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Cognitive enhancement, legalising opium, and cognitive biases
Published November 18, 2014 | By Joao Fabiano
Suppose you want to enhance your cognition. A scientist hands you two drugs. Drug X has at least 19 controlled studies on the healthy individual showing it is effective, and while a handful of studies report a slight increase in blood pressure, another dozen conclude it is safe and non-addictive. Drug Y is also effective, but it increases mortality, has addiction potential and withdrawal symptoms. Which one do you choose? Great. Before you reach out for Drug X, the scientist warns you, "I should add, however, that Drug Y has been used by certain primitive communities for centuries, while Drug X has not." Which one do you choose? Should this information have any bearing on your choice? I don't think so. You probably conclude that primitive societies do all sort of crazy things and you would be better off with actual, double-blind, controlled studies.
Now what if I told you that, regardless of your interest in cognitive enhancers, you have been choosing Drug Y over and over, day after day, for several years?
A review of the scientific research on modafinil reveals it produces an enhanced performance on tests of digit span, visual pattern recognition memory, spatial planning and stop signal reaction time; lower error rate in a visual spatial task; increased new-language learning; improved fatigue levels, motivation, reaction time and vigilance; improvement on spatial working memory, planning and decision making at the most difficult levels, as well as visual pattern recognition memory following delay and subjective ratings of enjoyment of task performance; and so on and so on. All in all there are at least 19 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies on the effects of modafinil in the healthy individual. No severe adverse effects were reported in most of these studies. Those studies that kept track of blood pressure and heartbeat found none to very little elevation of these measures. Other studies in non-healthy patients have found some adverse effects, but have confirmed modafinil's safety and – so far – lack of addiction potential.
On the other hand, when we look at the scientific evidence concerning caffeine, although its beneficial effects on overall health are also documented, the average adult male's dosage surpasses the healthy dosage fourfold. At the average ingested dosage, caffeine has detrimental health effects, increasing all-cause mortality, and also possesses addiction potential, with severe withdrawal symptoms such as depression, irritability, pain and narcolepsy. It considerably increases blood-pressure, the biggest preventable risk factor for death. Long-term use of caffeine has detrimental effects on long-term memory and several studies found it has no beneficial effects on cognition when comparing long-term users with non-users.
What's more, in general modafinil studies are of better quality, relevancy and maybe trustworthiness than studies on caffeine. Most modafinil studies are new, double-blind, controlled, and targeted at the actual used dosage; whereas most caffeine studies are old and targeted at the wrong dosage, although with a bigger sample size. Additionally, given that modafinil is seen as a dangerous prescription drug and coffee as a harmless habit, we would expect modafinil to be subject to much more scrutiny than caffeine. As coffee is a multi-billion dollar business, it would be tricky to claim that studies have a "funding bias" towards modafinil – if anything the bias would be in the other direction.
The fact that most studies that find caffeine consumption to have a beneficial effect overall use a dosage several times lower than the average consumption is routinely ignored. On the rare occasions where people actually engage with the proper scientific evidence, their conclusion is that there is not enough evidence to say with confidence that modafinil is safe, and that caffeine has been around for centuries. The thesis here seems to be that what really determines something to be safe is how long we have used it. So the fact that scientific evidence shows modafinil is safe and effective is rendered moot because it is a new drug and the scientific evidence that caffeine is unsafe is outweighed by our centuries of experience with it. But cigarettes and alcohol are also pretty old, yet they have killed more people than all the 20th century's genocides put together. Opium has been used for at least 3500 years, possibly dating back to prehistoric times. Meanwhile, coffee has been around for a mere 500 years. I imagine humanity would not have benefited from using the older-is-safer heuristic in this case. Should we have waged war on coffee and commercialized the production of opium?
There is a set of biases at play when making the comparison between modafinil and caffeine. Why do people use the older-is-safer heuristic? Status quo bias is a consistent and unjustified tendency to prefer that something stays the way it has always been, resisting attempts to change to a better alternative. People continue to prefer a known drug with many side effects over a new, safer drug. Why do people seem to ignore the scientific evidence? It's because we fail to update our beliefs correctly when presented with absolute probabilities (e.g. 10%) such as the ones provided in most scientific studies. This failing impairs our ability to use information from scientific research to adjust our behaviour. It's easy to comprehend the risks involved with a certain drug if a friend suffered a heart attack from using it. But reading an abstract number showing that the rise in blood pressure – the most important preventable risk factor for death – of caffeine users is much higher than that of modafinil users is too far away from the experience-based way that our brains are accustomed to absorbing information.
Posted in Enhancement | Tagged coffee, cognitive enhancement, modafinil, status quo bias
16 Responses to Cognitive enhancement, legalising opium, and cognitive biases
Sean O hEigeartaigh says:
I think a lot of 'older is better' comes from a concern that
a) There may be uncommon negative effects that only get spotted when a substance is being used by a reasonably large portion of the population – 19 lab studies is not that many compared to the huge body of evidence we have from the population-wide use of caffeine.
b) Some longer-term effects need time, as well as a large body of people using the substance, to turn up. Modafinil's been around ~40ish years, with no that many (compared to caffeine) people using it, and not that many (compared to caffeine) really long-term studies. We know that its short-term effects on how our brains work is pretty significant (focus, anti-fatigue), and so we know we're exposing our brains to something reasonably powerful.
So while I agree with much of what you say, I would add that I think some of peoples' new drug aversion is due to a not-irrational fear of rare effects and long-term impacts.
Joao Fabiano says:
I'm not convinced that using a substance for very long gives us any type of privileged information, except in cases of extreme effects (which the short-term studies partially rule out anyway). Our ability to track down those sort of effects outside controlled studies seems extremely limited. If we take the period of time in which we were no longer putting radioactive uranium on women's facial cosmetics, cocaine on children's drinks and things of that sort, then caffeine has only a few decades of advantage over modafinil.
Peter B. Reiner says:
Status quo bias is not a consistent and unjustified tendency to prefer that something stays the way it has always been, resisting attempts to change to a better alternative. There are many ways of defining it, but even the wikipedia entry that you cite has a better one: "Status quo bias is a preference for the current state of affairs." Status quo bias is almost always tested in the literature in the context of uncertainty, and there are indeed good reasons to prefer the status quo when the outcome is uncertain. Stating that it is unjustified in the face of better alternatives is just a straw man argument. I argued this point as politely as I could when I acted as reviewer for you colleagues' paper on the topic (Cognitive biases can affect moral intuitions about cognitive enhancement), suggesting to them, as I do now to you, that people will rightly devalue your arguments if you present status quo bias improperly.
E. Haney says:
I'll agree with your criticism of the tone in the given 'definition', but lord the all bold made it hard to read.
It was a very quick definition indeed and a bit imprecise. However, I maintain it is unjustified in the sense of begin irrational, otherwise it would simply be a good heuristic, not a bias. You might contest that most supposed instances of status quo bias are actually a bias, but it does not seem you can claim a bias is perfectly justifiable. The Wikipedia entry also seems clear on that: "Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the status quo ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem." If you take a look at the scientific literature on status quo bias you will see it is always defined as an unjustified or irrational preference. For instance:
"Individuals who are subject to the SQB[Status quo bias] tend to choose an alternative that they chose previously (i.e., their status quo), even if it is no longer the optimal choice." (Kempf & Ruenzi, 2006)
"… the family of phenomena referred to as status quo bias, which we define as an inappropriate (irrational) preference for an option because it preserves the status quo." (Bostrom & Ord, 2006)
Even in the original Samuelson & Zeckhauser paper you will read:
"The main finding is that decision makers exhibit a significant status quo bias. Subjects in our experiments adhered to status quo choices more frequently than would be predicted by the canonical [rational choice] model."
It is also not the case status quo bias is almost always tested in the context of a particularly above-average uncertainty. Many of the classical examples do not involve uncertainty, such as the actual case of electric power consumers in California. Evidently, all cognitive bias are studies in the context of decision under uncertainty, so there is some level of uncertainty. But it is not the case this is the key factor explaining the bias.
In cases in which individuals have a justifiable, rational preference for the status quo, then it is simply not a bias, it is a rational decision. Nonetheless, there seems to be a great deal of empirical evidence that humans often have an unjustifiable, irrational preference for the status quo.
If one were to omit that status quo bias is an irrational preference for the current state of affairs, it would be for it being obvious – if it is really a bias, surely it is irrational on some relevant level – not because it is an improper definition.
Nylund says:
I've taken modafinil. I'd say that yes, it does improve the things listed, but only marginally. It doesn't make you super special, just ever so slightly better. The one thing I did notice though was that I felt more misanthropic. I had less patience for people. In general, it just made me a little more bitter and I acted a bit like a jerk. I could barely hold conversations without feeling contempt for the other person. I also felt, well, weird. It's hard to describe. All in all, I don't miss it. It had some pros and some cons. For me, the latter outweighed the former. Others might feel differently. Maybe I'd take it again if it were OTC and cheaper. Overall though, it's not like people are missing out on some sort of "limitless" style drug though.
Anders Sandberg says:
I think actually having experience with the effects of the drugs can be helpful. Too many people think Limitless is possible, and then get rather disappointed. And knowing how the drug interacts with ones quirks is quite useful – just because the drug works well on average doesn't mean it helps you in your tasks.
I don't believe the current data we have on consumption of caffeine beverages can draw you to the conclusion that they increase mortality. Your premise is invalid.
What about this 44 thousand participants study?
"In this large cohort, a positive association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality was observed in men and in men and women younger than 55 years. On the basis of these findings, it seems appropriate to suggest that younger people avoid heavy coffee consumption (ie, averaging >4 cups per day)."
http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(13)00578-8/fulltext
This study can not prove causation. "In this large cohort, a positive association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality was observed in men and in men and women younger than 55 years. " To prove causation you would need a high-quality prospective study which to my knowledge doesn't exist. Hope that helps.
That's true, but it still is an evidence for coffee increasing mortality and it is the big chunk of evidence we have. And given they controlled for must major confounders such as physical and cardiorespiratory fitness, I'm a bit curious of what sort of mechanisms would have be going on here so that coffee wasn't causing the elevated mortality
Maybe personality traits of users who drink a lot of coffee? Maybe those people are more likely to engage in risky behaviors?
Verbatim from that study site "Drinking coffee has become a normal daily routine for more than half of Americans and large numbers of people worldwide. According to the latest National Coffee Drinking Study from the National Coffee Association, approximately 64% of American adults drink coffee each day, and among coffee drinkers, the average coffee consumption in the United States is 3.1 cups per day.1 Nevertheless, coffee has long been suspected to contribute to a variety of chronic health conditions. During the past 4 decades, the association between coffee consumption and chronic health outcomes has been investigated in relation to conditions such as obesity,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hypertension,7, 8 and coronary heart disease.9, 10 However, studies on coffee consumption in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality are limited, and the results are often controversial. Several studies have found a positive association between higher levels of coffee consumption and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality,11, 12, 13 whereas others have found an inverse association with all-cause mortality in men and women,14, 15, 16 in women only,17, 18 or in men only,19, 20, 21 with some evidence suggesting that there may be a U- or J-shaped relationship between coffee drinking and health outcomes. Still, other researchers suggest that the association may not exist at all.22, 23, 24 The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of coffee consumption on all-cause and CVD mortality in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) cohort, with average follow-up of 16 years and a relatively large sample of men and women."
Hazem Zohny says:
I think there are a number of question marks about the evidence for modafinil being an effective enhancer. We can cite individual studies that report an effect, but these are often too small and statistically underpowered. We should also be wary of the fact that null results are not likely to be reported — these kinds of studies are rarely registered in advance. On the other hand, the picture from systematic reviews and meta-analyses is less promising (e.g. Chamberlain et al. 2011; Repantis et al. 2010) . It seems to me that, at best, all we can say about modafinil at the moment – in terms of its effects on healthy, non-sleep deprived individuals operating in laboratory conditions – is that the evidence is mixed.
Also, it is not entirely clear how addictive or non-addictive modafinil is. No long term studies exist (as far as I'm aware most last 2-12 weeks), while more evaluative studies have tiny samples (9 in the one you cite). The fact that it appears to release substantial amounts of dopamine similar to those released by other psycho-stimulants has worried at least some about its potential for long-term abuse and addiction (e.g. Heinz et al. 2012)
Finally, unlike caffeine, at the moment it doesn't seem entirely clear what brain mechanisms modafinil is acting on, making it appear potentially riskier long-term. Altogether, it seems to me that it's not necessarily that people are ignoring the scientific evidence, but rather that the scientific evidence is not as clear cut as suggested here.
Chamberlain, S. et al. 2011. "Translational Approaches to Frontostriatal Dysfunction in Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder Using a Computerized Neuropsychological Battery." Biological Psychiatry 69 (12): 1192–1203. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.019.
Heinz, A., et al. 2012. "Cognitive Neuroenhancement: False Assumptions in the Ethical Debate." Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (6): 372–75. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100041.
Repantis, D. et al. 2010. "Modafinil and Methylphenidate for Neuroenhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review." Pharmacological Research 62 (3): 187–206. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002.
It is not the case the evidence for modafinil's effectiveness as a cognitive enhancer is mixed at all. There are only two studies I know of which didn't find an effect (one was just out). There are many studies with over 60 participants (e.g.: Muller, 2012; Turner, 2003) which did find a significant effect and were not statistically underpowered. The bias against null results would be even stronger for caffeine, where many studies are funded by the coffee industry.
It is also not the case the evidence you cite support your claims. The only meta-analysis you mentioned (Repantis, 2010) actually concludes: "Modafinil on the other hand, was found to improve attention for well-rested individuals, while maintaining wakefulness, memory and executive functions to a significantly higher degree in sleep deprived individuals than did a placebo." Moreover, this meta-analysis also left out many studies that weren't published at the time. If you take a look at the references I cite, most of them are post-2010. I would expect that if they had included those studies they would have found an even bigger effect.
It is worth noticing I'm not comparing modafinil with nothing. Although it might not be entirely clear that modafinil is not addictive, it is clear caffeine is. Therefore, when comparing the two one should prefer the former. There are several long-term studies of modafinil in patients with narcolepsy, none has found addiction potential, or evidence of tolerance even after one year of use (quite unlike caffeine). If memory serves me well there is at lest one 6-months study of modafinil on healthy individuals which didn't find any major side-effects. There is also little reason to expect it would be non-addictive in the narcoleptic and addictive in the healthy(actually, the opposite is the case for many drugs). Dopamine release alone is not a ground for concluding a substance is addictive, and dopamine's role on modafinil's effects might be little. Additionally, there are many people taking modafinil for narcolepsy for dozen of years and no addiction behaviour has been reported (quite unlike caffeine). Evidently, modafinil has risks, but so far the scientific evidence is that is less risky than caffeine.
I state again that people are in fact ignoring the scientific evidence.
Note that I cited Repantis et al. (2010) alongside another meta-analysis (Chamberlain et al. 2011) to highlight just how mixed the evidence is: while Repantis found modafinil had a moderate effect on attention, Chamberlain found no effect on attention. The Chamberlain analysis highlights just how inconsistent the evidence is, not to mention that on the five measures it tested for which there was sufficient data, it found no evidence overall for significant effects of modafinil among healthy participants.
Regarding Turner et al. (2003), note that – in contrast to some of the studies you cite — it found modafinil had no effect on spatial working memory, attentional set-shifting task performance, or rapid visual processing. Where it did find an effect, attempts to replicate their positive findings using the same tasks with healthy non-sleep deprived subjects found no effects (Randall 2004; 2005a; 2005b). Note also that the Müller study you cite failed to find any effect on digit span/maintenance, as well as a number of other tasks.
It's also worth mentioning another study that found modafinil had no effect on cognitive function, but only acted to increase anxiety (Randall 2003). Finally, the latest study on modafinil, which I believe you mention in passing, found no evidence that it boosts cognition, but that it actually slows down response time (Mohamed & Lewis 2014).
Taken together, I don't know how we can still conclude that the evidence for modafinil isn't mixed. It clearly is. But one point worth conceding is that I suspect if we look at the evidence for some of the most commonly used drugs on the market, the evidence from studies wouldn't necessarily be much more consistent. Moreover, I acknowledge that your point is merely to contrast it with caffeine.
But even with that in mind it is worth noting what limited evidence we have: Wesensten et al. (2002) compared modafinil and caffeine directly and concluded that modafinil does not appear to offer advantages over caffeine. A later study comparing modafinil, dextroamphetamine and caffeine found similar effects from modafinil and caffeine (Wesensten et al. 2005). But the study notes that the shorter half-life of caffeine can make it more practical since it can allow users to make use of an opportunity for sleep shortly after taking it, should such an opportunity arise. Not so with modafinil's longer half-life.
Ultimately, I nevertheless think the evidence is probably sufficient to make modafinil more widely available and less controlled. In the meantime, I have no doubt that some status quo bias is at work. However, this does not change the fact that the evidence is by no means as unambiguous as you suggest. Acknowledging that can play a part in protecting the broader enhancement literature from (currently spot on) accusations of hype.


