then the problem will lead to frustration. The person will then make inappropriate statements like "Why did Allah Ta'ala do this to me?" etc. At times during the height of frustration a person may even assault his own self to give vent to his frustration. He may even assault his wife and children.
A. Allah put us in various challenges of life to test our Imaan and to see how we respond to those challenges.
A. If the problem is not due to one's own shortcomings, sins etc. it just came upon a person, then it is a test from Allah Ta'ala.
In essence, during difficulties, turn to Allah Ta'ala and make the zikr of Allah. Yunus Alayhi Salam was trapped in three darknesses. The darkness of the night; the darkness of the huge waves of the sea; and the darkness of the belly of the whale.
Outwardly, there was no way Yunus a could be relieved from such a difficulty. Yunus Alayhi Salam beseeches Allah Ta'ala from within the belly of the fish.
While we adopt means to address our difficulties, making Zikr is an effective way of invoking the mercy of Allah. It is through the blessing of Zikr, Allah Ta'ala guides a person to the solution of his problems.
Behold, in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find content!
Forgetting the Zikr of Allah Ta'ala is the death of the hearts of people.
Allah says; those that confront the challenges of life with the Zikr of Allah invoke the mercy of Allah and such people are guided.
Take out some time every day to make the Zikr of Allah and make dua to Allah Ta'ala after the Zikr. Duas after Zikr are most definitely accepted.


text:
Rolnictwo w Afryce – znacząca gałąź gospodarki, która ma znaczny udział w zatrudnieniu. Całe afrykańskie rolnictwo wykazuje niski stopień mechanizacji oraz kultury rolnej, co powoduje, że najczęściej nie pokrywa ono podstawowych potrzeb. W wielu krajach na południu Afryki występują problemy związane z dekolonizacją i nieudanymi reformami. Kolejnymi czynnikami wpływającymi negatywnie na rozwój rolnictwa są słabe gleby. Afryka ma jednak bardzo korzystny agroklimat pozwalający na uprawę roślin ciepłolubnych. Okres wegetacyjny roślin trwa na większości terenu przez cały rok.

Czynniki fizycznogeograficzne

Agroklimat

Większość terenu charakteryzuje się całorocznym okresem wegetacyjnym. Temperatura poniżej 5 °C spada tylko na bardzo niewielkich obszarach na południu kontynentu. Tam też w górach występują przymrozki. Wysoka temperatura w połączeniu z dużym nasłonecznieniem stwarza korzystne warunki do rozwoju biomasy.

Niekorzystnymi czynnikami klimatycznymi dla rozwoju biomasy są opady i ich rozłożenie. Na terenie kontynentu występują zarówno obszary zbyt suche (pustynie), jak i zbyt wilgotne dla rolnictwa. Niekorzystne jest również zjawisko występowania pory deszczowej i suchej na obszarach przejściowych. Układ pór termicznych i deszczowych jest jednak korzystniejszy niż w strefie śródziemnomorskiej, gdyż na sawannach pory deszczowe są gorące.

Gleby

Afryka ma zróżnicowaną pokrywę glebową, która zależy od strefy klimatycznej, szaty roślinnej oraz rzeźby terenu. Pokrywa glebowa jest symetryczna względem równika, z wyłączeniem górskich obszarów na wschodzie i północy kontynentu oraz znacznego obszaru Sahary. W Afryce równikowej dominują gleby laterytowe wilgotnych lasów oraz czerwonoziemy i gleby czerwono-brązowe. W strefie sawann dominują czerwonoziemy. Pomiędzy strefą sawann a Saharą występują gleby czerwono-bure, sporadycznie występują również czarnoziemy. Na Saharze oraz w Afryce południowej występują gleby piaszczyste i żwirowe (gleby inicjalne). Często ze względu na zasolenie występują gleby słone (Sołonczaki i Sołońce). W interiorze Sahary występują charakterystyczne szaroziemy. W dolinach dużych rzek występują gleby rzeczne (mady). W strefie śródziemnomorskiej występują Terra-rosa, gleby brązowe, brunatne gleby górskie oraz gleby suchych lasów – gleby te są charakterystycznymi glebami wybrzeża Morza Śródziemnego. W Wielkich Rowach Afryki występują gleby bielicowe, gleby łąk górskich oraz gleby wulkaniczne. Przyczyną powstawania gleb o odcieniu czerwonym są tlenki żelaza, które wnikają w głąb profilu glebowego. Gleby w strefie wilgotnej mają konsystencję przypominającą glinę, natomiast w strefie suchej gleby składają się z utworów luźnych.

Regionalizacja glebowo-geologiczna świata, zakładająca podział świata na 13 sektorów, wyróżnia na obszarze Afryki 5 sektorów glebowych:
 9. Sektor oglejonych gleb wapienno-próchnicznych, wertisoli, górskich brunatnoziemów, suchowęglanowych gleb kotlin śródgórskich;
 10. Sektor południowoafrykański;
 11. Sektor gleb sucho-węglanowych i sucho-sołońcowych, reliktowych pokryw solnych, górskich wapienno-próchnicznych gleb stepowych oraz węglanowo-próchnicznych gleb stepowych oraz węglanowo-próchniczncyh oglejonych z fragmentami górskich brunatnoziemów;
 12. Sektor ferroziemów, wertisoli, gleb sucho-sołońcowych, reliktowych laterytów, górskich gleb fluwo-feralitowych, wysokogórskich kwaśnych gleb alferhumusowych i kwaśnych gleb darniowych;
 13. Sektor fluwo-feralitowych i fluwo-fersalitowych, fersalitowych gleb glejowo-eluwialnych i laterytowych z fragmentami ferroziemów i wertisoli, górskich afterhumusowych i kwaśnych gleb darniowych.

Hydrologia

Hydrologia Afryki jest bardzo zróżnicowana. Na olbrzymich obszarach pustyń występują tylko rzeki epizodyczne lub okresowe, z kolei w innych rejonach tworzą się wielkie rzeki mające kilka tysięcy km długości i przepływ w ujścia rzędu kilkunastu tysięcy m³ na sekundę. Większość jezior znajduje się w Wielkich Rowach Afryki. Największym jeziorem bezodpływowym jest Czad, który w wyniku katastrofy ekologicznej wysycha. Granica wiecznego śniegu znajduje się na wysokości ponad 4000 m n.p.m. jedynie na Kenii granica ta wynosi 3950 m, jest to kontynent o najwyższej granicy wiecznego śniegu. Wody gruntowe zalegają głęboko, gdzieniegdzie tworząc baseny artezyjskie.

Wody gruntowe w Afryce mają dwojakie pochodzenie. W większości są zasilane opadami, jednakże w pobliżu wybrzeży dochodzi do infiltracji wód morskich. W Afryce Północnej są warunki do tworzenia basenów artezyjskich, które w niektórych miejscach tworzą źródła, jednak wydostając się na powierzchnię tworzą słone źródła. W kotlinie Kalahari wody gruntowe są słone. Zasolenie to jest spowodowane infiltracją przez słone piaski.

Czynniki pozaprzyrodnicze

Poziom rozwoju społeczno-geograficznego
Większość państw Afryki to kraje rozwijające się lub słabo rozwinięte, jedynie Południowa Afryka zaliczana jest do państw rozwiniętych. Istotnym problemem w rozwoju nowoczesnego rolnictwa, oprócz biedy, są waśnie, wojny, nieustabilizowana sytuacja społeczno-polityczna. Wiele obszarów jest uzależnionych od pomocy gospodarczej, a nawet humanitarnej.

Urbanizacja i uprzemysłowienie
Urbanizacja, która ma wpływ na rolnictwo jest na terenie większości państw niska. Z powodu niskiego poziomu rozwoju przemysłu elektromaszynowego (maszyny rolnicze) poziom mechanizacji rolnictwa jest bardzo niski. Ze względu na brak walut obcych oraz niskie możliwości płatnicze wielu państw import maszyn z innych kontynentów jest znikomy. Podobnie jest w przemyśle chemicznym, który dostarcza między innymi nawozy sztuczne i środki ochrony roślin. Nieco lepsza sytuacja jest w krajach, w których wcześniej rozwinęło się rolnictwo towarowe (plantacyjne).

Polityka rolna
W Afryce polityka rolna jako taka nie istnieje lub istnieje w bardzo małym zakresie. Gospodarstwa są przeważnie indywidualne/rodzinne. W dużym stopniu bardziej uzależnione od pomocy gospodarczej niż polityki rządów. W niektórych krajach polityka rolna władz państwowych ograniczyła się jedynie do parcelacji dawnych farm wielkoobszarowych i plantacji. W Zimbabwe zakończyło się to krwawym wygnaniem białych właścicieli farm i przekazaniem ich ziemi ludności czarnej. Po tej zmianie doszło do znacznego obniżenia wydajności i w konsekwencji do klęski głodu.

Pod koniec XX wieku w Afryce zaczęły powstawać wsie przypominające środkowo- i wschodnioeuropejskie wsie socjalistyczne. Wsie tego typu są budowane przeważnie przez władze dla przesiedleńców (np. podczas realizacji projektów hydrotechnicznych, gdy konieczne było zalanie dużych terenów). Budynki są budowane według europejskich wzorców z nietradycyjnych materiałów. Do nowych wsi kwaterowano często przedstawicieli różnych zwaśnionych grup społecznych. Niekiedy również wprowadzenie wzorców wschodnioeuropejskich burzyło przyzwyczajenie do tradycyjnej gospodarki. Brak możliwości zmian architektury i układu budynków sprawia, że ludzie niechętnie przenoszą się do nowych lokalizacji, a dodatkowym problemem w tych miejscowościach jest szerzenie się przestępczości. W niektórych krajach pod upadku rządów dyktatury, która nakazywała zamieszkanie w takich wsiach ludziom z innych regionów, ludność opuszczała swoje domy i wracała na ziemię, z której pochodziła.

Produkcja

Produkcja roślinna

Zboża

Najważniejszym zbożem na świecie jest pszenica, jednak w Afryce uprawy tego zboża są zlokalizowane jedynie w krajach arabskich. Udział pszenicy w uprawach w krajach Afryki Zachodniej i Środkowej oraz na Madagaskarze jest bliski zeru. Natomiast w Egipcie udział procentowy w areale jest jednym z największych na świecie. Intensywne uprawy pszenicy znajdują się również na południowym wschodzie kontynentu.

Uprawy jęczmienia, podobne jak pszenicy, koncentrują się w Afryce Północnej, a krajem przodującym w udziale jęczmienia w całości upraw jest Maroko, które należy do grupy krajów o najwyższym na świecie udziale tego zboża w uprawach. Jęczmień jest używany przede wszystkim jako roślina pastewna. Ze względu na wysokie wymagania, podobne do pszenicy, ale mniej wartościowe ziarno, jęczmień nie jest chętnie uprawiany przez rolników.

Kukurydza w Afryce jest uprawiana głównie we wschodniej i południowej części kontynentu oraz w Egipcie, gdzie kukurydza jest uprawnia w sposób intensywny.

Głównymi afrykańskimi zbożami są proso i sorgo, w mniejszym stopniu uprawiane na innych kontynentach. Proso odgrywa ważną rolę w wyżywieniu w krajach słabo rozwiniętych.

Rośliny strączkowe

Rośliny strączkowe w Afryce mają pozycję podobną do zbóż. Głównymi roślinami strączkowymi są fasola i w mniejszym zakresie groch.

