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European Defence Policy: Beyond the Nation State
Frédéric Mérand
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533244.001.0001
Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
This book explains the creation of the European Union's Security and Defense Policy—to this day the most ambitious project of peacetime military integration. Whether hailed as a vital step in the ... More
This book explains the creation of the European Union's Security and Defense Policy—to this day the most ambitious project of peacetime military integration. Whether hailed as a vital step in the integration of Europe or berated as a wasteful threat to US power, European citizens are increasingly interested in the common defense policy. Today, "European Defense" is more popular than the European Union itself, even in Great Britain. This book addresses the fundamental challenge posed by military integration to the way we think about the state in the 21st century. Looking back over the past fifty years, it shows how statesmen, diplomats, and soldiers have converged towards Brussels as a "natural" solution to their concerns but also as something worth fighting over. The actors most closely associated to the formation of nation-states are now shaping a transgovernmental security and defense arena. As a result, defense policy is being denationalized. Exploring the complex relations between the state, the military, and citizenship in today's Europe, the book argues that European Defense is a symptom, but not a cause, of the transformation of the state. This book is an original contribution to the theory of European integration. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, the book develops a political sociology of international relations which seeks to bridge institutionalism and constructivism. This careful study of practices, social representations, and power structures sheds new light on security and defense cooperation, but also on European cooperation more generally.Less
European Defence Policy : Beyond the Nation State
This book explains the creation of the European Union's Security and Defense Policy—to this day the most ambitious project of peacetime military integration. Whether hailed as a vital step in the integration of Europe or berated as a wasteful threat to US power, European citizens are increasingly interested in the common defense policy. Today, "European Defense" is more popular than the European Union itself, even in Great Britain. This book addresses the fundamental challenge posed by military integration to the way we think about the state in the 21st century. Looking back over the past fifty years, it shows how statesmen, diplomats, and soldiers have converged towards Brussels as a "natural" solution to their concerns but also as something worth fighting over. The actors most closely associated to the formation of nation-states are now shaping a transgovernmental security and defense arena. As a result, defense policy is being denationalized. Exploring the complex relations between the state, the military, and citizenship in today's Europe, the book argues that European Defense is a symptom, but not a cause, of the transformation of the state. This book is an original contribution to the theory of European integration. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, the book develops a political sociology of international relations which seeks to bridge institutionalism and constructivism. This careful study of practices, social representations, and power structures sheds new light on security and defense cooperation, but also on European cooperation more generally.
Keywords: constructivism, European defense, European integration, European security and defense policy, European Union, institutionalism, military integration, Pierre Bourdieu, political sociology, security and defense cooperation, state transformation
Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies
Gosta Esping-Andersen
10.1093/0198742002.001.0001
Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Golden Age of post‐war capitalism has been eclipsed, and with it seemingly also the possibility of harmonizing equality and welfare with efficiency and jobs. Most analyses believe that the ... More
The Golden Age of post‐war capitalism has been eclipsed, and with it seemingly also the possibility of harmonizing equality and welfare with efficiency and jobs. Most analyses believe that the emerging post‐industrial society is overdetermined by massive, convergent forces, such as tertiarization, new technologies, or globalization, all conspiring to make welfare states unsustainable in the future. This book takes a second, more sociological and institutional look at the driving forces of economic transformation. What stands out as a result is that there is post‐industrial diversity rather than convergence. Macroscopic, global trends are undoubtedly powerful, yet their influence is easily rivalled by domestic institutional traditions, by the kind of welfare regime that, some generations ago, was put in place. It is, however, especially the family economy that holds the key as to what kind of post‐industrial model will emerge, and to how evolving trade‐offs will be managed. Twentieth‐century economic analysis depended on a set of sociological assumptions that now are invalid. Hence, to grasp better what drives today's economy, it is necessary to begin with its social foundations. After an Introduction, the book is arranged in three parts: I, Varieties of Welfare Capitalism (four chapters); II, The New Political Economy (two chapters); and III, Welfare Capitalism Recast? (two chapters).Less
The Golden Age of post‐war capitalism has been eclipsed, and with it seemingly also the possibility of harmonizing equality and welfare with efficiency and jobs. Most analyses believe that the emerging post‐industrial society is overdetermined by massive, convergent forces, such as tertiarization, new technologies, or globalization, all conspiring to make welfare states unsustainable in the future. This book takes a second, more sociological and institutional look at the driving forces of economic transformation. What stands out as a result is that there is post‐industrial diversity rather than convergence. Macroscopic, global trends are undoubtedly powerful, yet their influence is easily rivalled by domestic institutional traditions, by the kind of welfare regime that, some generations ago, was put in place. It is, however, especially the family economy that holds the key as to what kind of post‐industrial model will emerge, and to how evolving trade‐offs will be managed. Twentieth‐century economic analysis depended on a set of sociological assumptions that now are invalid. Hence, to grasp better what drives today's economy, it is necessary to begin with its social foundations. After an Introduction, the book is arranged in three parts: I, Varieties of Welfare Capitalism (four chapters); II, The New Political Economy (two chapters); and III, Welfare Capitalism Recast? (two chapters).
Keywords: economic transformation, family economy, political economy, post‐industrial economies, post‐industrial society, social foundations of post‐industrial economies, welfare capitalism, welfare regime, welfare state
Swarm Creativity: Competitive Advantage through Collaborative Innovation Networks
Peter A. Gloor
Business and Management, Innovation
This book introduces a powerful new concept to the business world — Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs). COINs have been around for hundreds of years, and many of us have already been a part ... More
This book introduces a powerful new concept to the business world — Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs). COINs have been around for hundreds of years, and many of us have already been a part of a COIN without knowing it. What makes COINs so relevant today is that the concept has reached its tipping point, thanks to the communication capabilities of the Internet and the World Wide Web. A COIN is a cyberteam of self-motivated people with a collective vision, enabled by technology to collaborate in achieving a common goal — an innovation — by sharing ideas, information, and work. Working this way is key to successful innovation, and it is no exaggeration to state that COINs are the most productive engines of innovation ever. This book explores why COINs are so important to business success in the new century. It explains the traits that characterize COIN members and COIN behavior. It makes the case for why businesses ought to be rushing to uncover their COINs and nurture them, and provides tools for building organizations that are more creative, productive, and efficient by applying principles of creative collaboration, knowledge sharing, and social networking. Through real-life examples of COINs in several business sectors, the book shows how to leverage COINs to develop successful products in R&D, grow better customer relationships, establish better project management processes, and build higher-performing teams. There is even a method offered for locating, analyzing, and measuring the impact of COINs on an organization.Less
Swarm Creativity : Competitive Advantage through Collaborative Innovation Networks
This book introduces a powerful new concept to the business world — Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs). COINs have been around for hundreds of years, and many of us have already been a part of a COIN without knowing it. What makes COINs so relevant today is that the concept has reached its tipping point, thanks to the communication capabilities of the Internet and the World Wide Web. A COIN is a cyberteam of self-motivated people with a collective vision, enabled by technology to collaborate in achieving a common goal — an innovation — by sharing ideas, information, and work. Working this way is key to successful innovation, and it is no exaggeration to state that COINs are the most productive engines of innovation ever. This book explores why COINs are so important to business success in the new century. It explains the traits that characterize COIN members and COIN behavior. It makes the case for why businesses ought to be rushing to uncover their COINs and nurture them, and provides tools for building organizations that are more creative, productive, and efficient by applying principles of creative collaboration, knowledge sharing, and social networking. Through real-life examples of COINs in several business sectors, the book shows how to leverage COINs to develop successful products in R&D, grow better customer relationships, establish better project management processes, and build higher-performing teams. There is even a method offered for locating, analyzing, and measuring the impact of COINs on an organization.
