text:
Eupedia Forum > Population Genetics > Y-DNA Haplogroups > J2 > J2 Civilisations and Bull Worship
View Full Version : J2 Civilisations and Bull Worship
"There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship."
Eupedia.com, 2011.
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml)
"There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship. The oldest evidence of a cult of the bull can be traced back to Neolithic central Anatolia, notably at the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alaca Höyük. Bull depictions are omnipresent in Minoan frescos and ceramics in Crete. Bull-masked terracotta figurines and bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus (dating back as far as the Neolithic, the first presumed expansion of J2 from West Asia)."
The Sacred Bull.
http://aratta.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/the-sacred-bull/ (http://aratta.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/the-sacred-bull/)
Bull leaping, (taurokathapsia)
"Bull-leaping (also taurokathapsia, from Greek ταυροκαθάψια) is a motif of Middle Bronze Age figurative art, notably of Minoan Crete, but also found in Hittite Anatolia, the Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley. It is often interpreted as a depiction of a ritual performed in connection with bull worship. This ritual consists of an acrobatic leap over a bull; when the leaper grasps the bull's horns, the bull will violently jerk his neck upwards giving the leaper the momentum necessary to perform somersaults and other acrobatic tricks or stunts."
Bull-leaping
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull-leaping
Minoan Bull-Leaping Fresco.
https://sphotos-b-ams.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-frc3/184303_496342860423874_1076560344_n.jpg
Modern Recortadores
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8wYIARooEE
Zeus and Europa
"In Greek mythology Europa (Greek Ευρώπη Eurṓpē) was a Phoenician woman of high lineage, from whom the name of the continent Europe has ultimately been taken. The story of her abduction by Zeus in the form of a white bull was a Cretan story; as Kerényi points out "most of the love-stories concerning Zeus originated from more ancient tales describing his marriages with goddesses. This can especially be said of the story of Europa".
Europa (Mythology)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(mythology)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKg8Fv9ydRM
The bull: symbol of power fertilizing, propagation vital. Associate for their horns with the moon and its influences. Connects with the mythical figure of the Minotaur, with the Egyptian Apis bull, bullfighting dance with ancient Crete, and the cult of Mithras.
El toro: símbolo de potencia fecundante, de propagación vital. Asociado por sus cuernos con la luna y sus influjos. Entroncado con la figura mítica del Minotauro, con el toro egipcio Apis, con las danzas taurinas de la antigua Creta, y con el culto de Mitra.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19cgZpcWARo
Mithras.
"The tauroctony scene is the cult relief (i.e. the central icon) of the Mithraic Mysteries. It depicts Mithras killing a bull, hence the name 'tauroctony', given to the scene in modern times possibly after the Greek ταυροκτόνος (tauroktonos) "slaughtering bulls", which derives from ταῦρος (tauros) "bull" + κτόνος (ktonos) "murder", from κτείνω (kteinō), "I kill, slay"."
Tauroctony
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauroctony
"The Mithraic Mysteries were a mystery religion practiced in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to 4th centuries AD. The name of the Persian god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), adapted into Greek as Mithras, was linked to a new and distinctive imagery. Writers of the Roman Empire period referred to this mystery religion by phrases which can be anglicized as Mysteries of Mithras or Mysteries of the Persians; modern historians refer to it as Mithraism, or sometimes Roman Mithraism. The mysteries were popular in the Roman military."
Mithraic Mysteries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQ5eeQ_XKyQ
"Bucranium, plural bucrania (Latin, from Greek βουκράνιον, referring to the skull of an ox) was a common form of carved decoration in Classical architecture used to fill the metopes between the triglyphs of the frieze of Doric temples. A bas-relief or painted decor consisting of a series of ox-skulls draped or decorated with garlands of fruit or flowers was a Roman motif drawn from marble altars, which have survived in some number; the motif was also later used on Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical buildings. The name is generally considered to be a reference to the practice of garlanding sacrificial oxen, the heads of which were displayed on the walls of the temples, a practice with a long history reaching back to the sophisticated Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük in eastern Anatolia, where cattle skulls were overlaid with white plaster."
Bucranium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucranium
"In the Roman Empire of the 2nd to 4th centuries, taurobolium referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cultus, after 159 CE all private taurobolia inscriptions mention Magna Mater. Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 CE, at Puteoli, in honor of Venus Caelestis, documented by an inscription."
Taurobolium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurobolium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurobolium[video=youtube;ZXbz--mBAI4]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXbz--mBAI4[/video)
"In the ancient Mediterranean region, bugonia or bougonia was a ritual based on the belief that bees were spontaneously generated from a cow's carcass, although it is possible that the ritual had more currency as a poetic and learned trope than as an actual practice."
Bugonia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugonia
"The worship of the Sacred Bull throughout the ancient world is most familiar to the Western world in the Biblical episode of the idol of the Golden Calf. The Golden Calf after being made by the Hebrew people in the wilderness of Sinai, were rejected and destroyed by Moses and the Hebrew people after Moses' time upon Mount Sinai (Book of Exodus). Marduk is the "bull of Utu". Shiva's steed is Nandi, the Bull. The sacred bull survives in the constellation Taurus. The bull, whether lunar as in Mesopotamia or solar as in India, is the subject of various other cultural and religious incarnations, as well as modern mentions in new age cultures."
Sacred Bull.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_bull
"The name comes from Greek Bosporos (Βόσπορος), which the ancient Greeks analysed as bous βοῦς 'ox' + poros πόρος 'means of passing a river, ford, ferry', thus meaning 'ox-ford', which is a reference to Io (mythology) from Greek mythology who was transformed into a cow and condemned to wander the earth until she crossed the Bosphorus where she met Prometheus."
Bosphoros.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorus
"Taurus is one of the constellations of the zodiac, which means it is crossed by the plane of the ecliptic. Its name is a Latin word meaning "bull", and its astrological symbol is a stylized bull's head: Taurus.svg (Unicode ♉). Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere's winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations, dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring equinox. Taurus came to symbolize the bull in the mythologies of Ancient Babylon, Egypt and Greece."
Taurus Constellation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)
"Bucephalus or Bucephalas (/bjuːˈsɛfələs/; Ancient Greek: Βουκέφαλος or Βουκεφάλας, from βούς bous, "ox" and κεφαλή kephalē, "head" meaning "ox-head") (c. 355 BC – June 326 BC) was Alexander the Great's horse and one of the most famous actual horses of antiquity.[1] Ancient accounts[2] state that Bucephalus died after the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC, in what is now modern Pakistan, and is buried in Jalalpur Sharif outside of Jhelum, Pakistan. Another account states that Bucephalus is buried in Phalia, a town in Pakistan's Mandi Bahauddin District, which is named after him."
Bucephalus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucephalus
The First Eden: The Mediterranean World and Man is a BBC documentary series written and presented by David Attenborough, first transmitted in the United Kingdom from 8 March 1987. Attenborough explores the influence of the first Mediterranean civilisations, placing the symbolism of the bull at the centre of his narrative.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RoJLkHX_0o
"In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (/ˈmaɪnətɔː/, /ˈmɪnəˌtɔr/; Ancient Greek: Μῑνώταυρος [miːnɔ̌ːtau̯ros], Latin: Minotaurus, Etruscan Θevrumineś), was a creature with the head of a bull on the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, "part man and part bull". He dwelt at the center of the Cretan Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus, on the command of King Minos of Crete. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus."
Minotaur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaur
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qrZ1clEp-Y
edao
We still worship the money... I mean the Bull today.
"Charging Bull, which is sometimes referred to as the Wall Street Bull or the Bowling Green Bull, is a 3,200-kilogram (7,100 lb) bronze sculpture by Arturo Di Modica that stands in Bowling Green Park near Wall Street in Manhattan, New York City." read more (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charging_Bull)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Charging_Bull_statue.jpg
Not sure all of these ancient people could easily be linked to hg J2.
J2 was probably the main haplo amongst Minoans, and this can explain references in both Europa's and Theseus' myths, since both of them are referring to Crete, but it was not a major haplogroup in Ancient Egypt, so I can't see how J2 people could have a role in the worship of Api.
Looking at ancient India, cattle has been worshipped (or, at least, respected and protected) for millennia: Indus Valley civilization shows huge evidence of this, and Toda people -the last pre-Hindu tribal group of India- still rely on dairy products for their survival and practice a cult revolving around the sacred buffalo (which probably is the ancestor of modern indan zebus).
Haplogroup J2, instead, is fairly common in India, but at far higher rates amongst people belonging to upper castes, who descend from later Indo-Aryan settlers, that arrived in the Indian subcontinent when cows were already addressed to as sacred animals.
Cattle might have had some importance in Indo-Aryan rites as well, since ritual sacrifice was common amongst related Iranian people before Zarathustra's religious reform (and would later be reprised in Mitra's cult), but this tradition and indigenous indians' beliefs can hardly be related.
So, the more reasonable explanation is that wherever people domesticated cattle, they introduced cattle itself in their ritual or religious system,whether they belonged to hg J2 or not.
Think of it; bull worship was used both by Cretans and anatolians (Hittites). The Hittites where a well-respected adversary of the Egyptians, and the Egyptians may have been influenced by the middle eastern Hittites, just as ancient Cretans and Lydia's/Lycian's etc. shared religious beliefs and deities; some ancient Babylonian or Phoenician gods where adopted by Lydians and eventually by Greeks, with Greek versions of these ancient deities and their lost, mythical origins. Much of ancient roman mythology was simply a slightly romanized version of the Greek mythology and gods, another good example of adopting other customs.
Here we can see a Sumerian Golden Bull. It has been said that there was a migration of 'farmers' from West into the Indus Valley. http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1788/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1788-14659.jpg
Sumerian Bull Lyre
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4gJjolcLdU
I first wrote about the link between haplogroup J2 and bull worship in 2011, not in 2013. The other site that you quoted copied and pasted the content from Eupedia.
I first wrote about the link between haplogroup J2 and bull worship in 2011, not in 2013. The other site that you quoted copied and pasted the content from Eupedia. That is correct, the 2013 reference however means i read and documented the quote at that particular time. (not when it first was thought up, which credit obviously goes entirely to eupedia)
Here we can see a Sumerian Golden Bull. It has been said that there was a migration of 'farmers' from West into the Indus Valley.
Actually, there's no evidence of a Sumerian/Near-Eastern-lead spreading of agriculture in the Indus Valley, nor genetically nor archaeologically.