W krajach arabskich uprawiana jest soczewica jadalna, która jest uprawiana również w Etiopii. Na tym obszarze w znacznie mniejszym zakresie jest uprawnia również ciecierzyca i bób.

Rośliny bulwiaste i korzeniowe

W Afryce uprawiane są rośliny bulwiaste i korzeniowe rodzime i introdukowane, w tym taro, aroidy, bataty i maniok. Oprócz tych roślin uprawniane są typowe dla Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej ziemniaki.

Warzywa
Uprawa warzyw w Afryce ma małe znaczenie. Warzywa są uprawie głównie w państwach arabskich, zaś w pozostałej części kontynentu warzywa są jedynie dodatkiem i uprawiane są w przydomowych ogródkach.

Owoce

W Afryce uprawiane są zupełnie inne owoce niż na północy. Dominują uprawy owoców cytrusowych (pomarańcze, cytryny, grejpfruty, mandarynki). Owoce te, szczególnie pomarańcze, są uprawiane głównie w państwach arabskich. Algieria jest największym na świecie producentem klementynek, które są skrzyżowaniem mandarynki z pomarańczą gorzką. Głównym afrykańskim producentem grejpfrutów jest Republika Południowej Afryki.

Najważniejszymi owocami niecytrusowymi są daktyle, migdały, orzechy oraz ananasy. Lokalnie na wybrzeżu zachodnim uprawia się bananowce.

Używki i przyprawy
Używki i przyprawy są to rośliny, które dają plony niemające właściwości odżywczych, lecz są przeznaczone do spożycia. Podstawową różnicą pomiędzy używką a przyprawą jest sposób użycia. Używki (np. kawa, herbata, kakao) używa się bez innej żywności, natomiast przyprawy są używane jako dodatek do potraw.

Podstawową używką na świecie jest herbata, z której przyrządza się napój o tej samej nazwie. Uprawa herbaty wymaga znacznej wilgotności i odpowiedniej temperatury minimalnej nie niższej niż 10 °C i maksymalnej nie wyższej niż 32 °C. Z tego względu uprawiana jest w bardzo niewielu miejscach na świecie. Głównym ośrodkiem upraw herbaty jest Daleki Wschód. W Afryce roślina ta jest uprawiana głównie w Kenii.

Drugą z ważnych upraw tego typu jest kawa, która jest również spożywana jako napar. Kawa najwcześniej była uprawiana na terenie Etiopii. Największe uprawy znajdują się w pasie zwrotnikowym. Najbardziej ceniona kawa, czyli kawa arabska, jest uprawiana w górach we wschodniej części Afryki. Plantacyjna uprawa kawy w Ameryce Południowej i Azji powoduje, że państwa afrykańskie mają mały udział w produkcji i sprzedaży tej rośliny.

Oprócz herbaty i kawy istotne znacznie ma produkcja kakao. Roślina ta, z której między innymi wytwarza się czekoladę, jest uprawnia głównie na wybrzeżu Zatoki Gwinejskiej. Światowym potentatem w produkcji kakao jest Wybrzeże Kości Słoniowej.

Substancje narkotyczne: koka, mak, tytoń, konopie mają małe znacznie w produkcji i handlu. Ich produkcja jest zlokalizowana głównie w Afryce Północnej, gdzie z powodu zakazów Islamu nie używa się alkoholu.

Wśród roślin przyprawowych najbardziej rozpowszechnione goździki, imbir, wanilia. Poza tym na kontynencie są zlokalizowane uprawy: kminku, kminu, kolendry, anyżku, kopru, tymianku, majeranku, rozmarynu.

Rośliny cukrodajne i przemysłowe

Cukier jest otrzymywany na skalę przemysłową z dwóch roślin: trzciny cukrowej w klimacie ciepłym i buraka cukrowego w klimacie umiarkowanym. Na terenie Afryki cukier jest otrzymywany niemal wyłącznie z trzciny.

Wśród roślin przemysłowych zasadniczo wyróżnia się rośliny oleiste i włóknodajne. Część roślin oleistych, np. orzechy ziemne są jednak wykorzystywane w celach spożywczych. Najbardziej rozpowszechnionymi uprawami roślin oleistych w Afryce są właśnie orzechy ziemne. Produkcja tych roślin w Afryce stanowi około 30% światowej produkcji. Liderami na kontynencie są Nigeria i Senegal. Jednakże udział państw afrykańskich w eksporcie orzeszków ziemnych wynosi aż 70%. Kolejną roślinną oleistą uprawianą w Afryce, głównie na eksport, jest sezam wschodni, którego udział w eksporcie wynosi około 75%.

W państwach śródziemnomorskich duże znaczenie ma uprawa oliwki europejskiej i przetwarzanie jej na oliwę. W wielu krajach występuje jednoczesny eksport oliwy z oliwek i import oliwy arachidowej.

Na zachodnim wybrzeżu Afryki od Gambii po Angolę rozpowszechniona jest uprawa palmy oleistej. Afryka Zachodnia i Angola są w zasadzie jedynym terenem uprawy tej rośliny. Największym producentem jest Nigeria i Demokratyczna Republika Konga, które w sumie dostarczają prawie połowę zbiorów tej rośliny. Rośliny te są na miejscu rafinowane i na eksport trafiają pod postacią gotowego oleju. Prawie cała produkcja trafia na eksport.

Wśród roślin włóknodajnych najważniejsza jest bawełna, która jest uprawiana niemalże w całej Afryce. Uprawy są jednak mniejsze niż w Azji i Stanach Zjednoczonych. Bawełna jest rośliną, której uprawa, a w szczególności zbiór jest bardzo pracochłonny i w zasadzie nie można go zmechanizować.

W Afryce, szczególnie w strefie tropikalnej, znajdują się również plantacje kauczukowca brazylijskiego. Eksport kauczuku jest jednak niewielki.

Produkcja zwierzęca

Zwierzęta są hodowane przez rolników w zasadzie z dwóch powodów. Z jednej strony dostarczają pożywienia (mięsa, mleka, jaj) lub innych produktów (skóry, rogi), a z drugiej są używane jako siła pociągowa, zwłaszcza na terenach o niskiej mechanizacji rolnictwa lub zbyt trudnych dla maszyn rolniczych.

Bydło

Problem z przechowywaniem mięsa w warunkach klimatu gorącego powoduje, że bydło w większości jest hodowane jako zwierzę pociągowe, a nie mięsne, jak w chłodniejszych częściach świata. Pogłowie bydła wyrażone w liczbie na ha użytków rolnych pokrywa się z obszarami o rolnictwie intensywnym. Najwięcej bydła na ha jest w Egipcie i Etiopii. Jedynie w Republice Południowej Afryki, gdzie rolnictwo jest zmechanizowane w większym stopniu, pogłowie bydła jest mniejsze mimo intensyfikacji rolnictwa.

Typowym dla sawannowej Afryki jest chów "uczuciowy" bydła. Bydło to jest słabej jakości, gdyż liczy się jego liczba. Krowy stanowią formę pieniądza. Ich posiadanie wiąże się z rangą społeczną. Zabicie takiego zwierzęcia jest uważane za szaleństwo porównywalne z paleniem banknotów w państwach rozwiniętych. Chów bydła jest wysoce ekstensywny, rola rolnika ogranicza się w zasadzie do przepędzenia stada z jednego pastwiska na inne oraz budowy zagród do spędzenia zwierząt na noc. Na Madagaskarze krowy były używane do składania ofiar.

Kozy i owce

Zwierzęciem najbardziej funkcjonalnie podobnym do bydła jest koza. Koza jest zwierzęciem mniejszym przez co nie nadaje się jako zwierzę pociągowe, ale wymaga mniej żywności. Kozy są hodowane głównie dla mleka, mięsa i skór. Największe pogłowie kóz jest w terenach górskich. Nawet w stosunkowo bliskich regionach pozycja kóz bywa odmienna. W Ghanie koźlina postrzegana jest jako przysmak i kozy są chętnie hodowane, zwłaszcza z najbardziej płodnej i szybko dorastającej rasy West African Dwarf Goat. Tymczasem w delcie Nigru kozy są postrzegane jako szkodniki, zwierzęta brudne i śmierdzące, a ich mięso jest uznawane za niesmaczne. Ponadto kojarzone są z praktykami czarowników. W istocie, ofiary z kóz są w tym regionie składane podczas ceremonii ślubnych i pogrzebowych, jak również przy rzucaniu uroków. Praktyki te w pewnej formie (ofiary dziękczynne) zostały też zaakceptowane przez lokalne wspólnoty chrześcijańskie i muzułmańskie.

Dużo większe znaczenie od kóz mają owce, głównie owce domowe. Największe na kontynencie pogłowie owiec na ha użytków rolnych znajduje się w państwach arabskich, Etiopii, Burkinie Faso, Senegalu i Gambii. Największe pogłowie owiec jest w Republice Południowej Afryki, gdzie owce są hodowane głównie ekstensywnie na terenach nienadających się pod uprawę.

Trzoda chlewna
Świnia domowa jest zwierzęciem uprawianym głównie dla mięsa. Oprócz tego ze świni można otrzymywać tłuszcze (słoninę) i skóry. Problemem w hodowli świń jest uznanie za zwierzę nieczyste przez Islam, jedną z głównych religii w Afryce. To powoduje, że w państwach o dużej liczbie wyznawców zwierzę to występuje bardzo rzadko.

Drób
Drób to wiele gatunków ptaków hodowlanych głównie dla jaj, mięsa, rzadziej piór. Głównym gatunkiem jest kura domowa, oprócz niej najczęściej hodowane są jeszcze kaczka, gęś i indyk oraz w zasadzie tylko w Afryce struś. Hodowla pozostałych ptaków ma na świecie znaczenie głównie lokalne. Drób, głównie kury i strusie, w Afryce jest hodowany na dużych fermach w Republice Południowej Afryki. Na pozostałym obszarze ma charakter marginalny.

Pszczoły i jedwabniki

Pszczoły i jedwabniki są w zasadzie jedynymi owadami mającymi znacznie w hodowli. Pszczoła jest hodowana głównie dla miodu (pszczoła miodna). Pozostałe gatunki nie są hodowane, jednakże mają również znacznie w rolnictwie, gdyż uczestniczą w zapylaniu roślin. Jedwabniki są jedynymi zwierzętami hodowanymi dla włókna. Rola owadów hodowlanych w Afryce jest mała

Pozostałe
Do zwierząt, które mają mniejszy udział w hodowli na kontynencie można zaliczyć: konie, psy, osły, muły, wielbłądy. Zwierzęta te są hodowane głównie jako zwierzęta pociągowe lub juczne (oprócz psów) oraz dla skór, mięsa i mleka.

Regiony rolnicze

Afryka Środkowa, Zachodnia i Wschodnia

Aż 60% mieszkańców Afryki Subsaharyjskiej (wraz z Afryką Południową, która obniża tę statystykę) pracuje w rolnictwie, które w dużej mierze daje plony pokrywające podstawowe potrzeby rolników, mimo tego ludność niedożywiona stanowi 32% mieszkańców regionu. Lokalnie jeszcze w XX wieku na tym terenie ziemia była uprawiana w pierwotny sposób wypaleniskowo-odłogowy. Zazwyczaj rolnictwo państw Afryki, oprócz części arabskiej i południowej, wykazuje bardzo niski poziom mechanizacji i znaczny stopień zatrudnienia. Ze względu na nierozwinięty przemysł oraz słabo rozwiniętą turystykę w wielu krajach rolnictwo ma dość duży udział w PKB. W niektórych krajach reformy "afrykańskiego socjalizmu" doprowadziły do kolektywizacji rolnictwa, które nie dało spodziewanych efektów. Państwa te już w latach 80. rozpoczęły dekolektywizację. Na niektórych terenach dominuje chów ekstensywny, często nomadyczny.

