text:
Paul Roseby: Schools need arts day as well as sports day
Members of the National Youth Theatre performing at the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.
by Paul Roseby - Apr 20, 2017
I'm worried. Worse. I'm angry. The fundamental nature of what theatre practitioners, drama teachers, creative leaders, writers, designers, musicians and stage technicians do is being devalued. Its perceived value is plummeting even beyond our precious, sovereign pound after the European Union referendum.
In some ways, the two are linked. As we witness the polarity of 'penguin politics', where everything is black and white, in or out, free or fortune, then the casualty is the nuanced grey with all the wisdom that would bring. In struggling to be understood outside our world, we arts champions become hostage to our own rhetoric, and the tag 'liberal elite' is thrown in our faces by those who fear something, or someone, different to themselves.
Everyone understands the value of sport, not least because, as children, we all simply had to take part on soggy playing fields across the land. But there is an understandable disconnection between those who are lucky enough to experience the value of the arts and those who are not.
This is why, if we are really serious about finding the Mo Farahs of the film world, and the Tanni Grey-Thompsons of the theatre world, we must begin to fight the prejudice against the arts in bolder, simpler terms.
Our proverbial battle bus with a simple slogan must go to every school and must offer a clear defence to help stop the steady decline of the arts, as they are squeezed out through a non-revolving door.
There are now 1,700 fewer drama teachers than in 2010, 1,200 fewer art and design teachers, and 38,000 fewer hours provided for in art, drama and music as a result. And yet we in the creative industries currently account for one in every 17 jobs, and contribute £87 billion to the UK economy. Sadly, in being so quick to champion that last statistic, we are in danger of becoming victims of our own success. But, unless the arts finally win the same respect and status as sport both in and out of schools, the financial gains and our voices will be diminished to the back of the class and deemed an irrelevant luxury.
Elite sports are celebrated, but elite arts are either pilloried or deemed too soft an option to be taken seriously
Elite sports are celebrated, but elite arts are either pilloried or deemed too soft an option to be taken seriously. Theatre arts and sport command the same disciplined team-building skills and provide the same adrenaline-making confidence boost. It doesn't matter how many qualifications you have – if you can't communicate in the workplace, they are worthless.
The only way to secure meaningful change – to put the arts on the same footing as sports – is by making a certain amount of hours a week compulsory for creative learning taught by drama teachers in every school, just as sport is compulsory in early secondary education. In my experience, governments rarely lead by example but are happy to use examples in fighting their case for reduced or increased funding.
Running a national arts company, I understand only too well the difficult choices we all have to make when it comes to finances, and as an organisation that receives only 12% of our funding from the government we cannot help everyone gain a free or subsidised place.
However, I do not understand why a 19-year-old girl on our flagship social inclusion course is at risk of leaving that course in her final term so that she can still receive benefits to help contribute to the income of her household, which is led by a sole carer. Like so many we meet, her school did not have the resources to offer up the quality time in arts provision that would have helped improve her confidence, mental well-being and job prospects. I believe her second chance is in danger of being taken away by a system that is still prejudicial to her environment and circumstance. There's nothing elitist about her, or soft about the valuable life skills she is developing.
In the past 10 years, the National Youth Theatre has invested nearly £3 million in free opportunities and community engagement programmes across the UK. We are now actively committed to piloting an idea in a school in a socially deprived area outside of London to help lead by example in showcasing a model that would offer a formal solution to the diminishing arts opportunities for young people in schools.
There are many great examples of organisations and individuals breaking the mould and championing the cause: Fun Palaces, Cultural Learning Alliance, Arts Council England, Act for Change and community interest company Pop Up Projects are all working to enhance cultural activity, but there is no better example than historical fact.
And again I look to sport. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, Great Britain won just one gold medal and came 36th in the medals table. Two decades and billions of secured funding from the National Lottery (immune from government cuts) later and the results are all to be gloriously shared in with such a wealth of diversity and dedication, thanks to a cultural and financial shift. It's no surprise that school funding for sport is now at its highest level on record at almost £41 billion.
As artificial intelligence micro-chips away at our manual workforce, the new currency is emotional intelligence. Honing empathy and creative leadership skills to the max will empower a new generation of cultural heroes such as those sport enjoys today. From the Chinese government to the Harvard Business Review, around the world researchers and commentators are observing how cultural offerings benefit young people, recognising the value of non-cognitive activities and replicating them in their formal institutions.
So why can't we? The arts doesn't just offer soft power, it offers staying power. We need to install that staying power in every school and celebrate arts days alongside sports days, or we are in danger of becoming an island museum of cultural heritage with no cultural financial future. We just need a simple but effective messenger and one that goes to the heart of government and our current tabloid populism. Maybe we need our own bus? I'll come back to you on that one.
arts cuts
Offies founder Sofie Mason: 'No one was ever paid'
Kerry Michael: 'Diversity is not about being righteous'
Oliviers 2017: Winners lambast cuts to creative subjects at schools


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Creative Conversations
By Zon D'Amour, Contributing Writer
Producer, Emcee, DJ, Poet, Def Sound photographed at rhythmalizm with Ms. Jack Davey & Brook D'Leau of future soul duo J*DaVeY and Nai-Vasha Thomas of UNDO Magazine. (Courtesy Photo)
After months of planning, Fred McNeill and Paress Salinas recently saw their vision come to fruition through their music industry intensive entitled, rhythmalizm. Held at the Bootleg Theatre near downtown L.A., rhythmalizm featured candid conversations from esteemed industry professionals who play an integral part in the entertainment industry. These "master teachers" included Ajay Relan, Co-Founder of the immensely popular non-profit organization, Hashtag Lunchbag, Gavin "Mizzle" McNeill Creative Director YG's 4Hunnid Label and Co-Founder Of JUST BE COOL. Global Youth Movement, as well as Chaka Pilgrim, President of Jay-Z's Roc Nation Records. Following the lecture portion of the event, the hundred plus attendees scattered throughout various stages within the theatre to hear more talks, experience a live recording session as well as plenty live performances from the likes of Grammy nominated singer/songwriters J*Davey, Joey Dosik, as well as local artists including: Polyester The Saint, B. Bravo, Dae One, Def Sound and many more.
Attendees were at the edges of their seats while listening to Pilgrim reflect on her twenty-year career in the entertainment industry. When asked how artists should go about networking with executives and tastemakers in order to get their music heard Pilgrim candidly said, "I don't believe in networking per se, I believe in being honest and truthful and from that genuine relationships are built. On the basis of that genuine relationship, when you're working on your craft and you're doing your best art, it will be noticed. You have to find and identify who your community is and I think you find that through your truth. When you're doing that, people spread the word without you having to ask. You can't manufacture virality or connectedness. There are people who have huge successes for a window of time and it's usually because it's driven by what's going on in the culture at that moment then those things implode and there isn't the same level of interest. For me, it's more about taking the best parts of someone, figuring out what they want to be heard and amplifying it."
Rhythmalizm Co-Founders Paress Salinas & Fred McNeill. (Photo By Zon D'Amour)
Echoing similar sentiments in terms of advice for aspiring creative's who aren't sure how to get started on their ideas, Mizzle said, "Start where you are and if you fail, fail forward. Then you can turn those losses into lessons and over time you'll get better and become a master of your craft."
While the targeted demographic for rhythmalizm was at-risk youth from South Central LA, the timing of the inaugural event happened during in time in which many students and after school programs were still on summer hiatus. As a result, many of the attendees were established professionals in the TV, film, fashion and media industries. McNeill and Salinas share their appreciation for those who came out to support the event in saying: "I think there's a misconception that people at some point or some level in their career stop getting inspired or stop learning" said Salinas. "One of the important points that Chaka Pilgrim shared in her speech was the fact that you should never stop learning. You never stop being inspired, even as an executive, she's still inspired by the artists she manages and the projects that she's apart of. With that in mind, we should all be constant, perpetual students." She added, "I'm overjoyed that we have people of all ages and walks of life here to experience it, soak it in and be inspired."
Creative Director Gavin "Mizzle"McNeill and Roc Nation Records President Chaka Pilgrim (Photo By Zon D'Amour)
One of rhythmalizm's attendees, cinematographer and editor Josh Lincoln shared that he was impressed with how the event was structured. "It was very refreshing to be apart of an experience that clearly pushed the boundaries between arts, charity and business. My favorite aspect of the rhythmalizm event was the feeling of being part of a innovative experience. It was a space of freedom, but provided solid formulas on the success and work flow of artists, philanthropists and business people alike."
In the midst of ensuring every aspect of the event was running smoothly McNeill took a moment to acknowledge that his mission had been accomplished. "My goal was to target young people and even elders with more of a jazzy vibe. Being able to hit a wide demographic of creative's who are interested in pursuing a career in music at any age is a goal for us. We're all creative. We all have creative vibrations and energy inside of us and it's about taping into that and realizing how much that can fuel your day-to-day life and your trajectory. A big component of this was reaching the youth, reaching our peers as well as bringing mom and pops around to check out what's going on!"
When asked what's next for their newly established movement, Salinas said, "It's something that we plan to bring to high schools and colleges because we recognize the value in it and how much people have been affected and inspired by being in the room. We wanted to pack it up and take it on the road to make sure as many people as possible experience rhythmalizm, that's the dream."
Tags: Bootleg Theatre | creative conversations | Fred McNeill | Paress Salinas | rhythmalizm | Zon D'Amour
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#include "imagemapping.h"
#include <modules/opengl/texture/textureunit.h>
#include <modules/opengl/texture/textureutils.h>
#include <modules/opengl/image/layergl.h>
#include <modules/opengl/shader/shader.h>

namespace inviwo {

const ProcessorInfo ImageMapping::processorInfo_{
    "org.inviwo.ImageMapping",  // Class identifier
    "Image Mapping",            // Display name
    "Image Operation",          // Category
    CodeState::Stable,          // Code state
    Tags::GL,                   // Tags
};
const ProcessorInfo ImageMapping::getProcessorInfo() const {
    return processorInfo_;
}

