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World War II and the Holocaust
The Holocaust was the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims - six million were murdered. Roma (Gypsies), physically and mentally disabled people and Poles were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi tyranny.
The Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933. The Nazis believed that Germans were members of a biologically "superior" race threatened with extinction through the struggle for survival with "inferior" races. They saw Jews, especially, as a biological threat to the "German (Aryan) Race."
Adolf Hitler moved to extend German power in central Europe, annexing Austria and destroying Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939.
In the aftermath of the violence of the Kristallnacht pogroms, the Nazis instituted the first systematic roundups of German and Austrian Jews. They deported approximately 30,000 Jewish men to Dachau and other concentration camps after Kristallnacht.
Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, beginning World War II. Within weeks, the Polish army was defeated. Britain and France declared war on Germany in support of Poland. Under a secret pact with Germany, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland in 1939, but remained officially neutral in the war until 1941.
The Germans killed or resettled hundreds of thousands of Poles in an effort to create new living space for the "superior Germanic race." German families settled on the vacant properties. German authorities forced the Jewish population into ghettos, areas of cities where the Jews lived in horrendous squalor under German supervision.
During the next two years German forces were victorious, invading Denmark and Norway, the Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg) and France. As German troops neared Paris in June 1940, Italy - Germany's Axis partner - declared war on Britain and France.
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, annexed two eastern border provinces from Romania, and occupied the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia). Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria and, later, Finland and Croatia, allied with Germany. In Spring 1941, the Axis allies dismembered Yugoslavia and occupied Greece.
In June 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory. This battle was also an ideological battle. Following German combat units, Mobile Killing Squads (Einsatzgruppen), German Order Police Battalions, and other SS units, supported by units of the German army, slaughtered Jews and other victims in mass shootings. They killed more than 1.5 million Jewish men, women, and children, in mass shootings. German police and military authorities also killed Jews in mass shootings operations in occupied Yugoslavia and Eastern Poland.
Increasing Soviet resistance halted the German advance, preventing the Germans from capturing the key cities of Leningrad and Moscow. A second German offensive in the summer 1942 brought German forces deeper into Soviet territory to the southeast, to the Volga River and into the north Caucasus region.
As the German advance stalled in the east, Germany moved to consolidate its dominance in Europe. They also extended in 1942 the systematic killing of Jews to other territories they controlled or occupied. German SS and police officials established killing centers in German-occupied Poland, where the Jewish population was both relatively numerous and densely settled. They deported Jews there, primarily by rail, from all over German-occupied Europe. Carbon monoxide gas or Zyklon B gas (hydrogen cyanide) were the primary methods of murder.
In late 1942 and early 1943, Soviet forces counterattacked and began liberating territory from German domination. In the west, Allied forces invaded Sicily and the Italian mainland that summer. In June 1944, Allied forces landed in northern France, beginning the liberation of Western Europe. Meanwhile, from the east, Soviet forces reached Germany's eastern borders.
As the Allies forced German troops to retreat, Allied troops began to encounter tens of thousands of concentration camp prisoners. In an effort to prevent large numbers of prisoners from falling into the hands of the Allies, the Germans forced the evacuation of many camps, compelling thousands of prisoners to march into the interior of Germany. Prisoners called these forced marches "death marches."
By the spring of 1945, conditions in the remaining concentration camps exacted a terrible toll in human lives. Overcrowded, filthy, with few supplies, these camps became sites of mass death. Around half of the concentration camp population in January 1945 died before the war's end.
World War II ended in Europe with the unconditional surrender of German armed forces in May 1945. In addition to millions of other victims, Nazi Germany and its collaborators murdered close to two out of every three Jews in Europe. Hundreds of Jewish communities in Europe, some centuries old, disappeared forever in the massive crime we now call the Holocaust.
World War II Holocaust Final Solution


Essentially, future proofing is when you're deliberately pursuing upgrading your network with the latest technology in order to prolong the period of time before you have to upgrade again. To help you future proof your IT network, here are three of the latest IT technologies you should consider (today, not five or ten years from now).
One simple way to stay on top of upgrading is to use the latest operating system. Yet, this is easier said than done for businesses that have multiple workstations and don't wish to spend the money it takes to upgrade every piece of hardware in one fell swoop. Additionally, you may want to hold off on upgrading until all of your mission-critical applications have first been tested on the new system. At the same time, it would be beneficial to take advantage of the latest OS for some of your workstations, even if you can't upgrade every unit.
To make such a transition easier for organizations, Microsoft offers Windows 10 Pro licenses. The future-proof advantage of Windows 10 Pro is that it allows you to downgrade to a previous supported version, like Windows 7 or 8.1. Meanwhile, you'll have easy access to Windows 10, should you be in a place where you're ready to upgrade to it in the near future.
HDMI is today's standard for displaying high definition video, and to ensure that your high definition video needs are covered for years to come, we recommend going with HDMI 2.0 when buying new hardware.
HDMI 2.0 supports 4K resolution at 60Hz, along with a full range of audio formats. What differentiates HDMI 2.0 from the original version is its ability to display 4K. While 4K may seem a bit unnecessary in today's business environment, keep in mind that high definition displays like 4K eventually will become the norm, and if you go with HDMI 2.0 now, then you won't have to upgrade your cables to 4K in the future.
Just like a 4K display, one day, USB Type-C will be the norm and you'll have to upgrade to it. Therefore, if you're making plans now to refresh your company's technology, then you might as well go with USB Type-C so you won't have to perform a special upgrade to it in the not-too-distant future.
Of course, these are just three technologies that allow you to future-proof your IT network. When it comes down to it, almost every component has a latest version that will set you up nicely for your company's future. To have an IT professional assess your network so that you can be well prepared for the future, give Tektonic a call at (416) 256-9928.


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Editor's PicksEntertainment
MC Michelle Obama? First Lady to Release Hip-Hop Album and Music Video
Posted byBy Taylor Gordon	| August 15, 2013 CommentsComments (0)
First lady Michelle Obama is making first lady history as she prepares to release a hip-hop album and music video to help encourage kids to get into shape and adopt a healthier lifestyle.
The first lady won't be rapping or singing on the new album, but it will tie into her Let's Move! campaign that fights childhood obesity, which has become a common problem nationwide.
The album is called "Songs for a Healthier America" and is scheduled for release next month.
Hip-Hop Public Health and the Partnership for a Healthier America teamed up to help produce the anti-childhood obesity album, which will feature 19 health-inspired tracks.
While Michelle Obama's good friend Beyonce won't be lending her vocals to the album, other stars are stepping up to help out.
American Idol season six winner Jordin Sparks and a finalist from season 10, Ashthon Jones, will be featured on the first lady's album.
Hip-hop legends like Doug E. Fresh and DMC of Run DMC will also promote good health on the CD.
Other R&B ladies on the album are Ashanti, and the adorable red-head from Nickelodeon's "Victorious," Ariana Grande.
"Let's Move," "U R What You Eat," "Give Myself a Try," "Hip Hop LEAN" and "Good Living" are just a few of the songs that are included on the official tracklist.
Of course, no hip-hop album can be released without a great music video.
The first lady will be putting together a music video for the song "Everybody" in which she will briefly explain why she thinks programs like Let's Move! may be the answer to solving childhood obesity. She will also discuss new research and reveal that obesity rates have already started to decline.
Not all of the famous faces in the music video will be musicians. Television personality Dr. Oz is going to participate, although it's unclear if he'll simply be helping to explain the benefits of the program or if he'll be trying to hold his own next to Jordin Sparks.
In case you were wondering why Beyonce isn't on the album, more than likely the R&B queen is busy working on her own album that is rumored to be running far behind schedule.
That doesn't mean she hasn't still been a major part of Michelle Obama's campaign. The curvaceous megastar partnered up with the first lady back in 2011 when she danced along with kids and helped create the "Move Your Body" workout song.
Of course, considering the fact that Beyonce still outsells Michelle Obama on the newsstands the hip-hop album could have certainly used some Bey Hive magic to boost support.
Tagschildhood obesityFirst Lady Michelle Obamahealthy livingMichelle Obama
'I Wanted to Push Barack Out of the Window': Michelle Obama Talks the Difficulties of Marriage and Being a Resilient Couple
2 Chainz Partners with Michelle Obama's When We All Vote Organization to Educate Formally Incarcerated on Their Voting Rights
'Incredible Stupidity': Trump Criticizes Princeton's Removal of Woodrow Wilson's Name from School Days After Telling Black Folks to Know Their History

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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"Jimmy Recard" is the first single released by Australian hip hop artist, Drapht, taken from his third album, Brothers Grimm. "Jimmy Recard" received airplay on radio stations across Australia. In an interview with Triple J, Drapht explained how he came up with the name.I was thinking of successful names so I jumped on the net and actually googled successful names and came up with James and Recard. So I changed James to Jimmy and used Recard as the last name. I think a name does a lot for a character and where you go in life. And it was a positive track on the record because a lot of my stuff kind of feeds from negative ideas.

The single reached #1 on the AIR Charts and #10 in Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2008. The single also broke into the top 100 in the ARIA Charts reaching #92.