Uwarunkowania przyrodnicze
Obszar Afryki Środkowej, Zachodniej i Wschodniej posiada bardzo różne warunki przyrodnicze. Obszar ten znajduje się w strefach klimatu od półsuchego i gorącego na północy i południu po ekstremalnie wilgotny i bardzo gorący strefy tropikalnej. Ze względu na całoroczny okres wegetacji (oprócz gór), produkcja roślinna może trwać cały rok. Problemem może być nieregularność opadów w strefach przejściowych pomiędzy sawanną a pustynią oraz w Rogu Afryki.

Niekorzystne dla rolnictwa są ciężkie gleby, które występują często w tym klimacie.

Uwarunkowania pozaprzyrodnicze
Obszar Afryki subsaharyjskiej bez Afryki Południowej charakteryzuje się bardzo wysokim zatrudnieniem w rolnictwie. Pracujący w rolnictwie stanowią ponad połowę zatrudnionych. W niektórych krajach ten odsetek wynosi ponad 90%. Powoduje to, że rolnictwo indywidualne jest silnie rozdrobnione i zapewnia przeważnie tylko podstawowe potrzeby ludności, dodatkowo słabe uprzemysłowienie wraz z biedą powodują bardzo niski stopień mechanizacji rolnictwa.

Mimo to rolnictwo ma duży lub nawet kluczowy udział w PKB.

Produkcja roślinna
Podstawą wyżywienia ludności są zboża, do najważniejszych należą: kukurydza, maniok, sorgo, proso i ryż. Nieznaczny udział mają warzywa i owoce.

Dość istotną rolę w uprawach stanowią rośliny przemysłowe, które są przeznaczane na eksport. Eksport produktów roślinnych stanowi oprócz turystyki kluczowe źródło pozyskiwania walut obcych.

Produkcja zwierzęca

Afryka Południowa

W czasach kolonialnych w Afryce Południowej rozwinęło się intensywne rolnictwo plantacyjne (przemysłowe). W 1990 Republika Południowej Afryki miała jeden z najniższych wskaźników ludności aktywnej zawodowo w rolnictwie na świecie. Na przełomie wieków rolnictwo zostało zreformowane przez rządy państw postkolonialnych. Reforma rolna polegająca na brutalnym wygnaniu białej ludności i parcelacji farm pomiędzy bezrolnych chłopów, co spowodowało katastrofalne skutki, między innymi obniżenie plonów pszenicy o ponad połowę, a pogłowia bydła o ponad 80% w zaledwie 4 lata. Produkcja rolna upadła tak, że konieczna jest pomoc humanitarna. W Afryce Południowej rozwinęło się sadownictwo (głównie grejpfruty, pomarańcze i jabłka), które jest w zasadzie niepraktykowane w pozostałej części kontynentu.

Uwarunkowania przyrodnicze
Najcieplejszym miesiącem (środkiem lata) na półkuli południowej jest styczeń, natomiast środkiem zimy jest lipiec. Okres wegetacyjny w tym rejonie (z wyjątkiem terenów górskich w Republice Południowej Afryki) trwa cały rok. Dochodzi jednak lokalnie w okresie zimy (czerwiec – sierpień) do przymrozków. Suma opadów jest dobra dla rozwoju rolnictwa i waha się w zależności od terenu od 400 do 2000 mm. Więcej deszczów spada na obszarach położonych wyżej, co jest również korzystne dla rolnictwa. Rozkład opadów jest jednak niekorzystny ze względu na występowanie pory bezdeszczowej. W porze deszczowej niekorzystne jest występowanie ulew. W Republice Południowej Afryki agroklimat jest lepszy, gdyż mimo że jest chłodniejszy, to jest bardziej umiarkowany. Klimat ten przypomina klimat Francji (z odwróceniem pór roku). Dla rozwoju rolnictwa korzystne jest również ukształtowanie terenu szczególnie w RPA. Natomiast różnorodność gleb oraz występowanie gleb słabych i pustynnych powoduje problemy w uprawie ziemi. Dodatkowo występujące w górach Smoczych i Przylądkowych gleby czarne (luwsole) są ubogie i mają ograniczone możliwości wykorzystania rolniczego.

Uwarunkowania pozaprzyrodnicze
W czasach kolonialnych w Afryce Południowej rozwinęło się intensywne rolnictwo plantacyjne (przemysłowe). W 1990 Republika Południowej Afryki miała jeden z najniższych wskaźników ludności aktywnej zawodowo w rolnictwie na świecie. Te czynniki między innymi powodują, że poziom mechanizacji rolnictwa mierzony w liczbie traktorów na ha jest niewielki i niestabilny. Wysoki jest natomiast poziom nawożenia. W pozostałych krajach regionu dość istotnym problemem jest reforma rolna, polegająca na parcelacji gospodarstw wielkoobszarowych.

Produkcja roślinna
Plony zbóż w Południowej Afryce są raczej niskie i wynoszą około 20q/ha. Duże znacznie ma uprawa roślin przemysłowych, szczególnie trzciny cukrowej. Uprawia się dużo warzyw. W Republice Południowej Afryki duża część areałów jest zajęta przez sadownictwo oraz winnice. To sprawia, że kraj ten jest jednym z czołowych producentów wina.

Produkcja zwierzęca
Produkcja zwierzęca w Republice Południowej Afryki jest dobrze rozwinięta. Podstawowym zwierzęciem hodowlanym jest owca domowa. Kolejne miejsca zajmuje bydło, trzoda chlewna oraz drób.

Państwa arabskie

W państwach arabskich rolnictwo ma charakter zbliżony do państw Europy Południowej i Azji Południowo-Zachodniej. Z tą różnicą, że w Afryce Północnej jest znacznie mniejsza powierzchnia przydatna rolniczo (duża powierzchnia państw leży na bezużytecznej Saharze) oraz występuje konieczność większego niż gdzie indziej sztucznego nawodnienia. Dominuje tu rozproszone, indywidualne rolnictwo małotowarowe oraz różne formy pasterstwa. Natomiast na obszarach sztucznie nawadnianych rozwinęło się intensywne rolnictwo wysokotowarowe, głównie daktylowce, ale również zboża i w ograniczonym zakresie sady. Ze względu na zakazy Islamu nie uprawia się winorośli.

Uwarunkowania przyrodnicze
Tereny Afryki Północnej są przeważnie pustynne, o niskiej lub miejscami ekstremalnie niskiej sumie opadów. Niewielki obszar nadający się pod uprawę znajduje się na wybrzeżu Morza Śródziemnego. Na tym terenie suma opadów jest wystarczająca, chociaż również nie za wysoka. Tereny uprawne, szczególnie we wschodniej części wybrzeża, wymagają w dużym stopniu sztucznego nawadniania. W Egipcie 100% terenów musi być sztucznie nawodniona, co ułatwia ich położenie nad Nilem. Problemem również jest gwałtowność opadów, gdyż większość opadów spada podczas ulew, co utrudnia absorpcję wody. Innym istotnym problemem w uprawie ziemi na terenach około pustynnych są wiatry zawiewające piasek z pustyń. Wiatry te mają miejsce najczęściej w kwietniu i maju.

Uwarunkowania pozaprzyrodnicze
Ze względu na słabe warunki przyrodnicze intensywne rolnictwo państw arabskich musi być silnie nawadniane i nawożone, co powoduje, że produkcja jest opłacalna tylko podczas subwencjonowania produkcji lub obniżania cen produktów gotowych.

Rolnictwo w państwach arabskich jest indywidualne/rodzinne i silnie rozdrobnione.

Produkcja roślinna
Produkcja roślinna ze względu na całoroczny okres wegetacyjny jest całoroczna. Jednakże zróżnicowanie warunków przyrodniczych pomiędzy zimą a latem wymaga systemu rotacyjnego. Podstawą upraw roślinnych są zboża. Wysoka intensywność upraw powoduje, że Egipt przoduje w wielkości plonów z hektara. Szczególnie wysokie są zbiory ryżu dochodzące do 88,8 q/ha (1. miejsce na świecie), jednakże również zbiory innych zbóż plasują się w pierwszej piątce. Największy areał jest zajęty pod uprawę pszenicy. Małe areały powodują, że państwa północnoafrykańskie zajmują odległe miejsca wśród zbiorów poszczególnych upraw według państw. Wśród roślin przemysłowych przoduje bawełna oraz trzcina cukrowa. W strefach podmiejskich dość duże znacznie ma sadownictwo, warzywa oraz daktyle.

Produkcja zwierzęca
Produkcja zwierzęca ze względu na słabe warunki przyrodnicze, głównie brak pasz rozwija się słabo. Największy udział w hodowli zwierząt ma mają owce, kozy, bydło oraz wielbłądy. Symboliczny udział ma hodowla koni i trzody chlewnej.

Problemy rolnictwa

Powierzchnia możliwa do wykorzystania pod rolnictwo jest większa od powierzchni wykorzystywanej rolniczo na świecie. Jednakże ponad 40% powierzchni Afryki stanowią tereny przydatne rolniczo dopiero po sztucznym nawodnieniu, na co państwa afrykańskie nie mają pieniędzy. Istotnym problemem rolnictwa, szczególnie w Rogu Afryki, jest zmienność warunków klimatycznych, a przede wszystkim susze, które powodują klęski głodu. W bogatych państwach arabskich problem ten jest rozwiązywany przez budowę obiektów hydrotechnicznych, wykorzystujących w niektórych przypadkach nawet odsalaną wodę morską. Braki wody pociągają za sobą trudności z lokowaniem przemysłu wykorzystującego wodę.

Kolejnym problemem jest zbyt duża liczba utrzymujących się z rolnictwa i niski stopień mechanizacji. Powoduje to, że na wielu obszarach dochody z gospodarstwa ledwo wystarczają na przeżycie. Problemem w wielu krajach są nieudane reformy rolne wzorowane na kolektywizacji rolnictwa w ZSRR.

