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The Preus Brothers, Herman Otten Jr., and the Purge of Missouri (Review Article)
By Matthew Becker
James Burkee's doctoral dissertation, "Pastors and Politics: The Conservative Movement in the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, 1956-1981" (Northwestern University, 2003), tells the story of how a small group of conservatives narrowly seized power in the LCMS in 1969, how they used that power to get rid of ideological enemies within the church body, and then eventually how they succumbed to their own in-fighting after 1974. Focusing more narrowly on this personality-based movement in the LCMS than does Mary Todd's Authority Vested, Burkee's study is benefited by the access he was given to previously sealed documents in the files of key members of this movement and by personal interviews with several of them, including Herman Otten Jr., Waldo Werning, Ralph Bohlmann, and at least one "Deep Throat" figure whom Burkee calls "anonymous." This access makes his work more objective than Fred Danker's No Room in the Brotherhood, Kurt Marquart's Anatomy of an Explosion, and John Tietjen's Memoirs in Exile, and much more substantial than the portrait of J. A. O. "Jack" Preus II that one receives in James Adams's Preus of Missouri.
Burkee currently teaches history at Concordia University, Wisconsin. He has been a life-long member of LCMS congregations, and nearly his entire pre-graduate education was spent in LCMS schools. He heard the word "Seminex" only once or twice during his childhood, and one gathers that the word was probably not understood by him in any positive sense. So he can hardly be described as "partisan" or "liberal." The committee at Northwestern for whom he wrote the dissertation was first-rate: his adviser was Michael Sherry; his readers were Josef Barton and Nancy MacLean; and an outside reader was the dean of American historians of religion, Martin Marty, himself an eye-witness to the figures and events Burkee describes. One should also note that since joining the history department at Mequon, Burkee ran unsuccessfully in 2008 as a Republican candidate for Wisconsin's 5th congressional district. A quick examination of his political views reveals that he is a political conservative and an anti-establishment Republican. All of this information is important for assessing the perspective and potential biases that Burkee has on the material he examined in his study.
The narrative of his dissertation moves from Missouri's post-Great Depression aggiornamento (happening already prior to World War II), which included the gradual acceptance of mainstream biblical and theological methods at its colleges and flagship seminary in St. Louis and the growing identification of its pastoral elites with liberal social movements and ecumenism, to the conflicted situation in the church body that began with the rise of reactionary Paul Burgdorf and his so-called "Confessional Lutheran" and Herman Otten Jr.'s attacks on the seminary's faculty. Along the way the reader encounters the few wealthy laymen who facilitated the Otten-Preus movement and who accelerated the conservative political organizing in the synod after 1969. Particularly revealing is how Preus used Otten and others to achieve his goals while at the same time publicly distancing himself from these individuals when such distancing was politically expedient. While the movement was able to stay relatively united as long as it had the Concordia Seminary "liberals" as a common enemy, that unity was undone once the faculty majority was fired and many other "undesirables" were removed from synodical offices.
Burkee's persuasive thesis is that this conservative movement was neither broadly lay-led nor a grass-roots endeavor, that it was driven by ideological concerns that went well beyond theological issues, and that larger societal and political forces contributed to the climate that led to the church body's schism in 1974-75.
Following an introduction that identifies some of the main figures in the story and that summarizes the main research on this period of LCMS history (by both partisans and more neutral scholars), the first chapter describes how the LCMS underwent Americanization, and thereby liberalization, between 1938 (when the synod began the process of establishing altar and pulpit fellowship with the old American Lutheran Church) and 1965 (when the synod adopted the Mission Affirmations at its Detroit convention). Just as American society had moved in a more liberal direction in the wake of the New Deal, so the LCMS moved towards the ideological left in these same years. (Burkee is on-target when he agrees with Lionel Trilling's argument that America's dominant political tradition has been liberal, not conservative; see Trilling's book, The Liberal Imagination. Louis Hartz has made a similar case in his study, The Liberal Tradition in America.)
This shift to the political left is partly explained by the rapid growth of the synod between 1935 and 1960 when the membership nearly tripled. With this new blood "came new ideas and new relations with the very culture" Missouri had strove "so long and hard to avoid…. No longer could it sidestep the ideological battle brewing in America. Missouri would embrace it and be consumed by it" (47). One piece of evidence that Burkee provides to support this shift to the political left is the astonishing fact that nearly 70% of LCMS laity had voted for Lyndon Johnson in 1964, as had more than 50% of its clergy.
But the synod was moving in a more liberal direction theologically as well: there was the statement of "the 44"; the acceptance of standard, modern scholarly tools for understanding the biblical texts; the introduction of European theological ideas in the synod's colleges and seminaries; the encouragement for clergy to get advanced degrees at secular graduate schools; an open involvement of the synod's elite in causes for social justice; and there was a growing ecumenism among many clergy and synod leaders. By 1964 the LCMS had become a liberal, mainstream Lutheran church body. Burkee provides sufficient evidence to support this claim. In addition to the above facts, one notes that in 1965 nearly half of LCMS laity thought women should be allowed to serve as pastors. The synod in the mid-1960s was quite different from what it was in 1920 (and from what it is today).
The first chapter concludes by introducing Herman Otten Senior and Herman Otten Junior. The former was "a jumble of convictions." He hated F.D.R. and doubted the scale of the Nazi Holocaust, but he was also interested in issues of social justice. As president of St. Matthew, Manhattan, he enjoyed hosting young vicars, many of whom would become some of the most important synod theologians in later years: Oswald Hoffmann, Ralph Klein, Walter Bouman, Hans Spalteholz, Art Simon, John Damm, and John Tietjen. Spalteholz (whom Burkee does not mention) once told this reviewer that Herman Sr. was not merely a painter but also a great capitalist (something Burkee also does not mention), who owned a number of apartment buildings, who enjoyed a good debate (and could argue both sides of an issue better than anyone else at the table), and who, in the words of Bouman, was an "expansive, beer-drinking conversationalist and raconteur" (63). Marie Meyer, who grew up in that home, contributes additional material that Burkee makes use of as well.
Herman Otten Jr. has been a different story. "He took his father's conservatism and discarded the rest" (63). After matriculating at St. Louis he quickly became adversarial with both students and faculty. He was particularly concerned that many at the seminary rejected Franz Pieper's view of biblical authority and that some even questioned the traditional LCMS reading of the first chapters of the Bible. In the spring of 1953, Herman Jr. returned home to preach his first sermon at St. Matthew, based on the text of John 8:31-32. "At the first of three services, [he] climbed into the pulpit and immediately tore into the Concordia Seminary faculty. Al Trinklein, pastor at St. Matthew's, was in shock. After the service he dragged Herman into his office and shouted, 'Herman, you are going to revise that sermon, or you are not going to preach the next two services.' Otten's family had not yet come. Unwilling to risk humiliation in front of his father, he yielded to Trinklein's threat" (65-66; Walter Bouman recounted this incident, which Herman Jr. does not remember but which he also does not dismiss.). Eventually Herman Jr. received theological and moral support from fellow seminarians Kurt Marquart and David Scaer, who were in turn supported financially by a wealthy layman, Arnie Petterson, who "fancied himself a player in church politics and rewarded the young men handsomely for the information they funneled him from St. Louis" (66). Petterson provided Herman Jr. with an expensive mimeograph and asked him to photocopy any and all evidence he could turn up on the liberalism of the seminary faculty. Then Herman Jr. and Marquart "turned up the heat at the seminary," complaining frequently to the seminary's academic dean, Arthur Repp, about the faculty's theological (and political) liberalism. Soon Otten (who had become a kind of protégé of Pieperian Professor, J. T. Mueller), Marquart, Scaer, and five other like-minded students began to attack "liberal" students and eventually filed formal charges of heresy against eight of them. Seminary president Alfred Fuerbringer appointed eight faculty members to handle the situation and then invited the accused and the accusers separately to his home. The accusers were eventually brought before the faculty. Martin Scharlemann, dean of the Graduate School (and a military chaplain) "opened the meeting by pounding his fists on the table. 'Otten,' he screamed, 'what you need is love!'" (70). Scaer appeared shaken, another accuser collapsed in tears, but none would retract their charges. Scharlemann nevertheless dismissed them, and the controversy ended for the time being. (During this era Scharlemann was considered a chief among "the liberals"; later he would turn on his former colleagues and become an ally of those who had earlier attacked him for his views on biblical authority and interpretation.)
Herman Jr., of course, did not give up the fight. At the behest of J. T. Mueller, he met with synod vice-president Henry Grueber, who accepted Otten's testimony about the "liberals" on the seminary faculty. Still later, Otten came to the attention of synod president, John Behnken, who had also become suspicious of several of the seminary faculty, but whose intellectual ability (like that of his successor, Oliver Harms) left him at a disadvantage and often confused, and thus he was consistently baffled about the finer points of academic theology. Behnken did allow Otten to give an hour-long report to the seminary's board about the supposed liberalism at the seminary. In this meeting Otten focused especially on the teaching of Old Testament professor Horace Hummel.
Already in the late 1950s Otten realized that although others encouraged him to lash out against "the liberals," friends and mentors often left him to stand alone. "Herman Otten ushered in an ugly time at Concordia Seminary. Students met in secret, took sides, and spied on each other. Personal faculty memoranda and letters turned up reproduced in public. Professors' classroom comments made their way in print to Behnken. Scharlemann's essay on inerrancy, written only to foment debate among faculty members, somehow found its way into Otten's hands. When Scharlemann confronted Otten, he accused him of secretly taping conversations outside his office window. Otten claims to have received the essay from a friend who 'found it in Scharlemann's trashcan'" (74-75). But Otten's cousin, Paul Behling, told Burkee that Otten's Concordia cabal, including Kurt Marquart, raided faculty offices at night (with the help of sympathetic students on the janitorial committee) and then typed copies of letters and essays on a typewriter that Behling had loaned Otten. Such clandestine and unethical activities allowed Otten to get evidence that he would later use to accuse professors Hummel, A. C. Piepkorn, and H. C. Waetjen of teaching false doctrine. When the seminary's board refused to renew Hummel's contract, the faculty then went after Otten. Although the latter received his master's degree from the seminary, Scharlemann handed down the faculty's verdict: Otten could not continue his studies for a Th.D. and he would not be certified by the seminary to be eligible for a pastoral call. Burkee then recounts the years-long appeal process that has done nothing to alter the position in which Otten still finds himself in 2010.
(Ironically, like Scharlemann, Hummel also later turned on his fellow "liberals"; when this reviewer and Hummel once shared a hospital room for several days, Hummel's wife made sure to bring him copies of "Christian News" to read in bed. The professor who was near the center of the reason for Otten's non-certification later became one of his most faithful readers! In the interest of full disclose, I should also point out that I myself have been a frequent target of Herman Jr. in "Christian News." But I am not a faithful reader of it.)
Burkee's first chapter ends with a description of how Otten's cause to root out liberalism in the synod (and get himself certified), a process that included the formation of "Lutheran News" in 1962 (called "Christian News" after 1968), was in part funded by Rev. Carl Hoffmeyer, closely allied with Burgdorf's "Confessional Lutheran," and supported by efforts on the part of Otten mentors, William Beck and Louis Brighton. A young and opportunistic Jack Preus, who had recently left the Evangelical Lutheran Synod to join the more professionally promising LCMS (and this after helping to convince the ELS to sever its fellowship with the LCMS in 1955!), also had contacts with Otten, especially after conservatives began regular conferences on the "State of the Church" (after 1962).
Chapter Two discloses most of the essential pieces to the growing backlash against "liberalism" in the LCMS that gradually took shape in the 1960s. Of course there were Otten's regular attacks on such LCMS "liberals" as Martin Marty and Richard John Neuhaus, whose civil rights and antiwar actions were frequent targets in "Lutheran News," and attacks on such outsiders as Pete Seeger, whose appearance at the 1965 Walther League convention has often been identified as the event that largely led to the disintegration of that youth organization. Otten's broadside would also contain frequent contributions from wealthy, anti-intellectual laymen who were not only concerned about the supposed liberal theology at the seminary and elsewhere but who were deeply troubled by what they perceived to be the centralization of power in the synod's bureaucracy, especially after the reforms of Walter "Pat" Wolbrecht, then the executive director of the synod. Burkee thus explores the evidence in the synod in the 1950s and 60s for an expanding gulf between these laymen and many LCMS clergy, particularly regarding social and (to a lesser extent) theological issues.
Chapter Three examines the purge of "liberals" from the synod between 1969 and 1974, the formation of the Continuation Committee after the election of Preus in 1969 (later organized as a foundation called Balance, Inc.), the growing frustration among conservative reactionaries that the synod was not being purified quickly enough (a few threatened to withhold their large monetary contributions to the synod unless Preus acted more quickly), and the tactical, political errors that John Tietjen and other "liberals" made after 1969. (Tietjen and his supporters repudiated the label "liberal" and preferred the term "moderate.") The final chapter helps to explain how the conservative unity that had remained constant long enough to elect Preus soon began to fragment after the demise of Concordia Seminary. This fragmentation is mostly attributed to the personality and actions of Robert Preus, his estrangement from his brother, Jack, and Robert's conflict with Ralph Bohlmann.
