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Category Archives: Amphibians
Frogs, toads, newts, etc.
Threatened Titicaca tadpoles born
This 6 May 2020 video from Amersfoort zoo in the Netherlands is about six Lake Titicaca tadpoles born recently in that zoo. Lake Titicaca frogs are threatened in their South American environment because of pollution.
Posted in Amphibians	| Tagged frogs, South America	| 1 Reply
COVID-19 lockdown saves amphibians' lives
This 2016 British TV video says about itself:
A clip from the 4th episode titled 'Spring Waters' looking at the perils common toads (Bufo bufo) face on their annual migration to their breeding pond.
Today, Dutch ANP news agency reports that the lockdown measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, including the curfew, are saving the lives of many common toads and other amphibians which are now on spring migration. The anti-coronavirus measures mean much less car traffic, especially after 9pm.
COVID-19 can affect the brain. New clues hint at how. Apr 27 2021 6:00 AM. Anxiety, depression and strokes can occur after infection, leaving experts to determine how the virus affects the brain: here.
Posted in Amphibians	| Tagged coronavirus	| Leave a reply
How fish became amphibians, new research
This 2018 video says about itself:
385 million years ago, a group of fish would undertake one of the most important journeys in the history of life and become the first vertebrates to live on dry ground. But first, they had to acquire the ability to breathe air.
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the Ichthyostega reconstruction.
From Uppsala University in Sweden:
Large tides may have driven evolution of fish towards life on land
Big tidal ranges some 400 million years ago may have initiated the evolution of bony fish and land vertebrates. This theory is now supported by researchers in the UK and at Uppsala University who, for the first time, have used established mathematical models to simulate tides on Earth during this period. The study has been published in Proceedings of the Royal Society A.
"During long periods of the Earth's history, we've had small tidal ranges. But in the Late Silurian and Early Devonian, they seem to have been large in some parts of the world. These results appear highly robust, because even if we changed model variables such as ocean depth, we got the same patterns," says Per Ahlberg, professor of evolutionary organismal biology at Uppsala University.
Between 420 and 380 million years ago (Ma) — that is, during the end of one geological period, the Silurian, and beginning of the next, the Devonian — Earth was a completely different world from now. Instead of today's well-known continents there were other land masses, clustered in the Southern Hemisphere. Stretching across the South Pole was the huge continent of Gondwana. North of it was another big one known as Laurussia, and squeezed between the two were a few small continents. Other salient differences compared with now were that Earth's day lasted only 21 hours, since our planet revolved faster on its own axis, and the Moon looked much larger because its orbit was closer to Earth.
Life on land had gradually begun to get established. But the vertebrates, then consisting only of various kinds of fish, were still to be found only in the oceans. Then, during the Devonian, immense diversification of fish took place. One group to emerge was the bony fish, which make up more than 95 per cent of all fish today but were also the ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates. The earliest bony fish were the first animals to evolve lungs. What set off the evolution of bony fish, and how some of them started to adapt to a life on land, has not been clarified. One theory is that it happened in tidal environments where, in some periods, fish had been isolated in pools as a result of particularly large tides. This challenging habitat may have driven the evolution of lungs and, later on, the transformation of fins into front and hind legs.
To test this tidal theory, researchers at Uppsala University, in collaboration with colleagues from the Universities of Oxford and (in Wales) Bangor, used an established mathematical model of the tidal system for the first time to simulate, in detail, the tides in the Late Silurian and Early Devonian. Data on the positions of the continents, the distance of the Moon, the duration of Earth's day, our planet's gravity and the physical properties of seawater were fed into the model. These simulations showed unequivocally that the period, just like that of the present day, was one when large tides occurred in some places. The small continent of South China on the Equator showed a difference of more than four metres in sea level between high and low tide. The existence of tides at the time has previously been verified through studies of geological strata, but determining the extent of the difference between low and high tide has not been feasible. To researchers this news has been interesting, since fossil finds indicate that it was specifically around South China that bony fish originated.
"Our results open the door to further and even more detailed tidal analyses of key episodes in Earth's past. The method can be used to explore the possible role of tides in other evolutionary processes of vertebrate development. And perhaps, conversely, whether tides, with their influence on ocean dynamics, played a part in the big marine extinctions that have taken place again and again in Earth's history," Ahlberg says.
Posted in Amphibians, Fish	| Tagged paleontology	| Leave a reply
Lost frogs rediscovered in Brazil
Posted on September 12, 2020 by petrel41
From Cornell University in the USA:
Lost frogs rediscovered with environmental DNA
Scientists have detected signs of a frog listed extinct and not seen since 1968, using an innovative technique to locate declining and missing species in two regions of Brazil.
The frog, Megaelosia bocainensis, was among seven total species — including four other declining species, and two that had disappeared locally for many years — that were detected. The findings appeared in a paper, "Lost and Found: Frogs in a Biodiversity Hotspot Rediscovered with Environmental DNA," published in August in Molecular Ecology.
Megaelosia bocainensis. A disappeared species from Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, Brazil, known only from this museum specimen collected in 1968, and detected by eDNA surveys. In the study, the researchers collected and screened environmental DNA (eDNA) in the biodiverse Atlantic Coastal Forest and Cerrado grasslands of Brazil.
The eDNA technique offers a way to survey that can confirm the presence of species undetected by traditional methods, providing a tool for conservation scientists to evaluate the presence of threatened species, especially those with low population densities and those not seen in years.
After careful research to identify species at various levels of threat in these regions of Brazil, the researchers used the eDNA method to search for 30 target amphibian species in six localities where the frogs were known to previously live.
"Little bits of DNA in the environment don't tell us about how many individuals there are or whether those individuals are healthy, but it does tell us that the species is still present," said senior author Kelly Zamudio, the Goldwin Smith Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in the College of Arts and Sciences.
"This is one more kind of survey data, and for species that are declining or locally disappeared, it not only means they are there, but there's now the potential to study them in more detail," she said, noting that for many species, very little is known.
Around the world, conservationists have been challenged to keep pace with declining and disappearing amphibians. At the same time, living organisms leave DNA traces in the soil, water and air. Now, scientists are increasingly using highly sensitive sampling techniques to detect eDNA for conservation purposes.
In the study, the researchers targeted 13 frog species that have totally disappeared and are presumed extinct; 12 frogs that have disappeared locally but are still found in other parts of their range; and five species that were once very abundant and are still there but hard to find.
The researchers hiked into the sampling sites carrying battery packs, a shoebox-sized peristaltic pump and backpacks of sterile tubing. They used the pump and tubing to draw up to 60 liters of stream or pond water through a capsule fitted with a filter for capturing DNA. A buffer was then applied to stabilize and preserve the DNA on the filter.
Back in the lab, the researchers extracted the DNA, genetically sequenced it, weeded out genetic material from humans, pigs, chickens and other organisms until they could isolate all the frog DNA.
"Now you've got a subset of genetic sequences that we know only belong to frogs, and then it's step by step, going finer and finer, until you get to the genus and species you are looking for," Zamudio said.
Identifying M. bocainensis required clever detective work: The species disappeared long ago, and there were no tissues from which to extract DNA for comparison with the eDNA. But the researchers did have the sequences for all the sister species in the genus Megaelosia and they knew the ranges of the sister species and M. bocainensis.
"We know there's a Megaelosia there," Zamudio said, "we just don't know which one it is, but the only one that has ever been reported there historically is the one that went missing. Do we believe it? That's how far the analysis can take us."
Zamudio added that samples from nearby areas may be worth collecting for more signs of M. bocainensis.
Carla Martins Lopes, a researcher at São Paulo State University in Brazil, is the paper's first author.
The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and the São Paulo Research Foundation funded the study.
Posted in Amphibians	| Tagged Brazil, frogs	| Leave a reply
Ancient Indian Triassic amphibians, new research
INDIAN METOPOSAURID AMPHIBIANS: MORPHOMETRY, TAXONOMY AND DISPERSAL
by Sanjukta Chakravorti
Recorded at XIV Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, Teylers Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands.
From the University of Bonn in Germany:
Fossil growth reveals insights into the climate
Researchers examined bones of the puzzling Panthasaurus maleriensis
Panthasaurus maleriensis lived about 225 million years ago in what is now India. It is an ancestor of today's amphibians and has been considered the most puzzling representative of the Metoposauridae. Paleontologists from the universities of Bonn (Germany) and Opole (Poland) examined the fossil's bone tissue and compared it with other representatives of the family also dating from the Triassic. They discovered phases of slower and faster growth in the bone, which apparently depended on the climate. The results have now been published in the journal PeerJ.
Temnospondyli belong to the ancestors of today's amphibians. This group of animals became extinct about 120 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous. The Temnospondyli also include the Metoposauridae, a fossil group that lived exclusively in the Late Triassic about 225 million years ago. Remains of these ancestors are present on almost every continent. In Europe, they are found mainly in Poland, Portugal and also in southern Germany.
Panthasaurus maleriensis, the most puzzling representative of the Metoposauridae to date, lived in what is now India, near the town of Boyapally. "Until now, there were hardly any investigation opportunities because the fossils were very difficult to access," explains Elzbieta Teschner from the University of Opole, who is working on her doctorate in paleontology in the research group of Prof. Dr. Martin Sander at the University of Bonn. Researchers from the Universities of Bonn and Opole, together with colleagues from the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata (India), have now examined the tissue of fossil bones of a metoposaur from the Southern Hemisphere for the first time. The amphibian, which resembled a crocodile, could grow up to three meters in length.
Valuable insight into the bone interior
"The investigated taxon is called Panthasaurus maleriensis and was found in the Maleri Formation in Central India," notes Teschner with regard to the name. So far, the fossil has only been examined morphologically on the basis of its external shape. "Histology as the study of tissues, on the other hand, provides us with a valuable insight into the bone interior," says Dr. Dorota Konietzko-Meier from the Institute for Geosciences at the University of Bonn. The histological findings can be used to draw conclusions about age, habitat and even climate during the animal's lifetime.
The histological examinations revealed that the young animals had very rapid bone growth and that this growth decreased with age. The Indian site where the bones were found provides evidence of both young and adult animals, in contrast to Krasiejów (south-western Poland), where only young animals were found. Geological and geochemical data show that the Late Triassic consisted of alternating dry and rainy periods, as in the present monsoon climate of India. "This sequence is also reflected in the material examined," says Teschner. "There are phases of rapid growth, known as zones, and a slowdown, known as annulus." Normally, one can still observe stagnation lines in the bones, which develop during unfavorable phases of life, for example during very hot or very cold seasons.
In Panthasaurus maleriensis, however, growth never comes to a complete cessation. In comparison: the Polish Metoposaurus krasiejowensis shows the same alternation of zones and annuli in one life cycle and no stagnation lines, whereas the Moroccan representative of the metoposaurs Dutuitosaurus ouazzoui shows stagnation lines — that is, a complete stop in growth — in each life cycle.
The different growth phases in the bones allow for a comparison of climatic conditions. This means that the climate in the Late Triassic would have been milder in Central India than in Morocco, but not as mild as in the area that today belongs to Poland. Sander: "Fossil bones therefore offer a window into the prehistoric past."
Posted in Amphibians	| Tagged paleontology, Triassic	| Leave a reply
Burrowing frogs, new research
Posted on September 4, 2020 by petrel41
This 2019 video from India says about itself
Why a Burrowing Frog is called a burrowing frog? See this video. Indian Burrowing Frog (Sphaerotheca breviceps).
Burrowing frogs have digging implements on the side of their back feet. In the dry season, they dig down backwards into the sand in search of a moist spot where they can sleep until heavy rain awakens them from their slumber. A short burst of activity then follows. They climb up to the surface, feed and reproduce in monsoon before the dry season starts.
Taken at At BNHS Nature Reserve, BNHS Conservation Education (Cec Bnhs), Goregaon, Mumbai.
From the Florida Museum of Natural History in the USA:
How to get the upper body of a burrowing frog
You might think the buffest frogs would be high jumpers, but if you want shredded pecs, you should train like a burrowing frog. Though famously round, these diggers are the unsung bodybuilders of the frog world. We bring you tips from frog expert Rachel Keeffe, a doctoral student at the University of Florida, and physical therapist Penny Goldberg to help you get the burrowing body of your dreams.