Przypisy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Tired Old X-Bones of a Dying Beast
June 16, 2015 June 16, 2015 LaserTimeContributor
Back in the olden days when libraries weren't just a novelty, my brother awoke one birthday morning to unwrap a grotesquely colored Microsoft console, complete with a smattering of new and interesting games. From then on, my brother and I spent our respective high school afternoons playing Halo 2 — a game considered revolutionary sci-fi in the eyes of every 10 year-old who hadn't played Warhammer 40K or read Dune.
When the Xbox released in 2001, it stood for innovation. Never before had we seen a console with a built-in HDD, or played online on a console that lasted longer than three years (sorry, Dreamcast). The Xbox was a revolution; it showed Nintendo and Playstation that they could do so much more than just single-player experiences with 8MB memory cards. Above all, Xbox was a challenger, and it had to prove itself worthy of taking on the big boys. Sony had killed it with the Playstation, and Nintendo was a seasoned veteran, still chugging after four generations of battle.
That was then, and this is now. As of this writing, it's been mere hours since the E3 Microsoft press conference started, and all it did was leave me with a bad taste in my mouth. The first-party offerings they showed were rather dull: two new IPs were shown, two re-releases were announced, and the rest were either sequels or spin-offs.
Nothing jumped out at me — it was all, "been there done that." I've played Forza, I've played Halo, I've played Gears of War. I never once sat up to go, "wow." Nothing was niche. It was all very safe, and I'm sure you, dear reader, will agree this is an ungodly contrast to what they offered with the original Xbox.
The first two years of the original console saw the release of Halo: Combat Evolved, Mech Assault, Crimson Sea, Project Gotham Racing, Blood Wake, Gunvalkyrie, and Phantom Crash. What did the Xbox One get in its first two years? Killer Instinct and Sunset Overdrive.
Microsoft has grown comfortable and stagnant in its veteran status. Unlike in 2001, Microsoft doesn't feel they need to prove anything. They are trusting in the power of their brands, rather than selling them on their own merits, and I feel very much that this will be the catalyst for their downfall.
The average consumer of games is well informed. They watch Let's Plays, read articles, and talk about games on a regular basis. They take their time making a purchase, thoroughly contemplating it beforehand. The reason games like Gears of War and Halo succeeded was because there wasn't much like them at the time, but now we live in an age where many of the systems pioneered in those games are commonplace.
Microsoft, much like Activision with their Call of Duty franchise, needs a change in scenery. D4 was a start, Scalebound is a continuation, but their "killer apps" need to follow those rabbits down the hole. They need the formulas to be mixed up.
Microsoft can't stay safe forever. Interest has been dwindling rapidly since the inception of the Xbox One, and the only way to bring it back is to do something truly interesting. Make an open world action-RPG Halo spin-off, or a high speed, anti-gravity Forza.
Xbox One should be Microsoft's video game renaissance, an opportunity to go mad with creativity. They should move away from being a product for reiterated media consumption, toward a platform for new experiences.
Article by contributor Mark Maher. You can yell at him on Twitter or through email for being morally and factually wrong.
The Top 5 1994 Games (Based on the US Box Office)
Gametwerp Podcast #237: Thurfing with the Thuns of Anarchy
This Is Talking Simpsons. Who The Hell Are You?
Laser Time's Complete E3 2015 Experience
The Batman vs. Superman XXX Parody Knows Its Comic Book History
7 thoughts on "The Tired Old X-Bones of a Dying Beast"
Redbaron says:
The entire industry has become for the most part, most of the same. It's not just Microsoft. Hell Nintendo which has franchises like F-Zero and Metroid doesn't utilize them and just re-releases old games. Sony is banking on remakes of a 20 year old game and sequels. The entire industry is based around iterations of the same formula. Hence why the current gen has been for the most part re-releasing last gen games. I think it's a case of, it's all been done and there is just an industry wide lack of creativity when it comes to new ideas. There are of course exceptions to this rule but overall I feel there are very few new ideas.
RacoonHail says:
Agreed, the only new IP that left any impression at all are "For Honor" and "Horizon Zero Dawn", other wise, yeah its mostly just retreads and remakes.
But you know what?
Some of those retreads and remakes are going to be a hell of a lot of fun.
It is easy to bemoan the downfall of this or that, or the lack of originality in movies/tv/video games, but does it actually matter all that much if we are still getting stuff that we enjoy?
Sure there might be a lot of mediocre or crappy coming out of those retreads, but there is also going to be a lot of greatness like Mad Max: Fury Road or a FF7 remake (by the way, if you are under say… 20, why do you care about that?), or another solid Halo game. Just because something is a remake of something that came before it does not guarantee its mediocrity.
For example, and Grimm might disagree, Ferrari has made a very similar car for the last 20 years… the 430 begat the 458, which is now begetting the 488. These cars are all VERY similar and obviously the later models just build upon the earlier. Does that mean these later models are crap? Nope.. they are still Ferrari's, and they are still glorious.
I guess my point is… sometimes its just about what is fun. I feel like we forget that too much over what is new and shiny.
alphaxd001 says:
Agree with you not OP. Microsoft/Sony/Nintendo have been pushing hardware peripherals to get users the ability to be able to play games in new ways and then let developers make new kinds of experiences. The new peripherals don't sell or become gimmicky – What press conference got it right this year with new IP's that sound interesting and arriving in 12 months… None I watched. Most gamers aren't as intelligent as OP states saying they research, pay attention, or heck even want new experiences… look at how Call of Duty sells, and GTA and each of the Nintendo Sequels – it's because users don't care – they want to get that same high they once got on those games but want that one extra feature. Microsoft did a lot wrong with Xbox One – they lost the marketing war to Sony (the always online thing isn't that big of a deal and MS had some nice features that came with it that were scrapped) then MS delivered an OS on Xbox One that was a step backwards in a lot of ways. I think MS has realized a lot of their mistakes and realize the console crowd they can get, that Sony can't, are the elitist ones that consider themselves the PC Master Race. I am hoping / Praying that once Xbox One gets a Windows 10 OS that they will allow PC's with Windows 10 play Xbox One Digital Games – not just stream. I would love to play a Halo with the graphic fidelity my PC can deliver. Microsoft is more about services now than ever… and the best move for MS would be to move Xbox (as a console -not just live, or music, or vide) to a service – you bring your own hardware that meets a minimum spec with Windows 10 and then use "Xbox" on it. Microsoft is playing more friendly with everyone else at this point and I think if they continue things will get much better for Xbox division.
hired pun says:
I think this looks like a great year for strong sequels. Fallout 4 looks insanely good, Halo 5 has the designer of republic commando and is trying some new squad combat, XCOM 2 looks great. I've been going insane waiting for a new Mass Effect. Don't fear the sequel. I'd trade 4 new IP's for new Mass Effect if i'm being honest with myself.
Don't fear the sequel, they're giving you what you want.
Adam Street says:
Weird. This is what I thought of the Sony press conference.
dangomushi says:
Yikes. I'm not even an Xbox guy, but I feel you're pretty ill informed on the subject. This article doesn't really say much of anything except that maybe games aren't for you.
You also make it sound like the original Xbox launched with Xbox Live. That it did not.
AqueousBoy says:
Dude, are you high?
Video Game Stories: T Time Episode 13
Laser Time – What's Your Favorite Future?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have created two compound operations(suppose "RFirst" n "RSecond"). Now i want to move operations which are executed by RFirst robot to created compound operation "RFirst" and operations which are executed by RSecond robot created compound operation "RSecond".
I am confused how can i get operations and then move operations.
You need to find first compoundOperation in Operation Tree than you will get all operations underneath as children.
This operations you can copy and paste under your second CompoundOperation.
Then at least you need to define your new robot for each operation.
1. >> Check in operation Tree , which operations are executed by which robot.
This should add your Op to the compoundOp.
First you need to check if your assigned robot name equals your compoundOp name, than add it.
Thanx you very much. I have applied just your code and it works.


Beard Growth-Quick Science behind beard growth.
You may or may not have the right amount of facial hair but this year is all about them beards!Of course, Employees cannot roam around with a mega-beard and at times the beard just doesn't appear the right way! However the real question is Should you grow a beard? Well beard growing fad is really catching up and it sure makes a man look suave as well as mature. So the answer is yes. You can at least own a stubble. Here are some things that you need to understand about growing a beard to do it right and rock the rugged look!
Well first, your facial hair is run by something known as testosterone. It decides whether you will grow a classic beard or just patchy reckless facial hair! However, this does not mean that less facial hair or lack of it means you are sexually challenged, because you gene plays in here. Your gene and testosterone combine to determine what your level of sensitivity towards your hormonal growth will be. Some guys are extremely sensitive and start developing a beard from 6th or 7th grade itself while some just aren't that sensitive towards their hormonal changes which leads to the lack of a full growth.
Another thing to remember is that shaving does not affect your density of beard growth. The tip of your facial hair is sharp and thin. When you shave, you chop off the sharp edge and expose the middle region of your hair which is obviously thicker than the top. This makes your hair look denser. Which basically means that although shaving does not affect the density, it very well impacts the appearance of your facial hair. So, it does really matter if you know how to shave right and own a great razor!
These two points will help you achieve the good bearded look. Read out complete set of beard growth to guide you right.
Understand the science behind beard growth to help you grow a fuller beard.
The 5 Step Beard Maintenance Program Every Bearded Guy Must Follow!
A Complete Beard Grooming Guide You Been Waiting For!
9 Jaw Dropping Medium Beard Styles That Is Easy To Master!
How to achieve the Perfect Designer Stubble Beard?


text:
Q: How to allow "append only" (push) access from a remote server to a central server? How to allow a remote server to push data onto a central server without having any other access.
That is, how to allow the remote server to only append but not overwrite or read files on the central server?
The reason for this is that the remote server is a less secure IOT device which still needs to transfer it's data over the network.
What are the possible approaches and how to achieve this?

A: If the central server can have a firewall setup that would the first approach. You can open up a specific port and allow the remote server to only do the append only operation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
@implementation PostInfoModel

