Updates to Expanded Text Ads are now generally available to Bing Ads customers globally, allowing you to create text ads that are longer. You can take advantage of the extra space to make your ads stand out and help improve ad engagement.
Add an additional headline and have up to three headlines in your title.
Add an additional description and have up to two descriptions.
Use up to 90 characters for each of the two descriptions.
Example of an Expanded Text Ad that takes advantage of the updated options.
It's easy to add the additional title and description using new fields that have been added right next to the ones you've already been using for your Expanded Text Ads.
Where the new fields appear during setup of Expanded Text Ads.
The optional third headline can have up to 30 characters and can be added to both new and existing ads. Use the third headline to make your ad more specific and provide additional context, such as offers, callouts, calls to action, and shipping information. Bing Ads will display the three headlines separated by a pipe symbol ("|"). In some cases, the third headline may not appear, depending on device size and user response signals. The first and second headlines are guaranteed to appear, so be sure to use those for all mandatory or legally required information.
Bing Ads now supports up to two 90-character descriptions. The longer descriptions can be used to make your ads more specific with additional information to help grab the attention of potential customers. The second description isn't guaranteed to appear on all devices, so be sure to include any legal disclaimers or mandatory text in the first description.
These updated options for Expanded Text Ads can be created via the Campaign Management or Bulk API services and are ready for you to try out now. For questions or feedback, we encourage you to reach out to your Bing Ads account manager or contact us directly at bingads-feedback@microsoft.com.


text:
package ts.eclipse.ide.ui.hover;

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.eclipse.core.resources.IFile;
import org.eclipse.core.resources.IProject;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.IInformationControlCreator;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.IRegion;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.ITextViewer;

import ts.TypeScriptNoContentAvailableException;
import ts.client.quickinfo.QuickInfo;
import ts.eclipse.ide.core.resources.IIDETypeScriptProject;
import ts.eclipse.ide.core.utils.TypeScriptResourceUtil;
import ts.eclipse.ide.ui.TypeScriptUIPlugin;
import ts.eclipse.ide.ui.preferences.TypeScriptUIPreferenceConstants;
import ts.eclipse.ide.ui.utils.HTMLTypeScriptPrinter;
import ts.eclipse.jface.text.html.TypeScriptBrowserInformationControlInput;
import ts.resources.ITypeScriptFile;
import ts.utils.CompletableFutureUtils;
import ts.utils.StringUtils;

/**
 * TypeScript Hover.
 *
 */
public class TypeScriptHover extends AbstractTypeScriptHover implements ITypeScriptHoverInfoProvider {

	private IInformationControlCreator fHoverControlCreator;
	private IInformationControlCreator fPresenterControlCreator;
	private IIDETypeScriptProject tsProject;
	private Integer offset;
	private ITypeScriptFile file;

	private CompletableFuture<QuickInfo> quickinfoPromise;

	@Override
	public Object getHoverInfo2(ITextViewer textViewer, IRegion hoverRegion) {
		// cancel last hover if needed.
		CompletableFutureUtils.cancel(quickinfoPromise);
		this.tsProject = null;
		this.offset = null;
		IFile scriptFile = getFile(textViewer);
		if (scriptFile == null) {
			return null;
		}

		if (TypeScriptResourceUtil.canConsumeTsserver(scriptFile)) {
			try {
				IProject project = scriptFile.getProject();
				tsProject = TypeScriptResourceUtil.getTypeScriptProject(project);
				int position = hoverRegion.getOffset();
				ITypeScriptFile tsFile = tsProject.openFile(scriptFile, textViewer.getDocument());
				quickinfoPromise = tsFile.quickInfo(position);
				QuickInfo quickInfo = quickinfoPromise.get(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
				boolean useTextMate = TypeScriptUIPlugin.getDefault().getPreferenceStore()
						.getBoolean(TypeScriptUIPreferenceConstants.USE_TEXMATE_FOR_SYNTAX_COLORING);
				String text = HTMLTypeScriptPrinter.getQuickInfo(quickInfo, getFileExtension(scriptFile),
						useTextMate ? textViewer : null);
				return StringUtils.isEmpty(text) ? null : new TypeScriptBrowserInformationControlInput(null, text, 20);
			} catch (ExecutionException e) {
				if (e.getCause() instanceof TypeScriptNoContentAvailableException) {
					// Ignore "No content available" error.
					return null;
				}
				TypeScriptUIPlugin.log("Error while TypeScript hover", e);
			} catch (Exception e) {
				TypeScriptUIPlugin.log("Error while TypeScript hover", e);
			}
		}
		return null;
	}

	protected String getFileExtension(IFile tsFile) {
		return tsFile.getFileExtension();
	}

	@Override
	public IInformationControlCreator getHoverControlCreator() {
		if (fHoverControlCreator == null)
			fHoverControlCreator = new IDEHoverControlCreator(getInformationPresenterControlCreator(), this);
		return fHoverControlCreator;
	}

	@Override
	public IInformationControlCreator getInformationPresenterControlCreator() {
		if (fPresenterControlCreator == null)
			fPresenterControlCreator = new IDEPresenterControlCreator(this);
		return fPresenterControlCreator;
	}

	@Override
	public String getHoverInfo(ITextViewer textViewer, IRegion hoverRegion) {
		TypeScriptBrowserInformationControlInput info = (TypeScriptBrowserInformationControlInput) getHoverInfo2(
				textViewer, hoverRegion);
		return info != null ? info.getHtml() : null;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
James Connolly: a revolutionary remembered
Written by Chris Bambery
Published in Analysis
James Connolly mural in Rockmount Street, Belfast. Photo: Flickr/ Raquel Meigasblue
12 May marks the centenary of the state murder of working class hero James Connolly. Chris Bambery reflects
On 12 May 1916 a British army lorry drove into the yard of Kilmainham jail in Dublin with a prisoner strapped to a stretcher. It was lowered to the ground and the prisoner, unable to stand, and, as was generally believed, was brought to a chair to which he was tied. It now seems he could not stay in the chair so he was tied to a stretcher which was then propped up against a wall, possible with the help of the chair. A British firing squad then shot him.
The prisoner was the revolutionary socialist and trade union organiser, James Connolly, a central leader of the 1916 Easter Rising and a signatory to the proclamation declaring an Irish Republic free of British colonial rule. Connolly had been shot in the leg during the fighting and the wound had turned gangrenous.
Fourteen others sentenced to death by British military courts martials had already been executed but the British prime minister, Herbert Asquith, sensing the damage the executions were doing in Ireland and abroad, ordered them ended. But Dublin's main employer, William Martin Murphy, clamoured for Connolly's killing and the execution was carried out despite Asquith's pledge. Three years earlier Murphy and other Dublin bosses had locked out their employees, demanding they cease membership of Connolly's Irish Transport and General Workers Union. The lock out was a bitter struggle lasting months and ending only because hunger and the lack of solidarity action by British trade unions forced the Dublin workers back. The hatred Murphy held for Connolly is tribute to his qualities as a working class fighter.
Ever since his execution many on the left have questioned why Connolly became involved in what they regarded as a nationalist uprising. Some argued Connolly had switched from being a socialist to a nationalist.
Yet few looked at his long held position on the left of the international socialist movement, the Second International. That dated back to when he first became a socialist in his home town of Edinburgh prior to his move to Dublin. When the British Labour Party was being formed by Keir Hardie and others, Connolly argued that:
It's not a Labour party the workers need. It's a revolutionary party pledged to overthrow the capitalist class in the only way it can be done by putting up barricades and taking over factories by force. There is no other way.
When he stood for Edinburgh Corporation in 1894, Connolly declared that "the election of a socialist to any public body is only valuable insofar as it is the return of a disturber of the public peace". After moving to Dublin to organise a socialist party there, he wrote: "The Irish working class must emancipate itself and in emancipating itself must perforce free its own country."
Connolly connected the fight for national liberation with the fight for socialism, and saw the working class as being the only force capable of securing these joint goals.
Connolly once told an Irish-American audience in New York City that:
I represent only the class to which I belong and that is the working class. The Irish people like the people of this and other capitalist countries are divided into the master class and the working class and I could not represent the entire Irish people on account of the antagonistic interests of these classes.
As he explained in his key work, Labour in Irish History, the Irish capitalist class "were tied by a thousand economic strings in the shape of investments binding them to English capitalism".
Unlike the bulk of the leaders of the Second International he opposed imperialism and colonialism and defended the right of those under the colonial heel to fight back. He had opposed socialists joining capitalist governments, and the growing believe in the Second International that socialism must come gradually through reforms won in parliament. Other leaders, who claimed to be orthodox Marxists, held that socialism was inevitable and that they just had to wait on its arrival.
Connolly believed socialism had to be won through class struggle. His stress on working class action led him to become an organiser of the Industrial Workers of the World in the USA. It believed in direct action and that socialism could be won through a revolutionary general strike.
That position had great strength in stressing that workers must fight and achieve their own liberation, but it also had its weaknesses. Firstly, even the most militant trade union has to negotiate and there is always a pull towards compromise. Secondly, trade union officials inevitably see the key thing as maintaining the union machinery and in being able to negotiate with the employers. This sets them apart from the rank and file. Thirdly, when workers win confidence soars, but when workers suffer major defeats it falls.
Hegemonic
Back in Ireland Connolly helped organise the militant Irish transport and General Workers Union but he first saw it undermined in Belfast by religious sectarianism and then defeated after the employers in Dublin locked out their workers.
Connolly did not reject building a political party but saw it as secondary: concerned with education, propaganda and elections. He helped found the Irish Labour Party but it was not his central field of activity. Far away in war torn Europe the exiled Russian revolutionary Lenin was beginning to see that building parties which aimed to represent all the working class, as the Second International saw its goal, meant that, outside of revolutionary periods, they were subject to the pull of the majority of the working class who were pulled by the hegemonic ideas and beliefs of capitalism.
What was needed was to organise those workers who rejected capitalism and wanted revolution so they could then win hegemony inside the working class for a revolutionary strategy. Connolly would be shot prior to Lenin's ideas becoming available following the 1917 Russian Revolution. No one can say where Connolly would have stood, but his son Roddy rallied to the new, revolutionary Third or Communist International.
To understand Connolly's role in the Easter Rising it's important to grasp the key events which convinced him a rising was needed. Connolly saw the Easter Rising as not just a blow against the British Empire but against the horror of the First World War and as a way of helping revive working class opposition to it.
Four days after Britain declared war Connolly had written in the Irish Worker that Ireland's enemy was British colonialism and that the war had to be opposed:
Should the working class of Europe, rather than slaughter each other for the benefit of kings and financiers, proceed tomorrow to erect barricades all over Europe, to break up bridges and destroy the transport service that war might be abolished, we should be perfectly justified in following such a glorious example and contributing our aid to the final dethronement of the vulture classes that rule and rob the world. But pending either of these consummations it is our manifest duty to take all possible action to save the poor from the horrors this war has in store.
The article included a blistering attack on John Redmond, leader of the Irish National Party, for pledging support for Britain's war and promising the Irish Volunteers would serve in the British army.
Across Europe the leaders of the Second International backed their respective states as they declared war on each other. Connolly reacted in horror:
What then becomes of all our resolutions, all our protests of fraternisation, all our threats of general strikes, all our carefully built machinery of internationalism, all our hopes for the future? Were they all as sound and fury, signifying nothing?
He believed a blow could be struck against war in Ireland and that might spread:
Starting thus, Ireland may yet set the torch to a European conflagration that will not burn out until the last throne and the last capitalist bond and debenture will be shrivelled on the funeral pyre of the last war lord.
He was also out to stop the partition of Ireland, something the Irish National Party had agreed to in 1914. He warned:
Such a scheme... the betrayal of the national democracy of Industrial Ulster, would mean a carnival of reaction both North and South, would set back the wheels of progress, would destroy the oncoming unity of the Irish labour movement and paralyse all advanced movements while it lasted.
Partition did indeed unleash a "carnival of reaction" – north and south. In 1916 Connolly was not just fighting for Irish independence but for an Irish Workers Republic. He clearly warned independence by itself was not sufficient:
If you remove the English Army tomorrow and hoist the green flag over Dublin Castle., unless you set about the organization of the Socialist Republic your efforts will be in vain. England will still rule you. She would rule you through her capitalists, through her landlords, through her financiers, through the whole array of commercial and individualist institutions she has planted in this country and watered with the tears of our mothers and the blood of our martyrs.
As he prepared the Irish Citizens Army, originally formed a workers defence force during the 1913 Dublin lock out, for the Easter Rising he told them:
In the event of victory, hold on to your rifles, as those with whom we are fighting may stop before our goal is reached. We are out for economic as well as political liberty.
But the other leaders of the ITGWU were not as militant, or as anti-imperialist, as Connolly, and the Labour Party abstained from the growing fight for independence which followed the Rising. They all accepted that national liberation must come first, and only then could the task of social and economic freedom be addresses, accepting Sinn Fein's argument that "Labour must wait", and thereby standing Connolly's approach on its head.
The allies Connolly found in 1916 among the radical republicans – Padraig Pearse, Tom Clarke, Thomas McDonagh and others – were not socialists but they were sympathetic to the working class (they'd backed the workers in the 1913 Lock-out) and radical democrats, accepting the Irish Republic would be based on women's suffrage, for instance.
The post-Rising leadership of the republican movement was far less radical. Eamon de Valera could talk radical but from the first was prepared to follow the line from Maynooth, the headquarters of the hierarchy. Michael Collins had little interest in any radical agenda. As a physical force member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood his aim was to get Britain out of Ireland. He would sign and defend the Treaty in 1921 because it gave the new Free State an army which he seemed to believe could be used to overcome partition at some point.
Sinn Fein became the Republican Party but it still contained its old leader, Arthur Griffith, who had opposed the rising and was not committed to creating a republic. Worse, sensing the way the wind was blowing, the party benefitted from an influx of previous supporters of the Irish National Party. Many looked to the creation of a new state to provide jobs in the civil service and judiciary from which they had previously been barred. They were none too fussy what sort of state it was.
In 1918 Sinn Fein grew dramatically because it took the lead in opposing the introduction of conscription. In this period it was taking place in land seizures by landless labourers, understanding it needed to build popular support. The Democratic Programme adopted by Dail Eireann, the parliament set up after Sinn Fein's landslide election victory in late 1918, echoed the 1916 Proclamation in its promise of a new Republic which would nurture the welfare of its citizens.
With the labour movement standing aside working class support channelled itself into backing Sinn Fein, but in the course of 1920-21, confident of its popular support, it was keen to reassure the middle and upper classes concerned with the rising tide of strikes, land seizures and workplace occupations.
The militarisation of the struggle meant that increasingly republicans disdained popular unrest and argued not just that the IRA's military campaign took precedence but for national discipline.
Outgunned
The majority of Sinn Fein were happy to accept a compromise settlement which created an Irish state shorn of six Northern counties and which remained part of the British Empire. The republican opposition resisted militarily but did not encourage social unrest, despite the fact their support was based among the urban working class and the rural poor. Outgunned they went down to defeat in a civil war which was in reality a counter revolution.
For the first decade of its existence the newly created Irish Free State was a neo-colony of Britain. As British capitalism declined and Irish governments sought to, first aid industrialisation, and then to woe foreign investment, American in the main, British dominance was broken. But Ireland remained a business friendly state, dominated until recently by two pro-business parties and by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church.
It was, and is, a far cry from Connolly's vision of a free Ireland. Partition created a one party state in Northern Ireland, with the Unionists ruling uninterruptedly until the Stormont parliament was abolished in 1972. They institutionalised discrimination against the Catholic population, employed internment without trial in every decade of their rule and ensured the armed police force was 100 per cent loyal.
While Protestant and Catholic workers were encouraged to see each other as enemies they both suffered lower wages and higher unemployment than in Britain. Connolly hoped rebellion could stop partition and the deepening of division within the Irish working class.
Today Connolly speaks more than ever to disaffection with the state of Ireland. In the Republic the centenary of the 1916 Rising could not have come at worst time for the ruling class. The state had been shaken by a mass rebellion against the imposition of water rates. That was the driving force behind the election of six representatives of the radical left People Before Poverty-Anti Austerity Alliance to parliament in February's election, where the outgoing coalition government of Fine Gael and Labour took a drubbing. The centenary celebrations could not ignore Connolly and his radical message and the tide of grassroots events showed there was a mood for a new rebellion, albeit one without arms.
In Northern Ireland Sinn Fein and the Democratic Unionist Party jointly run a state in the interests of the corporations, pursuing a neo-liberal agenda with zeal. The return to armed struggle supported by dissident republicans is a dead end. Connolly's stress on the self-activity of the working class offers a way out and a way of breaking sectarianism.
Connolly deserves to be remembered and honoured as an international socialist who still speaks to us today.
Martin McGuinness and the armed struggle in context
Sylvia Pankhurst's Christmas parties for peace
Home Rule and the roots of the Easter Rising
A revolt against Empire: the 1916 Easter Rising
How the Easter Rising changed the world
Tagged under: Imperialism Working Class Ireland Nationalism State
Chris Bambery
Chris Bambery is an author, political activist and commentator, and a supporter of Rise, the radical left wing coalition in Scotland. His books include A People's History of Scotland and The Second World War: A Marxist Analysis.
Under the Socialist Banner: Resolutions of the Second International 1889-1912 - book review
Sinn Féin and the crises in both Irelands
The Making of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985: A Memoir - book review
Resisting Franco: The Assemblea de Catalunya 50 years on
Falling Down: The Conservative Party and the Decline of Tory Britain - book review
1933: Warnings From History - book review
The anti-Irish racism rooted in Scotland's elite

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Python keyboard event does not respect layout I have a problem with win32api.keybd_event in python (see script below):
Under EN layout the script press "q" key then "1" key (seems ok).
Under FR layout the script press "q" key then "&" key (instead of "a" and "&").
It looks strange that the layout translation is partialy done.
Here is the test sample:
import win32api
import ctypes
import win32con
import time

def play(vk):
    s = ctypes.windll.user32.MapVirtualKeyA(vk, 0)
    win32api.keybd_event(vk, s, 0, 0)
    time.sleep(0.1)
    win32api.keybd_event(vk, s, win32con.KEYEVENTF_KEYUP, 0)
    time.sleep(0.7)

vk_key_Q = int('0x51', 16)
vk_key_1 = int('0x31', 16)

while True:
    play(vk_key_Q)
    play(vk_key_1)

Thanks for your help !

A: My bet is you need to pass through TranslateMessage in the Win32 API.  According to the Windows docs, just firing a keyboard event doesn't map the event through the keyboard layout; that needs to be done separately with TranslateMessage, which applications need to do explicitly if they choose to work at that low a level.  I'm not sure that win32api has that method available, but reading around, it looks like win32gui does.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Times Higher Education (THE)
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Academic freedom: why do protections not apply to university leaders?
As universities become ever more wary of negative publicity, leaders who speak out on contentious issues are increasingly finding themselves in hot water. Ellie Bothwell reports
By Ellie Bothwell
Twitter: @elliebothwell
When the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse invited porn star-turned-sex educator Nina Hartley to speak on campus last year, he expected that there would be "some controversy".
Something Joe Gow did not anticipate, however, was the reaction it provoked from his boss, the university system president Ray Cross, who claimed in a letter that the event "puts all of our funding at risk" given the potential pushback from politicians opposed to pornography.
A month later, the board of regents announced pay rises for 10 of the 13 chancellors in the system. Of the three who missed out, one had already received a raise earlier in the year. Another was under investigation by the system in connection with her husband's alleged sexual harassment of a former student and former employees, and resigned shortly afterwards. The third was Gow.
"I'm curious to see, over time, whether they rethink that [decision], because the symbolism of it would suggest that they didn't like a speaker I invited and they wanted to be punitive," says Gow, a journalism and speech communication expert, who invited Hartley to speak as part of National Freedom of Speech Week. "We have a very clear policy on freedom of expression and what I did was entirely consistent with that."
He adds that "when you bring in an interesting and controversial speaker, that enhances the reputation of the institution". And he also notes the contrast between Hartley's defence of pornography, which was "not hurtful to anyone", and the insults to various minority groups dished out by right-wing activists Ben Shapiro and Milo Yiannopoulos during their campus tours.
The last-minute cancellation of the latter's planned appearance at the University of California, Berkeley in 2017 on public safety grounds drew the condemnation of the recently inaugurated Donald Trump. "If U.C. Berkeley does not allow free speech and practices violence on innocent people with a different point of view – NO FEDERAL FUNDS?" the president tweeted, while the university's then-chancellor Nicholas Dirks came in for heavy criticism from right-wing groups for his supposed repression of free speech.
But Gow's treatment could be argued to raise questions about how much free speech and academic freedom university leaders themselves should be permitted. After all, Hartley had previously spoken at other university campuses, including Berkeley, Harvard University and Dartmouth College, "without attracting the same level of controversy and scrutiny".
"I am pretty confident that if a [rank-and-file] faculty member or a staff member invited Nina Hartley to come – which certainly could have happened – and used money from their department to fund it – which, again, would not be that unusual – they would not be sanctioned in the way that I have been," Gow says. And while he issued an apology for inviting her, and personally reimbursed the university for her $5,000 (£3,925) speaking fee, he was only "sorry about the media sensationalism", and not about his choice of speaker.
The question of whether the norms of academic freedom should apply to senior managers is not new but has become more pertinent in recent years in light of the increasing marketisation of higher education, the prominence of university rankings and the rise of social media – all of which combine to make universities ever more sensitive about their reputations.
The fundamental academic values of free speech and truth-searching, which can be "controversial and inefficient", are "in contrast to the market values of efficiency and getting people prepared for the workplace", Gow says. "There's no denying that when one is a leader of a university or college you are part of the establishment. And I think that does make people in my kind of role more conservative and [anxious] to avoid controversy in general. With the marketisation of higher education, we're likely to see more of that caution, I would think."
According to Jeffrey Flier, distinguished service professor of physiology and medicine at Harvard Medical School and former dean of the school, it is "substantially more difficult now to speak out as an institutional leader in any fashion that varies significantly from the standard opinion of the community than it was [20 or 30 years ago]. When I became a dean, many people said: 'Oh wow, you have the ability to do this or that to advance public views on various topics'. That's not exactly what I've found."
Flier blames "the tribalist separation of different perspectives engendered and furthered by social media", as well as the "more severe" enforcement of "politically correct thinking" on campus for making modern academic leaders less likely to speak out. Even now, three years after standing down from his deanship, he is still told by some to be careful what he says, on the grounds that people will still associate his opinions with Harvard Medical School.
Another notable illustration of the perils of speaking out can be seen in Andrew Potter's forced resignation as director of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada in 2017 after writing an article for Maclean's magazine that described the overnight stranding of 300 cars on a Montreal highway in the middle of a blizzard as reflective of Quebec's "pathologically alienated and low-trust society".
The article's perceived slight to French Canadians provoked outrage. In his resignation letter, Potter said "the ongoing negative reaction within the university community and the broader public to my column" had forced him to "come to the conclusion that the credibility of the institute will be best served by my resignation".
The university agreed. In an interview in the Globe and Mail newspaper, McGill principal and vice-chancellor Suzanne Fortier claimed that "when you're an academic administrator, there are things you must be more prudent about doing". In an echo of Potter's own statement, she added that "the credibility of the institute" had been "deeply affected" by his article, which she worried could cause some politicians to steer clear of future public policy events at the university.
However, an investigation by the Canadian Association of University Teachers concluded in November that, in promulgating such a justification, the university had undermined the freedom not just of Potter but of its entire academic staff. David Robinson, executive director of the CAUT, told Times Higher Education at the time that "it seems that we are in an age when institutions see their foundational value not as academic freedom but as reputational protection. Institutions, certainly in Canada, see themselves more and more as business enterprises. They rely upon tuition fees and private financing to conduct their work and they see their primary goal as keeping donors happy and keeping students happy."
Such instances reflect the "hypocrisy of legislators who say 'we support free speech but not this free speech' ", according to Will Creeley, senior vice-president of legal and public advocacy at the US-based Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (Fire). They also shed light on a broader trend for university leaders to confine themselves to "inoffensive, heavily sedated statements so as to not rock any boats" or "upset one of the many stakeholders they have to reckon with when the microphone is turned off", he adds.
"As an attorney working with faculty, I wish universities would sometimes [do] more to protect faculty and student speech and maintain universities as a place where ideas are celebrated rather than tamped down…Universities are exceptional places because you can hear speakers like Nina Hartley rather than in spite of that."
However, he adds, the most recent Supreme Court ruling on the speech rights of government employees suggests that academic leaders at public US institutions, whatever their academic backgrounds, are not protected by legal guarantees around academic freedom if they no longer teach or conduct research.
Meanwhile, university administrators risk endangering their institutions' tax-exempt status if their political endorsements are deemed to have been made on behalf of the institution, he says: "The general rule is that, at public universities, the higher up someone is in the chain of authority, the more likely it is that what they say will be attributed to the institution as a whole."
Emmett Macfarlane, associate professor of political science at Ontario's University of Waterloo, says that academic freedom provides scholars with "the right to criticise our own institutions, but certain university administrators are basically required to walk the party line on university policies".
Yet that distinction remains highly contested and attempts to enforce it can, themselves, pose reputational risks. That was aptly demonstrated at the University of Saskatchewan in 2014, when Robert Buckingham, executive director at the School of Public Health, was fired, stripped of his tenure and banned for life from campus after publicly criticising the institution's president, Ilene Busch-Vishniac, for telling senior leaders not to publicly question her cost-cutting plan for the institution. Buckingham told a newspaper that the injunction was unheard of in his 40-year career and marked a "sad" day: "Of all places, a university should be a place to disagree and disagree publicly and not have repercussions of being fired from your job because you speak out," he said.
In his termination letter, provost Brett Fairbairn wrote that Buckingham's "egregious conduct and insubordination" had "destroyed" his relationship with the university's "senior leadership team". It has also damaged "the reputation of the university, the president and the school" and "the university's relationship with key stakeholders and partners, including the public, government and your university colleagues".
However, following a public outcry over the perceived violation of Buckingham's academic freedom, he was quickly reinstated as a tenured academic – though not as a dean. Meanwhile, Fairbairn resigned ahead of an emergency board meeting a week later, and Busch-Vishniac was fired on the grounds that "the university's ongoing operations and its reputational rebuilding efforts will be more effective with new leadership". The board reiterated its commitment to "the principles of academic freedom and freedom of expression".
Harvard's Flier says that the potential for university leaders to be public intellectuals, offering their opinion on a variety of topical issues, has always sat outside their primary mission of managing people, programmes, budgets and fundraising. He also acknowledges that controversial speech can "diminish" administrators' ability to carry out those duties. And he notes that "the combination of processes that lead to the selection of leaders" from among academic faculty now typically "involves some assessment of how likely they are to have heterodox opinions...on some issues". Those who score highly on that measure are eliminated from the running, he says.
Academic leaders are also more likely to self-censor in today's environment, Flier suggests: "Don't expect your university presidents or other major academic leaders to be expressing ideas that would be surprising or maybe cause you to think differently about a subject. Because if they do that, they may not be in the position very long," he says.
An obvious example may be the economist Lawrence Summers, who was forced to resign as Harvard president in 2006 after – among other flashpoints – suggesting in a speech that women's underrepresentation among maths and science academics might be the result of a lower genetic aptitude for the subjects, reflected in the fact that more males earn the very top scores in tests (as well as the very bottom scores). The Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences' Standing Committee on Women responded that "it is obvious that the president of a university never speaks entirely as an individual, especially when that institution is Harvard and when the issue on the table is so highly charged."
Indeed, it is a common view that a certain loss of freedom to speak out is an intrinsic quid pro quo of moving up the scholarly ranks. Amy Gutmann, president of the University of Pennsylvania, told THE in December that her general strategy was to "speak out on policies but not on people". That was why she had said little publicly about Penn's most famous alumnus, Donald Trump.
"That's both an ethical and a pragmatic strategy. It fits our values that we are allowed to be a non-profit institution on the basis that we are non-partisan, but…I feel a responsibility to speak out [about] and work hard [on] those policies that are critical to our mission," Gutmann said.
Sandro Galea, Robert A. Knox professor and dean of Boston University's School of Public Health, takes a broadly similar view. He sees it as the job of academic leaders to create environments in which a faculty member "can engage in any issue that she thinks is important and say whatever she wishes to say and is protected for saying it". However, any academic leader who is not careful about what they themselves say "is probably not thinking about it hard enough" given the necessity of "balancing multiple responsibilities and multiple competing priorities and representing constituencies that are not monolithic on any one issue".
But it is appropriate, he believes, for academic leaders to "speak out" when the core values of universities are being challenged – and Galea himself is the author of regular articles in the national press, often on public health. However, "I feel that I walk a very careful line and I hope every day that I walk it right," he concedes. "I am very careful in my writing that I never speak on behalf of the institution. I've communicated that time and time again."
According to Linda Lim, professor emerita of corporate strategy and international business at the University of Michigan, senior academics may even be obliged to self-censor their own research projects if they could have institutional consequences, such as offending a foreign government.
"Your primary obligation is to the administrative responsibility that you took on because it affects a lot more people than your own research," she says. "If you don't write an article for three years that's nothing compared to 50 students not being able to have an in-country experience because they can't get a visa."
Senior academics are also more likely to sit on corporate boards, she adds, which can impact on their level of freedom: "As a board member, you have a legal obligation to your shareholder. So you can't, for instance, criticise Chinese government policy if it might make China pay attention to your company, deny you a licence and then shareholders lose a lot of money. You could be sued for that in the US."
Similar constraints on academic leaders' ability to speak their minds in public are also in evidence beyond North America.
Peter-André Alt, president of the German Rectors' Conference, says that, formally, senior administrators in Germany have the same level of freedom as other scholars. However, in practice, they do not "because we are all acting in public spheres that are full of mirrors and are permanently reflecting what we are doing. If you take a look at the older system in Germany, someone who was a rector or president...had some kind of formal authority but was not really a leader and had no extended responsibility for any kind of decision making, which was left to the deans or to the individuals. This has completely changed and has created new types of obstacles for those who are in charge."
Richard Ashcroft, professor of bioethics and deputy head of the department of law at Queen Mary University of London, says that UK universities are also "having to be more businesslike", which "can mean that senior executives in universities are more cautious about what they say".
Athene Donald, master of Churchill College, Cambridge, comes across as fairly outspoken on Twitter, on her blog and in the numerous opinion articles she has written for media outlets – often on gender issues and science policy. But she thinks "very hard" about what she says or writes.
She was able to be forthright in her opposition to Brexit prior to the UK's EU referendum because she "knew perfectly well where my fellowship stood" on the issue, and she also had explicit permission from the college's council and governing body to speak out about it. However, she regrets retweeting something that someone else had written about euthanasia several years ago, not because there was any fallout but because she "realised it could get me into sticky territory".
"It's self-censorship undoubtedly, but that's fair enough," she says. "It seems to me that if I am going to lead an organisation I have to be conscious that we are a loose-knit community with different views – and it is, I think, really hard to say: 'This is my personal view and I am not speaking for anyone else.' I don't think people will be that subtle when they read what you write."
But David Price, vice-provost for research at UCL and another active Twitter user, thinks that his personal comments on the current political environment are "very much viewed as the action of an individual". And, of his 55,000 tweets, he would, with the prudence of hindsight, rephrase just two: "One was an academically related judgement on how one interprets research finances. And the other was an observation about a political prisoner."
Nevertheless, he concedes that there are often "many more facets to problems than may be originally obvious", and his appreciation of the "complexities" of university politics, funding and pensions, for instance, has led him to try to be "more measured or slightly less extreme in what I say" about such issues.
"I do believe that the role of academics is to speak truth unto power," he says. "But if that truth-speaking turns out to be biased or unbalanced then it is actually detrimental...and gives ammunition to those who want to undermine universities."
For his part, Flier would love to see universities become "more tolerant of discussion, debate and questioning, even when the things being questioned are viewed by a substantial fraction of people as closed questions. If that happens more generally then it will follow that university leaders will be able to do that more often."
However, he recently spoke with a "prominent former university president" who left his position "because of something he wrote". That person told Flier that if he were still a university president and were hiring a new dean, he would spell out to the successful candidate which public opinions on which topics would get them fired, and stipulate that they must not write or speak about anything controversial outside their own area of academic expertise.
Flier's view is that it is becoming ever more likely that this kind of conversation actually takes place. "What this ex-president told me was that the world won't lose anything if university leaders can't tell you what they think on various topics while they're in their leadership positions. You could say that's fine. Or you could say: 'That's kind of a depressing thought.' "
Print headline: Nil by mouth
Porn star talk exposes role of funding in free speech debate
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Managers' first reaction is usually to 'look at the bottom line', but 'they're just usually not as crass and as crude as this'
By Jon Marcus
Nicholas Dirks: life on the fault line
The former chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley explains how he navigated protests from both the Left and Right, and threatening tweets from President Trump
By John Gill
University leaders must engage with public debate
Those who fail to articulate the issues their communities feel strongly about do the academy and society a disservice, says Sandro Galea
By Sandro Galea
Ethical and pragmatic? Penn president on her Trump 'silence'
Amy Gutmann insists she 'speaks out firmly' on issues that relate to the values of the University of Pennsylvania
Related universities
Reader's comments (2)
#1 Submitted by Godfree Roberts on March 14, 2019 - 10:20am
"The fundamental academic values of free speech and truth-searching,"? Free speech is fundamental in academia? Surely you jest. If Chancellor Gow had invited a member of China's United Front to address his students about the virtues of Communism the result would have been the same. Had Chancellor Gow invited speakers from Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth the result would have been the same. Had Chancellor Gow invited speakers from Hamas the result would have been the same. Academic freedom does not exist and never has.
#2 Submitted by will.mington on March 14, 2019 - 2:03pm
So nothing to do with the perma-insta-outrage and identity politics culture of the Grievance Studies Depts driving such hysteria then?
THE Europe Teaching Rankings 2019: results announced
Spain makes progress in THE ranking of teaching prowess in Europe
Best universities in Europe
Times Higher Education World University Rankings data reveal the top colleges in Europe
Best universities in the UK
The University of Oxford is top in a list of the best universities in the UK, which includes institutions in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
Find the best universities in Canada using Times Higher Education's World University Rankings data
Employability is an ethical issue
Universities in most nations are now obliged to prioritise graduate career prospects, but how it should be approached depends on your view of the meaning of education. Academics need to think that through much more clearly, says Tom Cutterham
By Tom Cutterham
Managing out the geniuses will end in dismal mediocrity
Promotion criteria requiring top researchers to also be good teachers and managers undermine the nature of universities, says Andrew Oswald
By Andrew Oswald
When does proofreading become plagiarism?
Experts say rules are too unclear in light of rise of online commercial checking services
By Anna McKie
'Trolling' fears over Leeds' anonymous student feedback plan
Academics fear women and ethnic minorities will be particularly exposed to abuse on module discussion boards
Academic conferences 'lack protections against sexual harassment'
Only a quarter of biology conferences set rules on attendee behaviour and penalties for misconduct are even rarer, study finds
By Paul Basken
Kamala Harris' HE record prioritises affordability and minority access
Daughter of academic immigrants has plenty of history on higher education policies
Augar's understanding of university finance is woefully lacking
Review chair's comments on 'discretionary' funding raise disturbing questions, say Mark E. Smith, Sarah Randall-Paley and Andrew McConnell
By Mark E. Smith
Universities must shift from treating mental illness to promoting mental health
We must create spaces, resources and communities where individuals and groups can achieve optimal health through everyday activities, says Alan Cromlish
By Alan Cromlish
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text:
Father of IVF wins Nobel prize
Professor Robert Edwards began his pioneering work on IFV in the 1950s.(Source: AFP)
Blackburn's nose leads to Nobel Prize, Science Online, 06 Oct 2009
RNA interference wins Nobel prize, Science Online, 03 Oct 2006
Aussies' gut feeling wins Nobel prize, Science Online, 03 Mar 2009
One of the men behind the development of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) has been awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for medicine.
Dr Robert Edwards of Britain won the prestigious prize for his work on IVF, which has helped millions of infertile couples to have a child.
"His contributions represent a milestone in the development of modern medicine," the Nobel Assembly at the Swedish Karolinska Institute said.
"His achievements have made it possible to treat infertility, a medical condition afflicting a large proportion of humanity including more than 10 per cent of all couples worldwide," it added.
The IVF procedure entails taking an egg from a woman and fertilising it in the lab-dish with sperm donated from a man.
The egg divides, is allowed to develop into an early-stage embryo and is then inserted in the woman's uterus where, if all goes well, it will become a baby.
Mr Edwards began working on developing the process in the 1950s and "his efforts were finally crowned by success on July 25, 1978, when the world's first test-tube baby was born," the prize jury said.
Since Louise Brown's birth, about 4 million people have been born through IVF.
"A new field of medicine has emerged, with Robert Edwards leading the process all the way from the fundamental discoveries to the current, successful IVF therapy," the jury said.
Mr Edwards developed his laboratory findings "from experiment to practical medicine" with the help of British gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe, who died in 1988.
Together they established the Bourn Hall Clinic in Cambridge, the world's first centre for IVF therapy.
Today, 20% to 30% of eggs fertilised by IVF lead to the birth of a child.
The Medicine Prize kicked off a week of prestigious award announcements, with the two most watched, Literature and Peace, to be announced on Thursday and Friday.
The announcements of the Physics and Chemistry prizes will be announced Tuesday and Wednesday, and the Economics Prize will wrap up the Nobel season next Monday.
This year's laureates will receive 10 million Swedish kronor ($1.5 million) which can be split between up to three winners per prize.
Tags: health, reproduction-and-contraception, fertility-and-infertility, human-interest, awards-and-prizes, science-and-technology
Use these social-bookmarking links to share Father of IVF wins Nobel prize.
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Ancient whales were fearsome predators with razor-sharp teeth, fossil analysis shows
Focus on the beauty of the human body
Australian trapdoor spider may be a seafaring castaway from Africa
Molecule discovery on Titan an intriguing clue in hunt for life
Ancient DNA shows Canaanites survived Biblical 'slaughter'
Latest news web feed
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Planet-hunting telescope finds stars with Earths
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Epilepsy geneticist's contribution recognised
Bone collector surprised by Queen's honour
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Club Champion is the #1 golf club fitter. Schedule fitting to improve your game.
If you take it for granted that your new golf clubs have round shafts, you may be in for a surprise. The steel in even high-end shafts has a weld line, or spine, where the metal was fused. The result is the club will oscillate erratically during the swing, potentially sending your ball in unpredictable arcs.
Club Champion Golf can help your game. Club Champion is the #1 premium golf club fitter for golf clubs nationwide. Schedule a fitting at Club Champion and increase your Golf game.he company repositions the clubhead against the shaft to reduce the rotation with the assistance of an SST Pure Golf Shaft Analysis & Alignment machine—one of only 80 in use in the world today—that spins shafts at high speeds to identify flex points and rotational bias. Each machine costs $50,000; Club Champion charges customers $30 to "pure" each shaft.
The SST is just one piece of gadgetry that Club Champion promotes in its indoor fitting rooms. The Willowbrook-based company, headed by CEO Joe Lee and co-founder Nick Sherburne, is brand-agnostic, offering 200 clubheads from every golf manufacturer paired with a dizzying assortment of 400 shafts in inventory. A customer, who may pay as much as $350 for a fitting, has some 15,000 combinations to sort through.
The concept, which can lead to the sale of a bag of golf clubs priced as high as $8,000, is catching on, even as mass market retailers are struggling. The Golf Galaxy chain has closed two locations in the suburbs while rival Golfsmith filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in September. Meanwhile, other tech-dependent fitting shops such as Cool Clubs Golf in Northfield and GolfTec, with at least nine branches in the market, appear to be thriving, their high prices notwithstanding.
Club Champion has opened five stores this year—in places like Seattle, St. Louis and Los Angeles—to bring its total to 16, and four more are due to open by the end of January. The company is growing at close to a 40 percent pace annually, with revenue on track to surpass $15 million this year.
The high price of the technology, which studies have shown can contribute to a gain of as much as 21 yards off the tee, doesn't deter Club Champion's customers. "Guys will really sacrifice to improve their game," says Sherburne, a four-handicap golfer who has been fitting clubs since 1998, when he was 16. He launched the company in 2010 with the backing of local venture capital raised in part by Lee, now 47, a former Motorola engineer.


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text:
Q: "Not a whole File" Exception when trying to get ParcelFileDescriptor from Uri I have an activity that can receive intents with ACTION_VIEW, and "application/octet-stream" mime types.
when I receive a file from "Google Drive" android app, Uri is in Intent Extra's getParcelableExtra() and every thing works fine.
Uri returnUri = getIntent().getParcelableExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM);
if (returnUri == null)
    returnUri = getIntent().getData();
ParcelFileDescriptor mInputPFD;
try {
// Get the content resolver instance for this context, and use
// it to get a ParcelFileDescriptor for the file.
   mInputPFD = getContentResolver().openFileDescriptor(uri, "r"); //Line:87 (Exception here)
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e)
{
     e.printStackTrace();
     Log.e("MainActivity", "File not found.");
     return false;
}
// Get a regular file descriptor for the file
FileDescriptor fd = mInputPFD.getFileDescriptor();

But when I receive an Intent from "OneDrive" android app, Uri is in getData() and when I try to obtain a ParcelFileDescriptor from Uri, I receive an exception:
java.io.FileNotFoundException: Not a whole file

at android.content.ContentResolver.openFileDescriptor(ContentResolver.java:542)
at <one of my classes>(<class name>.java:87)

EDIT:
I am choosing same files for both Google Drive and OneDrive


text:
Home » Home » Monthly archive
Archbishop Bergan School to open kindergarten this fall
Fri, 04/20/2007 - 6:00am Anonymous
St. Patrick Church and Archbishop Bergan Catholic School announced the opening of Archbishop Bergan School's kindergarten for the 2007-2008 school year. The kindergarten is the first step in a master plan that will ultimately result in the building of a K-5 elementary school.
"I am convinced that this new school will renew our parish, will strengthen the faith life of our families and provide our children with a high quality elementary education with 'Catholic' as the key integrating force," said Father Owen Korte, president of Archbishop Bergan Catholic schools.
Read more about Archbishop Bergan School to open kindergarten this fall
in the 5/4/2007 issue
Senior Living Emphasis Issue: Expanded version of monthly Senior Living pages focusing on the senior market.
Death Penalty: What the church teaches about this controversial topic.
Faith and Cancer: How two people suffering from cancer rely on their faith.
Read more about in the 5/4/2007 issue
Supreme Court delivers momentous decision
In a momentous 5-4 vote, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act April 18.
Read more about Supreme Court delivers momentous decision
It's important to financially assist needy students
Catholic schools in the Archdiocese of Omaha have a proud history. Today, we have 60 elementary schools and 17 high schools, with another high school opening next fall. Most of all, we are proud of our effort to provide Catholic education to all students regardless of income, race and where they live.
Read more about It's important to financially assist needy students
Our veterans deserve the best treatment possible
At the beginning of Lent, we heard more devastating news reports about our wounded coming back from Iraq. Chilling details came out on the disgraceful way our veterans, returning with serious injuries, have been treated because of failures rooted in the Pentagon.
The cry in the country is that we must "support the troops." People who oppose this chosen war have been unjustly blasted as being unpatriotic.
Read more about Our veterans deserve the best treatment possible
Official Schedule - April 20 through May 3, 2007
Archbishop Elden Francis Curtiss' activities over the next two weeks:
» Confirmation, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish, Omaha.
» Confirmation, St. Thomas More Parish, Omaha.
» Two Confirmations, St. Columbkille Parish, Omaha.
» Archdiocesan Annual Appeal
kick-off meeting.
» Confirmation, St. Michael Parish, South Sioux City.
Read more about Official Schedule - April 20 through May 3, 2007
Recent attacks on religion by aggressive atheists: But science alone cannot answer our deepest questions
Last year Oxford professor Richard Dawkins published a book titled "The God Delusion." In it he maintains that religion has no place in science, and in fact, has hampered the development of science and human progress. He maintains that God and religion are delusions of people who need myths and fantasies to find meaning and support for their lives.
Read more about Recent attacks on religion by aggressive atheists: But science alone cannot answer our deepest questions
St. Robert Bellarmine School focuses on sports
Father Don Shane, pastor of St. Robert Bellarmine Parish in Omaha, is joined by Zac Taylor, former Nebraska Cornhusker quarterback, right, and Lane Kelly, Nebraska Cornhusker long snapper, March 20 at the St. Robert Bellarmine Sports Banquet.
Kelly was presented with the Alumni Athletic Achievement Award. The featured speaker at the St. Robert's Athletic Commission event was Tim Cassidy, associate athletic director and director of football operations for the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Read more about St. Robert Bellarmine School focuses on sports
Marian sociology project creates student authors
Chelsea Friel, a senior at Marian High School in Omaha, reads the book she wrote as part of a sociology class project to Sophie Provost, a kindergartner at St. Vincent de Paul School, who was the main character in the book. Each student in Tom Baker's sociology class wrote and designed storybooks casting local kindergarten students as the main characters. The kindergartners visit foreign lands and in the end, play the part of the story's hero. "The books are a creative and unique way for kindergartners to learn more about other cultures," Baker said.
Read more about Marian sociology project creates student authors
Mount Michael's Sports Night April 21
Trev Alberts, former University of Nebraska-Lincoln defensive end and college football commentator, will be the keynote speaker for Mount Michael Benedictine High School's Sports Night April 21.
Sports Night, which benefits the students of Mount Michael, will begin at 6 p.m. with a social hour and silent auction, and dinner will be served at 7 p.m. at Mount Michael.
The event is family-friendly and open to the public. Tickets are $75.
Read more about Mount Michael's Sports Night April 21


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Bernard Joseph McCahill (born 28 June 1964) is a former rugby union player from New Zealand who played for Auckland RFU and the All Blacks.

McCahill was educated at St Peter's College.
He played in two positions, second five-eighth and centre three-quarter.
He played 32 matches for the All Blacks from 1987 until 1991 including 10 tests. As well as two World Cup tournaments, he participated in 5 overseas tours. He also appeared in five zonal matches, five trials and was in the New Zealand XV and New Zealand B selections in 1991. He scored four tries for New Zealand.

McCahill was first chosen for the first World Cup in 1987 and played in the pool match against Argentina and was a replacement in the quarter-final against Scotland and the semi-final against Wales. He was a backup midfield player until 1991, when he played in four of the World Cup matches.
He is the brother of Sean McCahill, a former Irish rugby international.

References

 Ron Palenski (2007) The All Blackography, Hodder Moa. p. 285.
 For some more biographical details: List of alumni of St Peter's College, Auckland

1964 births
New Zealand people of Irish descent
New Zealand international rugby union players
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
People educated at St Peter's College, Auckland
Rugby union players from Auckland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Nmag, is a Mega Social Networking app, which integrates e-commerce, social network, social feeds, groups, event and lot more in a single platform. Major objective of this app is to create a platform where people can discover opportunities.
Nmag is also an official app for voting Miss Nepal 2017 Contestant. Following video will demonstrate the voting procedure using an app.
These days, we can see lot more Nepali Social Networking platform, which are simply the clone of popular social networking site like; Facebook, Twitter and others. Creating a social networking app has been easy these days using different content management system (CMS) and other associated tools for web and mobile platform. But, developing it according to needs of local users can make a big impact. With that saying, Nmag should focused mainly on updating User Interface (UI), User Engagement, User Privacy (Protecting app user data) and Notifications setting bugs.
Let me know your views on Nmag – Hamro Social Network app in comments below. Cheers!


text:
Faro Girardin is een Belgisch bier van spontane gisting.

Het bier wordt gebrouwen in Brouwerij Girardin te Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle.
Het is een licht amberkleurig bier, type faro, met een alcoholpercentage van 5%. Faro is een mengsel van oude en jonge lambiek waar niet vergistbare zoetstoffen aan werden toegevoegd.

Zie ook
 Belgische biercultuur
 Lijst van Belgische bieren
 Lijst van Belgische brouwerijen
 Lijst van Belgische bierfirma's

Belgisch biermerk
Gegarandeerde traditionele specialiteit


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text:
World Agriculture Faces Serious Decline from Global Warming
William R. Cline expert page
Download or buy the book
Read the brief
Confronting Climate Change initiative
William Cline's presentation on September 12, 2007 (PDF, 341 KB)
World agriculture faces a serious decline within this century due to global warming unless emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are substantially reduced from their rising path, and developing countries will suffer much steeper declines than high-income countries, according to a new study by a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development and the Peterson Institute.
Developing countries, many of which have average temperatures that are already near or above crop tolerance levels, are predicted to suffer an average 10 to 25 percent decline in agricultural productivity by the 2080s, assuming a so-called "business as usual" scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, according to the study. Rich countries, which typically have lower average temperatures, will experience a much milder or even positive average effect, ranging from an 8 percent increase in productivity to a 6 percent decline.
Individual developing countries face even larger declines. India, for example, could see a drop of 30 to 40 percent. Some smaller countries suffer what could only be described as an agricultural productivity collapse. Sudan, already wracked by civil war fueled in part by failing rains, is projected to suffer as much as a 56 percent reduction in agricultural production potential; Senegal, a 52 percent fall.
China, further from the equator than most developing countries, could escape major damage on average, although its south central region would be in jeopardy. The picture is similar in the United States, with projected reductions of 25 to 35 percent in the southeast and the southwestern plains but significant increases in the northern states.
Overall, agricultural productivity for the entire world is projected to decline from levels otherwise reached by between 3 and 16 percent by 2080s as a consequence of global warming. The damages would continue to deepen in the following century in the face of still greater warming.
The projections are the work of William Cline, a joint senior fellow at CGD and the Peterson Institute for International Economics. Cline is a pioneer in the study of the economic impact of global warming, having published an early comprehensive study of the issue in 1992.
"Some analysts have suggested that a small amount of global warming could actually increase global agricultural productivity. My work shows that while productivity may increase in a minority of mostly northern countries, the global impact of climate change on agriculture will be negative by the second half of this century," Cline said.
"There might be some initial overall benefit to warming for a decade or two but—because future warming depends on greenhouse gas emissions today—if we delay action it would put global agriculture on an inexorable trajectory to serious damage," he added.
Cline's new book, Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country, builds on climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the world's leading scientific body on the issue.
He has combined six of these climate models with other modeling techniques and statistical tools relating agricultural productivity to climate to produce the most comprehensive estimates available, applying a consistent methodology to more than 100 countries, regions, and sub-regions within the larger countries. Previous studies have provided regional estimates or country estimates for just a handful of countries. The book is published jointly by CGD and the Peterson Institute for International Economics.
"Bill's projections are sobering and alone they understate the potential problem," said Nancy Birdsall, president of the Center for Global Development. "Governments and millions of poor people in developing countries have limited ability to cope with such changes. At least a billion people live in the poorest countries that are likely to be worst hit by this slow-moving crisis. This will be a serious problem for us all."
Cline said that the productivity losses could be even greater than he has calculated because of more insect pests, severe drought, and scarcity of water for irrigation, changes that are likely to accompany climate change but are not explicitly included in the models he used in the study.
The book's projections are based on changes in temperature and rainfall predicted in six of the most widely accepted climate models under the leading international scenario for rising greenhouse gas emissions. Cline combines these climate projections with crop models and "Ricardian" models to obtain estimates of the likely impact of global warming on agriculture. (Ricardian models link land price data to temperature and precipitation, as well as soil types and other variables.)
Uncertainity about Carbon Fertilization
Cline presents a range of estimates to reflect uncertainty about plant-growth benefits from an atmosphere richer in carbon dioxide. Because plants absorb carbon dioxide (C02) from the air in their growth process, scientists have suggested that as CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere rise, plant growth will increase.
This carbon fertilization effect has been demonstrated in laboratories, but recent open-air field experiments indicate smaller gains. The alternative set of estimates of less serious impacts in developing countries and slightly positive impacts in some rich countries assumes that there will be a substantial carbon fertilization effect. Cline says that although a carbon fertilization effect of the magnitude he uses (+15 percent by the 2080s) is plausible, it remains uncertain.
"I think it would be extremely risky to assume that carbon fertilization is the solution to this problem," Cline said.
Will Better Agricultural Technology Offset Climate Losses?
Another area of uncertainty in the estimates involves technology. Analysts sometimes argue that technological change in agriculture will boost yields so much by late this century that any losses to global warming would be easily managed.
But Cline shows that the pace of the green revolution has slowed, with annual global yield gains falling from 2.8 percent per year in the 1960s and 1970s to 1.6 percent in the past quarter century.
After considering increases in world food demand from higher population and incomes, and the likelihood of sizable diversion of agricultural land to production of bio-fuels instead of food, he argues that there will be a relatively tight race between global agricultural supply and demand by late in this century, with little room for damages from global warming.
"With additional investments in technology and adaptation, the effect of climate change on actual agricultural production could be reduced, but because these inputs raise the cost of production, prices would also rise," he said. Similarly, increased irrigation could help farmers cope with droughts and excessive heat, but water shortages and the high cost of irrigation systems mean it will not solve the problem, Cline said.
Fred Bergsten, the director of the Peterson Institute, said that Cline's study "shows that although the two largest polluting countries, China and the United States, will not yet suffer overall agricultural losses by late this century, both will experience substantial internal regional losses that should persuade them to participate in action to avoid severe domestic dislocations."
Birdsall said that the study's findings will have important implications for the global policy debate about how to address climate change:
"Policymakers in rich countries and developing countries are only now beginning to understand that the impact of climate change will be profoundly unequal," Birdsall said. "These alarming new projections are yet another indication that people who are concerned about global poverty also need to be deeply concerned about global warming."
The following table, adapted from Cline's Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country, shows the range of likely impacts on agricultural productivity with and without carbon fertilization for rich countries and developing countries, and the totals for each.
Summary Estimates for Impact of Global Warming on
World Agricultural Output Potential by 2080s (percent)
Without carbon fertilization
With carbon fertilization
Rich countries
Middle East- North Africa
¹ Based on Cline, William., Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country , Table 7.1.
Estimated Impact of Global Warming by the 2080s on World Agricultural
Productivity, without and with Carbon Fertilization (percent)
Central East
Other Central Asia
Other Eq. Africa
Other Horn of Africa
Other South Amer.
Other S. Africa
Other West Africa
Beijing NE
Hong Kong SE
Tibetan Plateau
SE Europe
Yellow Sea
Lakes NE
Pacific NW
Rockies Plains
S Pacifc Coast
SW Plains
Climate Change and the Future Impacts of Storm-Surge Disasters in Developing Countries - Working Paper 182
Towards a Global Deal on Climate Change
Climate Change and Vulnerable Societies: Achieving Sustainable Security


text:
Q: CSS Footer position i'm trying to positionate a footer (#footer) like the following:
It has to have a
 margin-top: 50px;

to the div above (#content) BUT if the div above is in the display (eg in the middle) the footer should be at least
 bottom:-100px;

AND if the div above (#content) is also out of the display (lower that bottom -100px) the footer should be under that div.
Is that possible? (if theres no other way with jq/js)
Thanks in advance for your help
JSFIDDLE EXAMPLE:
http://jsfiddle.net/nU7Vh/1/
If the height of #content is for eg 300 everything is ok, but if #content (which can have variable sizes, cause its a list which is queryed) is bigger that the display the #footer isnt under the #content anymore

A: You could use a wrapper element (with min-height:100%), and not use absolute positioning.
HTML

CSS
html,body{height:100%;}
.wrap{min-height:100%;}

Demo at http://jsfiddle.net/gaby/rXZkx/

A: 1. Remove the following 2 lines from #footer:
position:absolute;
bottom:-100px;

2. Add a container div to #content, which will (unlike #content, which may have any height as you stated) have a min-height of 100% of the screen (you can of course change 100% to a different percentage if you like).

3. Add this CSS, which makes the min-height magic happen:
html, body {
    height:100%;
}

#meta_content { min-height:100%; }

jsFiddle demo.

A: You must configure a surrounding element (e.g. HTML) to fill at minimum the height of the window and allow an inner one (e.g. BODY) to overflow when higher:
CSS
html, body {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}
html {
    height: 100%; /* fill up window height and let body overflow if higher */
}
body {
    position: relative;
    min-height: 100%;
    padding-bottom: 50px; /* space for footer */
    box-sizing: border-box; /* padding should not be added to height, but included in height */
}
#content {
    height:200px;
    width:500px;
    background: blue;
    opacity: 0.5;
}
#footer {
    height: 18px;
    width: 500px;
    position:absolute;
    bottom: 0px;
    background: red;
    opacity: 0.5;
}

http://jsfiddle.net/x4TPf/


Superfront is a really innovative company that designs and manufactures fronts, handles, legs, sides and tops that fit Ikea's most common cabinets. They even make doors for Pax wardrobes, kitchen doors and drawer fronts for Metod and Faktum kitchens, and doors for Bestå sideboards and cabinets. You can choose fronts with or without patterns in any colour from their carefully chosen colour palette. Swedish manufacture and details made of classic materials such as brass, copper, marble, birch and leather ensure a quality and design that is worth far more than the price.


text:
Shingles linked to stroke, heart attack
Common virus may increase risk of cardiovascular event
Updated Dec. 23, 2021 First published Feb. 25, 2016
Not only do shingles flare-ups hurt, research says they can increase your short-term risk of heart attack and stroke following the virus' outbreak.
Shingles (also known as herpes zoster) was found to raise the risk of stroke by 35% and the risk of heart attack by nearly 60%, according to a study of more than half a million people. The risk of stroke was highest in those under age 40.
Dr. Gwen Wigand-Bolling
"It's been known for a while now that zoster causes stroke," said Dr. Gwen Wigand-Bolling, an internist at Novant Health Forsyth Internal Medicine. "The inflammation it creates causes heart attack and stroke, and shingles causes increased blood clotting in the arteries," she added.
The risks of both stroke and heart attack were highest in the first year after the onset of shingles and decreases with time, researchers said.
Who is at risk for shingles?
About 1 in 3 Americans will develop shingles in their lifetime, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cases are more common in older adults, but doctors say even children get shingles.
Shingles is caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus stays dormant (inactive) in their body. The virus can reactivate later, causing shingles.
"Not everyone who had chickenpox will develop shingles," Wigand-Bolling noted.
Two other things to keep in mind: You cannot get shingles from someone who has shingles, the CDC says. However, you can get chickenpox from someone who has shingles if you've never had chickenpox or never received the chickenpox vaccine.
What are the symptoms of shingles?
Shingles presents itself as a painful rash or blisters but the first signs of the condition can appear as a burning or tingling pain or itch on only one side of the body. Usually, shingles will appear around the waist, chest, stomach, back or on the face. Some people may also experience symptoms associated with a general infection such as fatigue, fever and headache.
"Shingles is extremely painful," Wigand-Bolling said. "On a scale from one to 10, most patients will say the pain ranges from six to 10."
Between 1 and 5 days after the first symptoms occur, a rash will develop in the affected area. The rash will form blisters similar to chickenpox, but clustered in one area of body rather than scattered all over. The blisters generally scab over within 7 to 10 days and fully clears up within 2 to 4 weeks, the CDC says.
Most people who develop shingles have only one episode during their lifetime. However, doctors say you can have shingles more than once.
"Once a person has shingles, there is a 1 to 4% chance that individual would have a second occurrence of shingles," Wigand-Bolling said.
Is the condition curable?
There is no cure for shingles, but attacks can be rendered less severe and their duration shortened with the use of prescription antiviral drugs.
Several antiviral medicines—acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir—are available to treat shingles and shorten the length and severity of the illness. These medicines are most effective if you start taking them as soon as possible after the rash appears. If you think you have shingles, contact your healthcare provider as soon as possible to discuss treatment.
Pain medicine, either over-the-counter or a prescription from your doctor, may help relieve the pain caused by shingles. Wet compresses, calamine lotion, and colloidal oatmeal baths (a lukewarm bath mixed with ground up oatmeal) can also help relieve itching.
Focus on prevention, doctors say
Prevention is the best way to avoid a shingles episode.
There is a vaccine that prevents the onset of shingles in people exposed to chickenpox. The CDC recommends that people age 60 and older get one dose of the vaccine. Vaccines are readily available at a doctor's office and drug stores. In 2011, the Food and Drug Administration extended the vaccine use for people aged 50 to 59.
Wigand-Bolling said the vaccine reduces the incidence of shingles by 51% and the neuralgia associated with shingles by 67%. The doctor said the vaccine is injected and once vaccinated a person is protected for life.
"Unless contraindicated because of pregnancy or being an organ transplant recipient or on chemotherapy, everyone over age 50 should be vaccinated," Wigand-Bolling said. "I would recommend getting vaccinated to patients who may not have had chicken pox, or those who don't remember having chicken pox."
More than 90% of those identified in the study at increased risk of stroke and heart attack after a shingles episode hadn't been vaccinated for shingles. The people in the study who had the vaccine still got shingles, it's worth noting.
Tags: heart attack, stroke, midlife, internal medicine, family medicine, shingles
How a small implant can prevent sudden cardiac death
Vaccines and blood clots? COVID clots are a greater concern
World's smallest heart pump brings man back from the brink
Updated Feb. 2, 2022
What every woman needs to understand about heart disease
Updated Nov. 30, 2021
Why heart attacks surge during the holidays


Discussion in 'Disney Pin Discussion' started by Disneychildwithin, Jan 18, 2019.
pincrazy, watzshakinbacon and DisneyJ like this.
With the discount, it's not bad at all! Thanks!
$4 a pin. Not bad at all.
Hahaha... that was totally my thought on this sale.
It should be discounted when entering the code.
You still need someone to order for you?
I have made arrangements with someone but thank you for the offer.
The set now shows sold out... I would think our group enabling had something to do with that. Go team!
Anyone have a spare sandwich pin?


In doing this we are also required to seek to foster the economic and social well being of the local communities within the National Park. We take this duty as seriously as we do our purposes.
Our Performance and Business Plan 2018/19 reports our progress and achievements of 2017/18 and sets out our priorities for achieving the final year (2018/19) of our Corporate Strategy 2016-19.


text:
melilite clinopyroxene gneisses magnetotelluric soundings Magsat polyphase deformation upper mantle 23-60 day period air temperature Air-sea interaction akermanite albite alkaline lamprophyres aluminium co-ordination aluminosilicate glasses
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology 4 (%)
Xiucheng, Cai 3 (%)
Ghosh, S. K. 2 (%)
Gupta, Alok K 2 (%)
Hongsen, Xie 2 (%)
Proceedings of the 2nd Hotine Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy
Bulletin géodésique (1990-09-01) 64: XI , September 01, 1990
Metallogenesis of Devonian-Carboniferous strata-bound carbonate-type uranium deposits in South China
Chinese Journal of Geochemistry (1990-07-01) 9: 264-274 , July 01, 1990
By Yuhui, Pang
This paper deals with the geological conditions, mineralization characteristics, genetic types and space-time distribution of the Devonian-Carboniferous strata-bound carbonate-type uranium deposits in South China. These ore deposits are genetically classified as the leaching type and the leaching-hydrothermal superimposed type. These ore deposits are confined mainly to the strata (D2–3, C1) of platform-lagoon carbonate facies. Unique tectonic settings are a vital factor leading to the formation of these uranium deposits. A metallogenetic model for these uranium deposits has been proposed.
Lower Cambrian black rock series and associated stratiform deposits in Southern China
By Nansheng, Chen; Xiuzhen, Yang; Dehan, Liu; Xuejun, Xiao; Delian, Fan; Lianfang, Wang Show all (6)
Widespread in more than ten provinces of southern China are the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series consisting of black carbonaceous shales, black carbonaceous-argillo-siliceous rocks, black carbonaceous silicolite and black silicolite and black carbonaceous-argillaceous siltstone. The Ni, Mo, V, Cu, U, Ba, Ag, P contents of these series are usually several to tens of times higher than their average values in shales.
As viewed from lithological sequence, element association and evolution, these black series can be divided into two types.
There occur a variety of deposits in the black rock series, such as phosphorite deposits, Ni-Mo-V polymetal deposits and "stone coal" seams. According to ore composition, texture and structure, the phosphorite deposits fall into three types, i.e., thick-bedded, lenticular and nodular. The Ni-Mo-V polymetal deposits, V deposits and reworked sedimentary Cu-U-Cd polymetal deposits in terms of their element association and ore genesis. As for the stratiform deposits in the black rock series, three mineralization stages have been recognized, i.e., the formation of phosphorite deposits, of Ni-Mo polymetal deposits and of V-Cu-U-Cd polymetal deposits as well as of "stone coal" seams.
Evidence strongly suggests that lower organisms have played an important role in mineralization. Our studies indicate that the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series in southern China and their associated stratiform deposits occur generally in the basal parts of a big sedimentary cycle, i.e., the initial period of a transgression, or in the fine detrital-siliceous formation between two carbonate formations, formed in a humid climatic zone between two arid ones. As for the environment of deposition, it is suggested that the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series and associated stratiform deposits (excluding thick-bedded phosphorite deposits) were formed mainly in a restricted and poorly-fed sea basin of stagnant shallow water containing abundant lower organisms and organic matter under statically hydrodynamic conditions.
Updates to the Geodesist's Handbook 1988
Bulletin géodésique (1990-06-01) 64: X , June 01, 1990
Inversion calculation of the western Pacific boundary current during October, 1988
By Maochang, Cui; Dunxin, Hu
The inverse method developed by Wunsch (1978) is widely used to determine circulation in the oceans (Fu, 1980; Wunsch, Hu and Grant, 1983; Joyce and Wunsch, 1986; Rintoul, 1988). However, for inversion manipulation, measurements down to the bottom are required, and so is a certain solid boundary. In the present paper an equation of potential condition satisfied by the velocity field at the reference level is added to Wunsch's underdetermined matrix equation in order to make the method adequate for the case where measurements do not touch bottom and when a solid boundary does not exist. The western boundary current in the Pacific is calculated and examined in terms of the velocity field and transport with CTD data gathered by theR/V Science I in October 1988.
"Tear drop pattern" potash deposits in lacustrine facies
By Dapeng, Sun
It is well known that there are two patterns of potash deposition in lacustrine facies: "tear drop pattern" (the Dabsan saline lake is a typical example) and "bull's eye pattern". Potash-forming in tear drop pattern is still continuing.
The 2,678 m A. S. L. lake in the middle of the Qarhan playa in the Qaidam Basin covers an area of 210 km2, and has an average depth of 0.39 m. Its MgCl2 type surface brine is 280–340 g/l in salinity and mainly consists of Na, K, Mg and Cl. As a rule, the potash deposits occur as evaporite distributed in tear drop pattern at the northern and northeastern lakeshore zones. They mostly consist of carnallite and halite, occasionally sylvite. The deposition is very unstable and controlled principally by the varying supply of deposit materials from the Golmud River in the south.
The potash deposits were formed when concentration of the surface brine reached a certain degree in the main evaporating season. Their forming process followed some crystalization paths in the phase diagram for the Na, K, Mg/Cl H2O equilibrium system.
Such a sedimentary model of potash deposits in the lacustrine facies is relatively common in nature. Under the extremely arid climate, differential concentration of the nonhomogeneous potassium-rich surface brine produced the potash deposits. Qarhan Salt Lake also had the same pattern of potash depositions and so, in a sense, the Dabsan saline lake is the continuation of the Qarhan salt lake in terms of potash formation.
Schmalz (1970) put forward two distributive patterns for evaporite: "tear drop pattern" and "bull's eye pattern". These patterns exist in both marine and continental salt-bearing basins (including recent salt lakes), and are controlled by the conditions of physical geography, hydrogeology, sedimentology and climatology of each basin. In his works (Sun, 1981; 1984; 1986; 1988) on the origins of potash deposits, the author always referred to them as two models of potash formation.
The "tear drop pattern" is one of the salt-forming models and also an important potash-forming model. This paper deals with the formative mechanism of the tear drop pattern potash deposition by presenting the Dabsan saline lake as an example and elucidates on the distributive characteristics and formative processes of potash deposits in the lake.
National Committees Officers of the International Association of Geodesy
Bulletin géodésique (1990-06-01) 64: 197-200 , June 01, 1990
Magnetotellurics: Principles and practice
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences (1990-12-01) 99: 441-471 , December 01, 1990
By Vozoff, K.
This paper reviews the magnetotelluric (MT) method with emphasis on recent improvements and the emerging applications. Recent improvements are in recognition of statics effects and their treatment, and in analysis of impedance tensors in 3D structural conditions. In spite of substantial progress in the analysis of the tensor, there are still unresolved questions regarding its information content, in terms of degrees of freedom.
There has also been slow but steady progress in inversion, with the development of methods of downward continuation in 1D, 2D and 3D, in time, depth and frequency domains. An improved understanding of the limitations of MT is leading to more joint use with other methods.
At shallow depths MT has become an accepted weapon in the arsenal used to explore for petroleum, geothermal resources and epithermal gold and deep base metals. Improved understanding of the relations between conductivity and rock composition and fabric will make MT more useful for engineering purposes in future. Progress in understanding the cause of conduction in the deep crust and upper mantle has been less rapid, and the many anomalies remain enigmatic.
Whereas MT is now a useful technique with some unique applications, there are obviously important and difficult problems remaining to be solved.
Population structure of antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) in the waters north and west of Antarctic Peninsula
By Rong, Wang; Shihua, Chen
Antarctic krill (Euphasia superba Dana) is a key organism of the Antarctic marine ecosystem and a potential fishery resoure. Its ecology was the major biological project in the First Chinese Antarctic Expedition (1985). Acoustic observations and IKMT tows were madecin waters north and west of Antarctic Peninsula. Environmental factors were also observed. Analyses of the population structure, i.e. the sex percentage distribution and other data obtained show that among the 3,640 individuals of determinable sex, only 38.1% were males and that the larger the body length the smaller the percentage of males, for example, male percentage dropped to 8.3% for size group >55 mm. The population's relations to environmental factors are also discussed.
Structural studies in the Pre-Vindhyan rocks of Rajasthan: A summary of work of the last three decades
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences (1990-06-01) 99: 279-290 , June 01, 1990
By Naha, K.; Mohanty, S.
Multiple deformation in all the Precambrian metamorphic-migmatitic rocks has been reported from Rajasthan during the last three decades. But, whereas the Aravalli Group and the Banded Gneissic Complex show similarity in the style and sequence of structures in all their details, the rocks of the Delhi Group trace a partly independent trend. Isoclinal folds of the first generation (AF1) in the rocks of the Aravalli Group had gentle westerly plunge prior to later deformations. These folds show reclined, inclined, and upright attitude as a result of coaxial upright folding (AFla). Superposition of upright folds (AF2) of varying tightness, with axial plane striking N to NNE, has resulted in interference patterns of diverse types in the scale of maps, and deformation of earlier planar and linear structures in the scale of hand specimens. The structures of the third generation (AF3) are either open recumbent folds or reclined conjugate folds with axial planes dipping gently towards NE or SW. Structures of the last phase are upright conjugate folds (AF4) with axial planes striking NNE-SSW and E-W.
The Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC) underlies the Aravalli Group with a conglomerate horizon at the contact, especially in southern Rajasthan. But, for a major part of central and southern Rajasthan, migmatites representing BGC show a structural style and sequence identical with those in the Aravalli Group. Migmatization, broadly synkinematic with the AF1 folding, suggests extensive remobilization of the basement. Very rare relict fabric athwart to and overprinted by structures of AF, generation provide tangible evidence for a basement.
Although the structures of later phases in the rocks of the Delhi Group (DF3 and DF4) match with the late-phase structures in the Aravalli Group (AF3 and AF4), there is a contrast in the structural history of the early stages in the rocks of the two groups. The folds of the first generation in the Delhi Group (DF1) were recumbent to reclined with gentle plunge towards N to NNE or S to SSW. These were followed by coaxial upright folds of varying tightness (DF2). Absence of westerly trending AF1 folds in the Delhi Group, and extreme variation in plunge of the AF2 folds in contrast with the fairly constant plunge of the DF2 folds, provide evidence for an angular unconformity between the Aravalli and the Delhi Groups.
Depending on the importance of flattening attendant with and following buckling during AF2 deformation, the lineations of AF1 generation show different patterns. Where the AF1 lineations are distributed in circular cones around AF2 axes because of flexural-slip folding in layered rocks with high viscosity contrast, loci of early lineations indicate that the initial orientation of the AF1 axes were subhorizontal, trending towards N280°.
The orientation of the axial planes of the earlier folds has controlled the development of the later folds. In sectors where the AF, axial planes had N-S strike and gentle dips, or E-W strike with gentle to steep dips, nearly E-W horizontal compression during AF2 deformation resulted in well-developed AF2 folds. By contrast, where the AF, axial planes were striking nearly N-S with steep dips, E-W horizontal compression resulted in tightening (flattening) of the already isoclinal AF1 folds, and probably boudinage structures in some instances, without the development of any AF2 folds. A similar situation obtains when DF4 deformation is superposed on earlier structures. Where the dominant S-planes were subhorizontal, N-S compression during DF4 deformation resulted in either chevron folds with E-W striking axial plane or conjugate folds with axial plane striking NE and NW. In zones with S-planes striking E-W and dipping steeply, the N-S compression resulted in flattening of the earlier folds without development of DF4 folds.


Hand-picked from the Kalamata region of Greece, these prized, pitted Grecian gems are known for their purple color, almond shape, firm texture and fruity flavor. They are pitted for easy consumption.
Keep in a cool dry place. Refrigerate after opening.