Keywords: Collaborative Innovation Network, COIN, COIN transformation, cyberteam, innovation engine
Category Theory
Steve Awodey
Mathematics, Algebra
This book is a text and reference book on Category Theory, a branch of abstract algebra. The book contains clear definitions of the essential concepts, which are illuminated with numerous accessible ... More
This book is a text and reference book on Category Theory, a branch of abstract algebra. The book contains clear definitions of the essential concepts, which are illuminated with numerous accessible examples. It provides full proofs of all the important propositions and theorems, and aims to make the basic ideas, theorems, and methods of Category Theory understandable. Although it assumes few mathematical pre-requisites, the standard of mathematical rigour is not compromised. The material covered includes the standard core of categories; functors; natural transformations; equivalence; limits and colimits; functor categories; representables; Yoneda's lemma; adjoints; and monads. An extra topic of cartesian closed categories and the lambda-calculus is also provided.Less
This book is a text and reference book on Category Theory, a branch of abstract algebra. The book contains clear definitions of the essential concepts, which are illuminated with numerous accessible examples. It provides full proofs of all the important propositions and theorems, and aims to make the basic ideas, theorems, and methods of Category Theory understandable. Although it assumes few mathematical pre-requisites, the standard of mathematical rigour is not compromised. The material covered includes the standard core of categories; functors; natural transformations; equivalence; limits and colimits; functor categories; representables; Yoneda's lemma; adjoints; and monads. An extra topic of cartesian closed categories and the lambda-calculus is also provided.
Keywords: functors, natural transformations, equivalence, limits and colimits, functor categories, representables, Yoneda's lemma, adjoints, monads, cartesian closed categories
Procrustes Problems
John C Gower and Garmt B Dijksterhuis
Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
Procrustean methods are used to transform one set of data to represent another set of data as closely as possible. This book unifies several strands in the literature and contains new algorithms. It ... More
Procrustean methods are used to transform one set of data to represent another set of data as closely as possible. This book unifies several strands in the literature and contains new algorithms. It focuses on matching two or more configurations by using orthogonal, projection, and oblique axes transformations. Group-average summaries play an important part, and links with other group-average methods are discussed. The text is multi-disciplinary and also presents a unifying ANOVA framework.Less
John C GowerGarmt B Dijksterhuis
Procrustean methods are used to transform one set of data to represent another set of data as closely as possible. This book unifies several strands in the literature and contains new algorithms. It focuses on matching two or more configurations by using orthogonal, projection, and oblique axes transformations. Group-average summaries play an important part, and links with other group-average methods are discussed. The text is multi-disciplinary and also presents a unifying ANOVA framework.
Keywords: Procrustean methods, algorithms, orthogonal, projection axes, oblique axes transformations, ANOVA framework, group-average methods, data analysis
Explaining Institutional Change in Europe
Adrienne Heritier
Political Science, European Union
This book poses the question: how and why do institutions change? Institutions, understood as rules of behaviour constraining and facilitating social interaction, are subject to different forms and ... More
This book poses the question: how and why do institutions change? Institutions, understood as rules of behaviour constraining and facilitating social interaction, are subject to different forms and processes of change. A change may be designed intentionally on a large scale and then be followed by a period of only incremental adjustments to new conditions. But institutions may also emerge as informal rules, persist for a long time and only be formalized later. The causes, processes, and outcomes of institutional change raise a number of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical questions. While we know a lot about the creation of institutions, relatively little research has been conducted about their transformation once they have been put into place. Attention has focused on politically salient events of change, such as the Intergovernmental Conferences of Treaty reform. In focusing on such grand events, it is easy overlook inconspicuous changes in European institutional rules that are occurring on a daily basis. Thus, the European Parliament has gradually acquired a right of investing individual Commissioners. This has never been an issue in the negotiations of formal treaty revisions. Or, the decision-making rule(s) under which the European Parliament participates in the legislative process have drastically changed over the last decades starting from a modest consultation ending up with codecision. The book discusses various theories accounting for long-term institutional change, and explores them on the basis of five important institutional rules in the European Union. It proposes typical sequences of long-term institutional change and their theorization which hold for other contexts as well, if the number of actors and their goals are clearly defined, and interaction takes place under the 'shadow of the future'.Less
This book poses the question: how and why do institutions change? Institutions, understood as rules of behaviour constraining and facilitating social interaction, are subject to different forms and processes of change. A change may be designed intentionally on a large scale and then be followed by a period of only incremental adjustments to new conditions. But institutions may also emerge as informal rules, persist for a long time and only be formalized later. The causes, processes, and outcomes of institutional change raise a number of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical questions. While we know a lot about the creation of institutions, relatively little research has been conducted about their transformation once they have been put into place. Attention has focused on politically salient events of change, such as the Intergovernmental Conferences of Treaty reform. In focusing on such grand events, it is easy overlook inconspicuous changes in European institutional rules that are occurring on a daily basis. Thus, the European Parliament has gradually acquired a right of investing individual Commissioners. This has never been an issue in the negotiations of formal treaty revisions. Or, the decision-making rule(s) under which the European Parliament participates in the legislative process have drastically changed over the last decades starting from a modest consultation ending up with codecision. The book discusses various theories accounting for long-term institutional change, and explores them on the basis of five important institutional rules in the European Union. It proposes typical sequences of long-term institutional change and their theorization which hold for other contexts as well, if the number of actors and their goals are clearly defined, and interaction takes place under the 'shadow of the future'.
Keywords: institutional transformation, Intergovernmental Conferences of Treaty reform, institutional rules, European Parliament, treaty revisions, long-term change, European Union
Conclusion: Acts of Faith Transformed by Grace
Mallory McDuff
in Natural Saints: How People of Faith are Working to Save God's Earth
Religion, Religion and Society
The conclusion draws connections between the lessons revealed by the stories in each chapter. This chapter notes that the saints in the book lead ordinary lives touched by both passion and grace. ... More
The conclusion draws connections between the lessons revealed by the stories in each chapter. This chapter notes that the saints in the book lead ordinary lives touched by both passion and grace. These people of faith continue their work in both spiritual and ecological communities in the face of often overwhelming challenges. But the work of the natural saints in this book has gained a momentum greater than their individual efforts, resulting in true transformation. The conclusion also presents the author's own reflections on this faith journey and her own transformation, as a result of the saints encountered in this book.Less
Conclusion : Acts of Faith Transformed by Grace
The conclusion draws connections between the lessons revealed by the stories in each chapter. This chapter notes that the saints in the book lead ordinary lives touched by both passion and grace. These people of faith continue their work in both spiritual and ecological communities in the face of often overwhelming challenges. But the work of the natural saints in this book has gained a momentum greater than their individual efforts, resulting in true transformation. The conclusion also presents the author's own reflections on this faith journey and her own transformation, as a result of the saints encountered in this book.
Keywords: grace, saint, transformation
Formal means
Helmut Hofmann
in The Physics of Warm Nuclei: with Analogies to Mesoscopic Systems
Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter elucidates various mathematical formulas. Based on expressions for Gaussian integrals in one and many dimensions, the methods of stationary phase and steepest descent are deduced, ... More
This chapter elucidates various mathematical formulas. Based on expressions for Gaussian integrals in one and many dimensions, the methods of stationary phase and steepest descent are deduced, representations of the delta-function are given and applied to Fourier and Laplace transformations. For quantal operators, the Mori product is introduced and an important formula for the derivative of exponentials is shown. Elementary properties of spin and isospin are discussed; for fermions, the formalism of second quantization is produced.Less
This chapter elucidates various mathematical formulas. Based on expressions for Gaussian integrals in one and many dimensions, the methods of stationary phase and steepest descent are deduced, representations of the delta-function are given and applied to Fourier and Laplace transformations. For quantal operators, the Mori product is introduced and an important formula for the derivative of exponentials is shown. Elementary properties of spin and isospin are discussed; for fermions, the formalism of second quantization is produced.