Of course the central personality in the LCMS's reactionary cause was Jack Preus who, together with Nebraska pastor and heresy hunter Waldo Werning, Herman Otten Jr., and Jack's brother, Robert, are the most unpalatable figures in the 329-page dissertation. What Richard Nixon represented to the country in 1968, Jack Preus represented to many "hard hats" (my term, not Burkee's) in the LCMS. As president of the Springfield seminary, he had forced six professors to leave, "men who left 'unwillingly' because of the 'heresy-hunting' atmosphere Preus had created among the faculty" (92) Later, as synodical president, Preus could position himself as a moderate among moderates and a conservative among conservatives. Like Nixon, "[he] was the master of duplicity" (ibid.). He would often denounce Otten and "Christian News" as "divisive" and yet on the next day call him to apologize. ("Otten did not know whom to believe: Convention Jack, or this Jack. He accepted Preus's apology and, hedging his bets, tape recorded the conversation," 173). Preus promised Wolbrecht that he would defend him from those who wanted him out, but then lobbied at the synod's Board of Directors meeting to ask for Wolbrecht's resignation and later corresponded with a private attorney to devise ways of getting rid of Wolbrecht (179-80). Preus acted the same way with respect to Richard Jungkuntz: privately he told Jungkuntz that he would serve as his advocate and defender, "only to push for his ouster behind closed doors" (198). Bottom line: "…Jack Preus had no intention of honoring many of his promises" (185). What he did with Wolbrecht and Jungkuntz (and many others), he also did with the ALC: privately to his conservative allies he would say one thing, while publicly to the larger church body he would say something very different or keep silent about his private criticisms.
Just as Richard Nixon had his plumbers so did Jack Preus, literally: Henry Hilst, a part-time farmer and retired plumber from central Illinois, worked tirelessly to call supporters, ask for donations, poll convention delegates, and compile lists to serve the conservative political cause (208ff.). After Werning backed away from Preus, Hilst became Preus's closest confidant. He would work with Preus to make sure that Otten got the conservative convention election lists. In part that is how Herman Jr.'s newspaper got such a wide readership within the synod.
As a part of his political scheming, Preus would frequently invite conservatives to his home to meet around the ping-pong table in his basement. Meetings of the "Ping Pong Club" included regulars Werning, Peglau, Paul Zimmerman, wealthy layman and loyal Otten friend Chet Swanson, and occasionally Ralph Bohlmann. Otten himself attended at least one of these meetings as well (and was "sworn to secrecy"). An edited transcript of conference calls that Preus had with Herman Jr. and Glen Peglau reveals the lengths to which Preus went in private to appease his most conservative backers:
JP: I think, Glen, we aught [sic] to think of two courses. If we can't drive the libs out then we may have to propose some kind of equal division or what do you call it—a proportionate division of the Church.
GP: Wiederanders figures we're going to dump him.
JP: I didn't realize he was that bright.
GP: He's a real dangerous guy—he would crucify us for three cents.
JP: Wiederanders would murder you.
JP: I have given up the idea that you can ever heal the wounds. You can't bridge the Synod. It's too far apart. About all that we can do is just try to seize the control… that the liberals cannot get the property—then we'll just have to dump them. We are not going to make over these people. They are committed liberals. If conservatives can win some thunderous victories then we can be like the old Norwegians and give them six months where they want to belong. When it is all over count the hats and divvy up the property proportionately. I believe the only way to bring about a settlement in this thing is to have a division. Do it in as legal and amicable way as you can. Don't talk about this.
JP: I caved in on Herman. You are what the Russians call a holy man. Herman, you are an innocent soul, the way to succeed in this world is to be bad, not good. Get the goods on them and tell them to beat it.
JP: I'm going to tell Bert Frey: 'If this is the way you guys are going to play it, buster, you're going to regret the day you were born.' It's suddenly going to dawn on these guys that like it or not a new Pharaoh has arisen in Egypt. … Herman, give it to the ALC and LCA every day of your life. Review their Sunday School Material. It's best not to have you as president of my fan club. Don't say things too nice. Say some bad things. Don't ever spill some of this stuff that you know. It's just to be taken to the grave. If you do or if Waldo spills or if you do I'll have to go to Southern Australia and I probably won't have the money to get there.
JP: Herman and I have been in contact for years at Springfield—it worked beautifully. We got along just fine. It made my life much easier for me up there. There was no way in the world in which these libs could call attention to what I was doing.
GP: Burn these libs to the ground.
JP: But I was speaking in handbook language, Glen" (181-82).
When the Council of Presidents continued to block the certification of Otten, Preus would call him on the phone and apologize. Jack Preus' files contain numerous letters to and from Herman Jr.
Other personalities figure in Burkee's story as well: Jack Preus' older brother, Robert; John Warwick Montgomery ("brilliant but abrasive"; Werning called him "John 'Warlike' Montgomery"); Chester "Chet" Swanson (Proctor and Gamble executive, whose deep pockets gave the conservative movement much of its financial backing); Larry Marquardt (another financial supporter); Glen Peglau (still another wealthy contributor); and other wealthy conservative laymen such as Carl Steffen and Fred Rutz. All read "Christian News," but most tried not to acknowledge this in public. About CN Alvin Mueller (then a member of synod's Board of Directors) once said: "You can't believe everything you read, but you can repeat it" (156).
Particularly interesting to this reviewer is Burkee's description of how the United Planning Conference (UPC) was formed in 1966 by the Preus brothers, Werning, Otten, Peglau, Zimmerman, Karl Barth, Roy Guess, John Baur, and others. (A howler of an error appears here as well. On p. 158 Burkee includes Omar Stuenkel as one of the founders of UPC!) The UPC met every other month to discuss issues and collaborate. Secrecy was a prime concern. "Otten was invited to attend only after consenting to keep his mouth shut. 'I wasn't even supposed to tell my wife,' he recalled. When he confronted Robert Preus with his discomfort at all the secrecy, Preus responded, 'we're in a war. And in a war, you don't give the enemy your plan.' Otten kept quiet" (159-59). From this point on, UPC worked to get rid of Harms and elect Preus. Meanwhile, they encouraged people not to support the synod financially (especially the "Lutheran Witness," considered at that time to be "a left-wing rag") and were successful in getting members of their group, John Lutze and Larry Marquardt, elected to the Board of Regents of Concordia, River Forest—all this despite the fact that rifts were already then beginning to appear within the UPC membership, some of whom were concerned about liberal issues beyond the synod (e.g., Johnson's social legislation, the threat of communism, antiwar activists, civil rights, the feminist movement). Nevertheless Werning did his best to keep the UPC focused on its chief goal: Control the synod convention delegates and you control the synod (160). (Like Jack Preus, Werning would frequently alternate between repudiating Herman Jr. and ingratiating himself to him, e.g., feeding him information and ghost-writing articles for "Christian News," see 275ff.)
Burkee's exploration of the conflicts between the two Preus brothers is also revealing. When Jack Preus got elected he was not interested in forming a "Continuation Committee," but Preus's right-wing conservatives, including Otten and Jack's own brother, Robert, did not trust the conservative movement to Jack alone. So Waldo Werning persisted in forming such a committee, despite Jack's direct order "to call it off," and Balance, Inc. was formed. When Balance elected Robert Preus as its first president, "Jack was 'livid'" (189). (Nevertheless, despite his public disavowal of any involvement in Balance, Jack used the organization to his own benefit.) After the formation of Balance, Inc., Robert Preus became "the key politician [in the synod]," at least according to Bohlmann (204). Preus and Otten worked very closely together after 1969 (e.g., Otten provided him with donor and distribution lists, they frequently corresponded, and Robert ghost-wrote articles for "Christian News"). "Both [Robert Preus] and Chet Swanson were firm friends with Herman Otten, and worked to keep Balance and Otten conservatives closely linked" (222). The relationship that Robert had with Otten contributed to the alienation between the Preus brothers, but the biggest cause for their fracture, at least according to Werning, was Robert's decision to accept the presidency of Concordia Theological Seminary, Springfield, in 1974.
In view of Burkee's evidence, Robert was just as much a master of duplicity as his brother. He claimed that Balance "was not political, and there was no relationship between it and Jack Preus." He claimed that the newsletter of the organization, "Affirm," had an editorial policy that was independent of Balance, "even though he served as president of Balance and on Affirm's editorial committee" (282). He publicly misrepresented Balance's relationship to the UPC and the Continuation Committee and denied that Balance was a political organization, "insisting instead that it was merely there to support and publish 'Affirm.' This despite Robert's knowledge that only half of Balance's 1972 funds had gone to 'Affirm'—and half of that went to Henry Hilst, who was organizing for Jack, and to other conservative groups" (ibid.). Despite this cooperation between Jack Preus and Balance, "[t]he brothers' relationship turned sour after 1974" (283).
In the early 1970s Jack Preus tried to maintain a delicate balancing act, trying to avoid a split in the synod while seeking to purge it of his adversaries. He promised to get rid of "liberals," "to make heads roll," but he never seemed to act as quickly as his wealthy supporters expected. "Protests against 'Chairman Jao' and his 'Lutheran Ax' from the left were hardly sufficient to appease Preus's allies on the right, who truly wanted more heads to roll. So loud was the noise from the right over Preus's inaction that he and others had to fight to keep conservative churches from bolting" (201). But bolt many of them did: Larry Marquardt and a handful of conservative churches left the LCMS in 1971; Peglau also left the LCMS, "contending that Preus had 'double-crossed conservatives' in 'welshing' on a number of promises he had made to conservative leaders in 1969 and beyond," 225; Fred Rutz sued Preus in 1978 for financial mismanagement, and never was a factor after this; Swanson's friendly relations with Otten severely strained his relations with Preus, so much so that by the middle-1970s he too was estranged from Preus.
If the Preus brothers, Werning, and several of these laymen come across in Burkee's presentation as primarily scheming political animals, Otten is presented as a truly pathetic figure, one who could almost be pitied for his child-like naivete and his blindness toward those more powerful than he who were merely using him for their own political and ideological ends. I say and stress "almost" because whatever pity one might have for this man is overtaken by the disgust one ought to have for his reckless cruelty that has done untold harm to individuals, families, and institutions, whose injuries still cause pain and suffering today. (I speak as one who knows a little about this.) Since Otten has often compared himself to the Communist hunter Joseph McCarthy, and was able to destroy the careers of many individuals, just as McCarthy did, one would like to ask Herman Junior the famous question that army attorney Joseph Welch put to McCarthy on 9 June 1954: "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" There is no evidence of such in this story.
Burkee concludes, in part, by writing: "Jack Preus gained and lost allies because of his pragmatism. Herman Otten, conversely, gained and lost allies because of his I-am-right-at-all-costs posture. Both entered a new decade in 1981 considerably less influential and more unpopular than they had been in 1969" (307). While Jack Preus's influence today is negligible, Herman Junior's seems just as strong as ever (contra Burkee's claim). But Burkee's next sentence after the above is indeed accurate: "The church they left behind was divided, dwindling and more cynical than it had been in over a century" (ibid.).
There is no question that this is now the definitive scholarly study of this conservative movement in the LCMS, at least until Mary Todd completes her next book, which is focusing on this same period of synodical history. Martin Marty recently told me that a revision of Burkee's dissertation will be published by Fortress "in a season or two" (Marty is writing the foreword.) One hopes that the book will contain some important revisions. As is, the dissertation is largely an exercise in investigative journalism and not an in-depth historical analysis. The work frequently lacks deeper, more critical inquiry into the evidence and its reliability. Too often the dissertation sounds "gossipy." Too often Burkee accepts testimony without question. He also frequently allows a single source, including his "Deep Throat"-like "anonymous," to serve as the only basis for an assertion of fact. More significantly, he underestimates the theological issues that were used by Preus and his comrades to stir up fear among others. While the strength of Burkee's study is its ability to locate this conflict within the larger social and political currents of the time, its great weakness is its lack of sufficient attention to the theological and ecclesial issues that were frequently raised by Preus and then addressed and criticized by Preus's opponents.
Minor errors mar the work as well: There is the glaring error about Omar Stuenkel and the UPC (When I recently spoke with Stuenkel and told him about this error, he had a good laugh. "I was on the receiving end of Preus's attack!"); the word "convention" is missing on p. 160; to refer to the events surrounding the expulsion of the seminary faculty majority as "the Walkout" is contested among mainstream historians and should be avoided (True, the faculty and most students marched off campus as a symbolic protest, but in the end the faculty were fired); "Foreward" (201; 203) should be "foreword"; I would hope that Burkee would refer in footnote 12 (p. 266) to the decade-old Daystar organization and the political activities of Jesus First in order to qualify but not totally dispute Bohlmann's dated statement, "…ever since Ozzie [Hoffmann] was defeated in '73, there has been no real moderate political organization of any kind in this church."
(The dissertation has now been slightly revised and published as Power, Politics, and the Missouri Synod: A Conflict That Changed American Christianity [Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2011].)
Uploaded November 10, 2013
2010, Article, Fall 2010, Matthew Becker Herman Otten, J. A. O. Preus, James Burkee, LCMS, Mary Todd, Robert Preus, Seminex 8 Comments
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8 thoughts on "The Preus Brothers, Herman Otten Jr., and the Purge of Missouri (Review Article)"
Kenneth Sundermeier
# 4:06 pm
I am glad when the Bible Believing prosper and when the wonderful work of God in Jesus Christ is able to proceed to the saving of souls. "The just shall live by faith." "It is the gift of God."
# 3:54 am
It is sad that Matthew Becker and others have denied the LORD Jesus and have turned their back on His Word, preferring instead the philosophies of mortal men, and thereby denying the faith.
Mary Johnson
How very sad that Satan has so infiltrated a church which claims to b the body of Christ.
Pingback: Mark Dankof Salutes Herman Otten: There Was a Time When Giants Walked the Earth | Mark Dankof's America
Paul Tyler
I grew up in a strong Missouri Synod family and rural community. I left in the wake of the Walkout. Which is correctly named for, in spite of the personal costs suffered by many of the individuals involved, something new and important emerged. The firing of the faculty, in the big picture, is inconsequential. Likewise, the Missouri Synod has become inconsequential to me. Nevertheless, I found this a riveting read, if only because it demonstrates how moral bankruptcy is core to the conservative movement, in the denomination as in the greater society.
I praise the LORD that there are and have been men who demonstrated faithfulness to God and His Word!
Mark A
Herman Otten Jr and Marquardt were the good Lutherans. The horrible attacks on Otten demonstrates the post modernism of Missouri and it will continue. I don't see a good LCMS anymore. They will not speak up and bash anyone who does tell the truth. I've witnessed it and I'm sick of it. God is angry at his church. Repent.
Tim Browne
I've spent the last 30 years in Chicago, in a series of dysfunctional dieing congregations watching the synod become increasingly impotent and marginalized. All the high schools have closed, along with the majority of elementary schools.
I finally left and started looking at ELCA churches. They're plentiful, vibrant and doing actual outreach and ministry.
The "conservatives" won a phyrillic battle in the LCMS. At least around here you can't find a thriving congregation. It's sad, really.


