If, on the other hand, the real origin of the war be impressed upon the mind of the present generation, and it be known, popularly known, that, far from having been, as we are told it was, undertaken in behalf of liberty, or for the defence of our own shores, it was hatched upon the Continent in the secret counsels of despotic courts, and fed from the industry of England by her then oligarchial government; that its object was to deprive the French people of the right of self-government, and to place their liberties at the disposal of an arbitrary king, a corrupt church, and a depraved aristocracy; then the opinion of the country, and its language and acts, will be totally different from what we have just described. Instead of feelings of resentment, there will be sentiments of regret; far from suspecting attacks from the French, the people of England, seeing through, and separating themselves from the policy by which their fathers were misled, will be rather disposed to level their suspicion at those who call upon them again, without one fact to warrant it, to put themselves in an attitude of defiance against their unoffending neighbour; and in lieu of constantly invoking the memory of their own exploits, or the reverses of their opponents, the English people will, under the circumstances which I have supposed, be anxious only for an oblivion of all memorials of an unjust and aggressive war….
But the most consolatory fact of the times is the altered feelings of the great mass of the people since 1793. There lies our great advantage. With the exception of a lingering propensity to strike for the freedom of some other people, a sentiment partly traceable to a generous sympathy, and in some small degree, I fear, to insular pride and ignorance, there is little disposition for war in our day. Had the popular tone been as sound in 1792, Fox and his friends would have prevented the last great war. But for this mistaken tendency to interfere by force in behalf of other nations there is no cure but by enlightening the mass of the people upon the actual condition of the Continental populations. This will put an end to the supererogatory commiseration which is sometimes lavished upon them, and turn their attention to the defects of their own social condition. I have travelled much, and always with an eye to the state of the great majority, who everywhere constitute the toiling base of the social pyramid; and I confess I have arrived at the conclusion that there is no country where so much is required to be done before the mass of the people become what it is pretended they are, what they ought to be, and what I trust they will yet be, as in England. There is too much truth in the picture of our social condition drawn by the Travelling Bachelor∗ of Cambridge University, and lately flung in our faces from beyond the Atlantic, to allow us any longer to delude ourselves with the idea that we have nothing to do at home, and may therefore devote ourselves to the elevation of nations of the Continent. It is to this spirit of interference with other countries, the wars to which it has led, and the consequent diversion of men's minds (upon the Empress Catherine's principle) from home grievances, that we must attribute the unsatisfactory state of the mass of our people.
But to rouse the conscience of the people in favour of peace, the whole truth must be told them of the part they have played in past wars. In every pursuit in which we embark, our energies carry us generally in advance of all competitors. How few of us care to remember that, during the first half of the last century, we carried on the slave-trade more extensively than all the world besides; that we made treaties for the exclusive supply of negroes; that ministers of state, and even royalty were not averse to profit by the traffic. But when Clarkson (to whom fame has not yet done justice) commenced his agitation against this vile commerce, he laid the sin at the door of the nation; he appealed to the conscience of the people, and made the whole community responsible for the crimes which the slave-traders were perpetrating with their connivance; and the eternal principles of truth and humanity, which are ever present in the breasts of men, however they may be for a time obscured, were not appealed to in vain. We are now, with our characteristic energy, first and foremost in preventing, by force, that traffic which our statesmen sought to monopolise a century ago.
It must be even so in the agitation of the peace party. They will never rouse the conscience of the people, so long as they allow them to indulge the comforting delusion that they have been a peace-loving nation. We have been the most combative and aggressive community that has existed since the days of the Roman dominion. Since the revolution of 1688 we have expended more than fifteen hundred millions of money upon wars, not one of which has been upon our own shores, or in defence of our hearths and homes. "For so it is," says a not unfriendly foreign critic,! "other nations fight at or near their own territory: the English everywhere." From the time of old Froissart, who, when he found himself on the English coast, exclaimed that he was among a people who "loved war better than peace, and where strangers were well received," down to the day of our amiable and admiring visitor, the author of the Sketch Book, who, in his pleasant description of John Bull, has portrayed him as always fumbling for his cudgel whenever a quarrel arose among his neighbours, this pugnacious propensity has been invariably recognised by those who have studied our national character. It reveals itself in our historical favourites, in the popularity of the madcap Richard, Henry of Agincourt, the belligerent Chatham, and those monarchs and statesmen who have been most famous for their warlike achievements. It is displayed in our fondness for erecting monuments to warriors, even at the doors of our marts of commerce; in the frequent memorials of our battles, in the names of bridges, streets, and omnibuses; but above all in the display which public opinion tolerates in our metropolitan cathedral, whose walls are decorated with bas-reliefs of battle scenes, of storming of towns, and charges of bayonets, where horses and riders, ships, cannon and musketry, realise by turns, in a Christian temple, the fierce struggle of the siege and the battle-field. I have visited, I believe, all the great Christian temples in the capitals of Europe; but my memory fails me, if I saw anything to compare with it. Mr. Layard has brought us some very similar works of art from Nineveh, but he has not informed us that they were found in Christian churches….


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FHE: Working Together
Shauna Gibby - Conference Talk:  For more information on this topic read "LDS Women are Incredible!" by Quentin L. Cook, Ensign , May 2011, 18. Thought:  All members of the Church of Jesus Christ are "to labor in his vineyard for the salvation of the souls of men." (Doctrine and Covenants 138:56.) "[The] work of salvation includes member missionary work, convert retention, activation of less-active members, temple and family history work, ... teaching the gospel," ( Handbook 2: Administering the Church (2010), page 22.) and caring for the poor and needy (See Handbook 2, 6.1.). (Quentin L. Cook, "LDS Women Are Incredible!," Ensign ,...
Video Perfectly Celebrates Motherhood with the Answer to the Question: What is the Best Job in the World?
LDS Living Staff - What does a two-time cancer survivor, 24-year-old CEO, and podcast creator have in common? They are all mothers, and they all agree the best job in the world is motherhood.  In this stiry.com original video, mothers different backgrounds professions share what inspires them as mothers and what motherhood means to them in a perfect celebration of motherhood.  "No matter what, the most important role I have is being a mom," one woman shares.  ...
First Presidency Calls 4 New Temple Presidents to Texas, Ecuador, and More
Deseret News - From Texas to Ecuador and from California to Florida, the First Presidency has called four new temple presidents.  The First Presidency has called the following new temple presidents and matrons. They will begin their service later this year. Lubbock Texas Temple Blaine Jay Bushman , 69, Midland 3rd Ward, Odessa Texas Stake, called as president of the Lubbock Texas Temple, succeeding President Steven J. Vore. President Bushman's wife, Margene Bingham Bushman, will serve as temple matron, succeeding Sister Laurel D. Vore. He is a Sunday School teacher and temple ordinance worker, and is a former president of the Wyoming Mormon Trail Mission,...
