Guru poornima is a major festival celebrated in the sacred land Shirdi. The other two festivals that are celebrated in the divinely vibrant Shirdi are Ramanavami and Dassera. This year 2009 the Guru poornima is on date 7th July, 2009. Also Lunar eclipse will happen on this day, which will not be visible in India or in Shirdi.
Dasera is an auspicious day celebrated by Hindus. The reason of celebration of Dassera, in the abode of Sai Baba's physical presence (Shirdi) is because Baba left the physical body on that day (Mahasamadhi). It was indeed a very sad and shocking day for all the Shri Sai devotees who loved and worshiped Baba. For them the loss seemed to be immense. As Sai Baba was not, a Saint or God for them who had tremendous miraculous powers which helped many devotees in times of distress. Sai Baba of Shirdi was not just a spiritual Guru who helped them and guided them to spirituality and also in temporal matters. With all of above Baba was a very gentle and loving form. Who talked with the devotees and joked with them. He told stories and parables.
He played with the children. Baba was also like a family member to them, a family member that was love incarnate. Just a glance on Shri Sai would make them feel calm serene and lovingly taken care of. They were sure that Sai Baba's tremendous love was with them. They need not fear as Sai Baba was there to stop them from doing any wrong which could hurt them. Sai Baba was there to save them from the most difficult situations they might be facing or that might be on the way in near future.
A family member who always took care of them and saved them from many calamities, even when they were far away from His physical presance. Many such experieances later were jotted down as miracles of Sai Baba. They were not miracles in the true sense. They were the love and care for the devotees. The miracles happened not for the sake of miracles but out of love and care for the devotees. The miracles that happened were there, to let the devotees know that He was with them where ever they were and His graceful and loving Nazar was always with them. To let them know that He was not confined with physical limitations as most of us humans are. Just as we humans use the subtle waves, that modern technology has discovered, to stay in touch with our friedns and families through gadgets like mobile phones, internet, and to stay in touch with events through satelite telivison channels. Sai Baba remained and remains in touch with His devotees through His divine powers taking care in every possible way.
According to both Hindu and Buddhist traditions, Guru Puja Day or Guru Poornima Day is celebrated on the Full Moon day of the Lunar month Ashadha, which corresponds to June-July of the Roman Calendar. Many Hindu festivals or based on the Lunar calendar. The size of the moon has tremendous effects on our body and minds. Our bodies contains about 75% of water by weight. Moon affects the water of ocean we can see that in the tidal changes that takes place according to the size of moon. So full moon of Gurupurnima day is very special for Guru puja (worship) of Spiritual Guru or being available to Guru's grace.
singing or listening to Sai Baba's Bhajans.
Gurupoornima is celebrated in Shirdi since Sai Baba was in His physical forms. It continues. These days on Guru poornima days Shirdi is suffocated with huge number of devotees who wish to spend this auspicious day in their beloved land Shirdi. Shri Saibab Sansthan Shirdi arranges for many devotional events on this day. Also along with all this events many things have to be take care of since the numbers of devotees visiting Shirdi on Gurupoornima day reaches in lakhs. This does not stops the devotees who are called by Baba's grace on this special day. Other devotees spend there time where ever they are in any form of devotion of Sai Baba stated above.
Not only in Shirdi, the festival of Gurupoornima is celebrated with much devotion and spiritual events all over world in local temples of Shirdi Sai's temples and also at homes of devotees, on whom Sai Baba's love is experienced.
Sadguru Sai Naath Maharaj Ki Jai.
Om Sai, Om Sai, Om Sai.
Sadchit Anand Sai ko koti koti pranam.
"Guru is creator Brahma; Guru is presever Vishnu;Guru is also the destrover Siva and he is the source of the absolute.I offer all my salutations to the Guru"
Yes you can always add the link of this site to your blog.
I truly believe in Sai Baba, i visited shirdi few months ago for the first time and i just can't tell you how blissful was the experience for me. I never found myself so much calm before visiting there.
i am muslim but i have also believe in sai baba.
I had done saptha prayan many times for same wish n I saw many times baba in my dreams but my wish is not completing I want to marry a person but now because of family pressure he engaged with someone else now he is also not happy what should I do now pls suggest me??