Talking about genetics, haplo J2 in India is linked to bronze-age Indo-aryan newcomers: as I said above, it's major presence amongst brahmins and upper-castes individuals clearly shows it. People from Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro probably belonged to haplogroups L, H and possibly R2.
Even if we just consider archeological evidence, what we see is a civilization which strongly relied on buffalo herding, which seems to be the focus of their whole culture, whereas farming (although advancely practiced), at least initially, was a collateral activity. A farming-centred interpetation is merely the result of a ME-bias in modern archaeology, as it's suggested in a paper by Walter Fairservis you can find on the web (I'd link it, but my post count is too low).
Since buffaloes were autonomally domesticated in Southern Asia, there's no necessary intervention of supposed middle-eastern herders. So, a Mesopotamic origin of cattle worshipping in India (either related to hg J2 or not) is hardly reliable.
Obviously, this is not meant to disprove the existence of an ancient bull worship tradition in Anatolia, nor I'm trying to deny J2 people could have brought this cult to Crete or elsewhere.
What I men to point out is that when talking about basic beliefs and traditions (e.g. bull worship, Earth Goddess, corpses-related taboos), we shouldn't necessarily search for a common origin, since many aspects of different civilizations could have risen indipendently. Y-haplo's are a great discovery indeed, but we should remember Mayan farmers didn't belong to J1 nor G lineages :)
Ok, thanks mate. You seem to know more about this topic than I do. So, I don't know man. But thanks for the input. And I do agree with you that we should stay critical about the origin of bull-worshiping. But I believe that proto-Indo-Aryans and proto-Iranians (Aryans) were J2a folks from West Asian that mixed with R1a-Z93 native to the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia! So It makes actually sense that bull-worshiping in Indus Valley is from West Asia, because West Asian/Caucasian y-DNA hg. J2a is present in Indus Valley. Also have you noticed that Indus Valley is very high withGedrosia autDNA component. And Gedrosia component is closely connected to West Asia/Caucasiancomponent.
Solar Religion in Harappa is from the Sumerians! http://img707.imageshack.us/img707/9219/c36l.jpg from a book 'The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria" by Christine Preston
" Viticulture was believed to have been introduced to India by Persian traders sometime in the 4th millennium BC. Historians believe that these early plantings were used mostly for table grapes or grape juice rather than the production of an alcoholic beverage. During the Vedic period of the 2nd and 1st millennia, the Aryan tribes of the region were known for their indulgence in intoxicating drink and it seems probable that wine was a current beverage. "
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wine
" Seal impressions have been found in the ancient city of Harrapan, in the Indus River valley (modern Pakistan), that had been made by seals found in Lagash in Sumeria (modern i-rack). From 3,600 B.C. in Sumer, and a little later in the Indus Valley, we can find seals made out of a rare high-quality stone, lapis lazuli. These stones could only have originated from rather distant and inaccessible mines in Afghanistan. " http://img854.imageshack.us/img854/4590/zxzo.jpg So we have got 5 indications that Sumerians (proto-Aryans) migrated into the Indus Valley! a) J2a, b) bull-worshiping, c) Solar Religion, d) viticulture and e) Sumerian stone seals!
But I believe that proto-Indo-Aryans and proto-Iranians (Aryans) were J2a folks from West Asian that mixed with R1a-Z93 native to the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia! So It makes actually sense that bull-worshiping in Indus Valley is from West Asia, because West Asian/Caucasian y-DNA hg. J2a is present in Indus Valley. Also have you noticed that Indus Valley is very high withGedrosia autDNA component. And Gedrosia component is closely connected to West Asia/Caucasiancomponent.
Well, I respect your own opinion, but I have to say that most genetists are convinced that R1a was the original lineage of Indo-Aryan people (who, indeed, were IE nomads coming from present Turkestan -Adronovo/Sintashta cultures-, keen to proven R1a Tocharian folks), while J2a is thought to be a non-IE lineage that Indo-Aryans later incorporated during their journey to Hindustan through the Iranian plateau. Which seems to be exactly the opposite to what you said :smile:
I can't say who's right, but I haven't seen any evidence against the traditional R1a theory, so far.
Besides this, and much more important: Indus Valley civilization is not Indo-Aryan, since it rose much earlier, at about a thousand years before Vedic people reached India. So, even if we consider Aryans to be a middle-eastern J2a cluster, which just met R1a through its way (as you said), cattle worship in India can't be expained as a result of an Aryan invasion from the Tigris, simply because buffaloes were already worshipped in India (or at least had some sacred importance) when Aryans got there.
So, whether Indo-Aryans were J2a or R1a people, it gets unrelevant: cattle worshipping (of some sort) preceeded them of a millenium.
I don't know who you mean by 'most genetics', I just hope you don't mean the online amateur community. But according to many professional scholars and academics this was the case: http://img62.imageshack.us/img62/7673/50825574.jpg
Noman
Except celts and a dozen other synonymous or similar groups all have these same things, and they aren't associated with all or even most J2J2. 3600 bc is far enough back to be pretty close to the origin point.
Basically the vedics are r1a, at least in current days and I am pretty sure, just always. There so many of them with R1a it's hard to deny that. J2 is in current day gedrosia but its not in india as heavily, and not as heavy as r1a.
I am pretty sure persia is the origin point, but who knows, maybe IVC itself.
As we know original proto-Celtic R1b lived not far from J2a in West Asia, and maybe even together with J2a in Southern Caucasus since we have got different lineages of J2a in Europe from different eras. I'm sure West European R1b got Centum Indo-Europeanized in West Asia, When R1b migrated from West Asia into Europe, R1b was already Centum Indo-European.
There's a lot WestAsian J2a in Indus Valley and Central Asia, much more than in inland of Indian sub continent.
R1a-Z93 was is/was native to the Iranian Plateau, Central Asia etc. for a very long time. BEFORE the arrival of J2a!!!
The tribes that are called aryan today are r2. However they are probably not what is refered to, after all they talk about "aryans" in germany as well. Just like the romans called everyone celts for a while, too. Just kind of blanket terms.
And I don't htink you can say the cattle worshipping preceeded them. That's just the furthers back we have found them in that area. Since cattle worship worms all through the IE migrating people I don't think you can separate the two without some serious evidence.
But there doesn't seem to be any j2a component in celts.
Aryan = different name for Iranian. According to the Histories of Herodotus: " The Medes were called anciently by all people Aryans ". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes
But there doesn't seem to be any j2a component in celts.There's a lot J2a in Ukraine and Central Europe. It is possible that Proto-Celts that migrated out of West Asia first settled down in Central-East Europe. From that Central European region they (already evolved West European R1b Celts) invaded Western Europe.
Sacred Egyptian cows and bulls (Apis)
"In Egyptian mythology, Apis or Hapis (alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh), is a bull-deity that was worshipped in the Memphis region."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(god)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXbz--mBAI4
Just so you know I don't think r = all IE and is probably not origin of anything just spreader. But it seems more likely to be iran to me to originate it, though I guess that could be argued might have been mostly j2a at some point, I am not sure honestly.
In my mind the Rs were HG who are now settled farmers and J2a were farmers much sooner and became mobile later but maybe I am sketchy on j2a facts.
R1b is a haplogroup of true warriors in the Western Europe, R1a is a haplogroups of warriors in the Eurasian steppes. But J2a is a haplogroup of (civilizations and) GODS!
The original Jews belonged to J2a and were from Northern Mesopotamia. The name of their God, YAHWEH, is from Northern Mesopotamia. Abraham and Noah were from Mesopotamia. The Jewish Golden Calf and the coming of the Messiah!
http://www.biblesearchers.com/hebrews/jewish/messiah2_files/image011.jpg
J2 is found in 20% of Jews. It's also found in 15-30% of Syrians, 30% of Iraqis, Armenians, Iranians, Georgians,Turks,v35% of Lebanese, etc; it isn't only restricted to Jews in the Middle East; there are different Jewish and non-Jewish networks within J2; even some European and Indian ones. J2 has a high that covers everything from Israel and north-central Iraq in the south, to western iran and across the Caucasus, and onto the Anatolian peninsula and into the levant as well. What is known is that the Phoenicians of the levant, along with Anatolian groups, crossed into Europe and brought some of their J2 influence with them during the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago. From far, certain people classify these lineages as Assyrian/Mesopotamian; among the first successful middle eastern agriculturalists who would settle for thousands of years across Anatolia and the near east (the Fertile Crescent portion in particular.) During the Neolithic, prolonged prior agricultural success would propel the J2 lineage from turkey into a few rare parts of the Greek peninsula and the island of Crete. This would be the first steps of an upcoming Mediterranean dominance. Today, the highest J2 frequencies of all in Europe are in Crete, where 37% of men belong to J2 alone. Cyprus has very high levels as well (32-35%), which isn't surprising due to it's proximity to turkey/levant. Sicily has surprisingly high J2 values (30%) and southern Italy is close behind (20-25%). Overall, both Italy and Greece have about 20-25% J2 on a national level. These are by far the highest frequencies in Europe. Albania and Bulgaria have 10-15% as do Romania, Portugal and Spain.
J2a is the only 4th or 5th haplogroup among Assyrians. Assyrians belong mostly to R1b and J1 (+ E, T etc) Assyrians are descendants of Akkadians and some Semitic tribes frorm the Levant, while the original proto-Jews came from North ( Kurdish populated areas ) and belonged mostly to hg. J2a. This is what the Jewish/Israeli scientists are telling us. Later, Jews from north mixed with E & J1 folks in Israel (/ the Levant)! So, it's possible that the original J2a Jews were not Semitic speakers at all.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss-g5lgv8n8
Part 2: the Golden Calf and the coming of their Jewish Messiah.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfIMmMdS10c
There's a lot J2a in Ukraine and Central Europe. It is possible that Proto-Celts that migrated out of West Asia first settled down in Central-East Europe. From that Central European region they (already evolved West European R1b Celts) invaded Western Europe.
Are you saying that Celts purposely left all J2a man in Ukraine when they left to the west? How did they know which one was J2a without DNA tests?
Are you saying that Celts purposely left all J2a man in Ukraine when they left to the west? How did they know which one was J2a without DNA tests?Well, they also left most I2a and R1a men in that area. :grin: Maybe it was just a very homogeneous clan/tribe that left Central Europe and on their quest to invade Western Europe and were all leaders (males) of that tribe related by bloodline, were brothers, cousins etc of each other. But there's still some clades of J2a in Western Europe in Celtic areas: France, Southern Englnd, Italy. And J2a in Western Europe is not really that old and not from the ancient times, since they still never found pre-historic J2a in Europe to date!