ImageMapping::ImageMapping()
    : ImageGLProcessor("img_mapping.frag")
    , transferFunction_("transferFunction", "Transfer Function", TransferFunction()) {
    addProperty(transferFunction_);
}

ImageMapping::~ImageMapping() {}

void ImageMapping::preProcess() {
    TextureUnit transFuncUnit;
    const Layer* tfLayer = transferFunction_.get().getData();
    const LayerGL* transferFunctionGL = tfLayer->getRepresentation<LayerGL>();

    transferFunctionGL->bindTexture(transFuncUnit.getEnum());
    shader_.setUniform("transferFunc_", transFuncUnit.getUnitNumber());
}

void ImageMapping::afterInportChanged() {
    // Determine the precision of the output format based on the input,
    // but always output 4 component data representing RGBA
    const DataFormatBase* inputDataFormat = inport_.getData()->getDataFormat();
    size_t precision = inputDataFormat->getSize() / inputDataFormat->getComponents() * 8;
    const DataFormatBase* outputDataFormat = DataFormatBase::get(inputDataFormat->getNumericType(), 4, precision);
    if (dataFormat_ != outputDataFormat) {
        dataFormat_ = outputDataFormat;

        // The TF mapping currently only uses the first channel, print warning if we have more channels
        if (inputDataFormat->getComponents() > 1)
            LogWarn("Input data has " << inputDataFormat->getComponents() << " components, only the first component will be used in the mapping");
    }
}

}  // namespace

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One perfect fall morning in 2012, Erin was waiting for her husband to return from dropping off their twins at preschool. He never came home—her 42-year-old husband had suffered a massive heart attack in the parking lot of the preschool, and by the time Erin got to the hospital, he had passed away. At the age of 41, Erin found herself a widow with four children, ages 7, 6 and the 4-year-old twins.
Widowhood by the numbers. 20 million: The number of widows/widowers in the U.S. today. 1.4 million join their ranks every year. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2015 Report.
Widowhood by the numbers. 78%: Percent of the 20 million U.S. widows/widowers who are women. That means women are 3.5 times more likely to become widowed. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2017 Report.
Widowhood by the numbers. 3 key financial challenges: Adjusting to being the sole financial decision maker, loss of income, and navigating paperwork. Source: Merrill Lynch/Age Wave Widowhood Research, 2018.
Widowhood by the numbers. 53% of widows/widowers say they and their spouse did not have a plan in place for what would happen if one of them died. Source: Merrill Lynch/Age Wave Widowhood Research, 2018.
Widowhood by the numbers. 78% say that losing their spouse was the single hardest thing they've been through—77% discovered courage they never thought they had. Source: Merrill Lynch/Age Wave Widowhood Research, 2018.
While older widows and widowers may not be burdened with similar concerns about their children's financial future, they often find themselves dealing with another serious consideration: Will they be able to afford the care they might one day need? This can be particularly worrying for those who've gone through a prolonged and expensive period of caregiving for their lost loved one—a situation many widows find themselves in.
In addition to the financial demands, critical paperwork and decision-making begin their steady creep right away. "Most widows and widowers—78%—describe the loss of their spouse as the single most difficult and overwhelming life experience," says Maddy Dychtwald, co-founder of Age Wave. "And two-thirds say that they had so many things to do, they were not sure where to even start." That's when talking to trusted friends and family and coming up with a financial strategy can be invaluable.
For instance, Erin realized that decisions she made about managing the benefit from her husband's life insurance policy could affect her children's eligibility for future financial educational aid—a major need for her with four young children.
"Only 14% of widows and widowers say they were making financial decisions by themselves before their spouse died," Dychtwald says. "But once they are widowed, the overwhelming majority—86%—report having to do so."3 This is even more daunting when you have dependents at home. "Research suggests that any financial decision that isn't time-sensitive should be put off until you're feeling less emotionally vulnerable," adds Dychtwald.
Erin recalls that the day-to-day financial pressures were so great that she thought she might cut back on what she was setting aside for retirement. But she soon realized that retirement needed to be one of her top priorities and made her long-term financial health a focus by keeping up with her retirement contributions.
Amid all the pain and difficulty that losing a spouse brings, there is also healing. The Merrill Lynch/Age Wave research found that 77% of the widows and widowers they interviewed said they discovered courage they never knew they had.
"They're forced to jump into complex financial matters from the start of their journey and adjust to making financial decisions alone," says Lisa Margeson, head of retirement client experience and communications at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. "In fact, 72% say they now consider themselves more financially savvy than other people their age, and that is empowering," she says.
"My husband always used to say that what you need will come to you when you need it," Erin says. Gaining financial confidence can help sustain you through a difficult time. Like many widows, Erin found the strength and confidence to take control of her financial situation as the sole provider of her children. Through careful planning, she's managed to keep alive the vision she and her husband both had for their future—without jeopardizing her own.
Creating a personalized estate plan takes careful preparation. This family life organizer can help you document and organize your financial information.
Becoming a caregiver may be one of the most important roles of your life. Ask yourself these five questions to help you prepare for the financial challenges you may face.
Updating your beneficiary designations can help to prevent unexpected woes. These examples shed some light on why it's important to keep your beneficiaries in the loop about big life changes.
1 Source: Merrill Lynch/Age Wave Widowhood Research, 2018.
2 Source: WISER, "Survey of Recent Widows," 2013.
3 Source: The American College State Farm Center, "Survey of Widows and Widowers Topline Report," July 2016.


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Interview with Steven Isserlis
He is one of the most consistent, surprising and original voices on the cello scene and undoubtedly a cellist worth following. I have talked to him and this is what he told us.
"I think that music is in a fascinating state today"
1. Ruth Prieto: What are your musical roots (real or imaginary)?
Steven Isserlis: I am lucky enough to come from an extremely musical background. On my father's side, the family tree includes the composers Mendelssohn, Moscheles and Meyerbeer, on my mother's the composer Lewandowski. My grandfather, Julius Isserlis, was a well-known pianist and composer, whose teachers included Taneyev and Widor. My father was himself a keen amateur violinist, my mother a piano teacher; and both of my sisters, Annette and Rachel, are musicians.
2. R.P.: What inspires you as a cellist and as a person and why?
Steven Isserlis: The great (and sometimes the less-than-great-but-loveable) composers inspire me! and other interpreters whom I admire.
3. R.P.: ¿Have you got a composer of reference or someone who made a special impression on you as a cellist?
Steven Isserlis: My two greatest cello heroes were, and are, Pau Casals and Daniil Shafran; among composers, I have worked extensively with many, and always enjoyed the interactions.
I suppose that those I have worked with most are Kurtag, Thomas Adès and John Tavener, all of whom have had a big effect on my life – but there are several others too.
4. R.P.: What is your main obsession when working?
Steven Isserlis: Trying to understand the composer's intentions
5. R.P.: We have the idea, probably very old, of what a concert is: people playing and people listening. How do you imagine "concerts" in the XXI century?
Steven Isserlis: Just the same as now – I don't see anything wrong with the format!
"We just have to welcome more and more people"
6. R.P.: How do you go about putting together a new work, could you describe your creative process?
Steven Isserlis: Well, if I am learning a new work, I am likely to sit at the piano for many hours, fumbling through it, trying to understand the shape and form, and through that, the meaning. Afterwards, I move to the cello, and try to master the notes! But it's much easier if I already know what I want to say before I begin trying to say it.
7. R.P.: ¿How do you see the contemporary music scene today? Any favorite's composers?
Steven Isserlis: Many! I think that music is in a fascinating state today – so many astonishingly varied characters, speaking in utterly different voices. There is no longer an established language for music – which may be challenging for both composers and listeners, but which opens up fascinating possibilities.
8. R.P.: What are you working on now?
Steven Isserlis: I recently fell in love with Schumann's 2nd violin sonata, and spent some of the summer arranging it for cello – what a masterpiece it is!
Over the past week, I've been working with some friends on Faure's last work, his string quartet, down at IMS Prussia cove. Having struggled with the piece for many years (despite Faure being one of my all-time favorite composers), I now feel that I can understand it finally. And again – I'm in love! (With the quartet, I mean.)
9. R.P.: What would you like to do as a cellist that you have not been asked to do yet?
Steven Isserlis: Well, there are a few pieces from the solo repertoire that I have not yet recorded (the Dutileux concerto, for instance), which I would love to commit to disc; also, many chamber works. And there are other ideas I would love to fulfil – such as a big project (DVD, app, website, or whatever) about the Bach suites, and a recording of John Tavener's late works.
10. R.P.: What are your upcoming projects?
Steven Isserlis: I have programmed a series of four concerts at the Wigmore hall this season, involving several of my greatest musical friends, dedicated to the chamber music of two of the composers to whom I feel closest, Faure and Schumann. I'm also looking forward to directing the Lucerne symphony orchestra in Mozart's great a major piano concerto, k488, with Radu Lupu as soloist; to doing several performances of all Beethoven's music for piano and cello with Robert Levin on the fortepiano; and then there's the concert for –groan – my 60th birthday. I am going to try to cheer myself up by making music with several of my favorite musicians at the Wigmore hall.
More information at Steven Isserlis' website
Photo by Isserlis Jean Baptiste Millot


