Group (CCRSG), Chen Boda, one of the architects of Maoism as a system, quoted Lenin's teaching on the split within the revolutionary movement:
"By our comparison we merely want to explain that the representatives of the progressive class of the twentyieth century, of the proletariat, i.e., the Social-Democrats, are divided into two wings (the opportunist and the revolutionary) similar to those into which the representatives of the progressive class of the eighteenth century, the bourgeoisie were divided, i.e., the Girondists and the Jacobin." (2)
"The Jacobins of contemporary Social-Democracy — the Bolsheviks, the Vperyodovtsi, Syezdovtsi, Proletartsi, or whatever we may call them — wish by their slogans to raise the revolutionary and republican petty bourgeoisie, and especially the peasantry, to the level of the consistent democratic centralism of the proletariat, which fully retains its individuality as a class. They want the people, i.e. the proletariat and the peasantry, to settle accounts with the monarchy and the aristocracy in the 'plebeian way,' ruthlessly destroying the enemies of liberty, crushing their resistance by force, making no concessions whatever to the accursed heritage of serfdom, of Asiatic barbarism and human degradation." (3)
As early as 1954, by focusing on these quotes, Chen Boda implied that the Maoists are the real proletarian movement and their rightist opponents, while physically a part of the proletarian movement, were something else. Revolutionary science, and the dialectical philosophy upheld by the Chinese Maoists, sees the world in constant motion. There is no static world. Rather, the world is understood through motion metaphors, as a becoming. It follows that a revolution is never at rest, the revolutionary tide must either be advancing or retreating. The Jacobin trends represented forward motion toward communism. On the other hand, the new capitalists led by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, the Girondists, the revisionists, represented regression back to capitalism.
Describing the revolutionary currents as "Jacobin" captures the tone of the revolution within the revolution. It captures the tone of the most advanced, the most revolutionary within the broader Communist movement. In invoking Lenin's teaching on the split in socialism, Maoists abandon the metaphysical view that the Party is a monolithic entity that is the source of all authority, that the Party is always right. Today, such a view is found within so-called Marxist-Leninists: Hoxhaites, "Stalinists," "Anti-revisionists," and so on. Instead, the Communist movement, and Party, is always already itself splintered into the revolutionary and, ultimately, counter-revolutionary wings. And, eventually, the revolutionary wing itself splits, and on and on. This splitting process is what Maoists referred to as "one becoming two." Class struggle continues throughout the period of socialism until communism. The proletarian jacobins correctly understand this process of division and class struggle as a bridge to communism. The revisionists, the Girondists, seek to achieve a static order or retrogression. Underscoring this, current revisionist leaders in China are seeking to re-christen their Party a "ruling party" as opposed to a "revolutionary party." By contrast, the proletarian Jacobinism from 1966 to 1971 is associated with supposedly "going too far," revolutionary "terror," dictatorship, authoritarianism and democracy, egalitarianism and utopianism. These were important aspects of the Cultural Revolution led by the Maoists.
Two and a half Jacobins defeated
There were two opportunities for the Cultural Revolution to possibly move forward along a communist axis. The first of these opportunities was expanding the movements to seize power from below in 1967 and 1968. This meant expanding the power seizures into the "pillar of the dictatorship," the right wing PLA in the provinces to take down the Adverse Current. This also meant targeting Zhou Enlai and the Foreign Ministry. Mao criticized this line when he criticized Wang Li's line as advocating "all out civil war." In addition, Mao criticized Guan Feng's drag-out campaign against the PLA as a "poisonous weed." Later, Qi Benyu would meet the same fate, he would fall with Wang Li and Guan Feng. Initially, Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, and Lin Biao gave their nods to the First Road, but quickly distanced themselves from it when Mao turned against it in late 1967 into 1968.