text:
Shipley Road pathway championed by Councilman Bob Weiner
At the request of Councilman Bob Weiner, a community meeting was held at the Immaculate Heart of Mary on June 4, 2007 at which time representatives from the State Department of Transportation provided the community with options for a pathway along Shipley Road. The pathway project has been broken into 3 phases, with a possible 4th phase:
Phase 1: Shipley Road from Weldin Road to the Rockwood Greenway;
Phase 2: Shipley Road from Weldin Road to Wilson Road;
Phase 3: Weldin Road from Shipley Road to the Blue Ball State Park;
Possible Phase 4: Baynard Boulevard from Shipley Road to Marsh Road.
From 1986 to 1996 (at which time Bob Weiner was elected to represent Brandywine Hundred as their New Castle County Councilman), Bob Weiner was the Zoning Chairman of the Council of Civic Organizations of Brandywine Hundred (CCOBH). In 1986, Bob worked with other community leaders to help establish the Shipley Road Civic Alliance for the singular purpose of preserving Shipley Road's scenic and historic integrity and for the purpose of preventing the widening of Shipley Road. The late Phil Cloutier, Rick Browne (one of the original founders), Dr. Dudley Spencer, Chip Connolly Esq. (past-President of the Shipley Road Alliance) and other long time Alliance members can attest to Councilman Bob Weiner?s passionate commitment during this successful struggle. If it were not these collective efforts under Bob?s leadership, the bridge at Rockwood Museum would have long ago been converted to a four lane major bridge; which would have then been used to buttress developer John Rollins' initiative to convert Shipley Road into a 4 lane roadway providing direct access from Interstate 495 to the Brandywine Town Center.
At the same time, as a member of Rockwood's Board, Bob Weiner initiated the funding effort to build the historic walls along Shipley Road at Rockwood Museum as well. He battled then with DELDOT leadership who were initially opposed to the construction of the stone walls. With great community support, the community prevailed. DELDOT finally agreed to build the walls and then ironically received national awards for the stone walls. Then DELDOT decided to emulate the Rockwood/Shipley Road wall project elsewhere. Now DELDOT regularly builds stone walls and stone embankments; many of which have received national awards.
Having heard from many of his constituents, Councilman Weiner has been in constant communications with the State Department of Transportation (DELDOT) since 2000 championing a Shipley Road context sensitive design pathway. This concept had the support of many area citizens but had been tabled 5 years earlier in 2000 due to a lack of community consensus. With the addition of Blue Ball Park amenities, Tally Day County Park enhancements (i.e. the library and bark park whose location at the park was as a result of my initiatives), the future Talleyville Girls Softball League at the Old Mill Lane School site (whose location at the site was as a result of Bob Weiner?s initiative) and the general dangerous conditions that had worsened for our school children and adults, the need to address the challenge of designing a context sensitive pathway along these roadways had been even greater.
?Context sensitive designed pathways? are respectful of the existing mature trees and bushes along country roads such as Grubb Road and Shipley Road. The Grubb Road context sensitive designed pathway is a DELDOT approved project, which has been approved for detailed design funding in 2010 by the State Department of Transportation. Once completed, the Grubb Road pathway will match the existing small sections of pathways that had already been previously been built at both ends of Grubb Road (near Naamans Road and Foulk Road).
Bob Weiner has long championed sidewalks (where appropriate), pathways and greenways in Brandywine Hundred, Claymont and elsewhere. Bob said that he looks forward to being involved in the Shipley Road/Weldin Road/Baynard Boulevard Community Study. Councilman Weiner recently said at the DELDOT community workshop on June 4, 2007: ?The addition of pathways will make our communities more livable. Citizens should not be held hostages to our motor vehicles always lacking the option of walking to where we live, shop, work, play, pray or school our children. Lacking pathways, we have been forced to always retreat to motor vehicles in order to safely leave and return to our communities. Residents ought to be able to enjoy our environment, breath fresh and clean air, exercise, walk to visit friends and neighbors, walk to schools, churches, stores and parks. We will all enjoy happier, healthier and longer lives if we are enabled to safely walk outside our immediate communities.
Bob Weiner observed that it is much less expensive to build pathways then to build roadways. Said Weiner, ?Pathways will encourage citizens to shift some of their short excursions to pathways. In terms of controlling healthcare costs, attacking obesity, encouraging healthy lifestyles, minimizing rush hour traffic congestion, fostering public safety and general traffic congestion management, I believe that pathways pay for themselves when a comprehensive cost/benefit analysis is performed. (see national studies conducted by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation)
In the Brandywine Community News article below issued June 8, 2007, the reporter failed to report that there was a strong preference expressed for another option not shown in the 3 options prepared in advance of the June 4 Community Meeting. This 4th option was described by Councilman Bob Weiner to the group as a meandering context sensitive designed pathway that respected the mature trees and bushes to the extent possible; thus preserving the existing vegetation as both a visual and a safety buffer between the cars and the pedestrians. DELDOT representatives said that they would carefully consider this proposed modification.
Brandywine Hundred residents had their first look at potential plans for the installation
of a pedestrian and bicycle pathway along Shipley Road.
The workshop at Immaculate Heart of Mary School on June 4 drew about 30 community members, who saw three possible options for improving pedestrian access along the roadway.
Installation of such a pathway or sidewalk is several years away, but the Delaware Department of Transportation used about $50,000 in federal grant money to study the possibility of installing such improvements along the narrow but well-traveled roadway.
The first phase of installation is proposed for the stretch of road between Baynard Boulevard to the north and the Delaware Greenway to the south.
What form the pedestrian route takes is largely up to the community, said DelDOT representative Roberta Geier.
"We want to hear what the community wants to see," she said. "Once we get a concept of what that is, we'll probably come to the community again."
The three potential options include a pedestrian sidewalk with a grass buffer, a wider trail that could also accommodate bicycles and five-foot shoulder lane designated for bikes and pedestrians.
Some of those in attendance suggested that DelDOT should also consider a meandering pathway, which would allow older trees or other physical impediments to be circumvented and thereby preserved.
Erik Balsley, the engineer with CH Planning who generated the three proposals, said it was very possible that the final product could be something different than all of them.
"We recognize that these may not be the only options," he said.
Most of the people in attendance indicated support for some kind of improvements.
"There are people walking on these roads right now even though they're not safe," said Eve Tahmincioglu, president of the Liftwood Estates Civic Association. "Just the other day, I saw a mother pushing a baby in a stroller almost get run off the road."
William Rhodunda, a land use attorney who lives in the Shipley Road corridor, said he believes the state needs to do more to provide safe pedestrian access on heavily residential roads.
"I'm amazed that you're required to put sidewalks within a subdivision but there are no requirements for sidewalks on the arterial roads," he said. "It's nice to see Brandywine Hundred start to catch up with the way things should be."
"Councilman Robert Weiner is legendary for his energy, knowledge and drive. He is one of the guiding forces behind the passage of the environmentally protective New Castle County United Development Code. He has been a force for good government in New Castle County for more than two decades."
Christine Whitehead
Former Vice President, Civic League for New Castle County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have been wanting to post about this for a long time, and I intend to devote a few posts to explaining my point of view.
I think the public debate about Iran and its nuclear ambitions is taking place on a very skewed set of facts and perceptions in most of the western world, and I feel that this does not help anybody: not the Iranians, and not "us" [the western world, or in particular, the US and the EU3 group - France, Germany and the U.K.], because it causes antagonizing and virtual realities instead of a healthy dialogue.
This debate is indeed very much a dialogue de sourds right now ("dialogue of the deaf", a situation in which neither party understands or even acknowledges the point of view of the other, all the while appearing and pretending to engage in dialogue).
And while the serious printed press has generally documented the details of the issue in a somewhat thorough manner, and on occasions provided for a public forum where the parties could directly state their opinions, it appears to me that the general public has a very poor knowledge and understanding of the facts.
And this might be so in part because of the style of reporting of the sensationalist televised media, or the just-as-sensationalist newspaper headlines. If you get your information by "skimming" the headlines in your favourite newspaper or news aggregator, chances are you know very little about what this is really about.
I will no doubt take the "out-of mainstream" line here, and I expect to receive much heated criticism and hate mail, but I feel that somebody needs to play devil's advocate sometimes, or needs to amplify the discourse of the minority (here Iran) against the all-too-powerful majority (the US and Europe).
The fact is, the general understanding with so many people here (in the West) is that Iran wants to develop nuclear weapons and that the EU3 has been in negotations with them to try to get them to stop their nuclear weapons program.
Iran is contending that they have a right, under international law and as defined by the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of which they are a signatory, to develop a civil nuclear program and engage in civil nuclear research, including uranium enrichment to low levels, all for - do i need insist? - civilian and peaceful purposes.
The EU3 (and the US) are concerned about the possibilities of diversion of this nuclear technology (in particular the uranium enrichment) from civilian use into a military program and the subsequent development of nuclear weapons.
Now we might have concerns, and some of them legitimate, why not? Relationships, between countries as between individuals, do require a crucial element of trust, and this trust is very much lacking in the relationship of Iran with the West.
And so we should work with the Iranians to find ways to ease these concerns. But denying them a legal right to develop civilian nuclear technology on the grounds of concern or worry does not seem like an argument that would give you victory in a court.
more on this later... your opinions are welcome.