text:
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
Jean Monnet Chaired Professor of European and International Economic Law
Lincoln's Inn Fields
Holborn, London WC2A 3JB
http://www.ccls.qmul.ac.uk/staff/lealarcas.html
Essential Elements of the Rule of Law Concept in the EU
Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 180/2014
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 21 Aug 2014 Last Revised: 31 Mar 2020
rule of law, access to justice and judicial review, legal certainty, proportionality, equality and non-discrimination, transparency in EU law
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis
The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 7-52, December 2011
bottom-up approach to climate change, climate-based regional trade agreements, flexible approach, Major Economies Forum, variable geometry
Posted: 04 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 10 Sep 2012
The European Community and Mixed Agreements
European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 483-513, Winter 2001
European community, mixed agreements, international law
Kyoto and the COPs: Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead
Hague Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 23, pp. 17-90, 2010
climate finance, Cancún Agreements, Copenhagen Accord, Kyoto Protocol, COPs, EU Emissions Trading Scheme
The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis
Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. 1-58, 2013, Oxford University Press
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
global energy governance, international cooperation in energy, WTO, PTAs, Energy Charter Conference, OPEC, investment treaties, ICSID, UNFCCC, energy security, IEA, IEF, MEF, national oil companies, World Petroleum Council
Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 167/2014
The Multilateralization of International Investment Law
North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 33-135, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 41/2010
Number of pages: 104 Posted: 21 Dec 2009 Last Revised: 09 Feb 2010
multilateral investment treaty, bilateral investment treaty, FDI law, regional investment agreements, WTO, forum shopping in dispute resolution, inconsistency of arbitral awards
Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements: Complementing or Supplanting Multilateralism?
Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 597-629, 2011, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 78/2011
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 26 Feb 2011 Last Revised: 15 Apr 2011
WTO, international trading system, RTA proliferation, non-discrimination, variable geometry, single undertaking
The BRICS and Climate Change
International Affairs Forum, pp. 1-5, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 151/2013
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 07 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 25 Oct 2013
equity in climate change mitigation, BRICS, energy efficiency, economic growth
Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization
Oil, Gas and Energy Law Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3, pp. 1-51, 2015
governance of renewable energy; WTO and renewable energy; environmental protection objectives and the WTO; energy trade; renewable subsidies
Published in Transnational Dispute Management, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 1-51, 2015 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 198/2015
Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice
Division of competencies, transparency, simplicity, common commercial policy, Nice Treaty
Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol.30, No.1, pp. 3-14, 2003
The EU and Russia as Energy Trading Partners: Friends or Foes?
European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 337-366, 2009
Posted: 26 Jun 2009 Last Revised: 13 Nov 2014
EU, Russia, energy security, Energy Charter Treaty, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Unilateral Trade-Related Climate Change Measures
The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 13, No. 6, 2012 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 123/2012
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 30 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2012
EU emissions trading scheme, trade and climate change, WTO subsidies for renewable energy, trade and energy, energy and climate change, aviation, shipping
The European Union and its Energy Security Challenges
Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 8, 2015, Oxford University Press, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 205/2015
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 10 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London and Coventry University
EU energy security, EU single energy market, diversification of energy supplies, liquefied natural gas, shale gas, Southern Gas Corridor, Turkish Stream, Trans-Anatolian pipeline, International Energy Charter, Yukos
International Trade and Investment Law: Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Governance
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW: MULTILATERAL, REGIONAL AND BILATERAL GOVERNANCE, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010
international trade, international investment law, regionalism, multilateralism, bilateralism
Alternative Architecture for Climate Change - Major Economies
European Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25-56, 2011
climate change, flexible approach, incrementalism, climate-based RTAs, bottom-up approach, variable geometry, Major Economies Forum
The Creation of a European Energy Union
European Energy Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 24-60, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 206/2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Juan Alemany Rios
European energy union, energy security, Energy Community, Euro-Mediterranean Energy Partnership, internal energy market, energy efficiency, decarbonization, transparency, equality
Theories of Supranationalism in the EU
Journal of Law in Society, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 83-113, 2007
supranationalism, EU
The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change
Laursen, F. (ed.) The EU and the Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, pp. 221-260, 2012
Kyoto Protocol, European Union, EU emissions cuts, EU emissions trading scheme, global warming, climate change
The EU and the Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, 221-260, 2012
Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 11 - issue 3, April 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 141/2013
Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
East Mediterranean Basin, Levant Basin, gas and oil discoveries, Israel offshore gas discovery, Lebanon offshore gas discovery, UNCLOS, maritime law, delimitation of EEZ, UNCLOS dispute settlement procedure
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh
How Will the EU Approach the BRIC Countries? Future Trade Challenges
Vienna Online Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 235-271, 2008
EU, BRIC, agriculture, energy security, Mode 4, intellectual property
Strengthening Sustainable Development Through Preferential Trade Agreements
Leal-Arcas, R. and Wilmarth, C. "Strengthening Sustainable Development through Preferential Trade Agreements," in Wouters, J. et al. (eds.) Ensuring Good Global Governance through Trade: EU policies and approaches, Edward Elgar, pp. 92-123, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 174/2014
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 16 Apr 2014 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Catherine Wilmarth
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; Trans-Pacific Partnership; mega-regionals; sustainable development; energy; trade and investment; energy security; energy efficiency; trade in raw materials and natural resources
Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin
Andrew Filis and Rafael Leal-Arcas
East Mediterranean Basin, maritime delimitation, continental shelf, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, UNCLOSl, international maritime law, customary law
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2013
East Mediterranean Basin, maritime delimitation, continental shelf, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, UNCLOS, international maritime law, customary law
Sustainability, Common Concern and Public Goods
The George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 801-877, 2017, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 253/2017
Number of pages: 78 Posted: 13 Feb 2017 Last Revised: 06 Oct 2017
sustainable development, international trade, climate change, sustainable energy, citizens' empowerment, public goods, common concern, sustainable companies
Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Luigi Carafa
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and College of Europe, Bruges
Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 5(2), pp. 130-135, 2014
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 02 Dec 2014 Last Revised: 28 Dec 2014
COP21, Conference of the Parties, global governance for climate change mitigation, carbon emissions reduction
The Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources in the GATT and WTO: Implications for the Conservation of Oil Resources
The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 480-531, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 143/2013
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 30 Apr 2013 Last Revised: 16 May 2013
Is the Kyoto Protocol an Adequate Environmental Agreement to Resolve the Climate Change Problem?
European Environmental Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 282-294, Winter 2001
Kyoto Protocol, global warming, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions
The European Court of Justice and the EC External Trade Relations: A Legal Analysis of the Court's Problems with Regard to International Agreements
Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 215-251, 2003
WTO law, European Court of Justice, EC External Trade Relations
The EU Decision-Making Process in EC Trade Policy: The Three Internal Tensions
A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE? GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, Astengo, F. & Neuwahl, N., eds., Vol. II, pp. 132-156, Collection "Etudes Europeennes", Chaire Jean Monnet, Universite de Montreal, 2004
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 15 Oct 2004 Last Revised: 26 Jun 2009
efficiency, accountability, trade policy, transparency, legitimacy
Legal Aspects of the Promotion of Renewable Energy within the EU and in Relation to the EU's Obligations in the WTO
Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Issue 1/2014, pp.3-25, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 179/2014
EU renewable energy; WTO; renewable energy; EU emissions trading system; subsidies; State aid
European Union-China Trade Relations
Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 224-251, 2010
China, Comprehensive Framework Agreement, EU, Bilateral Free-Trade Agreements, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU-China Trade Partnership
The EC in the WTO: The Three-Level Game of Decision-Making. What Multilateralism Can Learn from Regionalism
European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 8, No. 14, 2004
Competences, international agreements, transparency, international trade, common commercial policy, trade policy, accountability, institutions, European Commission, European Parliament, Council of Ministers, WTO, political science, law
Comparative Analysis of NAFTA's Chapter 20 and the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding
Transnational Dispute Management, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1-25, September 2011, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 94/2011
Mapping the International and European Governance of Renewable Energy
Oxford Yearbook of European Law, 2016 special issue Beyond Pluralism? Co-Implication, Embeddedness and Interdependency between Public International Law and EU Law, pp. 1-46, doi: 10.1093/yel/yew022, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 237/2016, King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2016-32
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 25 Jul 2016 Last Revised: 03 Dec 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Stephen Minas
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Peking University - Peking University School of Transnational Law
renewable energy governance, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, sustainable development goals, multilateral development banks, economic development, international trade, EU renewable energy legislation, IRENA, IEA
On Climate Migration and International Trade
Vienna Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 6, No. 3-4, pp. 410-440, 2012, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 124/2012
climate migration, international trade, climate change adaptation, international legal obligations, public morals, WTO general exceptions
Review of International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, pp. 1-4, October 2010
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 15 Oct 2010 Last Revised: 05 Nov 2014
International Energy Law, Energy Investment Disputes, Investor-State Disputes, Investment Stability, Arbitration, International Investment Law
Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Energy Trade Governance
Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6(1), pp. 38-87, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 188/2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Costantino Grasso and Juan Alemany Rios
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Coventry University and Queen Mary, University of London
Multilateral energy trade governance; regional energy trade governance; Energy Charter Treaty; MERCOSUR; ASEAN; EU energy trade governance; WTO; IRENA; raw materials; natural resources; shale gas.
International Energy Governance: Selected Legal Issues
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE: SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Andrew Filis
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary, University of London
global energy governance; energy security; international and EU energy law and governance; trade and energy; energy and law of the sea; renewable energy in the WTO and EU; energy, trade and environment.
Introduction: The European Energy Union: The Quest for Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy
The European Energy Union: The Quest for Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy, Claeys & Casteels Publishing, 2016
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 15 Feb 2016
EU Energy Union; energy security; TTIP; decarbonization; Paris Agreement on climate change; EU ETS; Southern Gas Corridor
Mega-Regionals and Sustainable Development: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 4, 2015, pp. 248-264
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Trans-Pacific Partnership, mega-regionals, sustainable development, energy, trade and investment, energy security, energy efficiency, trade in raw materials and natural resources
How Can the EU Diversify its Energy Supply to Improve its Energy Security?
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 30 Jan 2015 Last Revised: 04 May 2015
single EU energy market; energy supply; liquefied natural gas; renewable energy; Southern Gas Corridor; Nabucco pipeline; Trans-Anatolian pipeline; Trans-Adriatic pipeline; International Energy Charter; Energy Charter Treaty
Towards the Multilateralization of International Investment Law
Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 865-919, 2009
multilateralization, international investment law, foreign direct investment, World Trade Organization, multilateral framework for investment, Multilateral Agreement on Investment
Climate Change and International Trade
R. Leal-Arcas, CLIMATE CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2013
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 13 Feb 2013 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2013
climate change mitigation, international trade, multilayered governance, climate migration, trade and environment, EU emissions trading scheme, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, Bali Action Plan, Copenhagen Accord, Durban Platform, Cancun Agreements, CDM, Montreal Protocol, RTAs and climate change
Energy Trade as a Special Sector in the WTO: Unique Features, Unprecedented Challenges and Unresolved Issues
Indian Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 6, pp. 1-53, 2014, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 176/2014
international trade in energy, GATT/WTO law, energy-rich countries, international trade law
EU Legal Personality in Foreign Policy?
Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 165-212, 2006
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 26 Jul 2007 Last Revised: 10 Jan 2010
European Union, legal personality, European Community, foreign policy
Unconventional Energy Sources and EU Energy Security: A Legal, Economic and Political Analysis
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 1-37, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 181/2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Jan Schmitz
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and European Commission, Trade Relations with the United States
International trade in energy law; EU energy policy; energy security; unconventional sources of fossil fuel; shale gas; geopolitics; OPEC
Climate Change Mitigation from the Bottom Up: Using Preferential Trade Agreements to Promote Climate Change Mitigation
Carbon and Climate Law Rev, Vol. 7(1), pp. 34-42, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 150/2013
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 07 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 10 Feb 2014
Climate change mitigation,Preferential trade agreements,Trade,International trading system,Trade liberalization,Economic growth,Environmental protection,Subsidies,Sustainable development,Greenhouse gas,Trans-Pacific Partnership,Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,Economic partnership agre
Trade Proposals for Climate Action
Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 11-54, 2014, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 173/2014
climate change mitigation; preferential trade agreements; energy trade; renewable energy; green energy governance; renewable subsidies; GATT Article XX; Emissions Trading Scheme; eco-labelling; global carbon market
China's Attitude to Multilateralism in International Economic Law and Governance: Challenges for the World Trading System
Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 259-273, 2010 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 51/2010
EU Relations with China and Russia: How to Approach New Superpowers in Trade Matters
Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 22-52, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 6/2009
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 22 Jan 2009 Last Revised: 04 Feb 2009
EU, international trade, Russia, China, energy security
The European Union and the BRIC Countries: Unilateralism, Bilateralism and Multilateralism
THE EU IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY, pp. 91-118, Finn. Laursen, ed., PIE Peter Lang, 2009
EU, BRIC countries, unilateralism, bilateralism, regionalism, multilateralism
Unitary Character of EC External Trade Relations
Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 7.3, Fall 2001, pp. 355-383
EC external trade relations, international agreements, single voice, shared competence
The Energy Community and the Energy Charter Treaty: Special Legal Regimes, their Systemic Relationship to the EU, and their Dispute Settlement Arrangements
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 1-42, 2014
Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Community, European Union, EU energy security, EU energy policy, dispute settlement, normative conflicts, fragmentation of international law, meta-norms, treaty interpretation
Choice of Jurisdiction in International Trade Disputes: Going Regional or Global?
Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, pp. 1-59, 2007
international trade disputes, NAFTA, WTO
EU-China Trade Relations: Current Difficulties and Ways to Improve Them
International Security Forum, April 2010
European Union, China, International Trade, EU-China Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
The Transition Towards Decarbonization: A Legal and Policy Exploration of the European Union
decarbonization, Paris Agreement on Climate Change, EU emissions trading scheme, aviation, shipping
The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Energy and Divestment
Van de Graaf, T. et al., Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy, Palgrave, 2016 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 213/2016
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 06 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Costantino Grasso
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Coventry University
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; energy; raw materials; natural resources; divestment; shale gas
The Fragmentation of International Trade Law: Is Now the Time for Variable Geometry?
The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 145-195, 2011
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 28 Mar 2011 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2011
fragmentation, international trade law, multilateralism, plurilateralism, regionalism, bilateralism, unilateralism, variable geometry, sectoral agreements
The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas
Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 345-416, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23/2009
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 13 Feb 2009 Last Revised: 25 Jun 2009
European Union, BRIC countries, unilateralism, bilateralism/regionalism, multilateralism, global economic governance
Conceptualizing EU Energy Security Through an EU Constitutional Law Perspective
Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 36, pp. 1224-1300, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 148/2013
Number of pages: 77 Posted: 14 May 2013 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2013
EU energy security, EU energy policy, Treaty of Lisbon, common EU energy security policy, Internal Energy Market; Energy Community, shale gas, EU Emissions Trading System, energy transit
Review of 'Free Movement of Goods and Limits of Regulatory Autonomy in the EU and WTO'
European Law Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 508-510, 2010
EU, WTO, free movement of goods
Energy Transit Activities: Collection of Intergovernmental Agreements on Oil and Gas Transit Pipelines and Commentary
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Mariya Peykova
Energy transit; Energy Charter Conference; Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Charter Draft Transit Protocol; Model Inter-Governmental and Host Government Agreements; Nabucco pipeline; South Caucasus pipeline; BTC pipeline; TAPI pipeline; Kirkuk Agreement
Prosumers: New Actors in EU Energy Security
Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2017, Vol. 48, Chapter 5, pp. 139-172, TMC Asser Press, 2018;
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Feja Lesniewska and Filippos Proedrou
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and University of South Wales
The European Community and the International Trading System: A Judicial Approach
International Relations Journal, Vol. 22, No.1, pp. 47-54, Fall 2002
WTO agreement, European Court of Justice, EC external trade relations, GATT, WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding
Certain Legal Aspects of the Multilateral Trade System and the Promotion of Renewable Energy
Lim, C.L. and Mercurio, B. (eds.) International Economic Law after the Crisis: A Tale of Fragmented Disciplines, Cambridge University Press, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 166/2014
World Trade Organization; renewable energy; subsidies; environmental protection; feed-in tariffs; wind power; biodiesels
Smart Grids in the European Union: Assessing Energy Security, Regulation & Social and Ethical Considerations
Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 291-389 (2018)
smart grids; prosumers; sustainability; energy security; demand response; electricity storage; collaborative economy; circular economy; cybersecurity; data protection
The EU Constitutional Treaty and International Trade
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE EU'S CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY, F. Laursen, pp. 25-50, Brill/Nijhoff, Leiden, 2008
EU Constitution, international trade, efficiency, accountability, democratic deficit
Research Handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy (Introduction)
Research Handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Jan Wouters
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and KU Leuven - Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies
EU energy policy; European energy union; Energy Charter Treaty; global energy security; electricity; Paris Agreement; energy and environment
Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EC EXTERNAL TRADE LAW AND POLICY, Cameron May, 2008
European Community, international trade agreements, services trade, Common Commercial Policy, mixed agreements, Doha Round, European Union
The Resilience of the Paris Agreement: Negotiating and Implementing the Climate Regime
Georgetown Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31.1, pp. 1-64, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 284/2018;
Number of pages: 64 Posted: 28 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 26 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Antonio Morelli
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and American University - Washington College of Law
Paris Agreement, climate change, international trade
The Energy Community, the Energy Charter Treaty and the Promotion of EU Energy Security
Buschle, D. and Talus, K. (eds.) The Energy Community: A New Energy Governance System, Intersentia, pp. 551-589, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 203/2015
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 04 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 08 Feb 2016
Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Community, European Union, EU energy security
The Principle of Proportionality in International Law
NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper No 2012/38
Thomas Cottier, Roberto Echandi, Rafael Leal-Arcas, Rachel G. Liechti-McKee, Tetyana Payosova and Charlotte Sieber-Gasser
University of Bern - Institute of European and International Economic Law, University of Bern - World Trade Institute, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Institute for European and International Law, WTI/NCCR Trade and University of Lucerne
proportionality, use of force, maritime boundary delimitation, WTO, GATT, GATS, investment law
The Resumption of the Doha Round and the Future of Services Trade
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 339-461, 2007
Number of pages: 123 Posted: 14 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Doha round, services trade, Lisbon Treaty
50 Years of Trade Policy: Good Enough or as Good as it Gets?
Irish Journal of European Law, Vol. 15, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 157-182, 2008, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13/2009
EC trade competence, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty, Lisbon Treaty
The EC in GATT/WTO Negotiations: From Rome to Nice - Have EC Trade Policy Reforms Been Good Enough for a Coherent EC Trade Policy in the WTO?
EIoP, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2004
Common commercial policy, competences, international agreements, trade policy, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty, European Convention, law
The State of Play of the EC's Common Commercial Policy: A Legal and Policy Analysis
Tilburg Foreign Law Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 537-559, 2003
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 01 Jul 2004 Last Revised: 16 Feb 2018
international trade, EC common commercial policy, Nice Treaty, European Convention, Article 133 EC
How Governing International Trade in Energy Can Enhance EU Energy Security
Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 202-219, 2015
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 14 Oct 2015 Last Revised: 02 Nov 2015
energy security, international trade in energy, EU energy policy
Three Thoughts on Brexit
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 25 Nov 2016 Last Revised: 23 Dec 2016
Brexit, Frexit, Article 50 TEU, free-trade agreement, European Economic Area, European Free Trade Association, World Trade Organization, customs union, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
The EU Institutions and Their Modus Operandi in the World Trading System
Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 12.1, pp. 125-197, Winter 2005/2006
negotiation, conclusion, ratification, judicial enforcement of international trade agreements
A New Era in Global Economic Governance
International Security Forum, 2009
global economic governance, G-20, G-7, multipolarity, rise of regionalism
Will EU Member States Play Any Role at the WTO After the EU Reform Treaty?
Vienna Online Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 75-90, 2007
WTO, EU Member States, Reform Treaty, federation
New Frontiers of International Economic Law: The Quest for Sustainable Development
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Vol. 40.1, pp. 83-133, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 276/2018
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 19 Mar 2018 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2019
international trade agreements, climate change mitigation, energy security, sustainable energy, international cooperation, decarbonization, sustainable development, citizens' empowerment
Renewables, Preferential Trade Agreements and EU Energy Security
Laws, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 472-514, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 208/2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Valentina Caruso and Raphaela Leupuscek
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies (CCLS) and Queen Mary, University of London
renewable energy; preferential trade agreements; energy security; EU; Energy Community; climate change
The Climate-Energy-Trade Nexus in EU External Relations
Minas, S. and Ntousas, V. (eds.) EU Climate Diplomacy: Politics, Law and Negotiations, Routledge, pp. 153-168, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 261/2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Eduardo Alvarez Armas
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies
climate change, energy, EU free-trade agreements, environmental agreements
China's Economic Rise and Regional Trade
APEC AND THE RISE OF CHINA, pp. 93-120, L. Ho and J. Wong, eds., World Scientific, 2011
global economic power, multilateral trade, regionalism, regional trade, WTO, East Asian Free Trade Area, Doha Round, accession to the WTO, China, status as developing country, role in Doha Round, attitude to multilateralism
Is EC Trade Policy Up to Par?: A Legal Analysis over Time - Rome, Marrakesh, Amsterdam, Nice, and the Constitutional Treaty
Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 305-399, Spring 2007
European Community trade policy, WTO, international trade
Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty (Introduction)
Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty (2018)
Energy Charter Treaty, international energy law and policy, energy security, energy investment, energy trade, energy dispute settlement
Polycephalous Anatomy of the EC in the WTO: An Analysis of Law and Practice
Florida Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 569-670, 2007
European Community, WTO, allocation of competences, mixed agreements, duty of cooperation
Solutions for Sustainability: How the International Trade, Energy and Climate Change Regimes Can Help (Table of Contents and Chapter 1)
SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: HOW THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENERGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE REGIMES CAN HELP, Springer Nature, 2019; ISBN 978-3-030-23932-9
international trade, climate change mitigation, sustainable energy, sustainability
Is Lisbon the Answer or the Anathema to EC Trade Law and Policy?
THE DYNAMICS OF TRADE LAW AND ECONOMICS, S. Kierkegaard, ed., International Association of IT Lawyers, pp. 138-158, 2008
Lisbon Treaty, trust, collective action, democratic deficit
The Contribution of Free Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties to a Sustainable Future
Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien – ZEuS, Vol. 23, Issue 1/2020, pp. 3-76.
Number of pages: 74 Posted: 16 Dec 2019 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Marek Anderle, Filipa Santos, Luuk Uilenbroek and Hannah Schragmann
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Copenhagen Business School - Department of International Business and Politics
Energy Transit: Intergovernmental Agreements on Oil and Gas Transit Pipelines
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariya Peykova, Tathagata Choudhury and Malakee Makhoul
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London, Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co and Queen Mary, University of London
The Reception of European Community Law in Spain
Hanse Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-21, 2005
EC law, Spanish constitution, Spanish constitutional court, fundamental human rights
On China's Economic Rise: Multilateral versus Regional Attitudes in Trade Agreements and the PCA with the EU
Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, Vol. 27, pp. 12-42, 2011
global economic superpower, multilateral trade, regional trade, East Asian Free Trade Area, WTO, EU-China trade
The Role of the European Union and China in Global Climate Change Negotiations: A Critical Analysis
Journal of European Integration History, Vol. 18, pp. 67-81, 2012
global climate change negotiations, China, European Union, aviation, EU emissions trading scheme
Decarbonizing the Energy Sector
Journal of Animal and Natural Resource Law, Vol. XV, pp. 173-271, 2019, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 309/2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariya Peykova, Victoria Nalule and Pinar Kara
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Law
United We Stand, Divided We Fall - the European Community and its Member States in the WTO Forum: Towards a Common Position on Issues of Shared Competence
European Political Economy Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 65-79, Spring 2003
mixed agreements, EC external trade relations, WTO, shared competence
Doha Negotiations on Services Trade: Consequences of the Nice Treaty Reform and the Constitutional Treaty
Federal Trust for Education and Research Online Paper No. 22/04
Doha negotiations, trade in services, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty
The GATS in the Doha Round: A European Perspective
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND TRADE IN SERVICES, Alexander, K. & Andenas, M., eds., pp. 9-104, Brill/Nijhoff, 2008
GATS, Doha Round, international trade in services, Lisbon Treaty, EU, EC, mixed agreements
Introduction: Energy Security, Trade and the EU: Regional and International Perspectives
Energy Security, Trade and the EU: Regional and International Perspectives, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2016
energy security, international trade, European Union, energy trade governance, energy transit, unconventional fossil fuel sources, renewables, preferential trade agreements, European Energy Union
Certain Normative Aspects of the Institutional Architecture of Global Energy Governance
Boulle, L., Laryea, E. and Sucker, F. (eds.) International Economic Law and African Development, Siber Ink, 2014, pp. 27-60
global energy governance, international cooperation in energy, energy supply and consumption, trade in energy, energy investment, energy security
Climate Clubs and International Trade across the European and International Landscape
European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 72-88, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 331/2020
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 04 Mar 2020 Last Revised: 09 Jul 2020
climate action, renewable energy, sustainability, storage, clean energy, technology, innovation, climate clubs, international trade
Towards Sustainability in Trade, Energy and Climate
Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-30, 2020
international trade, climate change, energy, sustainability
Designing International Trade in Energy Governance for EU Energy Security
Heffron, R. and Little, G. (eds.) Delivering Energy Law and Policy in the EU and the US: A Reader, Edinburgh University Press, 2016, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 197/2015
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 22 May 2015 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2016
international trade in energy governance; sovereignty over natural resources; energy security; energy supply; energy diversification; renewable energy
Inter-State Cooperation in Energy Transit