But first, a caveat: According to Keeffe, no workout regimen can help you train your way into a highly specialized frog physique honed by 200 million years of evolution. To better understand burrowing frog anatomy, Keeffe and her adviser David Blackburn, Florida Museum of Natural History curator of herpetology, analyzed CT scans from all 54 frog families to show these frogs boast a robust and quirky skeleton that is more variable than previously thought.
"People think about frogs as being clean and smooth and slimy, or the classic 'green frog on a lily pad,' but a lot of them are dirty — they like to scoot around and be in the dirt," Keeffe said. "Burrowing frogs are really diverse and can do a lot of cool things. And when you look at the skeletons of known burrowers, they're very different from what you would call a 'normal frog.'"
Burrowing frogs are found all over the world from deserts to swamps, but their underground lifestyle makes them difficult to study, Keeffe said. Most tunnel hind end-first with their back legs. But a few species are forward burrowers, using pointed snouts and powerful forelimbs bolstered by strong pectoral muscles to scrabble into the earth.
Keeffe's sample of 89 frog species revealed radical differences in burrowing bone structure, from clavicles the size of eyelashes to other bones that are unusually thick.
"They're so diverse that it's challenging to think about even comparing them. It's almost a black hole of work that we can do with forward burrowers because we tend to focus on the legs," she said.
Some burrow to seek refuge, whether from arid temperatures or predators, and underground habitats can be hunting grounds or secluded hiding places. Other burrowing frogs can spend months at a time as deep as 3 feet belowground, surviving on a high-protein diet of termites and ants. The takeaway: If you want to compete for resources with the pros, don't be afraid to put in the work.
Get the burly burrowing body
To train like a burrowing frog, Goldberg, assistant director of ReQuest Physical Therapy in Gainesville, recommended dedicating time to strengthening your upper back.
"In humans, the most important muscle group to focus on if you were to train like one of these frogs would be the scapular stabilizers," she said. "These include 17 muscles, such as the lats and rotator cuff, with attachments all the way down to the pelvis that allow the upper back to generate power. To burrow like a forward burrower, you need to strengthen this entire region."
One strengthening move Goldberg recommended is the "Prone W." Lie facedown with elbows bent and palms on the floor. Squeeze your shoulder blades down and toward your spine as you lift your arms to the ceiling for a couple seconds at a time.
Like any elite athlete, burrowing frogs also maintain an optimal form. They're often orb-shaped to improve their ability to hold water.
"Personally, if I were a sphere, I think it would be hard for me to dig, but it doesn't seem to affect these frogs at all," Keeffe said. "However, frogs with stumpy legs are definitely worse at jumping, and they tend to stagger when they walk."
For these frogs, time away from the tunnels might be spent swimming instead, Keeffe said. To compete here, Goldberg recommends the breaststroke, adding that her top training tips for getting the upper back and pecs of a forward burrower would include pullups and pushups to develop the shoulder blade area.
"In my world, we would use resistance bands and pushing or pulling motions to train this area," Goldberg said. "Anything focusing predominantly on building strength in the upper back region."
If resistance bands are part of your workout routine, try grasping one with both hands and extending your arms while keeping your elbows straight. For best results, Goldberg recommended starting with three sets of 10.
Burrowing frogs might also hold key answers to gaps in scientists' understanding of amphibian evolution at large. Keeffe's analysis also found that forward-burrowing behavior evolved independently at least eight times in about one-fifth of frog families, and the trait's persistence in the frog family tree suggests it's a beneficial adaptation. Keeffe also found that forward burrowers tended to have a highly contoured humerus, the bone that connects the shoulder to the elbow in humans.
Understanding how bone shape relates to musculature can help scientists identify which frogs, both modern and extinct, are forward burrowers, a helpful tool given their covert behavior.
"Even though it can be frustrating, I like them because they're secretive," Keeffe said. "But the whole thing underlying this study is that frogs can do a lot of cool things — they don't just jump and they're not just green."
CT scans were generated from the National Science Foundation-funded oVert project.
Posted in Amphibians, Biology	| Tagged frogs	| 2 Replies
Triassic fossil amphibian and reptile, video
This 20 August 2020 video says about itself:
The Oddest Couple in the Fossil Record
To figure out how Thrinaxodon and Broomistega became entombed together, scientists looked at the burrow itself, along with their fossilized bones. And it looks like their luck ran out, when a behavior that usually would've helped them survive just didn't work.
Thrinaxodon was a mammal-like reptile. Broomistega was an amphibian. They lived during the Triassic in South Africa.
Posted in Amphibians, Reptiles	| Tagged paleontology, Triassic	| Leave a reply
Prehistoric amphibians, four or five fingers?
OSTEOHISTOLOGICAL AND COMPUTED FEA OF METOPOSAURUS KRASIEJOWENSIS SKULL BIOMECHANICS
By Kamil Gruntmejer
Fossil tracks: Wrong number of fingers leads down wrong track
Have you ever wondered why our hands have five fingers? And what about amphibians? They usually only have four. Until now it was assumed that this was already the case with the early ancestors of today's frogs and salamanders, the Temnospondyli. However, a new find of the crocodile-like Temnospondyl Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the late Triassic (about 225 million years old) in Poland shows five metacarpal bones and thus five fingers. As the researchers from the Universities of Bonn and Opole (Poland) note, this finding is very important, because until now, fossil animal tracks may have been wrongly assigned. The results have now been published in the Journal of Anatomy.
Modern amphibians usually have four fingers on the forelimb (and never more), which is called a "four-rayed hand," as opposed to our five-rayed hand. Of all groups of terrestrial vertebrates, amphibians show the greatest variation in the number of frontfingers. Reptiles are the most conservative and usually have five. In birds, the finger bones in the wing have been lost completely. In mammals, the number of toes in the forelimb also varies greatly: Primates and raccoons have five, in horses only the third has survived, while in cattle and other even-toed ungulates fingers three and four remain. What they all have in common, however, is that this loss of toes or fingers originates from a five-ray pattern, which is why amphibians cannot be the ancestors of all these terrestrial vertebrate groups.
Exact number of toes is controversial
It has been known for some time that the earliest quadrupeds had significantly more fingers than five, such as Acanthostega, which had eight in the forelimb, or Ichthyostega with seven in the hind foot. As early as 300 million years ago, all but the five-fingered forms became extinct. The five-ray pattern was then retained in the real land animals, but was reduced again and again (see horses). The ancestors of today's amphibians, the Temnospondyli, presented contradictory evidence of skeletons with four fingers, but also tracks that had five.
Temnospondyli is an important group of the early, very diverse quadrupeds. Some temnospondyls became as big as crocodiles, others were rather small. However, like all amphibians, they were dependent on water during their larval stage. Their most famous representatives include Eryops or Mastodonsaurus. "It's also important to understand the evolution of modern amphibians, as this group probably evolved from the Temnospondyli," says Dr. Dorota Konietzko-Meier from the Institute for Geosciences at the University of Bonn, who discovered and prepared the left forelimb of a Metoposaurus krasiejowensis in Krasiejów (southwest Poland).
However, despite the long history of research, the exact number of fingers in Metoposaurus and other temnospondyls is still controversial. "It's remarkable that even in the case of the very well-researched Eryops, the skeletal reconstruction exhibited at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris has five fingers, while only four fingers can be seen at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington," says Ella Teschner, a doctoral student from Bonn and Opole. Lately, science has assumed that, similar to most modern amphibians, all Temnospondyli have only four toes in their forelimbs. This resulted in the five-toed footprints common in the Permian and Triassic periods being almost automatically assumed to not belong to Temnospondyli.
"The find from the famous Upper Triassic site Krasiejów in Poland therefore offers a new opportunity to study the architecture and development of the hand of the early quadrupeds," says paleontologist Prof. Dr. Martin Sander from the University of Bonn. A considerably broader view of the entire group of Temnospondyli did not show a clear trend with regard to the five-ray pattern and suggested that the number of digits was not as limited in the phylogenetic context as was assumed. "Evidently, the temnospondyls were already experimenting with the four-ray pattern, and the five-ray pattern died out before the emergence of modern amphibians," adds Sander.
Five fingers on each hand?
"Even if the ossification of five metacarpal bones described here was only a pathology, it still shows that a five-ray pattern was possible in Temnospondyli," says Konietzko-Meier. However, it could not be assumed with certainty that the reduction in the number of fingers/digits from five to four always affected the fifth place on the hand in these fossil taxa. The possibility that some of the four-fingered taxa were caused by the loss of the first ray cannot be excluded. Sander: "The new finding of a five-fingered hand is particularly important for the interpretation of tracks, as it shows that a five-fingered forefoot print could also belong to the Temnospondyli and thus indicate a considerably wider distribution area of these animals."
These results are also of general importance, since limb development plays an important role in evolutionary biology and medicine, and fossils may therefore provide important information for the evaluation of theories of hand development.
Posted in Amphibians, Biology	| Tagged paleontology, Triassic	| 1 Reply
Beelzebufo, big dinosaur age Madagascar frog
This 22 July 2020 video says about itself:
Untangling the origins of Beelzebufo — the giant frog that lived alongside the dinosaurs — turns out to be one of the most bedeviling problems in the history of amphibians.
Posted in Amphibians, Biology	| Tagged Cretaceous, Madagascar, paleontology	| Leave a reply
Triassic era catastrophes and wildlife
This 18 June 2020 video from the USA says about itself:
Big Amphibians of the Chinle Formation!
Dinosaur Journey Re-Opens today! And to celebrate we wanted to share a video of Dr. Julia McHugh talking amphibians. Ever noticed the large red rock base of Independence Monument?! Well, that's the Triassic age rock these amazing creatures were discovered. WATCH now to learn more!
From the University of Texas at Austin in the USA:
Arizona rock core sheds light on Triassic dark ages
A rock core from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, has given scientists a powerful new tool to understand how catastrophic events shaped Earth's ecosystems before the rise of the dinosaurs.
The quarter-mile core is from an important part of the Triassic Period when life on Earth endured a series of cataclysmic events: Our planet was struck at least three times by mountain-sized asteroids, chains of volcanoes erupted to choke the sky with greenhouse gases, and tectonic movement tore apart Earth's single supercontinent, Pangea.
Among the chaos, many plants and animals, including some of the long-snouted and armored reptiles that ruled Pangea throughout the Triassic, vanished in a possible shake-up of life on Earth that scientists have yet to explain.
The study, published July 20 in GSA Bulletin, offers scientists a foundation to explain the changes in the fossil record and determine how these events may have shaped life on Earth.
By determining the age of the rock core, researchers were able to piece together a continuous, unbroken stretch of Earth's history from 225 million to 209 million years ago. The timeline offers insight into what has been a geologic dark age and will help scientists investigate abrupt environmental changes from the peak of the Late Triassic and how they affected the plants and animals of the time.
"The core lets us wind the clock back 225 million years when Petrified Forest National Park was a tropical hothouse populated by crocodile-like reptiles and turkey-size early dinosaurs," said Cornelia Rasmussen, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG), who led the analysis that determined the age of the core.
"We can now begin to interpret changes in the fossil record, such as whether changes in the plant and animal world at the time were caused by an asteroid impact or rather by slow geographic changes of the supercontinent drifting apart," she said.
Petrified Forest National Park's paleontologist Adam Marsh said that despite a rich collection of fossils from the period in North America, until now there was little information on the Late Triassic's timeline because most of what scientists knew came from studying outcrops of exposed rock pushed to the surface by tectonic movements.
"Outcrops are like broken pieces of a puzzle," said Marsh, who earned his Ph.D. from The University of Texas at Austin's Jackson School of Geosciences. "It is incredibly difficult to piece together a continuous timeline from their exposed and weathered faces."
Marsh was not an author of the study but is part of the larger scientific coring project. UTIG is a unit of the Jackson School.
The Petrified Forest National Park core overcomes the broken puzzle problem by recovering every layer in the order it was deposited. Like tree rings, scientists can then match those layers with the fossil and climate record.
To find the age of each layer, the researchers searched the rock core for tiny crystals of the mineral zircon, which are spewed into the sky during volcanic eruptions. Zircons are a date stamp for the sediments with which they are buried. Researchers then compared the age of the crystals with traces of ancient magnetism stored in the rocks to help develop a precise geologic timeline.
Geoscience is rarely so simple, however, and according to Rasmussen, the analysis of the core gave them two slightly different stories. One shows evidence that a shake-up in the species might not be connected to any single catastrophic event and could simply be part of the ordinary course of gradual evolution. The other shows a possible correlation between the change in the fossil record and a powerful asteroid impact, which left behind a crater in Canada over 62 miles wide.
For Marsh, the different findings are just part of the process to reach the truth.
"The two age models are not problematic and will help guide future studies," he said.
The research is the latest outcome of the Colorado Plateau Coring Project. The research and the coring project were funded by the National Science Foundation and International Continental Drilling Program.
Posted in Amphibians, Biology, Reptiles	| Tagged paleontology, Triassic	| Leave a reply