Keywords: Gaussian integrals, stationary phase, steepest descent, delta-function, Fourier transformation, Laplace transformation, Mori product, derivative of exponential operator, spin and isospin, second quantization
Transitions, Transformations, and Reproduction: Dynamics in Socio‐Technical Systems
Frank W. Geels and René Kemp
in Flexibility and Stability in the Innovating Economy
Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter explores innovating and technological transformation in terms of competing socio-technical systems which evolve over long time periods. It examines changes in functional systems both ... More
This chapter explores innovating and technological transformation in terms of competing socio-technical systems which evolve over long time periods. It examines changes in functional systems both from a theoretical and empirical perspective. It offers a typology of system changes and two brief case studies based on multilevel analysis: the hygienic transition from cesspools to integrated sewer systems (1870-1930) and the transformation in waste management (1960-2000) in the Netherlands. Three types of processes through which systems may change are described: reproduction, transformation, and transition. In the case of reproduction, there is no fundamental change at the meso level (the orientation of dominant actors, regime rules, and key technology or knowledge base), which is the case when stabilizing factors dominate. In the case of transitions and transformations in sociotechnical systems, there are meso-level changes created either by problems or new opportunities afforded by changes in technology and changes in the overall landscape. Transitions and transformations can only occur when developments at multiple levels amplify each other. This is worked out in a scheme of dynamic interactions between actors, systems rules, and social networks. The novelty of the scheme is that a regime perspective is combined with an actor perspective.Less
Frank W. GeelsRené Kemp
This chapter explores innovating and technological transformation in terms of competing socio-technical systems which evolve over long time periods. It examines changes in functional systems both from a theoretical and empirical perspective. It offers a typology of system changes and two brief case studies based on multilevel analysis: the hygienic transition from cesspools to integrated sewer systems (1870-1930) and the transformation in waste management (1960-2000) in the Netherlands. Three types of processes through which systems may change are described: reproduction, transformation, and transition. In the case of reproduction, there is no fundamental change at the meso level (the orientation of dominant actors, regime rules, and key technology or knowledge base), which is the case when stabilizing factors dominate. In the case of transitions and transformations in sociotechnical systems, there are meso-level changes created either by problems or new opportunities afforded by changes in technology and changes in the overall landscape. Transitions and transformations can only occur when developments at multiple levels amplify each other. This is worked out in a scheme of dynamic interactions between actors, systems rules, and social networks. The novelty of the scheme is that a regime perspective is combined with an actor perspective.
Keywords: technological transformation, sewer systems, waste management, reproduction, transformation, transition, regime perspective, actor perspective
Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation
Jerry L. Walls
Religion, History of Christianity
This book is a philosophical and theological exploration and defense of the doctrine of purgatory. After a historical overview of the development of the doctrine, it examines Protestant objections to ... More
This book is a philosophical and theological exploration and defense of the doctrine of purgatory. After a historical overview of the development of the doctrine, it examines Protestant objections to the doctrine as well as Protestant accounts of how believers are purged of their imperfections and made ready for heaven. It goes on to show that the doctrine of purgatory has been construed in different ways, and that some of these are compatible with Protestant theology. Next, it shows that purgatory assumes not only continuity of personal identity but also conscious survival between death and resurrection. Such continuity of identity also arguably requires gradual moral development over time, which also supports a doctrine of purgatory. The traditional doctrine of purgatory is not understood as a second chance for salvation, but rather, only as a matter of perfecting persons who die in a state of grace. It is argued that the doctrine of purgatory should be modified to allow for postmortem repentance and conversion. The final long chapter of the book shows that popular writer C. S. Lewis not only believed in purgatory, but proposed a version of the doctrine that may appeal to Christians on both sides of the Reformation divide.Less
Purgatory : The Logic of Total Transformation
This book is a philosophical and theological exploration and defense of the doctrine of purgatory. After a historical overview of the development of the doctrine, it examines Protestant objections to the doctrine as well as Protestant accounts of how believers are purged of their imperfections and made ready for heaven. It goes on to show that the doctrine of purgatory has been construed in different ways, and that some of these are compatible with Protestant theology. Next, it shows that purgatory assumes not only continuity of personal identity but also conscious survival between death and resurrection. Such continuity of identity also arguably requires gradual moral development over time, which also supports a doctrine of purgatory. The traditional doctrine of purgatory is not understood as a second chance for salvation, but rather, only as a matter of perfecting persons who die in a state of grace. It is argued that the doctrine of purgatory should be modified to allow for postmortem repentance and conversion. The final long chapter of the book shows that popular writer C. S. Lewis not only believed in purgatory, but proposed a version of the doctrine that may appeal to Christians on both sides of the Reformation divide.
Keywords: purgatory, personal identity, sanctification, transformation, intermediate state, C. S. Lewis, postmortem salvation, Protestantism
Flexibility and Stability in the Innovating Economy
Maureen McKelvey and Magnus Holmén (eds)
This book addresses the nature of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation in our time. The central focus is on the question of evolutionary processes and complex transformation in ... More
This book addresses the nature of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation in our time. The central focus is on the question of evolutionary processes and complex transformation in the economy, with particular emphasis on the nature of flexibility and stability. The 19 authors — many of whom are leaders in their field — share a common approach to the economy as an inherently dynamic and complex system consisting of diverse components and activities, which are interacting and changing in different ways over time. Framing the book this way stresses the necessity of analyzing not only economic transformation, but also that diverse actors are deciding, doing, and acting in ways which affect the outcomes. The chapters are grouped within three themes: 1) Experimenting and Inertia, 2) Evolution and Adaptation of Structure, and 3) Innovating and Technological Transformation.Less
This book addresses the nature of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation in our time. The central focus is on the question of evolutionary processes and complex transformation in the economy, with particular emphasis on the nature of flexibility and stability. The 19 authors — many of whom are leaders in their field — share a common approach to the economy as an inherently dynamic and complex system consisting of diverse components and activities, which are interacting and changing in different ways over time. Framing the book this way stresses the necessity of analyzing not only economic transformation, but also that diverse actors are deciding, doing, and acting in ways which affect the outcomes. The chapters are grouped within three themes: 1) Experimenting and Inertia, 2) Evolution and Adaptation of Structure, and 3) Innovating and Technological Transformation.
Keywords: industrial dynamics, change, economic transformation, evolutionary economics, innovation, technology
The Great Urban Transformation: Politics of Land and Property in China
You-tien Hsing
Business and Management, Political Economy
This book emphasizes the centrality of cities in China's ongoing transformation. Based on fieldwork in twenty-four Chinese cities between 1996 and 2007, the author forwards an analysis of the ... More
This book emphasizes the centrality of cities in China's ongoing transformation. Based on fieldwork in twenty-four Chinese cities between 1996 and 2007, the author forwards an analysis of the relations between the city, the state, and society through two novel concepts: urbanization of the local state and civic territoriality. Urbanization of the local state is a process of state power restructuring entailing an accumulation regime based on the commodification of state-owned land, the consolidation of territorial authority through construction projects, and a policy discourse dominated by notions of urban modernity. Civic territoriality encompasses the politics of distribution engendered by urban expansionism, and social actors' territorial strategies toward self-protection. Findings are based on observations in three types of places. In the inner city of major metropolitan centers, municipal governments battle high-ranking state agencies to secure land rents from redevelopment projects, while residents mobilize to assert property and residential rights. At the urban edge, as metropolitan governments seek to extend control over their rural hinterland through massive-scale development projects, villagers strategize to profit from the encroaching property market. At the rural fringe, township leaders become brokers of power and property between the state bureaucracy and villages, while large numbers of peasants are dispossessed, dispersed, and deterritorialized; their mobilizational capacity is consequently undermined.Less
The Great Urban Transformation : Politics of Land and Property in China
This book emphasizes the centrality of cities in China's ongoing transformation. Based on fieldwork in twenty-four Chinese cities between 1996 and 2007, the author forwards an analysis of the relations between the city, the state, and society through two novel concepts: urbanization of the local state and civic territoriality. Urbanization of the local state is a process of state power restructuring entailing an accumulation regime based on the commodification of state-owned land, the consolidation of territorial authority through construction projects, and a policy discourse dominated by notions of urban modernity. Civic territoriality encompasses the politics of distribution engendered by urban expansionism, and social actors' territorial strategies toward self-protection. Findings are based on observations in three types of places. In the inner city of major metropolitan centers, municipal governments battle high-ranking state agencies to secure land rents from redevelopment projects, while residents mobilize to assert property and residential rights. At the urban edge, as metropolitan governments seek to extend control over their rural hinterland through massive-scale development projects, villagers strategize to profit from the encroaching property market. At the rural fringe, township leaders become brokers of power and property between the state bureaucracy and villages, while large numbers of peasants are dispossessed, dispersed, and deterritorialized; their mobilizational capacity is consequently undermined.