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There are so many advantages that are associated with growing bags. Choosing cannabis growing bags will means that the plant will have healthy roots and will allow more room for the growth of fibrous roots. Also, aeration or circulation of air will be great making the plant to grow healthy and strong.
Growing bags allow water to be drained. This is a very important feature because it helps on issues such as overwatering and also stagnant water. These are the reasons why so many people are rapidly adapting to the use of growing bags. They are also suitable for growing vegetables, fruits, flowers and even specific types of beans.
Growing bags are economical and have so many economic values than how it is imagined. One, the growing bags are known for being space savior. If space is a problem, turning to grow bags for the planting of your crops is always a great idea. Growing bags are also of economic value because some of them can be reused. The only thing that you need to do is empty them and clean them ready to be used again.
You do not just choose a growing bag. Make sure that you have chosen the correct size for your garden or for the space anticipated. When it comes to size, there are so many other things that you should also consider apart from the space. You should consider the type of plant that you will be growing and also the water draining nature. As we all know larger growing bags are associated with faster drainage hence, you might need to water your plants more often if you choose a bigger growing bag. If your plants growing style will not be bushy, it will be well if you consider a standard sized growing bag.
The material of your growing bag is also a great determinant when it comes to choosing the right growing bag. The well-known materials for growing bags are plastic, terra-cotta, wood, and even clay. Plastics are known for their low cost, their colorful nature and for being lightweight. Plastics retain moisture hence, you will not need to water your plants more often. Terra-cotta, on the other hand, are heavy kind of material, they cost more and have a beautiful pattern. They are usually porous making the watering of the plants to be more often. There are so many materials but at the end of the day, user preference is what matters as long as the end results are healthy plants.
Before considering many other things like décor, consider the drainage system of the growing bag first. The drainage is important because it allows water out and allows air in the growing bag. This is very important especially to aerate the roots of the plants and to avoid water being stagnant.
There are so many growing bags that exist in the market today. Also, there are so many businesses that come up with a different type of growing bag. When you are about to select that type of a growing bag, ask yourself questions like is that growing bag suitable for your plant? Will it yield healthy plants? And so many other questions. Selecting the correct and right type of growing bag for your plantation might be difficult. To make it easier, concentrate on the health of your plants which is, in fact, the most important factor when it comes to selection of growing bags. Types of growing bags that are known include standard pot, smart pots and also air pot among others.


