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Simplicity and Complexity (bibliography)
by Luke Muehlhauser on March 28, 2010 in Resources
Here is a bibliography of philosophical and scientific literature on the difficult concepts of simplicity and complexity. Much of it is copied and edited from a website on Occam's razor that apparently no longer exists.
I'll add PDF links as I go along. If you have any of these, please send them to lukeprog [at] gmail. Also, please recommend relevant articles that I have missed.
Simplicity and Complexity
Ackermann, R. (1960). Simplicity and the Acceptability of Scientific Theories. Dissertation, Michigan State University.
Ackermann, R. (1961). "Inductive Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 28: 152-161.
Ackermann, R. (1963). "A Neglected Proposal Concerning Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 30: 228-235.
Ackermann, R. (1963). "Inductive Simplicity in Special Cases." Synthese 15: 437-444.
Adams, M. M. (1987). "Ockham's Ontological Program." William of Ockham: 143-167.
Ariew, R. (1976). Ockham's Razor: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Ockham's Principle of Parsimony.
Ariew, R. (1977). "Did Ockham Use His Razor?" Franciscan Studies 37: 15-17.
Baker, A. (2001) "Mathematics, Indispensability and Scientific Practice," Erkenntnis, 55, 85-116.
Baker, A. (2003) "Quantitative Parsimony and Explanation," British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 54, 245-259.
Baker, A. (2004). "Simplicity." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Barker, S. F. (1957). Induction and Hypothesis: A Study of the Logic of Confirmation.
Barker, S. F. (1961). "On Simplicity in Empirical Hypotheses." Philosophy of Science 28: 162-171.
Barker, S. F. (1961). "The Role of Simplicity in Explanation." Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science.
Barnes, E. (2000) "Ockham's Razor and the Anti-Superfluity Principle", Erkenntnis, 53, 353-74.
Beck, L. W. (1943). "The Principle of Parsimony in Empirical Science." Journal of Philosophy 40: 617-632.
Bunge, M. (1961). "The Weight of Simplicity in the Construction and Assaying of Scientific Theories." Philosophy of Science 28: 120-149.
Bunge, M. (1962). "The Complexity of Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 59: 113-135.
Bunge, M. (1963). The Myth of Simplicity, Problems of Scientific Philosophy.
Burgess, J. (1998) "Occam's Razor and Scientific Method," in The Philosophy of Mathematics Today, 195-214.
Campbell, J. (1970). The Masks of God: Creative Mythology.
Caws, P. (1963). "Science, Computers, and the Complexity of Nature." Philosophy of Science 30: 158-164.
Charlesworth, M. J. (1956). "Aristotle's Razor." Philosophical Studies (Ireland) 6: 105-112.
Cornman, J. W. (1980). Skepticism, Justification, and Explanation.
Derkse, W. (1992) On Simplicity and Elegance, Delft: Eburon.
Elliot, R. (1979). "Materialism and Occam's Razor." Philosophy 54: 233-34.
Epstein, R. (1984). "The Principle of Parsimony and Some Applications in Psychology." Journal of Mind Behavior 5: 119-130.
Farris, J. (1985). "Parsimony, synapomorphy, and explanatory power: A reply to Duncan." Taxon.
Felsenstein, J. (1983). "Parsimony in Systematics." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 335-358.
Felsenstein, J. (1983). "Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Uses." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 313-333.
Felsenstein, J., Sober, E. (1986). "Parsimony and Likelihood: an Exchange." Systematic Zoology 35: 617-626.
Feurer, L. S. (1957). "The Principle of Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 24: 109-122.
Feurer, L. S. (1959). "Rejoinder to the Principle of Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 26: 43-45.
Forrest, P. (1982). "Occam's Razor and Possible Worlds." Monist 65: 456-64.
Forster, M. R., Sober, E. (1994). "'How to Tell When When Simpler, More Unified Less ad hoc Theories Will Provide More Accurate Predictions'." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45: 1-36.
Forster, M. R. (1995). "Bayes and Bust : Simplicity as a Problem for a Probabalist's Approach to Confirmation." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46(3): 399-424.
Forster, M. R. (2001). "The New Science of Simplicity." Simplicity, Inference, and Modelling.
Friedman, K. (1972). "Empirical Simplicity as Testability." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 23.
Friedman, K. (1973). "Son of Grue: Simplicity VS Entrenchment." Nous 7: 366-376.
Friedman, K. (1990). Predictive Simplicity.
Gauch, H. (2003) Scientific Method in Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gernert, D. (2009). "Ockham's razor and its improper use." Cognitive Science.
Glassen, P. (1976). "J.J.C. Smart, Materialism, and Occam's Razor." Philosophy 51: 349-352.
Glassen, P. (1983). "Smart, Materialism, and Believing." Philosophy 58: 95-101.
Goodman, N. (1943). "On the Simplicity of Ideas." Journal of Symbolic Logic 8: 107-121.
Goodman, N. (1949). "The Logical Simplicity of Predicates." Journal of Symbolic Logic 14: 32-41.
Goodman, N. (1950). "An Improvement in the Theory of Simplicity." Journal of Symbolic Logic 14: 228-229.
Goodman, N. (1952). "New Notes on Simplicity." Journal of Symbolic Logic 17: 189-191.
Goodman, N. (1955). "Axiomatic Measurement of Simplicity." Journal of Philosophy 52: 709-722.
Goodman, N. (1958). "The Test of Simplicity." Science 128: 1064-1069.
Goodman, N. (1959). "Recent Developments in the Theory of Simplicity." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 19: 429-446.
Goodman, N. (1961). "Safety, Strength, Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 28: 150-151.
Goodman, N. (1961). "Condensation Versus Simplification." Theoria 27: 47-48.
Goodman, N. (1967). "Uniformity and Simplicity." Geological Society of America. Special Paper 89: 93-99.
Groarke, L. (1992) "Following in the Footsteps of Aristotle: the Chicago School, the Glue-stick and the Razor," Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 6(3), 190-205.
Hales, S. (1997). "Ockham's Disposable Razor." The Role of Pragmatics in Contemporary Philosophy. 356-361.
Hesse, M. B. (1967). "Simplicity." Encyclopedia of Philosophy. P. Edwards. New York, Macmillan. 7: 445-449.
Hesse, M. B. (1973). The Structure of Scientific Inference. London, Macmillan.
Hillman, D. J. (1962). "The Measurement of Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 29: 225-252.
Holsinger, K. (1981) "Comment: the Blunting of Occam's Razor," Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 144-6.
Huemer, Michael (2008). "When is Parsimony a Virtue?" Philosophical Quarterly 59: 216-36.
Jacquette, D. (1994). "Ockham's Razor." Philosophy of Mind.
Kemeny, J. G. (1953). "The Use of Simplicity in Induction." Philosophical Review 62: 391-408.
Kemeny, J. G. (1955). "Two Measures of Complexity." Journal of Philosophy 52: 722-733.
Kluge, A. (2001). "Parsimony with and without scientific justification." Cladistics.
Kuhn, T. (1977). "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice," in The Essential Tension, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 320-39.
Lewis, D. (1973). Counterfactuals.
Lycan, W. G. (1975). "Occam's Razor." Metaphilosophy 6: 223-237.
Maurer, A. (1984) "Ockham's Razor and Chatton's Anti-Razor," Mediaeval Studies, 46, 463-75.
Maurer, A. (1978). "Method in Ockham's Nominalism." Monism 61: 426-43.
Nolan, D. (1997) "Quantitative Parsimony", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 48, 329–43.
O'Hara, G. (1963). "Ockham's Razor Today." Philosophical Studies 12: 125-139.
Popper, K. R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
Post, H. R. (1960). "Simplicity in Scientific Theories." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 11: 32-41.
Post, H. R. (1961). "A Criticism of Popper's Theory of Simplicity." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 12: 328-331.
Quine, W. (1966) "On Simple Theories of a Complex World", in The Ways of Paradox, New York: Random House.
Reichenbach, H. (2008). The Concept of Probability in the Mathematical Representation of Reality.
Rescher, N. (1998) Complexity: a Philosophical Overview, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Rogers, C. F. (1940). "Ockham's Razor." Theology 40: 340-249.
Rosenkrantz, R. (1976). "Simplicity." Foundations and Philosophy of Statistical Inference.
Rosenkrantz, R. D. (1977). "Simplicity." Inference, Method, and Decision.
Rudner, R. S. (1961). "An Introduction to Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 28: 109-119.
Schlesinger, G. (1959). "The Principle of Simplicity and Verifiability." Philosophy of Science 26: 41-42.
Schlesinger, G. (1960). "The Principle of Minimum Assumption." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 11: 55-58.
Schlesinger, G. (1961). "A Second Note On The Principle Of Minimum Assumption." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 11: 328-329.
Schlesinger, G. (1961). "Dynamic Simplicity." Philosophical Review 70: 485-499.
Schlesinger, G. (1967). "The Probability of the Simple Hypothesis." American Philosophical Quarterly 4: 152-158.
Schlesinger, N. (1971). "Induction and Parsimony." American Philosophical Quarterly 8: 179-185.
Smart, J. (1984) "Ockham's Razor," in Principles of Philosophical Reasoning, ed. Fetzer, 118-28.
Smart, J. J. C. (1959). "'Sensations and Brain Processes." Philosophical Review 68: 141-156.
Smart, J. J. C. (1978). "Is Occam's Razor a Physical Thing?" Philosophy 53: 382-385.
Sober, E. (1975). Simplicity.
Sober, E. (1981). "The Principle of Parsimony." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 32: 145-156.
Sober, E. (1983). "Parsimony Methods: Philosophical Issues." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 335-58.
Sober, E. (1984). "Common Cause Explanation." Philosophy of Science 51: 212-241.
Sober, E. (1987). "Parsimony, Likelihood, and the Common Cause." Philosophy of Science 54: 465-469.
Sober, E. (1987). "Parsimony and the Units of Selection." The Process of Science: Contemporary Philosophical Approaches To Understanding Scientific Practice.
Sober, E. (1988). Reconstructing the Past: Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference.
Sober, E. (1990). "Let's Razor Ockham's Razor." Explanation and its Limits.
Sober, E. (1993). Philosophy of Biology.
Sober, E. (1994). From a Biological Point of View: Essays in Evolutionary Philosophy.
Sober, E. (1996). "Parsimony and Predictive Equivalence." Erkenntnis 44(2): 167-197.
Sober, E. (2000). "Evolution and the Problem of Other Minds." Journal of Philosophy 97(7): 365-386.
Sober, E. (2003) "Parsimony," in The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia.