Keywords: China, land and property rights, territory, local state, urbanization, metropolitan development, urban politics, post-socialist transformation, urban social movement, deterritorialization
Morpho-syntax
Dov-Ber Kerler
in The Origins of Modern Literary Yiddish
Literature, European Literature
With regards to morpho-syntax, the changes were very visible in the featured writings. Among these was the removal of the definite article of certain nouns after the preposition, the presentation of ... More
With regards to morpho-syntax, the changes were very visible in the featured writings. Among these was the removal of the definite article of certain nouns after the preposition, the presentation of the pronoun subject; and the deletion of the definite article after certain prepositions, of full attributive adjective declension, and of the role of short adjectives as a noun modifier. It is through these transformations that a fluid and organized construction towards modernization was possible. Some versions are not without conservatism, and it was presumed that the editors must have some sort of resistance, as adherence to traditional forms prevented extensive change. Even the Eastern Yiddish language had little impact on such versions.Less
With regards to morpho-syntax, the changes were very visible in the featured writings. Among these was the removal of the definite article of certain nouns after the preposition, the presentation of the pronoun subject; and the deletion of the definite article after certain prepositions, of full attributive adjective declension, and of the role of short adjectives as a noun modifier. It is through these transformations that a fluid and organized construction towards modernization was possible. Some versions are not without conservatism, and it was presumed that the editors must have some sort of resistance, as adherence to traditional forms prevented extensive change. Even the Eastern Yiddish language had little impact on such versions.
Keywords: morpho-syntax, changes, transformations, conservatism
The Extent of Easternization and the Levels of Linguistic Change
As has been mentioned, morphology and syntax are the most visible and significant parts in organizing and altering Eastern Yiddish literature. The degree of transformation however, is still ... More
As has been mentioned, morphology and syntax are the most visible and significant parts in organizing and altering Eastern Yiddish literature. The degree of transformation however, is still determined not just by the author but by the editor as well. This intervention may limit or exaggerate the final version of the work. A significant change in syntactic usually indicates a higher level of modernization. The more the structure of syntax is changed, the more elevated the standard of the writing. The work Tsene rene was the most popular of those that underwent changes towards Westernization, the latest of which was released in 1988 in Jerusalem. This most recent version of the writings marked the last in the long journey towards Easternization.Less
As has been mentioned, morphology and syntax are the most visible and significant parts in organizing and altering Eastern Yiddish literature. The degree of transformation however, is still determined not just by the author but by the editor as well. This intervention may limit or exaggerate the final version of the work. A significant change in syntactic usually indicates a higher level of modernization. The more the structure of syntax is changed, the more elevated the standard of the writing. The work Tsene rene was the most popular of those that underwent changes towards Westernization, the latest of which was released in 1988 in Jerusalem. This most recent version of the writings marked the last in the long journey towards Easternization.
Keywords: morphology, syntax, transformation, editor, intervention
The Rise of Modern Literary Yiddish: Historical, Linguistic, and Socio-linguistic Perspectives
Technology and the need for improvement and excellence drive change. Literature is not far behind, driven by the desire to adapt to its readers. The culture and socio-economic state of the eighteenth ... More
Technology and the need for improvement and excellence drive change. Literature is not far behind, driven by the desire to adapt to its readers. The culture and socio-economic state of the eighteenth century was by far different from that of the twentieth century, thus the effects on readers are not the same for each time. During the earlier periods, there was much resistance to the modernization of literature, as it was still too premature and radical to be accepted. Yiddish literature had to be patient and endure a long and tedious amount of transformation before it was finally embraced by its age. Contemporary finally prevailed against traditional, although the latter cannot be forgotten.Less
Technology and the need for improvement and excellence drive change. Literature is not far behind, driven by the desire to adapt to its readers. The culture and socio-economic state of the eighteenth century was by far different from that of the twentieth century, thus the effects on readers are not the same for each time. During the earlier periods, there was much resistance to the modernization of literature, as it was still too premature and radical to be accepted. Yiddish literature had to be patient and endure a long and tedious amount of transformation before it was finally embraced by its age. Contemporary finally prevailed against traditional, although the latter cannot be forgotten.
Keywords: resistance, acceptance, transformation
Korea under Siege, 1876-1945: Capital Formation and Economic Transformation
Young-Iob Chung
Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic ... More
This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic development, and structural changes. During this 70-year period, Korea underwent three distinct stages of economic transformation: the traditional economy before the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876, the transitional economy between 1876 and 1904 under its own sovereignty, and the colonial economy under Japan from 1905-1945. This book studies the combination of changing circumstances, approaches, and experiences in the country, such as the propensities to work, produce, invest, save, and entrepreneurship, as well as institutional and economic reforms that took place during the three stages of development. It also investigates the level and distribution of income and consumption (standard of living), which reveal a number of significant patterns and characteristics of capital formation, economic development, and structural changes in the Korean economy.Less
Korea under Siege, 1876-1945 : Capital Formation and Economic Transformation
This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic development, and structural changes. During this 70-year period, Korea underwent three distinct stages of economic transformation: the traditional economy before the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876, the transitional economy between 1876 and 1904 under its own sovereignty, and the colonial economy under Japan from 1905-1945. This book studies the combination of changing circumstances, approaches, and experiences in the country, such as the propensities to work, produce, invest, save, and entrepreneurship, as well as institutional and economic reforms that took place during the three stages of development. It also investigates the level and distribution of income and consumption (standard of living), which reveal a number of significant patterns and characteristics of capital formation, economic development, and structural changes in the Korean economy.
Keywords: capital formation, economic transformation, structural changes, traditional economy, transitional economy, colonial economy, institutional reforms, economic reforms, entrepreneurship, income distribution
Transforming the 20th Century:: Debts and Advances
in Transforming the Twentieth Century: Volume 2: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences
Economics and Finance, Economic History
Technical progress in the 20th century was based on the unprecedented technical advances that took place during the two pre-WWI generations (1867-1914). All of these fundamental and lasting ... More
Technical progress in the 20th century was based on the unprecedented technical advances that took place during the two pre-WWI generations (1867-1914). All of these fundamental and lasting inventions — most notably electricity generation, internal combustion engines, new materials, and new means of communication — had undergone major technical transformations that improved their performance, reliability, durability, and ease of use while lowering their cost. In addition, the century saw its share of new inventions and innovations, ranging from plastics to solid state electronics.Less
Transforming the 20th Century: : Debts and Advances
Technical progress in the 20th century was based on the unprecedented technical advances that took place during the two pre-WWI generations (1867-1914). All of these fundamental and lasting inventions — most notably electricity generation, internal combustion engines, new materials, and new means of communication — had undergone major technical transformations that improved their performance, reliability, durability, and ease of use while lowering their cost. In addition, the century saw its share of new inventions and innovations, ranging from plastics to solid state electronics.
Keywords: technical advances, inventions, electricity generation, internal combustion engines, new materials, communication, technical transformations
Trade Union Merger Strategies: Purpose, Process, and Performance
Roger Undy
Business and Management, HRM / IR
This empirical study of British trade union mergers examines the causes of mergers; the search for merger partners; merger negotiations; and merger outcomes. These developments are set within the ... More
This empirical study of British trade union mergers examines the causes of mergers; the search for merger partners; merger negotiations; and merger outcomes. These developments are set within the context of declining union membership and an associated loss of unions' political and economic influence. The contribution that union mergers can make to union performance and union revitalization is assessed by reference to changes in merged unions' job territories, political objectives and means, democratic ethos and government, administration, and union leaders' imperatives. The choice of merger process, either a transfer or an amalgamation, is found to be an important factor influencing the reforms which merged unions can subsequently implement. Transfers, which are far more numerous than amalgamations, tend to provide the minor transferring union with significant gains, but offer little opportunity to transform the performance of the major partner. Amalgamations have a greater transforming potential for all partner unions. However, this transforming potential is difficult to achieve in practice. Many amalgamated unions experience financial and political difficulties post-merger, which can take several years to resolve. As for the wider trade union movement, the contribution of union mergers to its revitalization is both incidental and problematic.Less
Trade Union Merger Strategies : Purpose, Process, and Performance
This empirical study of British trade union mergers examines the causes of mergers; the search for merger partners; merger negotiations; and merger outcomes. These developments are set within the context of declining union membership and an associated loss of unions' political and economic influence. The contribution that union mergers can make to union performance and union revitalization is assessed by reference to changes in merged unions' job territories, political objectives and means, democratic ethos and government, administration, and union leaders' imperatives. The choice of merger process, either a transfer or an amalgamation, is found to be an important factor influencing the reforms which merged unions can subsequently implement. Transfers, which are far more numerous than amalgamations, tend to provide the minor transferring union with significant gains, but offer little opportunity to transform the performance of the major partner. Amalgamations have a greater transforming potential for all partner unions. However, this transforming potential is difficult to achieve in practice. Many amalgamated unions experience financial and political difficulties post-merger, which can take several years to resolve. As for the wider trade union movement, the contribution of union mergers to its revitalization is both incidental and problematic.