#TheMomInHer: Touching Mother's Day Tributes Shared by Beloved LDS Authors and Artists
LDS Living Staff - In honor of Mother's Day, Time Out for Women (TOFW) ran a #TheMomInHer contest . Here were some touching posts gathered from beloved LDS authors and performers, from Elaine Dalton to Nathan Pacheco. When I was a teenager, I made the mistake of making the remark, "I get along with boys way better than I do with girls," in front of my grandmother. My grandmother, who I called, Mom, because she raised me, quickly let me know that, "I was a woman, who came from a woman, who came from a woman, therefore in this house we respect and honor women!"...
"It's Heart Breaking": Paul Walker's LDS Mom Shares Grief She Still Feels for Her Son + What's Been the Biggest Comfort for His Dad
Katie Lambert - Paul Walker's LDS mother, Cheryl Walker, recently opened up about the grief she still feels nearly four years after her son's death.  "People think that you should just get over it, but they've never experienced it," Cheryl says on The   Dr. Oz Show . "There are people that have, and my heart goes out to all of them. It's heartbreaking." Paul, an actor known for his role as Brian O'Conner in the Fast and Furious  movies, passed away suddenly in November 2013 as a result of a car accident. "I had had a really nice conversation with Paul that morning,"...
What We Know About One of the Most Prominent Mothers Mentioned in the Book of Mormon
Dr. Taylor Halverson and Dr. Camille Fronk Olson - Sariah is one of the few named women in the Book of Mormon. Her contribution in the family dynamics of Lehi's party was crucial to the success of the journey to the Promised Land. Based on clues from the Book of Mormon, Lehi had wealth and standing in the Jerusalem community. That would mean that Sariah would have likely had a comfortable dwelling, perhaps some servants, too. In her responsibilities as the matriarch of the family, she likely managed all operations of domestic activities, including resources to maintain the family home. She probably had a network of female friends who provided...
What the Book of Mormon Teaches Us About the Temple
Book of Mormon Central - What fascinating insights from the Book of Mormon that teach us more about the importance of temples. In July 1831, the Lord revealed to Joseph Smith that the saints were to build a temple as part of the city of Zion ( Doctrine and Covenants 57:2–3 ;  58:57 ). The temple was to be a place for teaching and revelation ( Doctrine and Covenants 97:13–14 ;  124:38 ). It was the house of the Lord, a place where the Lord could come and appear to His people ( Doctrine and Covenants 97:15–16 ;  109:5 ). It was a place for the...
What 16 Famous People Have Said About the Tabernacle Choir
Jannalee Rosner - As one of the largest, most remarkable volunteer choirs in the world, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir has garnered its fair share of praise—from members of the Church as well as those outside it. Here is a taste of some of the inspiring thoughts famous figures have shared when asked about the Tabernacle Choir. Listen to some of these famous performers alongside the Mormon Tabernacle Choir on the brand-new album   Mormon Tabernacle Choir & Friends , available at Deseret Book stores and on deseretbook.com . Ronald Reagan President Ronald Reagan was the first to dub the Tabernacle Choir "America's Choir." He...
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Rachel Trotter - It's almost Mother's Day and chances are you might just feel like you don't make the mark as a mom. But I'm here to tell you, the little things matter and you are making the mark a lot more than you think. The last couple of weeks I had the chance to read the sweet picture book,  Once There Was a Mom  by one of my favorite authors,  Emily Watts . The sweet illustrations by Destin Cox make for the complete package. The first time I read through the book I was touched by the simplicity and the message that the...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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12thNight.ca
Liz Nicholls on theatre
News/Views
← Together once more, on the street where you live: The Garneau Block at the Citadel. Meet playwright Belinda Cornish.
Conjuring Patsy in concert, live at the Mayfield: A Closer Walk With Patsy Cline. A review. →
Why Edmonton? Why Garneau? What's in a 'hood? We ask novelist Todd Babiak about The Garneau Block
Posted on September 17, 2021 by Liz Nicholls
The Garneau Block by Belinda Cornish, based on the Todd Babiak novel, Citadel Theatre.
By Liz Nicholls, 12thnight.ca
"LET'S FIX IT." A rallying cry? A call to action? A cosmic signal? It sounds like a communal mantra for our fraught and broken time.
That mysterious three-word sign, duct-taped to trees in a signature Edmonton neighbourhood, is at the very heart of the new play that finally — after many starts and COVID-ian postponements — arrives onstage at the Citadel in front of a real live audience, starting Saturday.
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The Garneau Block could hardly be more of this place. It's by an Edmonton playwright, Belinda Cornish. It's adapted from a much-loved 2006 Giller longlisted novel, satirical and humorously affectionate, by an Edmonton writer, Todd Babiak. It's about idiosyncratic people who come together in a 'hood we know, in the city we're living in. And this love letter to Edmonton premieres on the mainstage of this burg's biggest playhouse.
"If you want to write a novel with a strong sense of place, it had better be a place you have a warm, complicated long-term relationship with. And for me, it's definitely Edmonton," says Babiak, a great friend of mine, from the time we worked together in the Edmonton Journal entertainment department. He's on the phone from a world away. Though he's mid-adventure in Hobart, Tasmania as CEO of a crown corporation (Brand Tasmania) that's all about enhancing the identity and fortunes of that small under-rated Australian state, his head and heart are full of Edmonton.
So much so that Babiak's latest novel, The Spirits Up (to be published by Penguin Random House Oct. 26), a mystery that takes its mysteriously haunted characters, an inventor's family, from Halloween night to Christmas time, is set in Edmonton, too. And Edmonton doesn't just happen to be the setting; as in The Garneau Block, it's a character, too. "I feel more of a sense of confidence that you can make what some might say is an obscure middle city into a character, and if you make it special, or compelling or interesting, people will see themselves in it. We all live somewhere…."
The Garneau Block began life as a serial novel that appeared in daily instalments for three months in the fall of 2005 in the Edmonton Journal where Babiak was a columnist at the time. From the editors he heard "Hey, I read this thing by Alexander McCall Smith in The Scotsman. Hey, we happen to have a novelist on staff. Hey, you could do that. Hey, want to give it a shot?"
Babiak laughs. "In half an hour I went from 'no, I have other plans' to 'I have readers here, 50,000 on a day. What, am I crazy?'" He says, "I so enjoyed writing it…. It was my favourite time at the newspaper, the least traditional thing I ever did there. And I'm really so thankful for brave bosses that let me do it, a very strange thing for them to let me do, because we were already entering the end of the newspaper era." He calls it "the era of possibility."