Music video
The music video was produced by Moving Still Productions.

Charts

Certifications

References

2008 songs
2008 debut singles
Drapht songs
Obese Records singles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: not able to make a call to POST from async task
Possible Duplicate:
Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare() inside AsyncTask for ProgressDialog

I am getting the following exception on making a call to a method, which eventually makes a  POST method call from my async task:
"Cant Create Handler Inside Thread That Has Not Called Looper Prepare in Android" .
I am using async task to show progress dialog.
Can you please help me.
Thanks

A: Duplicate of Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare() inside AsyncTask for ProgressDialog
In short: the progress dialog's show() method must be called from the UI thread, not from the background thread. Use onProgressUpdate or onPreExecute for that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


and realises corporate events of any size at any time and anywhere in the world –all from a single source.
We give ideas a face: because with creative, yet effective design, our specialists bridge the gap between your concept, the environment and your corporate design. This results in a unique look that will stand your company in good stead.
We understand brand communication and translate it into creative and technical elements.
We create new worlds: furniture, backdrops and stage sets are produced in our workshop to make your corporate event unique. They are, of course, made from high-quality materials manufactured sustainably using a specially developed stage system – to save raw materials and keep your costs low.
We have the technology: perfect lighting, the best sound, special effects or innovative multimedia shows. We ensure that you can stage yourself, your company and your products perfectly and that your message is well received.
We get things moving: LNC does not only stand for perfect business events. We also make sure that everything else runs effectively. That's why LNC has developed Cargo Cart, an innovative transportation system for event technology as well as event and trade fair construction – modular, adaptable, and individually deployable.
The flexible system replaces wobbly pallets and bulky crates, making the transportation of delicate technology easier to manage as well as more straightforward and robust. Outside -–in a uniform, perfectly stackable format; inside – total freedom of design so even the smallest part has its place and is safely accommodated.
We build on experience: in our factory we create the perfect furniture, backdrops and stages for your event. Individually designed and created for you by master craftsmen – because equipment for unique corporate events is rarely an off-the-shelf solution.
Of course you can combine existing elements with our special constructions based on our specially developed, flexible stage system and continue to use them after your event – because sustainability for us does not end with the completion of your event.
We love what we do: Late Night Concepts is only satisfied if your event is perfect and your customers and guests are satisfied. We combine many years of experience, comprehensive expertise, passion and love for detail and create perfect events together with you – hand in hand and in close consultation with your agency or marketing department.
In doing so, we keep a constant eye on your budget and work according to an in-house feasibility study, which we always develop at the beginning of the project.
Whether it is a product presentation in front of a small audience or a big corporate event – our goal is always the same: we want our project to be unique and a single order to turn into a long-term partnership.


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Forthcoming: YEARBOOK FOR WOMEN'S HISTORY 35, Gender and Activism. Women's voices in political debates
This yearbook attends to ways in which women were active to question rights for sex and gender related issues in the political arena. Covering a diverse range of cultures and political situations the Yearbook will discuss the ambiguous messages of FEMEN in Ukraine and France; the work of female mukhtars in Turkish local politics; the debate over child marriage in late colonial India; and the feminist opposition to abortion in the United States of America. An interview with women activists will give an inside perspective on Egypt and Tunisia, while debates in a more distant include the controversy between socialists and feminists over women workers in the Netherlands, and the representation of motherhood, domestic display, and democracy in a 1948 exhibition in the Netherlands. Triggered by a colour portrait of a prominent Dutch feminist brings a re-evaluation of her achievements, and a visual section will discuss the representation of women in politics by way of political posters.
afspraakje juli 14, 2015
CFP: Gender and Democracy: Women's Activism in a Long-Term Political Perspective
Uitnodiging: 1915: Feminisme in oorlogstijd (15 december, NIOD)


On Aug. 5, 2015, a federal district court in Louisiana ruled that costs incurred by an electric utility under a settlement with the EPA for measures in lieu of work to bring the utility into compliance with the Clean Air Act were recoverable from the utility's liability insurer. The case, Louisiana Generating LLC v. Illinois Union Insurance Co., 2015 WL 4656634 (M.D. La. Aug. 5, 2015), arose after resolution of an EPA enforcement action against Louisiana Generating to redress excessive air emissions from the utility's Big Cajun II power plant. Although the alleged excessive emissions were from Units 1 and 2 of the plant, Louisiana Generating agreed in settlement of the EPA's claims that it would take various actions other than bringing Units 1 and 2 into compliance with the law. In particular, the utility agreed to install emission-reducing technology at Unit 3 of the Big Cajun II plant, to surrender its emission allowances for the entire plant, and to undertake certain "mitigation projects" unrelated to the plant, such as funding efforts by the National Park Service to address air pollution.
After its settlement with the EPA was finalized, Louisiana Generating requested reimbursement from its liability insurer, Illinois Union Insurance Company. The policy issued by Illinois Union provided coverage for "claims, remediation costs, and associated legal defense expenses. . . as a result of a pollution condition" at a covered location. "Remediation costs" were defined by the policy as "reasonable expenses incurred to investigate, quantify, monitor, mitigate, abate, remove, dispose, treat, neutralize, or immobilize pollution conditions to the extent required by environmental law." Illinois Union denied coverage and Louisiana Generating sued.
Louisiana Generating conceded that any costs incurred under the settlement to achieve compliance with the Clean Air Act — i.e., costs to reduce excessive emissions from Units 1 and 2 of the plant — would not be covered by the policy. But, it said, the costs for which it sought reimbursement were all agreed to by EPA in lieu of costs to bring Units 1 and 2 into compliance; they were not compliance costs themselves. Illinois Union responded that even if the costs at issue were not compliance costs, they were not "remediation costs" either since they did not address past emissions but instead affected only future emissions.
The court granted summary judgment for Louisiana Generating on its claim that Illinois Union must indemnify it. The court agreed that the term "remediation costs" as used in the policy implied costs related to a past wrong. However, to say that it required addressing the exact wrong alleged by EPA — the excessive emissions at Units 1 and 2 — by removing those emissions, was incorrect. "[B]y reducing future emissions," the court said, "the past emissions can be 'remediated' as the environment naturally eliminates the chemicals and, due to the lower emissions, there are fewer new chemicals to take their place." 2015 WL 4656634 at *6.
The court also said Illinois Union's contention that each project for which indemnification was sought must "directly 'mitigate, abate, neutralize, [or] treat' the excessive emissions that triggered the underlying enforcement action" found no support in the policy. "The plain language," it said, "does not support holding LA Gen to such a stringent standard; the policy does not indicate that its use of 'remediation' or 'mitigate' or 'abate' is intended to reflect a stricter standard than the ordinary meaning of each word." Id. at *7.
It remains to be seen how influential this decision will be in other cases, particularly those outside Louisiana, in which utilities or other manufacturers seek reimbursement from their insurers for costs they incur to reduce discharges to the environment. On one hand, even under the holding of this case, costs to bring a facility into compliance with requirements imposed by law will likely not be recoverable. But this court's holding that costs to reduce future discharges that are not necessary to achieve compliance may be covered by liability insurance could have far-reaching implications. At the least, it should make insurers hesitant to refuse coverage for such costs out of hand.


Origin: L, a little frog, a medicinal plant, perhaps crowfoot, dim. Of rana a frog; cf. Raccare to roar.
<botany> A genus of herbs, mostly with yellow flowers, including crowfoot, buttercups, and the cultivated ranunculi (R. Asiaticus, R. Aconitifolius, etc) in which the flowers are double and of various colours.