Keywords: British trade unions, merged unions, performance, union democracy, union government, union leaders, union membership, unions' political objectives, union revitalization, union strategies, union transformation
Variations on the Einstein Theme
Harvey R. Brown
in Physical Relativity: Space-time structure from a dynamical perspective
Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of Einstein's operationalism. It then discusses the clock hypothesis, the conventionality of distant simultaneity, David Malament's 1977 result, the ... More
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of Einstein's operationalism. It then discusses the clock hypothesis, the conventionality of distant simultaneity, David Malament's 1977 result, the Edwards-Winnie synchrony-general transformations, and the Ignatowski transformations.Less
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of Einstein's operationalism. It then discusses the clock hypothesis, the conventionality of distant simultaneity, David Malament's 1977 result, the Edwards-Winnie synchrony-general transformations, and the Ignatowski transformations.
Keywords: Eistein, clock hypothesis, distant simultaneity, David Malament, synchrony-general transformations, Ignatowski transformations
Maureen McKelvey and Magnus Holmén
This introductory chapter discusses the book's focus on the nature of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation in our time. The aim is to understand, conceptualize, and explain what ... More
This introductory chapter discusses the book's focus on the nature of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation in our time. The aim is to understand, conceptualize, and explain what changes and what does not in the economy, and how individual actors and 'systems' relate to each other through differences in perceptions and actions. The central focus is on the question of evolutionary processes and complex transformation in the economy, with a particular emphasis on the nature of flexibility and stability.Less
Maureen McKelveyMagnus Holmén
This introductory chapter discusses the book's focus on the nature of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation in our time. The aim is to understand, conceptualize, and explain what changes and what does not in the economy, and how individual actors and 'systems' relate to each other through differences in perceptions and actions. The central focus is on the question of evolutionary processes and complex transformation in the economy, with a particular emphasis on the nature of flexibility and stability.
Keywords: industrial dynamics, structural change, transformation, economy, change, systems, perceptions, actions, evolutionary processes


text:
Excuse Me While I Wag
Author: Scott Adams
Category: Humor
Cubicle-dwelling business people the world over have been knowingly nodding, faithfully push-pinning their favorite strips to their cube walls, and--most of all--belly laughing out loud ever since Dilbert first arrived on the scene. In this collection, Excuse Me While I Wag, Dilbert and his look-alike dog, Dogbert, once again provide comic relief to anyone who has ever had to inhabit a cubicle, endure an "initiative of the week," or simply work in an office that has, on occasion, caused them to pull out large clumps of their hair. Scott Adams' dead-on humor in Excuse Me While I Wag is sure to satisfy the hordes of fans worldwide who avidly follow the misadventures of Dilbert, Dogbert, Catbert, Ratbert, the pointy-haired boss, and the rest of the cast of characters in Dilbert's world--a world that's eerily like the one we work in daily.
I Can't Remember If We're Cheap Or Smart
Category: Comics & Graphic Novels
A collection of Dilbert comics featuring white collar workers and clueless management.
It's Not Funny If I Have to Explain It
A zany compilation of favorite Dilbert cartoons lampoons the colorful characters who inhabit the world of corporate America, from the technophobic VP and power-mad executive assistant to the fascist IS guy and jargon-spewing corporate zombies, while reflecting on such topics as office politics, management trends, human resources, business meetings, silly protocols, and oppressive work spaces. Original. 150,000 first printing.
When Body Language Goes Bad
"Dilbert is easily one of the most clever and consistently funny comics in current circulation. Like all great comic strips, it provides a much-needed daily dose of comedy and, most importantly, keeps its finger firmly planted on the pulse of truth while doing so." Some might think that the corporate scandals of 2002 could make it difficult to find anything funny about today's business world. But When Body Language Goes Bad proves it will take more than that to slow down the inventive wit of Scott Adams, who clearly is never at a loss for finding hysterical things to mock in corporate life. This marks the 21st collection of Adams' wildly popular comic strip, Dilbert, which is featured in more than 2,000 newspapers worldwide. This book updates loyal readers on the so-called careers of Dilbert, Alice, Wally, Asok the intern, and other regulars as they wallow through pointless projects, mismanaged company takeovers, futile team-building exercises, and other inane company initiatives like the "name the rest room" contest. In addition to the strips' familiar characters, this collection showcases Adams' masterful ability to create hilarious "guest stars." There's the network design engineer known as Psycho Hillbilly, who was going for the gentle biker look until he decided it was overdone. Then, there's M. T. Suit, who is merely an empty suit walking the office halls spewing corporatese, such as "promising to enhance core competencies by leveraging platforms." Adams says that about 80 percent of his initial ideas come from his 150 million-plus readers. Those worldwide readers are sure to celebrate the humor found in When Body Language Goes Bad, his latest satirical look at the modern workplace.
Words You Don't Want to Hear During Your Annual Performance Review
"Confined to their cubicles in a company run by idiot bosses, Dilbert and his white-collar colleagues make the dronelike world of Kafka seem congenial."Parasitic consultants, weaselly stockbrokers, masochistic coworkers and the ever-present, evil-plotting pointy-haired boss? Welcome to the seventh circle of hell, er, the 22nd collection of Scott Adams' stupendously popular comic strip, Dilbert! Words You Don't Want to Hear During Your Annual Performance Reviewupdates loyal readers on the mind-numbing careers of Dilbert, Wally, Alice, the PHB himself, and an ever-expanding cast of walk-on "guest stars." In this installment, a cash-sucking "consultick" burrows under the boss's skin, a not-so-grim reaper pops anti-depressants, and a lab accident turns Dilbert into a sheep-a transformation which goes barely noticed by his beleaguered coworkers. All the while, Adams takes his patented over-the-top but right-on-the-money jabs at the inanity of the corporate world. Dilbert's fans are legion and loyal. They have purchased seven million cartoon collection books and counting. The Dilbert comic strip appears in 2,000 newspapers and in 65 countries in 19 languages.
When Did Ignorance Become a Point of View
Scott Adams still has the corporate world guffawing about the adventures of nerdy Dilbert and his power-hungry companion, Dogbert, plus Ratbert and the pointy-haired boss, as they make their way through the travails of modern work life. Only a cartoonist with been-there-endured-that experience could make us laugh so hard. When Did Ignorance Become a Point of View? captures it all, even those Sunday strips that make it into the office each Monday morning.
Thriving on Vague Objectives
A collection of the widely read comic strip captures the reality of the nine-to-five worker--from the techno-man stuck in a dead-end job to the trash collector who knows everything about everything--offering a dead-on depiction of office life. Original.
Your New Job Title Is "Accomplice"
A collection that riffs on the fodder of everyday office life and technology and features the irrepressible clueless Boss, insane co-workers, and the acerbic Dogbert.
In his twenty-ninth book, Dilbert and his coworkers prove that PowerPoint presentations are at best perfunctory, CEO's are clueless, and the Office Nemesis will ever be a force to be reckoned with
Try Rebooting Yourself
Another collection of comics about the work-place antics of Dilbert and his co-workers.
Freedom's Just Another Word for People Finding Out You're Useless
Presents comic strips featuring the characters of Dilbert, Dogbert, and their friends and co-workers in the workplace, as they try to survive the day-to-day operations of a large corporation.
Teamwork Means You Can't Pick the Side That's Right
A collection that riffs on the fodder of everyday office life and features the irrepressible clueless Boss, the acerbic Dogbert, and the evil Human Resources director, Catbert.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
IT Management Features
T-Mobile migrates onto SAP CRM to help reduce customer churn
T-Mobile's North American division is using SAP's CRM as a platform to streamline three major systems into one.
Margi Murphy June 9, 2014
The mobile operator told the SAP SAPPHIRE Now conference last week that it has recently completed the migration of its marketing systems onto SAP, and that it will soon embark on the migration of its customer service and sales systems onto the same platform.