After the First Road was defeated, the Second Road, Lin Biao's trend, remained as the most influential Jacobin trend. This group continued its attacks against the right wing and Zhou Enlai, the Adverse Current, even as Mao shifted right after the Ninth Congress in April of 1969. They continued to push forward with the Cultural Revolution. They attempted to introduce a Maoist reorganization of the countryside. Their newFlying Leap sought to bring back the mass participation and social experiment of the early Great Leap. This economic initiative was combined with efforts to unify the population with Maoism. Lin Biao's group resisted the move by Mao toward closer relations with the United States. This led to the downfall of the Maoist leadership within the PLA. According to one source, after his fall, some defenses of Lin Biao were made in the Chinese press. These defenses took the form of allegorical discussions about Robespierre. They upheld the necessity of Robespierre's actions in defense of the revolution. (4)
The remaining Jacobin trend was the Gang of Four. They had followed Mao's line closely, and when Mao turned against the mass movement and, later, the left wing of the PLA, so did they. Throughout the 1970s, they stood as a symbolic opposition to the growing power of the revisionists. Although they did manage to dislodge Deng Xiaoping temporarily, their power appears to have been mostly dependent on Mao's own. When the Gang of Four were overthrown, there was virtually no resistance to their arrest, even in Shanghai, the heart of their power base. (5) (6) By the time the Gang of Four fell, socialism had suffered huge blows.
By the time of Mao's death in 1976, there were no spontaneous Maoist street movements. Through most of the 1970s, the PLA, the "pillar of the dictatorship" is in the hands of the revisionists. In addition, the verdicts had been reversed for many of those deposed in the 60s. Lin Biao had provided the social space, protected by military authority, where the street movements could carry out their power seizures from below. Without the PLA in Maoist hands, there was little hope of another Cultural Revolution of the type witnessed in 1967. In addition, the population was demoralized after Mao shifted away from the radical, utopian promise of the early Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping was restored to power to help run the state following Lin Biao's death. Much of the old bureaucracy was restored. The Chinese foreign policy was moving toward an alignment with the West through the 1970s. The key junctures where socialism had the best chance for advancing was in 1967 with the expansion of the power seizures and, later, from 1968 to 1971, Lin Biao's efforts.
Leading Lights, the new proletarian Jacobins
Maoism developed fully as Maoism in the Cultural Revolution years. Chen Boda had worked on elevating and systematizing Mao's works for decades. And, it was Lin Biao who announced that Maoism was a new stage of Marxism. Others, like Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao, also expanded revolutionary science throughout the Cultural Revolution decade. To go forward, it is necessary to take a step back and study the development of Maoism at its origins. Today, Leading Light Communism has been elevated to the fourth stage of revolutionary science as part of the rebirth of the international communist movement. The recovery of the Jacobin tone is an important part of this rebirth. All of the critiques and slurs thrown at the Leading Light movement are the same ones thrown at Lenin and Mao when they made their radical breaks with the past. The Leading Light movement will go as far as it has to, even if this means being criticized as extreme and "going too far." Nothing is as radical as reality itself.
1. Two Roads Defeated. Monkey Smashes Heaven Journal. 2008
2. Chen Po-ta. Notes on Mao Tse-Tung's "Report of an Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan". Foreign Language Press. Peking, People's Republic of China: 1954. pp. 35.
3. Chen Po-ta. Ibid. pp. 34.
4. I am unable to find this source at the moment. As soon as I find it, I will add it here.
5. Perry, Elizabeth J. and Li Xun. Proletarian Power in Shanghai. Westview Press USA: 1997 pp 184-187.
6. Unite! Info 310en. The author of this online journal quotes passages from foreign visitors in Shanghai. The authors gives the following as his source: "Klaus Mehnert: "Kampf um Maos Erbe" ('Struggle over the Heritage of Mao'), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt GmbH,1977. The excerpt is translated from a Swedish translation of the book, 1979. pp 38-39." Also Jan Myrdal's account, "The day when Tsingtao ran out of liqour," "published in Swedish liberal evening paper Expressen on 29.12.1976."
Two Roads Defeated in the Cultural Revolution Part 2: Lin Biao's Road
Review of Morning Sun


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Why central bankers shouldn't have skin in the game
Pensions campaigner Ros Altmann recently launched an eye-catching attack on the Bank of England for paying generous pensions to its own staff while undermining everyone else's retirement plan.