The Garneau Block wasn't built in the episodic open-ended way that, say, McCall Smith's 44 Scotland Street unspooled in The Scotsman or Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City in The San Francisco Chronicle. "I wanted it to have a beginning, middle, and end.… There had to be an ending." That made it trickier, says Babiak. Each chapter had "to move the plot along in little ways, but also be able to work as a thing in itself…. The Journal gave me three months to write it first, an average of a thousand words a day."
It started with the idea of autumn (and that's when it started in the newspaper): "seasons changing, the beginning of the school year, that feeling of deflation you get at the end of the Fringe (one of Babiak's favourite times of the year)…. And a sadly violent thing happens. After that I had no idea what would happen."
Novelist Todd Babiak on location in Hobart, Tasmania.
The literary turf wasn't, still isn't for that matter, exactly littered by novels set in Edmonton instead of, you know, "real cities" with novelistic bona fides. "There are people who feel that novels should be based in London, Paris, or New York… Those people probably aren't my audience," Babiak laughs. "I'm attracted to the under-estimated, the misunderstood…. In both The Garneau Block and now The Spirits Up, some of the characters really take that on. They see that choice to live in Edmonton as something that defines them. And they struggle with it all the time as they enter middle-age or beyond."
Part of the charm of The Garneau Block is the way dimensional characters really inhabit places we know well. They meet at the Sugar Bowl; they hang at the Gazebo Park; they go to Die-Nasty or the Fringe. "When Garneau Block was first published in the Journal I got all these letters complaining the naming was too blatant," Babiak remembers. "Clearly," he thought, "the issue was they thought Edmonton wasn't real enough to be fake; we didn't have the confidence yet to be expressing ourselves that way…."
"'Is this where I've chosen to live?' At some point you either embrace that, 'this is why I live in Edmonton!', and see yourself as comfortably Edmonton, or you suffer; you're trapped with Poor Old Edmonton. And not just Edmonton, there are a lot of places in the world that hold that tension, including where I live now…. For most of the 20th century, Tasmania was 'why would anyone live there?' Now it's coming into a sense of self which I find really enchanting."
We've all been battered by the mythology of Calgary, borrowed largely from south of the border. "The Globe and Mail and The National Post would treat Edmonton as a kind of suburb of Calgary; you could see that in a lazy way they weren't really interested," muses Babiak, who's always been keen to capture something of the culture of this place in his work, both literary and non-. "Ten years ago people in Edmonton were feeling that we can make a workshop of this place. It needs a lot of work. But maybe that's an opportunity for us to build it the way we'd like."
For his story about characters in a neighbourhood, with all the attendant sparks and tensions, coming together to save it (and maybe fall in love), why Garneau? "It had a bit of everything," says Babiak who grew up in Leduc and lived in Garneau as a student, in a terrible basement suite on 87th Ave. before he went to university in Montréal.
He remembers seeing posters, "Save Garneau", in the High Level Diner. "Garneau has been saved many times over the years by its community," he laughs. He came to know this even better when he moved to the 'hood, above ground in a real house en famille, long after The Garneau Block was published. "Rich people and poor students, actors and theatre people, an ethnic mix, places you could walk to and I could set scenes in. And, yes, the university. It was almost like a stage: a little bit of everything in a small geographic location…. In real estate values, Garneau is very expensive but it's also people crammed in, seeing each other, touching each other … among the most urban places in Edmonton: legit, so not-fake, with history to it."
Along with Babiak's The Book of Stanley (also serialized in the Journal, in 2008), The Garneau Block had been optioned earlier for television by the CBC in a pre-Schitt's Creek time when serial TV, "hilariously," was completely against their rules at the time. The idea of The Garneau Block as a play had been put to him as a possibility in a previous Citadel regime by James MacDonald. "Daryl (Citadel artistic director Daryl Cloran) wanted to talk about it as soon as he took the job!" says Babiak, delighted by the prospect he alas won't get to see onstage due to international travel restrictions. "He said 'this is what we do! we're going to tell stories about this place!'"
"There's a sad-sack quality about Edmonton that sometimes gets us all down," Babiak agrees. "But on the same day, in the afternoon, the sun breaks through and you're on a walk and it smells great and looks good and people are nice, and there's a sense of possibility."
That's when Poor Old Edmonton (aka P.O.E.) becomes Good Old Edmonton (aka G.O.E.). "For many of the characters, The Garneau Block is really about that."
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Suicide rate on the rise in Malaysia
The Star/Asia News Network
PUTRAJAYA, Malaysia - The suicide rate is on the rise in Malaysia, with more than 1,000 people taking their own lives over a three-year period.
Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai said the ratio of suicides from 2007 to 2010 was 1.3 for every 100,000 people, but added that it could be higher.
"These are just figures we collected from post-mortems. We think suicides are under-reported," he told a press conference after chairing the Mental Health Promotion advisory council meeting here.
Of the 1,156 people who committed suicide over the three-year period, the majority were aged between 24 and 44.
Liow said this was alarming as the victims belonged to the productive age group.
"National statistics also show that men outnumber women three to one, while the Chinese had the highest number of suicides at 48%, followed by Indians (21%), Malays (18%) and other races (13%)," he said.
However, he said the country's suicide rate was far lower than the global average of 16 for every 100,000 people.
Given the increase in suicides in Malaysia, the Government had decided to launch a five-year National Suicide Prevention Strategic Action Plan starting this year, said Liow.
Part of the plan is to shift mental health treatment from being purely institutionalised in hospitals to more community-centric and to be made available at community mental health centres.
"By bringing mental healthcare to the clinics, the Government is adhering to the World Health Organisation's recommendations of getting the public to play a greater role in providing support for mental health patients," said Liow.
The initial target is to set up one community mental health centre in every state this year.
"Currently, we have 224 psychiatrists in the ministry. The ratio of psychiatrists to the population is 1:150,000, but ideally we need to get a ratio of 1:50,000, which means we need a three-fold increase," he said.
Samaritans of Singapore (SOS): 1800-2214444
Singapore Association for Mental Health: 1800-2837019
Sage Counselling Centre: 1800-5555555
Care Corner Mandarin Counselling: 1800-3535800


Tyler Mitchell is a 23-year-old, NY based, filmmaker and photographer. With firm roots in Atlanta. Having recently graduated from Tisch, NYU, he uses his work as a way to evoke conversations about "innocence, and truth in the lives of black people," which earned him a spot on 2016's Dazed 100 list. Mitchell draws out the vulnerability in his subjects from Cuban skaters to Texan rapper, Kevin Abstract, and has shot campaigns for Marc Jacobs, Givenchy, and Converse, to name a few. Most recently he photographed the cover of Teen Vogue featuring Emma Gonzalez, Sarah Chadwick, Nza-Ari Khepra, and Jaclyn Corin - the new faces of gun reform.
TVPS: So how did you get into photography?