Human being is the only living creature with a natural-born vocation to self-destruction.
8895 views by visitorsVisitors include only non-authenticated site users, excluding known robots that crawl Art Limited site for automatic indexing purposes.
Common feed 14 September 2009 at 09:22amThe common feed displays chronologically all the artworks added by the artists.
Biserko Fercek ha.. yes.. agree with Fabio..
Mark Sadlier A (post) nuclear family perhaps.
Jörg Siegwarth this is so good!
Vangelis Bagiatis This is such a strong portrait! Well done!
Dino Lupani Sguardi inquietanti e penetranti...scatto di indubbio effetto...bravo!
Marcus Hewson Excellent Piece of Art. Love it.


Global People Power sets out to create global grassroots governance , not government. It's about bringing humanity together to suggest, debate and vote on global policies to solve our most urgent global problems – problems such as climate change, mass extinction, war, debt and all forms of inequality. In doing so we can address the issue of the age, how to re-balance the power that multinational corporations exert over national governments  so that politics represents most people's values and interests, not just the profit margins of the few .
To pull nations together to cooperate on global solutions, Global People Power "Pioneers" are not only demonstrating global democracy on the street, but prioritising our votes for politicians and political parties who join our movement. As Pioneers grow in number, politicians refusing to cooperate could easily find themselves loosing elections to those that do, to those offering a global democratic solution to global problems. Through international cooperative regulation of multinational corporations, nations can reclaim their democratic sovereignty. This is because Global People Power will happen in a synchronised way so no nation need lose out, or fear a competitive disadvantage for doing the right thing.
Global People Power is as ambitious in scope as global threats are to our survival. That's why it's supporters are called "Pioneers." Please join us!
Global People Power is all about participation and representation. It is fundamental to our vision of success that there is gender equity, an equal percentage of women and men taking part as active Pioneers. In this way, global decisions will become more balanced. Anything less is undemocratic and unworkable.
We are therefore being proactive to ensure that this is achieved. For example, in order to ensure 50-50 representation, our initial campaign strategy includes a target of two thirds female, and those who identify as female, proposing policy. To achieve this, we are strongly encouraging Pioneers to prioritise asking women to be the first to propose global policies and to invite their groups to debate and vote on them. This is just one way in which we will be tackling this issue. We will regularly review, report on and improve Global People Power's gender equity balance, something already built into the Represent e-democracy platform.
Everyone and everything is interconnected. We share one atmosphere and one body of water on this most singular living planet. Climate change is not bound by borders, nor is the planet's rapidly diminishing wildlife. Resources we rely on everyday are traded in a global market place where illegal corporate activity[v] in one nation damages all nations. War has engulfed the world twice before. In relation to the violence in the Middle East and Ukraine, some say it is now happening a third time. Logically therefore, we have an urgent need of some global agreements and regulation to keep ourselves and the planet safe.
Today's political reality is revealed in its truly dispiriting and demotivating nature after virtually every democratic election around the world. We see how no matter which political party gets voted to power, multi-national corporations have the final say. Corporations are capable of destabilising any government whose people voted for an agenda that is not "neo-liberal", or which puts people and the environment before profits of a tiny minority of globally mobile elites. What therefore, is the point in having elections if it is not the electorate who has the final say? What is the point of voting, of participating in a democratic system which does not represent the interests of its people? A system that only pretends to be democratic.
Our votes have been stolen but we can win them back. We can do this by pledging to vote for politicians and political parties that join our movement leading the way towards more mature international relations where world leaders end their playground hostilities and get on with the job of saving the planet from total war and total ecological destruction .
Some global policies do already exist , but so far the ones which affect humanity the most were mostly created undemocratically, behind closed doors by career politicians in collusion with lobbyists from multi-national corporations,. This happens precisely because we live in a globalised world with no global democracy. So we have an urgent choice to make. To take global control, or to continue to lose our democratic freedom.
It is immensely frustrating that we, humanity, already have the means and technology to tackle many of our most urgent global problems. But with Global People Power, we now have a new international grassroots way to agree on these solutions and we have the tools to coordinate our power to pull governments together to act on them.
Although the world is bursting with great ideas for change, people are becoming increasingly disillusioned by the rhetoric and empty promises of leading politicians and also the ability of market capitalism to protect us . It is more obvious than ever that we need a global democratic revolution . To achieve it, we just need to realise the power that is already in our hands.
The word 'democracy' comes from ancient Greek: 'demos' – 'people', and ' kratos' – 'power'.
Democracy must evolve to tackle ever more complex problems in an increasingly complex world. That is why we are inviting humanity to find each other and to empower each other by becoming Pioneers.
"Heroes are intermediaries who open the world up to one another. Everyone can be a hero." – Theodore Zeldin. An Intimate History of Humanity.
Global People Power is not an alternative to local and national justice campaigns. It is complementary to them. It is vital that we work for justice at every sphere of influence. We are reaching out to justice movements around the world asking them to link together by joining us at the global level. We will be inviting them to share their campaign and policy expertise. We will be encouraging their experts and their supporters to become Pioneers suggesting, debating and voting on systemic global policies.
We have seen how almost overnight, nation states can galvanise their citizens, find the resources and re-mechanise their industries for war. Now instead, people of the world have a new way to realise their collective power and organise for long-term justice, peace, equality, sustainability and prosperity. In order to avert the worst effects of our biggest, most urgent global problems, we plan to achieve the success of Global People Power with the same vigour with which war is prepared for. We pledge to do this as though our lives depend on it, which they do!
There is no virtue to be found in false modesty. Instead, we are confident that we can tackle issues that impact everybody by including everybody in the solutions. We have faith in humanity's ability to agree on a range of sensible, practical and fair global rules and without the need for global rulers. We strongly believe that through global grassroots cooperation we can break down the manufactured barriers which prevent us from moving towards a decent, empathic human society [xvi]. To reiterate, we can only make this happen by redressing the corrupting influence of multi-national corporations[xvii] over national governments.
You are already a citizen of the world. Come and exercise your global power!
 Monbiot, George. The Guardian. 08/12/2014. There Is an Alternative. The great political question of our age is what to do about Corporate power. It's time we answered it.
 The Equality Trust. Among Equals. Autumn 2014.
 Alayne Fleischmann to Max Keiser. Russian Times. 13/11/2014. Occupy made it possible': JPMorgan whistleblower.
 Moynihan, Robert. 30/10/2014. Pope Francis Warns of World War 3.
 Global Exchange. IMF World bank Fact Sheet.
 Kelsey, Jane. WikiLeaks. Memorandum on Leaked TISA Financial Services Text.
 New Scientist. 5th July 2014. The Good Life. If we made a sustainable world, would we want to live in it?
 The Observer. Piketty, Thomas. 13/04/2014. Occupy was right. Capitalism has failed the world.