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DACA at WSU
What is DACA?
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) has been a program established by President Obama in 2012 that granted a form of temporary protection from deportation known as "deferred action" to undocumented immigrants who came to the U.S. before the age of 16, resided in the U.S. since June 2007 and met other requirements.
Is my DACA still valid?
Your DACA is valid until its expiration date. DACA and work permits (Employment Authorization Documents) will remain valid until its expiration date. To determine when your DACA and work permit expires, look at your I-795 Approval Notice and the bottom of your Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
Can I reapply for DACA?
A federal court in California issued an order on January 8 requiring the Trump Administration to restart the DACA program. In response, the Administration announced that it will accept renewal applications from anyone who currently has DACA status or had DACA status that has expired (for example, if yours expired, or was terminated, you may apply to renew!). It will not accept DACA applications from individuals who have never had DACA status in the past. More information is available at www.nilc.org/dacarenewalprocess/. See the sub-section below for more details on how to apply to renew.
If I am traveling abroad, should I return to the U.S.?
We recommend that all DACA recipients currently traveling abroad under advance parole return immediately to the U.S.
Is Advance Parole to travel abroad still available?
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will no longer grant DACA recipients permission to travel abroad through Advance Parole. Any pending applications for advance parole will not be processed and DHS will refund any associated fees.
Additional FAQs
How do I renew?
Renew now! The current policy to allow for DACA renewals could change soon. The Trump Administration may ask a court to stop the order or announce a new change in policy.
For individuals who (1) currently have DACA, or (2) whose DACA expired after September 5, 2017, you must:
Fill out a renewal application, form I-821D, in black ink, or typed: https://www.uscis.gov/i-821d;
Fill out forms I-765 and I-765WS, in black ink, or typed (which can also be found at https://www.uscis.gov/i-821d);
Get your passport-style photos taken. The application requires two passport-style photos, attached to the application. You can get these photos taken at Rite-Aid, Walmart, and other stores with photo services;
Make a copy of each side of your Employment Authorization Document, even if it's expired. You will need to submit this with your application;
Get a check or money order for the filing fee of $495, and the check or money order must be made out to the "U.S. Department of Homeland Security" – CONTACT wsucrimsongroup@gmail.com to request money for the filing fee.
If you have any new criminal records since your last DACA application or renewal, including traffic tickets, call the University of Idaho Immigration Clinic: Kate Evans (612-850-5340) or Courtney LaFranchi (541-214-9273);
Once your application, documentation, and passport photos are put together and ready to go, make a copy of the entire filing for your records;
If you want, you can come to drop in hours to have an attorney or supervised immigration law student review your application prior to filing:
WSU Drop-in Hours:
Tuesday 1 – 3 p.m. Daggy 106 and 107
Wednesday 2 – 4 p.m. Daggy 106 and 107
UI Drop-In Clinic begins 1/22/18 from 4 – 6 p.m.– please call Kate Evans (612-850-5340) or Courtney LaFranchi (541-214-9273) to set up a review appointment before 1/22 if you like.
Mail the filing to:
Dallas Lockbox if you are in Idaho:
O. Box 660045
Chicago Lockbox if you are in Washington:
O. Box 5757
If you reside in a third state, please call the Immigration Clinic or check the filing address here: https://www.uscis.gov/i-821d-addresses;
For more detailed information and FAQs on DACA renewals, please see https://www.nilc.org/issues/daca/dacarenewalprocess/.
For a printable checklist of required documents, please see https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/resources/daca_renewal_checklist.pdf.
If your DACA expired before September 5, 2017, you may apply for DACA status again but will have to submit an initial application. This means that you will have to adhere to all the same requirements that were in place in your initial application, including:
Required forms:
I-821D (typed or in black ink)
I-765 Application for Work Authorization
I-765WS
2 Passport style photos
$465 check or money order made out to Department of Homeland Security
Proof that you came to the United States before your 16th birthday
If you once had immigration status, proof that that status has expired
Proof that you continuously resided in the U.S. since June 15, 2007 and that you were present in the U.S. on June 15, 2012
Proof of student status, high school diploma, GED certificate or military service
Criminal records (please call the Immigration Law Clinic if you have criminal records)
For more information on initial applications and examples of the types of evidence that are accepted, please see https://www.nwirp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/DACA-Checklist-English-2016-version.pdf.
I am a DACA Student at Washington State University. Am I still able to go to school?
Yes, WSU has long been committed to undocumented students long before there was a DACA program.
How does Washington State University support undocumented students?
WSU has created different levels of support for our faculty, staff and administrators to be a resource for undocumented students. Below are some important resources to access.
• Access, Equity, and Achievement
• Counseling and Psychological Services
• Health and Wellness
• Dean of Students
• Office of Multicultural Student Services
• Gender Identity/Expression and Sexual Orientation Resource Center (GIESORC)
• Women's Resource Center
• The Office of Equal Opportunity (OEO) provides information and resources regarding discrimination and protected speech.
Does WSU Advocate to support undocumented students?
As an undocumented student-friendly institution, WSU has and will continue to provide a strong support system, from the financial aspect to the academic piece and of course emotionally and psychologically. The state of Washington and a group of other states have filed a lawsuit in support of DACA, and both WSU and the UW filed declarations in support of the lawsuit. In addition, the Washington Council of Presidents has issued a strong statement supporting DACA students and urging Congress to pass legislation protecting them. The statement can be found at this link: http://www.councilofpresidents.org/Joint%20DACA%20Statement.pdf
I feel so alone and scared. What should I do?
We recognize that these are very challenging times, but you are not alone. We are here to help and will continue to do everything in our power to support our students. WSU reaffirms our commitment to serving ALL our students, no matter their immigration status, race, national origin, faith, sexuality, ability, or gender and we stand with our undocumented students, faculty, staff, and families. Find a support system on campus, connect and prepare to ensure that you and other students can continue your education. Join the Crimson Groups for student support! For more information check out the WSU Crimson Groups Facebook page.
Does not having DACA change my in-state tuition rate?
It depends, House Bill (HB) 1079 (now RCW 28B.15.012(2)(e)), is a state statute and is not impacted by DACA status. The "1079" standard applies to undocumented students who have graduated from high school after having lived in Washington for three calendar years. The state of Washington has been a long supporter of undocumented students. In the state of Washington, HB1079 existed before DACA. For more information visit http://www.wsac.wa.gov/student-residency. In general, DACA individuals who have established state residency will continue to be eligible.
I have family members wanting to attend college. Can they still apply to attend?
Many states, such as Washington, allow students, regardless of immigration status, to enroll in public colleges and universities. At least 20 states and the District of Columbia have "tuition equity" laws or policies, allowing students who attended high school for a certain number of years in the state and who meet other criteria to qualify for in-state tuition rates, regardless of their immigration status. College admission team remain able to provide resources and guidance for undocumented students applying to college.
Is my information going to be shared?
As a current student your information is protected under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), a federal law designed to protect the privacy of student education records and the right of students to inspect and review their education records, visit www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html for more information. FERPA does not provide absolute protection in all cases (for example, if the university was served with a subpoena for student information). However, WSU is committed to protecting the information of DACA students to the fullest extent allowed by law.
Can former DACA grantees qualify for financial aid or scholarships?
DACA individuals are not eligible for federal financial aid. However, those who have established state residency and remain continuously enrolled at the same institution should continue to be eligible for state higher education benefits. Those who do not have (and are no longer able to apply for) DACA will be restricted to the "1079" eligibility outlined below.
Benefit Eligibility
As you know, undocumented students establish residency in one of two ways – referred to as "1079" and "DACA." Students in either classification may be eligible for in-state tuition rates and State Need Grant. Students with DACA residency may be eligible for other forms of financial aid including the College Bound Scholarship.
In general, the "1079" standard applies to undocumented students who have graduated from high school after having lived in Washington for three years.
Unexpired DACA permits individuals to establish a domicile in Washington. In general, students need to live in Washington for a year for other than educational purposes.
Some undocumented students qualify for both "1079" and DACA, in these cases, there should be no impact to state financial aid eligibility.
Continued Eligibility for DACA Students
In general, DACA individuals who have established state residency and remain continuously enrolled at the same institution should continue to be eligible. In other words, all guidance you have received is still applicable to individuals with DACA.
As a reminder, previous and current guidance includes:
Residency classification remains unchanged unless contrary evidence is presented/discovered.
Please do not hesitate to contact the State Need Grant team at sng@wsac.wa.gov. Residency questions can be directed to residency@wsac.wa.gov.
What does this decision mean for my ability to work?
Your current eligibility remains in place until it expires. Your employer should not ask to verify your work permit again until your current expiration date. https://www.dhs.gov//news/2017/09/05/frequently-asked-questions-rescission-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca
Can I be terminated from my student position?
If you no longer have a valid work permit, your employer will most likely terminate your employment when your current work authorization expires, since you will no longer have legal authorization to work. More information about earning to attend school is still forthcoming. For more information about DACA and employment click here.
What happens to my driver's license when my DACA is terminated or my work permit expires?
Driver's license rules, including eligibility and document requirements, and procedures for renewing a license, vary from state to state. Twelve states, including Washington issue driver's licenses to eligible residents, regardless of their immigration status. Check out the Department of Licensing for the specific requirements in Washington.
Do I still have health insurance?
If you have health coverage through your employer, you should remain covered as long as you are employed. Many states provide coverage for the treatment of certain diseases, or to certain populations, regardless of an individual's immigration status. California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon and Washington provide full-scope health coverage to all residents under age 19, regardless of immigration status, if they meet the income eligibility requirements for the state Medicaid and/or CHIP program.
What will happen to my social security number?
You keep your social security number (but not work authorization) and your Washington driver's license, but you will not be able to use it to fly in 2018.
How will the Pullman Police respond?
See immigrant law enforcement issued by Chief of Police in Pullman. The City of Pullman Police Department posted a statement on Facebook on September 8, 2017.
How should I prepare?
As you continue to plan your financial future, we recommend that you enlist help from others.
Begin a savings plan immediately. Enroll someone in your bank account who can deposit, withdraw or potentially close your bank account
Add someone to your lease who can terminate it if need be and collect deposits
Add someone to your car lease who can continue payments, terminate purchase or sell the vehicle for you
Know your rights. Visit www.weareheretostay.org for resources to help you and your loved ones take care of yourselves in this difficult time.
Did I do anything wrong?
Absolutely not! As a DACA student, you did everything this country has asked of you. Although a long journey is ahead of us, you are not alone in this fight. Leaders across our higher education system issued a joint statement expressing concern over this action, and a commitment to continue to support DREAMers in our colleges and universities.
Additional Helpful Resources
21 Progress for DACA Loans - http://21progress.org/event/dreamer-circles/
Washington Apple Education Foundation - www.waef.org
Washington Student Achievement Council - www.washboard.org
Latino Educational Achievement Project - www.leapwa.org/
Seattle Foundation - http://www.seattlefoundation.org/Pages/Default.aspx
The College Board - http://professionals.collegeboard.com/guidance/financial-aid/undocumented-students
Coalition for Higher Education Immigrant Students - http://dreamact.info/node/61413
1079 Coalition - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1htaw6aYdnA&feature=plcp
Beyond HB 1079 - http://www.beyondHB 1079.org
Casa Latina - http://www.casa-latina.org/
Chinese Information and Service Center - http://www.cisc-seattle.org/
Community Support Network - https://sites.google.com/site/washington1079/
College Access Now - http://www.collegeaccessnow.org
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cave. It was there that the wolves grabbed the banjos and put on a show.
I liked the way this story evolved and found an ending.
Hi Mombi. The scores are voted on by the community, so in order to get more than a -0- you just need to write good lines! You can also give other writers a boost by clicking the "Like" button to the right of a fold. Glad you are enjoying the site. Tell your friends!
There's really two angles to take as I see it - go for the laugh with something clever or outrageous, or go for a helpful, story-building fold that will help the story move along the direction it's already heading with a good flow to it. Of course, the best folds attack both angles, but some folks prefer one general method and will usually click on the like button for good folds that match what they like to do. A lot of great folds might only get a couple of 'likes' depending on who ends up reading the story and how they're feeling that day.
Hey Mombi, Try to give a clue as to main points of previous line so story line can continue unbroken. Also hope the next person is just as twisted and disturbed I am.!!!!!