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text:
Q: Formula for arc length of a curve using limit only (instead of integration.) I know that formula of a length of arc of a curve $y=f(x)$ from abscissae a to b is given by $$\int\limits_{a}^{b} \sqrt{1+\{f^\prime (x)\}^2}\;\mathrm{d}x$$
But according to my college professor, he says that formula to determine the length of arc is
$$\lim\limits_{h\rightarrow 0} \sum\limits_{r=1}^{\frac{b-a}{h}} \sqrt{\left\{ f\Big(a+rh\Big)-f\Big(a+(r-1)h\Big)\right\}^2 +h^2}$$
He also asked us to find the length of circumference of the unit circle at origin $(x^2+y^2=1)$ using this limit formula only, but I don't know how I can compute this. So please can anyone help me to solve this in this particular way using limits.

A: The $y=f(x)$ in this case becomes $y=\pm\sqrt{1-x^2}$ and using symmetry across the $x$- and $y$-axes we can take $x\in[0,1]$, so with your limit formula we have
$$4\lim_{h\to 0} \sum_{r=1}^{\frac1h}\sqrt{\left\{\sqrt{1-(rh)^2}-\sqrt{1-((r-1)h)^2}\right\}^2 +h^2}\\
=4\lim_{h\to 0}\sum_{r=1}^{\frac 1h}\sqrt{2+2rh^2-2r^2h^2-2\sqrt{(1-r^2h^2)(1-r^2h^2+2rh^2-h^2)}}\\
=4\sqrt 2\lim_{h\to 0}\sum_{r=1}^{\frac 1h}\sqrt{1+rh^2-r^2h^2-\sqrt{(1+rh^2-r^2h^2)^2-h^2}}\\
r\in\left[1,\frac 1h\right]\to 1+rh^2-r^2h^2\in[h,1],\frac 1h\to n, \frac 1{1+rh^2-r^2h^2}\to t^2, t\in[1,\sqrt n]\\
=4\sqrt 2\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac 1n\sum_{t=1}^{\sqrt n}\sqrt{\frac 1{t^2}-\sqrt{\frac 1{t^4}-\frac 1{n^2}}}\\
=4\sqrt2\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac1{n}\sum_{t=1}^{\sqrt n}\frac {\sqrt{1-\sqrt{1-\frac{t^4}{n^2}}}}t\\
=4\sqrt2\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac 1n\sum_{t=1}^{\sqrt n}t\sqrt{\frac{\frac1{n^2}}{1+\sqrt{1-\frac{t^4}{n^2}}}}\\
=4\sqrt2\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac1{n^2}\sum_{t=1}^{\sqrt n}\frac t{\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1-\frac{t^4}{n^2}}}}$$
which is still a little ways from something reasonable.
We can use one approach as described in https://math.stackexchange.com/a/217251/86846 by considering the area of the same circle, especially if we take areas of triangles having height sides equal to the radius (i.e., $1$), and their bases as the same length calculation as used for our arc length, so each area is $\frac 12bh$, or
$$\frac 12\cdot 1\cdot\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{1-r^2h^2}-\sqrt{1-(r-1)^2h^2}\right)^2+h^2}$$
giving our total area formula (converging from overestimates) as
$$2\lim_{h\to 0} \sum_{r=1}^{\frac1h}\sqrt{\left\{\sqrt{1-(rh)^2}-\sqrt{1-((r-1)h)^2}\right\}^2 +h^2}$$
This approach only gives us that the circumference of the unit circle is twice the area, but at least it's a minor bit of progress.
For an alternate approach, consider taking a cue from https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/arclength.aspx on this formula and using one more "symmetry fold", allowing us to rewrite the initial limit as
$$8\lim_{h\to 0}\sum_{r=1}^{\frac 1{\sqrt2h}}h\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{-rh}{\sqrt{1-r^2h^2}}\right)^2}\\
=8\lim_{h\to 0}\sum_{r=1}^{\frac 1{\sqrt2h}}h\sqrt{1+\frac{r^2h^2}{1-r^2h^2}}\\
=8\lim_{h\to 0}\sum_{r=1}^{\frac 1{\sqrt2h}}\frac h{\sqrt{1-r^2h^2}}\\
=8\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{r=1}^\frac{\sqrt 2n}2\frac 1{\sqrt{n^2-r^2}}$$
but this fails to meet the professor's strict instructions...

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Thank you to Jimmy Stachowski for taking time out of his busy schedule to visit us up here in Ellensburg, WA. Orrion Farms proudly enjoys all aspects of the Arabian horse, from breeding to halter and into performance!
A wonderful fall afternoon at the farm with these friends! We thank you for your visit and look forward to seeing you again soon!
What a fun group! Thank you to Mark and Cindy, Guzzo and Travis for taking the time out of your busy schedules to visit us up here in Washington. It was a pleasure to show you around the farm.
We sure had a great time with this group both here in Ellensburg, WA and Scottsdale, AZ! Great things are coming and we look forward to seeing you all again very soon.
Michael Byatt and Orrion Farms have a rich history together. As always his visits are a joy for all. We look forward to cheering Michael and our mare Covergirl PA on while they compete for the title of Junior Champion Mare at the US Nationals next month.
It was wonderful to have Ted and Tim up to the farm, we thank you for taking time out of your lives to visit! We are all looking forward to US Nationals 2018 together!
What a treat to have you all visit us! We enjoyed our time together and hope you enjoyed your visit. Looking forward to seeing eachother soon!
July 2018 - Thank you to this fine group for your visit to OFW!
Following our Region 5 success this wonderful group of guests joined us at the farm. Sam & Sandy Peacemaker, Charles Moseley, Terry & Debbie Morre, Ally Nelson & Rick Moore joined us for a few nights at the farm and a preview of our 2018 foals. We thank you for your time and you all have an open invitation for the future!


Easy to apply and gives a simple but amazing finish to any shirt.A very modern variation on the century old silk Knot theme, these cufflinks feature a cylinder of wrapped cord held in place by the traditional Knot.This Cufflink suggests you are ready for a party, or at any rate trying to avoid a look of total sobriety! Perfect on a white shirt.Available in a wide range of colors.
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Jim Glickenhaus has sich wieder was Neues ausgedacht.
SGC 2DR Boot almost production ready. Eligible for The Baja 1000, Paris to Dakar and terrorizing your Bentley SUV owning neighbors. Fully road legal. Drive down to Ensenada, race and drive home. We can provide all logistics and support.


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Q: Trying to find a book about slaves on a barren planet I read it 10 years ago. It started with them on a planet that looked barren. Later on they're captured as slaves. The story centers on one person, who toils through the slave labor but later escapes. I remember one line about how he would barely be able to sleep, but he eventually gained enough strength to fight his way to steal a ship and set off. I'm not sure what happened after that.
Later on, I remember there was a secondary part about some person being in a world that was fake, and when he broke into the wall of a building in some alley it was black or white or something.
I remember it being literally the coolest book I ever read. It's kind of ironic I forgot what it was....

A: If 'They' refers to a couple, this might be Keith Laumer's Galactic Odyssey (1967).
The hero, Billy Danger, is shanghaied as a gun-bearer for interstellar big-game hunters. They get themselves killed off, but their companion, Lady Raire, lives, and she and Billy survive on a barren planet until another ship arrives.
They are promptly enslaved, Billy is sold on the open market, and begins a quest to find and rescue the Lady Raire.
A happy ending, naturally! A genuinely interesting part of the plot is that Billy needs, and manages to get, an education as part of his quest.
I do not remember the part about 'the world that was fake,' but maybe it was there? It is certainly something that Laumer played with in other books like Night of Delusions.

A: You may be thinking of Keith Laumer's 2002 collection Odyssey comprising two novels and several shorter works, including the two stories mentioned below.
The first part of your question could be describing the novel Galactic Odyssey as suggested in the answer by Barnaby. (A shorter version of Galactic Odyssey, titled "Spaceman!", ran as a 3-part serial in If, which is available at the Internet Archive: Part one, Part two, Part three.) Here is the Wikipedia synopsis:

Down-on-his-luck college dropout Billy Danger shelters from a sleet storm in what he thinks is a corn silo, but which turns out to be a space yacht containing three upper-class hunters from a planet located halfway across the Milky Way. They take him on as a gun-bearer, but after landing on a desert world known as Gar 28, both of the male hunters are killed by their prey. Billy is left alone with the beautiful Lady Raire, the unwilling companion of the dead men. Since neither Billy nor Lady Raire knows the password to re-enter the space yacht, they are effectively marooned. Eventually they find the wreck of an ancient starship and use its components to signal for help. Unfortunately, their signal attracts a ship full of hostile aliens who severely wound Billy. The aliens kidnap Lady Raire, leave Billy for dead, and depart in their ship.
Billy is nursed back to health by a giant tabby cat descended from pets that survived the starship crash. A friendlier bunch of aliens arrive on Gar 28 and give Billy a ride to another planet, where he begins his quest to find and rescue Lady Raire. After mastering the technical skills needed to crew a starship, he works his way across the galaxy, seeking the lady's homeworld. His adventures include being captured on an espionage mission, which forces him to give up his right eye to ransom the lives of his fellow spies. He endures betrayal and slavery before he finally escapes, takes revenge on his enemies, and flies off with Lady Raire.