TM: Well first I got into skateboarding because that's what you do when you're bored and in the suburbs. I was teaching myself how to skateboard off of YouTube videos and then I met a good group of friends who I started skating with. We all got really into skate montages and skate videos - Spike Jones and things like that - and I started to realize that you could make really good skate videos for pretty cheap. So I fell into that, and then one thing led to another, and now I'm here.
It was a very grave and important shoot to do. I had to do it and put all my heart and soul into it. There were times where I felt like crying on set but you just have to keep pushing forward.
Photography because a seriously viable career path.
I met Venetia Scott. I ran into her at some crazy place like Dover Street Market in London and said, "Are you, Venetia Scott?" She replied, "Yes." Then I was like, "I just have to say, those photographs you did of this woman, they were incredible." She did these photographs in Document Journal, she shot it, styled it, did the set design. It was a plus sized model, and she was basically naked, wearing one piece of clothing and there was this amazing purple and turquoise rug. She replied, "Oh yeah. I did those all by myself in my small, small studio," and I think that just woke me up. Even at the highest level, my favorite things come out of just you being by yourself in a room - you can just make it happen.
I don't have an, "in five years I'm going to be doing this," as I don't really like to look ahead like that, but I've been writing down things that I want for next year. I want to definitely expand more into film, it's where I started and I want to go back. I think 2018 will be a lot of film projects for me, hopefully in collaboration with musicians and other influential artists. I want to keep utilizing the fashion commission as a way to do what I do, and wherever that fits in is where I'll be working. I want to keep things growing and getting better in incremental ways, the work and the ideas are there, and I just want to find new ways to express it. That's all art is, right? I've figured out what I want to talk about, which is innocence, and truth in the lives of black people, and now it's just finding different ways that that gets out.
What advice would you give to an aspiring photographer and fan?
Well it's funny you say this, I was sitting in LaGuardia airport, going to Atlanta for the holidays a year ago, and two kids came up to me and said, "Tyler, we're big fans of yours, we're from Atlanta, we live between there and New York and anytime that we're in the same place, we'd love to assist you." They had really good timing, because I was doing this thing with American Eagle in Atlanta, so I asked them if they wanted to assist and they were freaking out. They're were like kids in a candy store - and since they've been my assistants, casting directors, etc, we are true collaborators and friends in that sense. But back then I was doing this hilariously beautiful film for American Eagle - I love American Eagle, it's so bad - so I thought that it was such a good opportunity. I was directing the film by myself in Atlanta, in my old high school pool, using the metaphor of black people swimming to speak about a lot of things, and I texted them saying, "I need about 20 of our friends in Atlanta, all black men, tomorrow, at a pool. Do you have people you can send me?" And he basically cast the whole thing for me in three hours. It's so good that they came into my life, because now we're learning a lot from each other.
But anyways, when they came up to me they were wanting advice, and I help where I can, because I think it's really cool that I'm only 22, and can really resonate with these kids, and they feel like they have a place now. The imagery I make, it's not elitist. It's not about feeling elitist, and it's not even about glamour. I've been reading about glamour, and it's such a fucked up thing. It's supposed to make you want to buy more. But I think what my pictures are doing are not necessarily making you want to buy more through exclusivity or selling this high lifestyle, but somehow resonating with those kids who are like, "We didn't see ourselves here before." And those two kids who came into my life, it's been really fortunate, I tell them all the time, keep at it, and one of them actually moved to New York and now is my assistant.


Pictures 1—The Hawaiian Band taken in San Francisco in 1883. 2—The band on the steps of the new Palace and the Executive Building [Hale Mana Hooko] today, taken in 1884. The new uniforms of the boys seen in this picture was sent by mistake from America to Honduras, Central America. 3—The Band lead by [Jose S.] Libornio that refused to swear under the Provisional Government in 1893. 4—The picture of J. K. Pohina [James K. Pohina], the only man left of the 26 who established the band 50 years ago, who is still with the Hawaiian Band. 5—The band at the Golden Gate, of San Francisco, at a banquet in 1895. 6—The band today at their new home on Waiakamilo Street, Kalihi. 7—The Bana Hawaii leading the parade of the Great Secret Society Knights Templars in San Francisco, August 20, 1883.
Royal Kawaihau Glee Club honors the Hawaiian Band, 1906.
Just as was announced last week that the Kawaihau Glee Club would give presents to the children of the band boys, that Glee Club did indeed do so on this past Friday night at Progress Hall.
There was a Christmas tree for the children with presents weighing down on its branches, which were given generously [for] the band members to see, things to give joy to their children; however, they were shocked by being each given envelopes with three dollars and sixty-five cents as a Christmas gift, something they did not bef0re dream of, that they too would receive Christmas presents.
Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke XLV, Helu 52, Aoao 1. Dekemaba 28, 1906.
…forests of Oregon, and it was right in the middle of the room where the tree was stood, with strings of tinsel glistening and candles shining on the branches swaying with snowballs filled with candy; and because of the low light in the room, the beauty of the festooned tree was clearly seen.
The Kawaihau Glee Club took their place atop the stage [awai], and there they opened with the song "Aloha oe," and after they were done with that song, they played the "Kawaihau Waltz," and that was when Santa Claus came in, that being O. Swain, and said that his sleigh was broken which was why the presents didn't comewith him, but they were at the door, and some young singers brought the presents over to Santa Claus and he distributed them to the children and the room was just like a musical instrument shop with all the noise coming from the instruments of the children. Each of the children played trumpets like the Hawaiian Band (of Children).
The most amazing thing that night was the handing over of envelops to each of the band members with a present within, and after the presents were done being handed out, Mr. Naone stood representing the members of the Hawaiian Band [Bana Hawaii] and gave their thanks to Sam Nainoa and his fellow members of the Glee Club for their honoring them; it wasn't just something surprising for them, but something that gave them joy.
Sam K. Nainoa responded from the Glee Club and was appreciative that what was planned went smoothly, and for him were given cheers of joy.
There was also a light meal set out for the families of the band members, and they ate their fill of that food, and those that desired to dance, they went at it; were it not for the sleepy children the activities of the night would not have let out so quickly.
Let it be recalled that the money used for this gift giving, that being the money that Mr. Nainoa and his Glee Club worked for by holding a dance at the Young Hotel to help the Hawaiian Band who was at Nevada. The profit from that activity was two hundred and thirty-one (231) dollars.
Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke XLV, Helu 52, Aoao 5. Dekemaba 28, 1906.
A name song for the boys of the Royal Hawaiian Band, 1893.
HE INOA NO NA KEIKI O KA BANA LAHUI.
Hawaii Holomua, Buke III, Helu 185, Aoao 2. Maraki 23, 1893.


