text:
List of political scientists
(Redirected from Political scientist)
Find sources: "List of political scientists" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Index of politics articles
Politics by country
Politics by subdivision
Political history of the world
Political systems
City-state
Federacy
Semi-parliamentary
Semi-presidential
(political scientists)
(theory)
Bureaucracy (street-level)
Adhocracy
Public policy (doctrine)
Domestic and foreign policy
Organs of government
Separation of powers
Theories of political behavior
Political psychology
Biology and political orientation
Foreign electoral intervention
Subseries
Electoral systems
Elections (voting)
Political campaigning
This is a list of notable political scientists. See the list of political theorists for those who study political theory. See also political science.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
6 F
23 Z
A[edit]
Alan Abramowitz – expert in American politics, political parties, ideological realignment, elections, and voting behavior; professor at Emory University
Brooke Ackerly - expert on grounded normative theory, feminist theory, feminist international relations, and scholar activism, professor at Vanderbilt University
David Adamany – public law specialist and President of Temple University
John Aldrich – political parties expert at Duke University, author of Why Parties?
Graham Allison – early proponent of the bureaucratic politics model, author of Essence of Decision, national security specialist, former Dean of Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
Gabriel A. Almond – originator of the culturist movement in comparative politics
Gar Alperovitz – political economist
Ambedkar – jurist, economist and Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India
William Anderson – specialist in public administration
Michael E. Arth - author of Democracy and the Common Wealth, public policy analyst, founded two public policy wikis. Special focus on electoral reform, population, and environmental issues.
Robert Axelrod – expert on game theory and complexity theory, wrote extensively on the Prisoner's Dilemma, former president of American Political Science Association
B[edit]
Fatih Baja – Gar Yunis University teacher and member of the National Transitional Council in charge of political affairs
Moniz Bandeira – Brazilian writer, professor, political scientist, historian and poet
Benjamin Barber – proponent of participatory democracy and local governance teaching at the University of Maryland School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland College Park
James David Barber – developed a classification system of the personality types of American presidents, successfully predicted Richard Nixon's resignation from the office of the president
Stephen Barber – noted for his work on political strategy and political economy, author of Political Strategy
Michael Barnett – specialist in international relations
Thomas P.M. Barnett – security strategist
Simion Bărnuţiu – noted for his work on political strategy in Austria and Romania
Larry Bartels – democracy and voting expert at Vanderbilt University
Gad Barzilai – Law and Politics, Human Rights and Politics, Communities and Law at University of Washington
Richard K. Betts – prize-winning author in a number of political science areas
Mark Bevir – professor of political science and Director of the Center for British Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; known for his work on governance
Thomas A. Birkland – author of Lessons of Disaster
Duncan Black – responsible for unearthing the work of many early political scientists, including Charles Dodgson
Hans T. Blokland – author of Freedom and Culture in Western Society and Modernization and its political consequences
Jean Blondel – comparative politics at University of Siena, emeritus at European University Institute
Jean-Charles de Borda – 18th-century mathematician who devised the Borda count
Steven Brams – expert on voting systems
Ahron Bregman – expert on the Arab–Israeli conflict
Ian Bremmer – political risk specialist
Stephen Brooks – international relations scholar
Robert X. Browning – specialist in American politics and chief archivist for C-SPAN
Zbigniew Brzezinski – Polish American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman; served as United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981; in September 2007 during a speech on the Iraq war, Obama introduced Brzezinski as "one of our most outstanding thinkers"
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita – pioneering game theorist with applications to international relations, author of selectorate theory, seminal book The War Trap
Ralph Bunche – American political scientist and diplomat; received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Palestine; first person of color to win
Walter Dean Burnham – expert in the field of realigning elections, emeritus at University of Texas at Austin
David Butler – pioneer of modern British political science, invented the concept of swing
C[edit]
Ira Carmen – co-founder of the social science subdiscipline of genetics and politics
Edward Hallett Carr – international relations theorist
Alfredo Castillero Hoyos – democracy and human rights; former member of the United Nations's Human Rights Committee
George Catlin (1896–1979) – English political scientist and philosopher; strong proponent of Anglo-America cooperation; worked for many years as a professor at Cornell University
Partha Chatterjee – Indian postcolonial critic, political and social scientist
Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri – international relations, Indology at Institute of Commonwealth Studies
John Coakley – specialist in ethnic conflict and Irish politics
Benjamin Cohen – leader in the field of international political economy
Stephen P. Cohen – Middle East specialist
James Smoot Coleman – early Africanist, founded the UCLA African Studies Center
Josep Colomer – institutionalist, comparativist, and game theorist scholar
Marquis de Condorcet – 18th-century mathematician and philosopher who contributed the often used "Condorcet criterion" and devised the concept of a Condorcet method
Ralph W. Conant – author of The Prospects for Revolution and Toward a More Perfect Union: The Governance of Metropolitan America
Philip Converse – public opinion scholar, author of The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics
Timothy E. Cook – politics and media
Clyde Coombs – voting systems expert, designed "Coombs' method"
Philip Cowley – author of Revolts and Rebellions
Edvin Kanka Ćudić – Bosnian political scientist and human rights activist, founder and coordinator of UDIK in Bosnia and Herzegovina
D[edit]
Robert A. Dahl – American politics specialist, author of On Democracy
Jouke de Vries – Frisian politician and professor at the university of Leiden
Ronald Deibert – Canadian political scientist and founder and director of the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto
Daniel Deudney – writer and associate professor at Johns Hopkins University; author of Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village
Dan Reiter – political scientist, specialized on military conflicts and war; Professor at Emory University; author of How Wars End
Karl Deutsch – political scientist, focused on political communication
Larry Diamond – comparative democratization specialist; professor at Stanford University
Thomas Diez – Chair in International Relations at the University of Birmingham
John DiIulio – American politics expert at the University of Pennsylvania
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (also known as Lewis Carroll) – author of Alice in Wonderland and professor of mathematics at the University of Oxford; devised Dodgson's method of voting
Robert Donaldson – professor at University of Tulsa and specialist in US/Russian foreign policy
Anthony Downs – has contributed to democratic theory, elections studies
Donald Downs – professor at University of Wisconsin; researcher for Independent Institute
Michael W. Doyle – international relations theorist, author of Empires
Daniel Drezner – professor at Tufts University, specializing in international politics
Murray Dry – professor at Middlebury College, specializing in constitutional law
John Dryzek – professor at the Australian National University, specializing in deliberative democracy and environmental politics
John Dunn – political theorist at the University of Cambridge
Maurice Duverger – French lawyer and sociologist responsible for Duverger's law
Rand Dyck – Canadian politics expert and professor at Carleton University
Thomas R. Dye – elite theory vs. pluralism; author of The Irony of Democracy and Who's Running America?
E[edit]
David Easton – originator of systemic theory
Daniel J. Elazar – American federalism and political culture scholar, founder of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, political science professor at Bar Ilan (Israel) and Temple University
Jean Bethke Elshtain – American political philosopher focusing on gender, ethics, American democracy, and international relations
Jon Elster – Norwegian social and political theorist authored works in the philosophy of social science and rational choice theory and a notable proponent of Analytical Marxism
Cynthia Enloe – international relations scholar focusing on Feminism in international relations, editor for such scholarly journals as Signs and the International Feminist Journal of Politics
F[edit]
James D. Fearon
Peter D. Feaver – international security expert
David Fellman – Constitutional scholar
Richard Fenno – Congress scholar, author of Home Style: House Members in their Districts
Thomas Ferguson – politics and economics
Samuel Finer – academic and author on political science and history of government
Norman Finkelstein – author on political science, notable for The Holocaust Industry
Martha Finnemore – international relations and international organizations scholar
Morris P. Fiorina – American politics; proposed retrospective vote theory
Peter Fishburn – operations analysis and probability theory expert
Keith Fitzgerald – immigration politics expert
James H. Fowler – expert on political participation, the evolution of cooperation, and social network theory (UCSD)
Daniel P. Franklin – American politics; politics of the presidency and Politics and Film
Annette Baker Fox – international relations scholar
William T. R. Fox – international relations theorist, coiner of the term "superpower"
Ernst Fraenkel
Francis Fukuyama – international political theory and biopolitics
Archon Fung
G[edit]
Michael Gallagher
Scott Gates – specialist in international relations
Anthony Giddens – political sociologist originator of the Third Way
Robert Gilpin – international political economy specialist
Benjamin Ginsberg – professor at Johns Hopkins University focusing on American politics
Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson – Professor of Political Science at the University of Iceland focusing on political theory
Marianne Githens – political scientist, feminist, author, professor, and co-founder of the Women's Study Program at Goucher College
Sheldon Goldman – expert on American federal courts; professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
David F. Gordon – political risk specialist, former US Director of Policy Planning
Harold Foote Gosnell – research and writings on American politics, elections, and political parties in political science
Colin Gray – international security
Donald Green – Professor of Political Science at Columbia University focusing on field experiments in American politics
Ted Robert Gurr – specialist on conflict and violence
Amy Gutmann – political theory expert; President of the University of Pennsylvania (2004–present)
H[edit]
Michael Haas – Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of Hawai'i
Jacob Hacker – Professor of Political Science at Yale University
Paul Y. Hammond – American foreign policy and national security specialist at University of Pittsburgh and elsewhere
Harry Harding – China specialist
Thomas Hare – devised single transferable vote (also known as Hare's method)
Jeremy Harris – American politics specialist
Michael Hart – British twentieth-century politics specialist
Louis Hartz – American author of The Liberal Tradition in America
Colin Hay – influential British political scientist
Marc Hetherington – author of Why Trust Matters; offered a new participation paradigm
Christopher J. Hill – international relations scholar, Professor and Director of the Cambridge Centre of International Studies
Roger Hilsman – aide to John F. Kennedy, Columbia University professor, and prolific author
Thomas Holbrook – public opinion and elections research, author Do Campaigns Matter?
Christopher Hood – author of The Art of the State and A Government that Worked Better and Cost Less?
Donald L. Horowitz – pioneered political science models for assessing ethnic conflict
Mark Huddleston – former President of Ohio Wesleyan University and President of the University of New Hampshire
Samuel P. Huntington – author of Clash of Civilizations and The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century; comparativist
I[edit]
Kancha Ilaiah – Dalit scholar and social scientist
Ronald Inglehart – professor at the University of Michigan; founder of the World Values Survey
J[edit]
David J. Jackson – Entertainment/celebrity and politics expert
Gary Jacobson – Constitutional law expert
Attahiru Jega - Nigerian political scientists; former INEC chairman and specialist in political development
Robert Jervis – international security specialist
Chalmers Johnson – comparative theorist
Jason A. Johnson – campaign management
Loch K. Johnson – United States intelligence expert
Charles O. Jones – specialist in American politics
Bertrand de Jouvenel – French political scientist; co-founder of Mont Pelerin Society
K[edit]
Alice Kang - professor at University of Nebraska at Lincoln, expert in African politics and gender research
Nina Kasniunas – author and the Arsht Professor in Ethics and Leadership at Goucher College
Peter Katzenstein – professor at Cornell, former president of the American Political Science Association
Ira Katznelson – specialist in American and comparative politics
Dennis Kavanagh
Michael Keating – specialist in nationalism, European integration and regionalism
Edmond Keller – specialist in African politics
Willmoore Kendall – political theorist; teacher of William F. Buckley, Jr.
Robert O. Keohane – interdependence theory author
Ben Kerkvliet – specialist in comparative politics
Cornelius Kerwin – President of American University
V.O. Key, Jr. – elections, parties and public opinion scholar
Gary King – professor at Harvard, political methodologist