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I hope others find value and encouragement in the devotions I share on my blog. While I sometimes share about life and book news, the foundation of the blog is inspirational articles.
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text:
Q: How do I answer y automatically (kill-matching-buffers asks if I should kill a modified buffer)? In Emacs - how do I kill buffers matching regexp?
Edit:
How do I answer y automatically (kill-matching-buffers asks if I should kill a modified buffer)?
Something like this?
(defun bk-kill-buffers (bfrRgxp)
  (interactive)
  (kill-matching-buffers bfrRgxp)
  [return])

A:
How do I answer y automatically (kill-matching-buffers asks if I should kill a modified buffer)?

kill-matching-buffers calls kill-buffer-ask which calls yes-or-no-p. You could temporarily redefine the latter, but for safety reasons I am inclined not to do that -- killing a given buffer could trigger other functionality which needs to ask a yes-or-no question.
Redefining kill-buffer-ask seems a safer bet (or simply copying and modifying the kill-matching-buffers function itself).
(require 'cl)
(defun bk-kill-buffers (regexp)
  "Kill buffers matching REGEXP without asking for confirmation."
  (interactive "sKill buffers matching this regular expression: ")
  (flet ((kill-buffer-ask (buffer) (kill-buffer buffer)))
    (kill-matching-buffers regexp)))

A: For Emacs version >=24, the kmb.el library from ELPA repository
does exactly that with the command kmb-kill-matching-buffers-no-ask.
It also provides the command kmb-delete-process-and-kill-buffer-no-ask,
which kills the current buffer (without confirmation).
I bind the latter command as follows:
(global-set-key (kbd "H-M-<delete>") 'kmb-delete-process-and-kill-buffer-no-ask)

so that i don't call it accidentaly, just when i need it.