text:
require "./DFA.rb"
class DFAO

	attr_reader :dfa, :ostatusList
	attr_reader :begin
	attr_reader :finalOstatusNumList
	def initialize(dfa)
		@dfa = dfa
		@ostatusList = []
		@finalOstatusNumList = []
		#a hash from status num to ostatus num
		statusToOstatusHash = {}

		finalNumCount = 0
		dfa.finalNumList.each { |finalStatusNumSet|

			ostatusListBuffer = []
			finalStatusNumSet.each { |finalStatusNum|
				repeat = false
				count = 0
				ostatusListBuffer.each { |ostatus|
					if ostatus.hashList == dfa.statusList[finalStatusNum].hashList
						repeat = true
						break
					end
					count += 1
				}
				if repeat
					ostatusListBuffer[count].statusSet << finalStatusNum
				else
					ostatusListBuffer[count] = OStatus.new(dfa.statusList[finalStatusNum].hashList, finalStatusNum)
					ostatusListBuffer[count].isEndStatus = true
				end

				statusToOstatusHash[finalStatusNum] = count + @ostatusList.size

			}
			@finalOstatusNumList << @ostatusList.size

			@ostatusList = @ostatusList + ostatusListBuffer
			finalNumCount += 1
		}

		statusCount = 0
		dfa.statusList.each { |status|
			if status.isEndStatus
				statusCount += 1
				next
			end
			repeat = false
			ostatusCount = 0
			ostatusList.each { |ostatus|
				if ostatus.hashList == status.hashList
					repeat = true
					break
				end
				ostatusCount += 1
			}

			if repeat
				ostatusList[ostatusCount].statusSet << statusCount
			else
				ostatusList << OStatus.new(status.hashList, statusCount)
			end

			statusToOstatusHash[statusCount] = ostatusCount

			statusCount += 1
		}

		# p @finalOstatusNumList
		# p statusToOstatusHash

		@ostatusList.each { |ostatus|
			ostatus.hashList.each { |key, value|
				ostatus.hashList[key] = statusToOstatusHash[value]
			}