UNU-CRIS Working Paper W-2015/2, 2015, pp. 1-23
global energy governance, fragmentation of the global energy governance regime, energy transit, Energy Charter Conference, WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN, EU
Ramifications of GATS Mode 4 for European Union-India Trade Relations
European Union, India, international trade, temporary migration, GATS Mode 4
The Significance of the Nice Treaty and Constitutional Treaty in Relation to Services Trade in the Doha Round Framework
International Relations and Politics Online Quarterly, No. 1, pp. 62-83, March 2005
GATS, Doha Round, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty, mixed agreements
The Transition to Decentralized Energy: Challenges, Opportunities and Progress
University of Puerto Rico Business Law Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 1-70, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 310/2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Stanislava Boskovic and Muhammad Syed Abubakr Karimabadi
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
decentralized energy, demand response, electric vehicles, deregulation, smart meters, smart grids
Business Models for Decentralized Energy
Rafael Leal-Arcas, George Thanos, Michalis Kanakakis, Gemma Fearnley and Juan Alemany Rios
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens University of Economics and Business, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
Towards a Carbon-Free, Decentralized, and Democratized System of Energy Generation
Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol. 35, Issue 2, pp. 133-202, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 319/2019
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 29 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 03 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andrew Filis, Mariya Peykova and Marius Greger
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London
A Look at Services Trade: Implications of the Doha Talks Suspension and Resumption
ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, J. Chaisse & T. Balmelli, eds., Vol. 1, Editions Interuniversitaires Suisses, pp. 99-134, 2008
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 19 Feb 2008 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2014
services trade, Doha Round, WTO
Linking the European Union to the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Community
Energy Charter Knowledge Centre Review, Issue 3, May/June 2014, pp. 16-19, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 178/2014
Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Community; European Union; EU energy security
Reflections on EU International Trade Law: An Introspective View
Frontiers of Law in China, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-20, 2012, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 101/2012
Energy Decentralization in the European Union
Georgetown Environmental Law Review, Vol. 32.1, 2019, Forthcoming, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 307/2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Nelson Akondo
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
Review of The WTO and the Environment: Development of Competence Beyond Trade
Carbon and Climate Law Review, Vol. 7(4), 2013, pp. 310-312
Number of pages: 3 Posted: 20 Mar 2014 Last Revised: 10 May 2014
trade and the environment, WTO, conservation or protection of the environment, GATT Article XX(g), Committee on Trade and Environment
China's Attitude to Multilateralism in International Economic Law and Governance (in Chinese)
ENGLISH SCHOOL THEORY AND INTERNATIONAL HISTORY STUDIES, pp. 194-214, D. Liu, ed., Peking University Press, 2011
WTO, FTAs, trade, China, global economic superpower
A Paradigm Shift in the Governance of Sustainable Development: Citizens' Empowerment
International markets regulation and the erosion of the European political and social model, Thomson Reuters, 2019
energy transition, climate action, international trade, sustainable development, empowering citizens
Bridging the Gap in the Doha Talks: A Look at Services Trade
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TRADE: BRIDGING THE EAST-WEST DIVIDE, S. Kierkegaard, ed., International Association of IT Lawyers, 2007
Doha Round, services trade, liberalization, WTO, commitments
Services as Key for the Conclusion of the Doha Round
Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 301-321, 2008
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 29 Oct 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
GATS, services trade, Doha Round, request/offer, EC
The European Union Vis-a-Vis Brazil and India: Future Avenues in Selected Trade Policy Areas
International Journal of Private Law, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 109-134, 2009
Brazil, India, trade, agriculture, temporary migration, European Union
Towards Energy Democratization
Colorado Natural Resources, Energy, and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 1-83, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 308/2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Marius Greger and Hanna Knigge
A Bottom-Up Approach for Climate Change: The Trade Experience
Asian Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 1-54, 2011
bottom-up approach for climate change, climate-based RTAs, variable geometry, flexible approach
Of International Trade, Climate Change, Investment and a Prosperous Future
Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2020 (forthcoming); Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 336/2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Samuel BALZANO, Jakkrit Deethae, Tanvir Rai Singh and Kristina Skybova
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN and affiliation not provided to SSRN
international trade, climate change, bilateral investment treaties, technology
Energy Trade in the MENA Region: Looking Beyond the Pan-Arab Electricity Market
Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp. 520-549, Oxford University Press, 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Nelson Akondo and Juan Alemany Rios
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
Energy Trade, MENA Region, Electricity Trade, Gas Trade, Energy Sustainability, Clean Energy, Regional Trade Agreements
Linking Energy and Climate Change
Outreach, pp. 4, 28 November 2012
climate change mitigation, energy, fossil fuels, renewable energy
EU Energy Law and Policy: The External Dimension (Introduction)
EU Energy Law and Policy: The external dimension, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN-13: 978-9975-3417-5-2.
energy law and policy of the European Union, Energy Community, Gulf Cooperation Council, Energy Charter Treaty
Working Together: How to Make Trade Contribute to Climate Action
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Information Note No. 18, pp. 1-8, Geneva, November 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 159/2013
climate action, regional trade agreements, climate change mitigation, emissions trading scheme, energy trade, sustainable development, renewable energy, aviation, shipping, WTO
Re-Thinking Global Climate Change: A Local, Bottom-Up Perspective
Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 4-20, 2018
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 23 Apr 2019
clean energy, energy transition, behavioral economics, prosumers, climate change
The GATS and Temporary Migration Policy
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW AND NATIONAL AUTONOMY, pp. 193-215, M. Lewis & S. Frankel, eds., Cambridge University Press, 2010
GATS, Mode 4, Temporary Migration Policy, Domestic Regulation, Knowledge-Based Society, Highly-Skilled Workers
The EU and Brazil: Trading Partners in Different Fora
The Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 8, No. 11, pp. 1-12, June 2008
Brazil, European Union, international trade, unilateralism, bilateralism/regionalism, multilateralism
Natural Gas, US Shale Dynamics and Energy Security: A View from the European Union
Published in Raszewski, S. (ed.) The International Political Economy of Oil and Gas: Governing the Resources in Changing Contexts, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 73-86, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 265/2017
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 26 Nov 2017 Last Revised: 18 Jan 2018
Gas Exporting Countries Forum, Natural Gas, Shale Gas Revolution, Liquefied Natural Gas, Energy Security, Energy Supply
Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuel in the European Union and China: Perspectives on Trade, Climate Change and Energy Security
published as R. Leal-Arcas, "Unconventional sources of fossil fuel in the European Union and China: Perspectives on trade, climate change and energy security," in Hefele, P., Palocz-Andresen, M., Rech, M. and Kohler, J.-H. (eds.) Climate and Energy Protection in the EU and China, Cham: Switzerland, , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 288/2018
unconventional sources of fossil fuel, natural gas, geopolitics, energy security, climate change, international trade
Review of 'EU Foreign Relations Law: Constitutional Fundamentals' (Oxford and Portland, Hart, 2008)
Number of pages: 2 Posted: 04 Jan 2010 Last Revised: 15 Oct 2010
EU foreign relations law, Constitutional Treaty, Lisbon Treaty, cross-pillarisation of EU policies
Regulation, Innovation, and Technology for 21st Century Energy Goals
Journal of Law and Cyber Warfare, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 30-107, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 312/2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Gemma Fearnley and Chana Gluck
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London
Geoengineering a Future for Humankind: Some Technical and Ethical Considerations
Carbon and Climate Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 128-148, 2012
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 19 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 17 Jul 2014
geoengineering, climate change mitigation, trade and geoengineering, governance
Smart Grids as a Way to Democratize Energy
Yale Journal of International Affairs, 2020
smart grids, energy decentralization, energy democratization
Aiming At Sustainable Trade in the Context of the Rule of Law: What Role for Citizens and How International Trade Can Help Reduce Fossil-Fuel Consumption
Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2019, pp. 193-238, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Danai Papadea and Rosie Richardson
Towards a New Climate Change Agreement Post-2015
Energy Decentralization and Decarbonization: The Case of Romania and Malta
Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 1, pp. 117-166, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 320/2019
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 29 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 07 Apr 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andrew Filis and Victoria Nalule
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London
energy decentralization and decarbonization, electricity sector, smart grids, smart meters
Small is Beautiful: Why a Club Approach is the Way to Go in Climate Change Mitigation
Leal, W. and Surroop, D. (eds.) The Nexus: Energy, environment and climate change, Springer, pp. 305-317; ISBN: 978-3-319-63611-5 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 264/2017
Bottom-Up Approach to Climate Change Mitigation, Major Economies Forum, Variable Geometry
Climate Change Mitigation Law and Policy of the BRICs
forthcoming in Leonie Reins and Jonathan Verschuuren (eds.), Research Handbook on Climate Change Mitigation Law, 2nd edition, Edward Elgar Publishing 2021; Queen Mary University of London, School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 342/2020, pp. 1-60
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariam Al Zarkani, Lina Jbara, Marianna Margaritidou and Ruqaya Mohamed Mubwana
climate change mitigation, BRICs
University Initiatives in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (Table of Contents)
UNIVERSITY INITIATIVES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION, Springer, 2018
Walter Leal Filho and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW) and Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation
The EU and China in a New World Order: Challenges Ahead
EUCROSS Jean Monnet network Working Paper, July 2019, pp. 1-20
European Union, China, trade, global economic governance
Electrifying the Energy Sector: The Case of Slovakia and the Czech Republic
Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 329/2020, Kentucky Journal of Equine, Agriculture, & Natural Resources Law, Vol. 12, 2020, Forthcoming
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Brian Burstein and Maria Mattera
Exploring Energy Decentralization: The Promotion of Electric Vehicles and Storage
Financing the Energy Transition: Status and Future Challenges, European Energy Publications, Athens: Eurasia Publications, pp. 25-50, 2020
energy decentralization, electric vehicles, storage
EU Trade Law (Introduction)
EU TRADE LAW, Elgar European Law Series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2019; ISBN: 978 1 78897 740 1
The EU in the GATT/WTO; Treaty of Lisbon; mixed agreements; efficiency v accountability; international trade agreements
Energy, Electricity and Smart Grids in Latvia and Portugal – Developments and Concerns
(Forthcoming) Kentucky Journal of Equine, Agriculture, & Natural Resources Law, Vol. 12, 2020 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 330/2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Filipa Santos and Danai Papadea
Promoting Access to Modern Energy Sources in Small Island Developing States
OUTREACH, Stakeholderforum, p. 8, August 2014
energy security, energy access, energy equality, modern energy sources, small island developing states
Review of External Economic Relations and Foreign Policy in the European Union
European Law Books, 2005
Number of pages: 2 Posted: 12 Sep 2011 Last Revised: 17 May 2013
EU division of competences, EU external economic relations law, EU foreign policy
Cidadãos no centro da transição energética: Um novo modelo de governança (Citizens at the Center of the Energy Transition: A New Governance Model)
Environmental Law and Economics, Thomson Reuters, 2019, pp. 231-244
behavioral economic analysis, clean energy, prosumers, smart cities
The Future of International Economic Law and the Rule of Law
The Future of International Economic Law and the Rule of Law, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN: 978-1-952751-75-2
international economic law, rule of law, WTO, sustainable trade, sustainable development, international investment arbitration, Belt and Road Initiative, carbon border adjustments
Power to the People: From Top-Down to Bottom-Up Approaches
in Esty, D. and S. Biniaz (eds.) Cool Heads in a Warming World: How Trade Policy Can Help Fight Climate Change, pp. 257-280, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, 2020
trade; climate mitigation; green economic growth; sustainable energy; citizens' empowerment
The Great Energy Transition in the European Union, Volume 1
The Great Energy Transition in the European Union, Volume 1, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN-13: 978-9975-3417-1-4.
energy decentralization, energy transition, democratization, decarbonization, deregulation, digitalization
Multilateral and Bilateral Energy Investment Treaties
Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, Springer 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Victoria Nalule
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London
bilateral energy investment treaties; multilateral energy investment treaties
Environment-led Conditionality in the EU's and US's Generalized System of Preferences
Forthcoming in P. Delimatsis and L. Reins (eds.) Encyclopedia on Trade and Environmental Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 335/2020
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 30 Jun 2020 Last Revised: 04 Jan 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Saana Saveljeff
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Generalized system of preferences, anti-globalism, imports, MFN principle, trade in goods, environmental provisions
International Trade, Investment and the Rule of Law (Table of Contents and Introduction)
INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT AND THE RULE OF LAW, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN-10: 9975307191; ISBN-13: 978-9975307192
Rule of Law, international trade law, investment law and policy, energy and finance, corporate social responsibility
Energy Transit in the Caucasus: A Legal Analysis
Caucasus International Vol. 6 • No: 2 • Winter 2016
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the South Caucasus Pipeline, Nabucco Pipeline project, Energy Charter Model Agreements on Cross-border Pipelines, Energy Charter draft Transit Protocol
Paving the Way to the Paris COP21
OUTREACH, Stekeholderforum, December 2014
Climate Diplomacy, GHG Emissions, Paris Agreement, COP21
Proposing a Global Emissions Trading Scheme: The Inclusion of Aviation and Shipping
OUTREACH, Stakeholderforum, 2013
Global Emissions Trading Scheme; Aviation; Shipping
Ways to Ensure the Unitary Character in the External Trade Relations of the European Community on Issues of Mixed Competence between the European Community and Its Member States
ProQuest LLC (2014)
EU external trade relations, EU trade agreements, WTO, mixed agreements, EU institutions
China and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Journal of Global Policy and Governance, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 287-304, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 165/2013
Posted: 02 Nov 2013 Last Revised: 17 Dec 2013
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; free trade agreements; bilateral trade; regional trade; World Trade Organization
Climate Migrants: Legal Options
Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 37, pp. 86-96, 2012
Posted: 24 Apr 2012 Last Revised: 16 May 2012
climate change adaptation, climate change, climate migration, cross-border migration, refugee law
Geoengineering the Climate: An Overview
Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 1-15, March 2012
geoengineering, climate change mitigation, greenhouse gases, low-carbon energy alternatives, shortwave radiation management
Review of 'External Economic Relations and Foreign Policy in the European Union'
European Law Books, November 2005
Posted: 20 Apr 2006
External Economic Relations, Foreign Policy, European Union
Book Review: Transnational Gas Markets and Euro-Russian Energy Relations by A.V. Belyi
Oil, Gas & Energy Law (OGEL) Journal, April 2016
Number of pages: 2 Posted: 26 Apr 2016 Last Revised: 27 Apr 2016
transnational gas markets, Euro-Russian energy relations