A: You can use kill-matching-buffers. Below code effectively behaves as if kill-buffer (which does not ask before killing) was called instead of kill-buffer-ask:
(defun kill-matching-buffers-just-do-it ()
  "Kill buffers whose names match REGEXP, without asking."
  (interactive)
  (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'kill-buffer-ask) #'kill-buffer))
    (call-interactively #'kill-matching-buffers)))

A: M-x kill-matching-buffers

This will prompt for a regex, check the documentation for details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Witnessing quantum effects in the gravitational field has traditionally been considered extremely hard, due to the weakness of the gravitational interaction. For instance, there have been claims that detecting a graviton is practically impossible,  \cite{Dyson, Boughn}. The predictions from linearised models of quantum gravity, therefore, would be unobservable, thus making the quantisation of the gravitational field itself questionable.

Recently, a different class of tests has been introduced, based on an indirect method \cite{MAVE, SOUG}, which is not affected by such difficulties. Instead of measuring directly quanta of the gravitational field, the proposal is to test the ability of the gravitational field to entangle two masses each in a superposition of two different locations. The logic is that if gravity can generate entanglement between the two masses, then it must be quantum. By a system "being quantum" hereinafter we shall mean that in order to describe it one needs at least two variables that do not commute with one another. This is an indirect test, because the quantum features of the field are detected by measuring observables of two test masses only (rather than, for instance, detecting gravitons or fluctuations of space-time).

Specifically, in the experiment each mass is put into a superposition of two paths via an interferometer. If the interferometers are close enough, the state of each mass can be significantly modified by interacting gravitationally with the other mass. According to how matter couples to gravity (see below for a discussion), different outcomes may occur. However if at the output of the interferometers the two masses are entangled, one can conclude, via the argument presented in \cite{MAVE}, that the gravitational field that mediated the entanglement must itself be quantum. Thus, the entanglement between the two masses mediated by gravity is proposed as a witness of the quantisation of the field. That argument does not assume any specific dynamics \cite{MAVE}; but it assumes that there is no instantaneous action at a distance between A and B (which is why C must be the mediator). As noted in \cite{REHA}, observing entanglement would confirm some type of non-classicality in the field, in the form of there being at least two non-commuting variables, but it would not guarantee that the field is a fully-fledged quantum system. For example, one of the two non-commuting variables might be not physically observable.

This experimental proposal opens several deep questions, some of which we shall address in this manuscript. There are, at present, a number of proposed models for coupling matter with gravity. In this paper, we analyse which predictions they provide for the experiment in question. We restrict attention to three cases: the linearised and canonical approaches \cite{Kiefer}; collapse-type models, \cite{Penrose, Diosi, GRW} and semiclassical gravity, \cite{DEWITT}.

From our analysis it emerges that both the collapse models, and also semiclassical approaches to gravity, would be ruled out if entanglement were to be observed, because in such models the gravitational field is classical - it only has one observable, thus it would not be capable of generating any entanglement between the masses. Linear quantum gravity (to which all the canonical approaches would have to reduce) would, on the other hand, be confirmed. Thus this experiment differs from previous experiments that couple a quantum system to gravity, such the COW and related experiments \cite{COW,Brukner}, where the gravitational field remains completely classical.

Using linearised quantum gravity, we also explain how the entanglement between the two masses is generated, by using the gravitational field as a third system that acts as a mediator between the two. We shall discuss specifically the amount of entanglement between the masses and the field, as well as the entanglement between the two masses. The observed effects in this experiment are not general-relativistic; confining attention to the Newtonian contributions suffices to explain the proposed experiment. This therefore suggests that gravity ought to be quantised even if it was only Newtonian (provided that there is no instantaneous action at a distance). In this regime the non-perturbative approaches to quantum gravity, such as loop quantum gravity \cite{ROV} and string theory \cite{STR}, agree with the predictions of the linearised approach; thus the proposed experiment would test their prediction, too, in this regime.

We first recall the logic of the experiment. Consider two equal masses $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ each in, say, two Mach-Zehnder interferometers, each located horizontally in the Earth's gravitational field (so that both masses are approximately subject to the same background field, which can therefore be neglected for the purpose of computing phase differences).
Let one of the arms be indicated by $0$ and the other by $1$.  Each mass is after the first beam-splitter is in the state $\frac{1}{\sqrt 2} \left(\ket{0}+\ket{1}\right )$. The distance from one arm of the interferometer to the closer arm of the second interferometer is $r_1$; the distance to the other arm of the second interferometer is $r_2$. If one supposes that the masses on different paths interact via the gravitational field, different things can happen according to how matter and gravity couple.  Broadly speaking, the superpositions might undergo some collapse or not; and if they do not, they may or may not become entangled.