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Original graphic by Sumi Dey
5 Young Women On The BookTok Romance Tropes They've Experienced IRL
Carolina Grassmann
There's an old-fashioned Irish tradition that "allows" women to propose to their partners every Leap Day. Of course, women can propose to their partners whenever they want, but this tradition also happens to be the plot of Leap Year, one of my favorite movies. It's the kind of film I can watch over and over, despite the bad reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, and it hits so many of the romance tropes on my list of favorites. In the film, Boston-based real estate stager Anna decides to surprise her boyfriend, Jeremy, with a proposal. On her way to Dublin – where Jeremy is on a business trip – destiny and many other romantic clichés lead her on a journey with a charming Irish man, Declan. From enemies to lovers, the one-bed trope, and, of course, the grumpy-sunshine trope, Leap Year is chock full of some of my favorite romantic story arcs.
Man, I love a cliché — and with good reason. Feel-good movies can truly boost anyone's mood by helping us detach from reality. According to a 2019 study conducted by Michael J. Rosenfeld, Reuben J. Thomas, and Sonia Hausen, "Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting," dating apps are the most popular way of meeting a romantic partner in real life and meet-cutes are as rare as ever. So, where do these romantic tropes come from? Are romance authors just exercising their creative autonomy and using their imagination? Or is it possible to experience a romance trope IRL?
I spoke to five young women who've found themselves front and center of some of the most popular romance tropes on the list. Below, they share their main character moments.
The Enemies-To-Lovers Trope
Chanel, 17, has experienced an enemies-to-lovers relationship firsthand. She's always been a fan of the trope and adores books like The Hating Game by Sally Thorne, The Unhoneymooners by Christina Lauren, and The Cruel Prince by Holly Black. Because of her love for those types of stories, she recognized the start of an enemies-to-lovers relationship when she met Elijah,* one of her cousin's best friends.
The two met at a family barbecue. Chanel's cousin, James,* didn't want his friend dating one of his family members, which led to the two bickering and arguing. At first, Chanel was happy. "I've read plenty of stories with an enemies-to-lovers plot, and to experience it was quite a thrill," she tells Her Campus. But as their fighting escalated, she started to feel genuine resentment towards him. "I'd see him around and [send him] death stares; he'd talk about me behind my back and avoid me in public," she says. "There were lots of little things he did that would just irritate me."
To quote Sally Thorne in The Hating Game, "Hating someone feels disturbingly similar to being in love with them." According to a 2008 study published by neurobiologist Semi Zeki and researcher John Romaya, the same areas of the brain are activated when a person looks at a photograph of someone they love and someone they hate, which means there's a correlation between the two emotions.
And that's exactly how Chanel felt. "The more I ended up seeing him, the more I talked to him, [and] the more I realized that he wasn't as bad as I made him out to be," she says. "He still teased me, but I could see a difference in how he acted towards me. I was quite surprised – I didn't think he'd ever give me a chance, but we started hanging out just the two of us. That's when I realized I liked him."
When they both realized their relationship had been upgraded from enemies to lovers, they started seeing each other in secret. "He was afraid to tell my cousin that we were together," she says. "He said he didn't want to lose James' friendship, but I think it was because he was embarrassed of me." In the end, the relationship wasn't the healthiest. "We didn't end on good terms, and now we're back to enemies," Chanel says.
The Friends-To-Lovers Trope
Leigh,* 21, met her current boyfriend, Jesse,* on her first day at college. "My roommate asked me to come to Times Square with her and some people she knew," she tells Her Campus. "I almost didn't go because I was so tired from moving, but I met Jesse that day."
Leigh and Jesse became really good friends, but she wasn't looking for a relationship initially. "Over time, I kind of let my walls down because he made me feel so comfortable," she says. Unfortunately, they lost touch for a couple of years but recently reconnected. "During quarantine, I downloaded Bumble out of pure boredom, not expecting anything to come from it," she says. "Jesse popped up in the list of people who had 'liked' me, and I was surprised." Their relationship had never been romantic, but it turned from friends to lovers.
According to a 2021 study from the Journal of Social Psychological and Personality Science, 68.2% of the 1900 participants reported that they'd experienced a friends-to-lovers relationship in real life. It just makes sense, right? By being friends with someone, you already know their best characteristics, worst flaws, and how your personalities interact, which is probably why it's so beautiful to watch or read about. Two people who already love each other and know each other below the surface level? It can't get any cuter.
"I love friends-to-lovers romance tropes," Leigh says. "Percy and Annabeth from Percy Jackson & The Olympians are still one of my favorite literary couples of all time." With a friends-to-lovers relationship, each party has a solid idea of what they're going to get before they ever decide to pursue the relationship. "There was already a bond before we started anything romantic — It's less superficial like that," she says. "Plus, we don't have to say that we met on Bumble. It's also fun to hear people say stuff like, 'I knew it!' when you tell them."
Corinne, 23, met her current boyfriend at Virginia Tech. "He was actually the RA for my hall," she tells Her Campus. "He was in his senior year at the time, and all of the girls in my suite thought he was super cute. He was, of course, the cool, hot, older guy to us. Our friendship is really what [sparked my] interest in him. He was always there to talk to and had such a fun personality. We would have conversations in each other's dorms or pass by in the halls and not realize how much time had gone by because he was so easy to talk to."
They didn't start dating until much later, during Corinne's senior year. "We'd kept up and chatted a few times since he'd graduated, but he lived in a different state, and we always seemed to be seeing other people at opposite times," she says. Corinne didn't even know he had feelings for her until he replied to a tweet between her and her old roommates one day. "After that, he talked to me for days on end," she says. "Eventually, I joked about how everyone had a crush on him back then, and he told me how he'd wanted to be with me then but was afraid of losing his job." The two started dating long distances at the beginning of the pandemic and then met up when it was safer to do so. He attended a wedding with her last fall, and they both moved to the DC area this summer.
Corinne agrees with Leigh about the best parts of having a friends-to-lovers relationship. "It's great not to have to go through that awkward first date and the phase of getting to know someone," she says. "I'd never felt so naturally comfortable with someone."
The One Bed Trope
Ah, the one-bed trope: very popular, frequently featured in fanfiction, and a situation filled with sexual tension. But sometimes fantasy becomes a reality — and Margot,* 26, is living proof of that.
Margot booked a cruise with her boyfriend and her friends, but they broke up before setting sail. "I was paying the cost of two people for this tiny cabin room, so I was determined to find someone to split the room with me," Margot tells Her Campus.
Before her vacation, Margot reconnected with one of her childhood friends, Jack.* "We met in sixth grade and were classmates until graduating high school," she says. "I always had a crush on him, but I never acted on it. He wanted to ask me to senior prom, but someone else beat him by one hour. We hung out a little bit in group settings after graduating, but I ended up dating someone else for four and a half years."
After reconnecting with Jack when she was single again, she jokingly suggested he come on the cruise. "He was applying to graduate school and wasn't working, so he was available. He booked the cruise the next day," she says. "After that, I didn't see him again until we got on the cruise two weeks later." The cruise was basically a double date: Margot, Jack, Margot's best friend, and her best friend's boyfriend. But Margot and Jack weren't even dating. The plan, at first, was that Margot and Jack would share a room — but not a bed. "When he added on to my cruise reservation, we mentioned that we'd need two separate beds in the room," she says. "The cruise organizers said it was okay, but when we walked into our room that day, there was one large bed."
Their jaws both dropped when they saw the bed. "We sort of just awkwardly laughed, and I told him that I'm a pretty heavy sleeper, so we could be grown-ups and just sleep," Margot says. "The first night of a cruise tends to get pretty crazy, so we partied with some friends, and when we went back to the room, we were talking about how we had crushes on each other in high school, and it was crazy to be on a cruise now as friends. He's not really the bold type, so while we were talking, I just kissed him. One thing led to another, and we hooked up. He opened up his backpack to a box of condoms. I joked and said, 'Did you anticipate this to happen?!' He said, 'No, but I was really hopeful.'"
Her affair with Jack developed into a summer fling, but they knew there was an expiration date: Jack was moving out of state for graduate school when they began dating. "I packed him a huge care package for graduate school, with snacks, pictures of us and our friends, and a body pillow," she says. "We said our goodbyes and he said he wanted to be friends, but I told him that I wouldn't be able to do that since my feelings were beyond that."
The Right Person, Wrong Time Trope
The right person, wrong time trope – or the in another life trope — centers a couple that's pretty perfect, but can't be together for some reason or another. When Sophia,* 23, matched with Justin* on Hinge, she experienced just that. "His profile was generic, but his pictures showed a boy who seemed to be just my type: 6'2", yes, please! We exchanged numbers pretty quickly, which is something I don't typically do," she tells Her Campus.
Sophia and Justin went on to text all day, every day. "He's mature, hilarious, and sometimes it felt like we even shared the same brain," she says. "Not only did we connect on a physical, sexual level, we also connected emotionally, which has been historically hard for me to find. It seemed like we were written in the stars from the start."
Justin, according to Sophia, had broken up with his long-term SO the previous spring. "He was still emotionally and mentally shedding that toxic relationship," Sophia says. "I'm not sure if it's just because I'm a Pisces, but I tend to attract those who are hurting. So, I was willing to embark on this journey with him and prove to him and myself that I was the one he was meant to be with."
But one day, things felt off. "He texted me saying he 'was getting into his head' because his feelings for me scared him," she says. "So he ended things for a few hours. He later apologized. He wanted to slow things down and ensure we were both on the same page." But even his roommates told him not to let Sophia get away, so they agreed on a 'situationship.' "It was as if this emotional episode was just a blip on what would be a long-term, flourishing, and refreshing relationship for us both," Sophia says.
The next day, things got weird again. "My 23rd birthday was coming up, and I told him I wanted him to come out to Boston and meet some of my friends," she says. "Nothing too crazy; we were just going to have a few drinks and play some games in my apartment." He panicked, and they broke up again. It's been a while since they've spoken, but Sophia still holds out hope for their future. "I don't resent him. I don't think I ever could; I don't think anything that blessed me with that level of happiness, even if just for a short time, could be resented." While she doesn't blame Justin, Sophia does blame the situation. "Time was not on our side," she says. "He needed to do what he needed to do, and I didn't fit into that equation."
Interviews have been edited for clarity and length.
* Names have been changed
Studies Referenced:
Michael J. Rosenfeld, Reuben J. Thomas, and Sonia Hausen. (2019) Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting. National Academy of Sciences.
Semi Zeki and John Romaya. (2008) Neural Correlates of Hate. Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London.
Stinson DA, Cameron JJ, Hoplock LB. (2021) The Friends-to-Lovers Pathway to Romance: Prevalent, Preferred, and Overlooked by Science. Social Psychological and Personality Science.
Casper Libero '21
Carolina Grassmann is an Editorial Intern at HerCampus.com, and the Editor-In-Chief and Events Director of Her Campus Cásper Líbero. She's majoring in journalism, and has been involved with HC since her first year of college, as a writer and reporter. When she's not writing, she's most likely listening to Taylor Swift's songs over and over again.
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'She was loved, and she loved back'
By: Roos van Tongerloo
About Roos van Tongerloo