As for the second part of your question, the story about a "fake world" could be the novelette "A Trip to the City", originally published under the title "It Could Be Anything" in Amazing Stories, January 1963, available at the Internet Archive. Here are a couple of excerpts from the story:

He went along to a door. It was solid, painted shut. The next door looked easier. He wrenched at the tarnished brass knob, then stepped back and kicked the door. With a hollow sound the door fell inward, taking with it the jamb. Brett stood staring at the gaping opening. A fragment of masonry dropped with a dry clink. Brett stepped through the breach in the grey facade. The black pool at the bottom of the pit winked a flicker of light back at him in the deep gloom.

"It's what I've been trying to tell you. This city you live in — it's a hollow shell. There's nothing inside. None of it's real. Only you . . . and me. There was
another man: Dhuva. I was in a cafe with him. A gel came. He tried to run. It caught him. Now he's . . . down there."


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You are here: Home | second front | WSMR welcomes Patriot Test Detachment
WSMR welcomes Patriot Test Detachment
Published December 13, 2014 | by Miriam Rodriguez |
The White Sands Missile Range community came out to welcome the newest members, the 3-6 ADA Battalion Patriot Test Detachment, to the community during an activation ceremony at Volunteer Park Dec. 8.
Lt. Col. L. Chris Matthews, the Battalion Commander for the 3rd Battalion 6th Air Defense Artillery, thanked WSMR for their warm welcome.
"A special thanks to the White Sands community for welcoming the members of the test detachment with open arms and making the transition of standing up the unit a smooth one. We look forward to strengthening our relationship and building strong teams," Matthews said.
Matthews said the ADA branch has always understood how critical developmental and operational testing is to success.
"The creation of the test detachment ensures that we can continue to have the end user, a Soldier's expertise and input, at the forefront of the development of air defense systems. Projected to stand 35 service members strong, the detachment will be comprised of the best and brightest tacticians and technicians the branch has to offer. The branch couldn't have selected a more qualified, competent and confident command team. They are mission oriented people, focused and have already made their impact felt here at White Sands," he said.
The mission of the test detachment, is to provide expertise and knowledge in support of air and missile programs, conduct developmental tests, flight tests, and tactics, techniques and procedures development in preparation for the Directorate of Testing and Evaluation and the Army Test and Evaluation Command operational tests.
"As enemies improve and enhance their lethality and inventory of aerial threats…the branch is rapidly adapting our current weapon systems and developing future systems to increase the air defense capability," Matthews said. "And so, we turn a new page in the history books with the activation of the Diamondback test detachment. This unit promises to write a rich history."
Detachment Commander Capt. Michael A. Woodhouse said the opportunities these Soldiers will have to test the latest technologies are second to none.
He thanked the White Sands Missile Range community for welcoming them with open arms and helping to make the transition seamless.
"I truly hope the relationships this unit holds within the installation and with the test community continues to grow even stronger with time," Woodhouse said.
To the Diamondbacks, he said the formation will continue to grow in time, not only in size, but also in knowledge, discipline and subject matter expertise. "I truly look forward to serving with all of you. First to fire, always on target, bruiser nation, test the limits, Diamondback six signing in."
1st Sgt. Mark A. Culpepper, left, the First Sergeant for the 3-6 Patriot Test Detachment at White Sands Missile Range takes the detachment guidon from Detachment Commander Capt. Michael A. Woodhouse, second from left, during the Patriot Test Detachment activation ceremony Dec. 8 at Volunteer Park. Facing them are Command Sgt. Maj. Eric J. Olsen, center, the Command Sergeant Major for 3rd Battalion 6th Air Defense Artillery, and Lt. Col. L. Chris Matthews, right, the Battalion Commander for the 3rd Battalion 6th Air Defense Artillery. The 3-6 ADA Patriot Test Detachment provides expertise and knowledge in support of AMD programs, conducts developmental tests, flight tests, and tactics, techniques, and procedures development in preparation for Directorate of Testing and Evaluation Army Test and Evaluation Command operational test.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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October 31, 2018; Guelph, Ontario – Linamar Corporation's (TSX:LNR) Skyjack division continues to broker new relationships in China. The world-leader in aerial work platforms is pleased to announce that they are now fulfilling the scissor and boom equipment needs of Beijing Hongyu Zhiheng, a rental house of scissor lifts, and other construction equipment operating across much of Northern China.
"It is our first time buying Skyjack products and we chose to enter this new relationship with them due to their reputation for machines that are easy to service and maintain," says Mr. Chai, owner, at Beijing Hongyu Zhiheng.
"Due to customer demand, it was time to increase our stock. With the addition of Skyjack machines we will now be able to offer a more diversified line up to our customers."
The order, which was received September 2018, consisted primairly of Skyjack's SJIII 3219, a DC electric scissor lifts, which have a maximum working height of 25ft (7.62m), and a compact stowed height of just 78.5" (1.99m). The company also decided on the SJIII 4632 electric scissor lifts, which have a maximum working height 38ft (11.58m) and 4ft (1.22m) extension deck as standard. Beijing Hongyu Zhiheng has slowly been breaking into the boom market, and they added to that with Skyjack's SJ63 AJ.
"In addition to stocking a new customer with scissor lifts, Skyjack is also proud because this marks our continued success and growth of boom sales into Northern China's rental sector," says Jack Dai, account manager for sales in China. "We're excited to start seeing Skyjack booms on different job sites in Beijing."
Skyjack's SJ63 AJ boasts a working height of 69ft (21.21 m), horizontal reach of 40ft (12.19 m), and an up-and-over clearance of 27.5ft (8.38 m).
"With a continuous 360 degree rotation, the SJ63 AJ is a welcome addition to our stock yard and we're confident this product class will help meet many of our customers' requirements," says Chai.
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Skyjack Expands Reach in Central and Eastern Germany


Les Chênes Estate Vineyards is surrounded by magnificent Mountain views with a feel of southern France. Specializing in Estate Rhone Wines, the Dixon family is the secondgeneration of premium Wine Grape growers starting in Sonoma and Lake Counties in the 1960's. The current Livermore site was planted in 1999. With French family heritage, we chose Les Chênes. "The Oaks" as the name of our Livermore Vineyard. We feel, "The Oaks" not only reflects our vineyard site but the rich flavors and tradition of our wines.
We are looking forward to our future projects.


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E-58, Industrial Area, Phase – 8, Mohali.


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Short Stories / Autobiography & Memoir
The Music of the Soul Lives On
A Henry Mackaman Experience
Henry Mackaman
Hanna Kjeldbjerg (Editor)
Beaver's Pond Press (Sep 12, 2018)
2017 INDIES Finalist
Finalist, Anthologies (Anthologies)
Clarion Rating: 4 out of 5
Mackaman's tales strike deep emotional chords; some are laugh-out-loud funny.
Henry Mackaman passed away from bacterial meningitis at the age of twenty-one, one credit away from graduating with a double major in economics and creative writing. Immensely talented and wise beyond his years, Mackaman composed short stories, poems, and song lyrics, many of which live on in this text, which was compiled by his friends and family. The Music of the Soul Lives On traverses joys and heartbreaking tragedies in a loving, scrapbook-like manner.
Organized by theme, Mackaman's pieces ebb and flow with magic. His stories are poetic, his poems sing, and his songs tell stories. Read in order and in context with the essays, quotes, and photos provided by his peers and family members, the book often brings tears to the eyes. The only odd fits are the winning stories of the Henry Douglas Mackaman Undergraduate Writers Award, which was set up in his honor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Mackaman's tales strike deep emotional chords. In "Tom Copper's Wax Graveyard," a musician-cum-mortician presses cremated ashes into vinyl records so that "the music of the soul [may] live on," but he becomes crazed when he hears the voices of the deceased speaking on the records when they play. Stories with themes of death are particularly poignant, not only because they are pertinent to the book as a whole but because they excavate universal human feelings, like fears and transient wishes, and lay them out in unique and exacting ways.
Some stories are laugh-out-loud funny; "The Misadventures of Burchard and Hawkins: A Trilogy" proves Mackaman's skill in maintaining eloquence in various genres. It's a fun story, full of puns, repetition, and British humor akin to that of Jeeves and Wooster.
The visual aspects of the book—photos of Mackaman throughout his life, illustrations drawn by the girl he was dating, graphic design features like radio waves from his time as a DJ in college and the font created from his handwriting, and the book's color scheme—bolster the book's emotional impact and weave its themes together, resulting in a cohesive whole. The wave of Mackaman's heartbeat, now in the chest of his organ transplant recipient and college professor, is particularly moving. That he touched many lives is obvious.
Without the scrapbook of information included, Henry Mackaman's short stories could stand by themselves as a collection. While The Music of the Soul Lives On was obviously constructed as a tribute to the young man specifically for the numerous people whose lives he affected, strangers to Mackaman will also find wisdom in his words.
Reviewed by Aimee Jodoin
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have their book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword Reviews and Clarion Reviews make no guarantee that the author will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255.
The Time of Our Lives