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COVID-19 Exposes Stark Inequalities Across U.S. As Thousands Struggle Daily To Find Food
'It's not only poor people standing in food lines, or going to food pantries and soup kitchens. Now you have the middle class and businesses that are suffering, too,' one organizer said.
Volunteers distribute food during a drive-thru event on April 9, 2020 in Orlando, Florida.
Elizabeth Brico May 07, 2020
In Santa Cruz, California, it has become common to see people lined down the block, waiting to be served a hot lunch. They stay six feet apart, in couples or alone, helped by blue chalk directives on the sidewalk that read "stand here." To their left, the Pacific Ocean glitters in the midday sun, and their right is flanked by hillocks lush with evergreens. But even the idyllic scenery can't hide the urgent need driving them to gather during a pandemic—these people are hungry and have very few other options for nourishment now that crucial county and nonprofit services have limited their hours or shuttered completely in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
The number of people experiencing food insecurity is expected to surge globally and nationally by the end of 2020 because of the coronavirus pandemic. Before the pandemic, more than 37 million people in the U.S. struggled to stay fed. Now, massive increases in unemployment, coupled with school closures and more people staying—and eating—at home, are creating an outbreak of need that government and nonprofit food aid programs are struggling to meet. Even with offerings like "pandemic EBT," which helps offset the lack of school lunches for children whose schools have closed, food lines are becoming an increasingly common sight. For many, this is the first time they have relied on emergency food assistance.
"[The pandemic is] exposing the inequities of this food system. Now it's not only poor people standing in food lines, or going to food pantries and soup kitchens. Now you have the middle class and businesses that are suffering, too," said Karen Washington, a food activist in New York City and co-founder of Black Urban Growers, an organization that supports Black urban and rural farmers.
"As this pandemic has continued to evolve, we are experiencing individuals who are navigating the human services realm for the first time," explained Jason Lecuyer, director of special events for Schenectady County and a member of the Schenectady County COVID-19 Emergency Response Coalition, a partnership between local government, nonprofits, community businesses, and individuals. In March, the coalition developed a centralized hotline, headquartered at the local Boys and Girls Club, where county residents in need can call to get free food delivered directly to their homes, in addition to other critical services. Since they began on March 25, Lecuyer reported that they have distributed 9,548 food bags packed with items like fresh produce, poultry, and whole grains.
But for the most in need, supply scarcities and limitations on gatherings have worsened a food crisis that existed long before COVID-19.
In Santa Cruz, a volunteer-run, vegan food justice movement called Food Not Bombs is responsible for feeding the line, which is composed mostly of people experiencing homelessness. Co-founder Keith McHenry has been working to provide food since a statewide shelter-in-place order was initiated in California in mid-March. At the same time, other local food sites shut down due to restrictions on indoor gatherings. Ryan Strait, a veteran who lives outdoors with his son and has been experiencing symptoms consistent with COVID-19, said that without Food Not Bombs, he wouldn't be eating at all.
"There are food pantries, but they are super nervous about being fined for touching people," said Strait, who described being rejected from various food distribution sites because of his cough. "Food Not Bombs has really stepped up. They went from [providing hot meals] two times a week to seven times a week. They greatly increased the scope of what they are doing to make up for the lost food elsewhere."
In other parts of the country, members of the most underserved communities are reporting similar dissatisfaction with the response from local government or nonprofit food charities, many of which are buckling under the increased demand, struggling to find creative solutions to new infection control mandates, or are simply unable to overcome historical inequities entrenched in the food distribution systems. In their stead, mutual aid and other grassroots level entities are stepping up to help those whom conventional hunger relief sources are leaving behind.
"A family I know in the Bronx went to a food pantry … [and] said they were turned away because they brought their daughters, but they didn't have masks," said Creighton Leigh, founder of Voix Noire, a grassroots group that directs resources primarily to Black women and people with marginalized gender identities. Others, Leigh said, have struggled to physically get to food distribution locations or have found the experience of requesting aid from organizations "dehumanizing." As a result, Voix Noire has seen a sharp rise in requests for aid—and in donations. "We have dispersed close to $50,000 in the past 10 weeks, and I don't think we did that last year total," said Leigh.
"The community is going to save itself. We can't depend on the government or some organization to save us," said Marilyn Reyes, co-chair of the Peer Network of New York. Twice a week, she and other peer volunteers hit the Bronx loaded with sandwiches, hygiene products, and harm reduction supplies to serve people experiencing homelessness, who use drugs, and other hungry community members. "Technically, I could give them access to [food] pantries and stuff, but the lines are tremendous, and for them to travel around—they don't have the money, and they don't have nowhere to store the food."
Experts say that increasing Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefit amounts and accessibility will do more to reduce hunger than any emergency food effort can. "One of the priorities FRAC and Feeding America and other leading anti-hunger groups are pushing for in the next COVID-19 relief package is increasing the SNAP maximum benefits by 15 percent," said Alex Ashbrook, director of special projects and initiatives at the Food Research & Action Center. "We have reams and reams of research showing how important SNAP is not only to the health and well-being of participants, but it's also a stimulus to the economy. Every dollar of SNAP benefits generates between $1.50 and $1.80 in economic activity."
But SNAP has limitations, too. For example, in most states it cannot currently be used to purchase food online or through a delivery app. (An online purchasing pilot program started last year has so far expanded to a dozen states, including California and New York.) For people who do not live near a grocery store, an issue that disproportionately affects tribal lands and other communities of color, accessing a retailer where SNAP benefits can be purchased is particularly risky during a pandemic.
SNAP benefits are also not available to undocumented immigrants, nor are many other types of government relief sources, like unemployment benefits, forcing them to rely on help from within their communities. Crystal Cron is delivering food during the pandemic to the Latinx community in Portland, Maine, many of whom are undocumented, through her mutual aid group, Presente! Maine. What began as a service for 50 families in mid-March has now grown to reach almost 1,000 families each week. But Cron stressed that, although the current public health and economic crises have exacerbated hunger in her community, food inequity is nothing new—and mutual aid is one of the only ways undocumented people have to combat it.
"I think we've been seeing for a long time that institutions don't have the reach that community does. We are the ones in relationship with each other on a daily basis, we are the ones sharing people's stories, and we are the ones supporting people in times of struggle," said Cron.
"If you're food insecure, your immune system can't respond well, and that makes you more susceptible to COVID. But this is a much bigger issue than COVID," said Mariana Chilton, a professor at Dornsife School of Public Health at Drexel University, and director of the Center for Hunger-Free Communities. "If you're going to [order people to shelter in place], our country … must be able to ensure people have shelter and food and clean water. It's been a massive failure on the part of our federal government and local government, and shows the weaknesses in the philanthropic world and the food assistance world."
Economic Insecurity Coronavirus COVID-19 food banks food insecurity Homelessness Income Inequality
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The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA) and Nova Scotia Business Inc. (NSBI) are organizing a multi-sector trade mission to Norway and Iceland. Companies have the option to participate in one or both of the markets.
The first part of the trade mission will take place in Norway from October 18 to 22 with the option to continue on to Iceland from October 25 to 28.
Nova Scotia companies have had success in both of these markets. Last year, ACOA and NSBI led its first trade mission to Norway and discovered that there are many business opportunities in the market. This mission is an excellent opportunity for companies to follow-up from last Spring's mission, and for new companies to explore the market.
Over the years, Nova Scotia companies have continually had success in Iceland. Although Iceland's economy experienced some challenges over the past couple of years, things are improving steadily and the country has continued to see growth in the last two quarters of this year. It is important that our province's companies continue to build on existing relationships and seek business opportunities in the Icelandic market.
Business matchmaking services: An in-market expert will set up meetings tailored to your company's specific goals and objectives with businesses.
Companies have the option to participate in one or both of the markets for a set fee of $1,000. Participants are responsible for the cost of round trip airfare, accommodation and meals.
Participants of the trade mission to Norway and/or Iceland are eligible to receive the services of the ACOA Export Mentoring program (up to $5,000 value) as part of their registration fee.
The Export Mentoring program provides participants with up to 40 hours of export mentoring consulting services. Participants will be matched with a consultant best suited to meet their needs.