For clarity, we first explain how to realise a two-qubit entangling gate acting on the masses, by way of letting them interact separately with the gravitational field, but not directly with one another.
The two masses only get entangled via gravity, and do not interact directly (thereby ruling out action at a distance). We shall model this by requiring that the Hamiltonian does not contain products of operators acting both on $Q_1$ and $Q2$.

Consider a simple model where the gravitational field $C$ is treated as a single quantum harmonic oscillator (or, more accurately, a collection of them). In the linearised model of quantum gravity, $a$ and $a^{\dagger}$ can be interpreted as the annihilation and creation operators for gravitons. The two masses $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ can be initially modelled as two qubits -- whose z-component represents a discretised position of each mass. (In our earlier discussion, the position represents one of two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, but it could be more general.) Its eigenstates $\ket{a}$ where $a\in \{0,1\}$ represent the situation where the mass is in a definite position $a$; the state $\ket{ab}$ describes the situation where the first mass is in position $a$ and the second in position $b$.

We shall now analyse how the relative phases in the quantum superpositions of masses are established during the double interference experiment, thus inducing entanglement. First the masses get entangled to the field, then the phases are generated through a generalised controlled-phase gate.

Immediately after the action of the first beam splitter, the state of the two masses and the field is
$\ket{\phi_0}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{a,b\in\{0,1\}}\ket{ab}\ket{\alpha}$,
where $a, a^{\dagger}$ are the bosonic creation and annihilation operators for the field; and $\ket{\alpha}={\rm e}^{-\frac{1}{2}|\alpha|^2}\exp(\alpha (a^{\dagger}-a))\ket{0}$ is a coherent state representing the spatial modes of gravity - possibly a continuum.

The two masses and the field then evolve into the state
\begin{eqnarray}
\ket{\phi_{E1}}=U_1\ket{\phi_0}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{a,b\in\{0,1\}}\ket{ab}\ket{\alpha_{a,b}}
\end{eqnarray}
where $U_1\doteq \sum_{a,b\in\{0,1\}}P_{ab}\otimes D(\xi_{ab})$ and $\ket{\alpha_{a,b}}=\ket{\alpha+i\sqrt{\xi_{ab}}}=D(\xi_{a,b})\ket{\alpha}\;$; we have defined the displacement operator as $D(\xi_{a,b})=\exp{(i\sqrt{\xi_{a,b}}(a^{\dagger}-a))}$ with $\sqrt{\xi_{ab}}$ being a real-numbered shift that depends on the coupling between the field and the masses, that brings about the desired phase-shift $\phi_{a,b}$ at the end (see below for more details). We have also defined the projectors $P_{ab}=P_a\otimes P_b$, with $P_{0,1}=\frac{(id\pm\sigma_z)}{2}$ being the projector operator for the location of each mass; and $w$ is some real number with the property that $w\xi_{a,b}=\phi_{a,b}$. We have also assumed that establishing the entanglement
between the field and the masses takes place on time-scales much faster than the process that transfers the phase $\phi_{a,b}$ back from the field to the masses, evolving their composite system to the state $\ket{\phi_{E2}}=U_2\ket{\phi_{E1}}\approx \frac{1}{2}\sum_{a,b\in\{0,1\}}\exp{(i\phi_{a,b})}\ket{ab}\ket{\alpha_{a,b}}\;$, where $U_2=\exp(w(a^{\dagger}a))$ and we, for the sake of this simple illustration, we have assumed to be in the regime where $|\alpha|$ is large and real (later the full linearised model will present the exact solution for any coherent state).  Finally, the interaction $U_1^{\dagger}$ between the field and the masses brings the field back to its original state and the masses remain entangled (to the degree depending on the phase): $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{a,b\in\{0,1\}}\exp{(i\phi_{a,b})}\ket{ab}\ket{\alpha}\;.$

The key fact is that the above process relies on two complementary observables of the field. This can be seen by noticing that the observables $\frac{1}{2i}(a-a^{\dagger})$ and $a^{\dagger}a$ are needed to generate the unitaries $U_1$ and $U_2$. The values $w$ and $\xi_{ab}$ depend on the details of the interaction between gravity and the masses.