			# p ostatus.hashList
			# p ostatus.statusSet

		}

		count = 0
		@ostatusList.each { |ostatus|
			if ostatus.statusSet.include? dfa.begin
				@begin = count
				break
			end
			count += 1
		}

	end

end

class OStatus
	attr_reader :hashList, :statusSet
	attr_accessor :isEndStatus
	def initialize(hashList, originStatusNum)
		@hashList = hashList
		@statusSet = [originStatusNum]
		@isEndStatus = false
	end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
AGENCY & MANAGEMENT NEWS Breaking News Business News Industry News
Former Tone Deaf Agents Launch New AMG Office In Portland
Posted on 10 January, 2020, 04:20 pm EST by Ian Courtney Contact Me
PORTLAND, OR (CelebrityAccess) — Talent agency Atomic Music Group announced the opening of a new office in Portland.
AMG's new digs will be staffed by Ian Watts, Nick Harris, and Jason Sissoyev, formerly of Tone Deaf. The three agents bring rosters totaling more almost 30 clients, including Megadeath's David Ellefson, Yawningman, and Haunt.
"While we have always been extremely proud of AMG's diverse roster, we are particularly excited to see expansion in this genre with such depth of talent and we're extremely fortunate to have these high quality veteran agents representing that talent," said AMG VP of operations, Brando Terrazas,
AMG's new Portland office brings their total to five, joining previously opened offices in Los Angeles, Toronto, Nashville, and Austin.
#AtomicMusicGroup
Blossoms 01/28/21

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sven Günther (born 22 February 1974 in Zwickau, East Germany) is a German former football player. He spent three seasons in the Bundesliga with 1. FC Nürnberg and Eintracht Frankfurt.

References

1974 births
Living people
People from Zwickau
German footballers
FSV Zwickau players
1. FC Nürnberg players
1. FC Schweinfurt 05 players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
FC Erzgebirge Aue players
FC Carl Zeiss Jena players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Saxony

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Listen: Larry Silverberg, Santa, Jim Michener discussed on KNX Afternoon News with Mike Simpson and Chris Sedens
"I'm Jim Michener. And this is the pulse of the planet from a physics perspective. One of the biggest problems Santa faces payload how can you possibly carry enough presence in his sleigh to grant the wishes of the world's one hundred ninety one million children who Larry Silverberg is the director of the Mars mission research center at North Carolina State university any thinks he has the answer. Perhaps he says Santa could grow the presence on site with Manno twain maker. A kind of portable automated factory, which is symbols toys at a molecular level. Our hypothesis is that the presents are grown on the spot under the tree wrapping and all using an ano toymaker the technology for Nanno toymaker is into science fiction as it may sound the device can be modeled after natural processes, which would taking place all around us in things like snow minerals rocks. You have a crystallization manner in which objects are grown that process can be engineered. In fact, in other words, the Nanno toymaker would deliver a set of instructions a pattern which would tell an assemblage of raw materials under a Christmas tree to transform themselves into a present because not even Santa Claus can make something from nothing. The important thing to remember is that all of the ingredients materials, if you have copper in there, if you have plastics that all has to be in the material that sitting there under the tree, but by pointing the remote control. The material process starts to unfold where the toy is made. Also, the planet is presented by the National."
KNX 1070 NEWSRADIO
Larry Silverberg, Santa, Jim Michener discussed on KNX Afternoon News with Mike Simpson and Chris Sedens
KNX Afternoon News with Mike Simpson and Chris Sedens
2 years ago | KNX 1070 NEWSRADIO
Larry Silverberg Santa Jim Michener Manno Twain Maker North Carolina State University Nanno Director
I'm Jim Michener. And this is the pulse of the planet from a physics perspective. One of the biggest problems Santa faces payload how can you possibly carry enough presence in his sleigh to grant the wishes of the world's one hundred ninety one million children who Larry Silverberg is the director of the Mars mission research center at North Carolina State university any thinks he has the answer. Perhaps he says Santa could grow the presence on site with Manno twain maker. A kind of portable automated factory, which is symbols toys at a molecular level. Our hypothesis is that the presents are grown on the spot under the tree wrapping and all using an ano toymaker the technology for Nanno toymaker is into science fiction as it may sound the device can be modeled after natural processes, which would taking place all around us in things like snow minerals rocks. You have a crystallization manner in which objects are grown that process can be engineered. In fact, in other words, the Nanno toymaker would deliver a set of instructions a pattern which would tell an assemblage of raw materials under a Christmas tree to transform themselves into a present because not even Santa Claus can make something from nothing. The important thing to remember is that all of the ingredients materials, if you have copper in there, if you have plastics that all has to be in the material that sitting there under the tree, but by pointing the remote control. The material process starts to unfold where the toy is made. Also, the planet is presented by the National.


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Alternativa Municipal Independent (Alternativa Municipal Independendiente, en castellà), més conegut per les sigles A.M.I. Onda, va ser un partit polític d'àmbit local amb activitat al municipi d'Onda, a la comarca de la Plana Baixa, entre els anys 2003 i 2011.

A.M.I. va nàixer a primeries de 2003 per les disputes internes a l'Agrupació Local del Partit Popular de la Comunitat Valenciana a Onda. Alguns dels seus membres abandonaren el partit i organitzaren una llista electoral per a presentar-se a les eleccions municipals d'aquell any. Presentat en societat el mes de maig, als comicis obtingué un regidor a l'Ajuntament d'Onda i es convertí en la quarta força política del poble.

De cara a les eleccions municipals de 2007, A.M.I. va deixar de ser una agrupació d'electors i es va convertir en un partit polític, inscrit al Registre del Ministeri de l'Interior d'Espanya el 26 de març de 2007. En aquesta cita electoral millorà lleugerament els seus resultats i passà a ser el tercer partit polític onder, tot i que continuà amb un sol representant a l'Ajuntament.

Va ser aleshores quan va pactar entrar al govern amb el PSPV, que havia perdut la majoria absoluta després de vint anys, i amb el Bloc Nacionalista Valencià. El rebuig d'aquest acord per l'electorat del partit, propicià una forta davallada d'A.M.I. a les eleccions municipals de 2011, cosa que va fer que es quedara sense representació al consistori d'Onda.

En perdre el regidor a l'Ajuntament, A.M.I. va cessar la seua activitat com a partit polític. La major part dels seus membres s'integraren a l'Agrupació Local de Ciutadans en ser aquesta fundada l'any 2015.