I am Roos, I like robots, loads of shiny gadgets I cannot afford, philosophy, my own cats, the smell of an old book and words. I hate numbers; namely math, statistics, databases and phone numbers. Actually all kinds of numbers. And, although in real life I might seem like a pretty decent person, please do not try to phone me; I get nervous on the phone and will most definitely make an ass out of myself.
http://twitter.com/#!/roostweets
I will never forget the look in Ladan's eyes as she grabbed my Tamagotchi, without asking, and brutally pressed all the buttons at the same time. 'Well, I really don't get this stupid thing. It's just stupid.', she said, leaving my Tamagotchi to die a sudden death and my heart shattered to pieces.
Since Ladan was considered 'one of the cool kids', and I was already aware of the importance of reputation, I decided to save my tears for my mom, who was there to pick me up a few hours later. As I sat in the backseat of the car, crying hysterically, mom tried to calm me down in the worst way possible; 'Honey, it's just a game! It is not really hurt, or dead, or gone. You can just press the reset button and start over!'
Little did she know.
I actually loved the tamagotchi. As much as I would probably have loved a rabbit, a dog or any other 'real' pet. Luckily, there are academics who second my opinion and make me realise I am not that weird as my mom, and other wise grown up individuals, made me think I was. As Sherry Turkle states in her book 'Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other';
We are psychologically programmed not only to nurture what we love, but to love what we nurture. (Turkle, 2011)
So, because I was given the responsibility to take care of the tamagotchi and aware of the fact that it was totally dependent, I automatically developed a sense of love and an unbreakable bound between us. More importantly, she states, a Tamagotchi is different from other technological devices simply because it is always on. By turning it off you'll 'kill' it. Mechanical objects usually can be turned off and on again depending on whether they're needed or not. Other than people or animals. So:
Children understand that bodies need to be always on, that they become "off" when people or animals die. So, the inability to turn off a tamagotchi becomes evidence of its life. (Turkle, 2011)
Also, our ability to project specific needs and emotions to the non living can lift interactivity to a whole other level; like the way a child can tell her parents how much the dog would like to go to Disneyland or a depressed old lady tells her dog in a high pitched voice 'You are sad too, aren't you Lassie?'. This way a mechanical device seems to develop empathic qualities, which make its 'aliveness' even more realistic. This effect is similar to the ELIZA-effect, which Turkle describes in her book; even though we are fully aware of the fact that indeed we are talking to a mechanical device, we still act like it isn't. (You can try the original 1970's ELIZA project here.)
I find it remarkable how these days, these childlike conceptions of 'life' are being adapted by the 'grown up' society, leading to advanced technological developments that may solve present social problems. Especially, in my opinion, one of the most sad, but fascinating modern day problems; that of loneliness. Even though artificial intelligence cannot hold up its side of a wide ranging conversation, or take notice of our emotions by the expression on our face, it does supply tools which can help fill the basic human need for companionship.
Our new objects don't so much 'fool us' into thinking they are communicating with us; roboticists have learned those few triggers that help us fool ourselves. We don't need much. (Turkle, 2011)
One of the most striking examples is Paro, the little robot seal. Paro is a so called 'therapeutic robot'. It looks and feels like a baby seal, weights just as much as a human baby and is wonderfully able to come across as truly 'alive'. When someone calls its name, it'll make eye contact, it responds to human voice and it can tell whether it is stroked gently or meanly hit. Also it has a small vocabulary to communicate with its master. Mostly Japanese, but its working on its English as well. Its charger is shaped like a pacifier, to keep the 'baby' assumption alive.
In Japan, Paro offers companionship to those elderly people who don't have any friends or family left. Loneliness can be a terrible disease, leaving people waiting for death to come and free them. But with Paro there seems to be at least someone, or something, who (or that) makes lonely people feel like the are connected. Making their presence appear to be valued. The assumption to love and to be loved, or appreciated for that matter, appears to be in the eye of the beholder. Even though in the back of our minds, we know the connection is somewhat artificial. As Mrs. Shimura, proud owner of a Paro robot, says:
Paro is family, rather than a robot. But if we think of Paro as a robot, we would not take care of it. And we would think it is just a robot. Even if we cuddle it.
What I would like to make clear is that although we often speak of it as taboo, or science fiction, our attitude towards technology and mechanical devices is changing rapidly. Where 15 years ago my mom told me to stop crying over a Tamagotchi, Japanese people now defeat their loneliness by adopting a robot seal. Our assumption of 'life' hasn't changed, but we have accepted the fact that mechanical devices can function as a substitute for a living creature. Even though we know that it doesn't match our definition of 'alive', we are able to treat it as if it does. Artificial love is worth just as much as any other kind of love. As a little girl says about her deceased Tamagotchi:
She was loved, and she loved back.
It seems like our ability to love something other than human or animal brings devices alive. As Sherry Turkle wonders:
If a robot makes you love it, is it alive? (Turkle, 2011)
If think, in some cases, it certainly is.
Post inspired by Sherry Turkle's book: 'Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other'. Basic Books, 2011.
Tags: love, Paro, robots, Tamagotchi
2 Responses to "'She was loved, and she loved back'"
dlsantos
A very interesting related topic regarding human-machine relationships/interactions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
Hey Roos, nice post. There's also another (much more cynical) take on virtual parenting and companionship, where these technologies do not so much reflect how we're psychologically programmed, but rather how social life and domesticity have become more disconnected, automated and superficial. I guess this would be a Baudrillard-like criticism, but I'm thinking especially of an old, funny short story I recently came across by Rob Malda, the founder of Slashdot: http://cmdrtaco.net/2011/09/nerds-unix-and-virtual-parenting/ – note the punchline at the end.
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Book Review on Sherry Turkle: Alone Together
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Book Review 'Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other' by Sherry Turkle (Part 1)
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Green Brands
The Chinese Changemakers
BELG(E)
Zero Waste Shanghai
Partnership for developments- SDG 17
CONTRIBUTOR Hagan-Brown, Environmental Engineer specialising in water pollution control, en sustainability as well as managing systems that affects health and safety issues, quality and nature.
Change in biosphere integrity, novel diseases, aerosol loading in atmosphere, ocean acidification, ozone layer depletion, wildfires, and economic instability have been some of the few issues tearing the world apart in current years. With COVID-19 disrupting several sectors, poverty rate is also expected to rise. The increasing rate of these global issues are by somewhat an evident of the failure of countries, organizations and individuals to properly cooperate is solving these issues.
Global partnership significance
One country's issues in some means do affect another. For instance, the refugee crisis situation, water and air pollution, floods, epidemic such as COVID-19 affects one country and another and yet, organizations, individuals and countries do not take partnership seriously. Partnership is paramount to problem solving and development making it a limiting factor to sustainable development. According to Liebig's law of the minimum, growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. This makes it clear no matter the amount of human, natural and financial capital, partnership is needed for sustainable development.
Stronger partnerships will contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development by mobilizing resources, sharing knowledge, promoting the creation and transfer of environmentally sound technologies, and building capacity.
Even though COVID-19 the global pandemic still lurks around, global partnership between organizations, countries and media houses has led to the effective implementation of measures promoting epidemic prevention and control besides sustainable development. The Chinese government sent medical experts, protective suits, face masks to over 100 countries and partnered with International organizations in the fight with COVID-19 to save humanity. In this peak of partnership, the Foreign minister of the Chinese government, Zhao Lijin said, ''viruses respect no border, race or religion, and the coronavirus is the common enemy of humanity'' making it clear partnership is important.
Sustainable development demands the active participation of all individual efforts to achieve the greatest outcomes.
The 17 Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are to be attained to promote a comfortable living for every individual and organism on this planet taking into account financial and environmental factors. Within these goals, the seventeenth one, 'Partnership for goals' binds all the other ones together making it a key inclusion that will see to the successful achievement of all the other individual goals. This partnership for goals is divided into 5 components: finance, capacity building, systematic issues, technology and trade.
Zero Waste Shanghai's cooperation towards sustainable development
The systematic issues component, multi stakeholder partnerships, make mention of enhancing global partnership for sustainable development in ways that will mobilise and share expertise to support achievement of the SDGs. Similarly, Zero Waste Shanghai with a vision to work towards a circular economy is highly devoted in contributing to a sustainable future and continuous environmental improvements. With such vision at hand, contributing to a global positive change is through meaningful partnerships. Zero Waste Shanghai holds seminars and talks on sustainability, circular economy, waste handling and also partners with organisations, media houses to solve global issues.
Zero Waste Shanghai with a vision to work towards a circular economy is highly devoted in contributing to a sustainable future and continuous environmental improvements.
Moreover, interactive workshops which educate and promote resource management, minimization of waste and encouraging 'socio-economical environmentally' friendly lifestyle has always been included in its activities.
Sustainable development demands the active participation of all individual efforts to achieve the greatest outcomes. Daniel Shechtman, an Isreali chemist who was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry once stressed how human cooperation is fundamental to sustainable development. He made it known people are the main resource of sustainable development. An Economist, Theodore Schultz published 'Investment in Human capital' in an article called American Economic Review in 1961. He said Human Capital (the productive capacity of an individual) investment open up opportunities which increases output.
With such a notion, Zero Waste Shanghai believes in the investment in human capital as a resource of sustainable development. Its training and team building programme, Get One, Give One (Go-Go) is designed to engage companies in a sustainable mindset through masterclasses, talks, team building and fun experiences.
Besides Go-Go, its P.A.C.E programme is a toolbox that helps businesses to create its own sustainability strategy. A strategy which could be directed towards the use of energy which corresponds to the responsible consumption and production per the SDG 12, climate change action and so on.
This programme provides a stepwise pattern to transform business to be a 'champion' in sustainability. The unique addition to this programme is the ability to use challenges as opportunities to dive deeper into the true meaning of sustainability: the ability to sustain people, profits and the planet.
Think green credits: flickr
Furthermore, they also welcome companies willing to use their support as part of its social, corporate communication to raise awareness of global and local issues.
Alongside, welcoming eco-conscious organizations who are willing to share their products and services in the quest of saving the planet and promoting the lives of people has been part of their activities.
In a nutshell, why should all the global and local problems arise because of lack of partnership? Why should natural, manufactured, human and financial capital be wasted because of poor partnership?
To save the people, the planet, as well as to make profits in the mission to move to a sustainable future, partnerships should be the shoulders on which knowledge sharing, capacity building and mobilization of resources need to be rested upon to strengthen the resilience of the planet and a progressive journey of sustainability.
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Sustainability Training & Consulting
©2022 by Alizee CCM