Suppes, P. (1956). "Nelson Goodman on the Concept of Logical Simplicity." Philosophy of Science 23: 153-159.
Svenonius, L. (1955). "Definability and Simplicity." Journal of Symbolic Logic 20: 235-250.
Swinburne, R. (1997) Simplicity as Evidence for Truth, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
Zellner, A. M., Michael; Keuzenkamp, Hugo A., Ed. (2001). Simplicity, Inference and Modeling.
Thornburn, W. M. (1915). "Occam's Razor." Mind N. S. xxiv: 287-288.
Thornburn, W. M. (1918). "The Myth of Ockham's Razor." Mind: 345-353.
Walsh, D. (1979). "Occam's Razor: A Principle of Intellectual Elegance", American Philosophical Quarterly, 16, 241–4.
White, R. (2005). "Why Favour Simplicity?", Analysis 65 (287): 205–210.
Wreen, M. (1996). "Most Assur'd of What He is Most Ignorant." Erkenntnis 44(3): 341-368.
Zellner, A., Keuzenkamp, H. & McAleer, M. (eds.) (2001) Simplicity, Inference and Modelling: Keeping It Sophisticatedly Simple. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parsimony Used in Science
Allard, M. W. (1993). "An Empirical Example of Parsimony Behaviour." Problems of Phylogentic Reconstruction.
Allard, M. W. M., Michael M. (1992). "Perspective: Testing Phylogenetic Approaches with Empirical Data, as Illustrated with the Parsimony Method." Molecular Biology and Evolution 9(5): 778.
Anderberg, A. A. B., Kare (1991). "Parsimony Analysis and Cladistic Reclassification of the Relhania Generic Group (Asteraceae Gnaphalieae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78(4): 1061.
Andersen, N. M. (1989). "The Coral Bugs, Genus Halovelia Bergroth (Hemiptera, Veliidae): II. Taxonomy of the Halovelia Malaya group, Cladistics, Ecology, Biology, and Biogeography." Entomologica Scandinavica 20(2): 179-228.
Anderson, D. R. B., K. P. (1999). "Understanding Information Criteria for Selection Among Captur-Recapture or Ring Recovery Models." Bird Study 46: 14-21.
Archie, J. W. (1989). "A Randomization Test for Phylogenetic Information in Systematic Data." Systematic Zoology 38(3): 239-252.
Arnold, E. N. (1996). "The Role of Biological Process in Phylogenetics with Examples from the Study of Lizards." Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milar 27(1): 9-20.
Arrotin, P. D., V. (1993). "A Parsimony Analysis of Eukaryotic Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA ("18 S") Sequences." Archives Internationales de Physiologie, de Bioc 101(3): 221.
Backelijau, T. d. B., L.; Winnepenninckx, B. (1995). "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Parsimony Methods." Cladistics 11(2): 119.
Baldwin, B. G. K., D. W.; Dvorak, J. (1990). "Chloroplast DNA Evolution and Adaptive Radiation in the Hawaiian (USA) Silverword Alliance (Asteraceae, Madiinae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 77(1): 96-109.
Barker, F. K. L., Scott M. (2000). "The Impact of Parsimony Weighting Schemes on Inferred Relationships Among Toucans and Neotropical Barbets (Aves: Piciformes)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15(2): 215.
Barnabas, S. K., S.; Barnabas, J. (1995). "The Branching Pattern of Major Groups of Land Plants Inferred from Parsimony Analysis of ribosomal RNA Sequencing." Journal of Biosciences 20(2): 259.
Barriel, V. T., P. (1993). "Characters, Observations and Steps: Comment on Lipscomb's "Parsimony, Homology and the Analysis of Multistate Characters"." Cladistics 9(2): 223.
Barriel, V. T., P. (1998). "Rooting with Multiple Outgroups: Consensus Versus Parsimony." Cladisitics 14(2): 193.
Baum, B. R. E., G. F. (1996). "Impact of Outgroup Inclusion on Estimates By Parsimony of Undirected Branching of Ingroup Phylogenetic Lines." Taxon 45(2): 243.
Beanland, T. J. (1990). "Evolutionary Relationships Between "Q-Type" Photosynthetic Reaction Centres: Hypothesis-Testing Using Parsimony." Journal of Theoretical Biology 145(4): 535.
Bennett, M. V. L. (1997). "Gap Junctions as Electrical Synapses." Journal of Neurocytology 26(6): 349-366.
Berlocher, S. H. S., David L. (1997). "Searching for Phylogenetic Trees Under the Frequency Parsimony Criterion: An Approximation Using Generalized Parsimony." Systematic Biology 46(1): 211.
Bhattacharya, D. (1996). "Analysis of the Distribution of Bootstrap Tree Lengths Using Maximum Parsimony Method." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6(3): 339.
Bininda Emonds, O. R. P. B., Harold N. (1998). "Properties of Matrix Representation with Parsimony Analyses." Systematic Biology 47(3): 497.
Blum, M. S. (1996). "Semiochemical Parsimony in the Arthropoda." Annual Review of Entomology 41: 353.
Boonin-Vail, D. R., Robert P. (1993). "Parsimony, Evolution and Animal Pain." Between the Species 9(3): 133.
Borowik, O. A. M., Deborah (1999). "Phylogenetic Patterns of Parental Care in Calidridine Sandpipers." Auk. 116(4): 1107-1117.
Bremer, B. (1996). "Combined and Seperate Analyses of Morphological and Molecular Data in the Plant Family Rubiaceae." Cladistics 12(1): 21-40.
Brooks, D. R. (1990). "Parsimony Analysis in Historical Biogeograpghy and Coevolution: Methodological and Theoretical Update." Systematic Zoology 39(1): 14.
Brooks, D. R. a. D. A. M. (1986). Parascript Parasites and the Language of Evolution. Washington, London, Smithsonian Institution Press.
Bruce, L. L. N., Timothy J. (1995). "The Limbic System of Tetrapods: A Comparative Analysis of Cortical and Amygdalar Populations." Brain Behavior and Evolution 46(4-5): 224-234.
Bryant, H. N. (1989). "An Evaluation of Cladistic and Character Analyses as Hypothetico-Deductive Procedures, and the Consequences for Character Weighting." Systematic Zoology 38(3): 214-227.
Campbell, K. S. W. B., R. E. (1990). "Paleozoic Dipnoan Phylogeny: Functional Complexes and Evolution Without Parsimony." Paleobiology 16(2): 143.
Capesius, I. (1995). "A Molecular Phylogeny of Bryophytes Based on the Nuclear Encoded 18S rRNA Genes." Journal of Plant Physiology 146(1-2): 59-63.
Capesius, I. B., Martin (1997). "New Classification of Liverworts Based on Molecular and Morphological Data." Plant Systematics and Evolution 207(1-2): 87-97.
Capesius, I. S., Michael (1997). "Molecular Relationships within Moses Based in 18S rRNA Gene Sequences." Nova Hedwigia 64(3-4): 525-533.
Carroll, R. L. Z. M., D. (1991). "Hupehsuchus, an Enigmatic Aquatic Reptile from the Triassic of China, and the Problem of Establishing Relationships." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences 331(1260): 131-154.
Chase, M. W. (1989). "Chloroplast DNA Systematics of Liloid Monocots: Resources, Feasibility, and an Example from the Orchidaceae." American Journal of Botany 76(12): 1720-1730.
Collins, T. M. W., Peter H.; Naylor, Gavin J. P. (1994). "Compositional Bias, Character-State Bias, and Character-State Reconstruction Using Parsimony." Systematic Biology 43(4): 482.
Columbus, J. T. K., Michael S.; Delgado, Maria Elena Siqueros (1998). "Cladistic Parsimony Analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer Region (nrDNA) Sequences of Bouteloua and Relatives (Graminaeae: Chloridoideae)." Aliso 17(2): 99.
Cripps, A. P. (1991). "A Cladistic Analysis of the Cornutes (Stem Chordates)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 102(4): 333-366.
Da Silva, J. M. C. O., D. C. (1996). "Applications of Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity in Amazonia Biogeography: An Example with Primates." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 59(4): 427.
Danforth, B. N. S., Herve; Packer, Laurence (1999). "Phylogeny of the Bee Benus Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) Based on Parsimony and Likelihood Analyses of Nuclear EF-1 Alpha Sequence Data." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13(3): 605.
De Laet, J. S., E. (1998). "On the TTSC-FTSC Formulation of Standard Parsimony." Cladisitics 14(3): 239.
De Laet, J. S., E. (1998). "On theThree-Taxon Approach to Parsimony Analysis." Cladistics 14(4): 363.
De Luna, E. (1996). "Epistemology of Taxonomic Research: Phylogenetic Inference and its Evaluation." Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico 0(58): 43-53.
De Puytorac, P. G., J.; Legendre, P. (1994). "An Attempt and Reconstructing a Phylogenetic Tree of the Ciliphora Using Parsimony Methods." European journal of Protistology 30(1): 1.
de Vega Rodrigues, M. (1984). "Philogenesis, Adaptation, and Biological Processes of Knowledge: An Alternative to Formal A Analogies." Boletin de Psicologia Spain Dec(1-2): 111-148.
De Weerdt, W. H. (1989). "Phylogeny and Vicariance Biogeography of North Atlantic Chalinidae (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae)." Beaufortia 39(3): 55-88.
Del Castillo, J. S. D. S. (1996). "We Still Invoke Friction and Occam's Razor to Explain Catch in the Spines of Eucidaris Tribuloides." Biological Bulletin Woods Hole 190(2): 243-244.
Dickerman, A. W. (1998). "Generalizing Phylogenetic Parsimony from the Tree to the Forest." Systematic Biology 47(3): 414.
Dimmick, W. W. (1991). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Members of the Genus Pteronotropis Inferred from Parsimony Analysis of Allozymic and Morphological Data (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes)." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19(5): 413.
Easteal, S. (1990). "The Pattern of Mamillian Evolution and Relative Rate of Molecular Evolution." Genetics 124(1): 165-174.
Evrard, J. L. K., M.; Weil, J. L. (1990). "The Nucleotide Sequence of Five Ribosomal Protein Genes from the Cyanelles of Cyanophora Paradoxa: Implications Concerning the Phylogenetic Relationship Between Cyanelles and Chloroplasts." Journal of Molecular Evolution 30(1): 16-25.
Excoffier, L. (1990). "Evolution of Human Mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for Departure from a Pure Neutral Model of Populations at Equilibrium." Journal of Molecular Evolution 30(2): 125-139.
Excoffier, L. S., Peter E. (1994). "Using Allele Frequency and Geographic Subdivision to Reconstruct Gene Trees within a Species: Molecular Variance Parsimony." Genetics 136(1): 343.
Eyre, W. A. (1998). "Problems with Parsimony in Sequence of Biased Base Composition." Journal of Molecular Evolution 47(6): 686.
Farris, J. S. A., V. A.; Kluge, A. G. (1996). "Parsimony Jackknifing Outperforms Neighbor-Joining." Cladisitics 12(2): 99.
Farris, J. S. K., Arnold G. (1998). "The Brief History of Three-Taxon Analysis." Cladistics 14(4): 349-362.
Felsenstein, J. (1978). "Cases in which Parsimony or Compatibility methods will be Positively Misleading." Systematic Zoology 27: 401-410.
Felsenstein, J. (1981). "A Likelyhood Approach to Character Weighting and What it Tells Us About Parsimony and Compatibility." Biological Journal of the Linaean Society 16: 183-196.