+ (NSDictionary *)mj_objectClassInArray {
    return @{@"PostReplyArr" : @"UserInfoModel"};
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Behind the McTuff Exterior
Team JamBase
By: Court Scott
McTuff by Brian Willoughby
I'm experiencing a moment of reverie, reflective and leaning against the ornate rail of the dance floor dressed to the nines in my maid of honor garb, watching a fabulous, if slightly reluctant wedding band wind their way through one of the most unique nuptial celebrations I've attended. On the small stage, McTuff lays down a blistering hard groove met – both literally and figuratively – at the altar by traditional jazz and blues melodies and set free by funk's irreverent attitude.
Many of the 150 guests are dancing; furthest from the band and monitors couples locked in an embrace gracefully pivot and spin like Disney's teacup ride while younger attendees have gathered closer to the front to form a loose semi-circle and giddily let their backbones slip. The band and the crowd, the bride and groom, swing and cavort like a couple of pros, giving the "celebrities" on Dancing with the Stars a run for their money in the attention-grabbing department. Like most weddings, it's a generational free-for-all, yet at this event everyone has formed a consensus about the band. Their universal appeal is a phenomenal hit. Bringing me back to the present, the groom's beaming grandmother swoops past me, Guinness in hand.
It's likely that you've never heard of McTuff, even though the funk-soul-jazz quartet boasts saxphreak Skerik and guitar uber-talent Andy Coe. It's likely, too, that you've never heard of the band's namesake, famed Hammond B3 organist "Brother" Jack McDuff, channeled in this quartet by Joe Doria of Skerik's Syncopated Taint Septet. And you've probably never seen anything like D'Vonne Lewis, a 24-year-old whiz kid on the drums who plays with contagious animation – arms and legs in constant motion, wrists that appear double-jointed, head tilted back, his expression a beatific, yet playful taunt to his bandmates. There is a timeless quality to McTuff's sound; their result more of an artistic rendering as opposed to a direct copy of any original. But know this, they're really not a wedding band, so don't even ask.
Doria & Skerik – McTuff by Profitt Photography
"I've been lugging around and playing a piece of furniture for 15 years," laughs Doria, referring to his cumbersome electric organ and accompanying Leslie speaker cabinet, which is necessary to produce the Nitrous-y, soaring, Doppler-effected sound associated with the Hammond. Doria holds down the basslines, alternately between hands and feet; his hands roll across the keyboards and his feet jitterbug across the pedals and vice versa. At one particularly smokin' gig, without interrupting his limbs, Doria face-planted on the upper keyboard, playing with his nose and chin by rolling his head from side to side. The word "rambunctious" pretty much covers it. Doria furiously pulls and slaps the stops, controlling the tone of the organ. Sound percolates and swoons, notes wind and emotion builds until, with a final thwack, he opens the throttle and the organ howls. Watching Doria play, all four limbs, heart and soul fully involved, is truly a dizzying experience.
The band's quasi-namesake, "Brother" Jack McDuff, was a prominent bandleader in the 1960s and recorded prolifically until his death in 2001. He was a self-taught organist whose preferred genres were hard bop and soul jazz. So, it's no surprise that McTuff is full of texture and stylistic diversity, subscribing to a simple philosophy: "Let's get into trouble, baby!"
"We knew after one or two small shows that this band had tons of potential. We can play a jazz circuit and then the next hit a crazy rock or funk room," enthuses Doria. And though the free spirit and warm, welcoming, buttery sound are equal parts intoxicating and enchanting, it belies a steep learning curve of influences that forms the sound behind the swing. "That's what really appealed to me [about playing in McTuff]," explains Coe, "everybody's so open minded and super competent and capable."
Andy Coe – McTuff by Profitt Photography
From gospel to originals like Coe's "Tuff Love" to covers of Dr. Lonnie Smith, Billy Preston, Led Zeppelin, Paul Simon or Brother Jack's own "Hot BBQ," McTuff's influences are as varied as their setlists, and are interpreted as wildly. Doria agrees, "These guys know how to listen. They took the music and started owning it!"
Despite being a quartet, McTuff leaves more room than many trios, space for the musicians to create and contribute. Coe's off the cuff, raw soloing compliments things and Doria's warm B-3 and Skerik's sonic-electronic box of toys updates the sound. It's all held together by Lewis, who perhaps simply as a function of his age, interjects youthfulness into the overall sound with his rat-ta-tat, "less is more" approach. This band is as smart as it is calculating. "There's a saying that you're only as good as your drummer," Doria explains. "[Lewis] lays it down with authority. He's as honest as the music he makes."
It's not only the quality of the instrumentation but also the stylistic knowledge of the players that make the band worthwhile. Most know Skerik, whether from playing with Galactic, Les Claypool, Garage A Trois or his own Syncopated Taint Septet, Critters Buggin and Crack Sabbath. His wind power yields alternately a mellifluous run, a guttural riff or fuzzy, punctuated squonk. In this ensemble, his contribution is more pensive and soulful. He's primarily a passenger rather than the center of attention, a role he often takes with his other bands. The quick wit, fantastic brio and sonic fortitude are present, but the costumery and bravado of Skerik – the proper noun – aren't.
Despite being comprised of four busy musicians, McTuff formed almost two years ago to the day – Friday, October 13, 2006 – and has been playing regularly around the Pacific Northwest since. With one southern sojourn to Oregon and California under their belts and another West Coast run happening right now (dates available here), McTuff are steadily building a solid McFanbase.
"It's fun to [collaborate with] players who can read a room and design their playing and music to a vibe that best fits it. I'm a big fan of that kind of wordless improv. Jazz room? Sure! Watch out and let's do this! Loft party? BAMM, let's groove this into oblivion. Small and local? Mmmm-Mmmm-Mmmm! Those are just little huts packed with goodness to take advantage of," says Doria. And on their current tour, that's just what they're looking to do.
Coe & Lewis – McTuff by Profitt Photography
Lewis has been playing drums since he was quite small, and despite still being quite young, he plays with crisp, explosive bursts of swing and clever percussive chatter, so deep in the pocket he may not come out the other side. Then, in a split second, he lapses into a strut, visibly shifting and leaning back on his stool. While Doria lays down the basslines, Lewis plays the kit not only like the rhythmic instrument it is but with a sense of melody, tittering ever so lightly on his cymbals and calling on each drums' tone, rather than their collective oomph. This freedom and malleability frees him up to square off with Skerik or accent Coe's cerebral guitar work. The beat is merely a fulcrum point for him to flirt with.
But it is Coe, a guitarist with substantial skill in multiple traditions and genres, who is becoming the risk-taker in the ensemble. Together with Skerik, Coe's pan-stylistic, loose limbed, psychedelic feel – and newly introduced synth modulator effects – provide an interesting contrast to the Hammond's more organic sound. An obvious Garcia-phile, Coe isn't afraid of taking risks, sometimes creating momentary discomfort for the listener, as he knows those moments make the band and the audience work that much harder to remain in the present. Like Garcia, he is capable of conveying great meaning with a few notes. Coe has immersed himself in American jazz and African percussive traditions, studying under master players and performing around the world at events including the North Sea and Montreux Jazz festivals. "Andy doesn't fuck around. He practices his ass off," says Skerik. "Everyone should check 'em out."
And so I am back to the wedding. While it was a completely uncharacteristic venue and setting for McTuff, their set was as imaginative, full of feeling and as smokin' as anywhere they've ever thrown down. Know that whenever, wherever, this band is ready, willing and able to unleash some 'tuff love.
McTuff Tour Dates
10/22/08 Wed Moe's Alley Santa Cruz, CA
10/23/08 Thu Boom Boom Room San Francisco, CA
10/24/08 Fri Boom Boom Room San Francisco, CA
10/25/08 Sat The Red Fox Tavern Eureka, CA
10/26/08 Sun Sam Bond's Garage Eugene, OR
10/31/098 Fri Halloween: MCTUFF – The Eastside Olympia, Washington
McTuff – "I Gotta Woman"
JamBase | Everywhere
Go See Live Music!
Bright Eyes Announce 1st Shows Since 2011
Love Rocks NYC Announces 2020 Lineup Including Dave Matthews, Chris & Rich Robinson & More
Happy Birthday Questlove: The Roots With Trey Anastasio, Warren Haynes & Bob Weir
Brock Butler Covers Prince's 'I Would Die 4 U'
Goose Sports Jorts For Playing In The Sand Finale
Dead & Company Concludes Playing In The Sand 2020 In Mexico
Dead & Company focused on Jerry songs over the course of Sunday's matinee at Playing In The Sand in Mexico.


Biology of Oysters bargains medical insights into the constitution and serve as of oysters. Written by way of a professional within the box of shellfish examine, this ebook provides greater than 50 years of empirical examine literature. It offers an figuring out of the fit for human consumption oysters, with a purpose to equip scholars and researchers with the history had to adopt additional investigations in this version marine invertebrate.
"Preternaturally hardened whale dung" isn't the first picture that involves brain after we ponder fragrance, differently an emblem of glamour and attract. however the key aspect that makes the delicate odor linger at the pores and skin is exactly this weird and wonderful digestive by-product—ambergris. regardless of being one of many world's most costly ingredients (its price is almost that of gold and has from time to time in historical past been triple it), ambergris is additionally one of many world's least recognized.
The tropical estuarine structures of Mexico and valuable the United States are a massive a part of the region´s coastlines; for instance Mexico by myself possesses greater than 770 thousand hectares of mangroves, in addition to the most important estuarine mangrove complicated at the American Pacific (Marismas Nacionales), but is likely one of the poorest studied components on this planet.
This paintings offers a uncomplicated, species point taxonomic key in accordance with morphology, present nomenclature, and glossy taxonomy utilizing molecular instruments which satisfy the main urgent wishes of either researchers and environmental managers. This key hands the reader with the instruments essential to increase their species id skills.
Marine macrophytes (macroalgae, seagrasses, and mangroves) include millions of species disbursed in shallow water parts alongside the world's coastlines. They play a key function in marine ecosystems relating to biodiversity and effort move. a wide percentage of macrophyte species will be characterized as atmosphere engineers—organisms that at once or not directly impact the supply of assets to different species via editing, preserving, and growing habitats.


I have worked just about every job known to man. I have started my own companies to catapult me to where I desired to be and then stopped. I have done mlm companies, you name it I have done it more than likely. I have written a book, no you cannot read it because its from another chapter in my life, like chapter two and I am now on chapter seven. I have worked 2, 3, and even four jobs simultaneously to get my life on order and keep it there.
I have been im several long term relationships. I have been married and divorced. Repeat. And now at 37 years old I have finally managed to do it. I am finally exhausted. I have reached my point of beat.
Lately I have been working until five in the morning and getting up at eight. Homeschooling, building other peoples businesses, managing my own, doing my books (accounting) working on another book I have already contracted, looking for a new home, trying to manage a new semi vegetarian diet and getting to the gym, potty training, packing, general cleaning, planning a New Year's event, planning the next Heels&Hustle event, and trying to learn the stock market. I should be 22 trying to do all these things but I waited to long in life and now I wanted to do everything so God has made it so that I am. I am not at all ungrateful because I prayed for God to fill my plate, and He did. Now I just need him to enlarge my plate. I am literally tripping and stumbling over these blessings and trting to keep up is exhausting. So I took a moment ro say hello and now back to the grind. Keep your head up and prayers made known, He hears you. Just be ready or you'll be tired like me, see.


text:
Q: ASN1 OBJECT_IDENTIFIER decoding I have the following ASN1 data
Sequence
  Sequence
    ObjectIdentifier
  Sequence
    Sequence
      Integer
      Integer
    Sequence
      Integer
      Integer

My goal is to get the encoded integer values. My code so far is the following
ByteQueue queue(inputLen);
queue.Put2(input, inputLen, 0, false);

BERSequenceDecoder outer(queue);

BERSequenceDecoder discard(outer); // unnecessary  sequence with object_identifier
BERSequenceDecoder obj(discard,
    CryptoPP::ASNTag::OBJECT_IDENTIFIER | CryptoPP::ASNIdFlag::UNIVERSAL);

BERSequenceDecoder parent(outer); //BER decode error
for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
    BERSequenceDecoder dataSequence(parent);
    Integer i1, i2;

    i1.BERDecode(dataSequence);
    i2.BERDecode(dataSequence);

Problem is, I don't know how to properly get past the object_identifier part, at least I think that is the problem. I'm getting BER decode error on the 4. decoder object.
Also, am I initializing the ByteQueue correctly? this Put2 method doesn't seem like the correct way, but I didn't find any other methods.

A:
ByteQueue queue(inputLen);
queue.Put2(input, inputLen, 0, false);

You could also do something like:
ArraySource as(input, inputLen, false /*pumpAll*/);
as.TransferTo(queue);

Or, if you just want to copy them:
as.CopyTo(queue);

Problem is, I don't know how to properly get past the object_identifier part...