It's an easy claim to make, and it may well stick. Are central bankers not the Marie Antoinettes of the modern world, recklessly imposing penury on the people while ensuring they are protected from their own ruinous actions?
I don't see it myself. To start with the most obvious point, it's far from clear that the Bank really is destroying pensions. It is true that low interest rates make future obligations loom larger in today's company accounts. This creates a problem for any pension scheme. But, on the other side of the equation, low interest rates have boosted the value of shares, bonds and property and thus the value of most pension schemes. Would pension schemes really be better off had the Bank of England stiffened interest rates in 2008 and tried to engineer a rerun of the Great Depression?
Let's accept, for the sake of argument, that when the Bank loosens monetary policy, it creates headaches for hard-working pension trustees everywhere. What then? Well, if we follow the criticism to its logical conclusion, we should give senior Bank of England staff a financial incentive to pursue the right policies.
This takes us to a very strange place indeed. Currently, members of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) set interest rates without having a strong personal incentive to follow any particular policy. I would have thought that was a desirable state of affairs, but perhaps not. An alternative — presumably the alternative that critics would prefer — is that whenever the MPC cuts interest rates, its members know that they will feel the financial consequences personally.
But we can't stop by linking senior Bank of England pensions to interest rates. If we are to pay the MPC by results, we must do so in a way that reflects the broader consequences of their actions. Consider unemployment. The MPC is not officially responsible for supporting the job market, but the US Federal Reserve is. And everyone knows the MPC considers the state of the wider economy when setting rates. As the Bank's chief economist Andy Haldane recently commented: "I sympathise with savers but jobs must come first."
That is what he says now, but what would Haldane do under the new incentive scheme? He and his colleagues may ignore the labour market unless they have some skin in the game. Perhaps we should draw inspiration from the Roman practice of decimation, where some soldiers in a mutinous cohort would be executed according to the drawing of lots. Execution is harsh, but one could easily make the 100 most senior Bank staff participate in an unemployment lottery. If the unemployment rate is 5 per cent, then five of them — chosen at random — must be punished. If the unemployment rate is 10 per cent, then 10 senior Bank staff will taste the consequences. An appropriate punishment? They shall be condemned to carry out their duties, unpaid, from a queue in the job centre.
Once one starts to spell out exactly how Bank of England staff should be rewarded for each policy triumph or penalised for each misstep, it becomes clear that the whole idea is nonsense. Central bankers will not do a better job if given direct financial incentives to pursue certain policies, and it is quite likely that they will do a worse job. Yes, incentives matter — but they often matter for all the wrong reasons.
The Wells Fargo scandal is a recent example: the bank put pressure on its employees to cross-sell financial products to customers. In response to the pressure, some staff simply opened accounts or set up credit cards for customers without their knowledge. The whole thing is depressingly unsurprising.
The basic principle for any incentive scheme is this: can you measure everything that matters? If you can't, then high-powered financial incentives will simply produce short-sightedness, narrow-mindedness or outright fraud. If a job is complex, multifaceted and involves subtle trade-offs, the best approach is to hire good people, pay them the going rate and tell them to do the job to the best of their ability.
It would be nice to think that independent central banks could get on with a difficult job without being dragged into politics — but of course that is impossible. Ros Altmann isn't the first person to try to take a debate about central bank policy into the personal realm. Donald Trump recently announced that Federal Reserve chair Janet Yellen should be ashamed of herself; in the previous US presidential campaign, Governor Rick Perry accused her predecessor Ben Bernanke of treason. Senior Brexit campaigners made similar attacks on Mark Carney.
Central bankers no doubt find such personal attacks vexatious — but they should take comfort in them. When Paul Volcker ran the US Federal Reserve, his policies so enraged building contractors that they mailed pieces of two-by-four to his office; farmers blockaded the Federal Reserve with their tractors. Yet Volcker is now the most respected Fed chairman in history. Effective central bankers inevitably annoy a lot of people; that is why the job is too important to be entrusted to politicians.
Written for and first published in the Financial Times.
It helps any new book to pick up some advance orders, so if you like my writing please consider pre-ordering my new book, "Messy". (US) (UK) More to follow soon…
28th of September, 2016 • Undercover Economist	• Comments off