T-Mobile is integrating the three systems in a bid to improve the efficiency of its customer service, which is a crucial part of its efforts to combat customer churn after doing away with 24-month mobile contracts a year ago.
A major part of the SAP CRM integration project is aimed at bringing together all the information T-Mobile has in its three different departments, so that the marketing, customer service and sales staff all have access to a larger, single pool of information that enables them to get to know their 50 million customers better, offer personalised offers and predict and act before a customer decides to terminate their contract.
It began the SAP CRM project with the marketing department, implementing in an OpenText digital asset management system to help streamline and speed up the marketing campaign process.The new digital asset management system, fully deployed six weeks ago, allows marketing teams to virtually collaborate with creative agencies. Now users can search a centralised database to easily find and reuse pre-approved content for campaigns, Frost Keaton, senior manager, enterprise IT business solutions at T-Mobile told the conference.
"This new content management system forms part of the larger convergence project which the company hopes will improve its "siloed view of customer experience, marketing, sales and services."
The IT team decided to use OpenText as it was one of the few that is compatible with SAP.
The mobile network's SAP CRM sits in the HANA-based enterprise cloud with a mixture of non-SAP and SAP tools including Audience Discovery and Targeting (ADT).
By converging to a single technology stack for campaign management, not only have training times reduced dramatically, from three months to just four days, campaign lengths have been shortened from six months to three when using the automated workflow, Keaton said.
Cross-channel collaboration
One of the most useful aspects of TMobile's management system is the workflow function, Keaton said.
Vendors can draw up creative briefs for campaigns in OpenText, while creative agencies can use their personal login to see the briefs, create the campaign and push again through OpenText. T-Mobile's marketing team will then log in to amend where necessary, and then it is flowed it to the legal department for sign-off. All projects will be placed in a brand library with assigned metadata so it is easily searchable if users every want to replicate material. Previously, users spent considerable time communicating through email to search for signed-off images for campaigns.
Following its success, the customer service and sales departments will roll out OpenText and begin to share information to improve customer understanding.
T-Mobile will also bring in OpenText's document presentment tool, to reduce the costs of using external creative agencies to personalise email templates.
"Now, we're spending so much money on creative agencies for them to adjust email templates to personalise them, it's criminal," Keaton said.
In future, one email template will be created by a creative agency, with content populated in the segments customers fall into, as dictated by the data T-Mobile will be tracking through the unified marketing, sales and customer service departments.
Microsoft: Dynamics CRM ain't chopped liver, despite Salesforce tie-up South West Water deploys Microsoft Dynamics CRM to 'transform' customer service


text:
Senior researcher toxicology
di 31 januari 2023
Klik hier om te reageren
Are you a toxicologist with experience in in vitro toxicokinetics and immunotoxicology? Do you want to work in a state-of-the-art research environment? Do you want to develop and apply animal-free models for kinetic and hazard assessment of chemical contaminants in food and feed? We have a vacancy for a Senior Researcher Toxicology to join the Toxicology Team of Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR).
You will work as a scientist and project leader in a variety of ongoing research projects and will write scientific papers and reports, interact with stakeholders and acquire and manage new projects in the area of food toxicology.
Using experimental data, literature review, stakeholder consultation, and your own expertise, you will evaluate new and existing hazards and food safety issues.
Together with the team you will work on the development, refinement, validation, application, and regulatory acceptance of NAMs (New Approach Methodologies). These include a variety of in vitro and in silico approaches to study kinetics and hazards of (foodborne) chemicals, such as cell-based models of varying complexity, in vitro toxicokinetics, physiology based kinetic (PBK) modelling, and other assays and tools used for e.g. read-across and quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolations (QIVIVE). Currently the team consists of 15 colleagues. Our working culture can be described as open, innovative and social.
Wageningen Food Safety Research conducts high-quality independent research into safe and reliable food. Most of our work is commissioned by the Dutch government and our main clients are the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA). In addition, we collaborate with many national and international partners in a variety of projects funded among others by the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority.
We ask
A PhD in (food) toxicology or related discipline, preferably with ERT;
Experience with in vitro toxicokinetics and immunotoxicology;
Good writing, networking and acquisition skills, with a proven track record;
Good communications skills in English, a broad perspective and the ability to work in multi-disciplinary teams and different projects.
Wageningen University & Research offers excellent terms of employment. A few highlights from our Collective Labour Agreement include:
working hours that can be discussed and arranged so that they allow for the best possible work-life balance;
the option to accrue additional compensation hours by working up to 40 hours per week;
sabbatical leave, study leave, and partially paid parental leave;
there is a strong focus on vitality and you can make use of the sports facilities available on campus for a small fee;
8% holiday allowance in May;
a fixed December bonus of 4%;
excellent pension scheme.
In addition to these first-rate employee benefits, you will of course receive a good salary. We offer, depending on your experience, a competitive gross salary of between €3527,- and €6229,- for a full-time working week of 36 hours, in accordance with the CLA Wageningen Research (scale 11 - 12). Additionally, a contract for 32 hours a week can be discussed.
Wageningen University & Research encourages internal advancement opportunities and mobility with an internal recruitment policy. There are plenty of options for personal initiative in a learning environment, and we provide excellent training opportunities. We are offering a multi-faceted position in an international environment with a pleasant and open working atmosphere.
You are going to work at the greenest and most innovative campus in Holland, and at a university that has been chosen as the "Best University" in the Netherlands for the 18th consecutive time.
Coming from abroad
Wageningen University & Research is the university and research centre for life sciences. The themes we deal with are relevant to everyone around the world and Wageningen, therefore, has a large international community and a lot to offer to international employees. Applicants from abroad moving to the Netherlands may qualify for a special tax relief, known as the 30% ruling. Our team of advisors on Dutch immigration procedures will help you with the visa application procedures for yourself and, if applicable, for your family.
Feeling welcome also has everything to do with being well informed. Wageningen University & Research's International Community page contains practical information about what we can do to support international employees and students coming to Wageningen. Furthermore, we can assist you with any additional advice and information about helping your partner to find a job, housing, schooling, and other issues.
For more information about this position, please contact Karsten Beekmann, Teamleader Toxicology, telephone +31 317 485161 or by e-mail karsten.beekmann@wur.nl.
For more information about the procedure, please contact Rutger Voorrips, Recruiter, by e-mail rutger.voorrips@wur.nl or by phone +31 317 480571.
Do you want to apply?
You can apply directly using the apply button on the vacancy page on our website which will allow us to process your personal information with your approval. Please specify your technical skills in your resume so we can see which boxes you tick from our requirements.
This vacancy will be listed up to and including 31.01.2022. Don't wait with your application. As soon as we have suitable candidates we'll start the first interviews.
Wageningen University & Research (WUR) employs a large number of people with very different backgrounds and qualities, who inspire and motivate each other. We want every talent to feel at home in our organisation and be offered the same career opportunities. We therefore especially welcome applications from people who are underrepresented at WUR. For more information please go to our inclusivity page. A good example of how WUR deals with inclusiveness can be read on the page working at WUR with a functional impairment.
Wageningen University & Research The mission of Wageningen University & Research is "To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life". Under the banner Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen University and the specialised research institutes of the Wageningen Research Foundation have joined forces in contributing to finding solutions to important questions in the domain of healthy food and living environment. With its roughly 30 branches, 7,200 employees (6,400 fte) and 13,200 students and over 150.000 participants to WUR's Life Long Learning, Wageningen University & Research is one of the leading organisations in its domain. The unique Wageningen approach lies in its integrated approach to issues and the collaboration between different disciplines. Read the 5 reasons why your future colleagues enjoy working at WUR and watch this video to get an idea of our green campus! We will recruit for the vacancy ourselves, so no employment agencies please. However, sharing in your network is appreciated
Solliciteer nu / Apply now
Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR)
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text:
College of Arts
Arts: Theses and Dissertations
The history of Lawrence, Otago, New Zealand, from earliest times to 1921, including a review of its future prospects
jennings_thesis.pdf (16.76Mb)
Jennings, M. A.