Referències

Partits polítics d'àmbit local del País Valencià
Onda


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OJST Vol.3 No.9 A , December 2013
Non-syndromic hypo-hyperdontia—A rare case report and review of literature
Author(s) Kanika Gupta Verma*, Pradhuman Verma, Navneet Singh, Richa Bansal, Rameen Khosa, Gagandeep Kaur Sidhu, Vikas Setia
Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Surendera Dental College & RI, Sriganganagar, India.
Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Surendera Dental College & RI, Sri-ganganagar, India.
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College & RI, Sriganganagar, India.
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Seema Dental College & RI, Rishikesh, India.
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Darshan Dental College & Hospital, Udaipur, India.
Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Adesh Dental College & RI, Ba-thinda, India.
Abnormalities of tooth number in development of the dentition are quite common; however, concomitant hypo-hyperdontia is a rare mixed numeric anomalous condition, especially when it occurs in the same dental arch and in a non-syndromic situation. The presence of this condition specifically in the mandibular anterior region is reported very infrequently. This case report presents the case of a 9 years old non-syndromic male with missing mandibular central incisors and an erupted mandibular mesiodens along with the review of literature. To ensure optimum function and aesthetics, cosmetic recontouring was performed after oral prophylaxis. This is the ninth case reported in the dental literature till date, with the two anomalies manifesting in the anterior region of the mandible. This article also discusses the review of literature of concomitant hypo-hyperdontia.
Mesiodens; Hypodontia; Hyperdontia; Mandibular Arch
Verma, K. , Verma, P. , Singh, N. , Bansal, R. , Khosa, R. , Sidhu, G. and Setia, V. (2013) Non-syndromic hypo-hyperdontia—A rare case report and review of literature. Open Journal of Stomatology, 3, 37-41. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2013.39A006.
[1] Marya, C.M., Sharma, G., Parashar, V.P., Dahiya, V. and Gupta, A. (2012) Mandibular midline supernumerary tooth associated with agenesis of permanent central incisors: A diagnostic conundrum. Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal, 14, 65-68.
[2] Ratna, R. (1988) Numeric anomalies of teeth in concomitant hypodontia and hyperdontia. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology, 8, 245-251.
[3] Sharma, A. (2001) Mandibular midline supernumerary tooth: A case report. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 19, 143-144.
[4] Low, T. (1977) Hypodontia and supernumerary tooth: Report of a case and its management. British Journal of Orthodontics, 4, 187-190.
[5] Gibson, A.C.L. (1979) Concomittant hypo-hyperdontia. British Journal of Orthodontics, 6, 101-105.
[6] Das, G., Sarkar, S., Bhattacharya, B. and Saha, N. (2006) Coexistent partial anodontia and supernumerary tooth in the mandibular arch: a rare case. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 24, 33-34.
[7] Karthik, V., Muralikrishnan, B. and Anantharaj, A. (2011) Mandibular mesiodens with agenesis of central incisors (Hypohyperdontia): A case report & review. International Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 2, 26-30.
[8] Verma, K.G., Verma, P. and Rishi, S. (2012) Case report: A rare occurrence of non-syndromic hypo-hyperdontia in the mandibular anterior region. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 13, 46-48.
[9] Nayak, A.G., Chhaparwal, Y., Pai, K.M. and Lele, A.S. (2010) Non-syndromic hypo-hyperdontia of the permanent dentition with involvement of the mandibular anterior region: A rare occurrence. Revista de Clínica e Pesquisa Odontológica, 6, 281-284.
[10] Nuvvula, S., Kiranmayi, M., Shilpa, G. and Nirmala, S. (2010) Hypohyperdontia: Agenesis of three third molars and mandibular centrals associated with midline supernumerary tooth in mandible. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 1, 136-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.72775
[11] Matalova, E., Fleischmannova, J., Sharpe, P.T. and Tucker, A.S. (2008) Tooth agenesis: From molecular genetics to molecular genetics. Journal of Dental Research, 87, 617-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700715
[12] Anthonappa, R.P., Lee, C.K., Yiu, C.K.Y. and King, N.M. (2008) Hypo-hyperdontia: Literature review and report of seven cases. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 106, 24-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.07.012
[13] Zhu, J.F., Crevoisier, R. and Henry, R.J. (1996) Congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors in conjunction with a supernumerary tooth: Case report. Pediatric Dentistry, 18, 64-66.
[14] Varela, M., Arrieta, P. and Ventureira, C. (2009) Nonsyndromic concomitant hypodontia and supernumerary teeth in an orthodontic population. European Journal of Orthodontics, 31, 632-637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjp046
[15] Polder, B.J., Van't Hof, M.A., Van der Linden, V.P. and Kuijpers-Jagtman, A.M. (2004) A meta-analysis of the prevalence of dental agenesis of permanent teeth. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 32, 217-226.
[16] Nagaveni, N.B. and Umashankara, K.V. (2009) Congenital bilateral agenesis of permanent mandibular incisors: Case reports and literature review. Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 4, 41-46.
[17] Sharma, A. (2008) A rare case of concomitant hypo-hyperdontia in identical twins. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 26, S79-S81.
[18] Raghavan, V.H. (2009) Mandibular mesiodens with agenesis of central incisors—A rare association. Nigerian Dental Journal, 17, 27-28.
[19] Marilia, A. (2005) Lower mesiodens: Report of an unusual case. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 29, 353-356.


Are we fasting for ourselves, or to be closer to Jesus this Lent?
Why do we fast? Why do we give up something for the 40 days of lent? Have you ever thought to give up anger or resentment? Or to give up Lust?
Do we do it for ourselves or do we do it to draw closer to Jesus Christ who fasted in the desert, being tempted by satan in preparation for his ultimate goal of dyeing for our sins.
Fasting should happen all year and can be a variety of things. Let us look to give up those things that will draw us closer to Jesus this lent as opposed to the things that we feel will help us lose weight, be more healthy. What is your most serious temptation? Pray and give this temptation up for lent as too often temptation separates us from GOD!


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Apeldoorn é uma cidade da província de Guéldria, nos Países Baixos, e possuia  habitantes em 2006. Nela se situa a residência secundária da família real neerlandesa, o palácio Het Loo.

História
A referência mais antiga conhecida a Apeldoorn, então chamada Appoldro, data do século VIII. A cidade desenvolveu-se no cruzamento da via que ligava Amersfoort e Deventer com a que unia Arnhem e Zwolle.

Perto da cidade, o estatúder Guilherme III da Inglaterra ergueu em 1685-1686, a partir de um antigo refúgio de caça dos duques da Guéldria, o palácio Het Loo ("Palácio do bosque"), que se converteria na residência campestre favorita da família real dos Países Baixos durante quase três séculos.

Apeldoorn foi, porém, uma cidade relativamente insignificante até aos grandes projetos de edificação do século XIX e aos posteriores à Segunda Guerra Mundial. Hoje é um importante centro comercial e alberga indústrias do papel e numerosos serviços e sedes de instituições e empresas, como a do Kadaster, o instituto do cadastro neerlandês.

Em abril de 2009 Apeldoorn foi notícia em todo o mundo, quando um homem lançou o seu automóvel contra a caravana real enquanto se celebrava o Dia da Rainha, causando a morte de oito pessoas no que se designou atentado à Família Real Neerlandesa em 2009).

Monumentos e atrações turísticas
 Palácio Het Loo, construído em estilo barroco holandês por Jacob Roman e Johan van Swieten.
 Mariakerk (Igreja de Maria), templo católico e monumento nacional.
 Apenheul, parque zoológico de primatas.
 Parque de atrações Koningin Juliana Toren ("Torre da rainha Juliana"), situado perto de Apenheul.

Ligações externas

Cidades da Guéldria


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Sara and Alex are the best hosts. They made sure we had everything we needed. This was by far the best place I've stayed in the years I've been coming to Treasure Island area. Away from all the beach traffic yet right around the corner. Private and very comfortable with the gentle swaying from the waves. Covered porch on the boat and a huge dock for sunning. Love the sliding glass doors on both ends of the boat (one in the bedroom) to leave open for a fabulous cross breeze. Swimming right off the boat and kayaking too. Went on a beautiful sunset cruise on the Bonta's private watercraft. This is my new go to place to stay, no more searching for condos!! Thank you Sara and Alex and your beautiful children too!!
My two boys and I stayed on Sergio's boat over spring break. The weather was perfect. My son's loved getting up in the morning and throwing a fishing rod into the water. Sergio had everything we needed, including coffee! The boat was clean and bright. Sergio is a wonderful host. I would definitely do this again.


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(2'R)-2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-methyluridine
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PSI-6206
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A Selective Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
(2'R)-2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-methyluridine (other name: PSI-6206 or β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine) is a selective nucleoside polymerase inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication that targets the NS5B polymerase. Recently, to improve pharmacokinetic properties for clinical use, some prodrugs of the 5'-phosphate derivative of PSI-6206 have been developed. In addition, PSI-6206 is an active metabolite of PSI-6130 (β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine).
Pharmacokinetics of the antiviral agent β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine in rhesus monkeys
G. Asif, S. J. Hurwitz, J. Shi, B. I. Hernandez-Santiago, R. F. Schinazi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51, 2877.
The mechanism of action of β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine involves a second metabolic pathway leading to β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine 5'-triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
E. Murakami, C. Niu, H. Bao, H. M. M. Steuer, T. Whitaker, T. Nachman, M. A. Sofia, P. Wang, M. J. Otto, P. A. Furman, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52, 458.
Discovery of a β-D-2'-Deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyluridine Nucleotide Prodrug (PSI-7977) for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus
M. J. Sofia, D. Bao, W. Chang, J. Du, D. Nagarathnam, S. Rachakonda, P. G. Reddy, B. S. Ross, P. Wang, H.-R. Zhang, S. Bansal, C. Espiritu, M. Keilman, A. M. Lam, H. M. M. Steuer, C. Niu, M. J. Otto, P. A. Furman, J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 7202.
Synthesis of Diastereomerically Pure Nucleotide Phosphoramidates
B. S. Ross, P. G. Reddy, H.-R. Zhang, S. Rachakonda, M. J. Sofia, J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 8311.
Synthesis of 5'-Methylene-Phosphonate Furano-nucleoside Prodrugs: Application to D-2'-Deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl Nucleosides
U. Pradere, F. Amblard, S. J. Coats, R. F. Schinazi, Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 4426.
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Nouwen wrote in his journal every day of the one-year sabbatical that concluded three weeks before his unexpected death. Full of reflections on prayer, friendship, intimacy, and the practical realities of a spiritual life, this influential author's last work draws us near to his heart.
Discover, through the recounting of personal daily events, the culmination of a life a deep devotion, earnest seeking, and quiet contemplation.
"Henri Nouwen is the most inspiring spiritual guide of our time."


This is a list of the 15 biggest cities in China. Scroll down the page to see a longer list of smaller cities. Larger cities are listed first so you can find a major airport if you're booking a flight.
The largest cities in China are shown at the top of the page. We currently have data on more than 300 cities in China. Here is a list of some of the smaller towns.