John W. Kingdon – specialist in American politics
Grayson L. Kirk – specialist in international relations and President of Columbia University
Henry Kissinger – former Secretary of State and National Security Advisor to President Richard M. Nixon
Herbert Kitschelt – author on new radical right parties
Stephen D. Krasner – international regimes author, Director of Policy Planning under Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, and professor at Stanford University
Michael Krassa – elections, social context, architecture and society; lobbyist, consultant, political sociologist and Chair of Human Dimensions of Environmental Systems department at University of Illinois at Urbana
Oskar Krejčí – theory of international relations, elections and political psychology, former advisor to two Czechoslovak premieres
Sarah Kreps — foreign and defense policy, nuclear proliferation, and government transparency
James Kurth
Will Kymlicka – originated the theoretical foundations of multiculturalism
L[edit]
Guy Laforest – liberalism (John Locke) scholar; Quebec and Canadian politics specialist
Harold Lasswell – political communications, pioneered early efforts to establish the policy sciences and influential contributor to the Stages Heuristic
Jack Layton – former leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada, Ph.D in Political Science
Richard Ned Lebow – constructivist, Cold War expert, author of Tragic Vision of Politics
Michael Leifer – international relations, South Asian Studies, London School of Economics
Margaret Levi – scholar of comparative political economy, labor politics, democratic theory, former American Political Science Association president
Carl Levy – Goldsmith's College, University of London
Robert C. Lieberman – scholar of American politics and provost of Johns Hopkins University
Arend Lijphart – originator of consociationalism
Juan Linz – democracy specialist
Dan Lipinski – U.S. House of Representatives (IL-D, 3rd)
Seymour Martin Lipset – political theorist on democracy and development and parties; taught at Stanford University
Leslie Lipson – was scholar of comparative politics and democracy at UC Berkeley
Ramon Llull – discoverer of Condorcet Criterion and Borda Count
Theodore Lowi – major scholar of American politics at Cornell University
Ian Lustick – state territoriality ethnic conflict and computer modelling in political science; University of Pennsylvania
M[edit]
Niccolò Machiavelli – considered the originator of historically based political science; author of The Prince
Jane Mansbridge – scholar of social movements, gender, and democratic engagement (Harvard University), former American Political Science Association president
Harvey C. Mansfield – political philosophy (Harvard University)
Zeev Maoz – Arab-Israeli Conflict and international relations expert
Jose M. Maravall – political economist
Helen Margetts – Director of the Oxford Internet Institute
David Marsh – influential British political scientist
Juraj Marusiak – Slovak expert for Central and Eastern Europe
David R. Mayhew – U.S. legislative behavior and political parties expert
James McAllister – international affairs
John McCormick – specialist in European Union politics
Michael McFaul – Russia specialist, professor and director of the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University
John McGarry – ethnic conflict specialist
John Mearsheimer – international relations theorist and national security expert
Samuel Merrill III – voting behavior and party competition
George Michael – specialist in right-wing extremism
David Miller – political philosopher, specialized in theories of social justice
Charles Mills – political philosopher specialising in race relations; author of The Racial Contract
Terry M. Moe – specialist in American politics
Malcolm Moos – former President of the University of Minnesota
Andrew Moravcsik – professor at Princeton University, liberal IR theorist, specialist on European Union politics
Hans Morgenthau – realist, international relations specialist
James D. Morrow – international relations expert and game theorist
Rebecca Morton – expert in American Politics, Political Economy, and Experimental Methods; professor at New York University
Michael Munger – trained as an economist, chair of political science at Duke University, running for governor of North Carolina as a Libertarian
Clark A. Murdock – Senior Adviser, Center for Strategic and International Studies
N[edit]
Arthur Naftalin – specialist in American politics and former Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Amrita Narlikar – President of the German Institute of Global and Area Studies and former Director of the University of Cambridge Centre for Rising Powers
Antonio Negri
Franz Leopold Neumann – known for analysis of National Socialism
David Nolan – founder of the United States Libertarian Party
Douglass North – Nobel laureate
Pippa Norris – Harvard comparative political scientist
Philip Norton – British politics expert
Joseph Nye – "soft power" international security specialist; Kennedy School Dean
O[edit]
Brendan O'Leary – ethnic conflict specialist
Cornelius O'Leary – Irish historian and political scientist
Bertell Ollman – political theorist
Mancur Olson – international political economy specialist; expert on collective action problems; taught at the University of Maryland, College Park
A.F.K. Organski – developed power transition theory in his 1958 book World Politics
Elinor Ostrom – specialist on common pool resources; winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize for Economics
P[edit]
Thomas Pangle – political theorist at University of Texas at Austin
Michael Parenti – political scientist and author
Vilfredo Pareto
W. Robert Parks – former President of Iowa State University
Gianfranco Pasquino – Italian political scientist; electoral systems, comparative politics
Sergei M. Plekhanov – Russia relations expert
Dianne Pinderhughes – scholar of race and gender inequality & public policy, former American Political Science Association president
Nelson W. Polsby – American politics scholar
Samuel L. Popkin – early expert on rational choice theory
Karl Popper – theorist, originated the open society theory
Jewel Prestage – first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in political science, former Dean of the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs at Southern University.
Adam Przeworski – Democratic transitions theorist, author of Democracy and Development; member of the September Group
Robert D. Putnam – social capital theorist, author of Bowling Alone
R[edit]
Douglas W. Rae – equality theorist
Mahesh Rangarajan – Indian political analyst and researcher with a focus on contemporary Indian politics and the politics of wildlife conservation in India
John Rawls – political philosopher
R. A. W. Rhodes – public administration scholar, pioneer of the study of policy networks in British government
Condoleezza Rice – former National Security Advisor; former Secretary of State; professor at Stanford University
Floyd M. Riddick – Parliamentarian of the United States Senate from 1964 to 1974, and developer of Riddick's Senate procedure
William H. Riker – 20th-century political scientist who applied game theory to political science
Patrick T. Riley – political theorist and Kant scholar
David Rohde – Congress scholar
Stein Rokkan – expert on political parties and movements, founder of the Institute for Comparative Politics
Richard Rose – American political scientist, Professor of Politics at the University of Aberdeen
Richard Rosecrance – international relations and political economy expert
Clinton Rossiter – American government and constitutional history theorist
Susanne Hoeber Rudolph – scholar of political economy and political economy, former American Political Science Association president
John Ruggie – international relations theorist, social constructivist
S[edit]
Larry Sabato – University of Virginia professor, director of the University of Virginia Center for Politics, and popular political analyst
Scott Sagan – Stanford professor and notable critic of deterrence theory
Slobodan Samardžić – research includes political ideas and institutions, federalism, constitutionalism, and European Union
David Samuels – comparativist scholar of Brazilian politics and political institutions
Austin Sarat – public law specialist
Giovanni Sartori – comparativist, expert on constitutional theory and party systems; author of Parties and Party Systems
E.E. Schattschneider – early political parties expert, author of Party Government and The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America
Cliff Schecter – political commentator and operative
Steven Schier – specialist in American Politics
Warner R. Schilling – specialist in international relations and military technology
Gesine Schwan – political scientist, president of the Viadrina European University, and nominated twice as a candidate for the federal presidential elections of Germany
James C. Scott – political economist, Southeast Asia area specialist
Hossein Seifzadeh – Iranian Professor of Political Science at University of Tehran; expert on strategic and security issues in the Middle East
Mitchell A. Seligson – Centennial Professor of Political Science Vanderbilt University; founder of Latin American Public Opinion Project and AmericasBarometer
Donna Shalala – former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
Matthew Soberg Shugart – scholar of constitutional design and electoral systems
Yekaterina Shulman – scholar specializing in lawmaking
Beth Simmons – international relations scholar focusing on human rights
Herbert A. Simon – Nobel Prize-winning professor at Carnegie Mellon; a founder of artificial intelligence research; received his Ph.D in political science from the University of Chicago
Theda Skocpol – comparative sociologist; former president of American Political Science Association, Harvard University
Stephen Skowronek – presidency and American political development scholar (Yale University)
Anne-Marie Slaughter – scholar of international relations, former president of the American Society of International Law
Jean Edward Smith – political economist, biographer, international relations, constitutional law
Rogers Smith – Pulitzer Prize finalist, American politics expert at the University of Pennsylvania
Steven S. Smith – American politics, congressional politics, Russian politics; Director, Weidenbaum Center
Peverill Squire – Americanist
Michael Steed – British political scientist, developed the concept of "Steed swing" as distinct from "Butler swing"
Alfred Stepan – comparativist, Wallace S. Sayre Professor of Government at Columbia University
Zeev Sternhell – theorist, political historian of political ideology
John G. Stoessinger – international relations theorist, author of The Might of Nations: World Politics in our Time
Donald Stokes – former Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton; expert on elections
Herbert Storing – American politics expert
Susan Strange – British expert in international relations; taught at the London School of Economics
Carol Swain – Professor of Law and Political Science at Vanderbilt University; expert on immigration and race
T[edit]
Rein Taagepera – comparativist, expert on electoral systems and history of government
Colin Talbot – Chair of Government at the University of Manchester; adviser to various Parliamentary Committees of the United Kingdom
Marco Tarchi – professor at University of Florence, right-wing militant and creator of Nouvelle Droite
Dennis Thompson – political theorist at Harvard University
J. Ann Tickner – feminist international relations theorist and current president of the International Studies Association (ISA)
Virginia Tilley – specialist on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Charles Tilly – professor at Columbia University, his work includes contentious politics and evolution of modern states
Herbert Tingsten – professor of political science at Stockholm University
George Tsebelis – game theorist notable for his general theory of veto players and for describing the Robinson Crusoe fallacy
Tijjani Muhammad Bande - Nigerian political scientist permanent representative of Nigeria to the UN and president-elect UNGA
V[edit]
Stephen Van Evera – MIT international relations expert, known for proposing the Offense-Defense theory
Tatu Vanhanen – democratization and ethnic nepotism
Sidney Verba
Eric Voegelin – in his major work, Order and History in five volumes, he rejected the notion that political science should become a positivistic social science
Leah Vosko – professor at York University
W[edit]
Helen Wallace – international relations specialist
Stephen Walt – international relations specialist
Kenneth N. Waltz – founder of the neorealist international relations school
Michael Walzer – international relations, just war theory
John Wanna – Sir John Bunting Chair of Public Administration at the Australia and New Zealand School of Government
Georgina Waylen – comparative politics, political economy, and gender
Patricia A. Weitsman – international relations scholar, alliance theory
Alexander Wendt – social constructivism proponent
Darrell M. West – specialist in electronic government, Brookings Institution director of Governance Studies
John Henry Whyte – specialist in Northern Irish politics
Aaron Wildavsky – author of Risk and Culture
Bruce A. Williams – specialist in American politics
Danny Williams – Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador
James Q. Wilson – former President of the American Political Science Association
Woodrow Wilson – former Professor of Politics at Princeton University and former US President
William Wohlforth – international relations scholar
Ngaire Woods – founding dean of the Blavatnik School of Government
Susan L. Woodward – professor at the graduate program at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York
Y[edit]
Atilla Yayla – Professor of Politics, Political Economy and Political Philosophy at Gazi University in Turkey; president of the Association for Liberal Thinking
M. Crawford Young – comparativist, Africa scholar
Z[edit]
Fareed Zakaria – international relations expert
John Zaller – author of The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion; at UCLA
Elizabeth Zechmeister – comparativist at Vanderbilt University, Latin American politics and public opinion expert, Director of the Latin America Public Opinion Project (LAPOP)
Oxford Handbooks of Political Science
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_scientists&oldid=903726081"
Lists of people by occupation
Political scientists
Lists of social scientists
Articles needing additional references from May 2013
Dynamic lists