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Men's Hockey: Around the Big Ten Week One
Audio/Story posted October 14, 2016 in CommRadio, Sports by Sports Staff
ComRadio's Will Desautelle, John Petrolias and Eric Ohlson tell you all you need to know about this weekend's hockey matchups around the Big Ten conference.
Hockey season is officially underway, and it should be an exciting one in the Big Ten this year. This year will be an opportunity for the conference to redeem itself after two straight years of relatively poor play outside the conference.
For the past two seasons, the Big Ten has been labeled as a "middle of the pack" conference in college hockey. As a whole, the Big Ten posted a .600 winning percentage in the 2013-2014 season, which was second best among the six conferences. However, those percentages have plummeted to .466 and .500 in each of the last two seasons, ranking in 5th and 4th among the six conferences respectively. The Big Ten will be looking to climb back into the upper echelon of college hockey this season.
Five teams will see non-conference action this week. Michigan State and Wisconsin will each play a pair of contests, with the Spartans kicking off their season at Lake Superior State in a Friday-Saturday series, while the Badgers will host No. 6 ranked Boston College on Friday and Sunday.
Michigan, Ohio State and Penn State each have one road contest this week. The Nittany Lions will face Mercyhurst on Friday in Erie, while the Wolverines will travel to Ferris State and the Buckeyes will face off against in-state rival Miami on Saturday.
Last season was a very disappointing one for Wisconsin, posting a dismal 4-26 record, including an underwhelming 2-15 record in conference play. The Badgers took a step in the right direction to start off their 2016 campaign, splitting its series against Northern Michigan. Wisconsin will look to be competitive in the Big Ten again this season, but they will have their hands full this week against Boston College. Not many people are giving them a chance against this talented Eagles team, but they will have the benefit of being at home for this series.
Michigan State finished second in the conference last season and will have a chance to start off the season strong in their opening series against Lake Superior State. The Spartans, who are unranked to start the season, will be looking to improve on their 4-10-2-nonconference record from last year.
Ohio State opened their season strongly with a win and a tie at the Ice Breaker Tournament in Denver. The Buckeyes defeated No. 3 ranked Denver 3-2 last Friday and tied Air Force 3-3 in the championship game one day later. Three players from this squad were named to the Big Ten preseason watch list. The Buckeyes enter the rankings this week at No. 19 and will have an opportunity add to their solid start to this year with a big win over Miami.
Penn State appears to be a much-improved team this year, and will look to take the next step forward in the Big Ten this season. Last week, the Nittany Lions split their series with No. 15 ranked St. Lawrence. Penn State is still unranked as of now, but received 47 votes and could sneak their way into next week's rankings with a convincing win over Mercyhurst on Friday.
Three-time Big-Ten champion Minnesota is the preseason favorite to win the league title again. The Golden Gophers had four players added to the conference preseason watch list, including two unanimous selections in Justin Kloos and Eric Schierhorn. Minnesota won their first two games comfortably, outscoring their opponents 12-3. They will play an exhibition game against the U.S. 18 and under team on Friday.
Big Ten Hockey has faltered the last couple of season and will be looking for a bounce back year. The conference boasts several talented teams and should be much improved this year. The key for the Big Ten will be to ameliorate its subpar nonconference record from the last two seasons. If the six teams in the conference can actualize this need, the Big Ten will be back among the top conferences in college hockey.
Will Desautelle is a freshman majoring in broadcast journalism. To contact him, email willdesautelle@gmail.com.
around the big ten , big ten hockey , college hockey , comradio
John Petrolias
John Petrolias is a member of the John Curley Center for Sports Journalism, and is a play-by-play broadcaster and producer for men's hockey content, as well as the host/founder of Pittsburgh Sound—Happy Valley's only Pittsburgh sports talk show. Petrolias has previously covered the men's hockey team for The Daily Collegian, covers Penn State football for PennLive.com and has interned at the Pittsburgh Penguins, Penn State Athletics/BTN Live Student U production, as well as the Allegheny Intermediate Unit's PR department in Pittsburgh. John aspires to be an on-air journalist or play-by-play broadcaster for a news/sports outlet and plans to go to law school to become a media and First Amendment attorney.
You can reach Petrolias by emailing him: .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address) or following him on Twitter @jpetrolias.
Eric Ohlson
Senior / Broadcast Journalism
Eric Ohlson is a member of ComRadio's sports and production staffs. He is majoring in Broadcast Journalism and minoring in Kinesiology and is a member of the John Curley Center for Sports Journalism. Eric has done play-by-play for Penn State lacrosse, volleyball, softball, soccer and hockey, and has served as a producer for volleyball and hockey. A big hockey fan, Eric is the current host of ComRadio's NHL talk show, "The Sin Bin." One day, Eric hopes to being doing radio or TV play-by-play for lacrosse, soccer and hockey. Outside of ComRadio, Eric is the VP of the Hands For Heroes Club and spent two years in Army ROTC. He can be reached at .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address)
WSOC: Penn State draws with Rutgers in Overtime Battle
Player Spotlight: Kevin Kerr