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Revolutionary Overthrow of Constitutional Orders in Africa
Carlson Anyangwe
The subject of revolutionary overthrow of constitutional orders in Africa is at the intersection of three disciplines: jurisprudence and legal philosophy, constitutional law and power politics, and civil-military relations, that is, military security policy which is one aspect of national security policy. The subject is of interest in at least four ways. It problematizes the inescapable question of governance in the African continent. It challenges the democratization agenda in Africa - how does one democratize not only political governance but also the instruments of violence in the state? It also challenges African constitutional lawyers and policy makers to seek a constitutional model that addresses the enduring menace of the power of the gun in African affairs and the changing role of the military in African politics. Finally, it underscores concerns about sovereignty and national security. This book contributes to a fuller understanding of the coup syndrome in African. To this end, it vigorously interrogates the place of coups in the governance of Africa, and explores the relevance of Kelsen's theory of revolutionary legality in the context of coup d'états in Africa. It is a major contribution by a leading thinker in the field.
9789956727575.pdf
9956-727-57-1
Langaa RPCIG
Bamenda, Cameroon
Afrika südlich der Sahara
Afrika südlich der Sahara / Paket Afrikanistik
FID Afrikastudien


text:
Nakaz, eller Kendelse af Katharina 2., fra kommissionen om udarbejdelse af et nyt kodeks (, ) var en lovtekst skrevet af Katharina 2. af Det Russiske Imperie. Den blev udgivet som en vejledning til den alrussiske lovgivende kommission, og blev vedtaget i 1767.

Katharina var født som prinsesse i det lille, tyske fyrstedømme i Anhalt-Zerbst. Hun begyndte at læse fransk litteratur i hendes barndom, da hoffet i Anhalt-Zerbst var stærkt præget af fransk kultur. Den eksisterende version af Nakaz skrevet af Katharina Den Store, er skrevet på fransk. Der findes også en russisk oversættelse, også skrevet af hende selv.

Dokumentet indeholder 22 kapitler. De første 3 kapitler omhandler det daværende Russiske Imperium, 4.-10. kapitel omhandler de tilstedeværende love, og Katharinas holdning til disse. 11.-20. kapitel omhandler det russiske folk, og de sidste to omhandler organiseringen af politiet, og statens administration af penge.

Historisk kontekst

I slutningen af 1766 følte Katharina 2. af Rusland sig klar til at introducere Rusland for store ændringer, baseret i Oplysningstiden.

På denne baggrund, nedsatte hun "Den Lovgivende Kommission". Målet for kommission var at nedskrive love, hvilket sidst var blevet gjort i 1649, før Rusland begyndte sin transformation til en mere vestlig kultur. Yderligere mente Katharina Den Store at Kommissionens arbejde ville gøre meget for en rationalisering og modernisering af russisk lov og liv. Som forberedelse til Kommissionen, skrev Katharina et ekstensivt dokument til at guide delegaterne i Kommissionen, hvilket blev til hendes omfattende "Nakaz", hvori hun udlagde sin vision for hvordan det Russiske Imperium skulle regeres og hvordan samfundet skulle organiseres.

Teksten, personligt udarbejdet af Katharina i en periode over 18 måneder, trak ekstensivt på hendes personlige favoritværker, specielt Montesquieus "De l'esprit des lois" (dansk: Om Lovens Ånd) (1748), som Tsarinaen refererede til som hendes bibel og yderlige brugte til generelle politiske principper. Hun trak også inspiration fra Cesare Beccarias bog "Om Forbrydelse og Straf" (1763), der inspirerede Katharinas tanker om muligheden for en mindre brutal måde at behandle kriminelle på.