text:
The Story Of The Alfa Romeo "Boxer" Engine
In September of 1967, The Italian government green-lighted Alfa Romeo's project for its new compact family car, to be built in a brand-new factory near Naples, whose construction started on the 29th of April 1968.
Every nut and bolt in the Alfasud was new, designed by under the direction of German engineer Rudolf Hruska.
The flat-four engine configuration was chosen to lower the center of gravity and the bonnet line of the car, thus improving handling and aerodynamic performance.
Although it was designed and tested as a 1500cc engine, the Alfa Romeo boxer debuted in 1972 as 1.2 liters, single-carburetor engine, to place the Alfasud at a comfortable distance from the Giulia in the Alfa range.
Contrary to most boxer engines, the Alfa Romeo flat-four engine block was a single cast-iron piece, open on the underside to allow the fitment of the crankshaft. Once closed, the engine block then was a very solid unit, leaving plenty of potential for higher-powered derivatives. The two cylinder heads were cast in aluminum, and each had one camshaft, driven by its own individual timing belt.
Chapter One - Carbureted Boxers 1972-92
The Alfasud Ti, launched in 1973, was the first sporting derivative of the Alfasud range. The first significant evolutionary step for the boxer came in 1976, under the bonnet of the pretty Alfasud Sprint coupé.
That first 1.3 liters engine was to be shortlived though, superseded in 1978 with a new version that shared its stroke with the 1.5 liters engine that debuted that same year. Both power units would gain their typical two double-barrel carburetors in 1979 and be carried over mostly unchanged from the Alfasud to the 33, in 1983.
The end of Alfasud production did not spell the end of the entry-level 1.2 liters boxer though, which went on powering the base version of the Arna until the end of that model's run, in 1987.
By the mid-80s, 1.5 liters were no longer enough to compete at the upper end of the European C-Segment, so the sportiest of the 33, the Quadrifoglio Verde, received a thumping 118HP 1.7 liters engine. This version of the 33 can be considered a swansong for the lusty, throaty carbureted boxers, as these were gradually replaced by fuel-injected units.
Chapter Two - Fuel-Injected Boxers 1988-97
The first boxer to be offered with electronic fuel injection was a slightly tamer version of the new 1.7 liters engine, available from 1988 on the successful 33 range. From 1993 all the boxers were fuel-injected: these may not sound quite as good as before, but look nicer due to those lovely aluminum intake manifolds, at least in my opinion!
By 1990, the Alfa Romeo boxer engine and the 33 reached their evolutionary peak, with the introduction of the range-topping 1.7 16 valves. The cylinder heads were redesigned entirely, with two camshafts per bank: the engine, also thanks to the higher compression ratio, produced a healthy 132HP at a heady 6500Rpm.
Not that it mattered too much, as the boxer's days were numbered due to the need for better economies of scale within the Fiat Group. Its life was extended for a few more years, until 1997, only because not enough Fiat-derived inline-four engines could be produced in time for 1994, the year the 33's replacement was launched.
Therefore, the development of the boxers stopped altogether, with the smaller versions retaining the older cylinder head design right until the end.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Can we use a callback function to delay the execution of display="none"? Hello all
I want to create an animation for a dropdown using css and javascript. But when the display is set to none, the animations don't work maybe because display property can't be animated. But if I delay the display property, it gives animation enough time to load. So is there any possible method to delay the same display property through callback function? Here is my code:

function myfun() {
  let dis = document.getElementsByClassName("litems")[0];
  if (dis.style.display == "none") {
    dis.style.display = "block";
    dis.style.animation = "up 2s ease-in 1"
  } else {
    dis.style.animation = "down 2s ease-in 1";
    setTimeout(() => {
      dis.style.display = "none";
    }, 2000)
  }
}
.list ul {
  background: orchid;
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
}

@keyframes up {
  0% {
    top: 0px;
    background: white;
  }
  100% {
    top: 400px;
    background: orange;
  }
}

@keyframes down {
  0% {
    top: 400px;
    background: orange;
  }
  100% {
    top: 0px;
    background: white;
  }
}
  <button onclick="myfun()">Click it to toggle</button>

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

Item 4

Thank you very much.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » World News » Preyed on by sex for rent landlords: Men touting rooms
Preyed on by sex for rent landlords: Men touting rooms
Preyed on by the sex for rent landlords: How pandemic has left women vulnerable to men touting rooms in exchange for sexual favours
Predators taking advantage of women advertising 'free' lodging in return for sex
Research suggests 30,000 women in UK have been propositioned since March
Over 20 men contacted by undercover reporters posing as a 21-year-old student offered free accommodation in exchange for sexual acts
Thousands of women are being exploited in a growing 'sex for rent' scandal during the coronavirus pandemic, the Daily Mail can reveal.
Predators are taking advantage of young women by advertising for 'free' lodging, in exchange for taking part in sexual acts.
American billionaires behind US website Craigslist are profiting from the exploitation of vulnerable young British women.
Men use the site to target university students – with some even specifying they seek 'Oxbridge' or 'first class' graduates.
Research from the charity Shelter suggests 30,000 women in the UK have been propositioned with explicit 'arrangements' since March. The arrangements are illegal and those convicted can be jailed for seven years, but there has never been a prosecution. Our investigation reveals:
Disgusting adverts are posted every day from across the UK – with a surge going online during the last national lockdown;
Former developer Fredrick Allard, 70, offered a bedroom in his six bedroom Wiltshire house in exchange for weekly erotic massages
More than 20 men contacted by undercover reporters posing as a 21-year-old student offered free accommodation in exchange for sexual acts;
An HMRC worker, a former member of RAF Support Command and a retired builder made disgusting propositions for a 'free rent' agreement;
Shameless Craigslist bosses have ignored letters from MPs and Government ministers asking them to stamp out the problem.
Labour MP Peter Kyle last night accused Craigslist of behaving like 'pimps' and demanded the 'squalid practice which sexually exploits and enslaves young people' be stopped.
'Just because they are frappuccino-drinking tech gurus doesn't hide the squalid way they are making their money,' he said.
'These predators see every crisis, both personal and public health, as an opportunity for exploitation. These people shouldn't be free to advertise their crimes, they should be before a jury answering for their crimes.'
The room in Edinburgh offered by David Price 28 in exchange for sex
Mr Kyle is calling for a change in the legislation to make it easier to prosecute offenders who are currently 'laughing at the law'. Landlords who offer tenants rent-free accommodation in return for sex are committing a criminal offence under Section 52 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
A YouGov poll commissioned by Shelter asked 1,266 private renters in England whether they had been propositioned by a landlord. A total of 0.7 per cent said they had, and Shelter says that suggests 30,000 female private renters were offered 'sex for rent' arrangements between March and September. It comes after research in 2018 found 250,000 women in the UK had been offered free or reduced rent in exchange for sexual favours over five years.
A quick search for 'free rent' on Craigslist brings up pages of sordid offers across university cities, including Oxford, Bristol and Brighton. Rogue landlords also operate in villages and towns – with disturbing ads in Kent, Wiltshire and Devon.
In a shocking example of brazen exploitation, one advert offering sex for rent was titled: 'Has Covid-19 stolen your future?' Another, based in West London, advertised for an 'eager to please and eager to succeed university student or recent graduate who may have found herself without accommodation… because of the pandemic'. The men, often over the age of 40, predominantly target women between the ages of 18 and 25. Posing as a 21-year-old student, Mail reporters said they had lost their job due to Covid, could no longer afford rent and needed a place to stay.
Fredrick Allard, 70, sent texts demanding massages in exchange for accommodation in his six-bedroom Wiltshire home
All of the men immediately requested pictures. After sending pictures of their face, reporters were repeatedly asked for 'full body' photos as well as their height and bust size. Disgusting predators also asked whether they had a boyfriend and if they were 'open-minded'. Many began sending disgusting messages outlining their expectations.
Via WhatsApp video calls and Zoom, reporters spoke to three men who gave them a tour of the accommodation. They included developer Fredrick Allard in Tidworth, Wiltshire, who said he expected naked massages in exchange for a room in his six-bedroom semi-detached house.
HMRC worker David Price, 28, offered a room in his flat in a trendy part of Edinburgh in exchange for sex 'once or twice a week'. And former RAF Support Command member Lyndon Savage, 55, said the reporter would be sharing his bed and that he enjoyed 'pleasure'.
Craigslist, a classified adverts website founded by Craig Newmark in 1995, hosts hundreds of disturbing posts. Mr Newmark, 68, who is thought to be worth £1 billion, stepped back from managing Craigslist in 2000, handing over the reins to current chief executive Jim Buckmaster.
Mr Buckmaster, 58, is a 'social anarchist' who used to grind his own soybeans to make tofu. Despite being worth more than £1 billion, he paints himself as a man of the people: riding the bus to work and wearing flip-flops to business meetings.
Lyndon Savage, 55, offered to share his one bedroom flat with undercover reporters and give them £150 per week in exchange for sexual favours
The issue of 'sex for rent' was raised by Mr Kyle three years ago. In 2018, the Crown Prosecution Service issued revised guidance on 'prostitution and exploitation of prostitution offences' to include 'sex for rent' cases. The guidance suggests such arrangements could be committing the offence of causing prostitution for gain under Section 52 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
But under the current legislation, victims must be legally defined as prostitutes, adding a deterrent to vulnerable individuals who may be reluctant to come forward over fears it will adversely affect their futures.
Nick Dent, criminal defence lawyer at Kingsley Napley, said he doubted there will be any successful prosecutions under the existing legislation. He said: 'If people want this to be criminalised and investigated and prosecuted then I think it probably does require a specific statutory offence which makes it clear that that's what the purpose is.'
While platforms such as Gumtree tackled the issue as soon as it was brought to their attention, Craigslist is yet to respond to requests to stop hosting criminal posts.
The firm, which employs about 50 people in its San Francisco headquarters, is thought to be worth up to £7.5 billion. It makes money by charging a small percentage of users to post adverts, while keeping the service free for the majority. In 2010, the New York Times reported Craigslist was set to earn £23 million from sex-related revenue that year – nearly a third of its estimated annual sales of £80 million.
Shelter's Polly Neate said: 'Private renting is deeply unstable but the impact of the pandemic means many more people, especially women, are facing serious financial hardship. This makes them vulnerable to exploitation. Sexual harassment by landlords is a gross abuse of power.'
Craigslist, Mr Newmark and Mr Buckmaster did not respond to requests for comment.
Lyndon Savage, 55, offered to share his bed with a young woman in exchange for sexual favours
Wanted to be 'pleasured'
A former member of RAF Support Command offered 'free rent' to women left unable to afford accommodation due to Covid if they 'pleasured' him.
Lyndon Savage, 55, sent explicit messages to undercover reporters who responded to his Craigslist advert for 'female only long-term house share'.
But his offer for 'free rent' entailed sharing his bed and engaging in sexual activity with him. He offered to give a Daily Mail journalist posing as a 21-year-old student a car, a smartphone, presents and £150 a week in return for 'long-term friendship and companionship'.
Savage, from Uxbridge, west London, promised he'd 'look after' the reporter if she 'pleasured' him. He outlined in graphic detail the sexual acts he expected them to engage in.
Savage did not respond to requests for comment.
HMRC worker David Price, 28, video called an undercover reporter on his lunch break to discuss a sex for rent arrangement in his Edinburgh flat
Asked for breast size and pictures
David Price, 28, posted an advert on Craigslist for a 'lockdown flatmate – free room' in October.
Edinburgh resident Price, who works for HMRC, said: 'Man looking for female flatmate for companionship and more during lockdown'.
Reporters responded, posing as a 20-year-old student who had lost her job.
Price then asked for pictures of the reporter including a 'full body pic'.
He also asked about her breast size. Speaking via WhatsApp, Price said he would expect 'company and sex' once or twice a week instead of rent.
When approached, Price said he posted out of 'curiosity' with 'no intention of going through with it' and was not aware it was an offence.
Scottish law is different and illegality cannot be assumed without police investigation.
Former developer Fredrick Allard, 70
'I'd be expecting something in return'
It began how any video call between a landlord and a prospective tenant might. Starting at the top of his six-bedroom home, house-proud Fredrick Allard showed off the rooms he was advertising. Complete with double beds, TV, wifi, and a new bathroom, they were a 'great deal', he said.
But after giving a 20-minute tour around the semi-detached house in leafy Tidworth, Wiltshire, the retired builder went to his bedroom, lay down, and made it clear he was expecting something in return. 'Nothing is for nothing in this life,' he said.
Allard, who claimed to be 50 but is 70 according to the electoral roll, had posted an advert for a 'free room' for a 'single attractive young female' on Craigslist in October.
Posing as a 21-year-old graduate who had lost her job due to the pandemic, our undercover reporter contacted the homeowner about the listing. Allard immediately requested a picture of the reporter, before texting: 'You do understand the room's not completely free, I would be expecting something off you in return.'
Asked what he meant, he said: 'It's a good deal, no bills or deposit or rent… ime sure your not shy what you offering [sic].'
The reporter sent a picture of her face, but he requested more photographs, asking her to send 'a nice picture of yourself as if you interested [sic]'. He said he was seeking a 'weekly arrangement', adding: 'I like giving massages and pleasuring a woman. Anything else would be nice. What are you prepaired to do for me? [sic]'
When the reporter asked him to explain what he was expecting, he said Craigslist was a site for more 'personal' arrangements, adding: 'Normally you would go on a site like SpareRoom.com or roomtolet… but obviously you're not in a position where you can do that because they'd want, like, a month's money up front plus a deposit plus references and normally a guarantor… I don't charge anything. I pay all the bills myself.'
Allard was reluctant to outline what he would want in exchange for the lodging. He said he had to be 'careful' and he was concerned he might be being recorded.
He added: 'You are a college student so you should've been around the block a few times… nothing's free in this life is it, you understand? What I expect from you. Well, we're both adults, well nearly anyhow, you're nearly an adult.'
Allard said he would like to give and receive a weekly massage from the reporter 'with a little bit of friendliness and a little bit of touching' in exchange for the room.
He assured her he wouldn't 'push' for anything else, adding: 'Trust me, I'm a gentleman.'
When reporters later tried to contact Allard, he claimed they had the wrong number, hung up and blocked the callers.
We must fight back against this abuse
Commentary by Peter Kyle MP
An internet search for 'free accommodation' brings up hundreds of ads such as these: 'Sofa bed free for homeless girl', 'Share my bed for free', 'Free room for woman, 18-30', 'Seeking female housemate, no bills, £0'.
The advertisements, mostly placed via the online small-ads service Craigslist, are as sick and brazen as they appear. Predators are offering rooms or beds for free to young people, usually women, in return for sex.
And although both the website and the Government are aware it is going on, they are not making the slightest effort to prevent it.
Men openly include their phone numbers, and sometimes their names and addresses, or even their photographs – yet not one in this country has been arrested and prosecuted.
These sex offenders are so blatant, even Inspector Clouseau could find them and lock them up. It staggers me that ministers will not take action.
When a journalist alerted me to the practice, and the dangers it poses to vulnerable young people, I hesitated to believe it. The evidence on the screen seemed too outrageous, and I took some convincing that it wasn't a hoax.
I could not understand how the law allowed this to happen. In my naivety, I also assumed that, once the Government and the police were made aware of it, action would be taken.
In 2017, I wrote to then Justice Secretary David Lidington. He replied that offering to accept sex in lieu of rent was an incitement to prostitution and so was illegal under Section 52 of the 2003 Sexual Offences Act.
But six months later, nothing had been done. The Ministry of Justice had not provided me with evidence that any perpetrators had been brought to justice or given so much as a caution.
I challenged the Government, asking why it was not enforcing the law, and I wrote to then Home Secretary Amber Rudd. She set up a meeting, and was as horrified as I had been. A Home Office inquiry was instigated, but this has disappeared with no action taken.
Subsequent home secretaries Sajid Javid and Priti Patel have failed to engage with me to tackle the issue. Any work done to date has been simply ditched. It is incredibly frustrating. There are three steps that should be urgently taken.
First, ministers must make sure the law as it stands is enforced. This is a clear offence and it is endemic thanks to a shortage of cheap accommodation, especially in university cities. Second, the law has to be changed so those putting out adverts to exploit people in this manner are guilty of a standalone offence.
At the moment, incitement to prostitution carries a prison tariff but it also imposes a label on the victim. For a perpetrator to be found guilty, the young woman or man he exploits will become defined in law as a prostitute.
It is completely understandable that with the law as it stands, victims of this crime prefer not to press charges.
Who would want to come forward and go through that sort of trauma, especially in a test case likely to attract media attention? Make no mistake, this is abuse and exploitation. Victims can leave, but then they might be homeless. They can't turn to friends and family for help without admitting how they have been living. They frequently find themselves in a deeply unpleasant trap with no obvious means of escape.
Craigslist executives could address the issue right now, but they are showing not the slightest degree of concern. That's why the third thing I am calling for is for the Government to bring the Californian tech company to heel immediately.
Craigslist's managers refuse to acknowledge my phone calls, emails and letters.
I feel a special venom towards this arrogant company. It seems that Silicon Valley tech bosses facilitate these awful crimes on their website but ministers just go weak at the knees instead of taking them to task. If we continue to allow this scandal to fester, countless others will be entrapped, abused and endangered. The time has come to take a stand.
Peter Kyle is Labour spokesman for victims and youth justice
Trump rips 'Pathetic!!!' Senate GOP for blocking $2,000 checks
2020 was an absolute bloodbath for box offices