But I believe that proto-Indo-Aryans and proto-Iranians (Aryans) were J2a folks from West Asian that mixed with R1a-Z93 native to the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia!
Are you trying to confuse us on purpose?
According to you, Aryans originally were J2a (IE and came from steppe), conquered mesopotamia, populated it with high J2a, which later gave start to Jews, their main HG? Other words, proto Jews were Aryans.
Now, Hitler would really flip. :D
No, the indo-aryans (the Iranian indo-European branch) would have been primarily R1a. The same goes for much of Central Asia where R1a is found at high frequencies (Afghanistan,India,Pakistan,Nepal,Tajikistan,turke nistan Central Asia etc.) the indo-European anatolians on the other hand, (turkey,Armenia,north Iraqi rare instances) is R1b.
So Central Asia has more R1a (including Iran), whereas Anatolia and the Caucasus region (Armenia) is where they where R1b L-23.
In the bible most of the descriptions give blue eyes or ruddy hair or pale skin for almost everyone in the OT. They also claim to come from Ur.
So that part makes sense. The semitic look of some jews is probably just that, exposure to semitic influence further south. Guy in the video looks exactly like what I expect for messopotamians.
I think the golden calf, though, was the outside influnce that was rejected. Rejection of the probably r1b cultures.
But you have to realize too jews got enslaved by rome en masse and became a big part of urban life in europe from then on. That's probably where rome and greece in byzantine times picked up the huge amount of j2a. We know there were more jews than greeks in Constantinople before it fell! Dienekes is conviced greece is j2a but I suspect it's because he himself is. Classic greeks look nothing like the guy in the video.
Jews are not the source of all J2. The J2 mutation took place LONG before the bible and Jews. You are wrong. Much J2 in Italy is of Neolithic origin from the Middle East, or from Cretans/Greeks that colonized southern Italy but that thousands of years before, found their origin in a wave of men that moved from western turkey into Greece and the Aegean world. (Note, J2 did not originate in western turkey, It's origins point to southern turkey/northern Syria, northwestern Iraq. Most of it in Italy is NOT because of middle eastern Ashkenazi / Sephardic Jewish groups; although undoubtedly, a smaller percentage of it is.
Much of the J2 in Greece (j2b) seems to cluster in it Greek and albanian J, even 10% of north-central italian. J2. Italy is a different story, as most of it in Italy is J2a, linking it to Cretans and mainland middle easterners; who have a more middle eastern clade. So J2b is primarily restricted to the southern Balkans and north-central Italy, whereas J2a dominates Italy, and is found from western Iran across Armenia, turkey, northern Iraq, Lebanon etc. Crete is a sort of "treasure box of J2a", not only does crete have europes highest frequencies of the male J2 lineage, the vast majority of it is J2a, heavily linking Cretan populations to Turkish and nearby middle eastern ones.
Exactly. J2 is early farmers HG from Fertile Crescent. They were in Europe and any farming lands around mediterranean long before Greek or Roman Empires.
All right, I am convinced.
J2, tiny amounts of J1 and G all entered europe during the Neolithic some 10,000-15,000 years ago. Then there are countless waves of J2 people's such as the Etruscans, followed by the Greeks who would have brought E-V13 with them etc.
Maybe hg T shares a similar story as well.
But you have to realize too jews got enslaved by rome en masse and became a big part of urban life in europe from then on. That's probably where rome and greece in byzantine times picked up the huge amount of j2a. We know there were more jews than greeks in Constantinople before it fell!
They didn't need to be enslaved to spread. Wherever they've gone they were successful. Before the WWII there were 6 million Jews in Poland and Russia alone (15% of population of Poland), and 10 million in whole Europe. Who knows how many millions of them were already assimilated in Europe during last 2000 years. I'm sure there is a little bit of Jewish blood in every European by now.
Looks like it does.
True, we cannot confuse the two. Many European J and K mtdna lineages ARE evidence of Ashkenazi Jewish blood. Many male J1 and J2 or E3b lineages, even T, can be found in Jews, especially If the individual comes from east-central Europe near Germany/Poland/Belarus/Ukraine, lots of Jews. And then others are of much older Neolithic influence.
J2, tiny amounts of J1 and G all entered europe during the Neolithic some 10,000-15,000 years ago.
Perhaps, but it is hard to prove at the moment.
Then there are countless waves of J2 people's such as the Etruscans, followed by the Greeks who would have brought E-V13 with them etc.I'm sure E-V13 entered Europe long before any people called themselves Greeks. Greeks became Greeks after IE invasions.
I think that if J, G, T and E dominated pre IE mediterranean Europe, they probably used Afro-Asiatic/Semitic language. The supposed language of farmers from Fertile Crescent. Modern Greek is IE language. IE brought big cultural and linguistic shift. Only after that we see creation of Greece as we know it.
I doubt any E-V13 moved from the Balkans to Italy without it being of Greek origin. It would be E-M78 or E-M81 if it was still purely north-African maybe the middle eastern/Sinai E-V22? Greeks simply mixed with later incoming indo-europeans (the original middle eastern/north-African barbaroi). And that is when the barbarians wherein"hellenized" or almost in an interpretational sense, civilized. That is when the Greek ethnos was created.
Doubt no more;
In 2007 Cruciani et al 2007 stated that E-V13 originated in the NearEast/Anatolia and spread during the Neolithic times to the Balkans and from there to rest of Europe;
Thus, the most parsimonious and plausible scenario is that E-V13 originated in western Asia about 11 ky ago.....As to a western Asia–Europe connection, our data suggest that western Asians carrying E-V13 may have reached the Balkans anytime after 17.0 ky ago, but expanded into Europe not earlier than 5.3 ky ago.
Cruciani placed the spread of E-V13 in the Neolithic however also to a much later date;
In 2011 it was revealed that E-V13 was found at a Neolithic site as far west as Spain [5th mil. BC]
Lacan et al 2011 - Neolithic Spain
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/10/24/1113061108.full.pdf+html
Cruciani et al 2007 -
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/6/1300.full.pdf+html
It has to be because we have E before there were classic greeks, anyway, and a lot further in than italy.
Heracles and the Cretan Bull.
"Whistling merrily at his success so far, Heracles was then sent to capture the bull by Eurystheus as his seventh task. He sailed to Crete, whereupon the King, Minos, gave Heracles permission to take the bull away and offered him assistance, which Heracles denied because of pride,[1] as it had been wreaking havoc on Crete by uprooting crops and leveling orchard walls. Heracles sneaked up behind the bull and then used his hands to strangle it, and then shipped it back to Athens. Eurystheus, who hid in his pithos at first sight of the creature, wanted to sacrifice the bull to Hera, who hated Heracles. She refused the sacrifice because it reflected glory on Heracles. The bull was released and wandered into Marathon, becoming known as the Marathonian Bull.[1] Theseus would later sacrifice the bull to Athena and/or Apollo. Eurystheus then sent Heracles to bring back the man-eating Mares of Diomedes."
Cretan Bull - The Seventh Labour of Heracles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Bull
"The most frequent haplogroups among the current population on Crete were: R1b3-M269 (17%), G2-P15 (11%), J2a1-DYS413 (9.0%), and J2a1h-M319 (9.0%). They identified J2a parent haplogroup J2a-M410 (Crete: 25.9%) with the first ancient residents of Crete during the Neolithic (8500 BCE – 4300 BCE) suggesting Crete was founded by a Neolithic population expansion from ancient Turkey/Anatolia."
The Minoans, DNA and all.
http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/04/14/the-minoans-dna-and-all/
https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc3/860635_500440700014090_1819551888_o.jpg
Heracles capturing the Cretan Bull. Detail of a Roman mosaic from Llíria (Spain).
"There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship"
Cretan/Minoan Bull
"When the moon has reached the constellation of Taurus, it has passed over an area that the ancients referred to as the sea - the region from Capricorn to the region containing Aries. It was referred to as the sea due to the high concentration of constellations identified as sea creatures within it, Aries being identified as a golden flying ram who flew over the sea. Crete is in a direct line from the natural harbor of Argo, a direction which due the shape of Argo's harbor, and surrounding coastline, requires that all ships initially take this course. Apart from being a bull, Taurus contains a very bright and red star (Aldebaran), meaning that many took it to be evil. Some forms of Greek mythology associated the constellation with the tame white bull, in some versions Zeus in disguise, that seduced Europa and took her to Crete (Minos), whereas others associate it with the white bull that fathered the Minotaur. The Cretan Bull which fathered the Minotaur was originally calm and sent from Poseidon, but king Minos whom it was sent to fell out of favor with Poseidon, and so in some versions of the story, Poseidon made the bull angry. The myth of Poseidon sending the bull (which seduced Minos' wife) may simply be an earlier version of the myth of Zeus seducing Europa, as in earlier Mycenean times, Poseidon had significantly more importance than Zeus. The change of gods was due to the replacement of the Mycenean culture and religion, with a later one favoring Zeus. Poseidon and Zeus, which have the same etymological origin (Poseidon deriving from Posei-Deion which means Lord God[citation needed], and Zeus deriving from Deus which also means God[citation needed]), may be the result of the parallel evolution of the same original god in separate cultures, one (Poseidon - who is also associated with horses) becoming associated more with the sea (due to change in the main source of trade), and thus eventually becoming noticeably different."
Cretan Bull
"It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites in Crete."
Wikipedia.org - Haplogroup J2 M172.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172_(Y-DNA)
https://fbcdn-sphotos-g-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/901643_519990728059087_661792251_o.png
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7uht5o1fJM
Mithra among Indo-Iranians and ancient Anatolians is the personification of the sun. But it is also often depicted with bulls.
So Hercules is linked to bull worship...the Lydians had a heraklid dynasty....either the Cretans moved to Lydia and created the Carians, Lycians and such or vice-versa, or even from turkey to Crete and then back again from Crete to turkey; either way it's obvious the bull arrived from turkey (Chatal Hoyuk) and such places as bulls were first worshipped there and then from Crete which was also settled by Phoenicians according to that text, towards Mycenae and Peloponnesus....the first Cretan king "Minos", all this is proof of anatolians moving to Crete under Minoan culture and then expanding to the PeloponnesusPeloponnesus
Seems rah a Greek god (Zeus) fell in love with a Phoenicians daughter, brought her to Crete,
Nandi.
"Nandi, is the name for the bull which serves as the mount (Sanskrit: Vahana) of the god Shiva and as the gate keeper of Shiva and Parvati, and in Hindu mythology. He is the chief guru of eighteen masters(18 siddhas) including Patanjali and Thirumular. Temples venerating Shiva display stone images of a seated Nandi, generally facing the main shrine. There are also a number of temples dedicated solely to Nandi."