I would probably do something like:
byte b = as.Peek();
if(b == /*some tag*/)
    as.Skip(n);

Or:
byte b = as.Peek();
if(b == /*some tag*/)
{
    lword length;
    bool definiteLength;

    if(!BERLengthDecode(as, length, definiteLength))
        throw BadParam();

    as.Skip(length);
}

The source files with the goodies like above is asn.h and asn.cpp. The others you might be interested in include BERDecodeOctetString and BERDecodeBitString.


text:
Rivalry: Japan, China & the Scramble for Africa January 14, 2014
Posted by OromianEconomist in Africa, Aid to Africa, Colonizing Structure, Economics: Development Theory and Policy applications, Land Grabs in Africa, Oromia, Oromiyaa, Oromo, Oromo Nation, The Colonizing Structure & The Development Problems of Oromia, Theory of Development, Tyranny, Uncategorized.
Tags: Abebe Bikila, Africa, African culture, African Studies, Aid, China, Developing country, Development, Economic and Social Freedom, Economic development, Economic growth, Horn of Africa, Human rights, Human Rights and Liberties, Human rights violations, Japan, Japan and Africa, Land grabbing, Land grabs in Africa, National Self Determination, Oromia, Oromo, Oromo Athlets, Oromo people, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tade, Tikki Galana, Tyranny, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Abe (Japanese PM) recalls Abe (the legend Oromo Olympian, Abebe Bikila)
Japanese premier, Mr. Abe, received a gift from the son of the late Oromo barefoot marathon legend Abebe Bikila, winner of the Tokyo Olympic marathon 50 years ago.
Japan's rivalry with China is going global. After years of jousting over obscure islands in the East China Sea and competing for Asian influence, the two countries are now battling for power in a new arena: Africa.
It's a region that Tokyo has long ceded to the Chinese, allowing Beijing to pile up massive economic and political capital across Africa. But on Friday, in a major shift in strategy, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe arrived in Ivory Coast to begin his first tour of sub-Saharan Africa – and the first by any Japanese prime minister in eight years.
As he has finished a three-nation tour of Africa on Monday in which he offered aid and development projects potentially worth billions of dollars to help his nation catch up with China's enormous footprint on the continent, the prime minister, Shinzo Abe, has said he wants to expand Japan's presence in Africa, and tap a region that can serve as both a source of minerals and energy for Japan's industrial economy and a new market for Japanese goods.
Mr. Abe has made Africa one of the centerpieces of a diplomatic push to complement his domestic growth policies, known as Abenomics, which aim to end Japan's long economic decline.
By placing more emphasis on Africa, Mr. Abe is throwing Japan into a scramble for resources there that also involves companies from China, the United States and other Western countries. Japan is particularly keen to find new sources of so-called rare earths and metals, raw material used in electronics and cellphones that it currently imports mostly from China.
But Japan also finds itself lagging far behind its rival China, which has been investing heavily in Africa for a decade. As if to underscore that great rivalry, at the same time that Mr. Abe was in Africa, China's foreign minister, Wang Yi, was on a four-nation visit to the region. Japan will find it difficult to catch up to China's political influence here. China's leaders are frequent visitors to the continent. Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Africa last year on his first overseas trip as President. Beijing has cultivated close relationships with Africa's ruling parties, routinely inviting their officials on junkets to China.
China's state media were quick to portray Mr. Abe's visit as an attempt to challenge Beijing in the African arena. Quoting several Japanese sources, state-owned China Daily said the Japanese leader is seeking to "contain" China's influence in Africa.
Another Chinese newspaper, Global Times, quoted Japan analyst Geng Xin as saying that Tokyo was "cozying up" to Africa to try to dispel Japan's image as an "economic giant and political dwarf." He said Japan is wooing the votes of African countries for its bid to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
A spokeswoman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Hua Chunying, issued a veiled warning to Japan. "If there is any country out there that attempts to make use of Africa for rivalry, the country is making a wrong decision, which is doomed to fail," she told a press conference this week.
Japanese officials have said that while they cannot match the $75 billion indevelopment aid that China has poured into Africa since 2000, they hope to close the gap in other ways. One is to use Japanese aid to train African engineers and technicians, in order to differentiate Japanese efforts from Chinese projects that have been criticized for employing mainly Chinese workers while offering few jobs to Africans. Japan, he said, prefers to "aid the human capital of Africa."
The visit also brought an unusual amount of showmanship to Japan's often drab style of diplomacy. On Friday, Mr. Abe traded jokes and even exchanged soccer jerseys with the president of Ivory Coast, Alassane Ouattara. The next day, Mr. Abe attended a tournament of the Japanese sport of judo in Abidjan.
Japan criticizes Beijing for its tendency to build lavish headquarters and office towers as donations for African politicians – including, most famously, the new $200-million headquarters of the African Union in Finfinnee (Addis Ababa), where Mr. Abe is scheduled to give a policy speech next week.
"Countries like Japan … cannot provide African leaders with beautiful houses or beautiful ministerial buildings," Mr. Abe's spokesman, Tomohiko Taniguchi, told the BBC.
But while the two countries take verbal shots at each other, the reality is that China has adopted a far more aggressive strategy in Africa, and has been enormously successful so far. China's investment in Africa was reported to be about seven times that of Japan in 2011, and its exports to Africa were about five times greater.
China has become the top trading partner, or second-biggest trading partner, of about half of Africa's countries. It is a major investor in Africa's resources sector, and the biggest buyer of oil and minerals from many African countries. Its construction companies are building roads, highways, railway lines, sports stadiums, transit systems and hospitals across Africa.
Japan has lagged far behind in this race. Most of its engagement with Africa is as an aid donor. Last year it promised up to $32-billion in public and private assistance to Africa over the next five years, but this only confirmed its reputation as a donor, rather than a business partner.
Only a handful of Japanese investors are active in Ivory Coast, Ethiopia and Mozambique According to a fact sheet by the Japanese government, there are only two Japanese companies in Ivory Coast and only one in Ethiopia.
Japan's prime minister Shinzo Abe has kicked off a visit to Ethiopia (Oromia) by meeting the Oromo running stars.The Japanese premier received a gift from the son of late Oromo barefoot marathon legend Abebe Bikila, winner of the Tokyo Olympic marathon 50 years ago. "My name is Abe, but everybody teased me at school, calling me Abebe," Mr Abe said. "Many Japanese marathon runners would actually collapse after the race but when I saw Mr. Abebe actually stretching afterwards, it was such a surprise, even for a 10-year-old."
In his visit to Ethiopia (Oromia), the Japansese prime minister was presented with a photo of Bikila winning Olympic gold in Tokyo, a gift from the late legend's son, Yetnayet Abebe."Today I had the opportunity to meet famous athletes from Ethiopia as well as the son of Mr. Abebe, as well as wonderful children boys and girls who will one day be gold medalists, or who will one day be winners at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics," Mr Abe said. Bikila died in 1973 from complications caused by a road accident four years before, and remains one of the great icons of running, especially in Japan. The Japanese prime minister also met with Oromo female road and track stars Meseret Defar, Tiki Gelana, Derartu Tulu and Ibrahim Jeilan.More can be read from original sources @https://oromianeconomist.wordpress.com/?s=oromo+athletics&searchbutton=go
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/14/national/abe-recalls-abebe-meets-ethiopias-running-heroes/#.UtcsptJdXbh
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/south-africa/140110/japan-china-lord-voldemort-africa
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/14/world/asia/japans-leader-pledges-aid-on-africa-tour.html?ref=world
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/japan-battles-china-for-influence-in-africa/article16288594/?click=tglobe


text:
Movies Features
Movie Notes
VIFF
New crop of Canuck TV series ripe
by Sean Minogue on September 2nd, 2009 at 12:41 PM
Between the federal government's lumping together of the Canada New Media Fund and the Canadian Television Fund earlier this year, and Mad Men's recent dumping of CTV in favour of the iTunes Canada on-line store for its third season, it's only a matter of time before average television viewers fully switch en masse to a routine of plunking down at the computer instead of the tube for an evening's entertainment.
Though the U.S. is leading the pack, Canadian series are not too far behind in the race to become multimedia properties rather than simply shows on TV. Last week, CBC became the first Canadian broadcaster to offer original homegrown series in HD through the iTunes Canada store. These innovations in TV consumption are great, as long as our broadcasters continue to put the same emphasis on the quality of storytelling.
Here's a look at some new and returning Canadian series this fall.
GUNS (September 6 and 7 at 8 p.m., CBC)
This two-part miniseries delves into the lives of four families embroiled in the world of gun trafficking, tracing the violence in Canada's cities to the States and around the world. Check out an interview with Guns actor Clé Bennett (How She Move).
STAR PORTRAITS (Saturdays at 5 p.m., Bravo! Canada; from September 12)
In an artsy spin on reality TV, each episode of the 13-part series scrutinizes the process of three artists as they paint a portrait of one famous Canadian—among them Sen. Roméo Dallaire, Ashley MacIsaac, and Debbie Travis. The celebrity sitter judges each finished work and selects one to hang on their wall.
THE FOUNDATION (Sundays at 10:40 p.m., Showcase; from September 13) This half-hour comedy series—curiously short, with only five episodes—takes a satirical look at the world of philanthropy. Starring comedian Mike Wilmot, The Foundation is directed by Michael Dowse (It's All Gone, Pete Tong).
JUNK RAIDERS (Mondays at 6 p.m., Discovery; from September 14)
With a budget of $5,000, four construction and design professionals and a garbage collector team up with two of Toronto's top freecyclers to turn an old factory into a fully functional live/work space—a project estimated to cost $150,000 using traditional means.
CANADA'S SUPER SPELLER (September 14 to 18 at 8 p.m., CBC)
Evan Solomon, formerly of CBC News: Sunday, hosts this five-day series in which 12 kids from across the country compete in a spelling bee for a $20,000 RESP and a prize package from Acadia University.
CHIEFS (Fridays at 7 p.m., Knowledge; from September 18)
This six-part series examines the lives of eminent First Nations warriors, diplomats, and leaders in North American history. Living descendants chronicle the successes and failures of Sitting Bull, Pontiac, Black Hawk, Joseph Brant, and Poundmaker.
OVER THE BOLTS (Sundays at 7 p.m., MTV; from September 20)
This series spends 100 days with world-travelling snowboarders trying to secure a place on Canada's Olympic snowboarding team. As the pressure mounts, hopefuls try to balance the demands of their professional and personal lives.
THE RON JAMES SHOW (Fridays at 8 p.m., CBC; from September 25)
CBC returns to its "East Coast equals comedy" formula with one of Canada's top comics, Ron James (Blackfly). A mix of sketches, standup, and animated shorts based on James's youth in Cape Breton, the 10-episode series leads up to a one-hour New Year's Eve special.
THE TUDORS (Wednesdays at 9 p.m., CBC; from September 30)
With 11 Gemini nominations and mixed critical responses, The Tudors returns for a third season. King Henry VIII rebounds from executing his wife Anne Boleyn by marrying Jane Seymour, hoping to finally gain a male heir.
STARGATE UNIVERSE (Fridays at 7 p.m., Space; from October 2)
The latest TV installment of the Vancouver-based franchise kicks off with a two-hour premiere (starting at 6 p.m. on October 2). The 20-part SGU follows a group of survivors whose future depends upon their ability to learn how to use their spaceship's stargate.
BATTLE OF THE BLADES (Sundays, CBC; from October 4)
In what looks to be a reality-TV equivalent of 1992's The Cutting Edge, Canada's top female figure skaters attempt to teach eight NHL stars a more refined way to carve the ice. Airtime unavailable by deadline.
ONCE UPON A TIME IN TORONTO (Saturdays at 8 p.m., OMNI; from October 17)
This 22-part Mandarin-language drama examines the lives of immigrants in Canada's largest city and is the first-ever Canadian-Chinese coproduction of its kind.
CRA$H & BURN (Showcase; mid-November)
Produced by Paul Gross's Whizbang Films, this one-hour drama series is set within a ruthless insurance company. It stars Luke Kirby (Slings and Arrows) and is directed by some of Canada's top TV directors. Airtime unavailable by deadline.
With files from Craig Takeuchi.