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So Rhode Island
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Jenny Miller, MSW, CMC
Joanne M. Daly
President and Owner, Senior Care Concepts Inc.
Posted Tuesday, April 28, 2015 3:15 pm
As our loved ones age and enter new chapters of their lives, we're faced with unfamiliar scenarios and family dynamics that can leave us emotionally drained. Jenny Miller and her team at Senior Care Concepts Inc. can help. With a compassionate touch and extensive knowledge of Rhode Island's senior resources, Jenny assists seniors and their families efficiently plan for life's transitions.
"We start by listening and making a personal connection with the client," Jenny says. "We want to know their life's story." Getting to know the individual's history and preferences enables her team to effectively coordinate the client's care goals. For some, that goal might be to stay in their home for as long as possible. For others, it could be transitional guidance into an assisted living facility that not only suits their medical needs, but also fits with their lifestyle and personality.
Entering her ninth year in business, Jenny's experience in senior care planning and management has given her extensive knowledge of the many assisted living and rehabilitation facilities in the state, access to dozens of physicians and specialists, and connections with a variety of athome service providers. "It's a holistic process," she explains. "We look at the whole person, the whole scenario and the resources available for that individual."
Changes in Senior Care
Healthcare is in constant change. Jenny has seen a shift in care needs, with both older and younger individuals. She notes that care management for maturing adults with developmental disabilities has become more complex. Jenny's team has recently encountered an increase of younger adults battling senior conditions. "Even though the company's name is Senior Care Concepts, we're not just working with seniors anymore," Jenny says, pointing out that her clients are now in their fifties and older. "We're seeing diseases like Parkinson's, Cancer and Alzheimer's attacking people at earlier stages and in different ways," she says.
Younger onset Alzheimer's has an entirely different impact. "We have clients with early memory loss that have young families and spouses with careers," Jenny explains. Coordination becomes paramount in these cases, where the Senior Care Concepts team is planning at-home care, organizing doctor's visits, overseeing medication changes, and supporting the conflicted family. "We're working side by side with the families, helping them understand what's happening and giving them support to cope."
Planning For The Now And Then
Jenny handles two types of solution-based care management. The first area is comprehensive care management at a moment of crisis. That could be an unexpected hospitalization, a fall or a cognitive impairment diagnosis. A care manager steps in and coordinates the medical component, which might include attending appointments, overseeing transitions from hospital to home, and making sure that the individual is following through with physician's recommendations. The care manager is also coordinating resources at home, from supporting and educating the family to supervising household accommodations.
The second area is planning for the future. "We're working with younger seniors who are proactively planning their future care." Jenny's team helps to create a unique care plan, be it living independently or preparing for a living assisted community. "Everyone is different and has different priorities," she says, pointing out that solutions are tailored around the client's needs.
A Commitment To Community
In addition to leading her company, Jenny is also a leader in the community. She is a frequent quest faculty member at the Rhode Island Geriatric Education Center and was recognized in 2011 as the Social Worker of the Year by the RI chapter of the National Association of Social Workers. She's also very active with the Providence Rotary; serving as the 2014 President and currently leading the club's International Project, an outreach program with the Dominican Republic.
The Senior Care Concepts Team is made up of social workers and a registered nurse. "We're really a great team," Jenny says. "We love working together to find the best solutions for our clients." With compassion, expertise and a commitment to improving the lives of her clients, Jenny empowers seniors to make the best healthcare decisions. "We are your advocates. We advocate for your health, for your wellbeing, and for the family."
Senior Care Concepts Inc.
2348S Post Road, Warwick
401-921-6100 • jmiller@seniorcareconceptsinc.com
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Life is like a road in the hills. We all experience up, downs, twists and turns. What makes this road level out is the amount of preparation that's taken before the crisis hits. So whether your preparing for 2012 or those dreaded words "we have to lay you off", prepping will see you through. So come join BexarPrepper for a informative yet entertaining hour as we share our knowledge on this journey.


New Machine asrock ab350m pro4, amd a10-9700 processor, new install of win 10 pro 64 Bit, went to install latest amd video driver, started install, then machine rebooted, says no video driver. can not find video. video up but as default windows driver. dumped hard drive & loaded ver 1703. video is fine . updated to ver1709, crashes video. will not let video driver install. just reboots machine tried to run windows update, downloads video driver and reboots , can not install driver. also when it gets ready to reboot there is a loud squalling sound a couple of times.
At present, no APU drivers have been released for Windows 10 FCU 1709.
We intend to release these drivers in the very near future.


May! All-inclusive 7-night stay in well-rated 4* resort in Tunisia + flights from Belfast for only £153!
Tunisia beach break ! Book this package deal that includes flights from Belfast and 7-night in well rated 4* for only £153 (on a 2 adults basis)!
We picked for you the well-rated 4* Hotel Nasrine. Located in Hammamet this property offers it's guests rooms with ensuite bathroom, free WiFi, air conditioning and TV. A private beach area, tennis court and pool ara available for guests.


Them Clones are back, and not in any regular sort of way. They're back with a new sound, new singles, a new band member, even. The Delhi-based alt-rock outfit put out two new singles, called 'Mediocre' and 'Speak When I'm Gone' (stream or download the songs below) last month. The singles are part of the Season Two Singles, a project by the band aimed at introducing their reinvented sound to all their fans.
"As a band, we have always wanted to release singles and not EPs," says vocalist Pritwish Dev "because, after Love. Hate. Heroes., we were basically trying to figure out a new sound which was like a natural progression. So we always started out in that particular direction and we've never weighed it in terms of developing or creating more tracks and packaging it in the form of an album or an EP." In fact, the enthusiasm the band has these days about the new beginnings of Them Clones springs forth not just through the music but their demeanour too – a short phone conversation turned into a fun 40-minute conference call with the guys all weighing in with their opinions and thoughts about the exciting new terrains they've entered.
'Mediocre', far from its name, begins with a beautiful and very ambient guitar melody immediately putting everything into perspective. The song has a pop-rock(ish) feel to it; it is catchy and difficult to push out of your mind. The difference in the band's music as compared to before is very subtle and likeable. 'Mediocre' is the sort of song that one could start their day with and maybe end with too, it is soft, melodic and meaningful. On the other hand, 'Speak When I'm Gone' has a very memorable structure to it, where the percussion and the melody gel together in such a way that it will keep your ears hooked to the stereo.
The current line-up of the band includes Pritwish Dev on vocals, Joseph Lalhmachhuana on the guitars, Surojit Dev on the drums and Akshay Raheja on keyboards, samples and low-end.
The band plans on getting back to regular gigging and release another set of singles sometime in October. They may be veterans in the indie space, having been around for ages, but they retain the urge to reinvent and experiment, and good things are happening at their end. Keep your ears alert and on the lookout for their music, there is a lot more in store for the future.


The information of over one billion people was compromised in 2018, as many global companies such as Facebook, Google, Marriott International and Liberty failed to protect consumer data.
This is according to a report conducted by virtual private network service provider, NordVPN, which reviewed the most significant and worst data breaches the world faced in 2018.
"Credit card skimming, bugs and 'leaky' back-ends led to some of the biggest data breaches of 2018," explains Daniel Markuson, digital privacy expert at NordVPN.
"The scope of 2018 cyber attacks shows that even the biggest corporations are vulnerable and are prone to errors. This means that it's becoming more difficult to trust them as we never know when our data is going to end up in the wrong hands."Social media ranked top for the highest number of records breached due to the high-profile customer data compromises by Facebook, Twitter and Google+.
Cambridge Analytica, a British political consulting firm, was given permission to use more than 50 million Facebook profiles for "research purposes". However, the news broke in March 2018 that instead, the company collected user information to create psychographic profiles to influence the US presidential campaign in 2016, explains Markuson.
In September, the social media giant hit the headlines once again, as it compromised the security of almost 90 million users. A bug in Facebook's 'View As' feature was discovered that could be used to steal users' access tokens, which keep the user logged into a Web site or a mobile app during a browsing session.
"Access tokens do not save the user's password, so Facebook logged out everyone potentially affected to restore the security. However, hackers still managed to steal usernames, genders, and information about their hometowns," explains Markuson.
As if this wasn't enough to lose trust in Facebook, another bug was announced only a few weeks ago. It appeared that hundreds of third-party apps had unauthorised access to 7 million Facebook users' photos.
"It's unknown whether anyone had seen these photos or used them in any malicious way. However, it shows once more how much data Facebook collects and how little control they have over their cyber security," notes NordVPN.
The biggest data breach of the year (if not ever) exposed the data of half a billion users. Global hotel chain, Marriott International, said hackers broke into its booking system and accessed customer data from the last four years.