A vacation in Tahiti doesn't mean you have to be confined to the beaches the whole duration. Although that's totally fine you want to, you'd missing out on all the other exciting adventures and things to do. Here's your ultimate guide to the top bucket-list activities for your trip to Tahiti.
It wouldn't be a trip to Tahiti without at least a glimpse of an overwater bungalow. French Polynesia is famous for these idyllic ocean huts, particularly in Moorea and Bora Bora. Worried about the cost? Try these tips to save money.
Tahiti is surrounded by beautiful waterfalls, often requiring a trek through the lush rainforest before a dip into the rockpool at the bottom of the falls to cool off. The Three Waterfalls, known locally as Les Trois Cascades or the Faarumai Waterfalls, are a series of falls on the northeastern part of Tahiti Nui.
La Plage de Maui, or Maui's Beach, takes its name from Hawaii. It's one of the only white sand beaches on Tahiti Nui, lying on the island's southern coast. The nearby lagoon is ideal for snorkelling and swimming and soaking up the French Polynesia atmosphere. Don't forget to grab a snack at the beach's snack bar.
The Huahine Natural Aquarium takes you up close and personal with the beautiful marine life of the Pacific Ocean, in the shallow waters of the lagoon. Watch from the platform or dive into the water to get a closer look. Otherwise, head to the Intercontinental's Lagoonarium in the middle of the resort.
Discover Tahiti's unique history at the Museum of Tahiti and Her Islands, especially its Polynesian heritage. The museum is divided into different sections including anthropology, habitations and artefacts, social and religious life as well as general history.
This museum is a tribute to the French artist Paul Gauguin. The building itself is in the style of a traditional Japanese house. Prior to arriving in Tahiti, Gauguin developed an art style called Cloisonnism, which was influenced by Japanese prints.
Tahiti is known for having one of the most dangerous surf breaks in the world, Teahupo'o. Its waves are big and powerful, and it breaks right onto the razor sharp reef. Tahiti's best waves occur during the winter months of May to October. Of course, there are plenty of slightly more accessible surf areas and waves ideal for those less experienced and a sightseeing boat for those who want to see what Teahupo'o is all about.
The James Norman Hall House is a tribute to one of Tahiti's most famous authors. The home has been kept in the same condition as when Hall lived there from 1920. You can wander through the house to see the garden tea room and the library where there are over 3000 books.
Local markets in the Pacific are a great way to see examples of Polynesian culture, with local arts and crafts, as well as the chance to try new fruit and vegetables. The Papeete Market is one of the biggest in Tahiti and lies in the heart of the capital city. Stock up on souvenirs and gifts and bring the island vibes home with you.
Discover the oldest Catholic church in Tahiti. The Notre-Dame Cathedral is an example of the old colonial architecture which was once widely seen throughout Tahiti, but with a distinct island touch. A clam shell is used to hold the Holy Water inside the church.
This memorable site is an important one of Tahiti's history, acknowledging the nuclear tests which were carried out in the Pacific. The park stands in protest of this nuclear activity and pays tribute to victims of nuclear incidents around the world. Official memorial services are held in the park and local artists have created works to honour those who've lost their lives as a result of nuclear explosions.
The Arohoho Blowhole is a must-visit attraction in Tahiti and shows the power and force of Mother Nature. The blowhole has been created through years of coastal erosion from the big swells slamming across the coastline. Every time there's a particularly significant swell, it pushes water up through a hole in the rocks, spraying up into the air.
Tahiti's black pearls are rare and unique and you can see the largest ever collection of them at the Black Pearl Museum. These pearls carry plenty of mythology and the museum offers a unique insight to the cultural significance of these precious gems.
Refresh yourself in the paradise that is Bougainville Park. Surrounded by incredible native flora, you'll forget for a moment you're so close to the waterfront. Pack a picnic and eat under the banyan trees and view the different statues in the park, while admiring native plants.
Aorai Mountain is Tahiti's second tallest peak, and reasonably straight forward to hike – it can even be done without a guide. There are different levels of difficulties. The climb to the very top will take about two days.
Pomare V was Tahiti's final king and died in 1891 after consuming too much alcohol. The tomb where he is laid was originally designed for his mother in 1879. King Pomare V's ashes are held in a Grecian urn. There are four other graves nearby belonging to previous Tahitian kings.
Point Venus is where Captain James Cook recorded the planet Venus transiting the face of the sun. He arrived in Tahiti in 1769 on the HMS Endeavour, anchoring at Matavai Bay. The point where he noted the transit of Venus is now known as Venus Point.
These petroglyphs aren't easy to access – you can only head out on the peninsula on foot, or potentially jump on a boat. Te Pari is a wild, rugged coastline on the southern side of Tahiti Nui, where the pounding waves are spectacular to watch as they shape the coastline. Hire a guide to point out the petroglyphs.
This grotto is a natural wonder surrounded by ferns, with a little lake inside. It's believed Queen Pomare IV and the artist Paul Gauguin both swam in the lake. There's little significant history or cultural significance to the site, other than that it is a beautiful spot.
Discover Polynesia's unique flora at the Botanical Gardens, which are situated next to the Gauguin Museum. They were named after an American physics professor and botanist Harrison Smith. When Smith arrived in Tahiti, he purchased 137 hectares of land and planted it out with exotic flowers and trees which he imported himself.


Child maltreatment causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Morbidity associated with child maltreatment can reduce health-related quality of life. Accurately measuring the reduction in quality of life associated with child maltreatment is essential to the economic evaluation of educational programs and interventions to reduce the incidence of child maltreatment. The objective of this study was to review the literature for existing approaches and instruments for measuring quality-of-life for child maltreatment outcomes.
We reviewed the current literature to identify current approaches to valuing child maltreatment outcomes for economic evaluations. We also reviewed available preference-based generic QOL instruments (EQ-5D, HUI, QWB, SF-6D) for appropriateness in measuring change in quality of life due to child maltreatment.
We did not identify any studies that directly evaluated quality-of-life in maltreated children. We identified 4 studies that evaluated quality of life for adult survivors of child maltreatment and 8 studies that measured quality-of-life for pediatric injury not related to child maltreatment. No study reported quality-of-life values for children younger than age 3.
Currently available preference-based QOL instruments (EQ-5D, HUI, QWB, SF-6D) have been developed primarily for adults with the exception of the Health Utilities Index. These instruments do not include many of the domains identified as being important in capturing changes in quality of life for child maltreatment, such as potential for growth and development or psychological sequelae specific to maltreatment.