Felsenstein, J. (1984). "The Statistical Approach to Inferring Evolutionary Trees and What it Tells Us About Parsimony and Compatibility." Cladistics: Perspectives on the Reconstruction of Evolutionary History. T. Duncan, Stuessy, T. New York, Columbia University Press: 169-191.
Fitch, H. A. G., M. (1991). "Phylogenetic Scanning: A Computer-Assisted Algorithm for Mapping Gene Conversions and other Recombinational Events." Computer Applications in the Biosciences 7(2): 207-216.
Garland, T., Jr., Karen L. M. Martin, and Ramon Diaz-Uriarte (1997). "Reconstructing Ancestral Trait Values Using Square-Change Parsimony: Plasma Osmolarity at the Amniote Transition." Amniote Origins. S. S. Sunida, and Karen L. M. Martin. San Diego, Academic Press: 425-464.
Giribet, G. W., Ward C. (1999). "The Position of Arthropods in the Animal Kingdom: Ecdysozoa, Islands, Trees, and the "Parsimony Ratchet"." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13(3): 619.
Goldman, N. (1990). "Maximum Likelihood Inference of Phylogenetic Trees, with Special Reference to a Poisson Process Model of DNA Substitution and to Parsimony Analysis." Systematic Zoology 39(4): 345.
Goloboff, P. A. (1995). "Parsimony and Weighting: A Reply to Turner and Zandee." Cladistics 11(1): 91.
Goloboff, P. A. (1996). "Methods for Faster Parsimony Analysis." Cladisitics 12(3): 199.
Goloboff, P. A. (1998). "Tree Searches Under Sankoff Parsimony." Cladisitics 14(3): 229.
Gorman, O. T. B., w. J.; Kawaoka, Y.; Webster, R. G. (1990). "Evolution of the Nucleoprotein Gene of Influenza A Virus." Journal of Virology 64(4): 1487-1497.
Granzow De La Cerda, I. (1990). "The Cladistic Method Applied to a Real Case: Phylogenetic Analysis of Anomodon Hook. and Tayl. (Musci)." Anales Del Jardin Botanico De Madrid 47(2): 305-326.
Griesbach, J. A. M., A. R. (1989). "Vector Capability of Xiphinema Americanum Sensu Lato in California (USA)." Journal of Nematology 21(4): 517-523.
Harvey, A. W. (1992). "Three-Taxon Statements: More Precisely, an Abuse of Parsimony?" Cladistics 8(4): 345.
Hasegawa, M. F., Masami (1993). "Relative Efficiencies of the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony, and Neibhor-Joining Methods for Estimating Protein Phylogeny." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2(1): 1.
Haszprunar, G. (1992). "How Reliable are Computer Parsimony Programs for Systematics?" Zeitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolution 30(3): 244.
Haszprunar, G. (1998). "Parsimony Analysis as a Specific Kind of Homology Estimation and the Implications for Character Weighting." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9(3): 333.
Hay, A. M., D. J. (1991). "'Transference of Function' and the Origin of Aroids: Their Significance in early Angiosperm Evolution." Botanische Jahrbuecher Fuer Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 113(2-3): 339-428.
Heidrich, P. W., Michael (1994). "Tawny Owl (Strix Aluco) and Hume's Tawny Owl (Strix Butleri) are Distinct Species: Evidence from Nucleotide Sequences of the Cytochrome Beta Gene." Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung Section C Biosciences 49(3-4): 230-234.
Hein, J. (1990). "Reconstructing Evolution of Sequences Subject to Recombination Using Parsimony." Mathematical Biosciences 98(2): 185-200.
Henderson, R. A. W., P. D. (1992). "Interpretation of the Fossil Record of Acanthaster Planci from the Great Barrier Ref: A Reply to Criticism." Coral Reefs 11(2): 95-101.
Hendy, M. D. (1989). "The Relationship Between Simple Evolutionary Tree Models and Observable Sequence Data." Systematic Zoology 38(4): 310-321.
Hendy, M. D. P., D. (1989). "A Framework for the Quantitative Study of Evolutionary Trees." Systematic Zoology 38(4): 297-309.
Hitchin, R. B., Michael J. (1997). "Congruence Between Parsimony and Stratigraphy: Comparisons of Three Indices." Paleobiology 23(1): 20.
Ho Ju, S. (1994). "Copepod Phylogeny: A Reconsideration of Huys and Boxshall's 'Parsimony Versus Homology'." Hydrobiologia 292-293(0): 31-39.
Ho Meng, C. W., Michael P.; Cleveland, Thomas E.; Dean, Ralph A. (1995). "Sequence Analysis of the Aspergillus Nidulans Pectate Lyase pelA Gene and Evidence for Binding of Promoter Regions to CREA, a Regulator of Carbon Catabolite Repression." Current Genetics 27(2): 142-149.
Holland, M. A. (1997). "Occam's Razor Applied to Hormology: Are Cytokinins Produced by Plants?" Plant Physiology Rockeville 115(3): 865-868.
Jin, L. N., M. (1990). "Limitations of the Evolutionary Parsimony Method of Phylogenetic Analysis." Molecular Biology and Evolution 7(1): 82-102.
Jin, L. N., Masatoshi (1991). "Relative Efficiencies of the Maximum-Parsimony and Distance -Matrix Methods of Phylogeny Construction for Restriction Data." Molecular Biology and Evolution 8(3): 356.
Johnson, L. A. S. (1989). "Models and Reality: Doctrine and Practicality in Classification." Plant Systematics and Evolution 168(3-4): 95-108.
Justine, J. L. (1991). "Cladisitic Study in the Monogenea (Platyhelminthes), Based Upon a Parsimony Analysis of Spermiogenetic and Spermatozoal Ultrastructural Characters." International Journal of Parasitology 21(7): 821.
Kanayama, T. (1991). "Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Family Agonidae (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes)." Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 38(1-2): 1-191.
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justfinethanks March 28, 2010 at 8:55 pm
Oh man, I hope you track this one down. I'm hoping against hope the author means an actual, physical blade owned by William of Ockham.
It would be like the True Cross of epistemology.
justfinethanks(Quote)
lukeprog March 28, 2010 at 9:08 pm
TK March 29, 2010 at 12:18 am
I always like looking at these lists and seeing people I took classes under.
(W.D. Maddison taught part of my undergrad phylogenetics course. He gave us a lovely story about beetle penis shapes and how they lead to rapid speciation.)
TK(Quote)
Haecceitas March 29, 2010 at 12:27 am
There's Robert Prevost's Probability and Theistic Explanation which at least touches on the simplicity issue. Though I did't find the book particularly deep or insightful (though not bad either).
Haecceitas(Quote)
Rups900 March 29, 2010 at 4:42 am
Michael Huemer, "When Is Parsimony a Virtue?" Philosophical Quarterly 59 (2009): 216-36.
Here's the abstract:
Parsimony is a virtue of empirical theories. Is it also a virtue of philosophical theories? I review four contemporary accounts of the virtue of parsimony in empirical theorizing, and consider how each might apply to two prominent appeals to parsimony in the philosophical literature, those made on behalf of physicalism and on behalf of nominalism. None of the accounts of the virtue of parsimony extends naturally to either of these philosophical cases. This suggests that in typical philosophical contexts, ontological simplicity has no evidential value.
Sounds like the kind of thing you want, I could send you the PDF is you like? Obviously he'll cite to more relevant literature too.
(Nb. Huemer is the guy who wrote Ethical Intuitionism that Wielenberg mentions in your podcast).
Rups900(Quote)
Ryan March 29, 2010 at 6:00 am
I've always thought that the only type of simplicity that can make a theory preferable is simplicity in the sense of proposing fewer hypotheses or explanatory entities, simply because the more hypotheses you propose the more likely your overall theory is false.
Each hypothesis carries a chance of being wrong, and so, all things being equal, a theory that needs ten hypotheses to work is more likely to be wrong than a theory that only needs two hypotheses to work in light of the fact that the latter carries fewer chances of being wrong. Does that make sense?
Ryan(Quote)
lukeprog March 29, 2010 at 6:52 am
Thanks, guys.
ImagingGeek March 29, 2010 at 7:04 am
I've always thought that the only type of simplicity that can make a theory preferable is simplicity in the sense of proposing fewer hypotheses or explanatory entitie
You've got it half right – the concept of parsimony is basically "the simplest explanation is best"; in other words, if your theory needs 100 elements (formulas, forces, whatever) to explain something, while a competing theory needs 5 to explain the same thing, we'll generally prefer the competing theory – at least until the more complex one explains something that the simple one doesn't.
But you have it wrong in terms of hypothesis. A good theory generates lots of hypothesis, and by testing those hypothesis we can test the theory itself. A theory that does not generate questions we can test is useless from a scientific point of view – hence why ID is not a scientific theory.
In simple terms, a scientific theory:
1) Is based on, and explain all existing data
2) It generates a series of hypothesis (questions)
3) The hypothesis it generates are testable; therefore making the theory itself is testable, and finally
4) The theory is falsifiable, basically meaning if its wrong, its possible to prove that it is wrong.
ImagingGeek(Quote)
Luke, I've emailed the Huemer paper across although it should be listed in the philosophy section I think, not the science one.
Oh yeah. Thanks, Rups900.
Josh March 29, 2010 at 11:20 am
Somehow, I get the feeling that phylogenetic parsimony is very different from true parsimony… in particular that phylogenetic parsimony is an empirical question about something very very specific that is obviously wrong and is not used as a way of explaining things but rather a way of reconstructing trees…
Josh(Quote)
TaiChi March 29, 2010 at 2:18 pm
Sober's got some stuff on his website: http://philosophy.wisc.edu/sober/recent.html
TaiChi(Quote)
exapologist March 29, 2010 at 8:47 pm
Don't forget David Lewis' famous remarks about qualitative vs. quantitative simplicity in his classic 1973 book, Counterfactuals.
exapologist(Quote)
Oooh. That reminds me – anyone who's familiar with Lewis's modal realism should check out..
http://www.donkeylicious.com/2009/01/possible-girls.html
Andrew April 2, 2010 at 7:11 pm
Here's one: Roger White (2005). "Why Favour Simplicity?" Analysis 65 (287):205–210.
Andrew(Quote)
lukeprog April 2, 2010 at 9:09 pm
Thanks again, Andrew. You're making lots of great contributions!
Rups900 September 7, 2010 at 4:26 pm
Philosopher Steven D. Hales has a book chapter, "Ockham's Disposable Razor", available from his website here:
http://departments.bloomu.edu/philosophy/pages/content/hales/articles/ockham.html
lukeprog September 7, 2010 at 8:33 pm
Thanks, Rups900.