In order to enable the reader to see in his mind's eye the history of Lawrence unfolding itself before him, he must first become acquainted with the history of the district in which the future town is to arise. As the history of the district is an organic part of that of the province in which it is situated, it will be necessary to sketch in outline the history of the province and to describe the various conditions that prevailed as well as the events that took place in so far as they influenced and affected the development of the interior. Otago is now the southernmost province of the South Island of New Zealand. The Otago land district lies between the forty-fourth and the forty-seventh parallels of South latitude, and extends from one hundred and sixty seven degrees twenty one minutes to one hundred and seventy one degrees ten minutes of East longitude. Its capital, Dunedin, has been built at the head of Otago Harbour and is only 12 miles distant by mail from Port Chalmers, which is accessible to large sea-going vessels. For the purposes of local government the province is divided into counties and the counties into ridings. Lawrence is in Tuapeka County, which occupies a south easterly portion of the province and is hounded on the north by the Vincent and Maniototo Counties; on the east by that of the Taieri; on the south by those of Bruce and Clutha, and on the west by that of Southland. Its area is one thousand three hundred and sixty five square miles. No portion of the Tuapeka County touches the coast. Although Lawrence is frequently spoken of as being in Central Otago, the statement is not exactly true as the town is only sixty miles south east from Dunedin by rail and distant from the sea coast "as the crow flies" about thirty miles, whereas the width of the province from east to west is from one hundred and sixty to two hundred miles. The County is drained by the Tuapeka and Waitahuna rivers, both of which flow from the north east to south west into the Molyneux River; by the Waipori in the north and the Tokomairiro on the south eastern side. On the northerly fringe of the Tuapeka district are the Lammerly Moutains of an average altitude of three thousand feet. The general slope of the country is from the north east to the southwest and is more of nature of gently undulating downs than of hilly country. Looking to the south and southeast from Lawrence an extremely steep slope is noticeable. This is known as the Waitahuna Heights and rises rapidly to about one thousand feet. The climate is intermediate between the damp and cloudy coastal climate and the dry and sunny, but frosty climate of Central Otago proper. Further geographical features will be described as the course of historical events renders a reference to them necessary.
Arts: Theses and Dissertations [1576]


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Character of the city
The city site
Climate and plant and animal life
The city layout
Planning the modern metropolis
Ethnic and religious diversity
Early industries
The development of industry and trade
The centre of business
Administration and social conditions
Primary and secondary systems
The colonial city
Growth of the metropolis
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George Lankevich
Professor Emeritus, Bronx Community College, New York, New York. Author of American Metropolis: A History of New York City, and others.
See Article History
Alternative Titles: New Amsterdam, New Orange, New York, The City of New York, The Mayor, Alderman, and Commonality of the City of New York, the Big Apple
New York City, officially the City of New York, historically New Amsterdam, the Mayor, Alderman, and Commonality of the City of New York, and New Orange, byname the Big Apple, city and port located at the mouth of the Hudson River, southeastern New York state, northeastern U.S. It is the largest and most influential American metropolis, encompassing Manhattan and Staten islands, the western sections of Long Island, and a small portion of the New York state mainland to the north of Manhattan. New York City is in reality a collection of many neighbourhoods scattered among the city's five boroughs—Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island—each exhibiting its own lifestyle. Moving from one city neighbourhood to the next may be like passing from one country to another. New York is the most populous and the most international city in the country. Its urban area extends into adjoining parts of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Located where the Hudson and East rivers empty into one of the world's premier harbours, New York is both the gateway to the North American continent and its preferred exit to the oceans of the globe. Area 305 square miles (790 square km). Pop. (2000) 8,008,278; New York–White Plains–Wayne Metro Division, 11,296,377; New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island Metro Area, 18,323,002; (2010) 8,175,133; New York–White Plains–Wayne Metro Division, 11,576,251; New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island Metro Area, 18,897,109.
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New York is the most ethnically diverse, religiously varied, commercially driven, famously congested, and, in the eyes of many, the most attractive urban centre in the country. No other city has contributed more images to the collective consciousness of Americans: Wall Street means finance, Broadway is synonymous with theatre, Fifth Avenue is automatically paired with shopping, Madison Avenue means the advertising industry, Greenwich Village connotes bohemian lifestyles, Seventh Avenue signifies fashion, Tammany Hall defines machine politics, and Harlem evokes images of the Jazz Age, African American aspirations, and slums. The word tenement brings to mind both the miseries of urban life and the upward mobility of striving immigrant masses. New York has more Jews than Tel Aviv, more Irish than Dublin, more Italians than Naples, and more Puerto Ricans than San Juan. Its symbol is the Statue of Liberty, but the metropolis is itself an icon, the arena in which Emma Lazarus's "tempest-tost" people of every nation are transformed into Americans—and if they remain in the city, they become New Yorkers.
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For the past two centuries, New York has been the largest and wealthiest American city. More than half the people and goods that ever entered the United States came through its port, and that stream of commerce has made change a constant presence in city life. New York always meant possibility, for it was an urban centre on its way to something better, a metropolis too busy to be solicitous of those who stood in the way of progress. New York—while the most American of all the country's cities—thus also achieved a reputation as both foreign and fearsome, a place where turmoil, arrogance, incivility, and cruelty tested the stamina of everyone who entered it. The city was inhabited by strangers, but they were, as James Fenimore Cooper explained, "essentially national in interest, position, pursuits. No one thinks of the place as belonging to a particular state but to the United States." Once the capital of both its state and the country, New York surpassed such status to become a world city in both commerce and outlook, with the most famous skyline on earth. It also became a target for international terrorism—most notably the destruction in 2001 of the World Trade Center, which for three decades had been the most prominent symbol of the city's global prowess. However, New York remains for its residents a conglomeration of local neighbourhoods that provide them with familiar cuisines, languages, and experiences. A city of stark contrasts and deep contradictions, New York is perhaps the most fitting representative of a diverse and powerful nation.
Sections of the granite bedrock of New York date to about 100 million years ago, but the topography of the present city is largely the product of the glacial recession that marked the end of the Wisconsin Glacial Stage about 10,000 years ago. Great erratic boulders in Manhattan's Central Park, deep kettle depressions in Brooklyn and Queens, and the glacial moraine that remains in parts of the metropolitan area provide silent testimony to the enormous power of the ice. Glacial retreat also carved out the waterways around the city. The Hudson and East rivers, Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and Arthur Kill are, in reality, estuaries of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Hudson is tidal as far north as Troy. The approximately 600 miles (1,000 km) of New York shoreline are locked in constant combat with the ocean, as it erodes the land and adds new sediments elsewhere. Although the harbour is constantly dredged, ship channels are continually filled with river silt and are too shallow for more modern deep-sea vessels.
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South of the rockbound terrain of Manhattan stretches a sheltered, deepwater anchorage offering easy access to the Atlantic Ocean. In 1524 the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to enter the harbour, which he named Santa Margarita, and he reported that the hills surrounding the vast expanse of New York Bay appeared to be rich in minerals; more than 90 species of precious stone and 170 of the world's minerals have actually been found in New York. Verrazzano's daring expedition was commemorated in 1964, when what was then the world's longest suspension bridge was dedicated to span the Narrows at the entrance to Upper New York Bay.
Walk through Central Park and the Garment District and hop a ferry past the Statue of Liberty in New York CityA look at New York City in the 1980s, showing activity in the Garment District and views of the public transportation system and the urban landscape, including the twin towers of the World Trade Center, which were destroyed in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article
Only the third largest American port at the time of the American Revolution, New York gradually achieved trade domination and by the mid-1800s handled more than half of the country's oceangoing travelers and commercial trade. After 1900 New York was the world's busiest port, a distinction it held until the 1950s. Cargo containerization, the obsolescence of its waterfront piers, and soaring labour costs shifted business to the New Jersey side of the river after the 1960s, but at the beginning of the 21st century the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey still dominated the water trade of the northeastern United States.
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Chris Hughes, who has a lot of money, has bought a "majority share" of The New Republic, which has been sitting rather sadly on the auction block, getting hotter and more spoiled, like a cube of bloody meat on a stump in a dusty town square. Who will buy this delicious, if exceedingly tiny, piece of meat that has been sitting in the sun for days now? It comes with a long and storied and difficult and often ugly history!
Hughes will! And now he has taken the title of "Editor and Publisher" of TNR, whose mindshare was stolen by The Atlantic, Talking Points Memo, and Slate, Salon and probably Thought Catalog. Okay, buddy. I like you. First step. Renounce at least one of those two titles.
Isn't, like, "owner" good enough anyway?