With a tenfold increase in remittance flows over the last 25 years, the diaspora's role in the development efforts of the global South has gained broader interest. Besides financial remittances, flows of skills and social remittances have gained attention, particularly the relevance of diaspora associations as drivers of development. This book explores the engagement of Ethiopian diaspora associations in Germany for their home country's development. It investigates the policies of the Ethiopian and Germany governments, and the opportunities the policies generate for diaspora engagement efforts.
Mulugeta Bezabih Mekonnen is currently working at the Center for African and Oriental Studies, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.


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"The visual arts center at Radnor High School is a wonderful place for students to explore their creative side. We offer a variety of courses that are tailored to all abilities and skill levels".


Our parent-involved school is an educational community in which the parents and teachers work together to provide an optimal environment for the children.
What do we mean by Parent-involved?
Our parent-involved school is an educational community in which the parents and teachers work together to provide an optimal environment for the children. At PONS, the cooperation between families and the school creates a spirited community and an opportunity to "join in" - to participate and make friends with other families while maintaining a preschool. We recognize that family life is extremely busy; however, we feel that it is crucial to the success of our school that families participate in some way. Within the classroom at PONS, parents or primary caregivers provide the daily snack and are encouraged to stay on their child's snack day. Classroom participation is a wonderful opportunity to observe your child with his or her peers and learn from the experienced teachers about child development and behaviors. PONS is administered by a Board of Directors which includes a group of parents elected annually. All parents are invited to attend the monthly board meetings. The board sponsors many activities for families, including our Fall Family Festival, parent speaker nights, and an open house. It is a great way to meet people and be involved in a community of families with young children.
My child has allergies. Is PONS a nut-free school?
Yes, PONS is an entirely nut-free school, and parents providing the daily snacks are made aware of this. Extra, allergy-safe snacks are kept on hand, as needed. Parents whose child have a non-tree nut food allergy should make staff aware in advance, and also provide their child's own safe snacks each day.
Does PONS have summer camp?
Yes! For several weeks in June and July, PONS offers a 9:00am-12:30pm session of camp for ages 3-6 that is full of art and outdoor activities.
Could my child join the others for lunch on a half-day?
Yes! At PONS we have a program called "Lunch with Friends", where for a small fee per occurrence, parents may sign up their child to come and enjoy a midday meal at school. Morning session children may stay until 12:30pm. Alternately, afternoon session students may arrive at 12:00pm and enjoy lunch with their classmates. Meals are not provided by the school, and therefore all children must bring a lunch from home that meets the school's allergy requirements. The teachers also ensure that no sharing of food is allowed at this meal, due to allergies. The school does have a microwave and can reheat food for the student, if desired.
Does my child need to be potty-trained to attend?
Yes, like most preschools, your child should be well on his or her way to being fully potty-trained. Our teachers are supportive and help guide your child in proper bathroom cleanliness: hand-washing, etc.
Our handbook outlines the basic rules we ask our families to follow while they are at PONS. Download our handbook here.
Pine Orchard Nursery School is currently enrolling students for fall 2019!
We offer preschool Classes for 3, 4, and 5 year olds with morning, afternoon, or full-day options. Please call us at 203-488-3769 for further information.
For those in the process of registering, download our registration form and health form here.


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Home/Sixth Form/Bursaries
Financial Support and Bursaries
The Purbeck School Sixth Form
16-19 Financial Support and Bursary Fund 2022-2023
Bursaries-The-Purbeck-School-2022-23
The School uses funding from the Government through the ESFA's (Education Skills Funding Agency) 16-19 Bursary Fund in order to support young people financially so that they will not be disadvantaged by studying for Level 3 courses in the Sixth Form. All applications will be reviewed and awards made according to need as far as possible.
16-19 Financial Support and Bursary Fund eligibility
The 16-19 Bursary Fund has two elements:
1. Core Financial Support:
Young people known to be in the following category will be contacted by a member of staff to ascertain their needs regarding school meals, transport costs and equipment such as a Laptop.
a) Young people in care, care leavers, young people in receipt of Income Support or Universal Credit because they are financially supporting themselves or financially supporting themselves and someone who is dependent on them and living with them.
b) Disabled young people in receipt of Disability Living Allowance or Personal Independence Payments in their own right as well as Employment and Support Allowance or Universal Credit in their own right.
2. Additional Financial Support
The School also has a limited discretionary fund. Support is subject to funds being available at the time the application is received and assessed. This is a limited fund and once exhausted no further funding will be available. Financial reimbursement for expenditure is not guaranteed. The fund will be used to fund free school meals, transport, laptops, trips and visits, books and other equipment.
a) Students known to have received free school meals in Year 11 will be contacted to ascertain their needs.
b) Students whose parents or carers are in receipt of Income Support/Universal Credit may apply for discretionary grants to enable them to fully participate in their chosen courses. This may include assistance with the cost of transport, trips and visits, books and equipment.
Students known to be in the Core Financial category or in receipt of Free School Meals will
automatically be contacted to arrange their financial support. Students from other institutions
should have their details forwarded from that institution so that we can automatically contact
them to arrange their Financial Support. However students and parents/carers are encouraged to also inform us of a need for financial support.
All other applications should be made by letter together with the original and most recent
Income Support/Universal Credit Award notice or Tax Credit Award Notice (if applicable). Initial
applications must be made by Friday 16th September 2022.
Students should also return a signed Bursary Application Form.
Should your circumstances change, applications can be made throughout the academic year.
You will need to apply for a bursary each year. All applications should be made to Mrs T Alford,
at the school.
The bursary will be paid in up to 8 instalments throughout the academic year. Discretionary
funds in respect of visits, trips, transport, books and equipment will be allocated as appropriate.
Students will need to fulfil the requirements of their Student Agreement, which is signed on
joining the Sixth Form. Should the financial circumstances of the student or parent/carer change during the academic year you must inform the school.
Administration and allocation of bursaries will be subject to The Purbeck School's normal
governance and audit regimes. If a young person feels aggrieved about how their request for a bursary was handled, they should contact the Headteacher in writing.
Please contact the school should you have any queries.
Further information is also available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/16-to-19-bursaryfund-guide 2022-to-2023-academic-year
Examples of situations where funding can be allocated:
Student X lives in Swanage, he is one of two siblings, the family are in receipt of Universal Credit
and he received Free School Meals in Year 11. This student could be allocated Free School Meals,
assistance with transport costs (if not eligible for concessionary transport via Dorset Council), and
a laptop for his school work. Later in the year, he is offered the opportunity to attend a History
trip; he can apply for assistance with the cost of the trip.
Student Y lives in Wool, she lives with a single parent who has recently been made redundant and
is applying for Universal Credit. The student can apply for help with meal and transport costs in
the interim, then once the Universal Credit has been approved, the student can apply for further
financial support.
Sixth Form Applications
Safeguarding - Key information and who to contact
Report a bullying incident
Sixth Form Events
Latest Sixth Form News
The Purbeck School: providing a little hope 14 December 2022
Class of 2022: Year 13 Awards Thursday 15th December 2022 at 7pm 14 December 2022
Year 12 Mock Interviews 1 December 2022
Sixth Form Engineering Talk 1 December 2022
The Purbeck School Careers Fair 28 November 2022
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Storage Architect Storage Architect will be responsible for technology design and development.
Responsible for analysis, function design, key code writing and problem-solving for next generation storage, virtualized storage, and software defined storage products.
Will help assist the team members to improve their abilities and support pre-sales activities.
Proficient in at least 2 of storage replication mechanisms, Storage Networking (NAS, SAN), Software Defined Storage. Ability to learn other storage concepts.
Deep understanding of key industry leader products like NetApp, EMC, Nimble, Nutanix, HP etc. - Multiple years developing in either of Java / C / C++.