If you go through this calculation, you will find the IRR is exactly 20 percent. What this tells us is that at a 20 percent discount rate, we are indifferent between the two investments because the NPV of the difference in their cash flows is zero. As a consequence, the two investments have the same value, so this 20 percent is the crossover rate. Check to see that the NPV at 20 percent is $2.78 for both investments.
In general, you can find the crossover rate by taking the difference in the cash flows and calculating the IRR using the difference. It doesn't make any difference which one you subtract from which. To see this, find the IRR for (A - B); you'll see it's the same number. Also, for practice, you might want to find the exact crossover in Figure 9.8 (hint: it's 11.0704 percent).


Gator Golf Cars is proud to serve the Fort Myers, Estero and Naples areas. Our 20,000 square ft store has hundreds of vehicles and all sorts of accessories. Whether it's repairs, maintenance, or tune ups; we service all makes and models! Being a large volume dealer allows us to offer deep discounts on vehicles and parts. We stand by all of our products and treat each new endeavor with creativity and innovation.
"Dan was the Man! First time customer and he treated me great. I will return when I need more help." ~Mark Johnston.


Let's keep this party going. Off a 3-0 week, I'm pumped for the slate of games this week. This is posting early in the week so the lines can, and probably will change.
This just feels like a spot where the Chiefs might struggle at home. The Ravens have rushed for over 200 yards the last three weekends with Lamar Jackson at the helm of the offense. Now, those games have been against the Falcons, Bengals and Raiders. All three of those run defenses aren't very good, but guess what, neither is the Chiefs. Entering the weekend, they were 32nd, and by a wide margin, in rushing defense according to Football Outsiders. When teams run the ball, they limit the opportunities for Pat Mahomes and the highly explosive Chiefs offense. And when the Chiefs have the ball, the Ravens defense can offer some resistance. They entered the weekend fourth overall in DVOA on defense and held the Falcons offense, which is good at home, to 16 points and 131 total yards. So give me the Ravens with their run game and their defense, plus all the points.
The Panthers are totally reeling right now. They started the season 6-2 and have lost four in a row. I highlighted much of their issues last week in this column and guess what, the same issues still exist, and now without Greg Olsen. The Panthers are just awful on the road. They are 1-5 on the road and also 1-5 against the spread. They seem lost at the moment. Ron Rivera is under fire and just fired some assistant coaches to hopefully stop the bleeding. The Panthers just aren't in a good place right now. The Browns played well under Gregg Williams before running into the Texans. Last weekend was rough and I expect a bounce back from the Browns this weekend. Baker Mayfield isn't playing the Texans defense. The Panthers are 27th in total defense and 28th against the pass according to Football Outsiders. The Browns will move the ball at will against the Panthers.
I don't think the Lions should be a favorite on the road. This line will probably get to 3 or 3.5, and it would be ideal to grab it there. The Lions are 4-8 and the Cardinals are 3-9. Not much difference in these teams, so give me the home dog off a big victory Sunday in Green Bay. The Lions have been a wreck on offense recently, with poor performances against the Bears and Rams, both at home. Their defense hasn't been much better, coming in at 29th. The Cardinals are a disaster on offense, but their defense has slowly improved.
This line hasn't been posted yet but when it does, take it. Jeff Driskel on the road without AJ Green. Yea, they aren't scoring much against the Chargers.


Youve Been Reviewed: Arby's Restaurant Strawberry Plains, Knoxville - Youve Been Reviewed!
Arby's Restaurant Strawberry Plains, Knoxville - Youve Been Reviewed!
Finally, at Arby's I had a fast food experience that went beyond expectations. On this day, the service was top notch and so was the food. They've been known to have great roast beef sandwiches for years. The menu also includes a Chicken Cordon Bleu sandwich, mint shakes for the holidays and more. The restaurant is in Knoxville, TN at the Strawberry Plains Pike exit. Read my full review on the Arby's Strawberry Plains Pike location here.


With the Ranger Presenter Pro P800, you can now move freely in the room to engage with your audience and not confined to a fixed position while presenting your PowerPoint presentation.
It is ergonomically designed to fit comfortably in your palm ; and being small, it is portable and very convenient to bring along in your bag or pocket.
For a professional presentation, the Ranger P800 comes with integrated Red Laser Pointer, Complete SlideShow Control Buttons, Intelligent Air Mouse, Multimedia Control Buttons, Unique Wheel Function, Auto Sleep Mode, Smart Storage for the USB Receiver and up to 10m responsive range.
Be it for meeting, teaching, lecturing, training, etc., you can now be in control of your presentations professionally and make your presentation felt !
Intelligent Air Mouse with functions such as open, close, move, click, drag, etc.
For meeting, teaching, lecturing, training, etc.


text:
Dry Cargo International Magazine
Dry Cargo Magazine Archive
Dry Cargo Handling Directory
Online Banner Advertising
Newsletter Banner Advertising
DCi Media Pack
EU ship recycling rules look like protectionism
Dry Bulk | Shipping & Transport
Only nine shipyards, out of 26, on the EU list of approved recycling facilities are realistically open for ship recycling, and only three of the 26 could recycle a large ship (Panamax size or larger), a study commissioned by BIMCO shows.
"The EU list is hard to take seriously. I called one of these "recycling shipyards" a few months ago, and they hadn't even started building the yard yet," says Angus Frew, BIMCO Secretary General & CEO.
"The list look a little like protectionism and clearly disadvantages European ship owners," he says.
The Regulation (EU) 1257/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council on ship recycling came into force on 1 January 2019. It requires EU flagged ships to be recycled at approved yards on the EU list.
EU yards are apparently allowed on the list without fulfilling uniform criteria, whereas non-EU yards have to be inspected by European Commission appointed auditors according to clear criteria before inclusion on the list. So far, only two Turkish and one US yard have been included.
BIMCO believes that audits should consider and reward improvements to health, safety and environmental protection that have been achieved at facilities in Asia. Furthermore, there should also be actual inspection of the EU yards.
Currently, some Asian yards have waited two years for approval after submitting their application without any prospect or pathway to inclusion on the list.
"BIMCO wants the facilities to improve their safety and environmental performance, but if there is no path for non-EU facilities to get on the EU list, the regulation will continue failing to achieve that objective, and simply be an act to protect the EU ship recycling market," Frew says.
The Hong Kong Convention needs to enter into force as soon as possible, and it is essential that improvements are recognised also from the decision makers in Europe.
India, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan and Turkey recycle 98% of all tonnage in the world, according to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
BIMCO commissioned a study from Marprof Environmental in February 2019. The result of the study "Report on the European List of Ship Recycling Facilities" is available on the BIMCO website.
About BIMCO
BIMCO is the world's largest international shipping association, with around 2,000 members in more than 120 countries, representing 56% of the world's tonnage. Our global membership includes shipowners, operators, managers, brokers and agents. BIMCO is a nonprofit organisation.
Trade & Commodities
Engineering & Equipment
Dry BulkEnvironmentFinancial / EconomicShip BrokersShip Owner / OperatorsShippingShipyards
Plus Share this article
E-mail: info@dc-int.com
Business Publishing International
15 Corporate Park, 11 Sinembe Crescent,
La Lucia Ridge,
South Afica,
Trade Publishing International Limited
Clover House, 24 Drury Road,
Colchester,
CO2 7UX, UK
© 2018 Dry Cargo International, All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Site Map