text:
Sources Reveal Corruption Deep Within the FBI
BreizhAtao / shutterstock.com
The corrupt Democrats are beginning to find out that it is harder to get away with hiding illegal activity and political pandering than ever before. People are sick and tired of putting up with the deceptions and lies that many of them want to tell people. The latest attack on former President Donald Trump is another window into their attack methods. And this time around, over a dozen people stepped forward to reveal the nastiness that they were capable of doing.
The whistleblowers that came forward after the FBI raided Trump's home revealed a liberal infection at the heart of the FBI. The agency is supposed to protect Americans, but they have chosen to be used as a political weapon that the Democrats can use against conservatives running for office. Senator Chuck Grassley is the Senate Judiciary ranking member.
Grassley sent a letter to Christopher Wray, the Director of the FBI. In the letter, the Senator wanted to know why there was evident cancer growing at the heart of the agency. The Senator wrote, "Starting on May 31, 2022, I've written three letters to you regarding the political bias that has infected the FBI'sFBI's Washington Field Office. Two of those letters provided specific and credible allegations based on numerous whistleblowers that have approached my office with information that one can only conclude is indicative of a deeply rooted political infection that has spread to investigative activity into former President Trump and Hunter Biden."
The well-known hypocrisy took place after the FBI raided Trump's home while, at the same time, deciding not to raid Hunter Biden'sBiden's home. The president's corrupt son has enough evidence against him to warrant a conviction. Still, the Democratic Party refuses to move against the man because of his relation to the president.
The FBI has remained silent on its hypocrisy. The top-level officials that run the place think they can operate above the law and be used to attack Republicans when the Democrats need to harass them a bit.
The people who spoke up about the raid revealed that the top officials failed to follow established procedures before opening the investigation into Donald Trump. They failed to follow proper regulations, which violates the core of ethics on which the agency is founded. The liberals sent their agents to swarm the former president's home.
Fox News reported that "Grassley stated that the investigation prediction into Trump'sTrump's campaign regarding 2020 electors was based on news articles that relied on information from American Oversight, a "liberal" government watchdog. Grassley said the predication document presented to the attorney general and the FBI director for final sign-off for a full investigation included "selective assertions" and "either removed or watered-down material" connected to politically biased sourcing.
The Democrats found a way to fight dirty and chose to engage in the process of trying to bring down the one man that continues to haunt them. Trump continues to be the focus of Democratic attacks because he continues to be a thorn in their side. He knows how to fight back and win. The liberals have never been able to pin him with illegal activity.
Senator Grassley is demanding answers. He wants to know the names of everyone in charge and those involved in approving the raid on the former president's land. He wants to know the people running the units within the local field office. But so far, the FBI is not providing any answers to his questions because they know that they will have to admit their guilt once they open their mouths.
The nation deserves the right to know why a political party uses a law enforcement agency against a former president for the first time in American history. The people are the ones in charge of the government. The authority does not sit in Joe Biden's hands. The voting body of the country is the people who all elected officials and governmental agencies work for.
The top officials at the FBI have remained silent even though Grassley's letter has been delivered. The Democrats have been caught again with their pants down, and now they do not know how to respond to the truth about their illegal attacks on a political rival.


text:
Q: What's the difference between a Viewsets `create()` and `update()` and a Serializers `create()` and `update()`? Over here: http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/viewsets/#modelviewset it says "The actions provided by the ModelViewSet class are .list(), .retrieve(), .create(), .update(), .partial_update(), and .destroy()."
Over here: http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/#modelserializer it says "The ModelSerializer class is the same as a regular Serializer class, except that: It includes simple default implementations of .create() and .update()."
1) Assuming there is a Viewset UserViewSet and router user and serializer UserSerializer. If I sent a POST to /user/ does it call the UserViewSet's create() or the UserSerializer's create()?
2) Suppose UserViewSet has this permission:
class NoCreate(permissions.BasePermission):
    """
    No one can create this object.
    """
    message = 'You do not have permission to complete the action you are trying to perform.'

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        if view.action == "create":
            return False
        return True

Does the UserSerializer's create() still get called if I send a POST to /user/?

A:
1) Assuming there is a Viewset UserViewSet and router user and serializer UserSerializer. If I sent a POST to /user/ does it call the UserViewSet's create() or the UserSerializer's create()?

Both will be called. The view's create will get the serializer, ensure the provided data are valid, call the serializer's save and will generate the response. The serializer's create will actually perform the instance creation - i.e. write it to the database.

Does the UserSerializer's create() still get called if I send a POST to /user/?

No if the permission is set to the viewset. However, if you want to prevent any creation, you should fine tune your ModelViewSet:
class UserViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                  mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
                  mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
                  mixins.ListModelMixin,
                  GenericViewSet):

Will contain all the action except the creation.

A: The .create() and .update() methods in ViewSets are actions that are executed when a request is made. A request with POST method calls ViewSet's .create() method since a request with PUT method or PATCH calls the ViewSet's .update() method.
The .create() and .update() methods of the Serializer are executed by calling the .save() method of the Serializer.
Calling .save() will either create a new instance, or update an existing instance, depending on if an existing instance was passed when instantiating the serializer class:
# .save() will create a new instance.
serializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)

# .save() will update the existing `comment` instance.
serializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data=data)

See the Saving Instances documentation for more details.

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Barristers are experts in the law and provide a high level of skill when advocacy is required to present your case in a Court or Tribunal. Most Barristers do not conduct litigation but, if needed, Barristers4U can provide those who are now approved to do so by the Bar Standards Board. We can advise who is best placed to help you once we have reviewed your enquiry.
We are very flexible and can work to a fixed fee or, alternatively, to your budget. All fees are agreed before the work is completed so you always know where you stand. Our Barristers' overheads are low. This and our technology means you can access leading legal minds across England and Wales at a time and price that suits you.
How quickly can legal proceedings begin?
Before working with a barrister tell us the date you wish to start legal proceedings or let us know when you need representing and we will make sure we get an experienced barrister by your side ready for the legal proceedings.


Congratulations to our Experts Tariq Khan (Fox TV), Michael Musto (NewNowNext) and Perri Nemiroff (Collider) for an outstanding score of 83.64% when predicting the 2019 Golden Globe film nominations on Thursday. They are best among 24 overall Experts, journalists who cover the entertainment industry throughout the year. See Experts' scores.
Over 2,700 people worldwide predicted these film nominees in 11 categories for the awards announcement. The Golden Globes ceremony will happen live in Beverly Hills on January 6 with hosts Andy Samberg and Sandra Oh on NBC.
Some of Khan's best picks included "Bohemian Rhapsody" for Best Film Drama, John David Washington ("BlacKkKlansman") for Best Film Drama Actor and John C. Reilly ("Stan & Ollie") for Best Comedy/Musical Actor. For Musto, some of his long shot picks included Willem Dafoe ("At Eternity's Gate") for Best Film Drama Actor and Charlize Theron ("Tully") for Best Comedy/Musical Actress. Nemiroff's top predictions included Nicole Kidman ("Destroyer") for Best Film Drama Actress and Peter Farrelly ("Green Book") for Best Director.
For the remaining 21 Experts following the leaders, Susan Wloszczyna (Gold Derby) is in the next spot with 81.82%. A tie at 80.00% follows between Joyce Eng (Gold Derby) and Anne Thompson (Indiewire). We then have a three-way tie at 78.18% with Tom O'Neil (Gold Derby), Peter Travers (Rolling Stone) and Adnan Virk (ESPN).
Up next at 76.36% is a four-way tie for Edward Douglas (Weekend Warrior), Scott Mantz (Collider), Jack Mathews (Gold Derby) and Wilson Morales (BlackFilm). Erik Davis (Fandango) follows with 74.55%. A five-way tie is next between Thelma Adams (Gold Derby), Dave Karger (IMDB), Susan King (Gold Derby), Kevin Polowy (Yahoo) and Brian Truitt (USA Today). Keith Simanton (IMDB) follows with 70.91% and then Christopher Rosen (Radio.com) with 69.09%. The final spot is held by Tim Gray (Variety), Alicia Malone (Turner Classic Movies) and Sasha Stone (Awards Daily).


Chris Grier sat quietly in the Ladd-Peebles Stadium press box surrounded by his contemporaries, and it was easy to spot the highest-ranking black executive in the NFL because he was in a room full of white males.
Sitting two rows behind him during Tuesday's Senior Bowl practice was former Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome, the man who passed the torch to Grier as the only black person running an NFL franchise when he stepped down earlier this month as the longest tenured executive running a franchise.
Hyde5: How realistic is Suh to the Dolphins?
Hyde5: Is Cam Wake only the NFL's 89th best player?