Hair, a profession famed as feminine. But self-taught stylist, Marvin Francis, has taken leaps and bounds in the industry and shown the world that men can weave in just as well.
BBC Hair Winner Marvin Francis, 25, is a name you may have only recently started to hear big things about, so it may be a surprise to know that he has over 10 years' experience in the profession.
At the mere age of 13, Marvin began his journey into hair styling, such as doing his little sister's hair for school. Even as a young boy, he knew what his destiny would be. He is a self-motivated perfectionist and is geared up for new challenges in the hair world, from cuts to colours, bridal hair and Afro and European hair. He specialises in braids, weaves and extensions and even makes his own wigs at home.
And with that much talent, you'd have to be blind not to see his spectacular avant garde skills in hair styling.
On May 21st, 2015, Marvin founded his own salon in London called "Hair by Him". The event launch for the business saw models donning his hair extensions that he himself styled prior to the event. Most intriguingly, there was also a mini fashion show of handmade outfits created from real hair! These were pictured in Black Beauty and Hair Magazine.
Big-hearted, Marvin even considered a charity close to his heart known as "ACLT" (African Caribbean Leukemia Trust) during the event and made sure that proceeds of the launch went to them.
And if that wasn't enough to make you realise how good he is, just ask some of his celebrity clients who have already placed their locks in his trustworthy hands. Some of these famous faces include R&B singer Ciara, actress Natalie Nunn, model Draya Michele and many more.
As time goes by, Marvin's brand's success continues to grow and the man himself has big dreams for its future "I want Hair By Him UK to be a worldwide-recognised company. I want to open a Hair By Him UK salon in both the UK and USA to be able to provide my service both here and in the States.
Words to inspire those with an ambition, and I couldn't agree more. Dream big. Win big.


Barely eight days after a lecturer of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo reportedly killed by suspected kidnappers and while another three people have been reportedly kidnapped last Saturday including another lecturer Michael Olopete from the same institution, people have booed the Deputy Governor of Ondo State Mr. Agboola Ajayi as he said the state was free from kidnapping.
The Deputy Governor made the statement on Sunday evening at the Annual Prophetic Praise Festival 2018 organised by the gospel music icon, Evangelist Bisi Alawiye-Aluko.
The event held at the B.T.O Hall, Ilesa garage, Akure had political and music dignitaries in attendance among which were the wife of the Kwara State Governor Mrs. Omolewa Ahmed; the Afro Juju music legend Sir Shina Peters. Others were Prophet Sam Olu-Alo; Evangelist Elijah Akintunde of Voice of Elijah and host of other religious leaders.
The statement was swiftly greeted with a loud boo from the crowd in the hall. However, Mr. Ajayi, who noticed the disapproval from the people, quickly reorganised and said Ondo state was relatively peaceful compared to some other states most especially in the northern part of the country.
The fresh Saturday abduction, according to the Punch, took place in two different locations in the state. It was reported that one of the victims, Michael Olopete is a lecturer in the Department of Marketing at the Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo and abducted on the Owo—Ipele Road, while other two were said to be travelers and were abducted on the Owo-Ikare Expressway.


This sample kit is perfect or anyone wishing to try our gorgeous products.
This sample kit is available in Light/Medium,Medium/Tan & Tan/Dark Foundation shades.
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Google Documents has added a great new feature to their spreadsheet tool. Now you can easily create online surveys, forms, even quizzes. The video below shows how to use the tool. I used it to create a short Internet use survey for the teachers in my district in just a few minutes. Participants are invited to participate via email addresses. Once a quiz has been completed and submitted, results are posted in a spreadsheet whose categories are automatically created. Looks like another nice option for anyone needing to gather data from small or large groups of teachers, students, or community members.


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Ethambutol is een bacteriostatisch antibioticum dat werkzaam is tegen Mycobacterium tuberculosis en nog een aantal andere mycobacteriën. Het wordt in combinatie met andere tuberculostatica (rifampicine, INH) gebruikt bij de behandeling van tuberculose. Het is ook een eerstelijns antibioticum bij de medicamenteuze behandeling van een infectie met Mycobacterium avium, ook weer in combinatie met andere medicijnen als rifabutin en claritromycine.
Ethambutol wordt snel opgenomen en heeft in het bloed 2 tot 4 uur na inname de hoogste concentratie. Het werkt omdat het de opbouw van de celwand van de bacterie verstoort.

De stof is opgenomen in de lijst van essentiële geneesmiddelen van de WHO.

Dosering
Volgens de boeken moet ethambutol in verschillende hoeveelheden worden gedoseerd tijdens de tuberculosebehandeling. In de eerste 2 maanden 20-25 mg/kg waarbij het dan als bactericide zou werken, daarna 15-20 mg/kg bij dagelijkse dosering. In de praktijk kan worden volstaan met 15 mg/kg per dag. De maximale dagdosering bij dagelijks gebruik is 1600 mg. Bij ernstige nierfunctiestoornissen wordt de dosering vaak aangepast alhoewel dat niet altijd nodig blijkt als bloedspiegels worden bepaald.

Bijwerkingen
Ethambutol kan een neuritis optica veroorzaken die dosisafhankelijk en in het begin reversibel is. Dit treedt zelden op bij doseringen van 15 mg/kg maar kan wel voorkomen bij hogere doseringen. Het eerste symptoom is vaak een gestoord rood-groen kleurenzien. Andere mogelijke oogproblemen door dit geneesmiddel zijn een slechte visus en scotomen.

Antibioticum
Tuberculostaticum
Polyamine
Diol
Chirale verbinding

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Raymond Martin (Saint-Pierre-du-Regard, Francia,22 de mayo de 1949), ciclista profesional francés. En 1972 participa en los Juegos Olímpicos de Múnich.

Palmarés
1967
 Ronde de l'Oise

1972
 1 etapa del Tour del Porvenir
 1 etapa del Gran Premio Guillermo Tell

1974
 Gran Premio de Plouay

1975
 París-Camembert

1978
 Grand Prix de Plumelec
 1 etapa del Circuito de la Sarthe
 1 etapa del Critérium Internacional

1979
 París-Camembert

1980
 Trofeo de los Escaladores
 3º en el Tour de Francia, más 1 victoria de etapa y Gran Premio de la Montaña
 3º en el Campeonato de Francia de ciclismo en ruta
 1 etapa de la Dauphiné Libéré

Resultados en Grandes Vueltas y Campeonatos del Mundo

-: no participa
Ab.: abandono

Enlaces externos
Ficha de Raymond Martin a sitiodeciclismo.net

Ciclistas de Francia
Ciclistas de Francia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Múnich 1972
Ganadores de etapa en el Tour de Francia