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Home - Politic
Donald Trump Is Perfectly Happy to Let Allah Sort 'Em Out
Delil Douleiman/GettyOn Thursday night at his rally in Texas, Donald Trump finally admitted why he greenlit the Turkish military to cross the border into northern Syria to attack the Kurds: He wanted these two groups of Muslims to slaughter each other. As Trump declared to his adoring fans, without even a hint of humanity about the suffering this would cause to civilians, "Sometimes you have to let them fight like two kids. Then you pull them apart." This follows Trump's comments on Wednesday, when he did his best to callously dispel humanitarian concerns many have voiced for the Kurds. First, Trump dismissively stated that the Kurds were "no angels." He then did his best to dehumanize both sides in the battle, declaring that the Kurds and Turks have been fighting for "hundreds of years," which he explained in essence is just who these people are. I'm not exaggerating, Trump stated that "warring" and killing is "unnatural for us, but its sorta natural for them." Many were stunned by Trump's comments, but not me. The why behind Trump's comments is simple. He was simply updating the old concept of "Kill them all, let God sort it out" to "let the Muslims slaughter each other and let Allah sort it out.What do I mean let the Muslims kill each other? Well, Turkey's population is 99 percent Muslim. While the Kurds, who number overall between 25 and 30 million, are overwhelmingly Muslim. In fact, I'm named after one of the most famous Kurds ever, Saladin, who led the Muslim forces during the Crusades. (I'm not Kurdish, but I am Muslim.)Pence Just Ratified All of Turkey's War Aims in SyriaThis is far from the first time a conservative has suggested that the U.S. should stay out of Syria and simply let the Muslims there slaughter each other. In 2013, Sarah Palin—who at the time was still relevant in GOP circles—articulated that very concept as she slammed President Obama for contemplating committing U.S. troops to end the civil war in Syria. Palin commented that in a situation with "both sides shouting 'Allah Akbar' at each other," we should just "let Allah sort it out." Palin, who publicly defended Trump's despicable Muslim ban in 2015, was obviously playing on the idea of "Kill them all and let God sort it out," but instead used the word "Allah," conceivably so it would play better with the rabidly anti-Muslim GOP base. ("Allah" simply means God in Arabic.) Legend has it that this expression, ironically, comes from the Crusades, when in the 13th century a Catholic monk named Arnaud Amalric was asked by the military commander how to differentiate between heretics and Christians shortly before they laid siege to the French city of Beziers. Amalric reportedly responded, "Kill them all, God will know his own." The result was these Christian soldiers slaughtered 20,000 people, including women and children.The view that America should stay out of Syria and simply reap the benefits of Muslims killing each other was more recently expressed in a more "intellectual" way by right-wing "scholar" Daniel Pipes, a man with a long history of spewing anti-Muslim bigotry as documented by the Southern Poverty Law Center. In 2017, Pipes penned an article for National Review criticizing Trump's military strike against the ruling Assad regime in Syria for its use of chemical weapons against civilians that killed more than 80. Pipes wrote, "I see this military action as an error. Nothing in the U.S. Constitution requires that American forces fight in every war around the world," adding, "this one should be sat out, letting enemies of the United States fight each other to exhaustion."Pipes' words, "letting enemies of the United States fight each other to exhaustion," are nothing more than let the Muslims kill each other. And that's exactly what Trump has done by greenlighting Turkey's military operation. The only reason Trump pushed for the Thursday ceasefire was the vocal GOP criticism that resulted in 129 House Republicans voting for the resolution condemning his abandonment of the Kurds. Trump's defense of his decision to abandon the Kurds revealed his total lack of compassion for the Kurds and even more broadly, Muslims, as human beings. This is not surprising given Trump's 2016 campaign call for a total and complete shutdown of Muslims from our country. And since then, Trump has drastically reduced the number of Muslim refugees admitted to our country, down from nearly 40,000 accepted in 2016 to 4,900 in fiscal year 2019. Trump, as he promised in the first week of his presidency, has also prioritized Christian lives over Muslim in terms of the percentage of refugees accepted. In 2016, the split between Muslim and Christian refuges was almost equal, with 46 percent being Muslim. In 2019, now the scale tilts heavily to favoring Christians, with 80 percent of all refugees being Christian. In raw numbers that amounts to 23,800 Christian refugees to 4,900 Muslim admitted.This helps us understand why Trump smeared the Kurds with lies from they are "no angels" to telling the press the Kurds "didn't help us in the Second World War, they didn't help us with Normandy." In reality, the Kurds didn't have their own nation then (and they still don't today), so as an entity they couldn't help anyone. Trump's comment was clearly designed to convince some Americans to not care if the Kurdish civilians were killed by Turkish forces.Another Trump tweet Monday summed up perfectly how he doesn't see the Kurds as humans worthy of compassion: "Anyone who wants to assist Syria in protecting the Kurds is good with me, whether it is Russia, China, or Napoleon Bonaparte. I hope they all do great, we are 7,000 miles away!" That's the president of the United States talking.With media reports that over 160,000 people have been displaced already because of the fighting and numerous Kurdish civilians being killed including a female Kurdish politician who was taken from her car and executed along with either other civilians by Turkish backed militias, Trump hoping "Napoleon Bonaparte" might help the Kurds was the height of dismissive depravity. And while Trump notes we are "7,000 miles away" as a justification for not caring about a growing humanitarian crisis that he bears moral responsibly for allowing, he had no problem recently sending nearly 2,000 U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia, which is further away than Syria. If only the Kurds had oil or could help Trump make money, maybe then he would show them compassion.To Trump—and, sadly, others on the right—watching Muslims kill each other and let God sort it out is appealing. Tragically, Trump has turned that medieval view into modern day U.S. policy.
Klete Keller: why did an Olympic champion invade the US Capitol?
Biden still expects to take oath of office on West Front of Capitol despite security concerns
Lindsey Graham: Impeachment could 'destroy' GOP
Golf's pitch to distance itself from Donald Trump came five years too late
Top GOP aide resigns, says Republicans 'put political theater ahead' of defending Constitution
3rd House Democrat tests positive for COVID-19 following Capitol riot, blames mask-less GOP colleagues


Last week started off great with a trip to Meredith College to hear Sue Monk Kidd speak about her new book, The Invention of Wings. She is a wonderful speaker so if you get a chance to attend her book tour, I highly recommend you do so.
As far as reading goes, I finished reading Fair and Tender Ladies by Lee Smith, which is my book club's January selection. I'm looking forward to next week's discussion. You can click on the link to read my review.
I also read A Long Walk to Water by Linda Sue Park, a middle grade book that C read for Battle of the Books. Our review will be up later this week.
Next up is another Battle book, The Homework Machine by Dan Gutman. I'm hoping to work my way through all of them over the next couple weeks.
Last week, C read The Homework Machine, which is the last of his Battle of the Books selections. His team has split up the books and he an expert for five of them, so he'll be re-reading them as he prepares for the battle at the end of March.
M has been reading Rainbow Magic books by Daisy Meadows lately. Last week, she read Belle the Birthday Fairy, and now she is reading Morgan the Midnight Fairy.
What a treat to attend the book tour live! What did you think of the book or her insights ?
Happy for you to have that opp!
I loved her book. If you click on the link in my post, you can read my review. An her insights into why she wrote the book and the history behind it were fascinating. Thanks for stopping by!
You have a great variety of books going on!
Yes, it's an interesting assortment! Have a good week!
Ah the Daisy Meadows books... we have a ton of those too, the kids love them! Have a great week.
Yes! I read them to her last year, but now she is reading them herself. Thanks for stopping by.
New subscriber from What Are You Reading.
Love that you include your kids on the reviews!
Thanks for subscribing! Welcome and have a great week!
I'm sure Monk's book is amazing, I need to be in the right place to read a book on slavery though. It's times like this when I miss my book club (I moved)... they will read this one.