Nandi Bull
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_(bull)
"The J2 lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India."
Kerchner.com - YDNA Haplogroup Descriptions & Information Links.
http://www.kerchner.com/haplogroups-ydna.htm
"Within India, J2a is more common among the upper castes and decreases in frequency with the cast level."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gn9_ylNtnmM
http://www.dollsofindia.com/images/products/shiva-pictures/lord-shiva-sitting-on-bull-with-parvati-and-ganesha-QG46_l.jpg
"Çatalhöyük (Turkish pronunciation: [tʃaˈtaɫhøjyc]; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; çatal is Turkish for "fork", höyük for "mound") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000BC. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Çatalhöyük is located overlooking the Konya Plain, southeast of the present-day city of Konya (ancient Iconium) in Turkey, approximately 140 km (87 mi) from the twin-coned volcano of Mount Hasan. The eastern settlement forms a mound which would have risen about 20 m (66 ft) above the plain at the time of the latest Neolithic occupation. There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west and a Byzantine settlement a few hundred meters to the east. The prehistoric mound settlements were abandoned before the Bronze Age. A channel of the Çarşamba river once flowed between the two mounds, and the settlement was built on alluvial clay which may have been favourable for early agriculture."
Çatalhöyük
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk
http://aratta.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/the-sacred-bull/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Catal_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk,_bull_heads.JPG
"Thus, it is possible to contemplate the existence of an ancient genetic trail represented by the Y-DNA J2 out of Near East to the Caucasus to the southern parts of Japan, Okinawa, where J2 haplotype 1 is found at 1.15%."
Japanese Mythology - Is there a deep sumerian connetion or layer to japanese history?
http://japanesemythology.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/is-there-a-deep-history-sumerian-connection-or-layer-to-japanese-history/
"Tōgyū (闘牛?) also known as ushi-zumo or Bull sumo, is a spectator sport native to Ryukyu Islands of Japan, especially in the Okinawa Prefecture. It is also held in other regions of Japan, such as Iwate Prefecture, Niigata Prefecture, Shimane Prefecture, Ehime Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture. Although sometimes known to Westerners as "Okinawan bullfighting", it is drastically different from the Spanish or Portuguese style of bullfighting where the matches are between a bull and a human, with blood being spilt. Tōgyū has more in common with northern Portugal's sport of chegas and the Swiss sport of cow fighting."
Tōgyū
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dgy%C5%AB
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Fu_vT6njlw
Isnt the Egyption god Hathor depicted as a cow diety and well as a fertility god in this link source 11? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor , if yes since the ancient Egyptians unless otherwise were a mixture of Haplogroup.E and T, I am wondering if Haplogroup T helped spread the bull worshinping around. Afterall Haplogroup T is said to origionate in Mesopotamia.
"Io /ˈaɪ.oʊ/ (Ancient Greek: Ἰώ [iːɔ̌ː]) was, in Greek mythology, a priestess of Hera in Argos, a nymph who was seduced by Zeus, who changed her into a heifer to escape detection. His wife Hera sent ever-watchful Argus Panoptes, with 100 eyes, to watch her, but Hermes was sent to distract the guardian and slay him. Heifer Io was loosed to roam the world, stung by a maddening gadfly sent by Hera, and wandered to Egypt, thus placing her descendant Belus in Egypt; his sons Cadmus (Cadmus was also named as a son of Belus' brother Agenor) and Danaus would then "return" to mainland Greece."
IO Mythology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mythology)
"Haplogroup J-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) (King 2008)."
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hermes_Io_Argos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_585.j pg/800px-Hermes_Io_Argos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_585.j pg
Attalids & Bullworship
"Timur Serdar and Demircin Sema authored a recent study on the Y chromosomes of Antalya, which is located on the southern coast of Anatolia. Haplogroup J2 was most frequent in this study of 75 unrelated males found at a frequency of 26.6%. The J2 data was consistent with an earlier study by Cinnioglu et al which found 24% J2 in southern Anatolia. Haplogroup T (K* in the study) was next most frequent at 13.3% and this data differed from Cinnioglu's data which found only 3.3% Haplogroup K in southern Anatolia. The first record of Antalya was as Attalia, a greek city founded approximately 150BC by Attalos II, King of Pergamon."
M172 Blog - Haplogroup J2, M172 in Antalya, Turkish Republic, 2009.
http://m172.blogspot.nl/2009/06/haplogroup-j2-m172-in-antalya-turkish.html (http://m172.blogspot.nl/2009/06/haplogroup-j2-m172-in-antalya-turkish.html)
He was the second son of Attalus I Soter and queen Apollonis, and ascended the throne first as co-ruler alongside his ailing brother Eumenes II in 160 BC, whose widow Stratonice of Pergamon he married in 158 BC upon Eumenes' death.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus
"The victory brought Attalus legendary fame. A story arose, related by Pausanias, of an oracle who had foretold these events a generation earlier:
Then verily, having crossed the narrow strait of the Hellespont,
The devastating host of the Gauls shall pipe; and lawlessly
They shall ravage Asia; and much worse shall God do
To those who dwell by the shores of the sea
For a short while. For right soon the son of Cronos
Shall raise a helper, the dear son of a bull reared by Zeus
Who on all the Gauls shall bring a day of destruction."
Attalus I
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalus_I
Phrygians & Bullworship
"Several authors have proposed that the Indo-European language presently spoken by Armenians arose during the Bronze Age, when Indo-European speaking tribes from the Balkans and Greece invaded Anatolia and Transcaucasia, leading to the subsequent spread of their culture and language. In this study, we have detected a number of lineages that are prominent in the Balkans (I2*, I2b*, J2b1 and J2b2) at low levels throughout Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, the latter of which also contains haplogroups commonly associated with Bronze Age Greece (ie, J2a8-M319 (4.9%), and E1b1b1-M78 and its sublineages (3.9%)). While this may suggest genetic input from early Greek or Phrygian tribes, it is also possible that these low levels of Balkan lineages arrived in Armenia at a later time, such as during one of the many incursions into the area during the reign of the Macedonian, Roman and Byzantine empires."
Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists.
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v...g2011192a.html
"I-P37 and J-M12 are dated to 1,100BC and 1,200BC, at around the time that e.g. the Phrygians from the Balkans are believed to have migrated to Asia Minor. I-P37 and J-M12 reach their maxima in areas north of Greece where the Phrygians are said to have originated."
How Y-STR variance accumulates: a comment on Zhivotovsky, Underhill and Feldman (2006)
http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2008/07/...s-comment.html
"It was the "Great Mother", Cybele, as the Greeks and Romans knew her, who was originally worshiped in the mountains of Phrygia, where she was known as "Mountain Mother". In her typical Phrygian form, she wears a long belted dress, a polos (a high cylindrical headdress), and a veil covering the whole body. The later version of Cybele was established by a pupil of Phidias, the sculptor Agoracritus, and became the image most widely adopted by Cybele's expanding following, both in the Aegean world and at Rome. It shows her humanized though still enthroned, her hand resting on an attendant lion and the other holding the tympanon, a circular frame drum, similar to a tambourine. The Phrygians also venerated Sabazios, the sky and father-god depicted on horseback. Although the Greeks associated Sabazios with Zeus, representations of him, even at Roman times, show him as a horseman god. His conflicts with the indigenous Mother Goddess, whose creature was the Lunar Bull, may be surmised in the way that Sabazios' horse places a hoof on the head of a bull, in a Roman relief at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston."
Phrygians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygians
Clearly more studies need to be done on hg T. Considering it's found at 13% in the city of Antalya, 20% in samsoun, 13% of eastern Anatolian Kurds, 13-16% of Assyrians towards Anatolia; it's clearly present around turkey.
"It was the "Great Mother", Cybele (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybele), as the Greeks and Romans knew her, who was originally worshiped in the mountains (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain) of Phrygia, where she was known as "Mountain Mother". In her typical Phrygian form, she wears a long belted dress, a polos (a high cylindrical headdress), and a veil covering the whole body. The later version of Cybele was established by a pupil of Phidias (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phidias), the sculptor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture) Agoracritus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoracritus), and became the image most widely adopted by Cybele's expanding following, both in the Aegean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_civilization) world and at Rome (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome). It shows her humanized though still enthroned, her hand resting on an attendant lion and the other holding the tympanon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani), a circular frame drum, similar to a tambourine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine).
The Phrygians also venerated Sabazios (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabazios), the sky and father-god (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(male_deity)) depicted on horseback. Although the Greeks associated Sabazios with Zeus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus), representations of him, even at Roman times, show him as a horseman god. His conflicts with the indigenous Mother Goddess, whose creature was the Lunar Bull (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Bull), may be surmised in the way that Sabazios' horse places a hoof on the head of a bull, in a Roman relief (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_sculpture#Relief_sculptures) at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston)."
Hg F is found in 12% of Indian males; a global high. Sicily has the exact same F frequency.
Tuscany oddly has 7-8% of it and previous studies had found a whopping 20% for northern Asturias (Lol).
Franks and Bull worship.
"Based on the results from the Benelux Y-DNA Project it can be inferred that the Frank`s main paternal lineage was haplogroup R1b-U106, and that they belong overwhemingly the Z381 subclade. They also possesed other typical Germanic lineages like I1, I2a2a and R1a (L664 and Z283 subclades), although their ratio to R1b-U106 would have been 1:2, 1:6 and 1:7 respectivly. Like modern Scandinavians, the Franks also probably carried a substantial amount of R1b-P312 lineages, including the l21, U152 and DF27 subclades, as well as a minority of E-V13, G2a3b1 and J2. Since all these lineages are also typical of popultion of Celtic or Italic (including Roman) descent, is not clear at present what proportion of these lineages in the Benelux can be attributed to the Gauls and the Romans, as opposed to the Franks."
Eupedia.com - A brief history of the Franks.
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/franki...n_europe.shtml (http://www.eupedia.com/europe/frankish_influence_modern_europe.shtml)
"In contrast to many other Germanic tribes, no Merovingians claimed to be descended from Wodan. Instead, the sacred tradition of a cart pulled by bulls seems to be present from the early Merovingians on. The bulls that pulled the cart were taken as special animals, and according to Salian law the theft of those animals would impose a high sanction. In the grave of Childeric I (died 481) was found the head of a bull, craftily made out of gold."