text:
» Ecological Footprints
Last Updated on Wed, 13 Jun 2018	| Ecological Footprints
Dendrochronology is the study of past climate change through examination of tree ring growth. Andrew Ellicott Douglass from the University of Arizona first used this specialized branch of science in the early 1900s. Douglass was the first to realize that the wide rings of certain species of trees were produced during years with ample rainfall and favorable growing conditions.
Every year, a tree adds a new layer of wood to its trunk and branches, which create the annual rings that are visible when viewing a cross section of a tree trunk. The new layer of wood grows from the cambium layer between the old wood and the bark. During new spring growth
Each year a tree adds a new ring, enabling scientists to determine the age of trees. Wet years result in thicker rings, dry years are associated with thin rings. By using these rings as a time line, climatologists can determine the past climate history of an area.
(Nature's Images)
when rainfall is abundant, the tree uses its energy to produce new growth cells. The newest cells generated are the largest of the annual layer. As the summer progresses, temperature rises, and moisture become less abundant, the size of the cells decrease. Then, in the fall, the growth stops and the cells die. The tree remains dormant during the cold winter months. It is the contrast between the smaller old cells and the following spring's larger new cells that creates the visible boundary that is referred to as a ring. Each year, the tree repeats this cycle, adding a new ring. Over time, the tree becomes a measuring stick of time because the rings can be counted in order to determine chronology (time). Trees at middle and high latitudes produce the annual rings necessary to analyze past climate. Patterns in the width, wood density, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of tree rings can be used to estimate temperature.
Because the same set of environmental factors influence tree growth throughout a region, the patterns of ring characteristics, such as ring widths, are often common from tree to tree. These patterns can be matched between trees in a process called cross-dating, which is used to assign exact calendar year dates to each individual ring. The calibrated rings from a number of trees in a region are combined to form a tree-ring chronology. (NOAA Paleoclimatology Paleo Slide Set, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, the University of Arizona)
Climatologists study climate changes and climate patterns in geographic areas through analysis of tree rings. Samples from trees of unknown age can be studied to see if they match with trees that have been analyzed and dated. If cross-samples can be matched somewhere in their ring sequences and overlap in age with rings that have been dated, climatologists can look further into the past. This stair-step concept is referred to as extending the chronology using cross-dating techniques. Samples are usually taken from trees with a long slender boring tool without harming the tree. This technique has allowed scientists to establish some bristlecone pine chronologies in North America that
This is a bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California. The bristlecone pines of the Great Basin region of the western United States are the oldest known living trees—reaching ages up to 7,000 years old, providing extensive historical records of climate. (NOAA Paleo-climatology Paleo Slide Set; Jonathan Pilcher, Palaeoecology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, photographer)
date to nearly 9,000 years ago. Trees can grow to be hundreds to thousands of years old and can contain reliable records of climate for centuries to millennia.
It is important to keep in mind, however, that as with all proxy data, there are limitations to techniques. In dendrochronology, the most serious limitation is that more variables affect tree growth and health than just moisture availability. Tree growth itself is very complex, as is interaction with the surrounding environment. Growth of trees can also be affected by wind, soil properties (nutrients, physical structure), slope (steepness of the terrain), sunlight availability, temperature, winter snow accumulation, fire, and disease. All of these factors contribute in some way—big or small—to a tree's annual growth and therefore to the appearance of its rings.
When climatologists sample trees in the field, they do not base their conclusions on just one core from one tree. They usually take more than one core from each tree, and they sample many trees over a broad area.
When trees grow to become hundreds or even thousands of years old, they are a valuable source of information about climate change. When scientists can look hundreds of years into the natural record found in a tree's rings, they can unravel the clues necessary to answer questions today about the causes and effects of global warming. (NOAA Paleo-climatology Paleo Slide Set; Peter Brown, Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, photographer)
Once they collect these data for an entire climatic region, they analyze them and take the average in order to obtain the best estimate of climatic conditions during a certain period. They then use computer programs to analyze the collected data.
The best trees to use for studying climate change are bristlecone pines, which can be thousands of years old, because as they age they are not as easily affected by environmental variables as are young trees. They are sturdier and can be successfully used to document the effects of global warming.
Statistical analysis allows climatologists to see overall changes in climate trends and address various environmental problems, such as global warming. Examining the sensitivity of trees to changes in climate allows not only past reconstruction, but also present-day monitoring, especially in high-latitude areas such as Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia, where global warming is already causing serious problems.
Andrew Ellicott Douglass was an American astronomer whose major accomplishment did not involve space: He discovered dendrochronology. When he was just 27 years old, he found what he believed to be a connection between climate and plant growth. He first began recording the annual rings of pine and Douglas fir trees around his home. Then, in 1911, he discovered matching records among trees 50 miles (80 km) away. He invented the term dendrochronology, which means "tree-ring dating."
His discoveries made it possible for many other scientists to advance in their own fields—archaeologists could use it to date past civilizations, climatologists could use it to pinpoint significant climate events, biologists could date insect plagues, geographers could study past droughts, and geologists could interpret past volcanic events. His techniques allowed cross-matching and linked together "living tree" chronology with "archaeological tree" chronology.
As his work grew in volume and in popularity, a tree ring laboratory was built at the University of Arizona. Today, this laboratory contains the world's largest accumulation of tree ring specimens from both living trees and ancient timbers. Built under the football stadium at the University of Arizona, the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research (LTRR) preserves almost 1 million wood specimens used to study important scientific issues, such as climate change and global warming.
Through Douglass's efforts, scientists have been able to map climate history in the United States hundreds of years before European settlement. A true pioneer, Douglass also believed that dendrochronology was a valuable tool for measuring future climate.
Landforms Of Arid Environments
Pangaea Ultimathe Future - Ecological Footprints
Landforms Of Cold Environments
Sons AND mineralogy composition
THE sciENcE of REMoTE sENsiNG