This plaque is in Lichfield's Garden of Remembrance. It seems that the planting of acorns from Verdun was not unique to Lichfield and that there are oaks grown from Verdun acorns at many other places in the country, including Kew Gardens, Coventry, and Reading.
In a forum (1), I found a possible explanation for this. It suggests that a box of chestnuts and acorns were sent from Verdun to the London and North-West Railway Company, so that they could be sold to raise funds for the benefit of the War Seal Foundation (L & N-W Section). It also says that sample boxes were sent to towns and cities along the route of the railway (of which Lichfield would be one?).
I'm going to have a look throught the newspaper archive to see if there is any information on this. In the meantime, it would be great to know if anyone has ever heard of this before or has any further information. I wonder who Mr Knights was?
Oak tree thought to be grown from an acorn, from an oak tree grown from a 'Verdun Acorn'.
I had a quick look through the British Newspapers archive and there is this snippet from the Western Times, Tuesday 24th July 1917.
"A resident of Ealing has presented the town with two chestnut trees and an oak tree grown from chestnuts and an acorn gathered by the Mayor of Verdun from the devasted forests of Vaux and Douaumount. They are to be planted in the Walpole Park as a memorial to the defence of Verdun'.
I've heard about a project called Tree Following via Gary Webb on Twitter, who is following a London Plane at Compton Verney. The project is being run by Lucy Corrander on her Loose and Leafy blog and the idea is to follow the life of a tree or a group of trees, returning at various points in the year to note the changes and what's going on.
I love how trees reflect the changing seasons but also what they can tell us about our changing surroundings. For example, some like those at Beacon Park, are reminders of an old estate, when the buildings themselves are long gone. I like the idea that each species of tree has a history, with its own uses and customs and also that there have been trees in the past which have been so important they have given their name to an area, such as the Shire Oak at Walsall Wood.
Which tree(s) should I follow though? Here are some contenders, in and around Lichfield.
Monks Walk Tree – not sure which species will have to check!
My current thoughts are that I'll choose a tree at Leomansley Wood and also our cider orchard at Fisherwick. I hope the comparison between a mature woodland tree and an orchard sapling will be interesting. Although, as you can see from the photo, the cider trees aren't much more than sticks at the moment, so we'll see!


text:
Q: how to add a combo box in a datagrid view for only one cell dynamically I am reading an xml file using dataset and then i am creating a datagridview and assigning the table from dataset to datagridview.datasource dynamically.
The problem i am facing here is, i want to add a combobox for one cell in datagridview.
Below is my code :
datagridview1.AllowUserToAddRows = false;
datagridview1.AllowUserToDeleteRows = false;
datagridview1.RowHeadersVisible = false;
datagridview1.AutoSizeColumnsMode =   DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.AllCells;
datagridview1.AutoSizeRowsMode = DataGridViewAutoSizeRowsMode.AllCells;
datagridview1.DataMember = "";
datagridview1.DataSource = my_dataTable;
datagridview1.Columns["first name"].ReadOnly = true;
datagridview1.Columns["Second name"].Visible = false;
datagridview1.Columns["place"].Visible = false;
datagridview1.Columns["address"].Visible = false;
string[] datasource = { "add1", "add2" };
DataGridViewComboBoxCell combo = new DataGridViewComboBoxCell();
combo.DataSource = datasource;
datagridview1.Rows[2].Cells[2] = combo;

It is giving me datagridviewcomboboxcell value is not valid error.If i give some value then it runs well but not able to see the combobox in datagridview.

A: You can use the DataSource to feed to Items, but using a simple string array will not work.
Instead you can convert the array to a List<string>  :
string[] datasource = { "add1", "add2" };
DataGridViewComboBoxCell combo = new DataGridViewComboBoxCell();
combo.DataSource = datasource.ToList();
DGV.Rows[2].Cells[2] = combo;

To set a value you can use..
combo.Value = combo.Items[0];

..after having set the cell.
For better control, especially for having spearate Display- and ValueMembers you can switch to a Dictionary or use a List<someClass>..

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The von Braun and Verne connection is something I will discuss in further detail soon. Check out below in the show notes for some links and notes.
This biography of von Braun has some mention of Jules Verne.
This is a subject I plan on exploring a bit more before too long. I like how sci-fi helped inspire older generations of scientists, just as modern sci-fi is doing the same. Check out this article on von Braun and Disney.


Subject event streaming data feed?
subscribe-publishing like Apache Kafka. I have a data feed server and a set of data feed subscribers.
place, it will notify all the related listeners.
1. Is event sourcing able to subscribe/unsubscribe listeners on demand?
attention on real-time event stream handling.


Veracruz is not a destination that is popularly visited by travelers to Mexico. It is an often neglected destination. However, the state of Veracruz has a huge number of excellent sights on offer that simply makes for a superbly rewarding destination. To top it all off, the state is also not commercialized and touristy like the more popular tourist places, and the tourist hordes have remained delightfully away from here.
The state of Veracruz is one of the thirty one states in Mexico. The state is situated at the east central region of the country. The state has numerous points of interest. The beaches here touch the heavenly waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The Jungles here are excellent for hikers and animal and bird lovers.
Veracruz also has mountainous regions filled with opportunities for activities. The seafood served at the coastal areas is simply mouth watering and fresh. There are a great number of reasons why the state is an extremely rewarding destination. The state has a heavy influence from Cuba and the Spanish spoken at Veracruz and Tabasco is considered Caribbean Spanish.
The hot humid weather at Veracruz was among the main reasons why the state was not seen as a great destination. However, that the climate is hot and humid is not true of the entire state, and there are a range of climates. The climate differs from the humid jungle areas of the north west to the Jalapa ( or Xalapa ) mountainous region that is cooler.
Velacruz is filled with a variety of choices for tourists. The state is filled with a number of attractions related to history and culture as well, in addition to nature. The El Tajin is one of the most notable sights in Velacruz. The building site has been declared by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. El Tajin is a collection of holy buildings where religious sporting events and other ceremonies were held. These events were held from a long way back, right from AD 100. It was the Spaniards that rediscovered El Tajin in 1785.
El Tajin is close to the beach resort of Tecolutla which is situated at the Atlantic coast. Tecolutla is home to a beach resort. The beach here is beautiful and the water temperatures remain warm through out the year, which makes it an excellent option for swimming. Sport fishing offered here is another highlight, as the waters are filled with a variety of species such as Jack, Tuna, Tarpon, Snook, Barracuda, Dorado (MahiMahi) and King Mackrel. The Dive sites at the virgin reefs here is another advantage. The cities of Poza Rica and Papantla are also close by.
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Lung cancer is one of the most difficult types of cancer to treat, both because its symptoms often go unnoticed until later stages and because of the movement of the tumor inherent in treating lung cancer. But Phoenix CyberKnife & Radiation Oncology Center is uniquely qualified to effectively treat your lung cancer, giving you the best possible outcomes. With a variety of clinically-proven radiation technologies available, our board certified radiation oncologists are able to analyze your specific situation and choose treatment methods that will work best for you.
The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System offers one of the most effective lung cancer treatment options in Arizona. With its flexible, robotic arm, CyberKnife reaches around your body to attack your tumor from hundreds of angles. It's so precise, it can track the movement of your tumor down to the submillimeter. CyberKnife, and the other radiation treatments we offer, can be used in conjunction with surgery or other cancer treatments.
Radiation therapy is often used to treat lung cancer, sometimes in conjunction with chemotherapy and surgery. When it comes to treating your lung cancer with radiation therapy, Phoenix CyberKnife and Radiation Oncology Center is your expert choice.
CyberKnife (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy, or SBRT, also called Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy, or SABR) - Because they are attached to or in your lungs, lung tumors are always moving, and can move as much as two inches with every breath. Unlike ALL other treatment systems, the non-surgical and non-invasive CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System synchronizes with the movement of the tumor, continually verifying that it is precisely on target, delivering beams of high-dose radiation from all angles with pin-point precision. The unique combination of a flexible, robotic arm, the intelligent tumor tracking software and real time imaging track the smallest of movements and adjust radiation directly to the cancerous cells while you rest on a comfortable outpatient treatment center table. This focus minimizes the radiation exposure to healthy surrounding tissue and organs and limits some of the short and long-term side effects common with conventional treatments. Phoenix Cyberknife offers this advanced precision treatment tool at its comprehensive radiation oncology center. CyberKnife is the most recommended type of dedicated SBRT/SABR and in recent studies has proven more effective for early operable lung cancer than surgery. Much shorter than traditional radiation treatment, CyberKnife treatment is administered in only one to five days. If a patient and their lung tumor are not candidates for CyberKnife, or if the cancer is best treated with a combined approach of more than one treatment type, other external radiation treatments, Brachytherapy and Hyperthermia treatments offers additional advanced conventional methods of treatment at our Phoenix CyberKnife Center. Our dedicated team of cancer fighting professionals will determine which method of treatment(s) is best for you. Below are the additional methods and treatments we offer at our center along with CyberKnife stereotactic treatments.
3D Conformal - This type of radiotherapy uses 3D images from the state-of-the-art TrueBeam STx with Novalis to plan treatment and to deliver a dose of radiation that projects at the best angles for your tumor, avoiding surrounding healthy structures. Usually CT and/or MRI images are used for mapping out the radiation plan. Higher doses of radiation can be sent to cancer cells while much lower doses are received by the healthy tissue. This technology has allowed great improvements in safely treating lung cancer as the use of multiple beams allows normal tissue such as the heart, spinal cord and normal lung to be spared from high radiation doses.
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)- This versatile radiation treatment is used to treat nearly every type of solid tumor. With IMRT, our Phoenix radiation oncologists program the IMRT to 'paint' radiation doses onto the tumor with pinpoint precision. Using 3-D scans of your body, the system beams radiation to the tumor from many different angles. At each angle, the dose or intensity of the radiation can be different, and the shape of the beam can be adjusted, based your treatment needs, shape of tumor, and surrounding structures. These adjustments enable the prescribed amount of radiation to be delivered to each part of the tumor, while minimizing exposure to the surrounding healthy tissue.
Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) - Phoenix Cyberknife and Radiation Oncology Center houses the most advanced equipment including the IGRT which can track and capture your tumor using high-resolution, three-dimensional images as it moves or adjusts with every breath. During treatment, lung tumors can move up and down and side to side as you breath, as much as two inches in any direction. IGRT, also called Gated RapidArc, pinpoints exactly where your tumor is at any given time so that you can focus the treatment on only that area, leaving the rest of the surrounding tissue unharmed. With IGRT, innovative radiographic, fluoroscopic and cone-beam CT modes are combined with software that automatically repositions the radiation beam and adjusts as the patient moves. This enables clinicians to verify that treatments are completely in sync with respiration. Your initial CT scan can be updated using IGRT each time your visit to ensure your treatment is focused.
RapidArc Radiotherapy Technology or Volumetric Arc Therapy (VMAT) - Using the True Beam System with RapidArc, radiation oncologists can deliver treatments two to eight times faster than our other dynamic treatments and it increases precision. Unlike traditional IMRT that requires multiple rotations around the patient or makes repeated stops and starts to treat the tumor from different angles, this volumetric arc therapy delivers precice 3-D doses with a single 360° rotation of the machine, typically in less than two minutes. It uses your treatment planning algorithm to simultaneously change the rotation speed, the shape of the treatment aperture, and the delivery dose rate. The shape and position of the tumor are determined from computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic studies. This permits improved dose sculpturing over 3-D conformal radiation therapy.
Brachytherapy (Endobronchial therapy) - This pain-free, extremely precise radiation therapy destroys lung cancer using an intense source of radiation delivered through temporarily-placed applicators implanted into the tumor site. It is delivered internally via a computer-controlled machine typically in two to ten convenient treatments. HDR minimizes the risk of common side effects due to its ability to focus the radiation directly on the cancerous cells. This also reduces the danger of radiation exposure to nearby vital structures like the heart. The radiation is delivered into the applicators through a wire or cable inserted into a catheter and then removed between treatments. Phoenix radiologists can vary the position of the wire and the length the radiation is administered to satisfy the shape and need of the cancer. Because of the high-dose rate and precision, HDR is often used as an alternative to surgery.
This type of therapy is always used in conjunction with another type, usually radiation or chemotherapy. It focuses on killing cancerous cells by exposing them to extremely high temperatures. Research has proven that this can kill the cancer, even sometimes cells that radiation isn't reaching, without harming healthy tissues. Hyperthermia may also make some cancer cells more susceptible to destruction from radiation. When hyperthermia and radiation are prescribed together, they are usually given within an hour of each other. Hyperthermia can also enhance the effects of certain anticancer drugs. Ask our Phoenix CyberKnife radiation oncologists about the different types of hyperthermia currently available for your treatment.
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Will my debts drop off from the credit report after 7 years?
my credit is terrible, but the only debts on my report are just about ready to hit the 7 year mark. Will they drop off if the creditors have not been able to contact me?
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act keeps accurate negative information in the credit file for 7 years from the date of first serious delinquency or the date on which it got charged off.
After the 7 year reporting period, this information will be removed automatically by the credit bureaus even if you have not been in contact with your creditors.
You have the right to dispute with that bureau if negative information still appears in your file after the 7 years reporting time.
does anyone have any information regarding this company??
If you have a bad mark on your credit but it is payed off...do you still have "bad credit" or would you be able to get a loan etc.
Bad marks take shape with the way accounts are reported to the bureaus. Based on these, the credit scores are calculated. When you are in the process of repairing the bad credit, the credit scores will improve accordingly.
It is the current score that is viewed keenly by your lenders before credit is extended. When you have completed the payments, there will be an increase in the scores but the effect will be slightly lower if a large number of negative information has already entered in the file for the 7 years.
The lesson to be learnt here is that handle the debt accounts right from the day it incurred. Do not go for revolving credit. It is an extension for which you need to pay the company. You will be a privileged customer of the lenders if you make regular and timely payments. It is my personal suggestion.
Is it true that a debt will drop off a credit report after 7 years? And if so, does this mean that the debt is wiped out and it no longer needs to be paid off?