Wikipedia - Frankish Mythology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_mythology
"The Quinotaur (Lat. Quinotaurus) is a mythical sea creature mentioned in the 7th century Frankish Chronicle of Fredegar. Referred to as "bestea Neptuni Quinotauri similis", (the beast of Neptune which resembles a Quinotaur) it was held to have fathered Meroveus by attacking the wife of the Frankish king Chlodio and thus to have sired the line of Merovingian kings. The name translates from Latin as "bull with five horns", whose attributes have commonly been interpreted as the incorporated symbols of the sea god Neptune with his trident, and the horns of a mythical bull or Minotaur. The suggested rape and subsequent family relation of this monster attributed to Frankish mythology correspond to both the Indo-European etymology of Neptune (from PIE '*nepots', "grandson" or "nephew", compare also the Indo-Aryan 'Apam Napat', "grandson/nephew of the water") and to bull-related fertility myths in Greek mythology, where for example the Phoenician princess Europa was abducted by the god Zeus, in the form of a white bull, that swam her to Crete."
Wikipedia - Quintotaur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinotaur
https://scontent-a-ams.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-prn2/t1.0-9/1555549_677488842309274_930101075_n.jpg
(Image: Quinotaur)
Etruscans and cattle (Bulls).
"Occurrence of J2-M172 Y-chromosomes in Tuscany has been related to the Etruscan heritage of the region."
Uniparental Markers of Contemporary Italian Population Reveals Details on Its Pre-Roman Heritage.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050794
"Nice, France: The long-running controversy about the origins of the Etruscan people appears to be very close to being settled once and for all, a geneticist will tell the annual conference of the European Society of Human Genetics today (Sunday June 17). Professor Alberto Piazza, from the University of Turin, Italy, will say that there is overwhelming evidence that the Etruscans, whose brilliant civilisation flourished 3000 years ago in what is now Tuscany, were settlers from old Anatolia (now in southern Turkey)."
European Society of Human Genetics - Ancient Etruscans were immigrants from Anatolia (now Turkey) - geneticists find the final piece in the puzzle
https://secure.medacad.org/eshg.org/13.0.html
The mystery of Etruscan origins: novel clues from Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1614/1175.abstract
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNbhVFdC_Qc
Subtitled version:
http://dotsub.com/view/5978f5f8-ba84...f-84d06e261684
http://www.maravot.com/Etruscan_mural_bull.gif
Etruscan mural depiction of a Bull, from the Tomb of the Bulls in Tarquinia.
Taurus (constellation), Bull worship & Farming
http://img.bhs4.com/CE/B/CEBD18723DC2CBFA8F45B1D16EF2AAC9CE0D4B2E_large.jpg
"Taurus is one of the constellations of the zodiac, which means it is crossed by the plane of the ecliptic. Its name is a Latin word meaning "bull", and its astrological symbol is a stylized bull's head: Taurus.svg (Unicode ♉). Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere's winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations, dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring equinox. Taurus came to symbolize the bull in the mythologies of Ancient Babylon, Egypt and Greece. .... Taurus marked the point of vernal (spring) equinox in the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age, from about 4000 BC to 1700 BC, after which it moved into the neighboring constellation Aries"
Taurus (constellation).
Farmers Almanac - Here comes the spring equinox.
http://www.farmersalmanac.com/astronomy/2012/03/19/here-comes-the-spring-equinox/
"23andMe has a Y chromosome marker on its custom chip, rs34126399, which captures the spread of agriculture from the Near East to Europe. The G state at rs34126399 is found in most individuals carrying paternal haplogroup J2a, whose origin can ultimately be traced to Turkey 15,000 to 20,000 years ago."
The Origin of Farming in Europe: A View from the Y Chromosome.
http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-and-you/genetics-101/the-origin-of-farming-in-europe-a-view-from-the-y-chromosome/
"Although the overall age of J2a Y-microsatellite variation exceeds the appearance of agriculture in the Indus Valley (~6 KYA), the current lack of informative subdivision within HG J2a in southwestern Asia prevents analysis of such potential layers, which are currently more evident in Anatolia, southeastern Europe, and the Mediterranean. In these regions, HGs J2a1b-M67(xM92) and J2a1b1-M92 have spatial and temporal characteristics consistent with the spread of early farmers and Bronze Age cultures (Di Giacomo et al. 2004)."
Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists.
http://repository.ias.ac.in/21283/1/308.pdf


text:
Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)
2019 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 6053
Kalaee, Mahmoud, et al. "Quantum Electromechanics of a Hypersonic Crystal." Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 14, no. 4, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 334–339, doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0377-2.
View | DOI | Download (ext.)
Fraisse, Christelle, et al. "Pleiotropy Modulates the Efficacy of Selection in Drosophila Melanogaster." Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 36, no. 3, Oxford Academic, 2019, pp. 500–15, doi:10.1093/molbev/msy246.
View | Files available | DOI | Download (ext.) | PubMed | Europe PMC
Henderson, Nathan T., et al. "Ephrin-B3 Controls Excitatory Synapse Density through Cell-Cell Competition for EphBs." ELife, vol. 8, e41563, eLife Sciences Publications, 2019, doi:10.7554/eLife.41563.
View | Files available | DOI | PubMed | Europe PMC
Zwiewka, Marta, et al. "Root Adaptation to H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by ARF-GEF BEN1- and Cytoskeleton-Mediated PIN2 Trafficking." Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 60, no. 2, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 255–73, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcz001.
View | DOI | PubMed | Europe PMC
Marhavá, Petra, et al. "Re-Activation of Stem Cell Pathways for Pattern Restoration in Plant Wound Healing." Cell, vol. 177, no. 4, Elsevier, 2019, p. 957–969.e13, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.015.
2019 | Preprint | IST-REx-ID: 6313
Arroyo Guevara, Alan M., et al. Extending Drawings of Complete Graphs into Arrangements of Pseudocircles.
View | Files available
Rakusová, Hana, et al. "Genetic Screen for Factors Mediating PIN Polarization in Gravistimulated Arabidopsis Thaliana Hypocotyls." The Plant Journal, vol. 98, no. 6, Wiley, 2019, pp. 1048–59, doi:10.1111/tpj.14301.
2019 | Thesis | IST-REx-ID: 6363
Espinoza Martinez, Claudia M. Parvalbumin+ Interneurons Enable Efficient Pattern Separation in Hippocampal Microcircuits. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6363.
View | Files available | DOI
Pokusaeva, Victoria, et al. "An Experimental Assay of the Interactions of Amino Acids from Orthologous Sequences Shaping a Complex Fitness Landscape." PLoS Genetics, vol. 15, no. 4, e1008079, Public Library of Science, 2019, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008079.
2019 | Research Data | IST-REx-ID: 6060
Vicoso, Beatriz. Supplementary Data for "Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation on the Artemia Franciscana Z-Chromosome" (Huylman, Toups et Al., 2019). . IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6060.
Valosková, Katarina. The Role of a Highly Conserved Major Facilitator Superfamily Member in Drosophila Embryonic Macrophage Migration. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6546.
Kundu, Atreyee, et al. "Formal Synthesis of Stabilizing Controllers for Periodically Controlled Linear Switched Systems." 5th Indian Control Conference Proceedings, 8715598, IEEE, 2019, doi:10.1109/INDIANCC.2019.8715598.
View | DOI
Shehu, Yekini. "Convergence Results of Forward-Backward Algorithms for Sum of Monotone Operators in Banach Spaces." Results in Mathematics, vol. 74, no. 4, 138, Springer, 2019, doi:10.1007/s00025-019-1061-4.
Barzanjeh, Shabir, et al. "Stationary Entangled Radiation from Micromechanical Motion." Nature, vol. 570, Nature Publishing Group, 2019, pp. 480–83, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2.
View | DOI | Download (ext.) | arXiv
Shamipour, Shayan, et al. "Bulk Actin Dynamics Drive Phase Segregation in Zebrafish Oocytes." Cell, vol. 177, no. 6, Elsevier, 2019, p. 1463–1479.e18, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.030.
Dyer, Ramsay, et al. "Simplices Modelled on Spaces of Constant Curvature." Journal of Computational Geometry , vol. 10, no. 1, Carleton University, 2019, pp. 223–256, doi:10.20382/jocg.v10i1a9.
Glanc, Matous, et al. "PIN2 Polarity Establishment in Arabidopsis in the Absence of an Intact Cytoskeleton." Biomolecules, vol. 9, no. 6, 222, MDPI, 2019, doi:10.3390/biom9060222.
Vegter, Gert, and Mathijs Wintraecken. "The Extrinsic Nature of the Hausdorff Distance of Optimal Triangulations of Manifolds." The 31st Canadian Conference in Computational Geometry, 2019, pp. 275–79.
Dostalík, Mark, et al. "On Diffusive Variants of Some Classical Viscoelastic Rate-Type Models." AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2107, 020002, AIP, 2019, doi:10.1063/1.5109493.
Fulek, Radoslav, et al. "The Crossing Tverberg Theorem." 35th International Symposium on Computational Geometry, vol. 129, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019, p. 38:1-38:13, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2019.38.
View | Files available | DOI | arXiv
Cipolloni, Giorgio, and László Erdös. "Fluctuations for Differences of Linear Eigenvalue Statistics for Sample Covariance Matrices." Random Matrices: Theory and Application, World Scientific Publishing, 2019, doi:10.1142/S2010326320500069.
Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. "The Treewidth of Smart Contracts." Proceedings of the 34th ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, vol. Part F147772, ACM, pp. 400–08, doi:10.1145/3297280.3297322.
Alistarh, Dan-Adrian, et al. "Efficiency Guarantees for Parallel Incremental Algorithms under Relaxed Schedulers." 31st ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, ACM Press, 2019, pp. 145–54, doi:10.1145/3323165.3323201.
Zenmyo, Naoki, et al. "Optimized Reaction Pair of the CysHis Tag and Ni(II)-NTA Probe for Highly Selective Chemical Labeling of Membrane Proteins." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, vol. 92, no. 5, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2019, pp. 995–1000, doi:10.1246/bcsj.20190034.
Suri, Balachandra, et al. "Heteroclinic and Homoclinic Connections in a Kolmogorov-like Flow." Physical Review E, vol. 100, no. 1, 013112, APS, 2019, doi:10.1103/physreve.100.013112.
Hubert, Colin, et al. "Attractive Dipolar Coupling between Stacked Exciton Fluids." Physical Review X, vol. 9, no. 2, 021026, APS, 2019, doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.021026.