Recommendations for valuing preference-based quality-of-life for child maltreatment will vary by developmental level and type of maltreatment. In the short-term, available multi-attribute utility instruments should be considered in the context of the type of child maltreatment being measured. However, if relevant domains are not included in existing instruments or if valuing health for children less than 6 years of age, direct valuation with a proxy respondent is recommended. The choice of a proxy respondent is not clear in the case of child maltreatment since the parent may not be a suitable proxy. Adult survivors should be considered as appropriate proxies. Longer-term research should focus on identifying the key domains for measuring child health and the development of preference-based quality-of-life instruments that are appropriate for valuing child maltreatment outcomes.
Child maltreatment, typically defined as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and/or emotional neglect of children ages 0–17 years by their parents or caretakers, causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. The most recent report estimates that approximately 906,000 children were maltreated in the US in 2003, and an estimated 1,500 children were confirmed to have died from their injuries. Estimates of the lifetime economic impact of child maltreatment, as measured by direct medical costs and productivity losses, have been estimated as $93 billion. Although large, these estimates likely represent an underestimate of the true burden of child maltreatment due to the lack of accurate incidence reporting and the inability to assess costs for indirect effects of child maltreatment on temporary or permanent physical and cognitive disabilities, and sustained losses in future education and occupational attainment. Furthermore, there is evidence that child maltreatment can cause an increase in risky behaviors later in life such as smoking, alcoholism, drug use, eating disorders, obesity, depression, suicide, sexual promiscuity and specific chronic diseases [4–9]. Maltreatment that occurs during infancy or early childhood such as shaken-baby syndrome (SDS) can similarly lead to life-long physical, mental and cognitive impairments because the brain has been damaged.
This broad range of child maltreatment's impact on health suggests that it may also have a substantial impact on its victims' life expectancy and long-term health-related quality of life (HRQL). HRQL can be measured using either health status measures or preference-based measures, with each category providing different information. Health status measures summarize the presence, absence, severity, frequency, and/or duration of specific symptoms, impairment, or disabilities. Examples of health status measures used in children include the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds-QL), Child Health and Illness Profile (CHIP), and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) [11, 12]. These measures provide information on several domains of HRQL. In contrast, preference-based measures provide a summary value for a respondent's valuation of the quality of life of a particular health state, incorporating all positive and negative aspects of a health state into a single number. A commonly used approach for valuing preferences in health is utility. A utility value is typically scaled between 1.0, representing perfect health, and 0.0, representing a health state judged equivalent to being dead (although health states worse than dead can be scaled less than zero). Economic evaluations require the use of a preference-based measure of health states to correctly value changes in health [13–15].
Cost-effectiveness analysis, a type of economic evaluation, is one of the most widely used tools available to policy makers to measure the relative value of health care interventions. Cost-effectiveness analyses can be used by health insurers as well as federal and state policy makers as important guides to the allocation of resources. They provide the cost per health benefit gained from any single health intervention and also help to demonstrate which of two competing health care interventions is a better value. Cost-utility analysis, a subset of cost-effectiveness analysis, uses a generic measure of benefit, the quality-adjusted life year (QALY), to measure the amount of health benefit associated with an intervention. The quality of a cost-utility analysis depends in large part on the quality of the inputs into the analysis as well as on the validity of the structure of the model. These inputs typically fall into three categories: probabilities, costs, and quality adjustments for health outcomes (to calculate QALYs gained). Therefore, the validity of a cost-effectiveness analysis will depend upon the appropriate valuation of health benefits.
In the context of child maltreatment, economic evaluation can be used to answer key questions, such as, are home visitation programs cost-effective relative to alternative interventions designed to reduce child maltreatment? Do these programs provide a positive return on investment, and from whose perspective? Are programs, that are provided in different settings, with different practitioners, to different target populations, delivered in a cost-efficient manner?
Scant research has focused on measuring HRQL for maltreated children; yet, to evaluate the total effectiveness of intervention/prevention programs for child maltreatment, accurate measures of the effect of child maltreatment on HRQL must be utilized that capture changes in all relevant domains of health. In addition, these measures need to appropriately capture the long-term impacts of child maltreatment that can occur in adulthood.
This study reviews the available literature on HRQL associated with child maltreatment using either preference-based, health status, or other approaches. There are two general approaches to measuring preference-based quality of life for economic evaluations: direct assessment or multi-attribute utility instruments. We will consider advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches for measuring HRQL for child maltreatment. We will also describe challenges specific to eliciting utilities from children such as cognitive challenges of the task, using parent as proxies, defining health differently than from adults, using community- level weights (or tariffs) that have been elicited from adult populations and applying them to child defined health states. Recommendations for next steps and future research are detailed.
Literature searches were conducted to identify (1) studies that measured HRQL for child maltreatment outcomes and economic evaluations of child maltreatment prevention or intervention programs, and (2) existing multi-attribute and health status instruments for children and adults. Three databases were utilized: PubMed, Econlit, and PsychInfo. Search terms and search strategies are listed in Appendix 1 [see Additional file 1].
The search for studies that measured HRQL for child maltreatment was limited to literature from English speaking countries and published between the years 1976–2006. At the first stage, article titles were reviewed and any articles that had HRQL, preferences and/or economic evaluation were included. In the next stage, abstracts were read to confirm that studies were relevant. A complete reading of the remaining articles was done to verify that all the papers contained the appropriate information. Articles were excluded at this stage, if subjects were greater than 17 years of age and/or did not meet the criteria listed above.
A data abstraction form (Appendix 2) [see Additional file 2] was specifically created to summarize all significant information from articles and to collect data in an organized fashion that would be simple to analyze. The abstraction form contained information on descriptive elements of the study, including: title of the article, authors' names, name of the journal and year it was published, country of origin, time frame, type of maltreatment, type of study (i.e. health status, preference-based, descriptive), how preferences were measured, and HRQL instruments utilized. The form assisted in the collection of specific methodologic information and categorized data elements into the following items: source of preferences (i.e. patient, parent, expert etc.), age of respondents, technique used in valuing preferences such as direct (i.e. rating scale, standard gamble, time trade off) and indirect (i.e. Health Utilities Index, Quality of Well-Being scale, EuroQol-5D) assessment of preferences, identification of the rater of health states in the study (i.e. patient, parent, and expert), age of rater, if the raters experienced health states and if so, how long were the health states and what were the health states, and age of the child whose HRQL was assessed.
The detailed information collected in the abstraction form allowed us to assess methods for calculating QALYs, observe which techniques and instruments were used to measure preferences as well as whose quality of life was assessed, and to identify from whom values were obtained.
The literature was then reviewed to identify generic quality of life instruments that could be applied to child maltreatment. The instruments reviewed were the Euroqol 5 dimension scale (EQ-5D), the Health Utilities Index (HUI), the Quality of Well Being scale (QWB), and the Short Form 36 (SF-36). Pediatric HRQL instruments such as Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds-QL), Functional Status II (FS II), Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ), Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), and Child Health and Illness Profile (CHIP-CE) were also investigated to ascertain which domains were covered and if they were applicable to child maltreatment. The following information was collected: a description of the instrument, including domains and attribute levels of health, target population and target health outcome, a description of reliability and validity testing, and scoring system, if available.