HI. Everyone... I don't no if you no but i have bought myself a new camera It is a Nikon D 500 with Lens from 200 to 500.. I haven't posted for a while so i thought it would be alright to do a new post with my brand new camera. Please enjoy I am into Wild life Photography..All of these photo's i took with my new camera.
Honey Bee on our grass tree.
Rainbow Lorikeet's on my feeding dish.
A Blue faced honey eater chasing spiders on our front tree.
Wow Lyn, these are stunning photos they should be published in some sort of wildlife journal/magazine. I love the close ups. How's Indi, now we need some pics of him with your new camera.
Wow, Lyn, those are incredibly beautiful photos!!
You are so talented and it's always such a joy to see your newest shots.
Thank you Star. I have been teaching myself how to use my new D R Camera i have never owned one before only normal Camera well you no which one i had but i am going to sell my old one,, I just love taking photo's i can't get over the quality of the Photo so sharp..
Thank you Cody. I am looking for a good websight but haven't found one yet.. Indi is good ill take some photo's of him over the weekend he is a bit scared of the new camera. Indi turns 7 year's old in December..
Your photography is absolutely breath-taking.
You are an excellent photographer and I'm in awe of your talent.
It's great that you have such a diversity of wildlife in Australia to photograph!
Thank you so very much Deb.. I have been teaching myself how to use my new camera i have to go and have lessons on it i don't go into things i don't no much about if i did i would get myself stuck so for now i only use what i no... I really love taking photo's of the wild life here we have so much and if you ever come to Australia to see it you will be in for a real treat. You are welcome in our world anytime..
Birds are very hard to photograph in flight; it's a testament to your amazing skill how sharp and clear these photos are!!


text:
Strategy and Resources Committee
Browse meetings and agendas for this committee
View contact details for the members of this committee
View attendance statistics
View declarations of interest
Purpose of committee
Questions from the Public
Members of the public who live, work, attend an educational establishment or own or lease land in the Borough may submit a written question to, or ask a question verbally at meetings of the Strategy and Resource Committee on matters within the committee's Terms of Reference.
Written questions must be submitted to Democratic Services. The written question must arrive by noon on the tenth working day before the day of the meeting. For example, for a meeting on a Tuesday, the request must therefore arrive by noon on the Tuesday two weeks before the meeting.
Number of Councillors
Strategy & Resources Committee
Terms of Reference:
To make recommendations to the Council on budget and policy matters;
2. To provide strategic direction to the operation of the Council, determining policies in the areas set out below and any cross-cutting policies that impact on other Committee areas;
3. To make decisions regarding land and property including acquisition, disposal and appropriation, not within the purview of any other Committee;
4. To provide strategic oversight of the Corporate Risk Register;
5. To be responsible for all policy matters not otherwise allocated to any other Committee and to determine any disputes or differences between Committees;
6. The annual budget preparation process and consideration of overall Committee budgets, including the setting of Council Tax and prudential indicators.
7. Civic and Ceremonial matters (including the appointment of representatives on Outside Bodies with the exception of the list considered at the Annual Meeting of the Council; Members' Allowances and Regalia).
8. The appointment of, and disciplinary action against, Chief and Statutory Officers.
Areas of responsibility:
a. Lead on the Corporate Governance Framework (jointly with the Chairs of Standards & Constitution and Audit & Scrutiny Committees) incorporating Strategic Planning, Corporate Risk and Performance Management;
b. Council compliance with Financial Regulations;
c. All matters relating to the oversight of the approved Council Budget and Policy Framework (including the setting of staff pay);
d. Medium Term Financial Strategy to include, though not exclusively, Capital Investment Strategy, Council tax support scheme, Business Rates and use of Council reserves;
e. Implementation and monitoring of Treasury management policies;
f. Asset management Strategy including the purchase, management and disposal of real property owned or held by the Council (note other committees may have responsibilities for service provision, venues or activities);
g. Community right to Challenge and Community Right to bid for Assets of Community Value;
h. Exercise the Council's functions as Shareholder and consider recommendations from the Shareholders Sub Committee, making decisions as required;
i. Exercise of the Council's powers as Trustee of any land or money held by the Council in trust
j. Administration of Council Tax & Housing benefits;
k. Collaboration and Partnerships related to the remit of this Committee;
l. Electoral matters including polling stations, ward boundaries, ballots and referendums;
m. Procurement strategy and those matters that have budget or procurement implications for more than one committee;
n. The local economy and regeneration;
o. Emergency planning, resilience and business continuity;
p. Agreeing, recommending and reviewing key Corporate and Financial strategies (including but not limited to those relating to Workforce matters; ICT; Information Management, Information Governance and Data Protection; Communication and Engagement) which do not fall within the remit of other Committees.
q. Dealing (in the first instance) with any matters of general policy which do not fall within the terms of reference of any other committee and are not reserved to the Full Council.
In carrying out its responsibilities the Committee will:
1. Work in partnership with other Policy Committees and Sub Committees;
2. Develop, make decisions about and keep under review the Committee's budget ensuring any decisions about spend are made within the allocated budget envelope;
3. Ensure any decisions about additional spend to the Committee's agreed budget are in accordance with the Financial Regulations;
4. Have consideration to the Risk Management Strategy, Key Performance indicators and any action relevant to the Committee's remit;
5. Have oversight of any matters of interest or concern relevant to this Committees remit.
To make recommendations regarding:
a. New policies or changes in policy within the remit of the Committee which would require resources beyond those allocated to the Committee;
b. Financial programmes for overall revenue and capital expenditure, including the Medium Term Financial Strategy and, as part of the annual budget setting process, the level of Council Tax and Prudential Indicators, subject to consultation with other Policy Committees;
c. Changes of use of Council owned (General Fund) land, subject to consultation with other Policy Committees who may be responsible for services currently operating from the land in question;
d. Annual pay policy statements;
e. Civic and ceremonial matters as detailed in 1 (7) above;
f. Polling District and Ward Reviews, ballots and referendums;
g. Changes to this Committee's Terms of Reference;
h. Other matters under the Committee's jurisdiction which, by virtue of statutory provision, must be determined by full Council.
To Resolve:
1. New policies or changes in policy within the remit of the Committee which can be accommodated within the Committee's overall allocation of resources;
2. The formation of other subsidiary companies and special purpose vehicles as deemed necessary to support property projects;
3. Determination of applications by community organisations for rental subsidies in respect of their use of Council owned land;
4. Determination of the tax base for Council Tax purposes;
5. Rents and charges for services, accommodation and land which are outside of the purview of other Committees;
6. Responses to consultations from the Government, other authorities and external agencies where there is a potentially significant impact upon the delivery of services falling under the remit of the Committee.
Delegation to Officers:
1. To the Chief Executive and Directors, the power to implement Council/Committee policies and deal with the day-to-day management of services relevant to this Committee, including the discharge of all functions of the Council, except for those which are identified above as reserved for determination by the Council, Committee or Sub-Committee.
2. The officers referred to in 1. above have the power in turn to delegate to other officers of their choice, the power to deal on their behalf and in their name with any of the above functions. Such delegation shall be in writing and signed by the relevant SMT Member and may contain such limitations or be subject to such conditions as that Officer shall decide.
3. Where committee delegated action has been taken by officers in 1. and 2. above, or the use of urgency powers has been exercised by the Chief Executive or Director this must be reported back to the Chair and Vice Chair at the next available meeting.
Councillor Neil Dallen MBE (Chair)
Councillor Hannah Dalton (Vice-Chair)
Councillor Kate Chinn
Councillor Monica Coleman
Councillor Liz Frost
Councillor David Gulland
Councillor Graham Jones MBE
Councillor Colin Keane
Councillor Eber Kington
Councillor Alan Williamson
Support officer: Democratic Services, email: democraticservices@epsom-ewell.gov.uk. tel: 01372 732000


text:
Moscow Power Engineering UNIVERSITY
Publication: 2017-11-18 12:30:37
National research university
National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering University" is one of the largest technical universities of Russia. It provides the specialist's training and scientific research in the field of energetic, electrical engineering, radio electronics, computer engineering.
St. Petersburg State Technological Institute
One of the most prestigious universities in Russia in the field of chemistry, chemical engineering, biotechnology, nanotechnology, engineering, information technology, management and economics. Russia's leading university is a modern training center of higher education.Founded in 1828.
Irkutsk State University
About Irkutsk State University
Irkutsk State University was founded in October 1918 in Irkutsk.
Irkutsk State University is a large scientific and educational institution training students in humanities, natural sciences, Technical and applied sciences. ISU facilities include 7 educational institutions, 10 faculties, 1 branch in Brats...
Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies
About University - About University - MIREA Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies
Recognized both in Russia and abroad as a modern educational and research center, Moscow Technological University combines classical university traditions with modern educational technologies in its work. Since its creation,...
Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Official site of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
July 1st, 1830 Emperor Nicholas I approved Statute of Moscow Craft School». It was the inception of the first Russian technical university.The new school was created to teach various crafts as well as basic sciences. By 1868 education became so good that MCS was...