As I have mentioned in previous posts in 2017, I am struggling with a Housing Dilemma which has paralyzed me for the last month and a half. It took me some effort to break out of it and write this post. In this post on my Housing Dilemma (Part 1), I will try to detail two big dilemmas I am facing. Your feedback will be very much appreciated. In Part 2 of the post, I will write about my decision…which hopefully will give me some peace and closure.
I discovered Financial Independence…kind of by accident around 2003. My first blog post ever via this blog was on 07/21/2014. I re-read that first post again and realized that my goal of FI was 10 years from 07/21/2014 i.e. by 07/21/2024, I should have achieved Financial Independence . To be honest, it was more of a stake-in-the-sand kind of goal rather than a well thought out date based on pure math. But, setting this date has got me far ahead of my expectations from when I started this blog.
I went back to read what Financial Independence meant to me. From there, I got the following goals. These early goals were refined a bit more…but they still are the main pillars of my FI strategy.
Depending on my housing decision, I may need additional funds OR more time. But I am happy with the current progress (Jan 2017) and will surely continue with this goal!
A $100K medical fund to help fix emergency health issues…not sure about insurance with preexisting health issues.
In 10 years, if I do not dip into the emergency fund, that fund will be folded onto the medical fund. And I will need to add some more money of course.
But, will surely be achieved.
Life Insurance to cover my family.
Note that this is insurance coverage outside of work to protect my family.
I live in a HCOL (high cost of living) area…can we move out of here to a LCOL (low cost of living) area?
For various reasons, moving is not an option for our family. All our connections (family and close friends) are here and uprooting everything is not practical.
The best case scenario for me is a mortgage amount of somewhere between $425K to $525K. I analyzed this in three posts….the final one was this. Links to the other two are within.
No mortgage => no tax deduction on the mortgage interest. I have been paying more tax than needed for the past couple years while I was building my passive income engine. Need to correct this.
We have moved 3 times within the last 7 years and that has taken a toll on my kid the most…3 different schools and zero long term friends. My kid enters middle school next year and I want to drop down roots before that…most possibly another school change but hopefully the last one until high school. So, I have appx 1.5 years left to buy a house.
In waiting to buy a house, our family spent a few vagabond years. We were saving up for the down payment as well as building the passive income streams. Whatever house we buy will be the one we will stay for the next 18 years atleast. So, the criterion of a 3B/2B SFH is not something I can relax.
Depending on which of the above two criterion I relax, there can be a few different directions I can go in. And here comes the dilemma.
A mortgage size between $425K and $525K will fit into my FI window. Assuming the worst case cost of $950K for a house, I will need a down payment of $325K to even bid for the house. I have some down payment money but accumulating $325K will take me many many more years.
Even if I stop investing in 401K and stop adding new funds to my passive income streams, I can save a max of $20K to $25K over the next year and a half.
Can I sacrifice my passive income streams? Hmm…..
So, lets say I relaxed my mortgage limit and took a $625K mortgage (analysis)…the jumbo loan limit in my HCOL area. This means my FI plan will need to be extended to 15 years at least. Say, I am agreeable to this as well. So, what is the dilemma then? Buying at the peak.
I concur with the above article as I have personal proof of it. Here is one example of a sfh that a friend bought in Dec 2007….
Even if I assume that 2016 is Bubble 2.0, if the bubble pops, I cannot expect the prices to go back to 2009 prices…at best, the prices might settle around 883K (2013 prices).
Conclusion: With this background, is this the right time to bug a house? Is this the right time to commit to a huge mortgage that will require mandatory full employment for the next 15-20 years? Even if we deduct mortgage interest deduction of $20-$30k ($625K mortgage @ 4.5%), if the house price drops by 200K, would it be a smart buy? I am not so sure….especially since even refinancing will be ruled out for underwater homes.
I hate to put my family through another temporary move, but lets see what this option of delaying a home purchase till 2020 brings us.
I can save enough money for a down payment to let me pick a $525K mortgage i.e. stick to my FI schedule of 10 years….
I am not buying at the peak of the market….a peak which is really really historic. I have seen my close friends struggle in the 2008 housing bubble , lose jobs and houses and saw first hand what devastation it can cause for families.
So, what do I lose by postponing my purchase?
Obviously, I feel that I am not being a responsible parent and husband by elongating the vagabond life by another three years.
I am going to lose the tax benefits of a mortgage…most probably in the highest earning years of my life….i.e. when I could most benefit from a deduction in taxes.
The rental purchases also will be at the top of the housing market bubble…unless I identify a market that is not so frothy.
Remote rental management…lack of time is so prevalent in my life now…so, how does one manage remote properties? Can I identify a rental management agency to help me out? Doable but will take some work.
If housing market falls in 2018, I will not have enough money to take advantage of it.
Conclusion: With this background, is this the right time to postpone purchase of family residence and buy a rental property instead? I will be getting the tax benefit and hopefully get the renters to pay off most of the mortgage. And over time, diversify my passive income stream as well. Am I being too selfish in signing up my Kid and wife for few more years of Vagabond life?
If you have read this far, I truly appreciate it! As I said before, the above two dilemmas have paralyzed me for the last month and a half. If I may ask one favor, do you have any thoughts on how I can solve my dilemma? Which option should I pick: Dilemma 1 OR Dilemma 2? Am I missing any pros/cons in each dilemma? Feel free to share your valuable opinions! Thank you very much!
I'd use the money from your taxable account for a down payment, but I wouldn't buy a single family house. So if 3beds, 2 bath is $900k, perhaps you could find 4-6 beds, 3-4 bathroom with at least 2 units for $1M-1.2M, you'll live in 1 units and have tenants pay for most of the mortgage. That way you can rebuild your passive income stream.
The best way to tackle high cost housing, is probably buying a fixer upper, and put in some Swear Equity. It's like a side hustle, but you could buy a duplex or a triplex or a quad plex at 20-40% off. You've already made a "profit" at the time when you buy, not when you sell. That way you don't feel bad when the housing market sink because it might just come down to the level where you bought it.
Once the mortgage paid off, voila, extra passive income.
I spent a lot of time hunting for the right building. If you have to stay around your community, then your community might help you renovate your house?! 🙂 just a thought.
This is actually what I would do and actually did :). I lived in a crazy HCOL area also and bought a 2F where the other apartment helped pay for the mortgage. 13 years later, its bringing $1500 in passive income a month.
great minds, think alike. LOL 🙂 cheers!
Ahh….you are a better person than me! Congrats on the super purchase and thanks for dropping by!
Apologies for the delay…was out of town for work for a week and wanted to do some home work before replying.
Super thanks for the advice! I took your advice and visited 7 multi-family open houses in our area. 5/7 properties were 2B/1B duplexes and triplexes…around the 1-1.2 million range. 2B/1B is not going to work out for our family and the schools in all of these areas were below the minimum standard we were looking for. 1/7 was a 3B/2B and 2B/1B combo and the last one was a 3B/2B duplex. Both of them were in good areas with reasonable school districts but the cost was around 1.5 million…20% of 1.5mil is 300K….gulp. Will keep on the lookout for such properties and see if any falls into my lap!
As a side note, I think before kids, I would not have hesitated at all…but before kids, I was not luck enough to come across FIRE! Better late than never! Thanks much for the awesome advice.
Find the duplex that you like, it doesn't matter that's it's $1.5M, make a bid for $1.2 and show them your approval paper. The worse they will do is reject your offer. You don't lose anything. More than likely, they bought it for $500-600k, $1.2M is double of what they had paid for. It only takes 1 of them to say yes to your offer.
I went and saw a lot of houses before making my buys, I always low ball them. I look at so many houses, that I know even if I only 89% like the house, I would not lose money on it, because the price is $1.5M, I pay $1.2M, yes?
Will just have one comment, regarding the space you need, or rather – a tip from another side of the Atlantic Ocean.
I live in a part of the city, that could be considered as an equivalent of your HCOL.
Familly of 4, we needed at least 3 bedrooms flat, with the living room and the kitchen, and based on this requirements we were 25% above our budget.
2. we were able to put some money aside and rearrange the flat, with help of smart architect, and to create 3 bedrooms, an office, kitchen opened to the living room etc. I know that the living space in US is usually huge compared to France, but considering a rearrangement of "smaller" house into living area with european dimensions for all you family members could be a hint ?
Thanks for the kind words…apologies for the delay. I was out of town and promptly got sick….the kiddo viruses are the most nasty ones. Your tip is a good one. When I started going to open houses, I used to look for the exact match of what I wanted. Just like you mentioned, I have started looking at other alternatives now…2B/2B with a den instead of 3B/2B, 2B/2B with the garage converted to an additional guest room/office, etc. We are also taking a family friend along who has done a few house modifications on his own for ideas….lets see how things work out.
When housing is important to you, then the question is: is it more important that your investment portfolio?
Next to that, the suggestion fro Vivianne is worth to consider.
Smart question ATL. Thanks for dropping by and apologies for the delay. Was out on work and got sick after coming back.
My portfolio has appx 4000-5000 stocks across all my mutual funds, spanning at least 30 countries around the world. So, giving all the risk diversification for one single plot of land sounds scary. But, all of my portfolio is paper money….so, part of my mind says that it is better to put some of that money towards a real asset i.e. a home that we can touch and feel and possibly bang our heads on 🙂 So, I am searching for a mid way….shift some portfolio assets to a house. Vivianne's idea to shift some resources onto a house that earns some money is definitely tempting. Lets see how it goes.
Thanks once again for your advice!


text:
Factory Workers (Travelling Expenses).
Oral Answers to Questions — Royal Air Force. – in the House of Commons on 12th February 1941.
Mr George Daggar , Abertillery
asked the Secretary of State for Air whether he is aware that a number of men employed at a factory, of which he has been informed, whose wages are £2 19s. per working week of 48 hours, have to pay 12s. per week travelling expenses; and whether he will take steps to make arrangements to meet this expenditure?
Sir Archibald Sinclair , Caithness and Sutherland
My information is that there are two such cases out of an establishment of considerable size. The question of what assistance should be given in these cases is now being investigated.