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What Else is in Oxylent?
It also contains catalase, an enzyme, and the amino acid L-arginine as well as CoQ10, a nutrient important for energy production and utilization. What it doesn't contain is almost as important as what it contains; Oxylent contains absolutely no artificial sweeteners, flavoring or coloring. It's actually flavored with stevia extract, an herb.
Why Do You Think Oxylent is Better Than Typical Vitamin Pills?
Well, there is nothing typical about Oxylent. Oxylent is a unique blend of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and enzymes that provides optimum nutrition for your body in one small convenient packet. Catalase, which is a naturally occurring enzyme in your body, promotes the natural conversion of damaging free radicals to oxygen and water, enhancing cellular oxygenation. The research on Vitamin D3 (the form of D most utilized by the body) shows many people are deficient of this essential nutrient. Studies show this deficiency can lead to serious health issues.
Research also shows the effectiveness of effervescence technology. The ingredients in Oxylent are vitamins, minerals, amino acids and enzymes; there are no fillers that your body needs to break down, no added preservatives, just essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids and enzymes. The most important thing you could do is take your vitamins, as they are essential. But if you take pills that are not easily absorbed or you don't feel like swallowing a ton of them, then how are they going to help your body rejuvenate its cells? Oxylent is easily assimilated and absorbed quickly into the body, which equals immediate action with many people actually experiencing a bit of extra energy as well.
Studies are being conducted to establish the most effective way to deliver drugs with some studies indicating effervescent solution is more effective than tablets. For example, a clinical study published in the Journal of Clinical Pharmacology shows that dosing acetaminophen (Tylenol) using an effervescent solution significantly reduced pain following oral surgery within 20 minutes compared to the 45 minutes observed for patients that were treated with standard tablets. Another clinical study published in 2006 in Clinical Therapeutics (vol. 28, pgs 715-24) demonstrated that the painkiller Fentanyl enters the system faster and to a significantly greater extent than a solid citrate form. This study demonstrates that an effervescent solution is more effective than pills moving active ingredients through the membrane inside the cheek, the buccal mucosa.
So Effervescent Vitamins are More Easily Absorbed?
Yes, the powder form improves the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals. Powdered vitamins are made without cellulose, a binder ingredient. They're also absorbed differently than vitamin pills. They don't need stomach acids to break them down and are more easily absorbed in the small intestine. That's really an advantage for people with digestive difficulties. Effervescent vitamins are also a convenient way for parents to give children the essential vitamins they need, and easier for elderly people to take. Older people may have difficulty swallowing vitamins pills, but can easily sip water blended with Oxylent.
"It has given me enjoyment......just like a cup of 'Joe.'. It is on my list of things to do everyday to keep me smiling and balancing life! It has also spared me and my family from many unwanted colds as well as some serious sickness' in Mexico! Oh, also hydrates me and takes away that morning headache if you take one before going to bed after drinking a few too many! I love the taste, i love the smell of the powder when I pour it in my glass, and I love the high quality nutrients that i get in every sip! "
"My teenage son just got to have it. He now swears by it for his "Sinus Attack" which wears him out ! Oxylent stops his never-stopping sneezing within 5 minutes after drinking it. Its a miracle! I Love Oxylent, it comfort the mother when it comfort my child."
"Oxylent has added value to my life by definitely helping me feel energized, healthy, and so happy to be doing something so good for my body."
"Oxylent has helped me teach my 5 year old daughter that making healthy life choices can taste great and be fun too!"