text:
Pierre Nkurunziza seeks third term
July 21, 2015 Staff Writer
Burundian President Pierre Nkurunziza is standing for a third consecutive term in elections that have been denounced by his opponents as unconstitutional.
The opposition says the president is only entitled to stand for two terms.
Public anger over his bid for a third term provoked violent protests in April and a failed coup attempt in May.
Polls opened at 06:00 local time, after a night of gunfire and explosions in the capital Bujumbura.
The BBC's Maud Jullien in Bujumbura says shooting is continuing in the streets.
The president's office has described the latest protests as terrorist acts intended to disrupt the election.
None of the president's seven challengers in the election has made a significant impact, correspondents say.
In addition several leading opposition parties have said they would boycott the vote.
Rallies in support of the government have recently been held in Bujumbura
Security officials outnumbered ordinary voters at some polling stations in last month's parliamentary vote
Dozens of people have been killed in recent unrest in Burundi
Mr Nkurunziza's main challenger, Agathon Rwasa, is registered as an independent candidate as his faction of the FNL party is not recognised by the government.
Critics say that a win for President Nkurunziza would be a hollow triumph that will result in him governing a bitterly-divided nation.
"The government has opted to isolate itself and go ahead with pseudo-elections," prominent opposition figure Leonce Ngendakumana was quoted by the AFP news agency as saying after negotiations on the crisis broke down on Sunday.
Another opposition figure, Jean Minani, accused the government of being "very irresponsible".
"They have refused to save Burundi from sliding into an abyss," he said.
But officials close to the president – a former guerrilla fighter, teacher and born-again Christian – argue that he is a man of the people and the only person capable of rebuilding the country after decades of civil war.
It is estimated that more than two-thirds of Burundi's population live below the poverty line
They say that he has an instinct for survival and is determined to remain in the presidential palace.
Tensions between Burundi's ethnic Hutu majority – comprising some 85% of the 10.5 million population – and the country's Tutsi minority have flared up regularly since independence from Belgium in 1962.
Mr Nkurunziza led a Hutu rebel group fighting the Tutsi-dominated army until a peace deal let to him becoming president in 2005.
The Constitutional Court has backed his argument that his first term in office did not count towards the two-term limit, as he was elected by MPs.
The elections are being held following weeks of protests over President Nkurunziza's plan to seek a third term.
In May, rebel generals tried to overthrow him in a coup. After they failed, a rebellion began in the north of the country.
The African Union (AU) has not sent observers – the first time it has taken such a stance against a member state.
Tensions in Burundi have forced more than 100,000 people to flee this year.
Some 3.8 million Burundians are eligible to vote.
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text:
package com.lucidworks.spark

import scala.collection.concurrent.TrieMap

/**
  * Spark made it impossible to lookup an accumulator by name. Holding a global singleton here, so that external
  * clients that use this library can access the accumulators that are created by spark-solr for reading/writing
  * Get rid of this once Spark ties accumulators to the context SPARK-13051
  *
  * Not really happy about the global singleton but I don't see any other way to do it
  */
object SparkSolrAccumulatorContext {

  private val accMapping = TrieMap.empty[String, Long]

  def remove(name: String): Unit = {
    accMapping.remove(name)
  }

  def add(name: String, id: Long): Unit = {
    accMapping.put(name, id)
  }

  def getId(name: String): Option[Long] = {
    accMapping.get(name)
  }

  override def toString = s"SparkSolrAccumulatorContext($accMapping)"
}


This is the 3rd "snow cache" winter trip to Yellow Aster Butte. We placed gear there in the fall, came in, dug it out, and had a comfortable 4 days of camping and skiing.
Stephen made a movie of the whole trip. It's long so I just provide a download link. Very professional. More photos of this trip in Stephen's gallery.
Previous trips were in 2003 (no cache) and 2007 (snow cache).
Uptracks are beautiful things Richard looking for the bag we air dropped two days earlier. A foot of snow does a good job of hiding things.
Digging for the cache placed last fall. At this point it was looking a little grim: couldn't find the dropped bag and we had reached the ground with no sign of cached gear. View Media (movie) Digging for the cache.
Andrew and Serge arrived later due to gear complications in the morning. Using photos taken after the drop I was able to direct Andrew to the dropped bag.
View Media (movie) Andrew with the bag View Media (movie) Tom digging for gear. We were 5 ft to one side of where the gear actual was.
We decided to take a run first thing before the sun and warm weather glopped up the fine powder.
Richard and I climbed to the top of the small peak above us to ski it's back side. Other folks went around to a nice gully we skied the year before.
Our runs in the basin on the north side. Nice run through trees lower down.
Climbing back up to do it all over again.
Meanwhile the other group was enjoying powerdy runs down a broad ridge. Steven on the uptrack.
Due to the sun and warm weather all the south facing slopes were either mush or ice crust. Andrew and I climbed over the top to the north side while other's toured around the side. We found the snow on the north side was still excellent.
More nice runs on the back side. Richard and Andrew at the base of the trees.
View Media (movie) Richard on the bottom of what he declared was the best line he's ever skied. Fully utilized.
Difficult skiing on the sun warmed snow. View Media (movie) Difficult hiking through the soft snow in a clear cut.