Okay, and: just don't talk to the press at all until 2013. Be quiet and do things. It works. And don't talk about magazines and iPads too much, it's a dicey subject. Plus, let's be honest, Jumo was kind of a hot mess tech- and success-wise, and you barely got out of that one intact, though, "selling" it to Good was the best possible resolution to that, so, yay.
Hmm, what else? Right: also, remember to have a good time!


Don't forget to check out the 'Common to both Sides' page for artillery pieces, limbers, carts, elephants, camels etc etc.
IMREB 1(a) BNI Sepoys, native dress, muskets, firing line (I), skull caps.
IMREB 1(b) BNI Sepoys, native dress, muskets, firing line (I), turbans.
IMREB 1(c) BNI Sepoys, native dress, muskets, firing line (I), covered forage caps.
IMREB 2(a) BNI Sepoys, native dress, firing line (II), skull caps.
IMREB 2(b) BNI Sepoys, native dress, firing line (II), turbans.
IMREB 2(c) BNI Sepoys, native dress, firing line (II), covered forage caps.
IMREB 3(a) BNI Sepoys, native dress, muskets, charge bayonets (I), skull caps.
IMREB 3(b) BNI Sepoys, native dress, muskets, charge bayonets (I), turbans.
IMREB 3(c) BNI Sepoys, native dress, muskets, charge bayonets (I), covered forage caps.
IMREB 4(a) BNI Sepoys, native dress, charge bayonets (II), skull caps.
IMREB 4(b) BNI Sepoys, native dress, charge bayonets (II), covered forage caps.
IMREB 5 BNI Sepoys, coatees, mixed dhotis/trousers & mixed headdress, firing line.
IMREB 6 BNI Sepoy Infantry, winter coatees, mixed dhotis/trousers, mixed headdress, charge bayonets.
IMREB 7 BNI Sepoy Infantry, winter coatees, mixed dhotis/trousers, mixed headdress, skirmishing.
IMREB 9 BNI Sepoy Infantry Command, Firing Line (I), assorted styles of dress.
IMREB 10 BNI Firing Line Command (II), assorted styles of dress. Left to right: sergeant, officer or sergeant, drummer, officer.
IMREB 11 BNI Sepoy Command, Attacking (I), assorted styles of dress.
IMREB 12 BNI Sepoy Command, Attacking (II), assorted styles of dress.
IMREB 13 BNI Sepoy Command, Ensigns (I), assorted styles of dress.
IMREB 14 BNI Ensigns (II), assorted styles of dress.
IMREB 16 Bengal Artillery, native dress, loading piece.
IMREB 17 Bengal Artillery, native dress, firing piece.
IMREB 18 Gwalior/Other Local Contingent or Oude Irregular Force Sepoys in regulation uniform and shakoes attacking.
Note that by 1857 the shako was no longer used by the regular regiments of Bengal Native Infantry (BNI). It was, however, widely retained amongst the EIC sponsored infantry regiments in the employ of the independent statelets. Note that one casting is duplicated in the code of four. When at length the Gwalior Contingent joined the fighting around Cawnpore and Lucknow, it initially took the field in full uniform as portrayed here. It's likely that shakoes and forage caps would both have been worn in the infantry regiments of the Gwalior Contingent and the Oude Irregular Force, so when modelling such regiments it would be fine to mix IMBC 18 figures in with the IMBC 45 figures below.
This code could function fairly happily as BNI sepoys from the previous decade and as such you could use them for games set in the two Anglo-Sikh Wars, the 1st Anglo-Afghan War or the 1st Opium War, although to be technically correct for those conflicts they should have a second crossbelt and slightly longer tails to the coatee. [If those details are important to you, we advise you to wait as we will make a second edition of these figures corrected for the aforementioned conflicts].
IMREB 19 Bengal Light Cavalry, Set I.
(8 riders - buy horses separately). [Horses in separate codes of 4. Use horse codes IMH 2 & 3].
IMREB 20 Bengal Light Cavalry, Set II.
(8 sowars in a combination of headdress, comprising skull cap, turban and more forage caps[Horses in separate codes of 4. Use horse codes IMH 2 & 3].
IMREB 21 Mutineer Battery, gun team at the gallop.
(8 human figures only). [For artillery horses use the 8-horse code IMH 6. For gun and limber use IMLA 1 & 2].
IMREB 22 Gwalior/Other 'Local' Contingent or Oude Irregular Force infantry Command, fully uniformed, shakoes, attacking.
IMREB 23 Gwalior/Other 'Local' Contingent or Oude Irregular Force flank company sepoys, fully uniformed, shakoes, charge bayonets.
IMREB 25 Irregular Matchlockmen I. Mahratta-style headdress. (8 figs).
IMREB 26 Badmashes attacking. (8 figs).
3 x Javelins/short spears and 2 x loose tulwars are included. Long brass spears are not included. The extreme left-hand figure and the figure second from the right can be used as standard bearers. Numbers 3, 4, 5 and 8 (from the left) are cast with fixed tulwars.
IMREB 27 Badmashes armd with matchlocks (4 figs).
IMREB 28 Irregular Infantry Command (I). (4 figs).
Includes rebel leader dressed as the Hindu deity Lord Hanuman: (such a man was captured at Lucknow).
Suitable for matchlock and badmash units. [Flag and pole not included].
IMREB 29 Irregular Matchlockmen II. Afghan Mercenaries. (8 figs).
IMREB 30 Irregular Infantry Command (II) [Afghan]. (4 figs).
(Suitable for Afghan mercenary elements in 1857-8, or more generally for Afghanistan and NW-Frontier Province at any point in the 19th century).
IMREB 31 Matchlockmen (III). Zemindari Matchlockmen. Miscellaneous head variants. (8 figs). [Not yet available].
IMREB 32 Mounted Native Officers, summer shell jackets and forage caps, drawn swords. (2 riders, 2 horses). (£9).
(Suitable inf or arty units on both sides).
IMREB 33 Irregular Cavalry (I), native dress, Mahratta headdress. (4 figs). [Not yet available].
[For horses use IMH 4 or IMH 5].
IMREB 34 Irregular Cavalry (II), native dress, mixed headdress. (4 figs). [Not yet available].
IMREB 35 Rebel Infantry, Command, additional variant figures, mixed orders of dress. (8 figs). [Not yet available].
IMREB 36 BNI sepoys, native dress, muskets, firing line (III), additional variant figures, mixed headdress. (8 figs). [Not yet available].
IMREB 37 BNI sepoys, native dress, muskets, charge bayonets (III), additional variant figures, mixed headdress. (8 figs). [Not yet available].
IMREB 38 BNI sepoys, native dress, marching casually, shoulder or slope arms, mixed headdress. (4 figs). (Suitable for baggage guard, rout markers etc). [Not yet available].
IMREB 39 Mutineer Battery, Bengal Artillery regulation uniform, gun team at the gallop, (8-fig set). (£14). [Not yet available].
Consisting of 1 x officer, 3 x drivers, 3 seated gunners and outrider with carbine.
[For artillery horses use the 8-horse code IMH 6. For gun and limber use IMLA 1 & 2].
See codes IMBC 45 (Illustrated above), IMBC 46 (Sikh sepoys), IMBC 47 (flank coy sepoys) and IMREB 32 (mounted native officers) on either the 'British and Company' Page or the 'Common to Both Sides' Page.
See codes IMBC 27 (illustrated above) and IMBC 28 at either the 'British and Company' Page or the 'Common to Both Sides' Page.
IMLA 9 Rebel bullock-draught artillery: Set I Half-battery. (£39).
2 x Indian drivers, 1 x HEIC limber, 1 x HEIC field gun (with barrels for 6-pdr, 9-pdr or 24-pdr howitzer), 6 x bullocks with 3 x yoke spars and crew of 4 x gunners loading piece (IMREB 16). [Supplied unpainted].
IMLA 10 Rebel bullock-draught artillery: Set 2 Half-battery. (£39).
2 x Indian drivers, 1 x HEIC limber, 1 x HEIC field gun (with barrels for 6-pdr, 9-pdr or 24-pdr howitzer), 6 x bullocks with 3 x yoke spars and crew of 4 x gunners firing piece (IMREB 17). [Supplied unpainted].
Don't forget to check out the 'Common to both Sides' page of Products for heavy artillery, carts, elephants, dhoolies, camels etc etc.