text:
Amouranth Nude Leak » LikFlix
Amouranth Nude Leak is the latest news to hit the internet. Social media influencer Amouranth was recently the victim of a data breach that resulted in several compromising images and videos of her being leaked onto the internet. This has sparked a huge controversy amongst her fans and the internet in general, many of whom are outraged that her security was breached in such a manner.
Amouranth has been an avid supporter of body positivity and self-expression. She has consistently used her social media platform to empower women to feel confident in their own bodies and has been an inspiration to many people around the world. Unfortunately, that positive message has been overshadowed by the Amouranth Nude Leak, which has caused a huge uproar in the media and amongst her fans.
The Amouranth Nude leaked photos and videos were initially released on a well-known pornography website and quickly spread across the internet. Although the images were blurred and watermarked, many of Amouranth's fans have expressed their disdain for the person or persons responsible for circulating the images. Amouranth herself has since released a statement, saying she is "devastated that her privacy has been violated and spared no expense in ensuring that the photos will no longer be available online."
Although Amouranth is working tirelessly to have the images removed from the internet, it is not likely that they will be taken down entirely, as any content that remains can be easily shared or even re-uploaded to other sites. In the meantime, it is important to remember that it is never okay to share someone's private images without their permission. Amouranth may no longer be in control of the situation, but her fans can still show her their support by standing against the Amouranth Nude Leak and refusing to share or resell her images in any way.
As news of the Amouranth Nude Leak continues to spread, it is important to remember that respect for the privacy of others is key and to always be mindful of what we share online. Amouranth has urged her fans to remind themselves and others of the necessary safety precautions that should be taken when using the internet in order to help protect their privacy in the future. Amouranth's story is a stark reminder that no one is immune to data breaches and that it is up to us to take the appropriate steps to safe keep our information.
The Alleged Leak of Explicit Photos of Amouranth
Amouranth, an American internet personality, recently had an alleged nude photo leak on the internet. The images, showing Amouranth in the nude, were posted on several websites, causing an outcry amongst her loyal fans and followers. The news of the alleged leak has been making the rounds on social media platforms, leading to questions about how it happened and what action is being taken in response.
The incident reportedly occurred on or around August 28th, with explicit images of Amouranth circulating online. Amouranth, whose real name is Kaitlyn Siragusa, is a YouTuber, Twitch streamer, and cosplayer with over 1.5 million followers across social media. She has established a strong online presence and fanbase, and the news of the alleged leak has been met with shock and outrage from many of her fans.
How the Amouranth Nude Leak Happened
At the moment, the cause of the leak is unclear. It is unknown whether it was a hack or whether the photos were distributed intentionally by someone close to Amouranth. To date, no one has been able to prove how the incident occurred, and Amouranth has yet to make a public statement on the matter.
What Action Is Being Taken Regarding the Leak?
The leak has caused concern amongst Amouranth's fans and supporters, and they have been calling for the person or people responsible to be held accountable. Many support Amouranth, claiming that the leaking of her private images is a violation of her privacy and her rights.
Several websites and social media platforms are taking steps to remove the images and links to the images, including Reddit, Imgur, and Pornhub. The websites have all issued various takedown notices for any related materials, and many have gone even further by banning any content regarding the alleged leak.
What Is Amouranth Saying About the Leaked Photos?
At present, Amouranth has yet to make an official statement addressing the alleged leak and her response to it. However, she did address her fans and followers on Twitter following the news breaking, thanking them for their support and urging them not to share the material any further.
Summary of Amouranth Nude Leak
Alleged nude photos of Amouranth, an American internet personality, recently circulated online. The cause of the leak and how the photos were released is currently unknown. Several websites, including Reddit, Imgur and Pornhub, are taking action to keep the photos off their platforms and banning any related content. In the wake of the incident, Amouranth has not made an official statement yet; however, she did thank her fans and followers for their support and asked them not to share the material any further.
Frequently Asked Questions and Answers about the Amouranth Nude Leak
Q: When did the leak occur?
A: The alleged leak occurred around August 28th.
Q: Who is responsible for the leak?
A: At the moment, it is unknown who is responsible for the leak. It is possible that someone close to Amouranth could be involved, but this has not been proven.
Q: What action is being taken?
A: Various websites and social media platforms are taking measures to remove the images, links, and related materials.
Q: Has Amouranth made a statement?
A: Not yet; however, Amouranth thanked her fans and followers on Twitter for their support, and urged them not to share the material any further.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Virtuoso Sesame Provider displays the blank page when clcik on new repo I have configured my sesame according to this tutorial (http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/dataspace/doc/dav/wiki/Main/VirtSesame2HttpRepository) to add virtuoso extension into it . When i click on new repository, it display blank page. Can anyone tell me where i did mistake.
I just performed the following steps.
Setup Sesame HTTP Repository
This section details the steps required for configuring and testing a Virtuoso HTTP Sesame Repository.
Install Apache Tomcat web server
From the Sesame 2.3.1 or higher "lib" directory copy the "openrdf-sesame.war" and "openrdf-worbbench.war" files to the tomcat "webapps" directory where they will automatically be deployed creating two new sub directories "openrdf-sesame" and "openrdf-workbench".
Place the Virtuoso Sesame Provider "virt_sesame2.jar" and JDBC Driver "virtjdbc3.jar" into the Tomcat ~/webapps/openrdf-sesame/WEB-INF/lib/ and ~/webapps/openrdf-workbench/WEB-INF/lib/ directories for use by the Sesame HTTP Repository for accessing the Virtuoso RDF repository.
Place the "create.xsl" and "create-virtuoso.xsl" files in the Tomcat ~/webapps/openrdf-workbench/transformations/ directory. Note "create.xsl" replaces the default provided with Sesame and contains the necessary entries required to reference the new "create-virtuoso.xsl" template file for Virtuoso repository configuration.
The Sesame HTTP Repository will now be accessible on the URLs