text:
Cisco and EfficientIP join forces to tackle 'DNS-deep' cyber threats
Wednesday 3 October 2018 PDF Print
Joint Cisco Umbrella and SOLIDserver DNS Guardian solution extends protected perimeter to both on and off network
Wednesday, 3rd October 2018 - Paris, France - EfficientIP, a leading provider of network security and automation solutions, specializing in DDI (DNS-DHCP-IPAM), today announced it is combining its technology with Cisco's network security product suite, the Cisco Umbrella platform.
This alliance extends the perimeter of enterprise security and strengthens defences by safeguarding data and protecting users, whether they are on or off-network, and at the same time the on and off-premise DNS Services they are accessing. It does this by combining Cisco's cloud-based Secure Internet Gateway - providing world-leading threat intelligence to protect users - with EfficientIP's award-winning security for on-premise DNS services. The complementary technologies create a best-of-breed solution to protect against the widest range of DNS-based menaces.
As a result of a rapidly-evolving threat landscape and with increasing cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) usage, DNS has become a primary target and a major assault vector for hackers, damaging brand reputation, revenue and the operational efficiency of organizations across all sectors.
The new capabilities arrive at a good time. Recent research by EfficientIP shows that in the past twelve months, 77% of companies suffered DNS attacks, and the cost per DNS attack increased by 57% to $715,000 in that same period.
Cisco's Umbrella's cloud-based services when used in conjunction with EfficientIP's DNS Guardian, for the ultimate onsite dependability, provides the most comprehensive solution for DNS cybersecurity.
DNS Guardian is a purpose-built security appliance incorporating DNS Transaction Inspection (DTI) technology for real-time advanced analytics and context-aware behavioral attack detection over client traffic at ultra-high speed, up to 10 Million queries per second. At the same time, Cisco Umbrella checks filtering policies and resolves or denies queries based on destination domain reputation, gauged using Cisco's world-class, internet-wide big data analytics and machine learning.
Commenting on the complementary technologies, David Williamson, CEO at EfficientIP, said: "This alliance provides the adaptive protection and service continuity modern networks need to face an increasingly complex threat landscape. New challenges, like the rise of IoT and the varied arsenal of cyber criminals demand technology cooperation across domain experts like Cisco and EfficientIP. Our two technologies complement each other perfectly, to offer a plug-and-play solution to protect both DNS services and on and off-site users."
To find out more about how the Cisco Umbrella platform and DNS Guardian can help provide stronger overall security, on and off network, please visit our solutions page and/or download the datasheet.
[ENDS]
About EfficientIP
EfficientIP is a network automation and security company, specializing in DNS-DHCP-IPAM solutions (DDI), with the goal of helping organizations worldwide drive business efficiency through agile, secure and reliable infrastructure foundations. We enable IP communication and simplify network management with end-to-end visibility and smart automation, while our patented technology secures DNS services to safeguard data and ensure application access. Companies in all sectors rely on our offerings to face the challenges of key IT initiatives such as cloud applications and mobility. For further information, please visit: http://www.efficientip.com.
Positive Marketing for EfficientIP
Charles Parant|Eisha Sharma
efficientip@positivemarketing.com
This press release was distributed by ResponseSource Press Release Wire on behalf of Positive Marketing in the following categories: Business & Finance, Media & Marketing, Manufacturing, Engineering & Energy, for more information visit https://pressreleasewire.responsesource.com/about.
Release from
team@positivemarketing.com
http://www.positivemarketing.com


This node will take a flat Surface, and create a 'Slatted Facade' from said surface.
You can customise the Facade Thickness, Tool Amount, Slat Amount and Slat Thickness.
Note: This node includes randomisation variables, so every time you change some of the input values the entire geometry will change. It will also currently only work on vertical flat surfaces.


text:
Ivy denies 5th year of eligibility for spring athletes
10hBrett Okamoto
Ivy League won't allow 5th year of eligibility for spring-sport athletes
NEW YORK -- The Ivy League has decided not to allow its spring-sport athletes who had their seasons shortened by the coronavirus pandemic to have an additional year of eligibility as graduates, despite the NCAA granting that option earlier this week.
The move, which was announced Thursday, was consistent for the Ivy League with its policies. The conference hasn't allowed athletes to participate in any sports as graduates.
"After a number of discussions surrounding the current circumstances, the Ivy League has decided the League's existing eligibility policies will remain in place, including its longstanding practice that athletic opportunities are for undergraduates," the league said in a statement.
NCAA approves extra year for spring athletes
The NCAA Division I Council voted Monday to give spring-sport athletes regardless of their year in school a way to get back the season they lost because of the coronavirus, but it did not guarantee financial aid to the current crop of seniors if they return to play next year. Spring-sport athletes include baseball, softball and lacrosse players.
Penn athletic director Grace Calhoun, chairwoman of the NCAA Division I Council, said ADs in the Ivy League had many discussions over the past few weeks about what to do.
"We had hours of conversation since it's an extraordinary circumstance," she said in a phone interview. "We discussed allowing institutions to work with student-athletes up to and including allowing them to be grad students. Or do we hold tight and say our founding principles are what they are?"
In the end, the league decided that it believes in "undergraduate eligibility and despite the circumstances we'll stick with that," she said.
Calhoun said decisions ultimately were going to be made by the school presidents. For the policy to change, it would have required six of the eight to agree on the one-time leniency.
As of Thursday, before the announcement from the conference, nearly 70 Ivy League senior spring-sports athletes had entered the NCAA transfer portal, a person familiar with the situation told The Associated Press. The person spoke to the AP on condition of anonymity because the players haven't publicly announced their moves.
If the Ivy League athletes transfer, they will count against the scholarship limit for their new schools. The Division I Council said senior spring athletes who were in their last year of eligibility could stay at their current schools and wouldn't count against the scholarship limits for their sports. If they transferred, they wouldn't get that exemption.
Calhoun said she believed 20 or fewer students from Penn might be affected by the decision. She expected most of the senior spring athletes to stay on track to graduate this spring.
"There are a couple of ways they could stay at Penn as undergraduates," she said. "We're certainly discouraging this if they took a leave of absence and came back next year. If a student slowed down their course work or picked up an extra major or minor, they could go beyond the eight semesters. There are a few ways a student could find themselves able to capitalize on a fifth year."
For an Ivy League athlete to withdraw from school now and then return next year, he or she would have to be readmitted by the school and receive a waiver from the conference allowing the athlete to participate.


buyers and sellers to do a lot of business with Brazil.
Find sellers on B2Brazil using our internal search engine or browsing through our many categories and subcategories of products and services. You can use our filters to refine your search and get customized results.
Visit the hotsite of sellers, evaluate company profiles, access contact information and details of products and services that these companies offer.
When you find sellers of the goods or services of interest, simply register, fill out the online contact form on the Seller's own hotsite and submit your request. The seller(s) will receive your contact and respond to your request.
Premium Members or companies with B2B Verification will pass through a process of verification of registration information and therefore have more credibility than Free Members!
Become a qualified and verified buyer on B2Brazil. This way, sellers will have more confidence in deadling with your company.
B2Brazil has a simple and practical tool to assist in your buying process. When you post your buy request, we will receive and distribute your requirement(s) to various relevant sellers, in addition to distributing it on our Leads Central area.
Register as a Seller and create your hotsite on B2Brazil. Fill out the required information and more so you can have a comprehensive, complete and credible member profile on our portal.
Login to your account management area on B2Brazil and add content about your products and / or services for your hotsite. Buyers base their browsing and searches on product and/or service keywords, so if you do not include them you will have limited success on our platform.
Ready! Your company is ready to be promoted by B2Brazil!! Buyers can access your hotsite and make business contacts and deals with you. Login and answer contacts and leads in your account management area.
Whenever possible, to include your best product images, because this helps buyers to see and better understand the quality of your products.
To get more exposure and greatly increase your chances of doing business through B2Brazil, upgrade to our Premium Membership. For a very affordable price you will receive significant benefits on our portal. Premium Membership is the most efficient, effective and inexpensive means to crack the Brazilian market.
If you have a specific offer to sale your products and / or services, you can include it via our "Post your sell offer" or even directly on your hotsite. Just include your offer for us to distribute to potential buyers, in addition to disclosing your offer in our Leads Central area.
To be careful in dealing with new contacts. Here some suggestions on how to deal and communicate with new contacts.


North of the Richard Goodall Gallery lies one of the top places for dining out in Manchester for pizza aficionados. Ciaooo creates slices of heaven with each pizza, inspired by the birthplace of the iconic dish, Naples. So, whether it's sourcing quality ingredients from Italy or letting their dough rise for hours to achieve a deeper flavour, this is one hidden gem worth seeking out.
Ciaooo Pizzeria may be off the beaten path, but it's one of the more convenient places to eat in Manchester for tourists. They'll find the eatery mere steps from Crowne Plaza Hotel and less than a ten-minute walk from the National Football Museum and the Arndale Centre. Commuters are in luck too, as Manchester Victoria station is a short stroll away, making Ciaooo a wise pick for post-work meals with friends.
Anyone that loves the casual feel of family-friendly places to eat in Manchester will love Ciaooo. The restaurant is decorated simply throughout, with vintage Cirio prints and some of their imported produce on display. The real heart of the eatery, however, is their wood-fired oven. This is where the magic happens, giving each pizza a deliciously crisp crust and cooking to perfection at 450C.
It goes without saying that pizza is the star of the show at Ciaooo. Diners can choose between regular or gluten-free bases, with tempting options like their Spanish-inspired Chorizo, vegan Vulcano or indulgent Meat Feast. Their fritto misto and garlic bread are also ideal for sharing, unlike their tiramisu, which diners will want to keep all to themselves.
For the best pizza in Manchester, there's no better choice than Ciaooo Pizzeria. Any occasion will be even more of a treat for tastecard members who can look forward to exclusive restaurant savings when they call to book ahead and present their cards upon arrival. It's a good chance to treat themselves to a cheeky panna cotta and coffee or a few starters to share.
Please note: You must book in advance and mention the tastecard to be entitled to the discount. The tastecard restaurant discount is not available on celebration days – including, but not limited to, Valentine's Day, Mothering Sunday and Father's Day.
Tom said "Dont listen to the bad reviews!
Ciaooo is a lovely example of Neapolitan pizza. Close to Northern quarter and Ancoats. Reasonably..."
Both pizzas (Chorizo and We Mamma) tasted nice, and I thought the dough was fairly easily..."
I live nearby and there has been very little fuss about the opening of this new pizzeria but you..."
Tom said: "Dont listen to the bad reviews!
Bad reviews seem to be from people who like the "Dominos/ Papa Johns" style of pizza. Nothing wrong with them. You just won't get that here.
Both pizzas (Chorizo and We Mamma) tasted nice, and I thought the dough was fairly easily digested, my partner thought it was a little doughy. A big lump of Burrata came in the centre of the We Mamma, but it was cold in comparison to the pizza and it wasn't creamy like described - it did not work.
The music was a little rave'y for a pizzeria too. I'm all for it, just in the right setting.
In addition, the coffees we ordered after came cold.
There was 1 waitress working all the tables, and the card machine wouldn't work for about 20 minutes.
Overall, a little disappointed but the pizzas actually tasted nice. "
I live nearby and there has been very little fuss about the opening of this new pizzeria but you would be a fool to pass over it! The pizza is some of the best I have ever had (including the ones I have eaten in Italy). The ingredients are sensational and there were lots of vegan options which was great for one of our party. Could not recommend enough and will be returning this week! "