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Puerto Rico Open
PGA Tour: Viktor Hovland wins the Puerto Rico Open
Viktor Hovland bags the victory at the Puerto Rico Open on the PGA Tour prevailing over Josh Teater in second position.
Viktor Hovland comes away with the victory at the PGA Tour´sPuerto Rico Open. The Norwegian scored a final round of 70 at Coco Beach Golf & CC. He finishes in front of Josh Teater in second place and Kyle Stanley, Sam Ryder and Emiliano Grillo who are tied for third place. Hovland finished the Puerto Rico Open with a total score of 20 under par.
Martin Laird, currently number 321 in the world golf ranking, ends the tournament in T6. rank. The Scotsman logged a concluding round of 75 at Coco Beach Golf & CC. With a total score of -14 he is 6 strokes behind the leader after the Puerto Rico Open.
Ben Taylor condludes the tournament in . position. The Englishman registered a final round of 0 at Coco Beach Golf & CC. With a total score of 1 he finishes 21 shots behind the leader.
Brian Davis completes the tournament in . rank. The Englishman showed a final round of 0 at Coco Beach Golf & CC. With a total score of 4 he is 24 strokes behind the leader after the Puerto Rico Open.
Tom Lewis condludes the tournament in . position. The Englishman posted a closing round of 0 at Coco Beach Golf & CC. With a total score of 5 he is 25 strokes behind the leader after the Puerto Rico Open.
The Puerto Rico Open is part of the PGA Tour. The tournament is being played from February 20th until the 23rd of February 2020 at Coco Beach Golf & CC in Rio Grande. This year a total prize money of $3,000,000 will be paid to the players. The winner receives $540,000.
The Puerto Rico Open will be held at Coco Beach Golf & CC from February 20-23. The total prize money is around $3,0 million. The previous year's winner of the event was Martin Trainer.
Top-5 Leaderboard: Puerto Rico Open
1 Viktor Hovland -2 -20
2 Josh Teater -3 -19
T3 Kyle Stanley -4 -15
T3 Sam Ryder -3 -15
T3 Emiliano Grillo -2 -15
Show complete leaderboard of Puerto Rico Open
Ben Taylor
Brian Davis
Tom Lewis
Viktor Hovland
Josh Teater
Kyle Stanley
Sam Ryder
Emiliano Grillo
PGA Tour: Puerto Rico Open 2020
Coco Beach Golf & CC – Rio Grande
Prize money: $3,000,000
Defending champion: Martin Trainer