http://localhost:8080/openrdf-sesame
http://localhost:8080/openrdf-workbench

The Sesame OpenRDF Workbench is used for accessing the Sesame HTTP Repositories, loading "http://localhost:8080/openrdf-workbench" will enable the default "SYSTEM" repository to be accessed.

A: What kind of version Virtuoso Sesame provider did you use?
NOTE:
Virtuoso Sesame provider ver >= 2.7.3 required virtjdbc4.jar file(Virtuoso JDBC driver) instead of virtjdbc3.jar.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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DirectFlights


text:
Home Tutorials How to Get Peacock on Samsung Smart TV
How to Get Peacock on Samsung Smart TV
Want to watch the latest Peacock shows and movies on a Samsung Smart TV? Luckily, downloading the app is a snap.
The Peacock app is available on Samsung smart TVs and installation is as easy as any other app. The easiest way for a Samsung Smart TV user to access Peacock was to use a streaming device such as a Roku player or to use AirPlay 2 to stream from an Apple device.
1 Peacock TV
2 How to get Peacock on Samsung Smart TV?
3 What You Can Watch On Peacock?
It sometimes takes a while for streaming services to get their app across all platforms. For some time now, Samsung smart TVs have been conspicuously absent from the Peacock list.
The NBCUniversal streaming service, called Peacock, made its debut in July 2020. Customers have three subscription levels to choose from, starting with a free option with ads offering access to limited programming.
There is also Peacock Premium for $ 4.99 per month and Premium Plus for $ 9.99 per month. Other streaming services available on Samsung smart TVs include Disney +, HBO Max, and Amazon Prime. Thanks to Samsung TV Plus, users also have the option to watch live and on-demand TV for free.
Before watching Peacock on Samsung Smart TV, users must have a Peacock account. This can be created by visiting PeacockTV.com, entering an email address, then selecting the appropriate subscription level for them.
You can download Peacock TV from the official website, Play Store, and Apple Store. Why not if you visit Wikipedia, Twitter page, and YouTube for further information?
How to get Peacock on Samsung Smart TV?
To download the app on a Samsung Smart TV:
Just follow these steps: Go to "Apps" on the home screen, then select the "Search" icon.
Then all you have to do is search for "Peacock" and click on the "Install" button on the Peacock app page.
Once the app is downloaded, the user will find Peacock on the home screen.
They need to log into their Peacock account when they first launch the app before they can start streaming. However, once you log in, the setup process completes.
The only thing users need to be aware of is the TV model they are using.
The Peacock app is only been officially supported on Samsung Smart TVs since 2017. If anyone has a Samsung Smart TV from before 2017, Peacock will not work.
What You Can Watch On Peacock?
Peacock offers access to popular NBC shows such as The Office of Parks and Recreation as well as Downton Abbey and Vikings.
The streaming service also features its original programming, such as Rutherford Falls, a Saved By the Bell reboot, and a MacGruber TV show based on the classic SNL sketch. In addition to TV shows, Peacock users can also watch various movies.
With Peacock now widely available on virtually every smart TV platform, the service is in the best position to win subscribers. In 2020, Peacock reported just 33 million signups and lost $914 million in revenue. Things haven't improved much in 2021, with NBCUniversal only confirming 54 million subscribers in the second quarter of this year.
Peacock's availability on Samsung smart TVs probably won't be the only reason for its success, but it's an important step forward in ensuring that as many people as possible can get the app.


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text:
/* global assert, process, sinon, setup, suite, test */
var entityFactory = require('../helpers').entityFactory;
var THREE = require('index').THREE;

suite('sound', function () {
  setup(function (done) {
    var el = this.el = entityFactory();
    THREE.Cache.files = {};
    setTimeout(() => {
      el.sceneEl.addEventListener('loaded', function () { done(); });

      el.setAttribute('sound', {
        autoplay: true,
        src: 'url(mysoundfile.mp3)',
        loop: true,
        distanceModel: 'exponential',
        maxDistance: 20000,
        refDistance: 2,
        rolloffFactor: 4,
        poolSize: 3
      });
    });
  });

  suite('update', function () {
    test('creates sound', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var audioPool = el.getObject3D(el.components.sound.attrName);
      for (var i = 0; i < audioPool.children.length; i++) {
        var audio = audioPool.children[i];
        assert.equal(audio.type, 'Audio');
        assert.equal(audio.getDistanceModel(), 'exponential');
        assert.equal(audio.getMaxDistance(), 20000);
        assert.equal(audio.getRefDistance(), 2);
        assert.equal(audio.getRolloffFactor(), 4);
        console.log(audio.autoplay);
        assert.notOk(audio.autoplay);
        assert.ok(audio.getLoop());
      }
    });

    test('re-creates sound when changing src', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var oldAudio = el.getObject3D('sound').children[0];
      el.setAttribute('sound', 'src', 'url(anothersound.wav)');
      var newAudio = el.getObject3D('sound').children[0];
      assert.notEqual(oldAudio.uuid, newAudio.uuid);
    });

    test('can change src', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      el.setAttribute('sound', 'src', 'url(anothersound.wav)');
      var audioPool = el.getObject3D(el.components.sound.attrName);
      for (var i = 0; i < audioPool.children.length; i++) {
        var audio = audioPool.children[i];
        assert.equal(audio.type, 'Audio');
        assert.notOk(audio.autoplay);
        assert.ok(audio.getLoop());
      }
    });

    test.skip('can change volume', function () {
      var audioPool;
      var el = this.el;
      var i;

      el.setAttribute('sound', 'volume', 0.75);
      audioPool = el.getObject3D(el.components.sound.attrName);
      for (i = 0; i < audioPool.children.length; i++) {
        assert.equal(audioPool.children[i].getVolume(), 0.75);
      }
    });
  });

  suite('pause', function () {
    test('does not call sound pause if not playing', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        pause: sinon.stub(),
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: false,
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.pause();
      assert.notOk(sound.pause.called);
    });

    test('calls sound pause if playing', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        pause: sinon.stub(),
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: true,
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.components.sound.isPlaying = true;
      el.pause();