The way Volusia votes for president on Nov. 6 is, as usual, anybody's guess.
More than 114,000 Republicans. Close to 128,000 Democrats. Exactly 90,461 minor- or no-party-affiliated voters with a range of political views as wide as the Palmetto Curtain that divides east and west Volusia County.
With numbers like these, the way Volusia votes for president on Nov. 6 is, as usual, anybody's guess.
Living in a swing county like this one is anything but boring every four years. Few places can compare to the I-4 corridor in terms of regular campaign visits from presidential candidates and their surrogates. Maybe only Ohioans can relate.
Volusia has favored the Democrat for president five elections in a row. On the other hand, its voters have sided with three consecutive Republicans for governor. And voter registration is gradually increasing: from about 310,000 eligible voters in 2004, to 330,000 in the record-turnout 2008 race, to almost 333,000 when the books closed this year.
The Republicans are gaining ground here: they've seen a nearly 3,000-voter jump in registered Republicans since 2004. Volusia's Democrats gained only 1,370, but held their edge. And they hold a firm advantage among fast-growing minority blocs: more than 40,000 non-white voters to the Republicans' roughly 8,300.
With just eight days left until Election Day, both sides are counting on a strong ground game to help shape the presidential result: A sixth straight win for the Democrats, or the beginning of a turnaround for the Republicans. Here's how they're doing it.
Jimmy Davis has walked 2 1/2 miles down a dirt road just to get to one more house on his canvassing list. It was a Republican one.
Davis, one of Barack Obama's local volunteers working all around the swing county of Volusia, has been doing a lot of that lately as Democrats try to return this part of Florida to the president.
"It's 14 times more effective to actually knock on someone's door," Davis — a physicist, engineer and lawyer who's clearly done some homework on campaigning — said recently outside the Obama for America office in DeLand.
The local Obama campaign, out looking to drive voters to the polls between this week's early voting period and Election Day, isn't shying away from Republican-registered addresses or even Mitt Romney yard signs.
"It's going to be this dramatic push," Davis said of what's left of the campaign, "getting everybody who says they support President Obama out to the polls."
Volusia's voters are some of the most pivotal in the country — along with several other counties west along Interstate 4 — and the campaigns treat them that way. Romney and Paul Ryan already visited Daytona Beach, and Ann Romney followed. Obama and Bill Clinton are in Orlando today and have been rumored to be planning an event in Daytona Beach in the campaign's final eight days.
Even campaign workers don't know where or when to expect a campaign stop until soon before it happens. Often, the Obama team will send out diversionary plans to keep the campaign trail safe. When Joe Biden held a rally in St. Augustine the day after Romney's visit, local Obama volunteers had been gearing up for him to be in Daytona.
Those rallies accomplish just that — they rally voters, most of whom already support the candidate at the podium. That's similar to what Obama volunteers are doing now — more rallying than the persuading they've been doing for months.
Voter registration ended earlier this month, so volunteers are done signing up new voters. The main focus now is turnout — not among "supervoters," the ones who campaigns count on showing up at the polls, but rather the less motivated, the busy, the distracted or the confused.
In DeLand, the Obama office is footsteps from the area's Democratic headquarters on Wisconsin Avenue, where you'll find Kathy Zimmer answering phones, wearing a yellow "Save Big Bird" pin.
Zimmer and the other volunteers are there to make more phone calls than they take. Using data from the Volusia elections office, the Northwest Volusia Democrats are calling voters across about two dozen precincts in that area to remind them to cast a ballot between now and Nov. 6.
"If we can't reach them on the phone, we're going to their doors," Zimmer said.
That kind of reaching into voters' homes is supposed to continue through Election Day. This year will be the first time both local parties receive almost-live data on who's showing up to vote. The elections office will provide that information at intervals, meaning the Democrats and Republicans won't have to send runners back and forth with turnout numbers.
Jean Jenner, a local Democratic Party worker, said the party will use that information to focus its last-minute get-out-the-vote phone calls in the right places.
"Of course, the Republicans have access to the very same data, so I'm not sharing any secrets here," Jenner said in an email. "However, the choice on how each campaign will be using this information to get their 'favorable voters' to the poll will make a difference."
Before registration closed, Volusia's Democrats and Obama for America combined to register about 9,000 voters around the county. Statewide, that number is roughly 360,000.
"The most important thing anyone can do is vote," Zimmer said. "No matter what you vote, just vote."
And that effort of knocking on every door on the list, Democrat or otherwise, might pay off. The Republican in the house at the end of that long dusty road told Davis he'd be voting for Obama.
In a room with cardboard cutouts of Ronald Reagan at the door and Mitt Romney against the wall, the real face of the Republicans in Volusia County might be Tony Ledbetter's. He's not a candidate for any office, yet he's everywhere.
"In all the years I've done this, this is the biggest," Ledbetter, the vice chairman of the local party's executive committee, says in a room full of volunteer poll watchers training for their jobs. "I've never seen it like this before. If we don't turn Volusia red Nov. 6, then I guarantee you we'll finish it off in 2014, because we're not going away."
The Republicans working to elect Mitt Romney are building energy the closer they get to Election Day, and Ledbetter is one of their spark plugs. Lifted by recent polling data that shows Romney leading a close race in Florida in seven out of 10 major polls, Republicans are running on what they feel is strong momentum at the right moment.
That, plus a sense of retaking a ship the Democrats took years ago. Volusia, in addition to having a heavily Democratic County Council, has gone to the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since George H.W. Bush won the county in 1988.
"They're scared," Ledbetter says of his opponents today. "They think they're going to get their butts kicked, so they're pulling out all the plugs."
Look around the room in the Republican headquarters in Daytona Beach, and it appears the Republicans are all-in, too. Some 500 of them have volunteered to be poll-watchers or greeters during early voting and on Election Day, and more have gone canvassing door-to-door or spent hours working the Romney phone bank.
On one recent visit to the headquarters, a giant can of Monster Energy drink is left open on a table of phones — fuel for a long day of calls.
The energy isn't all in the can. Romney and Paul Ryan drew an estimated 10,000 supporters to a Biketoberfest rally at Daytona Beach's Bandshell, and the crowd started building hours ahead of time. Romney stayed overnight in Daytona before traveling to Boca Raton for the third and final presidential debate.
It was the candidate's third recent visit to Volusia — he came to an Ormond Beach lumberyard in January and attended the Daytona 500 in February during Republican primary season. He also came to the Speedway when he was running for the presidential nomination in 2007.
This most recent rally was the biggest of any of those, and he told the cheering crowd: "We can endure 18 more days of Obama's agenda, but we can't endure four more years."
That 18-day countdown has shrunk to eight, and his supporters are echoing some of the enthusiasm that characterized Obama's 2008 campaign.
"In 2008, hope and change were Obama's two campaign slogans," said Peter Sproge of Ormond Beach, a volunteer making phone calls and working the polls in his first campaign. "He hasn't done that, but I feel very confident Mitt Romney is the person to bring that change we've been looking for the last four years."
The strategy at the polls is to make sure registered Republican votes count, and unregistered votes don't. Ledbetter, who was a poll-watcher in 2008, said there are certain precincts around the county where voters show up who aren't listed correctly in the voter rolls.
Outside the polls, and beyond a 100-foot radius from the polls established by the law, greeters from both parties will be handing out voter guides. The Republicans' guide for poll greeters advises them: "Smile and be friendly. Don't argue with the zealots. Say 'thank you' and walk away. Visible arguments are bad publicity."
"We're covering almost every poll," said Tom Coriale, a volunteer who's been training others to do the job. "It's an unprecedented effort on our part to do that."
Ledbetter, meanwhile, has been the main surrogate for many local Republicans. Earlier this month, he was the recurring Republican voice at a meet-the-candidates event at Daytona State College — in any race where the Republican candidate wasn't around, Ledbetter took the podium to make the campaign pitch. That included the one for Romney.
"I really believe the excitement this year is far superior than in 2008," Ledbetter said. Obama "had all the momentum in 2008; he doesn't have it now."


teaching matter for post-graduate education that will be an example of approach, relationship and cooperation between university and industry in the context of post-graduate learning and life-long learning.
for which there are very different perceptions associated with different interests that make up what may be called areas of specialization in Plant Biology. The "plant world" extends their knowledge to different fields, including horticulture, food science, food, medicine, nutrition, natural products, drug industry or economic and social areas.
There are three aspects around which is organized a body of knowledge related to gastronomy and "plant world": 1) Gastronomic Botany: use of plants, algae and fungi in food, 2) Nutrition and Health: Bioactive principles of functional foods, nutrigenomics 3) Economic Botany: social, economic and health aspects related to the plant products market. Gastronomy is a cultural object changing over time depending mainly on several factors: 1) raw material for food, 2) knowledge about the properties of some of these substances, 3) methods and techniques for the use of these materials. On the other hand, in recent years has been expanding and using the term "molecular gastronomy" to refer changes in processing food. Also all these aspects are related to two important questions: food safety and advances in functional foods and nutrigenomics.


text:
E. Phillips Oppenheim (1866 – 1946)
Edward Phillips Oppenheim was an English novelist, primarily known for his suspense fiction. He was born on 22 October 1866 in Leicester, the son of a leather merchant, and after attending Wyggeston Grammar School he worked in his father's business for almost 20 years, beginning there at a young age. He continued working in the business, even though he was a successful novelist, until he was 40 at which point he sold the business.
He wrote his first book Expiation in 1887 and in 1898 he published The Mysterious Mr Sabin, which he described as "The first of my long series of stories dealing with that shadowy and mysterious world of diplomacy." Thereafter he became a prolific writer and by 1900 he had had 14 novels published. While on a business trip to the United States in 1890 he met and married Elise Clara Hopkins of Boston and, on return to England, they lived in Evington, Leicestershire until the First World War, and had one daughter. His wife remained faithful to him throughout his life despite his frequent and highly publicised affairs, which often took place abroad and aboard his luxury yacht. During World War I Oppenheim worked for the Ministry of Information while continuing to write his suspenseful novels. He featured on the cover of Time magazine on 12 September 1927 and he was the self-styled 'Prince of Storytellers', a title used by Robert standish for his biography of the author. His literary success enabled him to buy a villa in France and a yacht, spending his winters in France where he regularly entertained more than 250 people at his lavish parties and where he was a well-known figure in high society. He later purchased a house, Le Vanquiédor in St. Peter Port, in Guernsey. He lost access to the house during the Second World War when Germany occupied the Channel Islands but later regained it. He wrote 116 novels, mainly of the suspense and international intrigue type, but including romances, comedies, and parables of everyday life, and 39 volumes of short stories, all of which earned him vast sums of money. He also wrote five novels under the pseudonym Anthony Partridge and a volume of autobiography, The Pool of Memory in 1939. He is generally regarded as the earliest writer of spy fiction as we know it today, and invented the 'Rogue Male' school of adventure thrillers that was later exploited by John Buchan and Geoffrey Household. Undoubtedly his most renowned work was The Great Impersonation (1920). (Gerry Wolstenholme. Goodreads)
A comprehensive list of E. Phillips Oppenheim's books is available at Fantastic Fiction.
Further reading: Mike Grost on E. Phillips Oppenheim at A Guide to Classic Mystery and Detection
The Great Impersonation is a mystery novel written by E. Phillips Oppenheim and published in 1920. Originally published serially in Harper's Bazaar, The Great Impersonation ranks among the most acclaimed espionage novels. For the past hundred years, readers have been captivated by the fast-moving plot, the descriptions of life among English aristocrats before the Great War, and the bold cast of characters, which includes a host of dukes, duchesses, ambassadors, German agents, and harebrained young Englishmen. This vivid, convincing thriller is one of the first great achievements of the spy genre. (Source: Dover Publications) The book has been adapted to film three times. The first was in 1921, starring James Kirkwood as Everard Dominey/Leopold von Ragastein and directed by George Melford. The second was in 1935, starring Edmund Lowe and directed by Alan Crosland. The last was in 1942, and has significant plot and name changes (mostly to set the story in World War II), Ralph Bellamy stars as Edward Dominey/Leopold von Ragastein, and it is directed by John Rawlins. (Source: Wikipedia)
Published by A. L. Burt Company, New York, 1920 Hardcover Book, First Edition, The Great Impersonation, E. Phillips Oppenheim. Source: MountainAireVintage.
Book Description: East Africa, 1913. The disgraced English aristocrat Everard Dominey stumbles out of the bush, and comes face to face with his lookalike — the German Baron von Ragastein. Months later, Dominey returns to London and resumes his glittering social life. But is it really Dominey who has come back, or a German secret agent seeking to infiltrate English high society? As international tension mounts and the great powers of Europe move closer to war, Dominey finds himself entangled in a story of suspicion and intrigue. He must try to evade his insane and murderous wife as well as escape the attentions of the passionate Princess Eiderstrom, and will eventually uncover the secret of the ghost that haunts his ancestral home. This classic thriller was hugely popular when it was first published in 1920, selling over one million copies in that year alone, and was filmed three times. It was selected by The Guardian as one of the 1000 novels everyone must read. (Source: Poisoned Pen)
The Great Impersonation has been reviewed, among others, at Mystery File, and 'Do You Write Under Your Own Name?'
The Great Impersonation by E. Phillips Oppenheim is in the public domain and is available at Project Gutenberg.
Author Jose Ignacio Escribano García-BosquePosted on 01/05/2020 01/05/2020 Categories E. Phillips Oppenheim
One thought on "E. Phillips Oppenheim (1866 – 1946)"
Pingback: Index of Classic Mystery Writers (1841 – 1965) A Work-In-Progress – A Crime is Afoot
Previous Previous post: Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö (1935 – 2020 / 1926 – 1975)
Next Next post: Arthur Upfield (1890 – 1964)