The original search identified 1960 candidate articles from PubMed (91%), PsychInfo (8%), and EconLit (1%). At the first stage, 1573 articles were eliminated because they did not meet the inclusion criteria and/or were duplicate papers. At abstract review, another 364 were eliminated because they did not include measures of HRQL related to child maltreatment. 23 papers were retrieved for full review and an additional 7 were eliminated as they did not include measures of HRQL related to child maltreatment. Due to the small number of papers, we also retained studies that measured HRQL for outcomes that might be related to child maltreatment (e.g., injury) and for adult survivors of child maltreatment.
All of the studies were published since 1990 and all except one were conducted in the United States. The CHQ and SF-36 were each used in 3 studies; "monetized QALYs" in 2 studies; the Vineland scale and Peds-QL were each used in one study; and other approaches used in 2 studies. Age of the subject's health being valued was 3 years or greater in all studies. Respondents had experienced the health state in half of the studies.
We did not identify any papers that directly measured HRQL for child maltreatment outcomes using standard gamble, time-tradeoff or rating scale methodologies. We identified 4 papers that indirectly measured HRQL for adult survivors of child maltreatment[3, 25–27], 8 papers that measured HRQL for pediatric injury not specifically related to child maltreatment [25, 28–33], and 4 papers that reported costs for hospitalizations or investigations related to suspected abuse [34–37]. Key data elements abstracted from these 12 papers are listed in Appendix 3 [see Additional file 3].
Of the studies that evaluated HRQL for adult survivors of child maltreatment, 3 used the SF-36 [25–27] and one developed their own survey that included questions on health status, leisure-time physical activity, depressed mood and suicide attempts from other validated questionnaires including the Conflicts Tactics Scale, the National Health Interview Survey, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [3, 38]. No study used a validated preference-based QOL instrument such as the EQ-5D, HUI, or QWB. While it is possible to derive utility scores from the SF-6D (a subset of questions from the SF-36) using an algorithm developed by Brazier et al., this approach was not utilized in any of the published studies.
Of the 8 studies that measured HRQL for pediatric injuries not specifically related to maltreatment, 3 used an approach consistent with preference-based measurement. One used the QWB and 2 used "monetized QALYs". In the 2 studies that used monetized QALYs, injuries were scored using the Functional Capacity Index and translated to a loss in QALYs using a combination of utility scores and rating scale estimates from 5 sources (HUI-1, QWB, jury awards, expert opinion, and student ratings). The number of QALYs lost was then multiplied by the willingness-to-pay for an additional QALY derived from estimates of the value for a statistical life[28, 40, 41]. One study used the QWB to report health status scores but did not use the QWB to calculate utility weights . Three studies used the CHQ to measure HRQL for injury (all types) and traumatic brain injury [30, 31, 33]. One study used the Peds-QL to value quality-of-life for traumatic brain injury . One was a review of pediatric quality-of-life instruments that could be used to evaluate pediatric injury .
The 4 cost studies reported costs of hospitalizations for burns , pediatric intensive care admissions for child maltreatment , poison , and investigation of suspected abuse . We also identified a benefit-cost analysis of a nurse home visitation program to improve child health outcomes, but this was conducted from the government perspective and included direct government costs only. None of these studies included measures of HRQL and are not considered further in this review. Health domains relevant to child maltreatment were identified through the literature review and expert opinion (Table 1).
Health domains relevant to quality-of-life for child maltreatment.
Five pediatric quality-of-life instruments (non-preference-based) and six adult preference-based quality-of-life instruments were identified. Characteristics of pediatric quality-of-life instruments are detailed in Table 2. Domains of generic pediatric and adult quality-of-life instruments are listed in Table 3.
Characteristics of pediatric quality-of-life instruments.
Domains included in multi-attribute utility and pediatric quality-of-life instruments.
This review underscores the scant attention that has been paid to measuring HRQL associated with child maltreatment outcomes. One reason for the paucity of data is likely due to challenges in accurately measuring preference-based quality-of-life in children including limits to the approaches typically used for valuing adult quality of life. Other potential reasons for the scarcity of data on this topic could include the difficulty in obtaining IRB approval for such a study, the morbid nature of the area and researchers' willingness to study this area. Preference-based approaches for measuring the loss in health-related quality of life due to child maltreatment should be considered in the context of the general challenges of valuing preferences for children's health and additional challenges specific to child maltreatment.
A key challenge to valuing children's health for economic evaluations as compared to adults is the necessity of using a proxy respondent. Most children will need proxy respondents to complete value elicitation exercises. Prior studies have demonstrated that standard gamble and time trade-off surveys can only be reliably completed by children with at least a 6th grade reading level  indicating that proxies will be required for most children 12 or younger. Adolescents may be able to value their own health, while school-age, preschool, and infants will require proxy respondents. Adolescents can complete such exercises but may demonstrate inconsistencies with using these valuation methods. When adolescents' values were compared to adult values for the same health states, adolescent values were significantly different than values elicited from parents or other adults[44, 45]. An additional challenge for child maltreatment is that the parent/caregiver may be the abuser and while the parent may be the natural proxy for valuing other types of children's health, the parent/caregiver will often not be the appropriate proxy. In the case of child maltreatment where the parent may be the abuser or may also be affected by abuse, an alternate proxy may be preferable. The optimal respondent may be adult survivors of maltreatment or adolescents affected by maltreatment. Using adult survivors may also be related to other biases such as recall bias or adjustment bias. If an adult survivor has overcome early child abuse or has many resulting health problems could potentially affect how one recalls and values the maltreatment experience.
The age of a child during the health state also poses methodological and practical challenges to valuing child health. For the same illness, the valuation of a health state may vary depending on the age of the affected person holding all other aspects of health constant. For example, maltreatment domains could vary between infants and adolescents as the most prevalent type of maltreatment tends to vary by age. The long-term impacts of child maltreatment in adulthood should also be measured; several studies have demonstrated an impact on quality of life in adults[3, 38, 47]. This issue must be considered in the design or use of multi-attribute instruments.
None of the existing preference-based or pediatric QOL instruments address QOL for children under 2, and this age group poses significant challenges for measuring QOL. Some have advocated an approach that includes spillover effects on other family members , but such an approach may be inconsistent with valuing child maltreatment since the parent/caregiver may be the abuser. Thus, methods for valuing child maltreatment outcomes may depart from the development of general methods for valuing children's health.