      // Currently we're calling stop when the component is paused as we reset
      // the state on `play` instad of resuming it
      assert.notOk(sound.pause.called);
      assert.ok(sound.stop.called);
    });
  });

  suite('play', function () {
    test('does not call sound pause if not playing', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        play: sinon.stub(),
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: false,
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.components.sound.autoplay = true;
      el.play();
      assert.notOk(sound.play.called);
    });
  });

  suite('pauseSound', function () {
    test('pauses sound', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: true,
        isPaused: false,
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        pause: sinon.stub(),
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.components.sound.pauseSound();
      assert.ok(sound.pause.called);
      assert.ok(sound.isPaused);
    });
  });

  suite('playSound', function () {
    test('plays sound when not loaded', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        play: sinon.stub(),
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: false,
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.components.sound.loaded = false;

      el.components.sound.playSound();
      assert.notOk(sound.play.called);
    });

    test('plays sound when loaded', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        play: sinon.stub(),
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: false,
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.components.sound.loaded = true;

      el.components.sound.playSound();
      assert.ok(sound.play.called);
    });

    test('plays sound if sound already playing when changing src', function (done) {
      var el = this.el;
      var playSoundStub = el.components.sound.playSound = sinon.stub();
      el.components.sound.stopSound = sinon.stub();
      el.addEventListener('sound-loaded', function () {
        assert.ok(playSoundStub.called);
        done();
      });
      el.setAttribute('sound', 'src', 'url(base/tests/assets/test.ogg)');
      el.components.sound.isPlaying = true;
    });
  });

  suite('stopSound', function () {
    test('stops sound', function () {
      var el = this.el;
      var sound = el.components.sound.pool.children[0] = {
        disconnect: sinon.stub(),
        isPlaying: true,
        stop: sinon.stub(),
        buffer: true,
        source: {buffer: true}
      };
      el.components.sound.stopSound();
      assert.ok(sound.stop.called);
    });
  });

  suite('asset', function () {
    test('audio tag', function (done) {
      var sceneEl = this.el.sceneEl;
      var assetsEl = sceneEl.querySelector('a-assets');
      sceneEl.removeChild(assetsEl);
      process.nextTick(function () {
        assetsEl = document.createElement('a-assets');
        var audioEl = document.createElement('audio');
        audioEl.setAttribute('src', 'base/tests/assets/test.ogg');
        audioEl.setAttribute('id', 'testogg');
        assetsEl.appendChild(audioEl);
        sceneEl.appendChild(assetsEl);
        setTimeout(function () {
          var el = document.createElement('a-entity');
          el.addEventListener('sound-loaded', function () {
            assert.ok(this.components.sound.loaded);
            done();
          });
          el.setAttribute('sound', 'src', '#testogg');
          sceneEl.appendChild(el);
        });
      });
    });

    test('preloading audio tag', function (done) {
      var sceneEl = this.el.sceneEl;
      var assetsEl = sceneEl.querySelector('a-assets');
      sceneEl.removeChild(assetsEl);
      process.nextTick(function () {
        assetsEl = document.createElement('a-assets');
        var audioEl = document.createElement('audio');
        audioEl.setAttribute('src', 'base/tests/assets/test.ogg');
        audioEl.setAttribute('id', 'testogg');
        audioEl.setAttribute('autoplay', '');
        assetsEl.appendChild(audioEl);
        sceneEl.appendChild(assetsEl);
        process.nextTick(function () {
          var el = document.createElement('a-entity');
          el.setAttribute('sound', 'src', '#testogg');
          el.addEventListener('sound-loaded', function () {
            assert.ok(this.components.sound.loaded);
            done();
          });
          sceneEl.appendChild(el);
        });
      });
    });

    test('a-asset-item', function (done) {
      var sceneEl = this.el.sceneEl;
      var assetsEl = sceneEl.querySelector('a-assets');
      sceneEl.removeChild(assetsEl);
      process.nextTick(function () {
        assetsEl = document.createElement('a-assets');
        var assetItemEl = document.createElement('a-asset-item');
        assetItemEl.setAttribute('src', 'base/tests/assets/test.ogg');
        assetItemEl.setAttribute('id', 'testogg');
        assetItemEl.setAttribute('response-type', 'arraybuffer');
        assetsEl.appendChild(assetItemEl);
        sceneEl.appendChild(assetsEl);
        process.nextTick(function () {
          var el = document.createElement('a-entity');
          el.setAttribute('sound', 'src', '#testogg');
          el.addEventListener('sound-loaded', function () {
            assert.ok(this.components.sound.loaded);
            done();
          });
          sceneEl.appendChild(el);
        });
      });
    });
  });

  suite('use the same src twice', function () {
    test('use the same src twice', function (done) {
      var sceneEl = this.el.sceneEl;
      var el1 = document.createElement('a-entity');
      var el2 = document.createElement('a-entity');
      el1.setAttribute('sound', 'src', 'url(base/tests/assets/test.ogg)');
      el2.setAttribute('sound', 'src', 'url(base/tests/assets/test.ogg)');
      var loadedCount = 0;
      el1.addEventListener('sound-loaded', function () {
        assert.ok(el1.components.sound.loaded);
        loadedCount++;
        if (loadedCount === 2) {
          done();
        }
      });
      el2.addEventListener('sound-loaded', function () {
        assert.ok(el2.components.sound.loaded);
        loadedCount++;
        if (loadedCount === 2) {
          done();
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It's not uncommon for a new mom to struggle with long bouts of sadness and anxiety related to childbirth. These feelings are often attributed to mood disorders, such as postpartum depression (PPD), and its lesser known counterpart, postpartum anxiety (PPA). Although no one knows for sure how their body and mind will react to having a baby, experts may be able to predict a mom's odds of struggling with a mood disorder by looking at some postpartum anxiety risk factors you probably didn't know about.
Postpartum anxiety affects many new moms. According to Postpartum Support International, six percent of pregnant women and 10 percent of postpartum women will develop anxiety. Symptoms of PPA include: constant or excessive worry, the feeling that something bad is going to happen, racing thoughts, problems sleeping, changes in appetite, the inability to sit still, dizziness, hot flashes, and nausea.
Because some amount of stress and anxiety is expected when bringing home a new baby, many moms struggle with these kinds of symptoms for weeks or even months without consulting with a healthcare professional. Parents noted that postpartum anxiety is referred to as the "hidden disorder" because it often goes unrecognized and undiagnosed.
Here are some factors for postpartum anxiety that may put you at increased risk.
Postpartum Support International noted that women who have a personal or family history of anxiety are at a greater risk of developing postpartum anxiety. Moms who have a history of postpartum depression are also at an increased risk of PPA.
According to the Journal For Nurse Practitioners, moms with a diagnosis of postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) often present symptoms of severe anxiety. In fact, many of the symptoms for PPT are identical to those of PPA or PPD. It's important to get your thyroid levels checked if you think you may have postpartum anxiety or depression.
A study of 192 women in the Journal of Women's Health found that women with a history of stillbirth, miscarriage, or abortion are at an increased risk of postpartum anxiety. The risk increased with multiple pregnancy losses.
Postpartum Progress noted that many moms who struggle with postpartum anxiety have experienced pregnancy trauma such as hyperemesis gravidarum, bed rest, emergency C-section, or a premature baby.
The MGH Center for Women's Mental Health cited a 2012 study which found that breastfeeding cessation was associated with an increase in levels of anxiety. The study concluded that women who experienced high levels of anxiety during pregnancy are at an additional risk for postpartum anxiety if they stop breastfeeding early.
According to Postpartum Progress, moms who are perfectionists or have a controlling personality may be at greater risk for developing PPA. Often this has to do with having standards that are impossible, or nearly impossible, to meet.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine noted that moms who are struggling financially while raising a baby are susceptible to mood disorders such as postpartum anxiety and depression.
The new-mom life can be tough, especially when you have little to no support from family and friends, according to Postpartum Progress. The stress of single parenting, being far away from relatives, or having a deployed spouse can trigger postpartum anxiety.
Pacific Post Partum Support Society suggested that dealing with traumatic issue immediately after birth, such as having an infant with a health problem, is highly correlated to postpartum anxiety.


text:
Q: Custom Google Now commands How can I intercept Google Now voice commands?
I want that for example my app say Google Now "If the query contains xy send me an intent". How can I do that?
I found this (https://developer.android.com/guide/components/intents-common.html#Now) but it was not verry helpful.