The entanglement between the field and masses can be quantified by the reduced entropy of the masses, and it is independent of $w$. Since the field and the masses are weakly entangled, a good approximation of the reduced entropy is the linear entropy ($S_L=1-{\rm Tr(\rho_{Q_1,Q_2}^2)}$, where $\rho_{Q_1,Q_2}$ is the reduced state of the two masses). The magnitude of the reduced entropy is given by one minus the overlap between the two gravitational states squared as in: $1- |\langle\alpha_{ab}|\alpha\rangle|^2 = 1- \exp{(-\xi_{ab})} \approx \xi_{ab}\; .$ This quantity could be very small compared to one, while still generate the desired entanglement between the two masses. Assuming Newtonian gravity, one has: $\phi_{ab}=w\alpha_{ab}=\frac{Gm^2}{\hbar d_{ab}}\Delta t=\left (\frac{m}{m_P}\right )^2\frac{c}{d_{ab}}\Delta t\;$,
where $\Delta t$ is the interaction time between the two masses, $m_{P}$ is Planck's mass and $d_{ab}$ is the distance between the position $a$ of the first mass and position $b$ of the second mass. One can identify $\alpha_{ab}=\left (\frac{m}{m_P}\right )^2$. The entanglement between a spatially superposed mass and the gravitational field (if, indeed, it is quantum) would then offer another way of understanding the Planck mass. Namely, if we really want a spatially superposed mass to entangle appreciably to the surrounding gravitational field, according to the above formula, we need to engage masses on the order of and larger than the Planck mass. The full linearised model, to be presented below, leads to the same conclusion.

Supposing that only the closer arms of the interferometers, labelled as 1, interact, the only phase present in the state of the masses before they enter their respective final beamsplitter would be $\phi_{11}$. In each of the interferometers, the probability for the mass to emerge on path $0$ is $p_0=\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\cos^2{\frac{\phi_{11}}{2}}\right)$ (and $p_1=1-p_0$). When the two masses are maximally entangled by the action of the gravitational field, in which case $p_0=p_1=\frac{1}{2}$. This happens when $\phi_{11}={\pi}$. On the other hand, when the two masses are not entangled they undergo, separately, an ordinary interference experiment: that happens when $\phi_{11}=2n\pi$. In that case, each mass emerges on path $0$ of the interferometer. For a fixed mass, by varying the arms' distance or their length, it is in principle possible to interpolate between those two cases, thus demonstrating entanglement. To confirm entanglement, one would require to measure two complementary observables on each of the masses. For example, let us focus on the maximally entangled state. It is of the form $|0\rangle |+\rangle +
|1\rangle |-\rangle$. Therefore if we measure the path of the first particle (the effective Pauli Z measurement if we think of the path as a qubit), the second mass interferes with either the plus or the minus phase (which means that it is in an eigenstate of the Pauli X). If on the other hand, the second mass is first measured in X, there is no interference of the first mass (meaning that $X_1$ and $X_2$) are not correlated. Therefore the observable $X_1Z_2 + Z_1X_2$ will suffice to witness entanglement.

We now explain how to perform the calculation of the phases in the proposed experiment using linearised quantum gravity. For convenience, we adopt the Hamiltonian picture (as in the analogue problem in quantum optics). The evolution generated by this Hamiltonian can be approximated in discrete steps by the gate model presented above.

The linearised gravity-matter interaction Hamiltonian contains the complementary observable $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(a+a^{\dagger})$. This is obtained from the general linearised Hamiltonian, \cite{Boughn}:
\begin{equation}
H^G_{int} =- \frac{1}{2} h_{\mu\nu} T^{\mu\nu}
\end{equation}
where $T^{\mu\nu}$ is the stress-energy tensor and $h_{\mu\nu}$ is the perturbation of the metric tensor $g_{\mu\nu}$ away from the flat (Minkowski) spacetime. The quantised gravitational field is then written in terms of the graviton creation and annihilation operators as:
\begin{equation}
h_{\mu\nu} \propto \sum_{\sigma} \int \frac{d^3k}{\sqrt{\omega_k}} \{ a(k,\sigma)\epsilon_{\mu\nu} (k,\sigma) e^{ik_\lambda x^\lambda} + h.c.\}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_{\mu\nu}$ is the polarisation tensor, $\sigma$ indicates two non-vanishing gravitational polarisations, while $\omega_k$ and $k$ represent the frequency and wavenumber of the mode respectively (we are using the Einstein's convention of summation).

In our experiment, the masses are non-relativistic and the stress-energy tensor would simplify to $T_{00} = m$. We can also consider, for simplicity, a single polarisation and a discrete sum over the relevant gravitational quantum modes.
The total Hamiltonian involving two masses and the gravitational field is therefore
\begin{eqnarray}
H & = & mc^2 (b^{\dagger}_1 b_1 +b^{\dagger}_2 b_2) + \sum_k \hbar \omega_k a^\dagger_{k}a_{k} \\
& - &   \sum_{k,  n\in \{1,2\}} \hbar g_k  b^{\dagger}_n b_n (a_{k}e^{i k x_n}+a^\dagger_{k}e^{-i k x_n})
\end{eqnarray}
where the first two terms are the free Hamiltonians of the masses and the field respectively.
We assume that the gravitation-matter coupling constant is given by
$g_k = mc \sqrt{\frac{2\pi G}{\hbar \omega_k V}}\;$, where $V$ is the relevant volume of quantisation (which will not feature in the relevant observables). The evolution of two stationary masses of value $m$ at positions $x_1$ and $x_2$ and the initial gravitational vacuum state can be solved exactly: $
e^{iH t} |m\rangle |m\rangle |0\rangle =\exp\{\hbar \sum_kV(k)t\} |m\rangle |m\rangle |\sum_k \frac{g}{\omega_k}(e^{-ikx_1}+e^{ikx_2})\rangle$,
where $V(k)= \frac{g_k^2}{2\omega_k}(1+2\cos(-ik(x_2-x_1)))$.