There are additional challenges specific to measuring quality-of-life for child maltreatment (violence) that include difficulty in defining the severity of violence in a consistent way, changing pattern of maltreatment over time, and the potential exclusion of parent/caregiver as a candidate for proxy respondent. The increased prevalence of child maltreatment among children with disabilities  also presents additional problems in measuring QOL in already-disabled children.
Preferences for child maltreatment health states can be derived using one of the available multi-attribute utility instruments (EQ-5D, HUI, QWB) [17–19]. The most appropriate respondents using this approach would be adolescents or adult survivors valuing experienced health states. The EQ-5D has the most representative sample but does not include some key domains for valuing child health. The HUI and QWB include additional domains but utility weights are based on small and non-representative samples.
A number of instruments have been developed to measure quality of life in children but are not preference-based. One research option would be to develop utility weights for one or more of these instruments similar to the approach used for the SF-6D. The advantage of deriving utility weights for an existing instrument is that many of these instruments already include domains specific to child health and child maltreatment and have been validated for children. The Peds-QL also offers age-specific versions of its instrument for ages 2–7, 8–12, 13–16. Disadvantages of this approach are the lack of instruments for valuing infant health and that some domains specific to child maltreatment may be missing.
The direct valuation approach tends to be more resource-intensive than the use of a multi-attribute utility instrument but may produce more accurate measurements of quality of life associated with child maltreatment since the surveys can be designed to include all domains relevant to child maltreatment. Utilities could be elicited from adolescents or adult survivors valuing experienced health states or from a community sample valuing hypothetical health state descriptions of child maltreatment. Either "patient" or "community"-perspective utility weights can be elicited via direct valuation. Utilities for child maltreatment states of health can be directly assessed using either standard-gamble or time-tradeoff questions.
Neither currently available preference-based HRQL instruments nor direct valuation approaches provide ready solutions for measuring preference-based quality of life in child maltreatment. Currently available preference-based HRQL instruments were developed primarily for chronic conditions in adults and may not fully capture loss in quality of life associated with domains of health relevant to child maltreatment or complex health states that include both temporary and chronic health events. Nevertheless, these instruments represent a good short-term solution. Direct valuation approaches present a number of methodologic and practical challenges when applied to pediatric populations but can be designed to better capture loss in quality of life compared to existing HRQL instruments.
For both approaches, the challenges of eliciting values will differ according to age groups: infant, preschool, school-age, and adolescent. In addition, direct valuation can be more expensive and time-consuming. It can also be more difficult logistically to obtain values from a representative national sample when using direct valuation.
This review did not originally focus on measuring quality of life for adult survivors of maltreatment but articles identified in the literature search were reviewed given the scarcity of literature on quality of life and child maltreatment at the time of maltreatment. Nor did we consider how psychological abuse in childhood could manifest as physical outcomes in adults. We also did not specifically include the effects of witnessing domestic violence, although consequences of witnessing domestic violence on physical and psychological outcomes could also be substantial.
In the short term, preference-based HRQL for child maltreatment from the community perspective can be most easily measured using the EQ-5D (or another preference-based HRQL instruments) with either adult survivors and/or adolescents who have experienced maltreatment. The sample used to derive utility weights for the EQ-5D is the most representative sample of the available preference-based QOL instruments for US policy decisions. In addition, the EQ-5D covers at least 2 of the domains that are likely to be directly relevant to child maltreatment: physical functioning and emotional well-being. However, this approach will not be able to provide any quality-of-life effects specific to children (e.g., growth and development) and does not provide values for "experienced" utility.
If the objective is to measure experienced utilities (i.e., the "patient perspective"), this could be achieved using direct valuation measures with adult survivors or adolescents rating their own childhood experience. While adolescents who have experienced child maltreatment may be the most suitable proxy since they have direct experience with the health state and recall bias will be less than for older adult survivors since less time has passed since the experience, adolescents' responses may be biased as described above. In addition, respondent burden must be considered. If it is too emotionally burdensome for adolescents to answer these types of questions, other respondents must be considered.
A third alternative is to have a community sample rate hypothetical descriptions of child maltreatment. This would provide community weights that might better reflect quality of life associated with child maltreatment but will be more resource-intensive compared to using an existing preference-based HRQL instrument.
Longer-term research should focus on identifying the key domains for measuring child health. Identifying the domains that are most relevant to child maltreatment will allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of existing preference-based and pediatric HRQL instruments. Consideration should be given to how the different types of child maltreatment affect different domains of quality of life.
The conclusion of this review is that the existing pediatric HRQL instruments cover a more comprehensive set of domains relevant to children's health and specifically child maltreatment than the preference-based generic HRQL instruments. If this finding is confirmed, then the recommended approach would be to either (1) develop utility weights for one of the pediatric quality of life instruments or (2) design a new preference-based HRQL instrument to measure preferences for child health/maltreatment. The Peds-QL covers relevant domains and offers age-specific versions and could be a good candidate for the first approach. Any approach needs to consider the special characteristics of valuing child health. If children are to complete surveys themselves, the use of age-appropriate visual aids that improve reliability and validity of responses will be essential. Long-term effects of child maltreatment should also be considered. Although maltreatment may occur during childhood, many of the negative consequences will affect a maltreated individual throughout the lifecourse, and this should be considered when developing appropriate measures. If an instrument were developed specifically for measuring effects of child maltreatment, then the optimal approach may be to develop an instrument that can measure HRQL related to child maltreatment for all ages, child to adult. Additional research is needed to improve methods for measuring preference-based quality of life in child maltreatment.
We would like to acknowledge the helpful comments of Bill Rhoads and Xiangming Fang, throughout the course of the project and development of this report. We would also like to thank the child maltreatment experts, Cindy Christian and Toni Laskey, who agreed to review a draft of the report and provided key feedback on domains of quality of life relevant to child maltreatment throughout the lifecourse. We also appreciate the expert administrative assistance provided by Andra Barnette and Christina Kara and research assistance provided by Robert Ravenscroft.
Funding was provided by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, the views expressed within this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the CDC.
LP led the design and literature search, designed the abstraction forms, supervised data abstraction, performed the analysis, and drafted the manuscript. PC conceived of the study, participated in its design and interpretation of results, and participated in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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The Sci-Fi classic movie 'Sharknando' gets the Jedward treatment as it is revealed today that Ireland's 2011 and 2012 Eurovision duo are staring in the third movie of the series.
They were tipped to be in the second Sharknando movie but that did not come to pass. However the third movie in the series has the dynamic duo along with their good friend and Sharknando star Tara Reid.
Have you been to Nandos today by any chance?


Brigid Hansen, b. 1994 (Brisbane, Queeensland). Lives and works in Melbourne.
2016 - 17 : Master of Arts (Arts Management) with Distinction. RMIT University, Melbourne.
2012 - 16: Bachelor of Creative Industries (Major Media and Communications, Art History). Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.