Akopyan, Arseniy, and Ivan Izmestiev. "The Regge Symmetry, Confocal Conics, and the Schläfli Formula." Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, vol. 51, no. 5, London Mathematical Society, 2019, pp. 765–75, doi:10.1112/blms.12276.
Yumusak, Cigdem, et al. "Indigoidine - Biosynthesized Organic Semiconductor." Dyes and Pigments, vol. 171, 107768, Elsevier, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.107768.
Hashemi, Seyyed Ali, et al. "Rate-Flexible Fast Polar Decoders." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 67, no. 22, 8854897, IEEE, 2019, doi:10.1109/TSP.2019.2944738.
Friesecke, Gero, and Michael Kniely. "New Optimal Control Problems in Density Functional Theory Motivated by Photovoltaics." Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, vol. 17, no. 3, SIAM, 2019, pp. 926–47, doi:10.1137/18M1207272.
Picard, Marion A. L., et al. "Dosage Compensation throughout the Schistosoma Mansoni Lifecycle: Specific Chromatin Landscape of the Z Chromosome." Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 11, no. 7, Oxford Academic Press, 2019, pp. 1909–22, doi:10.1093/gbe/evz133.
Igler, Claudia, and Stephen T. Abedon. "Commentary: A Host-Produced Quorum-Sensing Autoinducer Controls a Phage Lysis-Lysogeny Decision." Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 10, 1171, Frontiers, 2019, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01171.
Sachdeva, Himani. "Effect of Partial Selfing and Polygenic Selection on Establishment in a New Habitat." Evolution, vol. 73, no. 9, Wiley, 2019, pp. 1729–45, doi:10.1111/evo.13812.
Rangel Guerrero, Dámaris K. The Role of CCK-Interneurons in Regulating Hippocampal Network Dynamics. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6849.
Pickup, Melinda, et al. "Mating System Variation in Hybrid Zones: Facilitation, Barriers and Asymmetries to Gene Flow." New Phytologist, vol. 224, no. 3, 2019, pp. 1035–47, doi:10.1111/nph.16180.
Byczkowicz, Niklas, et al. "HCN Channel-Mediated Neuromodulation Can Control Action Potential Velocity and Fidelity in Central Axons." ELife, vol. 8, e42766, eLife Sciences Publications, 2019, doi:10.7554/eLife.42766.
Qi, Chao, et al. "Structural Basis of Sterol Recognition by Human Hedgehog Receptor PTCH1." Science Advances, vol. 5, no. 9, eaaw6490, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2019, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw6490.
Censor-Hillel, Keren, et al. "Fast Approximate Shortest Paths in the Congested Clique." Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computin, ACM, 2019, pp. 74–83, doi:10.1145/3293611.3331633.
Bighin, Giacomo, et al. "Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Paired Phase in Coupled XY Models." Physical Review Letters, vol. 123, no. 10, 100601, American Physical Society (APS), 2019, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.100601.
View | Files available | DOI | Download (ext.) | arXiv
Henderson, Paul M., and Vittorio Ferrari. "Learning Single-Image 3D Reconstruction by Generative Modelling of Shape, Pose and Shading." International Journal of Computer Vision, Springer Nature, 2019, doi:10.1007/s11263-019-01219-8.
Paranjape, Chaitanya S. Onset of Turbulence in Plane Poiseuille Flow. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6957.
Krndija, Denis, et al. "Active Cell Migration Is Critical for Steady-State Epithelial Turnover in the Gut." Science, vol. 365, no. 6454, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2019, pp. 705–10, doi:10.1126/science.aau3429.
Tavano, Ste, and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. "Migrasomes Take Center Stage." Nature Cell Biology, vol. 21, no. 8, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 918–20, doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0369-3.
Picco, Noemi, et al. "A Mathematical Insight into Cell Labelling Experiments for Clonal Analysis." Journal of Anatomy, vol. 235, no. 3, Wiley, 2019, pp. 686–96, doi:10.1111/joa.13001.
Giacobbe, Mirco. Automatic Time-Unbounded Reachability Analysis of Hybrid Systems. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6894.
Bornhorst, Dorothee, et al. "Biomechanical Signaling within the Developing Zebrafish Heart Attunes Endocardial Growth to Myocardial Chamber Dimensions." Nature Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, Nature Publishing Group, 2019, p. 4113, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12068-x.
Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. "Near-Linear Time Algorithms for Streett Objectives in Graphs and MDPs." Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics, vol. 140, 7, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.CONCUR.2019.7.
Käfer, Karola. The Hippocampus and Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Flexible Behavior. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6825.
Orell, Tuure, et al. "Probing the Many-Body Localization Phase Transition with Superconducting Circuits." Physical Review B, vol. 100, no. 13, 134504, APS, 2019, doi:10.1103/physrevb.100.134504.
Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R., et al. "Electro-Optic Frequency Comb Generation in Lithium Niobate Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators." 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference, 8873300, IEEE, 2019, doi:10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8873300.
Kelemen, Réka K., et al. "Clustering of Activated CD8 T Cells around Malaria-Infected Hepatocytes Is Rapid and Is Driven by Antigen-Specific Cells." Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 10, 2153, Frontiers, 2019, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02153.
Nicolai, Leo, et al. "Platelets in Host Defense: Experimental and Clinical Insights." Trends in Immunology, vol. 40, no. 10, Cell Press, 2019, pp. 922–38, doi:10.1016/j.it.2019.08.004.
Brázdil, Tomás, et al. "Deciding Fast Termination for Probabilistic VASS with Nondeterminism." International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, vol. 11781, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 462–78, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31784-3_27.
Anselmetti, G. L. R., et al. "End-to-End Correlated Subgap States in Hybrid Nanowires." Physical Review B, vol. 100, no. 20, 205412, APS, 2019, doi:10.1103/physrevb.100.205412.
Kasugai, Yu, et al. "Structural and Functional Remodeling of Amygdala GABAergic Synapses in Associative Fear Learning." Neuron, vol. 104, no. 4, Elsevier, 2019, p. 781–794.e4, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.013.
2019 | Book (Editor) | IST-REx-ID: 7171
Kersting, Kristian, et al., editors. Wie Maschinen Lernen. Springer Nature, 2019, doi:10.1007/978-3-658-26763-6.
2019 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 73
Erbar, Matthias, et al. "On the Geometry of Geodesics in Discrete Optimal Transport." Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations, vol. 58, no. 1, 19, Springer, 2019, doi:10.1007/s00526-018-1456-1.
Nunes Pinheiro, Diana C., and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. "Zebrafish Gastrulation: Putting Fate in Motion." Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Elsevier, doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.009.
Obeidy, Peyman, et al. "Partial Loss of Actin Nucleator Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Activity Triggers Blebbing in Primary T Lymphocytes." Immunology and Cell Biology, Wiley, 2019, doi:10.1111/imcb.12304.
View | DOI | Download (ext.) | PubMed | Europe PMC
Tkadlec, Josef, et al. "Population Structure Determines the Tradeoff between Fixation Probability and Fixation Time." Communications Biology, vol. 2, Springer Nature, 2019, p. 138, doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0373-y.
Schwayer, Cornelia, et al. "Mechanosensation of Tight Junctions Depends on ZO-1 Phase Separation and Flow." Cell, vol. 179, no. 4, Cell Press, 2019, p. 937–952.e18, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.006.
Huber, D., et al. "In-Medium Bound States of Two Bosonic Impurities in a One-Dimensional Fermi Gas." Physical Review Research, vol. 1, no. 3, 033177, APS, 2019, doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.1.033177.
Deuchert, Andreas, et al. "Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute, Trapped Gas at Positive Temperature." Communications in Mathematical Physics, vol. 368, no. 2, Springer, 2019, pp. 723–76, doi:10.1007/s00220-018-3239-0.
2019 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 151
Fischer, Julian L., and Olivier Kneuss. "Bi-Sobolev Solutions to the Prescribed Jacobian Inequality in the Plane with L p Data and Applications to Nonlinear Elasticity." Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 266, no. 1, Academic Press, 2019, pp. 257–311, doi:10.1016/j.jde.2018.07.045.
Browning, Timothy D., and Daniel Loughran. "Sieving Rational Points on Varieties." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 371, no. 8, American Mathematical Society, 2019, pp. 5757–85.
View | Download (ext.) | arXiv
2019 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 5
Ganev, Iordan V. "The Wonderful Compactification for Quantum Groups." Journal of the London Mathematical Society, vol. 99, no. 3, Wiley, 2019, pp. 778–806, doi:10.1112/jlms.12193.
Petridou, Nicoletta, et al. "Fluidization-Mediated Tissue Spreading by Mitotic Cell Rounding and Non-Canonical Wnt Signalling." Nature Cell Biology, vol. 21, Nature Publishing Group, 2019, pp. 169–178, doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0247-4.
Budanur, Nazmi B., and Marc Fleury. "State Space Geometry of the Chaotic Pilot-Wave Hydrodynamics." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, vol. 29, no. 1, 013122, AIP Publishing, 2019, doi:10.1063/1.5058279.
Klotz, Lukasz, et al. "Experiments on a Jet in a Crossflow in the Low-Velocity-Ratio Regime." Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 863, Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 386–406, doi:10.1017/jfm.2018.974.
Fu, Hongfei, and Krishnendu Chatterjee. "Termination of Nondeterministic Probabilistic Programs." International Conference on Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation, vol. 11388, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 468–90, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11245-5_22.
Yoshida, Saiko, et al. "A SOSEKI-Based Coordinate System Interprets Global Polarity Cues in Arabidopsis." Nature Plants, vol. 5, no. 2, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 160–66, doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0363-6.
Gerencser, Mate, and Martin Hairer. "A Solution Theory for Quasilinear Singular SPDEs." Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 72, no. 9, Wiley, 2019, pp. 1983–2005, doi:10.1002/cpa.21816.
Bogomolov, Sergiy, et al. "JuliaReach: A Toolbox for Set-Based Reachability." Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, vol. 22, ACM, pp. 39–44, doi:10.1145/3302504.3311804.
Christakis, Maria, et al. "Semantic Fault Localization and Suspiciousness Ranking." 25th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems , vol. 11427, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 226–43, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17462-0_13.
Mentink, Johann H., et al. "Quantum Many-Body Dynamics of the Einstein-de Haas Effect." Physical Review B, vol. 99, no. 6, 064428, APS, 2019, doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.99.064428.
Kutzer, Megan, et al. "A Multi-Faceted Approach Testing the Effects of Previous Bacterial Exposure on Resistance and Tolerance." Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 88, no. 4, Wiley, 2019, pp. 566–78, doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12953.