When acting on the initially superposed state, this generates entanglement between the two masses by implementing the controlled-phase gate $U_1U_2$ described in the previous section. Note that only the position-dependent part of $V(k)$ contribute to the phase difference.
The continuum version of the position-dependent part of $V(k)$, obtained by replacing the sum over $k$ by an integral, is:
\begin{equation}
{\rm Re} \left \{V \int dk \frac{4\pi Gm^2}{\hbar k^2 V}e^{-ik(x_1-x_2)}\right \} = \frac{Gm^2}{\hbar (x_2-x_1)}
\end{equation}
which gives us the same phase as the particles coupled via the Newtonian potential, as described in the gate model.

We can assume that the interaction between the masses and the field is 'elastic', i.e., when the two masses are brought back to their original state, where each one of their positions is sharp, the field goes back to the original state, and it is unentangled with the masses. However, even if the interaction were not perfectly elastic, since the entanglement between the field and the masses is very small (for masses below Planck mass), as computed earlier, the state of the two masses is approximately not entangled with the field at the end, thus leaving the field approximately unchanged.
The same result can be obtained with the usual Lagrangian formulation of quantum field theory, where the interaction is established via the exchange of a single graviton between the two masses and the field.

A class of theories that would be refuted by observing entanglement in the proposed experiment are the so-called 'semiclassical' theories of gravity, \cite{DEWITT}, \cite{DAV}. In these theories, the background spacetime is classical, but the back-action of the masses prepared in some quantum state on the field can be taken into account as an average of the energy-momentum tensor in the quantum state of the masses.  The Einstein's equation reads: $R_{\mu, \nu}-\frac{1}{2}Rg_{\mu, \nu}=8\pi G\langle T^{\mu\nu}\rangle$,
where $R_{\mu,\nu}$ is the Ricci tensor; $R$ is its trace; and $g_{\mu, \nu}$ is the metric tensor.

These theories have provided powerful predictions such as the Unruh effect and the Hawking radiation, \cite{DAV}. Yet, they cannot adequately describe quantum effects in gravity, as already pointed out in \cite{PAGE}. This is because they resort to a field which is classical - in the sense that it has no pair of non-commuting observables. The field strength at each point is determined by an average of the stress-energy tensor in the quantum state of the masses.

In the situation of our experiment, each mass would therefore be affected by the average of the gravitational field generated by the other superposed mass. Supposing each mass is initially in an equally-weighted superposition of the two possible locations, each mass would experience the potential generated by the other mass $m$ positioned at a distance which is the average of the position of the other mass in its quantum state.

Assuming once more that only the gravitational interaction affects the branch corresponding to the arm of the interferometer closer to the other (labelled by $1$), the state of the mass would become $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0\rangle+ e^{i\phi_m}|1\rangle )$, where $\phi_m=G\frac{m^2t}{\hbar d_m}$ where $d_m=\frac{d_1+d_2}{2}$. Likewise, by symmetry, for the other mass. Thus the phase acquired would be a local phase, which cannot generate entanglement between the masses. Each mass would be undergoing a separate, COW-type experiment: the state of the two masses would be at any time a product state. Semiclassical theories would therefore be refuted by observing entanglement in the proposed experiment. The same prediction of no entanglement would be reached by models that resort the (non-equivalent) procedure of averaging the linearised quantum gravity Hamiltonian in the quantum state of the two masses. This would also provide only local phases (albeit different from the former case).

The other class of theories that would be ruled out by witnessing entanglement in this experiment are all those collapse-type models which would predict a collapse of the wave-function of each mass at the scales of the experiment \cite{Diosi,Penrose,GRW}. For masses such as those proposed in our experiment, such models would predict that each of the masses undergoes an irreversible transition to a state where the position is sharp, which means that no entanglement could be generated via the gravitational interaction. Consider for example the decoherence time of a superposition of a mass of $10^{-12}$ kg across two different locations, at a distance of approximately $10^{-4}$m, which could be the spatial extent of each interferometer. The decoherence time according to Penrose's collapse models, \cite{Penrose} would be of the order $t=\frac{\hbar}{G\frac{m^2}{d}}\approx 10^{-13}s$, well below $10^{-6}$s, required for our experiment.  Note that there is a subtle difference between collapse occurring, and decoherence happening while an interference experiment is taking place. For example, when a neutron undergoes interference, its spin couples to neighbouring spins and affects their state. Since in the interferometer the neutron exists in a superposition of
two different spatial locations, the neighbouring spins are in two different states which are entangled with the spatial states of the neutron. However, when the two arms of the interferometer are recombined to measure the interference the two
environmental states effectively become the same. This is why despite the fact that the neutron was fully entangled with environmental spins inside the interferometer we are still able to observe interference at the end. A massive superposition can also become entangled with the gravitational field, as we explained earlier, and still undergo a coherent evolution. It is this kind of effect that could be discriminated from the genuine collapse that would occur according to collapse models. We can aslo discriminate de-phasing induced by gravity from the gravitationally induced collapse, because the former would still allow generation of entanglement, while the latter would not. However, we cannot discriminate gravitationally induced spontaneous emission (still a fully quantum effect due to the vacuum state of the quantised gravitational field) from a collapse, because in both cases the interference pattern would be destroyed.