text:
About the Swedish NAO
Fields of operation
The Auditors General
The reliability of official statistics is threatened by shortcomings in municipal accounting and reporting
new audit report
Shortcomings in the municipalities' annual reports and reporting to Statistics Sweden (SCB) constitute a threat to the reliability of the Annual Municipal Accounts (Räkenskapssammandraget, RS), which is used for designing government fiscal policies. The Swedish National Audit Office recommends a tightening of checks and procedures when the information is collected by SCB.
The RS is the Swedish state's most important source of information on the economic situation and development of the municipalities. The RS serves as the basis for the national accounts, which in turn are a key basis for the Swedish government's fiscal policy.
SCB, which is responsible for developing the RS, has always considered the reliability to be high – but it has not ensured that this is true. The audit of the Swedish National Audit Office now indicates that the reliability of the RS is threatened by shortcomings in the municipalities' annual reports and by errors in the transmission of data to SCB.
We have seen unexpectedly many errors in the municipalities' transfer of data from their annual reports to the RS. The problems in this area are greater that we had previously realised, says Helena Lindberg, Auditor General.
Some of the shortcomings identified in the municipalities' accounting result from the different ways in which the municipalities produce a more desirable picture of their financial situation and development than what actually is the case. The Swedish National Audit Office says that such financial performance adjustments have had a significant impact on the outcome of the municipalities' overall accounting.
Transmission problems and performance adjustments together constitute a threat to the reliability of the Annual Municipal Accounts. This has likely led to negative consequences for the actors that use data from the RS, says Lasse Einarsson, the project manager for the audit.
For example, shortcomings in the reliability of the RS's income statements and balance sheets may affect the accuracy of the government's fiscal policy and the municipalities' use of key performance indicators for municipal comparisons. They also make it harder for politicians, journalists and local residents to monitor the real economic development of individual municipalities.
To reduce municipalities' incentives for performance adjustments, the Municipal Government Act was altered in 2012 so that in times of economic prosperity, the municipalities can set aside funds in so-called local regulatory reserves ("resultatutjämningsreserver," RUR).
The majority of the municipalities have availed themselves of these reserves, but that hasn't reduced the incidence of performance adjustments. Local regulatory reserves do not seem to have solved this problem, says Auditor General Helena Lindberg.
In brief, the Swedish National Audit Office recommends that SCB:
strengthen the internal controls in the Annual Municipal Accounts (RS),
take measures to promote external auditing of the municipalities' reporting, and
reintroduce the cash flow analysis in the RS, so that the effects of the RURs can be monitored.
Facts: The Annual Municipal Accounts
Every year, each Swedish municipality downloads a large Excel form from the Statistics Sweden (SCB) website, fills in the details of the current year's incomes and expenses, and sends the file to SCB. This information is known as the Annual Municipal Accounts ("Räkenskapssammandraget," RS), and constitutes the Swedish state's most important source of information about the economic situation and development of the municipalities.
The income statements and balance sheets in the RS serve as the basis for the national accounts, which in turn are a key basis for the Swedish government's fiscal policy. The data are used in the government's budget proposals, as well as for financial performance indicators and reporting to the EU's statistics agency, Eurostat.
This report is the second of two on the reliability of the Fiscal Summary. The first, The Fiscal Summary as the Basis for Municipal Comparisons – are the expense calculations reliable? (RiR 2018:7), was published in March 2018.
Press contact: Olle Castelius, phone: +46 8-5171 40 04.
Presskontakt: Olle Castelius , telefon: 08-5171 42 06.
Download summary
The Annual Municipal Accounts – is the income statement and the balance sheet reliable? (RiR 2018:23)
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Visiting: Nybrogatan 55
Postal: SE-114 90 Stockholm, Sweden
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The Swedish NAO is led by three Auditors General, appointed by the Swedish Parliament (Riksdagen). One of the three positions is vacant.


This February Talk a Bit returns to the beautiful city of Porto. Join us for a refreshing day of amazing talks about the impact of software engineering in modern society.
It is time to be asking questions about technology. Where does it come from? Who makes it? And for what?
Interested in sponsoring Talk a Bit?
Talk a Bit is an event organized by the students of Information Systems and Software Engineering Seminar, a class held at Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, in Porto, Portugal.


Russia's Konstantin Semenov, left and Viacheslav Krasilnikov will be home country favorites this week as the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour returns to Russia for the double-gender US$150,000 FIVB Sochi Open.
Lausanne, Switzerland, September 7, 2015 — Back to Russia for the second time in 2015, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) will be in Sochi as the 2015 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour continues this week with the double-gender $150,000 FIVB Sochi Open. Visiting Sochi for the first time, the internationally-televised FIVB Sochi Open will be held at the Sport Inn Sports Centre.
With the FIVB World Tour visiting Russia for the 11th consecutive year and second time this season, starting the FIVB Sochi Open will be 45 men's teams from 20 countries along with 46 women's teams from 24 countries.
The $150,000 FIVB Sochi Open will be held this Tuesday through Sunday and the event is the second visit to Russia this year for the FIVB World Tour as the FIVB Moscow Grand Slam was held in late May. This week's tournament in Russia is the last of four straight double-gender events as the 2015 FIVB World Tour concludes with five events on tap in a six-week window. Following this event will be a week off before the $150,000 FIVB Xiamen Open in China (Sept. 22-27), the final points event on the 2015 FIVB World Tour.
Through this year's tournament in Moscow, Russia has hosted 30 total previous FIVB World Tour events (16 men, 14 women) including that last 11 straight seasons. While this is the first event in Sochi, Moscow has hosted 18 total events. St. Petersburg has hosted eight total events, followed by Anapa with four total events. As is the case in most countries, Brazil is leading the medal count in both genders.
In the men's totals after 16 events, Brazil has 16 medals, followed by Germany with seven, the United States with six, host Russia with five, Switzerland three, Latvia and Netherlands two each and with one men's medal each in Russia are Argentina, Norway, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
After 14 FIVB World Tour women's events held in Russia through this year's Moscow tournament, Brazil leads the medal parade with 15 total medals followed by the United States with nine, China with six, Germany and host Russia with four each, Netherlands with two and with one women's medal each in Russia are Italy and Spain.
Sochi is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia and Russia. The Greater Sochi area, which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper, has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers (1,361 sq mi) and sprawls for 145 kilometers (90 mi) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains. According to the 20`0 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,334 making it Russia's largest resort city. Being part of the Caucasian Riviera, it is one of the very few places in Russia with a subtropical climate, with warm to hot summers and mild winters.
As the host nation for the FIVB Sochi Open, Russia has three men's teams pre-seeded into the main draw and two more teams in the qualification tournament. Russia's main draw teams are provisional top-seeded Konstantin Semenov/Viacheslav Krasilnikov, 13th-seeded Dmitri Barsouk/Yaroslav Koshkarev and 23rd-seeded Oleg Stoyanovskiy/Artem Yarzutkin. Men's teams in the qualifier from Russia are third-seeded Alexander Likholetov/Ilya Leshukov and 18th-seeded Ivan Golovin/Maxim Sivolap.
As the host nation, Russia has three women's teams pre-seeded into the main draw and two teams in the women's qualification tournament. Russia's main draw teams are provisional top-seeded Evgenia Ukolova/Ekaterina Birlova, 16th-seeded Ekaterina Syrtseva/Yulia Abalakina and 20th-seeded Maria Prokopeva/Anastasia Barsuk.
Women's teams in the qualifier from Russia are fifth-seeded Olga Motrich/Nadezda Makroguzova and 18th-seeded Bakhtygul Samalikova/Anna Yeleferenko.
For the FIVB Sochi Open, preliminary revised top men's seeds are Russia's top-seeded Semenov/Krasilnikov, Latvia's No. 2 Latvia's Aleksandrs Samoilovs/Janis Smedins, Italy's No. 3 Paolo Nicolai/Daniele Lupo, Poland's No. 4 Michal Kadziola/Jakub Szalankiewicz and Venezuela's No. 5 Jesus Villafne/Jackson Henriquez..
For the FIVB Sochi Open, preliminary revised top women's seeds are Russia's top-seeded Ukolova/Birlova, Brazil's No. 2 Juliana Felisberta/Maria Antonelli, Italy's third-seeded Marta Menegatti/Viktoria Orsi Toth, China's fourth-seeded Fan Wang/Yuan Yue and Switzerland's fifth-seeded Isabelle orrer/Anouk Verge-Depre.
The gold medal team in each gender at the FIVB Sochi Open will split $11,000, the silver $8,000, the bronze $6,000 and fourth place $4,500.
The FIVB Sochi Open will be the 327th men's event since the FIVB began men's competition in 1987 and the 291st FIVB women's tournament since they started in 1992.
After this week's FIVB Sochi Open in Russia and prior to the US$500,000 Swatch FIVB World Tour finals in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., United States, the FIVB World Tour will take a week off before holding its final event on the 2015 FIVB World Tour at the FIVB Xiamen Open (Sept. 22-27) in China. The 2016 FIVB World Tour with placement points counting in the FIVB Olympic Rankings for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games will begin the week after the Swatch FIVB World Tour Finals at the double-gender $150,000 FIVB Puerto Vallarta Open (Oct. 5-11) in Mexico.