Dumitrescu, Philipp T., et al. "Kosterlitz-Thouless Scaling at Many-Body Localization Phase Transitions." Physical Review B, vol. 99, no. 9, 094205, American Physical Society (APS), 2019, doi:10.1103/physrevb.99.094205.
Schröder, Dominik J. From Dyson to Pearcey: Universal Statistics in Random Matrix Theory. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:th6179.
Cipolloni, Giorgio, et al. "Cusp Universality for Random Matrices, II: The Real Symmetric Case." Pure and Applied Analysis , vol. 1, no. 4, MSP, 2019, pp. 615–707, doi:10.2140/paa.2019.1.615.
Stella, Federico, et al. "Hippocampal Reactivation of Random Trajectories Resembling Brownian Diffusion." Neuron, vol. 102, Elsevier BV, 2019, pp. 1–12, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.052.
Gerencser, Mate. "Boundary Regularity of Stochastic PDEs." Annals of Probability, vol. 47, no. 2, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2019, pp. 804–34, doi:10.1214/18-AOP1272.
Chassin, Hélène, et al. "A Modular Degron Library for Synthetic Circuits in Mammalian Cells." Nature Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, 2013, Springer Nature, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09974-5.
Temnov, Andrey Alexandrovich, et al. "Protective Properties of the Cultured Stem Cell Proteome Studied in an Animal Model of Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure." Molecular Biology Reports, Springer, 2019, doi:10.1007/s11033-019-04765-z.
Abanin, Dmitry A., et al. "Colloquium: Many-Body Localization, Thermalization, and Entanglement." Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 91, no. 2, 021001, APS Physics, 2019, doi:10.1103/revmodphys.91.021001.
Cremer, Sylvia. "Pathogens and Disease Defense of Invasive Ants." Current Opinion in Insect Science, vol. 33, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 63–68, doi:10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011.
Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R., et al. "Publisher Correction: Resonant Electro-Optic Frequency Comb." Nature, vol. 569, E11, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1220-5.
Zhang, Yuzhou, et al. "Auxin-Mediated Statolith Production for Root Gravitropism." New Phytologist, vol. 224, no. 2, Wiley, 2019, pp. 761–74, doi:10.1111/nph.15932.
Bao, Zhigang, et al. "Local Single Ring Theorem on Optimal Scale." Annals of Probability, vol. 47, no. 3, Project Euclid, 2019, pp. 1270–334, doi:10.1214/18-AOP1284.
Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z. "Simple Verifiable Delay Functions." 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference, vol. 124, 60, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.ITCS.2019.60.
Xian, Yongqin, et al. "Zero-Shot Learning - A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Good, the Bad and the Ugly." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 41, no. 9, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2019, pp. 2251–65, doi:10.1109/tpami.2018.2857768.
Hannezo, Edouard B., and Benjamin D. Simons. "Multiscale Dynamics of Branching Morphogenesis." Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol. 60, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 99–105, doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2019.04.008.
Ibáñez, Maria, et al. "Tuning Transport Properties in Thermoelectric Nanocomposites through Inorganic Ligands and Heterostructured Building Blocks." ACS Nano, vol. 13, no. 6, ACS, 2019, pp. 6572–80, doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b00346.
Fischer, Julian L. "The Choice of Representative Volumes in the Approximation of Effective Properties of Random Materials." Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 234, no. 2, Springer, 2019, pp. 635–726, doi:10.1007/s00205-019-01400-w.
Godard, Benoit G., and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. "Cell Division and Tissue Mechanics." Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol. 60, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 114–20, doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2019.05.007.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Topological Data Analysis in Information Space." 35th International Symposium on Computational Geometry, vol. 129, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019, p. 31:1-31:14, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.SOCG.2019.31.
Alderighi, Thomas, et al. "Volume-Aware Design of Composite Molds." ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 38, no. 4, 110, ACM, 2019, doi:10.1145/3306346.3322981.
Castro, João Pl, et al. "An Integrative Genomic Analysis of the Longshanks Selection Experiment for Longer Limbs in Mice." ELife, vol. 8, e42014, eLife, 2019, doi:10.7554/eLife.42014.
Kolmogorov, Vladimir. "Testing the Complexity of a Valued CSP Language." 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, vol. 132, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019, p. 77:1-77:12, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.ICALP.2019.77.
Pranav, Pratyush, et al. "Unexpected Topology of the Temperature Fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background." Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 627, A163, EDP Sciences, 2019, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834916.
Igler, Claudia. On the Nature of Gene Regulatory Design - The Biophysics of Transcription Factor Binding Shapes Gene Regulation. IST Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6371.
Research Data (46)
Conference (Editor) (5)
Conference Poster (4)
Encyclopedia Article (1)
Book (Editor) (1)
7 Popular Science
2504 Internal Publication(s)
1618 OA Fulltext(s)
1 Web of Science
227 Pubmed
Citation Style: MLA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Congratulations to Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the newly-minted Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, on their wedding. In addition to the display of royal tradition, it is also an endorsement of the sacrament of matrimony and a lessening of class divides in society. Among the invitees were royalty, political leaders and clergy. However, something hilarious happened, again with the Ahmadiyya cult, who are one of our favourite subjects on this site, usually due to such antics of theirs.
All major faith denominations from the United Kingdom were represented, including at least two Muslim Imams — presumably one of Sunni persuasion and the other of Shia. The Dear Leader of the Qadiani (else their sibling rivals, the Lahoris will get annoyed) Ahmadiyya had not been invited, and being the Centre of the Universe 'appointed by God', he would have his own wedding party and prove his loyalty to the Crown. Two days before the wedding, our dear Qadianis issued press releases that on the day of the wedding, a party would be held at the London 'Mosque' and that surrounding residents would be invited, and their Dear Leader, the Khalifa, would be attending as well.
No media outlet picked this up, as every one knew that the only religious building related to the wedding was Westminster Abbey. This is why cults are so weird, and particularly why the Ahmadiyya should never open their mouths in the name of Islam without consulting a few Muslims first. If you want to party, join a street party. This was just a cheap attempt at publicity that backfired so horribly that even their Dear Leader did not show up and was located at a real wedding close by.
If you are not Christian, wish the Prince (the future head of the Church of England) and his beautiful bride, and leave it at that.
If you want to party, join any one of the street parties, or apply for a license for your own.
If you really want to have a wedding party in a 'mosque', apply the same rules that you apply to your cult followers: no mixed gatherings, strict segregation etc.
And, to top it all off, this is the cult that disallows any mixed gathering on 'real marriages' — and recently expelled 40 people for just attending a wedding – a real Qadiani Ahmadiyya wedding.
As usual, the antics of this cult hurt the Muslim image and Muslim identity wherever they go, and the media and government analysts are catching on. Click to enjoy some pictures.
Follow-up: Are Ahmadis Allowed to Vote in Pakistan?


text:
Harry Trihey - Montreal Shamrocks - Stanley Cup Champion - 1899
Captain, Shamrock Hockey Club, St Marys, HHOF, Montreal Shamrocks, Team Captain, Harry Trihey, Shamrocks, Shamrock Amateur Athletic Association, Harry Trihey - Captain, Harry Trihey - Henry Judah Trihey - Captain, Shamrocks of Montreal, Quebec Amateur Hockey Association, Antique Hockey Jerseys, Antique Ice Hockey, Antique Hockey, Antique Ice Hockey Jerseys, Henry Judah Trihey, Montreal Orioles, Fighting Irish, College Sainte-Marie, Winged Foot, Winged Jerseys
Uploaded By: PRESIDENT on December 14th, 2012
Henry Judah Trihey (December 25, 1877 – December 9, 1942) was a Canadian Amateur Ice Hockey player and executive in the era before professional Ice Hockey.
Trihey played the centre forward position for the Montreal Shamrocks, and was regarded as the best forward of his day during his playing years.
Before making his major senior debut, Trihey starred in high school Hockey with St. Mary's of Montreal between 1893 and 1896, and also appeared with the Montreal Orioles of the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association in 1896.
Appearing in a single game with the Montreal Shamrocks of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada in 1897, he secured a regular shift with the club the following year. Teamed with linemates Arthur Farrell and Fred Scanlan in 1899, Trihey was named captain of the "Fighting Irish" and had a breakout season, leading the league in scoring with 19 goals. On February 4, 1899, Trihey amassed ten goals in one game in a match versus Quebec, which remains the record for the most goals scored by a single player in a major senior regular season match. He went on to score the only goal of the second to the last game of the regular season against the perennial champion Montreal Victorias, which clinched the regular season title for the Shamrocks and earned them the right to defend the Stanley Cup. The defence took place on March 14 against Queens University of Ontario, a match won by the Shamrocks 6-2, led by Trihey's three goals. In the off-season, he also served on the athletic club's lacrosse side.
Already respected enough to serve on a competition committee regarding the adoption of goal nets and to be quoted as the preeminent authority on forward play by his linemate Arthur Farrell in his 1899 book, Trihey continued his high level of play in 1900, once again leading the Shamrocks to an easy league championship, while repeating his league scoring championship with 17 goals. His best match during the regular season came against the Victorias on January 18, when he scored five goals. The Shamrocks had two defenses of the Stanley Cup that season, the first a best-of-three match against the team from Winnipeg in February. Trihey led the Shamrocks in scoring with seven goals, scoring the game-winning goals in both of the Montreal victories. After the regular season was over, the Shamrocks made a second defense as champions of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League against the Halifax Crescents in March; Trihey added five more goals to his playoff total as the Shamrocks overwhelmed the Maritimers in 10-2 and 11-0 victories, securing Montreal's third and final Stanley Cup Cup win.
Hampered by an injured hand, Trihey lost considerable form in 1901, scoring only seven goals in seven regular season matches. The Shamrocks defended the Stanley Cup one last time, again against Winnipeg Victorias in January, but lost in two games. Trihey was again injured in the final game, scoring his last goal in that match, and retired from organized play.
Trihey served as secretary-treasurer and president of the CAHL following his retirement as a player until 1904. He also served as a referee both for league and Stanley Cup play and sat on the advisory board of the Montreal Wanderers Hockey Club.
Noted for being a strategic minded player, Trihey had two lasting impacts on the sport. Firstly, he was the first known player to plan advance forward line strategies rather than improvising on the ice. Secondly, reversing the accustomed practice of defencemen flipping the puck into the air and over their opponents' heads, Trihey insisted that they rush the puck up the ice, passing the puck off as the situation warranted. Trihey, the captain, began to tinker with ideas for speeding up the game, and gaining an advantage over the Shamrocks' opponents. In this era, Hockey, like rugby today, was a game of off-sides, and forward passing was illegal. To get around this, most teams simply had their pointmen (or defencemen) chip the puck into the opponents' zone for the forwards to chase down; in other words, they forechecked. Trihey came up with a new idea: he and the other three forwards (Hockey was a seven-man game then) rushed out of the defensive zone together, in close quarters, carrying the puck up the ice with a series of quick sideways and backwards passes, skating in and around the opposing defence. This allowed the Shamrocks to maintain possession of the puck and avoid a forecheck in their own zone, enabling them to get into scoring positions in the offensive zone. These innovations are regarded as having been crucial to the Shamrocks' success during Trihey's tenure and were widely adopted thereafter. He was also a strong proponent of physical conditioning and diet, unusual to the era. Even after his retirement, he continued to proffer advice on how best to play the game - When World War I came about, Trihey was front and centre in the Irish community of the city, helping to organise the Irish-Canadian Rangers, a unit in the Canadian militia. When an overseas boundary was formed to fight in France, beginning in 1916, Trihey was made the commanding officer.
The British had initially promised the Rangers that they could fight together as a single unit on the frontlines. After they arrived in Britain, however, command changed its mind and the Rangers were broken up, to be fed into the frontline as reinforcements as needed. Trihey was furious and resigned his commission in disgust. He returned to Montreal and penned a scathing letter to the editor to the New York Post during a visit to Manhattan. The letter, which was equal in its scathing attack on the British and Canadian military bureaucracies, was incendiary in Canada after it was republished in both French and English in Montreal newspapers. The Canadian military authorities in Ottawa thought it to be seditious and moved to prosecute Trihey. Fortunately for Trihey, however, he had friends in high places, including the Minister of Justice, Charles J. Doherty, who intervened to prevent charges from being filed against him.
Later in life, he was a partner in the law firm of Plimsoll and Coonan from the 1920s to 1932, and served as a Port Commissioner of the Montreal Harbor Commission - Trihey was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950
Sourced from http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/. Credited to W Notman & Son - Montreal.


text:
Russia wants to deploy a new hypersonic missile against Q and boost its military strength to 1.5 million soldiers
Calvert Jenkins 1 month ago 3 min read
Cover Image: Russian President Vladimir Putin, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, left, speaks, and Chief of General Staff General Valery Gerasimov attend a meeting with senior officials, Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2022, in Moscow, Russia. Sergey Fadichev / AB
The Ukrainian president is expected to arrive in Washington today. According to CNN, citing two sources, Volodymyr Zelensky is visiting the United States, a visit that was kept secret until the last minute. He is scheduled to meet with congressional leaders and elected officials who serve on the Parliamentary Committee on National Security on Wednesday. The Ukrainian president is expected to speak during a plenary session of Congress. The two heads of state will finally meet at the White House.
Mr. Zelensky yesterday visited Bagmouth, a town torn apart by fierce fighting in the east. During his visit, the Ukrainian president received a flag signed by the militants and declared: "We are going to give it to the US Congress, to the US President. We are grateful for their support, but it is not enough. » Troops from Moscow have been trying since the summer to capture the battle-torn city.
Most of the fighting is now concentrated in the eastern part of the country. After a series of Russian military setbacks in northeastern and southern Ukraine, Vladimir Putin acknowledged the situation on Tuesday. "too hard" In four regions of southern and eastern Ukraine, Moscow claims to have annexed them without fully seizing them.
The Russian president appeared on television on Tuesday. He presented decorations to pro-Russian separatist fighters in the Kremlin and leaders of eastern Ukraine. "Our country has faced repeated challenges and defended its sovereignty. Today, Russia faces the same challenge again.He declared.
Mr. Putin wants to draw on last year's results today and set his military's objectives for 2023. During a major meeting involving fifteen thousand officers scheduled for Wednesday, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu will mention "Progress Status of Special Military Operation" In Ukraine.
Emmanuel Macron maintained his position "Guarantee" to Russia. On Tuesday, the French president confirmed his position "Guarantee" Security to be provided to Russia in the event of peace negotiations at the end of the war in Ukraine.
New deliveries of French arms to Ukraine. Mr. Macron made the announcement on Tuesday in an interview with TF1 and LCI broadcasts.
The World Bank announcedMarty, An additional $610 million must be provided To Ukraine, in order to allow the country "Addressing the Most Urgent Needs" Health matter. Last week, the company provided $2 billion to support the Ukrainian private sector and finance preparations for reconstruction.
See also Published Results Did you get a bachelor's degree? All admission lists
Check out our live stream from yesterday
Read our articles, analysis and reports on the war in Ukraine
Report photo. Photographer Adrian Surprenant explores Kiev in search of moments in life where people agree on the edges of conflict.
Testimony. "When you hear a single 'pug', that's bad, the missile has exploded. When there are many "book", it is good, it is anti-aircraft defense »
Encryption. In Ukraine, a subtle political reinvention of "pro-Russian" representatives, ten months after the start of the war
Tribune. "Emmanuel Macron is right to remember that provoking the nuclear threat destroys its deterrent effect"
Meet up. Serhiy Jadan in the face of Russian "hate".
Report. In Kherson, "Why did the Russians abandon us? »
Maintenance. Denis Simihal, Prime Minister of Ukraine: "Russia wants to create a tsunami of refugees to destabilize European countries"
Report. Georgia's Ambiguous Neutrality
Survey. The Orthodox Church was hunted down by security forces
Review. 'My Next Guest Needs No Introduction': Volodymyr Zelensky Gets David Letterman on Q for Netflix
Tribune. "Peace in Europe will be ensured only after the 'debautinization' of Russia"
true The European Parliament has recognized the Holodomor, the Ukrainian famine of the 1930s, as a genocide.
Encryption. The war in Ukraine is an indirect driver of the ambitious South Korean arms industry
true "The world's" answers to your most frequently asked questions
Previous Volodymyr Zelensky made a surprise visit to Washington to drum up American support
Next Joe Biden assures Volodymyr Zelensky that Ukrainians will "never stand alone" against Russia


Lewis William Caul Jr. 62, a resident of Beaver Falls Pa. passed away on October 31, 2018, peacefully at home. Lewis is now in the arms of our Lord and Savior. Lewis was born on March 14, 1956, in Rochester Pa., to Lewis and Doris Caul. He was preceded in death by his mother, Doris Jean Bailey Caul Lewis; brother, Daniel Simms; niece, Stephanie Caul, paternal grandparents, Lenard and Katherine Caul; maternal grandfather, Leroy Smith, and maternal grandparents, Harold and Jane Jefferson. Lewis was an active member of his church in Bremerton, Washington State. He was a great man, complicated and deep. A God fearing man, free spirit who loves his family and never met a stranger. Once you had the pleasure to meet him, you made a friend for life. Lewis was a Marine, a carpenter, and a contractor, but he was so much more. He loved to find the beauty in nature, the blue mountains in West Virginia, the water...even the butterflies. The entertainer in him loved music, art, movies, and literature. If you did fellowship with him, you would have seen a comedian who loved to cook and spend time with likeminded souls. Lewis will truly be missed. Lewis was survived by his wife, Jacalyn Caul of Pittsburgh; four daughters, Dometta Marie Caul, Destiny Brown (Caterienia), Vera Sallis, and Romona Sallis; two sons, Tyrone Blissitt (Kelly) and Lewis William Caul III ( Amanda); 16 grandchildren. He also cherished his three God sons, Levi Kirkland, Brian Boulding, and Eric Wilson. Lewis also leaves to remember him, his father, Lewis William Caul I; Momma, Lucille Caul; sisters, Joan D Howard (Leo), Rhonda J Caul, Darryle M. Caul (Patricia), William Simms (Diane), Yolanda M. Bassar; a special cousin, who was really his sister, Rolanda Smith, and a host of nieces, nephews, family, and friends. Peace be with you Joey Caul. The gathering will be Saturday, November 10, 2018, from 12 to 1 p.m. following a Memorial Service at The Holiness Church of Christ Deliverance. Arrangements handled by PITTS FUNERAL HOME OF ALIQUIPPA, 920 Franklin Ave., Antonio Pitts, Funeral Director.


text:
Holleran brands schedule as 'bananas' after lengthy trips
Ben Mackey shields the ball from Ollie Knowles during Brakes' clash at Frome on Saturday. Picture: Sally Ellis
Leamington boss Paul Holleran has hit out at the Southern League fixture planners after his side were forced to follow Saturday's trip to Frome with a journey to Hitchin 48 hours later.
A point apiece from the fixtures left Brakes top of the league, albeit temporarily as Poole and Chippenham both overhauled them on Tuesday night.
However, after seeing his side surrender a two-goal lead to draw 2-2 in Hertfordshire on Monday night, Holleran was clear where the blame lied for their failure to hang on to the points.
"We've come through [the two games] undefeated but we've let both teams off the hook," said Holleran.
"As much as it was tired legs in the second half on Monday, it was also tired minds.
"This league is absolutely relentless. The players don't stop.
"We've had seven hours on the coach on Saturday followed by another five hours on Monday night.
"It's bananas. It's not fair on the players or the supporters."
The schedule shows no sign of easing up soon, with tomorrow's home clash with Merthyr Tydfil being followed by the visit of Bishops Cleeve in the Red Insure Cup on Tuesday night.
That clash will be one of nine for the club in October, but Holleran did admit there would be some benefits to the increased workload.
"With the Red Insure Cup and the Birmingham Senior Cup games coming up, it does give us a chance to get some minutes into the likes of Jamie Tank, James Fry and Rob Ogleby, who are all coming back from injury."
Ross Oulton will be another to get much-needed game time after a one-off appearance for Daventry Town.
"He hasn't been able to get his season going and we wanted to get a competitive 90 minutes into him," added Holleran.
Top-scorer Mackey puts family ahead of Racing Club
 As part of tomorrow's Non-League Day, Brakes will be putting on free coaching sessions for youngsters on the training pitch from noon, with Ben Mackey, Richard Taundry and Tony Breeden on hand to lend their expertise.
There will also be a signing session from 1pm.


Felicity Evans describes herself as an 'alchemist and creator', and taught herself over many years to make gut-healing, probiotic drinks when she had a health crisis after the birth of her second child. She launched Imbibe Water Kefir soon after. Her water kefir is now stocked in over 200 retail outlets and she runs fermented drinks workshops.
You can earn a 5% commission by selling Probiotic Drinks at Home: Make Your Own Seriously Delicious Gut-Friendly Drinks on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! You should start right now!