With autumn just around the corner, we thought this weekend we would make some candy corn on the cob. This will be our contribution for the sweets table at the Vikings Kick Off party on Sunday.
All you will need for this sweet project is a tube of raw sugar cookie dough and a package of candy corn. Start with a cob size of the cookie dough. Push the candy corns into the cookie dough only as deep as the white part of the kernel. Be sure not to push them in too deeply or they will collide and cause the cob to loose its shape. Layer the kernels by alternating the spacing of each row length-wise. As you can see in the picture, the rows with the kernels need to lay flat against each other. Chill at least an hour, then it will be ready for guests to pick the kernels off of the cob for an instant sugar rush.
Another easy peasy recipe for fun!
Moon in My Room brings the beauty and wonder of this celestial body right into your child's bedroom. This remote controlled, glow-in-the-dark "mini moon" is contoured and textured to feature an authentically detailed lunar moonscape. A built in light-sensor illuminates a room when it gets dark and shows 12 phases of the moon. The phases can be controlled manually or set to rotate on an automatic function to change every five second, so that kids can follow the moon in the sky with the moon in their room.
So, what fun things did you do on the longest night of the year? We had a jolly old time making Reindeer Root Beer for friends and neighbors.
We could not resist dressing the winter ale bottles for a party Wednesday night.
The winner will be the person that guesses the exact or closest number of peppermint candy in the jar. Leave your guess on our Facebook page and we will announce the winner December 30st. You will receive a $25.00 Totally Gift Card! Good Luck!
GUESS HOW MANY PEPPERMINT CANDY CONTEST?
Swe-e-et! This jar of treats includes a gingerbread man, a lollypop and two colorfully wrapped candies. Remove and replace these sugar-free goodies to develop fine motor skills while at play. Constructed of high quality fabrics and phthalate-free plastic, this soft and durable set will provide hours of no-cal fun!
A classic soft toy for little ones 6 months plus.
with individual wrappers. These treats have such a delicious appearance that they should be kept away from small children, lest they mistake the play petit fours for the real thing.
Peppermint Pie – Oh My! and easy enough for kids to try making.
COMBINE cookie crumbs and butter in large bowl. Press crumb mixture onto bottom and side of 9-inch pie plate. (9-inch prepared chocolate cookie crust may be substituted.) Freeze for about 15 minutes or until firm. Place ice cream in refrigerator for 15 minutes to soften.
SPREAD softened ice cream evenly into frozen crust. Pipe or spoon whipped topping around border of pie. Arrange candy canes on top of pie. Freeze for several hours or until firm.
TO SERVE, cut pie into 8 wedges. Place on dessert plates and drizzle with chocolate syrup.
These are a teacher gifts easy enough for young children to make. Make and Takes once again has such a great idea and shows us how.
There must be a kids table at every Thanksgiving, it's practically an American tradition. For me, growing up, it was most likely for the preservation of fine china, crystal and family heirlooms from precocious little cousins.
The winner will be the person that guesses the exact or closest number to how many corn are in the jar. Leave your guess on our Facebook page and we will announce the winner December 1st. You will receive a $25.00 Totally Gift Card!
Congratulations Tanya George you are the winner and will receive a$25.00 Totally Kids Gift Card!


Parnara spp. – Parnara Swift spp.
There are three species of Parnara in India: (1) Parnara ganga Evans, 1937 – Continental Swift, (2) Parnara guttatus mangala Moore, 1865 – Himalayan Straight Swift, and (3) Parnara bada bada Moore, 1878 – Oriental Variable Swift. Their species-level identification is based largely on structures of the male genitalia. Hence, they cannot be identidied easily based on external traits such as wing patterns.
Parnara spp – Parnara Swift spp.
Anonymous. 2019. Parnara spp. – Parnara Swift spp.. Kunte, K., S. Sondhi, and P. Roy (Chief Editors). Butterflies of India, v. 2.61. Indian Foundation for Butterflies.


Los Angeles native Ted Soqui is a photojournalist whose work regularly appears in the LA Weekly along with national and international media outlets from Glendale High School's The Explosion to The New York Times, Newsweek and Time.
This past year Ted joined award-winning photographers Jonathan Alcorn and Andrew Lichtenstein to launch JTA Photo Agency. The Los Angeles firm is "an independent non-corporate-owned photo agency dedicated to high-quality photojournalism with a global reach." Its mission: To provide the best and most truthful images in today's world.
"We believe in the sanctity of the image fixed in time," says Ted. "JTA photos will honor authenticity."
Ted Soqui began his freelance career in 1983. His first client was the Pasadena Weekly, the local newspaper and a neighbor to Pasadena Community College, where he attended, but soon abandoned, classes. The newspaper was the first to feature the personal and sometimes gritty images of urban life that have become Ted's signature. His debut feature presented beaming b-boys and b-girls defying gravity in a new style of street dance called break dancing.
Soon after that, the eager photographer wangled a press credential and pushed his way though the scrum of photographers at LAX. He was feet from President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan, holding hands and waving above his head to the distant crowd. Ted sold the photo to the LA Weekly. His taste for news and his chase of news began in earnest there.
"I've covered pretty much every major news event in Los Angeles and the Southland ever since," he says. Fire storms and wind storms. Riots and rages. Airplane crashes and super jumbo jet landings. Politicians and pop stars - alive or dead. Celebrities and criminals - separate or the same.
"I chased OJ on the 405. I sold those pictures to the National Enquirer," he says.
"I was covering Lindsay Lohan at court , when Time revealed its Person of the Year cover on Good Morning America and my phone exploded with calls from friends who recognized my photo from my blog," he says. "I was shocked that so many of my friends watched GMA."
During the riots, Ted says, " I was all over town. I was working for the LA Weekly." Ten years later, his photos ran as a retrospective in The Explosion, published by Glendale High School. "That's my smallest client, but it was very professional and very impressive. I always mention it when people ask where they might have seen my work."
When the news pauses, Ted creates his own. In 2009, his powerful photo essay of Lancaster Prison earned first place honors for a single topic photo essay at the Los Angeles Press Club's 52nd Annual Southern California Journalism Award. The montage appeared in Los Angeles Magazine. Ted competed against himself for the award. His essay on wild fires won the second place award.


WASHINGTON - The average income of the nation's physicians rose to $177,400 in 1992, up 4 percent from the year before, the American Medical Association reported.
Getting under the wire for a Washington-imposed Saturday deadline, Lubbock school board members Wednesday spelled out mechanics of a plan for submission as a "compliance" with interpretations of the Civil Rights Act.
The advanced marketing class, composed of juniors and seniors of the division of commerce at Texas Technological college are visiting various Lubbock business houses to observe practical economic phases.
LONDON - British newspapers of all shades of opinion are devoting serious attention to the attitude adopted by the German government toward the armistice conditions.


Lantern, the leader in evidence-based online mental health wellness services, today announced the close of a $17 million investment led by Pittsburgh-based healthcare giant UPMC. The investment reflects a commitment from Lantern and UPMC to transform the way emotional wellbeing services are delivered and accessed in the U.S. UPMC was joined by all previous Lantern investors, including Mayfield Fund, SoftTech Venture Capital and Stanford University.
As a leading mental health provider and research organization, UPMC will partner with Lantern to leverage its platform within a myriad of clinical settings and conditions.
Behavioral health problems are among the most pressing health issues facing the country, affecting more than 18 percent of adults. Depression and anxiety disorders are among the top five drivers of medical costs in primary care settings—and are even more common and costly among those with chronic medical conditions. Given the shortage of mental health workers, two-thirds of primary care physicians report difficulty referring patients to behavioral health services.
UPMC clinicians will work with Lantern on pilots aimed at expanding its programs to additional behavioral health issues and potentially to populations of patients with more complex conditions. "Integrating behavioral health into broader medical care and focusing on prevention for large groups of patients is the only way that we can deliver high-quality, cost-effective mental healthcare," said Eva Szigethy, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of psychiatry, pediatrics, and medicine at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, who will be working closely with the Lantern team.
The largest nongovernmental employer in Pennsylvania, UPMC integrates 60,000 employees, more than 20 hospitals, more than 500 doctors' offices and outpatient sites, a health insurance division, and international and commercial operations. Affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, UPMC ranks No. 13 in the prestigious U.S. News & World Report annual Honor Roll of America's Best Hospitals.
Building on UPMC's 20-year track record of successful commercialization activity, UPMC Enterprises is dedicated to creating exceptional healthcare innovations that will have a measurable impact on the cost and quality of care. By partnering with innovators like Lantern, UPMC Enterprises is focused on creating and commercializing solutions in four key areas: clinical tools that will transform the delivery of care, population health management that will be essential in health care's move from volume to value, consumer-centric healthcare, and business services that improve efficiency.