text:
History of Me, Part 2: When Germans Met Romans
August 2, 2017 August 12, 2017 ~ Rebekah	~ Leave a comment
In this episode of History of Me, we take a peek at the earliest recorded accounts of "Germans" and their interactions with the Roman Empire. Intrigued? Let's dive in
NOTE: I am looking into German/Germanic/European history as a function of my own familial cultural roots, and am attempting to do so in an anti-racist, anti-imperial way. For my full reading list and a further note about whiteness, see this post.
Meet the Germani…
For this section I started off by reading the introduction and first chapter of Steve Ozment's A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People, followed by Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest.
Scene: It's the first century BC. Caesar invades France (then known as Gaul) but mostly leaves the Germanic tribes to themselves, relying on intimidation to keep relative peace. Later after he dies Caesar Augustus (the next emperor) starts to look across the de facto border of the Rhine River toward the land occupied by "barbarians," aka the yet unconquered Germanic tribes. A small conflict born out of misunderstanding gave Rome an excuse to invade; during the ensuing conflicts a Germanic force led by a Roman-trained Germanic commander called Arminius defeated an army of Roman legions at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest (also translated as the Teutoburg Pass).
I won't talk much more about the battle in this post, but tuck Arminius's name away for later. Both Fortress and Forest mentioned how the story of Arminius's victory over Rome was rediscovered centuries later and became a focus point for German unification and nationalism. So I'm sure we'll hear of him again.
As I read through the account of the battle and the history surrounding it, I loved learning more about the tribes that lived in present-day Germany/Europe before it was actually called Germany. Fun fact: just like we now call the tribes of this continent "Indians" or "Native Americans," Romans (outside colonizers) were the first ones to call the tribes in this part of Europe "Germans" (Germani). (NOTE: There is much disagreement about where this name comes from, so the meaning is uncertain.)
A map of some of the tribes that made up "Germania" around the turn of the calendar (100 BC – 300 AD ish)
Steven Ozment notes that "at this time [ca. 100-0 BC] the tribes were neither racially uniform nor transregionally united but composites, 'loose and shifting amalgams of peoples,' who formed no coherent Germanic front" (p.17). I also found it interesting that of the tribes who had strong identities at this point, some like "the Franks, Goths, and Lombards developed historical identities by allying with leading, or royal, families and embracing their genealogical myths" (p.17). This actually shows the connection between the ancestral/mythical stories of the previous post and the Germanic tribes recorded here. Like many other peoples, Germanic tribes and leaders found ways to connect their stories to the lineage of the gods by making the gods their ancestors.
The Empire's bargain…
Even more than the battle, though, the really compelling thing for me about these stories was reading about how the Roman Empire functioned.
Both Fortress and Forest went to great lengths to set the scene and describe what it was like to be a barbarian tribe (or just a barbarian) in the world of Rome. Here are some illustrative passages:
Over the last decades of the old millennium and the first of the new Christian Era, the Romans diminished the threat the tribes posed by brutally punishing their forays [across the Rhine] and finding ways to divide and coopt them. Among the latter were simple human temptations. … Before contact with the Romans, tribal leaders ruled more by persuasion than by coercion and maintained social peace by equitable divisions of land and wealth within the tribe. The new wealth gained from trade with the Romans worked to stratify tribal society, setting new rich against poor and encouraging disproportionate divisions of tribal land. (Ozment p.19, emphasis added)
The Romans sought to have their way with the tribes by transplanting the sons of leading men to Rome, where, to their material benefit, they grew up as Romans. Such transplantation was both by invitation and by hostage taking. Selected elite barbarians were in this way Romanized, many thereafter residing in Rome for the remainder of their lives, while others returned to their homelands as assimilated servants of the Roman Empire. It would be too much to call these repatriated tribesmen brainwashed, since as a rule they served the Roman Empire willingly, gaining new land and wealth for themselves while continuing to enjoy membership in the cosmopolitan Roman world… (Ozment p.20, emphasis added)
Rome promoted leading tribal leaders within Rome's imperial aristocracy. By recognizing certain chiefs as allies, barbarians were flattered into becoming emissaries for the Roman way of life. It was a practice that first bound them to Rome, then made them dependent on her. (Forest p. 79, emphasis added)
Basically, the Romans came in with their giant empire and their power and their wealth and their military organization and offered tribes (or at least, tribal leaders) a bargain. If they pledged loyalty to Rome, and adopted Roman culture and Roman religion (aka emperor-worship – Romans connected themselves to their gods, too), they would receive power and wealth and move up in Roman society. (And of course, there's the elephant in the room of "or else.")
The problem, of course, was that even if they gave up everything that made them "Germanic", there was only so far they could advance in Roman society. Even Germans or other barbarians who climbed high enough to achieve Roman citizenship still faced barriers:
Citizenship gave affiliated tribes the same legal protections and rights as native-born Italians. Yet, despite acculturation and success, Romanized barbarians, whether Africans, Germans, or Jews, could still find themselves treated as inferiors in the imperial city. That was especially true of the first generation to undergo assimilation. And while the Roman senate looked on tribal elites as occupying the same high position in native societies that senators held in Rome, there was no thought of parity between Roman and barbarian…. While social acceptance might come after full Latin fluency and the fading of native languages and customs, the transplanted barbarian was often, in the Roman perception, a "hyphenated" Roman…. (Ozment p.24)
So cooperating Germanic tribes/leaders gave up their culture, their community, their traditions, their languages, and sometimes their homes — all for a chance to play a game that they couldn't win, because Romans would always be superior – but at least they got a piece of the pie, and could hope that their less-German, more-Roman children could climb higher than they.
Sound at all familiar? I thought it did, when I heard Pastor Ebony Adedayo, one of the pastors at my church, preaching last Sunday about how white supremacy was created in this country by dividing poor whites from poor/enslaved blacks:
Forsaking language, culture, and history, the newly created white race exchanged its identity for a baseless lie. And the only thing that remained was the lie, or rather the notion that whites were superior to everyone else. In order to preserve that lie, people, politicians, people in high places have gone to great lengths to dehumanize themselves to the extent that it is extremely daunting task to find our way out of it. Not impossible, but daunting.
(You can listen to the full sermon here. Highly recommended!)
Reading all this about the Romans coming to Germania was super eerie for me, because if I change the nouns it morphs into the history of this country — first what was imposed on indigenous tribes here, and then what was also enforced on later immigrants. Give up your tribal/cultural identity in exchange for power and/or survival. Be held back by your "hyphenated" status — until, for my ancestors, their light skin and distance from their "ethnic" past enabled their children to dissolve into whiteness. Or, as the author of Teutoburg Forest puts it: intimidate, conquer, assimilate.
A note about forests versus farms…
When faced with Roman threats (or enticements) of "assimilate or else", some tribes resisted. Some were conquered. The significance of the Battle of Teutoburg Forest is that it, along with several other battles over the following years, sufficiently delayed the Romans so that their empire and army was too far-flung to fully conquer Germany. They ended up pretty much keeping to the west/south of the Rhine River, and while the tribes to the north/east did trade and integrate with Romans, they were never forcibly conquered. (And in fact later, Germanic tribes ended up overrunning and taking over much of the Roman Empire… but I'm guessing that's for another post!)
Notice the dotted line — Rome never extended beyond the Rhine into Germania.
But one of the significant downstream effects of this Rhine border being held is that it reinforced the existing regional differences in Europe/Germany:
The battle also reinforced another effect, one less tangible, but one that has had a profound psychological and social impact on Europe and is still being felt today. It confirmed the fault-line between north and south. History could now be used to back up long-held prejudices. [As one historian wrote:] "The slaughter in the Teutoburg Forest divided Europe into the warm south, who forever saw forests as dreadful places to be avoided and cleared, homes to dragons and trolls, antitheses of the civilized city, and the north, who understood [forests] to be healing, protecting, mystical, spiritual places. How you feel about a silent birch forest at twilight says more about your blood and your kin than your passport. (Forest p.7)
We can see how this lays the groundwork for the process of Christianity later sweeping through the wealthier urban centers in the south and pushing Norse stories and traditions north, to the outskirts and the forests, where Snorri Sturleson finally wrote them down a thousand years later in the Edda. I'm interested to keep an eye out now for farm vs. forest and that north/south dynamic as we continue through this project.
I didn't really expect things to get emotional this quickly, but it was actually really hard for me to read the parts about the tribes taking the Roman bargain, becoming co-opted into the empire, and giving up their ways in exchange for power, money, and influence. I wanted to reach back in time and tell them "No, don't do it! You don't know what it's like to be rootless, without traditions or stories!" But of course, that was 2000 years ago, and now I just have to deal with the choices they made.
Don't get me wrong — it's not like they had much of a choice. (Though I'm sure some were more eager to sell out for influence than others.) Given the threat of Rome, I might have made the same decision in their place. Survival is primal, instinctual. But knowing they probably tried to make the best choice they could doesn't take away my sadness that they took the first step toward losing something beautiful that I wish I could have back.
This, to me, is why Empire (which we talk about a lot at our church) is a perfect analogy for much that is wrong with the world and with how humans treat one another. Rome started this power-grabbing bargain on a large scale millennia ago — they figured out how to systematize power-mongering with their never-ending war-to-captive-to-citizen machine — and it's kept going and going ever since, and we're still doing it today. Personal advancement trumps the community. The power game has never stopped.
Anyway, this section has really felt to me like peering into a mirror or a pool and watching a past mistake. ("Noooo Isildor, throw the Ring into the fire!!!") I know I have some grief and probably even some anger about it. But I'm still glad to have read it, because as Pastor Ebony says, it's daunting to find a way out – but not impossible. Looking forward to continuing my search.
Tune in next time for a look at the coming of Christianity and The Barbarian Conversion (as well as Mists of Avalon for a fictionalized perspective).


It's time for the airline industry to share the responsibility for the safety of food-allergic customers and develop a clear, consistent approach. We need airline staff to have training on food allergies and to be prepared in the event of an anaphylactic emergency by having auto-injectors board. What we don't need is unnecessary privacy breaches, and uninformed medical judgments made on the fly.


Donate — Chicos and Kids Inc.
Chicos and Kids runs on donations. Thank you for your contribution.
100% of your donation goes directly to the organization and will be used for programming, class materials, food, clothing, and basics needs.


In my previous life I was heavily interested in the modern science since I was always surrounded by medical professionals.
Don't get your hopes up, I wasn't sick.
Don't get your hopes up, I wasn't sick. I just had relatives that had chose their profession in the modern science. So it's kinda fun for me when I can freely examine one of the greatest things in the world, LOVE through the medical science glasses.
According to the modern science there are 13 symptoms for the physical and mental state of mind, which even has potential to grow into psychological diseases. Love's psychological symptoms usually range from cute "This one is the special one" to the crazy "I'm seriously obsessed".
Your body goes through the roller coaster of exhilaration, euphoria, increased energy levels, loss of appetite, trembling, not to mention the ever racing heart and breathlessness. Negative feelings start to feel reinforced and things like anxiety, panic and despair are familiar faces.
Eventually all these physical and emotional sledgehammers lead to an increase of your brains dopamine production. Dopamine is one of the brain chemicals associated with pleasurable activities and overall excitement. Basically we humans are capable of drugging ourselves to the high clouds. So if you're feeling risky, you can always read through the study of Arthur Aron about creating love and grab a total stranger from a local coffee shop.
In all shortness, no need for pot, needles or any other stuff.
Love is a wild beast. Best medicine, best poison in town.
Happy big game hunting and remember to put your best pants on!