Hun havde helt sikkert ingen intentioner om at slutte enevældet i Rusland. Hun mente at enevælde var den eneste mulige regeringsform for at sammenholde og sikre fremdrift i et så enormt land som Rusland, selvom den centrale magt skal være bundet i fundamentale love og den generelle fremdrift af det totale gode, hvis det ikke skulle blive til et tyranni. Derfor fordømte "Nakaz" dødsstraf, såvel som tortur, og den argumenterede derudover også for forebyggende handlinger for at undgå kriminalitet.

I det hele taget var "Nakaz" et markant liberalt dokument; endda så liberalt, at det blev bandlyst i Frankrig.

Nakaz' indflydelse på det russiske samfund
Selvom Nakaz var et radikalt dokument, baseret på rationalisme og oplysning, fik den dog aldrig en vedvarende indflydelse på det russiske samfund. Den blev et kontroversielt emne i intellektuelle kræse i Moskva og Skt. Petersborg, men Den Lovgivende Kommision fandt dokumentet forvirrende og de store ændringer foreslået i Nakaz blev i større eller mindre grad forkastet.

Henvisninger

Historie
Litteratur


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Miracle is a happy little boy living a normal life after both his legs were amputated and he received his first set of prosthetic legs (picture courtesy of CoRSU).
Welcome to part II of our Easter Special on the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services in Uganda (CoRSU) Hospital in Entebbe. Today you meet a little boy named Miracle. One of the many patients who benefited from the great services that the CoRSU team offers. Having access to a police like CoRSU is often the deciding factor between a life in dignity, fully integrated into society and a life on the margins of the community, excluded and dependent on others.
Miracle is the 5th child in his family. He was born at seven and half months with a bilateral clubfoot. When he was seven weeks old, miracle was referred to CoRSU Hospital to correct his birth defect.
While at CoRSU, Miracle was diagnosed with tibial hemimelia (a condition of not having both bones from the knee to the ankle). The doctor advised the family to wait for at least four more months and then return for review. So the parents waited as told. When they returned for another assessment, it was confirmed that Miracle needed an amputation. His first limb was amputated at his first birthday; the other three months later.
At one year and eight months, Miracle received his first artificial limbs and a series of physiotherapy sessions to help him with his mobility. Today Miracle is three years old. As he is able to walk and play with his peers, Miracle is a happy boy. His siblings, neighbours and friends love him.
''I'm happy and give testimony that disability is not inability,'' said his mother. She is grateful to CoRSU because from their very first visit, they received a lot of encouragement from the doctors and physiotherapy team.


Wendy, the master of a chocolate shop, is thinking of displaying poles of chocolate disks in the showcase. She can use three kinds of chocolate disks: white thin disks, dark thin disks, and dark thick disks. The thin disks are 1 cm thick, and the thick disks are k cm thick. Disks will be piled in glass cylinders.
Each pole should satisfy the following conditions for her secret mission, which we cannot tell.
A pole should consist of at least one disk.
The total thickness of disks in a pole should be less than or equal to l cm.
The top disk and the bottom disk of a pole should be dark.
A disk directly upon a white disk should be dark and vice versa.
As examples, six side views of poles are drawn in Figure A.1. These are the only possible side views she can make when l = 5 and k = 3.
Your task is to count the number of distinct side views she can make for given l and k to help her accomplish her secret mission.
Here, the maximum possible total thickness of disks in a pole is l cm, and the thickness of the thick disks is k cm. l and k are integers satisfying 1 ≤ l ≤ 100 and 2 ≤ k ≤ 10.
Output the number of possible distinct patterns.


In a little less than one month from now, my best friend of 21 years (we met when we were 14 years old!) is going to get married. I'm her maid of honor, and I am beyond thrilled to be able to celebrate this special day with her. I have been waiting for this day since we were young. I wanted to write and reflect on how I'm feeling about it all now before the whirl and twirl of it all consumes me and then it's over and done.
I know that friends come and go, and the title of "best friend" depends on the phase of life sometimes. Sometimes friends have a falling out and then a reinstatement, and sometimes they enter only for a little while.
But God really blessed me with a consistent and long lasting friendship over these many years with Melanie… my Duckadee. I am pretty sure she knows me better than anyone else I know in terms of our mutual sharing. I can be completely and 100% unfiltered and unafraid with her, and trust that no matter what, she will love me and always have my back. It's such a gift to have someone in your life like that.
Anyway, the best way I know how to reflect and write sometimes is in "letter form" to that person. So that's what I'm going to do… so I can remember this particular time in our friendship.
HOLY CRAP, you're going to get married in a matter of weeks! Right now I'm feeling sentimental and wanting to remember this time in a special way, so here I am writing a blog post letter to you. Very Chickadee-esk, right, Duckie?
But really, wow! I need you to know how super happy I am for you. I know you're feeling crazy with all the last minute wedding details and wishing for your routine life again, but I know in my heart that all of this madness will be worth it for you on the big day. Even more than that, I'm so happy to know that you are wishing for that "routine" life that has included Colby over the last few years. That says so much about your love for each other and for this public vow you guys will share together.
We have been through so much over the years, especially in terms of all the highs and lows of navigating different relationships and heartaches. I really do believe it was a "God thing" that after all of these years, you and I will end up getting married within 7 months of each other. Seriously, we could NOT have predicted that after all we've been through! I feel like our junior high girlish dreams are coming true…we're still best friends, and we get to stand next to each other on our wedding days! Not only that, our BFF days will continue on, and I have no doubt that in this next phase and journey of our lives, our friendship will remain as true as it always has been.
The two verses and the song lyric at the beginning of this post probably describe best how I feel about our friendship, Duckadee. You are truly the friend that is like another sister to me. Throughout the years, our friendship has proven to me that two is truly better than one because so many times, we have lifted one another up when one has fallen. And finally, some folks might think it's funny, but even Marion knows that "Time after time" is the song that will always makes me think of you and us.
I love ya, Duckadee. I'm praying for you in these days. I can't wait to see you soon and very soon! I always say this, but thank you for being such an incredible friend to me always. You're the bestest.


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Today was exciting, we visited a mill in Shipton-under-Wychwood in Oxfordshire. It's home to FWP Matthews, one of the few family run commercial mills. It's built right next to the train station and opened in 1912. Previously, in the late 1800s, the family had grown the grains in the nearby Cotswold fields and the mill became an extension of the business.
The old building in its glorious yellow stone is still a hive of activity and the mill creates a variety of bread and other flours. They have also partnered up with a French firm importing some grain for a French bread flour.
The test is in the product and I've immediately got to work on the first loaf which will be an apricot and sunflower seed Cotswold crunch as a thank you to the in laws for taking us there.


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7 Famous Death Masks That Had Lives of Their Own
BY Livius Drusus
Jere Keys, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY 2.0
Plaster casts of dead people's faces were popular for centuries as a means of preserving a beloved or revered individual's features for posterity, before putrefaction rendered them unrecognizable. Some masks went on to have rich lives of their own, either widely reproduced and sold, used to make realistic (and surrealist) posthumous portraits, employed in scientific research, or even transformed into life-saving devices.
1. KING HENRY IV OF FRANCE, DIED 1610
Most death masks are cast as soon as possible, before decay distorts features and makes applying plaster a slippery proposition. Henry IV, on the other hand, had been dead for nearly 200 years when his mask was made.
It was July of 1793 when the National Convention, in anticipation of the first anniversary of the abolition of the monarchy and the creation of the first French Republic, decreed that all the royal tombs be destroyed. The Basilica of Saint-Denis was the prime target; the church was known as the royal necropolis because almost every king of France from Clovis I (465-511) to Louis XV had either been buried there or had his remains reinterred there.
When the tombs were opened, the most ancient remains were ash and bone fragments. Most of the Bourbons, except for the most recent, were putrefied and emitted noxious vapors, a condition that the Revolutionaries saw as the bodily manifestation of the corruption and sin of the Ancien Régime. The body of Henry IV, the first Bourbon king of France, on the other hand, was exceptionally well-preserved. Unlike his successors, he had been embalmed "in the style of the Italians" (i.e. with minimal cutting and no removal of the brain) by his personal physician Pierre Pigray. His head was intact, his features pristine down to the eyelashes, his beard and mustache still soft.
To record this remarkable survival, on October 12, 1793, a plaster cast was made of Henry IV's face. His body was propped up in the choir for people to marvel at for a week, and then it was dismembered, tossed in a mass grave with all the other kings and queens of France, covered with quicklime, and buried until the restored Bourbon monarch Louis XVIII had the paucity of remains exhumed from the trench and reburied in Saint-Denis in 1817.
Henry's miraculous head, though, may have survived. In 2010 a mummified head from a private collection, long reputed to be that of Henry IV, was found to match his features. That was later contested when his y-DNA did not match that of living Bourbon descendants. However, this could also be explained by secret illegitimacy in the Bourbon line over the past 400 years. The death mask may prove pivotal in resolving the controversy: If the head maps to the mask, it will be solid evidence that the head of one of France's greatest kings survived the lime pit.
2. OLIVER CROMWELL, DIED 1658
When Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, died on September 3, 1658, the trappings of monarchy that he had rejected in life were showered upon him in death. He was given nothing short of a royal funeral, and Thomas Simon, medalist and chief engraver of the Tower Mint, was engaged to take his likeness. Simon used the mold to make a lifelike wax replica of the Lord Protector's face to top a wooden effigy. The effigy was dressed in velvet, gold, and ermine, accessorized with the royal regalia—crown, orb, and scepter—and lain in state in the public hall of Somerset House for two months. At the end of November, he was buried with full honors in Westminster Abbey.
Six plaster casts were made from Thomas Simon's original wax death mask, and copies continued to be made for centuries. Most of the later ones were "Photoshopped" the old-fashioned way: Cromwell's lumps and bumps were minimized or disappeared. That's not something Cromwell would have appreciated. According to a third-hand story relayed in Horace Walpole's 1764 Anecdotes of Painting in England, Cromwell's unflinching self-appraisal was the inspiration for the idiom "warts and all," derived from a conversation he had with artist Peter Lely when sitting for a portrait.
"Mr Lely, I desire you would use all your skill to paint your picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me. Otherwise, I never will pay a farthing for it."
Today the presence of Cromwell's prominent bumps under his bottom lip and over his right eye are evidence for the age of one of his death masks. The more warts, the earlier the copy. (Cromwell's head, meanwhile, had a whole other strange journey.)
3. PETER THE GREAT, DIED 1725
After Peter the Great of Russia died on February 8, 1725, his wife and successor Empress Catherine I ordered court sculptor Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli to make a death mask and molds of his hands and feet. Rastrelli carefully measured the late emperor's body so that he could create a wood and wax effigy that would be accurate in every detail. The effigy was dressed in Peter's own clothes, picked out and placed on the figure by Catherine and her ladies.
That wax and wood effigy complete with original clothing somehow survived the Bolshevik Revolution and is still at the Hermitage Museum today, the crazy wide-open eyes warning all that Waxen Peter, much like the Dread Pirate Roberts, is here for your soul. A far less unsettling bronze death mask cast from Rastrelli's original shortly after Peter's death is also at the Hermitage.
4. JEAN-PAUL MARAT, DIED 1793
Jean-Paul Marat, doctor, journalist, and radical firebrand of the French Revolution, was plagued with a chronic skin disease so severe that by the end of his life he spent most of his time in a bath, warm towels draped over his painful scabs and lesions. That's where he was when Charlotte Corday gained entry on the pretext of having information about Jacobin enemies. On July 13, 1793, Corday stabbed Marat in the chest, killing him almost instantly.
As the authorities were well-versed in violent death at this point, they called on Marie Tussaud, formerly an artist specializing in wax portraits of the aristocratic and famous, to cast a mask of Marat's face. Marie described the event in her memoirs:
"[T]wo gens d'armes came for me to go to the house of Marat, just after he had been killed by Charlotte Corday, for the purpose of taking a cast of his face. He was still warm, and his bleeding body and the cadaverous aspect of his almost diabolical features presented a picture replete with horror, and I performed my task under the most painful sensations."
She would take the wax figure made from the cast with her to London in 1802, where it was exhibited in her traveling shows along with other stars of the French Revolution whose death masks she had cast, including King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and Robespierre. When she created a permanent museum in London in 1835, Marat's figure went on display in the famed Chamber of Horrors, while the heads of other despised revolutionaries whose death masks she claimed to have cast (Robespierre, Hébert, Fouquier-Tinville) were in a room with the heads of her beloved Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. According to Marie, Marat's ugly mug was special because, as she said in her memoirs, he was "the most ferocious monster that the revolution produced."
5. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, DIED 1821
The circumstances behind the casting of Napoleon Bonaparte's death mask are murky, to put it mildly. The former emperor died on the remote island of St. Helena on May 5, 1821, with French and English doctors attending him. At first the making of a death mask seemed an impossible task—plaster was hard to come by on St. Helena—but on May 7 a mold was cast by English surgeon Francis Burton and/or Napoleon's Corsican doctor Francesco Antommarchi. It did not go smoothly. The mold was taken in at least two sections: the face, and the back of the head, ears, and pate.
Napoleon's attendant Madame Bertrand made off with the face cast, leaving Burton with the back mold, which was less than useful without a face to go with it. He sued her to no avail. She returned to France and started making copies, one of which she gave to Antommarchi. Then he started making copies, and he traveled a lot, so pretty soon there were copies of Napoleon's earless face from New Orleans to London. They sold like hotcakes.
By the 20th century, the image of Napoleon's placid face had become iconic, so much so that surrealist René Magritte painted it sky-blue with fluffy cumulus clouds to symbolize The Future of Statues. Meanwhile, nobody really knows which casts are the closest to the original. Museums are lousy with Napoleon face masks, each claiming to be the earliest. A privately-owned one came up at auction three years ago and sold for $240,000, despite a somewhat dubious backstory.
6. AARON BURR, DIED 1836
Brothers Lorenzo Niles Fowler and Orson Squire Fowler were phrenologists, founders of the American Phrenological Journal, and largely responsible for popularizing phrenology in mid-19th century America. In 1836, when they were just starting out, Lorenzo opened offices in New York, where he performed readings on clients, trained students, and wrote extensively on how people's head measurements and bumps reflected their characters.
Lorenzo Fowler had a particular interest in collecting phrenological busts, which captured in plaster the entire heads of their subjects, and it seems he wasn't entirely scrupulous in how he went about securing casts—Aaron Burr's being a case in point. On September 15, 1836, the day after Aaron Burr died, an associate of Lorenzo Fowler's cast Burr's death mask. He did it phrenology style: covering the whole head and neck in plaster for optimal bump analysis. According to an 1895 article in the New York Times, Fowler had his man stake Burr out in the days before his death:
A mysterious stranger haunted the house for many days and nights before the death of Burr. He never was admitted to the recluse, but always made interested inquiries concerning his health, and he was supposed to be either a relative or an interested friend of the statesman, although he was neither. The man was faithful to the determination, and almost immediately after Aaron Burr's death put in an appearance and, without saying, "By your leave," opened his satchel and proceeded, as if he had a right to do so, to take a plaster cast of the dead man.
Burr's questionably acquired skull cast was soon installed in the Phrenological Cabinet, a museum and publishing house in New York colloquially nicknamed "Golgotha," which over the years grew into an enormous collection of casts made from the skulls of notorious murderers and other assorted cautionary tales, as well as famous celebrities with ideal skull topography. By the early 1850s, it was advertised as "containing busts and casts from the heads of the most distinguished men that ever lived," Aaron Burr among them.
7. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN, DIED 1891
William Tecumseh Sherman, General of the Army, scourge of Georgia and the Carolinas, whose scorched earth campaign through the Deep South crippled the Confederacy's war-making ability, died in New York City on Valentine's Day, 1891. Two days later, famed Beaux Arts sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens arrived at Sherman's home to oversee the casting of the death mask. Saint-Gaudens knew Sherman's features well, having modeled a bust of the general in 1888 that took 18 sittings to complete. He brought with him sculptor Daniel Chester French, who three decades later would design the statue of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial, and it was French who made Sherman's actual death mask from the plaster cast.
A year after Sherman's death, Augustus Saint-Gaudens began work on the Sherman Monument, a gilded bronze equestrian statue group of the general being led by Victory, which still stands in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza. He used the hard-won 1888 bust as a reference.
BONUS: L'INCONNUE DE LA SEINE, LATE 19TH CENTURY
Every other death mask in this list was cast from a famous person whose name and face have gone down in history. But L'Inconnue de la Seine (the Unknown of the Seine) doesn't even have a name. It's her face alone that has gone down in history. The story goes that an unknown young woman, purportedly a suicide by drowning, was fished out of the Seine in the late 19th century. Her body was laid out in the viewing room of the Paris Morgue in the hopes she might be identified. (Visiting the morgue to gawk at dead people had been a popular pastime for Parisians since the morgue opened in 1804.)
A pathologist at the morgue was reportedly so taken with her placid beauty and Mona Lisa-like smile that he made a cast of her face, and soon copies of the cast were being sold in stores and gracing the living rooms of bohemians and bourgeois alike. She has inspired writers from Camus to Nabokov, often seen as an ideal beauty, a muse.
The only problem is there's a good chance the story of L'Inconnue is apocryphal. Her smile requires the kind of muscular control seen in life masks, not in death masks, and the features of drowning victims are usually bloated and distorted. The placid visage of a pre-Raphaelite Ophelia is a fantasy. The reality of drowned bodies sitting in a morgue for three days is very different.
Yet, dead or alive, tragic drowned girl or really excellent model, her mask had the most profound impact of them all. L'Inconnue's popularity inspired Norwegian toy manufacturer Asmund Laerdal to use her face as the model for Resusci Anne, the CPR training manikin that hundreds of millions of people have kissed to learn how to save lives.
death History