text:
Q: SSAS build multiple cube from multiple sources with the same project My question is in the title but here is some more information:
I have two clients with two différents SQL server database
BDD_Client_A and BDD_Client_B
From which I extract the same data structure and I put them in two databases
DM_Client_A and DM_Client_B
I have one SSAS project build on DM_Client_A from which i creates CUBE_A
And I want to build it dynamically for n client CUBE_N
How can I achieve that?

The purpose of it is that if in need to make an update i only change 1 project and rebuild dynamically all cube instead of update N project 1 by 1.
I know that i can change Project déploiement properties to change destination but cant figure how to do it with datasource.purpose
for now i update the connection string in the Model.bim file.


By way of introduction, I first discovered the social media sensation Caitlin Oppermann during the IT module on my LLM (ah - it's always nice to hark back to those happy days!!) when she was interviewed for an article which appeared in NY Magazine about her rather avant-garde use of social media as a college student.
From Roll on Friday 14/07/11:Scottish firm MacRoberts has joined the twenty-first century and released an app for the iPhone, which allows bosses to find out just how cheaply they can get rid of unwanted employees.Yay. And what employer doesn't want that facility?
I'm pleased to announce I'll soon be adding something similar to the ever-expanding line of Law Actually products and services.
Called the 'fire-o-meter' (Fireometer) "fire-omm-eater"... you get how I'm saying that - it's frightfully important!!), it will use your smart phone's camera and facial recognition technology to spy on your employees and measure their productivity.
Found via How to Geek 30/05/11.Painfully true. Which reminds me: my old external hard drive which was my primary backing up drive but is now my secondary backing up drive because it went on the blink (slightly) is now my tertiary backing up drive because I bought another external hard drive to become my primary backing up drive after I relegated the previously new primary backing up drive to become the secondary when I got the third.No, that's not quite right… or is it?Anyway, the one that's on the blink is now even more on the blink and probably has to be retired all together. Which means, I need a, what, quaternary drive to…Oh forget it. I just need to back up again. Bugger.
Why is it half of US blawgers only seem to blawg about their kids?Maybe it's a cultural thing. Or maybe I'm less sympathetic because I'm not a parent? I don't know and I don't really care.All I know is that reading about other people's kids bores me to tears.And I've had enough; here comes a clear-out session of my RSS subscriptions!
Photo courtesy of James McCauleyNot my headline; it's the witty, attention-grabbing header chosen by the South Gloucestershire Observer dated 07/07/11. Oh yes!
A woman was injured after falling from a footpath the city council has failed to make safe, despite pledges it would do so.She was rescued from a stream after slipping from the path between Water Lane [appropriately named?!], Tesco supermarket and Calington Road, Brislington.It is not clear how she ended up in the water but four Avon fire and rescue appliances and Great Western Ambulance Service were needed to get her out of the water and onto a spinal board."It's not clear how the woman ended up in the water?" How about – she slipped?More to the point, why on earth did it take 4 fire engines and crews to get her out of a stream? Talk about adding insult to injury. Was it not enough that the poor woman suffered the ignominy of going a over t into a stream without the local rag implying she's the size of a fully grown rhino!
I blame Amazon – their super saver delivery is superb!Found here.


text:
Michael Fritsch What Impact do Start-Ups Really Have on Regional or National Economic Development?
Michael Fritsch is Professor of Business Dynamics, Innovation and Economic Change at Friedrich Schiller University Jena. Having previously held posts at Indiana University, Carnegie Mellon University, and Technical University Berlin, Fritsch is associate editor of the journals Regional Studies and Small Business Economics and he sits on the editorial boards of the European Journal of Innovation Management and the Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research. His main research interests include new business formation processes and their impact on economic development and economic development strategies.
Senior Professor
Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) (more details)
Full Professor, Chair of Economic Policy
Interim Chair of Economic Policy
Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin)
Institute of Economics
Berlin Social Science Centre (WZB)
Habilitation in Economics
Ph.D. in Economics
Master in Economics (Diplom-Volkswirt)
Journal Referee
- Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research
- Review of Regional Research
- European Journal of Innovation Management
- Center of Innovative Science and Education (CISE)
- Iberian Management & Economic Frontiers
- International Journal of Transition and Innovation Systems
© Jan-Peter Kasper/University Jena
Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena)
Jena, Germany
The Friedrich Schiller University Jena is the only traditional university in the German state of Thuringia with 10 faculties covering all disciplines. It was founded in 1558 and today offers a broad range of almost 200 different study programmes ranging from archaeology to Studies in Economics. The student body comprises about 18,000 students who, in various rankings and studies, have time and again born testimony to the good academic and study conditions at their university.
The Friedrich Schiller University is characterized by high and strong research dynamics. It has been a long tradition at the university to work interdisciplinarily, and close cooperation with non-university research institutions and the industry have always had great importance. Research at the Friedrich Schiller University focuses around the three keywords "Light – Life – Liberty".
Special attention and support is given to young scientists and academics at the University of Jena. With it's nationwide recognized Graduate Academy, the Friedrich Schiller University puts great emphasis on optimal qualifications and the highest possible quality standards. The more than 120 cooperation agreements with universities around the world underline the international orientation of the Friedrich Schiller University who has also been able to build up a reputation of preserving culture thanks to its 42 collections and museums. (Source: University of Jena)
"On the 6th of December in 1991, the School of Economics and Business Administration was founded with the goal of linking liberal traditions with modern study concepts and contents. During the 1990s, a new campus, with modern- style architecture and a cafeteria, was established in the heart of the city. The School of Economics and Business Administration combines professional training with postgraduate qualifications in the fields of business, economics, business information systems and business educational studies. With our innovative and comprehensive framework in the field of economic science, we provide a formal-quantitative education based on a decision-making oriented methodology. " (Source)
After Joseph Schumpeter, economists have given much credence to the role that new business formation plays in regional economic development. In this video, MICHAEL FRITSCH argues that not all Start-Ups are created equal and proposes a more balanced assessment of the factors underlying economic development. Fritsch's research takes a region-based approach and finds that up to two-thirds of the positive economic effects of new business formation are locatable in incumbent businesses that react effectively to the emergence of innovative challengers. The research poses important questions for economists and governments alike who need to consider not only how to encourage entrepreneurial innovation but also how to support existing businesses to effectively respond to new competitors.
Entrepreneurship and Growth
Michael Fritsch
The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Modern Entrepreneurship
Michael Fritsch. "Entrepreneurship and Growth." In The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Modern Entrepreneurship 2017: 116-129.
Javier Changoluisa and Michael Fritsch. "New Business Formation and the Productivity of Manufacturing Incumbents: Effects and Mechanisms." Journal of Business Venturing 32, 3 (2014): 237-259.
Michael Fritsch. "The Effect of New Business Formation on Regional Development." In The Wiley Handbook of Entrepreneurship Wiley-Blackwell, 2017: 379-400. doi:10.1002/9781118970812.ch17.
Michael Fritsch, Martin Obschonka and Michael Wyrwich. "Historical Roots of Cultures of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Activity - An Analysis for German Regions." working paper in 2018.
© Michael Fritsch & Latest Thinking
Marina Bruckmann
Democracy Social Sciences
Niels Petersen
Is There a Relationship Between Anti-Trust Law, Economic Growth, and Democratic Development?
Life Expectancy Economics
Uwe Sunde
What Role Does Life Expectancy Play for the Economic Development of Countries?
Innovation Economics
How Is Economic Change Influenced by Innovations?
Josef Drexl
How Can the Data Economy Be Regulated to Promote New Emerging Markets?
Antitrust Measures Economics
Monika Schnitzer
Does Compulsory Licensing Work as an Effective Antitrust Tool?