text:
Indian delegation to leave for Pakistan tomorrow for PIC meet
New Delhi | Published: March 19, 2017 1:32:09 AM
An Indian delegation will tomorrow leave for Pakistan to take part in the meeting of Permanent Indus Commission (PIC), beginning March 20 in Islamabad.
The meeting will take place nearly six months after India decided to suspend talks on the pact in the wake of the Uri terror attack by Pakistan-based outfits. (Reuters)
An Indian delegation will tomorrow leave for Pakistan to take part in the meeting of Permanent Indus Commission (PIC), beginning March 20 in Islamabad. The 10-member delegation, which will take part in the two-day meeting, comprises India's Indus Water Commissioner PK Saxena, MEA officials and technical experts.
Government sources said India is open to discuss concerns Pakistan has over its projects under Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) bilaterally. They, however, reaffirmed that there will be no compromise on India exploiting its due rights under the 57-year-old pact.
"The treaty mandates that the meeting be held at least once in a fiscal. Accordingly, the parleys will be held," a senior official said.The meeting will take place nearly six months after India decided to suspend talks on the pact in the wake of the Uri terror attack by Pakistan-based outfits.
You may also like to watch this
India has already downplayed its participation in the meeting, saying it does not amount to "resumption" of government-level India-Pakistan talks.
Declaring that "blood and water cannot flow together", Prime Minister Narendra Modi had held a meeting in September to review the treaty in the backdrop of the terror strikes, including the Uri attack.
After the meeting, officials had announced the government's decision to suspend further talks and increase the utilisation of rivers flowing through Jammu and Kashmir to fully exercise India's rights under the pact. The PIC had last met in May 2015 here.
Indian delegation to leave for Pakistan tomorrow for PIC&nbspmeet
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Immersed in traditional style and created for contemporary living, this two-bedroom suite offers full south exposure for all rooms. The windows and the terrace covered in black flamed slate pavers all overlook the private forest and ravine. A large foyer and a grand rotunda set the tone for the sublime lifestyle achieved within this suite. A few steps inside, the space opens up to a large living area with a modern gas fireplace, dining area, and kitchen with plenty of room for seating.
An exceptionally comfortable master bedroom has a walk-in closet and an ensuite bathroom with double sinks, a soaker tub and separate oversized shower. For family or friends, the second bedroom has an ensuite bathroom with a shower and a south-facing window to bring in the warmth of sunny days.


To schedule an appointment, please complete the following information and click Submit. If material is being disposed from both a residence and a business/organization, please complete registration for each one. Once we receive your information, we will give you an appointment time confirmation by email or phone. You will also receive final confirmation (with instructions and a location map) from us in the mail about one week before the event. Please refer to the Material Guidance Sheet and Fee Sheet. If you have further questions, please contact us at 989-224-5186. Thank you!
Appointments can be made for our Clean Community Event. Choose the event and complete the form.
Are you a volunteer for this event?
Fees are waived for residents who volunteer to work at the event for three hours. If you would be interested in volunteering, please complete the online Volunteer Registration information.
Residents are able to drop off items free of charge. Small businesses are assessed a fee based on the type of material and must complete required paperwork. Call 989-224-5186 or email recyle@clinton-county.org for more information.
List household hazardous waste other than motor oil or anti-freeze. Those quantities are requested below.
Residents may bring in as many items as they have. Computers, monitors, printers, keyboards, TVs, DVD, and VHS players, stereo equipment, phones, etc are all acceptable in this category. Small kitchen appliances such as coffee makers and toasters and vacuums are not acceptable in this category and are considered bulky waste.
Indicate the number of items you have in each category.
Fees are as follows:

$15 per half truck load of waste

$30 per full truck load

$45 per heaping truck or trailer load

 Please indicate the types of items you have for disposal. In addition, indicate if you will have about a half truck load (3 cubic yards), a full truck load, level to the top of the bed (6 cubic yards) or a heaping truckload or trailer full of materials (9 cubic yards).
Please indicate the types of items you have for disposal. In addition, indicate if you will have about a half truck load (3 cubic yards), a full truck load, level to the top of the bed (6 cubic yards) or a heaping truckload or trailer full of materials (9 cubic yards).
Please detail your bulky waste as well as indicating the amount.
Fees are assessed at $10 to remove refrigerants prior to recycling as required by law. The fee is charged for all applicable appliances (refrigerator, freezer, dehumidfier, etc.).
The cost of tire disposal is being covered by a DEQ grant. NO business or agricultural tires allowed as part of the DEQ grant restrictions. If you have more than 30 tires, please call Kristen at the DEQ (517) 614-7431 and she will help address the situation.
The cost of tire disposal is being covered by a DEQ grant. NO business or agricultural tires allowed as part of the DEQ grant restrictions. If you have more than 30 tires, please call Kristen at the DEQ (517) 614-7431 and she will help address the situation.
To determine the tire size, measure the height of the space inside the tire or rim.
We will be accepting up to 30 tires per registration. Please indicate the number of tires above. It is very important that a correct count is provided to ensure appropriate trailers are ordered for transportation to a tire recycler.
What is the TOTAL number of tires you wish to drop off?
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TIRES HAS BEEN EXCEEDED.
You have exceeded the total number of tires per registration. Please modify modify your count above.
I understand that 30 is the tire limit.
This is a free service for both residents and businesses. It includes non-freon containing appliances. (ie: washers, dryers, etc.).
This is a free service for residents. Small businesses may participate but will incur a charge. Please contact 989-224-5186 or recycle@clinton-county.org for more information.


I'm posting a huge amount of material on the Iranian revolution (and yes, it's a revolution now) over at Commentary. I'll be posting there for the next couple of days so I can get paid without having to ask for donations from readers here. So please don't neglect to follow me there.


Privacy. What is it? How do we get it? Who even has this? Privacy is the most important protection issue people and businesses face daily. Privacy is defined as the right to be free from interference or the right to be alone. Information security is defined by the IAPP as "the right to have some control over how your personal information is collected and used." Privacy is of such critical importance because without it, what do you have? Privacy is an important facet of doing business. It is a necessity. No matter what industry you are in, customers expect business owners to protect their data.
What Is Privacy As A Service?
Ensures the business has the best security options in place. Hiring a managed security service provider (MSSP) can ensure that privacy measures and protocols are put in place.
Offers transparency around the customer information that is collected by your business and how it will be used.
Offers options around when and how a customer will be contacted by your business. In this sense, you can opt in or opt out of further information from the business.
Does NOT sell customer information!
The number one way to protect our privacy is by putting privacy measures in place and utilizing a MSSP. Hiring the right people to put the necessary security measures in place for you and your business is the most efficient and fiscally responsible thing a business can do to protect privacy today. A MSSP can do this for you. They will take the time to put a proactive and customized plan in place for you and your business that will place your privacy and therefore your security posture at the top of the marketplace. This will also ensure you have the right tools and technology in place to better protect you and your business as well. Another huge benefit of a MSSP is they will implement and train you and your employees in the security protocols that will allow you to better protect yourselves and your customers. The MSSP will continue to monitor and mitigate risks for you and make your business a leader in your marketplace. This will increase you and your company's valuation. You want your business to be in demand because you offer privacy as a service, while so many do not.
24/7/365 real time proactive and systematic approach to a secure lifestyle.
With 360 coverage you will know NOW if there is a breach and how to mitigate your issue.
Network Defense is an all-encompassing approach to delivering secure on site or cloud management of your network by certified professionals.
Mobile Defense or device protection provides both convenience and confidence.
Email Defense is a layered approach Griffin takes to protect against extortion and data loss.
SourceOne™ answers the call for businesses in their search for Privacy protection.
Next Article What is Endpoint Defense Protection?


text:
package com.facebook.hive.udf;

import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.Description;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.UDF;

import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.regex.MatchResult;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

/**
 * Extract substrings of a string which satisfy a regular expression.  The
 * first argument is the haystack in which to search while the second is a
 * regular expression which follows Java's regular expression rules.  Note that
 * like REGEXP_EXTRACT, any backslashes in the regular expression string must
 * be escaped to account for Hive's backslash escaping (e.g., '\\w' instead of
 * '\w').
 *
 * An optional third argument specifies a group index.  If specified, the
 * function will only return the portion of the match in the nth group (the
 * expression enclosed by the nth opening parenthesis reading from the left).
 * Note that the special group value of 0 returns the entire matched string.
 *
 * The return value is an ARRAY of STRINGs of the extracted strings.  If any
 * argument is NULL then NULL is returned.
 *
 * Also note that the subsequences found will be non-overlapping; that is any
 * subsequence must start after the end of the previous subsequence.
 */
@Description(name = "regexp_extract_all",
             value = "_FUNC_(haystack, pattern, [index]) - Find all the instances of pattern in haystack.")
public class UDFRegexpExtractAll extends UDF {
  private String lastRegex = null;
  private Pattern p = null;

  public LinkedList<String> evaluate(String s, String regex,
                                     Integer extractIndex) {
    if (s == null || regex == null || extractIndex == null) {
      return null;
    }
    if (!regex.equals(lastRegex)) {
      lastRegex = regex;
      p = Pattern.compile(regex, Pattern.MULTILINE);
    }
    LinkedList<String> result = new LinkedList<String>();
    Matcher m = p.matcher(s);
    while (m.find()) {
      MatchResult mr = m.toMatchResult();
      result.add(mr.group(extractIndex));
    }
    return result;
  }

  public LinkedList<String> evaluate(String s, String regex) {
    return this.evaluate(s, regex, 0);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub