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Environmental and Workplace Health
Reports and Publications – Environmental and Workplace Health
Water Quality - Reports and Publications
Water Talk - Manganese in drinking water
Health Canada has developed two new guideline values (a health-based value and an aesthetic objective) for manganese in drinking water to protect the health of Canadians. Learn about the health effects of manganese and how to reduce your exposure if it is present in your drinking water.
Manganese in drinking water
Health effects of manganese in drinking water
Guideline value for manganese in drinking water in Canada
How to reduce your exposure to manganese in drinking water
If you are pregnant, breastfeeding or caring for an infant
Removing manganese from drinking water
Values in other countries
Manganese is an essential nutrient found naturally in the environment. It can be present in:
Manganese gets into drinking water sources when water dissolves minerals that contain manganese. It can also enter drinking water sources through human activity, such as:
mining activities
industrial discharge
leaching from landfills
Manganese may also be added during the treatment of drinking water. In Canada, levels of manganese in fresh water are usually low. In groundwater and some lakes and reservoirs, levels of manganese can be higher depending on water chemistry and due to industrial discharges.
The only way to know if you have high levels of manganese in your drinking water is to have your water tested. Manganese may discolour the water. However, that may not always be the case. If you are interested in testing your drinking water for the presence of manganese, particularly if you have a private well, you should contact your municipality or local public health authority for advice and assistance with the testing.
Although humans need to consume small amounts of manganese to be healthy, too much manganese in drinking water can lead to some adverse health effects.
Drinking water that contains high levels of manganese, even for a short time, can be a health risk to infants.
Formula-fed infants may be especially at risk if the water used to prepare the formula contains levels above the guideline value. This is because:
their brains are developing rapidly
they drink more water based on body weight
they absorb more manganese and are less able to remove it from their bodies
Exposure to manganese in drinking water can cause:
neurological and behavioural effects
deficits in memory, attention and motor skills
For adults and older children, short-term exposure to manganese in drinking water slightly above the guideline is unlikely to cause negative health effects.
Health Canada worked with provinces, territories and other federal departments to set a new guideline value for manganese in drinking water of 0.12 milligrams per litre (mg/L). The guideline value is protective of the health of Canadians, including the most vulnerable members of society, such as infants and children.
Manganese has long been considered to be an aesthetic concern in drinking water, because it discolours water and can stain laundry or fixtures. As such, Health Canada has established an aesthetic objective of 0.02 mg/L.
The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality for Manganese are based on recent scientific studies and set out the basic parameters that every water authority should strive to achieve in order to provide the cleanest, safest and most reliable drinking water possible.
If you have elevated levels of manganese in your drinking water, there are effective ways to remove it as described below.
Manganese will not enter the body through the skin or by breathing in vapours while showering or bathing. Bathing and showering in water that contains levels of manganese above the guideline value is considered safe.
If you are pregnant, breastfeeding or preparing infant formula and are concerned about your infant's exposure to high levels of manganese in drinking water you may wish to:
use an alternate source of drinking water
install a treatment device to remove manganese from drinking water
There are two categories of treatment units that are capable of reducing manganese in water in your home:
units installed directly at the tap: used to reduce specific contaminants at one tap only (point of use units). Reverse osmosis is the most effective and reliable way to reduce manganese levels in drinking water that will be used for drinking and food preparation.
units installed where the water supply enters the home: used to reduce specific contaminants in water in the entire household (point of entry units). Water softeners and manganese "greensand filters" can be used to reduce the potential for discoloured water and staining of laundry. Greensand filters require careful maintenance to ensure that they are effectively removing manganese.
Make sure that any treatment unit you use is:
certified as meeting the NSF International / American National Standards Institute standard for the drinking water treatment unit or materials
installed and maintained (or replaced) according to the instructions given by the manufacturer
Currently, there are no reverse osmosis units that are certified specifically for manganese removal. However, a unit that is certified to remove other metals, such as arsenic or lead, will also be effective for manganese removal. Periodic testing should be conducted on both the water entering the treatment unit and the finished water to verify that treatment is effective.
Health Canada has established a health-based guideline value for manganese in drinking water of 0.12 mg/L and an aesthetic objective of 0.02 mg/L, some of the lowest limits for manganese in drinking water in the world.
Other countries and organizations have established limits for manganese in drinking water that are different from ours for various reasons (for example, a different value is used to determine how much water a person drinks based on the country average).
Health-based guideline value
Health Canada's health-based guideline value for manganese in drinking water (0.12 mg/L) takes into account new science suggesting potential adverse health effects on the central nervous system, particularly during brain development. Other organizations have also established limits for manganese in drinking water:
United States: health advisory value of 0.3 mg/L
Australia: guideline value of 0.5 mg/L
World Health Organization: health-based value of 0.4 mg/L, but no formal guideline was established
Aesthetic objective
Health Canada's aesthetic objective for manganese in drinking water (0.02 mg/L) is based on new science and is lower than those currently established by other agencies:
United States: 0.05 mg/L, based on aesthetic considerations
Australia: aesthetic guideline of 0.1 mg/L
European Union: limit of 0.05 mg/L
Guideline for Canadian Drinking Water Quality for Manganese
If you have questions about the guideline or manganese in drinking water, you can contact us at:
hc.water-eau.sc@canada.ca


Agricultural | Covington Aircraft Engines, Inc.
Reliability, it's the single most important characteristic of an Ag pilot, whose current and future business depends upon the consistency of his equipment. Proudly, we've kept Ag pilots in the air since 1972. Since then, the quality of our work and our ability to value every customer has earned us the honor of being a world-class agricultural aircraft service provider.
NO, WE CANNOT IGNORE THE IMPORTANCE OF OUR RELIABILITY, TOO MANY PILOTS ENTRUST US WITH THEIR LIVELIHOOD.
We're committed to the fastest possible turnaround times on all maintenance, repair and overhaul work. And we offer some of the lowest prices of any certified MRO in the U.S. We understand the true cost of a grounded Ag plane, and dedicate ourselves to the same level of dependability Ag pilots themselves must provide. No, we cannot ignore the importance of our reliability, too many pilots entrust us with their livelihood.
HALF THE TIME. HALF THE PRICE.
As an alternative to our full overhaul, and a service to those with time and budget constraints, we offer the Covington Light Overhaul.


Fits: Late model 2001 & up with Teleflex pump & also late model Volvo Penta with Oildyne pump. Both standard & O-ring type trim hoses.
The "Tilt" control on your boat allows you to raise your motor when you enter shallows or lower your motor fully after the boat is back on its trailer. The control switch allows you to tilt the motor up or down, in small increments, to level your boat for optimum speed and comfort, a process called trimming your boat.


Context: Ageing persons at the Department of Herault (CD34) have access to domotic instruments aiming to extend their autonomy. However, these devices are not always well suited to users or to professionals who accompany them. As a result, some are used incorrectly or not at all. In this context, the local project of the CD34 is to analyse the situation in the field and improve the use and efficiency of individual digital equipment. First, a participative forum will be organized to present the project to users, identify the public and their real need/issues, and associating the professionals who work on daily basis with ageing persons. Secondly, it is planned to do the inventory of the equipment (ICT and domotic equipment) afterwards to co-evaluate it with users and improve by testing and adapting.
Results expected: Best practices and lessons learned shared in the field of adapting the IT and domotic equipment to ageing persons in order to extend their autonomy.
We expect to apply for the firs semester of 2019.


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THE WEEKND ANNOUNCES MASSIVE "AFTER HOURS TOUR"
The Weeknd is bringing his After Hours set on the road for an extensive tour, which will kick off in North American in June.
On Thursday (February 20), the crooner, 30, announced the massive trek, which will take him across 40 cities in the U.S. and Canada, before wrapping up at Madison Square Garden in New York on September 3. "The After Hours Tour will showcase state of the art production and one of the most innovative stage designs to date, containing the most LED lights and video for an arena show," a Live Nation press release announced. Tickets to the tour will be available all next week via Ticketmaster, with the earliest available on Tuesday. General pre-sale kicks off on Friday.
News of the trek comes exactly one month before the release of his new album, After Hours, which is scheduled for release on March 20. Among the previously released songs include "Blinding Lights," "Heartless" and the most recent title track. Expect even more from the superstar, including his musical guest stint on the Daniel Craig-hosted episode of Saturday Night Live on March 7.
Check out his "The After Hours Tour" Texas dates below:
July 24 – Houston, TX – Toyota Center
July 25 – Dallas, TX – American Airlines Center
August 19 – San Antonio, TX – AT&T Center
August 20 – Ft. Worth, TX – Dickies Arena
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Tim Walker Story Teller Exhibition at Somerset House… run to see it if you can!
Designer and high street collaborations… my favourite combination!!! I absolutely love love loved the Marni H&M collection and wear the few pieces I managed to grab ALL the time and always get lots of compliments, mixing and matching for spring, summer and now autumn.
When I heard that Maison Martin Margiela was collaborating with H&M I was oh so excited! I love their out there yet elegant designs that always make a statement.
I thought I'd take a lil'break from my London Fashion Week posts to quickly share my favourite pieces. I'm sure they'll all sell out in 10 minutes… but you never know!
The glove bag is an iconic Maison Martin Margiela piece and I absolutely love the shape and casual elegance of the dress.
MMM loves their oversized coats… and for me this duvet coat is always what I dream of when I'm snuggled up at home and its rainy outside in London!
For the prices and rest of the collection check out Vogue.
So will you be waiting in the queue or online? If so… please get one for me!


10. Cristiano Ronaldo to PSG/Manchester United.
A sudden rumor of Cristiano Ronaldo having a desire to depart Real Madrid left the football world in shock as some of the wealthy European clubs had their eyes on the Portuguese after realizing there might be a chance to sign the Real Madrid superstar. To afford his healthy wage, only few clubs stand in line, specifically PSG and Manchester United.
Top Players in MLS (2015).


Eines der interessanten Bücher über das Thema Rohrbau!
Das Buch zeigt Gegenlicht-Fotografien und Vermaßungen der Rohre der größten Oboisten des 20. Jahrhunderts.
For nearly 300 years, oboe players have painstakingly evolved the individualized skill of reedmaking. David A. Ledet's unique study of techniques for styling oboe reeds analyzes, in detail, 166 examples of reeds by 80 artists from 14 countries. Each reed is strikingly photographed both in reflected light and in silhouette, clearly illustrating the relative thickness and shaping of the various sections of the reed. Oboists' reflections on their reedmaking techniques and brief biographical sketches introduce the photographs. As background to his survey, Ledet discusses various aspects of tone production, gives a brief history of the instrument, and offers valuable advice about pedagogical techniques. The book also documents musicians such as Robert Bloom, Henri de Busscher, Janet Craxton, Peter Graeme, Harold Gomberg, John Mack, Ronald Roseman, Ray Still, and the celebrated Marcel Tabuteau. Oboe Reed Styles is a historical and technical record, essential for teachers, performers, and students of all ages and abilities.
David A. Ledet, Professor Emeritus of Music at the University of Georgia, is co-author of The Art of Oboe Playing.


Real Milk is not generally commercially available in the United States—and won't be until consumer demand increases. Raw milk can be purchased in some stores in California, Connecticut and New Mexico, but it is not necessarily from pasture-fed cows. However, in many states raw milk can be purchased at the farm and many concerned consumers are forming cooperatives designed to support conscientious dairy farmers and obtain Real Milk directly from the farm. The solution to restrictive state laws is a cow-share program in which farmers keep and milk cows owned by individuals. These are being set up in many states. For further information, including technical and legal help, contact the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund, farmtoconsumer.org, (703) 208-FARM (3276), info@farmtoconsumer.org.
Naturally fermented raw milk cheeses from whole milk given by pasture-fed cows are still made in France, England, Switzerland and Greece. Look for the word "milk" or "fresh milk" rather than "pasteurized milk" on the label, which means they are made from raw milk. Such cheeses have contributed to the good health of dairying populations for millennia. Real Milk cheeses are now being produced by a number of small independent manufacturers in America. In general, these producers own their own herd of cows, sheep or goats, and the milk is not pasteurized. For a listing of Real Milk cheeses see Cheese Primer by Steven Jenkins (Workman Publishing, 1996) or contact the American Cheese Society (414) 728-4458. See also the General Online/Email Ordering page.
Naturally made whole milk yoghurt from pasture-fed cows is now being produced for the commercial market by several biodynamic farms. Unfortunately it is made with pasteurized milk, but at least the enzymes are restored through the culturing process. Look for Seven Stars Farm brand, among others.
Cream from pasture-fed Jersey cows is now available in some gourmet markets, under Butterworks and other local labels. Unfortunately these creams are pasteurized, but at least they are not ultrapasteurized. Traditionally soured cream (called creme fraiche), produced by the Vermont Butter and Cheese Company, will have some of the enzyme content restored. It is becoming more widely available.
The best commercial brands of butter are probably Organic Valley and Tillamook —they are pasteurized, but come from cows that are mostly pasture-fed. New Zealand butter is available through Tropical Traditions. It is not raw, but it is from 100% pasture-fed cows. A growing number of farmers sell raw butter from pasture-fed cows directly to the consumer and ship within the continental US. Many of them place classified ads in Wise Traditions, the magazine of the Weston A. Price Foundation.


Armed with paint brushes, hammers, pickaxes and scythes, Dad's Army is on the march. With orders from above and a long list of Summer Jobs to be completed they did not panic! Recruitment to the 1st Ground Platoon has been slow, but they are not yet 'doomed'.
Some soldiers have gone AWOL in the face of much work to be done. Now is the time to be counted and step up to the mark to join the Special Facilities Corps and finish the job. Thank you U13's and Dads and all the other regular squad, what a difference you are making.
Next roll call Saturday 6th August, be on parade at 9.30am for inspection.
Contact Recruiting Officer, Capt Dave Townsend 07909 623919 and let's finish all the jobs.


This is a placeholder page for Gigi Drake, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Gigi Drake.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Gigi Drake. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Gigi Drake. We created this page automatically in hopes Gigi Drake would find it. If you are not Gigi Drake, but are an alumni of Ingleside High School, register on this site for free now.


Our friends over at brownbeautytalk the beauty website aimed at women of colour, launch their first beauty masterclass on Wednesday 28 February.
The inaugural event is a skin care session, featuring, British skincare brand, Good Things and the Black Skin Directory.
The aim of the evening is to tackle skincare issues experienced by women of colour, such as pigmentation, discolouring and suncare. They will be joined by Alice Hart-Davis, the creator of Good Things and aesthetician, Dija Ayodele, founder of Black Skin Directory.
Good Things is a range of gentle skincare based on natural ingredients which is affordable and is designed to help everyone make the most of their skin.
The Black Skin Directory was created to make it easier for women of colour to connect with skincare professionals in the UK.
***We have two tickets to give away to the event. For a chance to win, please answer this question: Who is the creator of Good Things? Please send your answer to: info@preciousonline.co.uk by midday 25th February.


The new Mercedes A Class concept is all set to be previewed at the Shanghai Auto Show this month. The concept known as Concept A study has flowing sheetmetal, distinctive detailing and sporty stance. The production car is likely to be little more dynamic than the concept.
The new A Class features all new MFA (Mercedes Front-wheel drive Architecture) platform with strut front suspension and a multi link rear axle. Most of the things such as plastics, trim and switchgear has been borrowed from the C Class.
The Concept A design features - flowing instrument panel moulding, sporty steering wheel, dominant twin-dial instrument binnacle and rotary controller for the infomatics system. The concept A design is based on Mercedes idea of a glowing jet engine afterburner as seen in the centre-illuminated dials with air vents.
Powering the new A Class will the same engines from the C Class family. The 2.0 litre petrol engine produced 204 Bhp making the car a hot hatch. The engine will be mated to a dual clutch gearbox. The diesel engine is 2.2 litre with power ranging from 130 to 180 Bhp. A AMG version will also make it way with a 2.0 litre turbo engine with four wheel drive by 2013.


California has plenty of problems, but a shortage of ways to get between its two largest metropolitan areas is not among them.
If you want a leisurely and spectacular drive, you can take Highway 1 - the Pacific Coast Highway - from Los Angeles to San Francisco. You'll see Malibu's celebrity beach houses, Santa Barbara and its surrounding wine country, William Randolph Hearst's planned bungalow at San Simeon (which ultimately became the Hearst Castle, in what may be history's greatest case of mission creep), the cliffs of Big Sur, the cedars of Carmel and the shoreline of Monterey Bay.
If you don't have time for all that touristy stuff, you can choose U.S. 101, a good expressway just inland from much of the coast. It cuts through Silicon Valley en route to the Golden Gate.
To make really good time, I concur with Google Maps' suggestion of Interstate 5, at an estimated drive time of just under six and half hours. Your passengers can snooze during most of the journey through the table-flat, agricultural Central Valley without missing any good scenery.
Or, of course, you could fly. You have your choice of five airports serving the Los Angeles area and three along the San Francisco Bay. Round-trip flights between the two cities are currently running around $200, though I recently saw a Southwest "Wanna Get Away" fare of $100 from Irvine to Oakland. The plane trip takes less than an hour and a half.
Californians could probably use a nice drive in the country, though, to take their minds off their other worries. Last year the state passed an austerity budget that, among other things, cut 23 percent from funding for the University of California and California State University systems. Still, California faces a budget deficit of $9 billion. The state's unemployment rate, as of February, remained in the double digits at 10.9 percent, compared to a national average of 8.3 percent. It is one of the states hardest hit by the foreclosure epidemic; many of its cities continue to struggle. One city, Vallejo, exited bankruptcy last year. Stockton and two smaller communities in Northern California teeter on the edge of entering it.
But, perhaps because they lack a magic bullet to solve the state's real troubles, Gov. Jerry Brown and other state officials are setting their sights on bullet trains instead.
In November 2008, voters approved a plan to build a high-speed rail system linking Los Angeles and San Francisco. At the time, the price was estimated at $35 billion to $42 billion. When they OK'd the plan, voters also agreed to allow the state to issue $10 billion in general obligation bonds to get started.
Over the course of the next three years, no tracks were laid, but the estimated cost rose to $98.5 billion. Meanwhile, officials proposed "getting started" by building the first segment of rail between Fresno and Bakersfield, which are two smallish cities in the Central Valley. Drivers can get between those two places in less than two hours, so demand for high-speed train service on that route has to be approximately nil.
Even the most fervent advocates of high-speed rail have trouble justifying the California plan at nearly $100 billion, and California has no shortage of high-speed rail advocates. Yet they did not abandon their dream thanks to its higher price tag. They just cut the price tag.
The California High-Speed Rail Authority recently scaled back the estimated cost to $68.4 billion by revising the plan to use existing tracks near the urban centers. The trade-off is that this so-called "blended approach" would require running fewer trains at slower speeds. Spend a little less money - though still a huge sum for a nearly broke state - on "high speed" rail service, and get less speed and less service.
The point of this exercise utterly escapes me, but I am neither a Californian nor a high-speed rail buff. I just like to get where I need to go by whatever means makes the most sense.
Running fewer and slower trains is not the only compromise in the latest plan to hold down the project's price tag. At least initially, the new plan would also mean that passengers traveling between Los Angeles and San Francisco would have to change trains en route, which is not typically a feature of "high speed" service. Critics have argued that, with these modifications, the project may no longer satisfy the requirements set out by the original voter-approved proposition. The proposed changes would also eliminate the already small chance that the train line would actually serve any real purpose.
Officials claim that the line will be funded through a mixture of public and private "investment." Given the railway's prospects, however, it is safe to assume that the private investments will total somewhere around zilch, and that the return on public investments will be in the same ballpark.
Meanwhile, in what superficially seems to be unconnected news, the governor has announced his support for a tax plan reached through a compromise with the California Federation of Teachers that would increase the highest state income tax rate from 10.3 percent to 13.3 percent. The increase would affect those earning $500,000 or more and would be paired with a small sales tax increase. The move reflects a change in strategy for Brown, who previously advocated increasing revenue primarily through a larger sales tax increase.
With the tax hike and the scheduled increase in Medicare taxes, top California earners - as well as many small business owners whose incomes include company profits that are reinvested in the business - would end up paying a state and federal marginal tax rate of well over 50 percent. A high-speed train to Nevada might make more sense than the route between L.A. and San Francisco if that happens. A lot of employers and other high-income taxpayers are going to try to get out of California as fast as they can.
High-speed rail won't accomplish much except helping California arrive at its financial ruin a little faster. Slow down and enjoy the fantastic scenery, folks. At least that's still free.


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Jessica Lynch Forums: Iraqis Taking Up Baseball. - Jessica Lynch Forums
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Iraqis Taking Up Baseball.
#1 jessefan
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http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=stor...akingupbaseball
A Diamond in the Rough: Iraqis Taking Up Baseball
Sat Oct 23, 7:55 AM ET Top Stories - Los Angeles Times
By Ashraf Khalil Times Staff Writer
BAGHDAD — Yasser Abdel Hussein tugs his cap and unwinds with the smooth sidearm delivery that's made him the ace of the pitching staff. He looks like a prospect.
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At home plate, however, Mohammed Khaled seems like he's still on chilly terms with his bat as he crouches, resplendent in a red (yes, red) New York Yankees hat, FUBU muscle shirt and tight bicycle shorts.
"It's a game of speed and concentration," Khaled says after widely missing most of Abdel Hussein's pitches. He connected just twice, and then only by abandoning all technique and swinging one-handed.
The 20 young men gathered on a patchy grass field behind Baghdad University's College of Sports Education may not look like much now. But organizers of Iraq (news - web sites)'s fledgling national baseball team have high hopes.
As they work to introduce the sport to Iraqis who've never heard the phrase "home run," they're struggling with financial hardship, bare-bones equipment and a mortal fear that their fondness for this most American game will draw the wrath of the country's insurgency.
Ismail Khalil Ismail, the founder of the 10-team league from which the national squad players are drawn, treads carefully to avoid the perception that his creation is a seed of cultural imperialism. He dreads the thought of local newspapers "writing that we're playing an American game. But what game isn't American or British — basketball, soccer, boxing?"
Ismail started his league last year with a few bags of donated equipment. He's desperate for material and financial support, but doesn't dare approach the U.S. Embassy or military.
A U.S. Army unit recently invited the team to play against soldiers inside Baghdad's fortified Green Zone.
"But we refused," said Bashar Salah, a muscular 24-year-old in a pinstriped jersey. "Not because of extremism, but to protect our lives."
Ismail first proposed the idea of bringing baseball to Iraq in 1996. The burly former national judo champion floated the idea to friends on the Iraqi Olympic Committee — then run by Saddam Hussein (news - web sites)'s son Uday.
They quietly advised him to drop it, "because it was an American game and the Americans are our enemies." He revived the concept after the fall of the Hussein regime in April 2003. A friend from what Ismail would only describe as "an international charitable organization in Baghdad" arranged for a donation of a few balls, bats and gloves.
From there, Ismail started organizing on college campuses and at sports clubs. He held his first practice last October, and secured the support of the new Iraqi Olympic Committee this year.
By summer, he had enough interest to organize a 10-team Baghdad championship tournament. Coaches then picked the best players to form the national squad. All receive a symbolic stipend of as much as $20 a month.
For the players, the game is an intriguing novelty whose appeal transcends politics.
"I was attracted by its newness — not because it's American, but because it's a new idea," Salah said.
For now they practice regularly, and dream of traveling abroad to hone their skills.
Alaa Awad, a member of the baseball league's board of directors, said they didn't have the funding to consider trips to play against other national squads.
"The only way we could accept an invitation was if the host country paid for us," he said. And "we can't really invite anyone to come here."
There's also a shortage of regional competition. In the Middle East, only Turkey, Iran, Morocco and Tunisia have national baseball teams. Officials from the Iraqi team wrote to counterpart organizations in Morocco and Tunis but haven't heard back.
On a recent afternoon, the group — most of whom were abstaining from food and water during daylight hours for the Muslim holy month of Ramadan — gathered to run through hitting and pitching drills.
Players took turns on the mound and at the plate, while assistant coach Ali Abdel Wahid stood behind the catcher and called out balls and strikes. The rest gathered haphazardly in the outfield, struggling to snare pop-ups and ground balls. Several players wore their batting helmets in the field. One wore his glove on his head.
Most of the players were obviously natural athletes, and the roster boasted several youth soccer stars and two members of the national team handball squad. But it was clear that picking up baseball skills would take time.
When quizzed on their knowledge of the major league baseball playoffs, players could name only one team: the Yankees. Nobody could recall the name of a single player.
"The hardest thing is teaching them while I'm learning myself," said Abdel Wahid, the assistant coach. He spends three hours a night researching rules and techniques online, and is translating the rule book, downloaded from the Major League Baseball website.
Once his players have the basics down, he looks forward to teaching them "to work together on the doubles play."
Ismail acknowledges that he understood little about the game before launching his initiative. Mostly he just wanted to introduce a new sport to Iraq.
"It was either [baseball] or rugby — I thought that would be good because Iraqis like violent sports like boxing or wrestling."
But rugby would have required building goal posts, he said, whereas baseball can be played with a few bags of donated equipment.
Fearful of causing a backlash by advertising a Western connection, Ismail claims not to remember who sent the bats, balls and gloves.
Some of the balls bear the name of the donor, but they're all too worn and smudged to make out much. On two balls, however, "Ogden, Utah" is legible.
(Dano Jauregui, the baseball coach at Ogden-based Weber State University, said he had no idea about any kind of equipment donation to Iraq. Dave Baggott, the co-owner of the Ogden Raptors minor league baseball team, said he vaguely recalled some sort of equipment drive organized last year by a local civic group.)
From these humble beginnings, Ismail claims the sport's appeal is spreading. Teams have sprung up in the northern cities of Kirkuk, Irbil and Mosul. In Ramadi — in the fiercely anti-U.S. province of Al Anbar west of Baghdad — players practice with homemade bats and modified tennis balls, Ismail said.
Inspired by the Iraqi soccer team's improbable fourth-place showing at the Athens Olympics, Ismail has high hopes.
"We want to make this a success," he said. "We want to shock the world."


There's no better spokesman for smoke alarm safety than Alert Bert! And his new presentation card is especially effective at educating children on the importance of smoke alarms and how they can help make their homes more fire safe.
It begins by noting that smoke alarms detect smoke early before fires get too big, giving people a chance to escape from their house. They are loud so that they can be heard even if they go off while people are sleeping. But it's important to make sure that everyone in the house knows what their smoke alarm sounds like and that it will, in fact, wake them while they are asleep.
Smoke alarms should be placed on every level of the home, in the hall outside bedroom, and inside every bedroom. Having alarms in these locations makes it easier for more people in the home to hear an alarm, should one sound.
Alarms are only effective if they're properly maintained. They can't save lives if they aren't working. So, they should be tested every month. If the alarm doesn't make a noise when the TEST button is pushed, the batteries need to be checked. And if that's not the culprit, the unit should be replaced.
Many smoke alarms are battery-operated. It's important that the battery is never taken out of the unit. And it's helpful to make sure that there are extra batteries on hand. To make sure that the alarm is always working, change the batteries every six months. If this activity is combined with something memorable, like Daylight Savings Time, it will be easy to make sure that the batteries never get low.
The card's concluding message is not only important, but memorable, too: take care of your smoke alarms and they will take care of you.


Restricted Item. Print thesis available in the University of Auckland Library or available through Inter-Library Loan. This study examines the history of New Zealand economic thought on agriculture, focusing on interwar agricultural policy. A sociology of professions framework is employed to demonstrate that New Zealand economists adopted the external (professional society, specialist journal) and internal (common language, set of common practices) dimensions of the Marshallian orthodoxy. A survey is undertaken of economists' contributions to the Economic Record. New Zealanders endorsed the Marshallian emphasis on analysing, wherever possible, practical issues of the day. Thus, they concentrated attention on applied economic topics, in particular agricultural economics and economic fluctuations, rather than on pure theory. Economists perceived themselves as having an important role in policy debate and therefore actively prescribed solutions to agricultural problems. In order to assess the extent to which New Zealand economists adopted the internal dimensions of the Marshallian orthodoxy we examine their ideas on agricultural finance, exchange rates, agricultural support policies and international trade. Economists' arguments are presented and evaluated with reference to modern economic theory. Credit rationing literature and a combined accelerator-residual funds agricultural investment model are used as a conceptual framework to compare and contrast opposing arguments on agricultural finance. A finance market was described in which fully competitive equilibrium did not obtain: excess demand, interest rate stability and incomplete information for lenders and borrowers were evident. Further, economists identified interest rates, confidence, initial cash holdings and farmers' expectations of sales as important determinants of investment. An income-expenditure model of the Depression is developed and a national income identity is used to formalise and evaluate ideas on exchange rates. Before the 1930s, a fixed exchange-flexible price version of the quantity theory of money was generally accepted. However, post-1932 most economists had adopted Cambridge liberal monetary ideas and advocated currency adjustment as a tool of economic management. Microeconomic thought on marketing boards is evaluated in light of contemporary developments in the theory of the firm. Modern commodity price stabilisation literature is then used to interpret economic thought on the economic effects of a sliding-scale tariff. On international economics, there was a dynamic dimension to New Zealand economic thought which, in particular, contained a classical Smithian notion that the country must grow in an unbalanced way via expansion of the agricultural sector. Overall, we show that economists made successful, although ad hoc, use of orthodox Marshallian analytical tools. We also identify broader English classical and some vestigial American institutionalist themes in their interwar writings. In addition to assessing the pedigree and logical structure of New Zealand economic thought on agriculture, this thesis derives some modern economic indicators in order to evaluate its empirical content. For example, financial leverage and farm activity ratios demonstrate that the economists, while often constrained by inadequate data, had an intuitive grasp of farm indebtedness. In general, we find their policy proposals were based upon an accurate understanding of economic indicators. They strove to formulate what was believed to be realistic analysis of economic phenomena and keenly utilised available empirical evidence as a guide to economic conditions.


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Photo by Umberto Brayj
Cities, Inequality
Trump's 2021 Budget Explains Bezos' House Deal, L.A.'s Homeless Crisis
By Rich Benjamin
Jeff Bezos dropped $165 million last week for the most expensive residential property in the history of Los Angeles. That's about an eighth of 1% of his $131.9 billion net worth. Bezos' purchase is like a regular person forking over just $121 for a house, given that the Federal Reserve says the median net worth of an American is $97,300. Bezos' home, nestled on nine acres in Beverly Hills, includes two guesthouses, a nursery, three hothouses, tennis court, swimming pool and a nine-hole golf course.
Put Bezos' ground-breaking purchase against another record: The United States just hit the highest number of homeless school kids in modern history: 1.5 million.
As the media revel in the lifestyles and trophies of the ultra rich, reporting on the policy choices that are worsening inequality and homelessness gets buried. Consider President Trump's fiscal 2021 budget proposal, which also came to light last week.
"Who the hell cares about the budget?" Trump asked the donors at a pricey political fundraiser in January at Mar-a-Lago (reportedly worth $160 million). No one in that room might have cared, but taxpayers should.
Trump's proposed budget would extend his cockeyed 2017 tax cuts to 2027. Those cuts primarily benefit wealthy individuals and corporations like Bezos' Amazon. (Amazon — guess what? — paid $0 in taxes in 2018; in 2019, its effective tax rate was 1.2%.) The 10 years of the tax giveaway would cost all of us $1.9 trillion.
In addition to a tax policy that explodes inequality, the president's budget demands deep cuts to Medicare and Medicaid, programs that offer a lifeline to unemployed individuals, low-income families and senior citizens — in other words, those whose homes are least secure. The budget also demands sharp cuts to Social Security programs that help support those unable to work because of disability. This despite the president's repeated promises not to cut these programs.
Trump's budget also makes massive cuts to just the type of programs that offer services and limited assistance to working-class and poor people. The cuts to the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program and to food stamps (also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) would amount to more than $20 billion a year on average over the next decade. Some social service programs would be eliminated.
The most galling parts of the president/real-estate baron's budget eviscerate housing spending while pretending to increase it.
The president is proposing a cut of $5 billion in voucher rental assistance for the next year alone. New rules would deprive some families of subsidized housing if the workers in the household cannot obtain and document sufficient hours of work. This despite the arbitrary, at-will scheduling of many jobs in our service economy.
Trump's budget would also eliminate the HOME Investment Partnerships Program, the national Housing Trust Fund, Community Development Block Grants and the Choice Neighborhoods program, wiping out another $5 billion a year for investment in affordable housing and community development.
The Fair Housing Initiatives Program would be cut by 12%. More than 60% of reported housing discrimination complaints are investigated by groups that are funded by FHIP grants. These cuts are perhaps predictable, coming from a president whose family has a long, documented history of racial bias in the management of their housing properties.
As we gawk at the palaces of rich men such as Bezos, and as so many struggle to find affordable housing, we should focus our attention on the federal policies that fuel this discrepancy. The most draconian cuts in the 2021 budget are not likely to be OK'd by Congress, nonetheless, they are not just numbers on a spreadsheet. The attack on the safety net represents an ideology in the White House that would widen America's pernicious levels of inequality, deepen poverty, and worsen suffering for poor families. As the price tags for the houses of the rich set dizzying records, so do the numbers of families and children living in substandard housing and on the street.
Rich Benjamin is a fellow at the Puffin Foundation and the Economic Hardship Reporting Project and a contributing writer to Los Angeles Times Opinion. @IamRichBenjamin
Co-published with The Los Angeles Times.
The views expressed by commentators are solely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of EHRP and its management.
Homelessness, Jeff Bezos, Writing
Rich Benjamin
Rich Benjamin is author of "Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America" and contributing editor of the Economic Hardship Reporting Project.


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Labor Is Saying the Right Things on Pensions. Will They Act?
Published Oct 24, 2011 at 6:52 AM | Updated at 8:33 AM PDT on Oct 24, 2011
During a brief conversation recently with a Southern California labor leader, I complained that public employee unions had failed on the pension issue by being too selfish.
Instead of fighting just to protect public employee pensions, they should be pushing legislation to provide the same defined benefit pensions for private workers on the same terms that public workers get.
The labor leader didn't like this. "But we're talking about just that issue," she said.
She was right. Public employee unions are talking about extending public pension plans to private workers. Emphasis on talking.
The talking point of private pensions has recently become a staple of union statements on pensions. Dave Low, the thoughtful chairman of the labor-backed Californians for Health Care and Retirement Security, wrote recently about the need to extend and protect defined benefit retirements for private workers.
But there's a big "but."
Low's statements – and other labor talk in this area – don't go much beyond talk about the need for someone else (Low suggests corporations) to give everyone a pension.
Too many of these statements feel like political boilerplate – and a way to criticize conservative critics of public pension benefits and to take shots at Wall Street.
Labor would show seriousness in this matter if it were to be specific – and show a willingness to sacrifice a little in the public sector for the benefit of the private sector.
It means that unions should be proposing specific plans that would protect defined pension benefits for public workers – but reduce the risks and rate of returns to sustainable levels.
These new public pensions would be so safe and conservatively managed that the public pension system could be opened up to private workers.
There could be a number of different ways to do this – and to fund it, but the essential point is that public pensions should be the same as private pensions.
Many folks in labor would see this as a giveback, since public workers would get less. But in fact, this kind of proposal would be a huge victory.
Since most people aren't in public unions, millions of Californians would have greater retirement security – and they would have labor to thank for it. Governments would be in a stronger fiscal position, with less lavish public pensions. (Fiscally healthy government should be a goal of wise public unions).
Defined benefit pensions would be preserved and expanded. Politically, conservative critics of public pensions – who capitalize on private sector envy of public sector pensions – would lose an issue they've used to argue against other public investments and against tax increases.
There's a big victory to be grabbed here. But it will take more than just talk to get there.


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Origin of memoFolio
In 2010, our founder Sylvain Latulippe ventured into the composition of the family tree of his family. A colossal work that led him to use several tools to collect memories and to call on the memory of the various family members.
An important point is emerged during this research. Memories are vivid in the current generation, but in the previous generation is that of our parents, we remember that major events and amusing facts, but nothing in the personal journey of individuals. Going up to the generation of our grandparents, those memories are summed up important events, namely birth, marriages and deaths.
As saying so Jean-Marc Chaput: "A life of 70 years at St-Hubert boils that link between the year of birth and death on a tombstone". Where have all the events that have shaped a life and that could help to understand so many things. Hence the importance of leaving its trace.
The vision of memoFolio
Have you notice the interest and curiosity of our children when we tell the stories of our past? Discover our lives through the photos. How they may feel comforting to see that we have experienced such challenges, adventures and sometimes sorrows. Would we not want to know more about our parents, our grandparents and our ancestors?
memoFolio is a tool to gather these memories, and by facilitating the creation of a biography that will leave a trace of our existence and why not a message to future generations.
By sharing our memories, depending on the degree of exposure you want to give them, several members of a family or friends can build more quickly this life course in order to keep these experiences, positive or negative.
A team that wants to grow
memoFolio is in its embryonic phase. A vision that comes to life. Over the app grows, we need more talents to support it and make it grow. Whether as investors, programmers, designers or for support, would like to expand the team to make memoFolio, a lifetime of memories platform.
Do not hesitate to contact us.
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Preschool children and their parents are invited to attend a HOP program at the Carlyle Public Library on March 20 and March 27 at 10:30. HOP is a program to develop early interest in literacy. Stories, games, crafts and lots of fun…..please let anyone you think would be interested know…..


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Duane Rice: The Man With the Motorcycle That Tells a Story
If you've been to a metalcasting trade show in the last few years, you've probably seen the motorcycle.
In front of AFS Corporate Member Pier Foundry & Pattern Shop's (St. Paul, Minnesota) booth is a unique ride. Already a beautiful testament to American manufacturing, in 2013 the Harley-Davidson was custom-built by Duane Rice and features imagery of the metalcasting facility.
"I think it shows the foundry side of the world, the molding equipment, and the story behind the foundry," Rice said of the motorcycle, which has cost him $63,000. "The foundry is my passion. There's no doubt about that. Otherwise, I wouldn't have done it."
Duane Rice has invested more than $63,000 into the custom Harley-Davidson.
Rice, a sales specialist, has worked at Pier since 1986, serving under three of the four generations of the company's ownership.
Rice's gratitude and respect toward the ownership came to mind when it was time to decide on a custom paint job. During the process, Rice was asked by an artist what he likes to do, and he said "work." From that, the artist wanted to know what Rice does for a living, and Rice said he works at the St. Paul-based foundry and provided information and photos of the facility.
PHOTO GALLERY: Duane Rice and his custom motorcycle
The bike was purchased from St. Croix Harley-Davidson in New Richmond, Wisconsin. The paint job was done by Automotive Tattoos in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. The process took six months, and Rice picked up the bike in March 2014. He displayed it at the Donnie Smith Bike Show, where the motorcycle, 2800 Molten Iron, took first place (Best in Class).
"Ever since then, it just took off," said Rice, who added the motorcycle has 22,000 miles.
For obvious reasons, the motorcycle is a conversation starter. Rice said he always gets "quite a few comments" and some people recognize what it is right away.
"That means they either work in a foundry or they're buying castings," Rice said. "The other ones are blown away with the paint work and that the whole bike tells a story. That's the biggest comment I get."
The bike, which Rice owns, is also a benefit for Pier. Rice said people are surprised to learn he doesn't own Pier, but an is employee who has pride in his company.
"It's absolutely been worth it," Rice said.
Click here to see this story as it appears in the August 2019 issue of Modern Casting.


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01_playwrights-sig_ChildsDonate
Michael R. Jackson
Playwrights debut. Michael R. Jackson holds a BFA and MFA in playwriting and Musical Theatre Writing from the NYU Tisch School of the Arts. As a songwriter, he has seen his work performed everywhere from Joe's Pub to NAMT. He wrote book, music, and lyrics for the musical White Girl In Danger. He also wrote lyrics and book for the musical adaptation of the 2007 horror film Teeth with composer and co-bookwriter Anna K. Jacobs. He is an alum of the Johnny Mercer Writers Colony, the Ars Nova Uncharted Writers Group, and was a Sundance Theater Institute Composer Fellow. He has received a 2019 Whiting Award, a 2017 Jonathan Larson Grant, a 2017 Lincoln Center Emerging Artist Award, a 2017 ASCAP Foundation Harold Adamson Award, a 2016/2017 Dramatist Guild fellowship, and was the 2017 Williamstown Theatre Festival Playwright-In-Residence. He has commissions from Grove Entertainment & Barbara Whitman Productions and LCT3.
Twitter: @thelivingmj Instagram: @thelivingmichaeljackson
thelivingmichaeljackson.com
A Strange Loop


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Sharing the Good News – Issue 7, May 2014
18 April 2014 - by Kingscourt Parish
Council for Marriage and the Family Conference in June
Vocations Sunday 2014
The Church celebrates two new saints
News Snippets: RTÉ Beyond Belief special programme on the Canonisations; Open Day at the National Seminary; World Communications Day 2014; Irish Church Music Association Summer School and information on new feature articles on the ACCORD website.
Pope Francis tweet of the month
Conference: Marriage and Family at the Heart of the Parish
The Council for Marriage and the Family of the Irish Bishops' Conference will host a one-day conference on Saturday 14 June on the theme 'Marriage and Family at the Heart of the Parish'. The conference is offered to leaders in parishes and dioceses, and others exercising faith and pastoral leadership, including parents, grandparents, teachers, members of parish pastoral councils as well as other groups and organisations serving the Church's mission. The conference seeks to (i) explore the pastoral challenges to the family in the context of evangelisation, (ii) explore how the parish community supports families in their Christian calling to share their faith and (iii) inform the work of the Council for Marriage and the Family.
Keynote speaker will be Archbishop Diarmuid Martin, Archbishop of Dublin. Also speaking will be Bishop Liam MacDaid, Bishop of Clogher and Chair of the Council for Marriage and the Family, Dr Tony Fahey, Professor of Social Policy, School of Applied Social Science, UCD and Colette Furlong, Catechist with Sligo Parishes. Booking for the conference can be made by email to the following address: [email protected] or by calling 087 622 0349.
A special web feature is available on www.cathlicbishops.ie to mark the canonisation of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II. This web feature details: (i) The process of becoming a Saint (ii) The miracles attributed to Blessed John XXIII and Blessed John Paul II (iii) Their lives and ministry (iv) Events in Ireland to coincide with the canonisations and (v) Special commemorative booklets from Veritas.
The World Day of Prayer for Vocations will be celebrated on Sunday 11 May 2014 on the theme 'Vocations: Witness to the Truth'. The Council for Vocations of the Irish Bishops' Conference has made available new video and text resources for Vocations Sunday which include a new 'Day in the Life' series following five people in their different vocations to priesthood and religious life. Mass will be broadcast from RTÉ's Donnybrook studios for Vocations Sunday. The celebrant will be the new Bishop of Derry, Bishop Donal McKeown. See www.vocations.ie for more information on these resources and the Vocations Sunday Mass.
News SNIPPETS
Bishop John Fleming, Bishop of Killala, will be a panellist on a special Beyond Belief programme – The New Saints' on the canonisations, which will be broadcast on RTÉ One television at 10:30pm on 27 April next.
An Open Day will take place at the National Seminary, Saint Patrick's College, Maynooth on Saturday 3 May. Men discerning a vocation to diocesan priesthood. See details on www.maynoothcollege.ie/seminary
World Communications Day will be celebrated on Sunday 1 June 2014 on the theme 'Communication at the Service of an Authentic Culture of Encounter'.
The Irish Church Music Association Summer School takes place in Maynooth from 3 – 6 July 2014 on the theme 'The Joy of the Gospel'. See website for more information: churchmusicassociation.com
Please see www.accord.ie for new articles on marriage and relationship matters such as: (i) Why Commitment Matters and (ii) Work and Marriage: Maintaining the Balance, and (iii) Preparation for sacramental marriage.
Pope Francis' Tweet of the Month: Only trust in God can transform doubts into certainty, evil into good, night into radiant dawn. Follow Pope Francis @Pontifex
Produced by the Catholic Communications Office. For further information and contact details see www.catholicbishops.ie


Secunia reports Google chrome 3x as a threat. I do not find google chrome on my computer with a search or in the remove programs. Why is this?
After clicking the "Open Folder" icon, delete the Chrome folder and it's contents.


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Criminal Words
Case Summaries, Interrogation Transcripts, 911 Transcripts, and More!
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Case Summary Uncategorized
Lamora Williams Case Summary
Post author By Lilith Lee
1 Comment on Lamora Williams Case Summary
In 2017, Lamora Williams was a 24-year-old newly single mother of 4 children. Sometime between the midnight of October 12th and 11 p.m. on October 13th, she is accused of having placed her two youngest children in an oven and turning it on.
According to Williams's family, she has always been troubled, and it was only made worse by the children's father leaving them and possibly postpartum depression. Williams's sister, Tabitha Hollingsworth, noted that the behavioral and emotional problems started young and recalled Williams attempting suicide. Brenda Williams, Lamora Williams's mother, said that she was a slow learner to the extent that she had to be pulled out of public school to be homeschooled.
At 18 years old she had her first child, a daughter. Her daughter's father's family helped Williams. After this relationship failed, she got into a long-term relationship with Jameel Penn Sr. and had 3 children with him. In 2017 when Williams was 24, Jameel Penn Sr. left Williams and her children, but still assisted her with the children and finances. When Penn broke it off with Williams, Williams's mother told Penn that "something tragic was going to happen to those kids, she's going to do something to herself". Williams's mother also tried to get custody of Williams's children or otherwise have them removed from Williams's care after Williams's father's death. In a call to the Division of Family and Children Services, Williams's mother expressed concern about her daughter's mental health and was worried that she was not feeding her children. This concern is backed up by Williams's sister stating that Williams regularly left the toddler children alone.
On the evening of October 13th, Williams's close friend Neesa Smith received a call where Williams was in obvious distress. When Smith asked Williams what was wrong, Williams simply stated she couldn't do it anymore. She went on to tell Smith that her two youngest children, 1 year old Ja'Karter and 2 year old Ke-Yaunte, were dead. Smith pushed for Williams to call the police. Instead of calling the police, Williams next video called the children's father, Jameel Penn. During the call, Williams panned her camera around her apartment and Penn saw his sons on the floor. He then promptly called the police.
At 11:30p.m., Williams also called the police. In the 911 call, Williams claimed she left her children with her cousin (then changed it to sister) and found her children dead when she returned home from work. She stated that one child was trapped underneath a "pulled over" oven, both burned, and claimed there were "brains on the floor". During the same 911 call, Williams showed great worry over going to jail and asked the dispatcher to reassure her about the possibility of going to jail. The 911 call transcript can be found here.
Police, fire and ambulance arrived at the scene and the two youngest children's burned bodies were found. Williams's 3-year-old son, Jameel Penn Jr. was also found unharmed inside of the residence. Williams first child was with other family members during the event. Detectives did not believe Williams's story and she was arrested.
Some of the charges Williams faces includes felony murder, aggravated assault, cruelty to children in the first degree, cruelty to children in the second degree and making a false statement. Prosecutors believe that Williams may have burnt her two youngest children in an attempt to conceal how she murdered them. Williams pleaded not guilty to the charges. In the aftermath, Williams's sister expressed concern and stated that Williams should be placed on suicide watch in the jail. Williams's mother holds her daughter accountable for her actions while still recognizing that she had problems. She has stated that she may need to seek help herself after losing her "two youngest grand kids because of the actions of her daughter" and that it has been very difficult.
Tags Child abuse, Child murder, Georgia, Homocide, Lamora Williams, Murder
9-1-1 Transcripts Uncategorized
Lamora Williams 911 Transcript
1 Comment on Lamora Williams 911 Transcript
Sometime between the midnight of October 12th and 11 p.m. on October 13th in 2017, Lamora Williams is accused of having placed her two youngest children in an oven and turning it on in her apartment in Atlanta Georgia. In the 911 call she placed, she said that she had left her child with a family member while she was at work. When she returned home, her children were dead, one stuck under an oven, both burned, and claimed there were "brains laid out on the floor". Her family reports that she had long standing untreated mental illness and detectives did not believe her story. She was charged with her children's murders. A case summary can be found here.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5vK9ymWN-Y&w=560&h=315]
Dispatcher: Atlanta 911, Operator 7054, what's the address of your emergency?
Lamora Williams: Yes. Ma'am, Ma'am, I have a question, and this is a serious matter. Um, I just left, um, my cousin in the house with my kids. Um, she just left my kids in the house when I came back from work,
Dispatcher: Mm-hm
Lamora Williams: and my kids, two of my kids are dead. What am I, what am I, what do I gotta do? They're dead. She left them dead in the house by theyselves.
Dispatcher: Okay, ma'am, where are you now?
Lamora Williams: I'm in my house. She left my door open. My baby boy, my oldest baby boy is the only one that's here and only one that's alive. She left, she left them, she left them in the house by theyselves. She left them in here, and they're not…
Dispatcher: Okay, hold…
Lamora Williams: Can you listen? When I came in, the stove was layin' on my son, my youngest son's head, and my other son was laid out on the floor with his brains laid out on the floor. I don't know what to do, I just came home from work to this.
Dispatcher: Okay.
Lamora Williams: My baby's dead.
Dispatcher: Okay, ma'am, I'm gon-gonna get EMS and I'm going to get, um, police and fire at the location. Can you tell me where you're located?
Lamora Williams: Um, um, um ma'am I can't even talk. This is so serious. I'm so scared. I don't want to get locked up, because I was there at work.
Dispatcher: Okay, ma'am [cross talk]
Lamora Williams: I don't [cross talk]
Dispatcher: I completely understand that you're scared. I completely understand but I need to get some help out there to you now. Can you tell me where you're located?
Lamora Williams: I understand that, but please, can you please help me, like, can you please tell me, like, I don't want to get locked up because this is not my fault. I had just came home from work. I just came home from work.
Dispatcher: Yes, ma'am.
Lamora Williams: I just came home from work.
Dispatcher: Okay, ma'am. The first thing that I need to do is get some help out there to you. I understand that you're upset and scared.
Lamora Williams: They've been here dead. Like, it's, it's not, it's aint no way in the fuck she left my babies dead…
Lamora Williams: …and I don't have no way to reach her.
Dispatcher: Okay. If you, if you're not sure, [cross talk] if you were at work, ma'am, listen to me. If you were at work while this happened, then the responsibility is going to fall on your sister. That's who you left them with. Okay? But where are you [cross talk], can you tell me where you are? Where are you located now? Where are you?
Lamora Williams: I'm located in 979 Howell Place.
Dispatcher: Okay, hold on one moment because I'm also going to get EMS on the line as well, okay?
Lamora Williams: Yes, please.
Dispatcher: Hold on one moment. Yes, ma'am. stay on the line with me though, okay? Hold on one moment with me.
[beep, ringing, shuffling]
Lamora Williams: Okay.
EMS: EMS, what's the address of the emergency?
Dispatcher: EMS, the call is at 979 Howell Place, Southwest. That's 979 Howell Place Southwest.
EMS: Alright ma'am, what's the phone number you're calling from?
Lamora Williams: 404 [edited] 33
EMS: Okay. Tell me exactly what happened.
Lamora Williams: When I just came home from work, my babies were stuck in the stove dead, and I just came home from work.
EMS: Wait, wait, ma'am.
Lamora Williams: My sister was babysitting my kids and left my kids dead in the house, aint no tellin' how long they been in this house.
EMS: Alright, wait, are you, is there, is there, is your son obviously dead? Is he breathing at all? Can you tell if he's breathing?
Lamora Williams: He's dead, he's burnt. Both of my children are dead. Their head is burnt, they, the stove is laying on this floor. The stove, one of my babies is stuck. The stove is pulled over and everything.
EMS: Alright [inaudible], can we get PD and fire to this location? I'm operator 839
Dispatcher: Yes, we have PD and fire already en route to that location. I'm 7054.
EMS: Alright, thank you so much.
Lamora Williams: Please help me, please!
EMS: Alright ma'am, I'm en route. Okay?
Lamora Williams: Alright, thank you so much.
Tags 911 Transcript, Atlanta, Filicide, Georgia, Homicide, Lamora Williams, Murder, Oven
Debra Jeter Case Summary
1 Comment on Debra Jeter Case Summary
On June 5, 2009, 32-year-old Debra Jeter slit the throats of both of her daughters in an abandoned house off of Interstate 77 in Hillsboro, Texas. Warning signs dated back several years. In 2004, authorities determined that Debra Jeter was physically abusing her older daughter, Kiersten, but the case was dropped after Debra Jeter received mental health treatment.
For reasons not disclosed, in May 2009, Lester Lee Jeter filed court documents to separate from his wife, Debra. Taking the separation badly, on May 22 Debra Jeter attempted suicide by consuming pills in front of her two daughters she had with Lester Jeter. Debra was temporarily institutionalized in a mental health facility. The day after the suicide attempt while Debra was still inpatient, Lester Lee Jeter filed for divorce, obtained a temporary restraining order, and was given temporary custody of his two children. In court documents, Lester Lee Jeter stated that "she may be released within a few days, and I am concerned about her possible actions regarding the children" and that he was requesting custody "to protect the safety and well-being of the children and any other person who has been a victim of family violence committed by Jeter". The day after her release, though, a judge lifted the restraining order and allowed for unsupervised visitation during a hearing. The first court ordered visitation was set for that Friday, June 5th, 2009.
After not seeing their mother for 15 days, 12-year-old Kelsey and 13-year-old Kiersten were excited to see their mother with Kelsey posting on her MySpace page "I GET TO SEE MY MOM TOMMORROW!!!!!!! YAY!!!!!!!!!!". Debra Jeter told Lester Lee Jeter that she had a surprise for the girls and was taking them out.
After picking up her daughters in the afternoon, Debra drove them to an abandoned house off Interstate 77 just past highway 35 towards Milford. Debra Jeter first attacked Kiersten with a knife. While fending off her mother, Kiersten screamed for her sister to run. This caused Debra to turn her attention from Kiersten and onto Kelsey. Kiersten was stabbed in the back while trying to protect her sister. Unfortunately, these attempts were unsuccessful, and Debra slit Kelsey's throat and she died in the bathroom of the abandoned house. Debra returned to Kiersten and cut her from one side of the neck to the other, severing her airway and one of her main arteries.
Despite her severe injuries, she stayed alive and conscious and pleaded with her mother to get help. Three hours after picking up her children, Debra Jeter called police to report the crime saying, "I just killed my children". Even though Debra Jeter was a nursing student, she did not tend to her daughter, instead walked around the abandoned house urging the ambulance to hurry up stating that her daughter that survived is "asking to be saved and she couldn't handle it". She also went on to ask the dispatcher to ask the police not to shoot her as she didn't have a gun. The complete transcript can be read here.
Sadly, the sweet quiet book-loving Kelsey did not survive the attack. Kiersten was air lifted for immediate emergency surgery after being found in the bedroom of the abandoned house and survived. Debra's explanation for her heinous actions was that she was "heartbroken" over the separation and the child custody battle. Her ex-husband, Lester Lee Jeter stated that Debra "figured if she felt that way, then we all must feel that way and she wanted to take away all of our pain". After accepting a plea deal where she pleaded guilty to capital murder and attempted capital murder on May 27, 2010, Debra Jeter was sentenced to life without parole. The plea deal avoided the possibility of the death sentence and spared her surviving daughter from having to testify in court.
Tags Attempted Murder, Case, Crime, Debra, Filicide, Hillsboro, Jeter, Kelsey Jeter, Kiersten Jeter, Life Sentence, Murder, Summary, Texas
Debra Jeter 911 Call Transcript
1 Comment on Debra Jeter 911 Call Transcript
Two weeks after Debra Jeter was temporarily institutionalized in a mental facility for a suicide attempt in front of her two daughters, Jeter slit the throats of her daughters Kiersten (13 years old) and Kelsey (12 years old). The older daughter, Kiersten, survived the attack with severe injuries. Aside from the slashed throat, Kiersten was found to have a stab wound in her back, presumably from an attempt to shield her younger sister from the attack. Unfortunately, she did not survive.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2KAstQEtyM&w=560&h=315]
Dispatcher: Hill county 911, what's your emergency?
Debra Jeter: I just killed my children.
Dispatcher: Excuse me?
Dispatcher: Where are you?
Debra Jeter: Um, I'm in the abandoned house on highway 77 right after you go underneath the highway. One of them is still alive, hurry.
Dispatcher: M, How, under what highway? You're on highway 77, where?
Debra Jeter: I am on highway 77 right after you go under 35 going towards Milford. Get an ambulance out here to save the one that didn't die, common, hurry up.
Dispatcher: What's your name?
Debra Jeter: Bitch, call them! Have you already called them?
Dispatcher: Yes, ma'am, I have.
Debra Jeter: Okay.
Dispatcher: I need your name.
Debra Jeter: I don't want to tell you my name.
Dispatcher: Hello?
Debra Jeter: Hello.
Dispatcher: Are you still there?
Debra Jeter: Yes, I'm still here.
Dispatcher: 77 towards Milford right after you cross under the bridge. She's telling me she's killed her children.
[deep breathing]
Dispatcher: Are you in your car?
Debra Jeter: No, I'm not in my car. I'm in the house walking around and um, one of them is still alive for real. She's asking to be saved and I couldn't handle that and so now… [cross talk]
Dispatcher: She thinks she's in an abandoned house [inaudible]
Debra Jeter: It's been a long time, she might already die because she's bled out a lot and… hold on. What baby? [inaudible] What did you say? I'm on the phone with 911. [inaudible daughter] She said please [inaudible] hurry.
Dispatcher: Okay. Well I've, we've got people in route. Get an ambulance because one of them is still alive, she said. Can you tell me what happened? Ma'am. Hello? Ma'am.
Debra Jeter: What?
Dispatcher: Can you tell me what happened?
Debra Jeter: I can't get the door open.
Dispatcher: You can't get what door open, darling?
Debra Jeter: The front door so ya'll can get in when ya'll get here. Why won't it open?
Dispatcher: I don't know.
Debra Jeter: Hold on. [inaudible]
Dispatcher: Are you on the right hand side of the road or the left hand side of the road, sweety?
Debra Jeter: I'm at [inaudible] side of the road. They know where it's at!
Dispatcher: They're coming, they're coming. I just, I just want to try to clarifor, clarify exactly where they are.
Officer over radio: [inaudible] both in the car.
Debra Jeter: I don't want to tell you. I tell you what, they're not coming.
Dispatcher: Well, they're on their way. My partner is getting, getting them to you just as quickly as she can.
[officers over radio]
[sirens and officers over radio]
Dispatcher: how many children did you have?
Debra Jeter: Two.
Dispatcher: Huh?
Dispatcher: Two?
Debra Jeter: One of them's dead. One of them is dead. She's dead dead. But the other one wants to be saved and I'm, she needs to be saved. And I tell you what, they need to get the fuck out here.
Dispatcher: Honey, they're coming.
Debra Jeter: [cross talk] …get here.
Officers over radio: [inaudible] abandoned house 1-17 we need more information, is she armed?
Dispatcher: Do you have any weapons?
Debra Jeter: Um, I do, I have a knife.
Dispatcher: She has a knife.
Debra Jeter: Should I throw it away?
Dispatcher: No, no ma'am. Just, just put it… She's got a knife.
Officers over radio: She got a gun?
Debra Jeter: Please hurry.
Dispatcher: Tell her we're on her way.
Officers over radio: Do you know her name or anything?
Dispatchers: She won't give me. Can you not tell me what your name is?
Debra Jeter: [inaudible]
Dispatcher: What's your name, darling?
Debra Jeter: I'm not telling you my name [inaudible].
Dispatcher: How old are your children?
Debra Jeter: Hold on, it's a what? On the phone. God damn it hurry up!
Dispatcher: Honey, they are coming. They are on their way. You should be hearing lights and sirens. Seeing lights and hearing sirens.
Officers over radio: [inaudible] is going on [inaudible]
You said just, you cross under the bridge that goes to, on 77 towards Milford, you crossed under the bridge to 35 and you're in an abandoned house. Is that right?
Debra Jeter: Yep. Under 35..
Dispatcher: Cross under
Debra Jeter: 35 on 77, abandoned house up on the hill on the left. Hurry the fuck up.
Officers over radio: 1-6 being routed from…
Dispatcher: She says she's in the abandoned house…
Officers over radio: [inaudible] 77 and the interstate
Dispatcher: yes, the house on the hill.
Debra Jeter: [inaudible] Hold on, baby.
Dispatcher: Honey, do you hear them now? Hear those sirens and stuff?
[Debra and daughter talking inaudibly]
Dispatcher: Shes…
Officer over radio: 10-4
Officer over radio: [inaudible] do you know where that house is?
Officer over radio: Nah, I not sure where that house is at]
Officer over radio: [inaudible] you cross under the bridge I know there's going to be an old grey house that's off on the left-hand side. It's going to be hard to see. It's almost covered by trees and stuff like that.
Debra Jeter: I'm here.
[Officer over radio]
Dispatcher: Are you still with me?
Debra Jeter: I'm still with you.
Officer over radio: I'm headed your way from [inaudible]
Debra Jeter: How do they not see it?
Dispatcher: [inaudible]
Debra Jeter: But they're not here. I'm here, they're not here.
Dispatcher: They're on their way, sweetheart. They had to come from different parts of the county.
Debra Jeter: Hold on kid, they're coming. Tell them not to shoot me. I don't have a gun.
Dispatcher: Okay. She doesn't want to get shot 'cause she doesn't have a gun.
Another dispatcher: We told them she has a knife so when they get there tell her…
Dispatcher: Okay, when they get there…
Debra Jeter: Uh-huh.
Dispatcher: …I want you to lay the knife down. [radio] Uh, when you get the door open, I want you to lay the knife down so they can see you don't have any weapons.
Debra Jeter: Tell them to hurry.
Dispatcher: They're hurrying, honey, they're hurrying.
Officer over radio: 1-17, I'm going to be on the interstate uh, southbound taking the exit uh, which way do I go when I get to uh
Officer over radio: I believe to the right if you're going northbound trying to find the house []
Debra Jeter: Oh my god, she's dead. Oh my god.
Dispatcher: How old are the children?
Debra Jeter: I'm not telling you. [inaudible] She wants you to hurry. She wants you to hurry.
Dispatcher: Honey, they are coming. They are coming as fast as they can. They're trying to be sure…
Officers over radio: [inaudible] to your right.
Dispatcher: Do you see them?
Debra Jeter: They're coming.
Debra Jeter: Still.
Possibly Kiersten Jeter: Okay.
Officer over radio: [inaudible] abandoned house.
Debra Jeter: No. Some [inaudible] Hold on.
Officer over radio: Yeah, the one back off in the trees
Debra Jeter: [inaudible] I see something.
Dispatcher: Do you see the lights?
Debra Jeter: No, I see something at the end of the road. I see car lights but not fire lights. Not police lights.
Dispatcher: She says she…
Debra Jeter: [cross talk] car at the end of the driveway.
Dispatcher: She says they, they're at, see can see…
Debra Jeter: I hear sirens…
Dispatcher: Okay. Do you see them?
Debra Jeter: No, I don't see them.
Officer over radio: [inaudible]Tell her she needs to come out with her hands up
Dispatcher: Okay. You need to…
Debra Jeter: Coming [cross talk] the driveway
Dispatcher: I know, I understand. I want….
Debra Jeter: [cross talk] out the driveway with my hands up.
Dispatcher: She's state…
Debra Jeter: Out the house with both hands up, except for one 'cause, 'cause I'm on the phone. They're coming.
Dispatcher: She says she has her hands up except for the fact that the one that she's on the phone with. She's out in the yard. She said she's out in the yard besides the house.
Debra Jeter: Okay, goodbye. I see them, they're out here. Goodbye.
Dispatcher: Alright, bye.
Tags 911, Call, Cut throat, Daughters, Debra, Filicide, Homocide, Jeter, Kelsey Jeter, Kiersten Jeter, Killed, Murder, Slit Throat, Transcript
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How walkers use an Adventure Lights clip on personal flashing beacon light that maximizes the attention of those around them and is important to help keeping them safe when out at night. This type of personal protective equipment can be placed in a variety of locations.
Because the person is walking and not jogging or running, they can be on the ankles and or wrists of the walker. This provides for not only the flashing of the beacon to attract the attention of others around them but the movement of the light is faster than the body which also helps to attract attention. One must remember that the reason for wearing a flashing light beacon is so the person will be easily seen.
Other placement of the flashing light beacon can be on a person's front and or back. This is dependent on just where they are walking and what direction the oncoming traffic is flowing. A flashing light beacon is not as effective if it is worn on the front and the traffic is approaching from the rear and vice a versa.
Others like to have their flashing beacon on top of their head. This will make it possible to send out a beam of light in all directions. No matter which way their head is facing, the beam is making their presence know to all drivers and other walkers in their vicinity.
The flashing light beacon used today has a light source which is an LED. Most of them are powered by a long life lithium battery that is similar to the ones in wrist watches. This light weight yet durable components of this personal protective equipment means they can be worn for long period of time in operating conditions without the person feeling worn out from the extra load since they are very light weight.
Along with the personal flashing beacon, many walkers are also wearing reflective active wear. This can be pants, a shirt or just a jacket. By having a passive system and an active lighting system on their person, they give themselves the best chances of being noticed by drivers of cars and bicycles who might by on the same path as they are. Remember the reason for this and other types of personal protective equipment is to get noticed and set yourself apart from your surroundings.
A walker can wear a personal flashing beacon anywhere they personally want to. What should be thought about is just whose attention are you attempting to attract? This can help in the decision making process. Another consideration is the color of the lens. White, red, blue, green and yellow are all fashionable,and are easy to see at night and gain a lot of attention. So make a fashion statement and protect yourself from being hit or involved in an accident when deciding placement and color of the flashing beacon.


Two-thirds of EU citizens would like the European Union to intervene more than at present in order to protect the environment, according to a Eurobarometer Survey for the European Parliament issued in April 2017. In this survey, the environment ranks third in the list of areas calling for more EU action, after terrorism and unemployment. In the same survey of 2016, the environment featured in the sixth position.
Despite the economic crisis and against fears that environmental concerns would regress, this year's survey saw an 8% increase in the opinion that more EU action is needed in protecting the environment.
Research focusing on Italian and Spanish companies EMAS-certified has revealed that the economic downturn deters them from renewing their certificate. This trend appears particularly within the subgroup of companies basing their certification on government grants.
According to the researchers from the University of the Basque Country (Spain) and the Laval University (Canada), 43.1% of the firms that took part in the study, confirmed that they were going to maintain their certificate, whereas 11.9% answered that they were not going to renew it and the remaining 45% expressed serious doubts about continuing. The research was conducted in 2012 and reports that the number of Spanish companies registered with EMAS was 1217.
Rapid economic growth at all costs being the dominant political mantra since the beginning of the crisis, EU environmental legislation has been the target of unrelenting pressures for easing, on allegations that it prevents businesses from growing and thus hampers economic recovery. A recent study by the OECD however adds evidence to the opposite conclusion: strict environmental regulations and policies do not harm export competitiveness. This conclusion is consistent with the findings of previous OECD studies, which prove that a stringent regulatory framework for the protection of the environment has no negative impact on productivity – instead, they can work together.
Environmental law enforcement being the responsibility of states, the financial crisis has further weakened certain national authorities in their fight against environmental crime.
"One overarching challenge is that the implementation of environmental law is a responsibility that is left up to the individual MS. The EU itself does not have the authority to enforce the provisions outlined in the EU's legal framework and tools. As a result, the operation of enforcement institutions at the MS level varies and is uneven across the EU. Some MS have special investigative units while others have no environmental crime specialization. Evidence shows that many environmental crimes are not investigated or prosecuted by enforcement institutions for reasons of limited awareness, lack of resources and expertise, and complexity of establishing causality of environmental crime. The lack of financial resources is identified as a significant weakness or barrier to enforcement; this situation has become exacerbated in the recent financial crisis, at least in some MS".
The Mediterranean region is currently facing impressive growth, a real "blue Gold Rush", which has gained speed during the ongoing economic crisis. Without a long-term vision for sustainable development, the Mediterranean Sea will not be able to sustain the region's economies and human wellbeing.
MedTrends, an analysis recently published by WWF on the development trends in the Mediterranean, provides the first integrated picture of 10 key economic maritime activities in Croatia, Cyprus, France, Italy, Greece, Malta, Slovenia, and Spain. With a view to 2030, MedTrends illustrates and maps the current status, future development trends and the environmental impacts (to 2030) of maritime transport, tourism, oil and gas, aquaculture, fisheries, mining, coastal development, renewable energy, and land-based pollution.
On 22 December, the Italian Parliament opened an important window for sustainable economic development: the Chamber of Representatives definitively approved the final draft of a bill on green economy. Upon its approval by the Senate, the bill will be attached to the Stability Law (the annual national budget).
Sets up a Sustainable Development National Strategy which will inter alia implement the UN Agenda 2030 (SDGs) and other international and EU policies and laws [article 3].
Establishes new marine parks and reserves in the areas of Banchi Graham, Terribile, Pantelleria and Avventura in the Channel of Sicily, also foreseeing the allocation to their proper management and conservation of a budget of 800,000 and 1 million euros for 2015 and 2016 respectively [article 6].
Establishes a national Natural Capital Committee with ministers of economy, environment and agriculture and the Governor of the Bank of Italy as members. The committee will produce a report on the state of Italy's natural capital, which will be taken into account in the process of the annual national economic planning in preparation of the national stability laws [article 67].
Authorises the Government to issue a law for the establishment of a system of payments for ecosystem services (PES) [art. 70].
Sets up a framework of incentives for material reuse and recycling and disincentives for the unsustainable use of resources.
As this year's budget eases many of the austerity measures taken by the Italian Government in previous years, the Stability Law is considered by the government as a vital boost to economic recovery. The draft law on green economy sets the legal framework for the greening of most economic sectors and the promotion of circular economy, offering the necessary political and financial stimuli for a shift towards a resource efficient and innovative economic model.
Nine EU member states have officially expressed their opposition to the European Commission's move to subject the directives on habitats (92/32/EEC) and wild birds (2009/147/EC) to a "fitness check" under its REFIT initiative: Croatia, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Spain.
On a parallel track, members of the European Parliament representing the seven largest political groups co-signed a letter urging First Vice-President Frans Timmermans and Environment Commissioner Karmenu Vella to keep the Habitats and Birds Directives in their current form and focus on better implementation. The MEPs who signed the letter are the rapporteur Mark Demesmaeker (BE/ECR) and shadow rapporteurs Norbert Lins (DE/EPP), Karin Kadenbach (AT/S&D), Catherine Bearder (UK/ALDE), Margrete Auken (DK/ Greens/EFA), Marco Affronte (IT/EFDD) and Lynn Boylan (IE/GUE-NGL) on the European Parliament's Own-Initiative Report on the Mid-Term Review of the Biodiversity Strategy towards 2020.
Commenting on this historic development for nature conservation in the EU, Geneviève Pons-Deladrière, Director of WWF European Policy Office said: "We expect more EU governments to join this call and put a stop to any attempt to change a legal instrument that has proven to work when properly implemented and financed.
In May 2015, WWF, BirdLife Europe, the European Environmental Bureau and Friends of the Earth Europe launched the "Nature Alert" campaign in response to the European Commission's evaluation which assesses whether the existing EU nature laws should be changed. The campaign makes the case for improved implementation and enforcement of existing rules set out by the laws - known as the Birds and Habitats Directives. During the summer, over 520,000 people participated in the European Commission's public consultation and called on politicians to save Europe's nature laws: by far the highest number of responses ever reached in the history of the EU.
a) The low cost – high profit character of environmental crimes, particularly in the areas of water pollution with industrial discharge and illegal waste disposal.
b) The reduced capacity of law enforcement authorities to effectively combat the growing number of serious environmental law violations, due to financial problems.
by Michalis Prodromou - According to the IEA's latest "Energy Balances of OECD countries" report, 2013 saw significant reductions in the total final energy consumption for three Mediterranean countries: Greece (11%), Spain (4%) and Italy (4%). Specifically for Greece, this was the fifth consecutive decrease in gross inland energy consumption.
During the reporting period (2012-2013) the aforementioned countries have also suffered major decreases in GDP levels (3,9%, 1,2%, 1,7% respectively). In order to account for this decrease, energy intensity (i.e. amount of energy consumed relative to GDP) should be used to measure the actual energy efficiency of the national economies. EUROSTAT figures show that between 2003-2013 Greece and Italy –along with the Netherlands and Estonia- have had the smallest decreases, among their EU counterparts, of energy intensity.
A sectoral analysis demonstrates the different energy reduction patterns of each country. Final energy consumption in Greece's residential sector has fallen by 25%, while in Spain and Italy it was the services and industry sectors that featured the highest decrease percentages (4,8% and 8,15% respectively). The economic crisis has had a huge impact on these developments. A living conditions index study performed in Greece revealed that, in 2012, a 29,4% of the Greek population could not meet adequately its heating needs. It has also led to an increase of overdue bills to the Public Power Corporation, that have now reached a total of 2 billion euros- the biggest share, 1.3 billion, belonging to households. Greece's Energy Minister (until July 17th), Panagiotis Lafazanis, has reportedly noted that when dealing with energy poverty, investments in energy efficiency "mean absolutely nothing for citizens and households being totally deprived of energy sources".
"What's in the Five Presidents' Report concretely?
As a solutions-oriented conservation organisation, WWF's focus is on the development of proposals for sustainable policies. This page highlights the most important interventions for a truly sustainable way out of the crisis and the development of living economies in Europe.


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Removal of fine particles by precipitation (below-cloud scavenging) is one of the most important natural processes in the transformation of fine particles. Both liquid (fog, cloud droplets, and raindrops) and solid (ice crystals, snow, graupel, and hail elements) precipitation can be involved in this removal process. The precipitation scavenging process is depicted in Figure 4.
Figure 4 The precipitation scavenging process. Reproduced from Pacyna JM and Ottar B (eds.) (1989) Control and Fate of Atmospheric Trace Metals. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, with permission from Springer Science and Business Media.
4. electrical forces which can promote precipitation.
Figure 5 Scavenging rate (h-1) as a function of aerosol particle size for Brownian diffusion, inertial capture, and thermo- and diffusiophoresis;  AT = T^- T = 30C, precipitation rate R = 10 mm h -1; raindrop size distribution n(a)da = (10-4R/ 6namax)a2 exp(-2a/amax) da, with R in cm s-1; drop terminal velocity V^ = 8000a (s-1) with a in cm. Reproduced with permission from Atmospheric Particles, Harrison RM and van Grieken R (eds.) Copyright 1998. © John Wiley & Sons Limited.
capture of particles within various sizes (from 1.0 to 20.0 mm in diameter) due to combined action of inertial, phoretic, and electrical forces has been developed. Extended estimates have been made in this approach for collision efficiencies for fine particles and droplets over a large number of drop sizes.
In another approach suitable for finer particles, particle capture due to combined action of Brownian motion, phore-tic forces, and electrical charge was presented in a numerical model through solving the convective diffusion equation.
The scavenging of particles by solid precipitation has not been studied as much as compared to liquid precipitation scavenging. The efficiency with which particles are collected by ice crystal plates has been analyzed for particles in size range from 0.001 to 10 mm in diameter. Models were developed to calculate the collection efficiency of fine particles by columnar ice crystals.