Finally, another approach to gravity is that proposed in \cite{SAK, REV}, which treats classical gravity as an induced field by the quantum vacuum fluctuations of all other fields. According to this logic, gravity is not a fundamental force and therefore need not be quantised at all. Given that the gravitational field obtained via these approaches is semiclassical, they are not, in the present form, able to account for entanglement generation in our experiment. Still, it may be possible that entanglement generation is explained as caused by other quantum fields, leading to an effective gravitational phase. This remains an open question.

\textit{Acknowledgments}: CM thanks the Templeton World Charity Foundation and the Eutopia Foundation. VV thanks the Oxford Martin School, the John Templeton Foundation, the EPSRC (UK). This research is also supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office, Singapore, under its Competitive Research Programme (CRP Award No. NRF- CRP14-2014-02) and administered by Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


What are the FCC regulations governing Amateur Radio? ARRL offers resources to help you navigate the rules.
Learn how the ARRL serves as the voice of Amateur Radio to protect our access to radio spectrum and maintain our right to operate.
In a January 10, 2017 letter to the FCC Spectrum Enforcement Division, ARRL General Counsel Chris Imlay, W3KD, said the transmitters use frequencies intended for navigational aids, air traffic control radar, air route surveillance radars, and global positioning systems. Click to read the letter.
Find out where you're legally allowed to put your antenna.


I really like and appreciate your blog post. Both are going to be a bit more pricey than Nutrisystem, but sound like they could be a better fit. I am convinced that Nutrisystem is more than a cute commercial. Cravings for junk food are diminished and I crave healthier foods. This usually resulted in me actually sitting on my hands.


Home » Television » Cagney & Lacey season one will indeed be releasd on May 8th.
Cagney & Lacey season one will indeed be releasd on May 8th.
Last Wednesday, I posted that the DVD release of Cagney & Lacey season one had been pushed back.
In the last day or two, various sites have reported that Cagney & Lacey season one would be coming out on May 8th.
The former producer Barney Rosenzweig announced it on his blog.
While I had no doubt he was correct, I waited until I heard back from MGM/Fox. This afternoon I did indeed get word that this is the case.
Cagney & Lacey Season One is now again listed as coming out on May 8th on the DVD Calendar.
May 8th will be a huge day for DVD releases as there are also new editions of Bridge on the River Kwai, The Caine Mutiny, Donnie Brasco, Guns of Navarone and To Catch a Thief.
Oh yeah, there is also a new release of Kevin Costner's Revenge as well.


Individual one-hour courses on selected literary topics (1650 to present). Open to both English majors and non-majors. In some cases, these courses may be used toward fulfillment of General Education requirements.


Please check back periodically as this page is updated regularly to reflect available programming through the year.
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text:
HomeCrimeAdvocate
Lawyers Specialized in Corporate Debt Collection on Commercial Disputes
Famous law firm in Vietnam in debt collection resolution is willing to support at hotline 1900.599.979.
Update: 30/6/2017 | Dragon Law Firm
Corporate Debt Recovery by Professional Debt Recovery Law Firm would like to sum up the commercial dispute lawsuit in insurance as follow:
On December 20, 2011, PJICO Dong Nai Insurance Company (PJICO) sent to Huada Furniture Vietnam Company (Huada) a detailed quotation for insurance letter to fire and special risks including compulsory fire and explosion insurance and business interruption insurance through intermediary company. Right in the day, Huada agreed with the quotation. PJICO then issued the original insurance letter for Huada, which included compulsory fire and explosion insurance, business interruption insurance, and money insurance, and requested Huada to pay for the premium. The contract shows the insurance period which will take effect from January 6, 2013 to January 6, 2013.
It is worth mentioning that while the company Huada has not signed insurance contract, not paid premiums, but on 12 Jan. 2012 occurred fire in the factory, machinery and equipment at Huada damage value than 50 billion.
Right after the fire date, Huada paid all of the premiums to PJICO's account, and signed and stamped the insurance contract sent to PJICO. After that, Huada asked PJICO to fulfill the obligation of insurance compensation as agreed in the contract. However, PJICO has denied the validity of the contract and refuses to pay Huada. Huada has filed a lawsuit against PJICO at Bien Hoa City People's Court to demand compensation from PJICO for more than 67 billion dong.
At the trials, Huada shows that PJICO is the party who actively sends the quotation, details of insurance letter. Huada accepted by signing the quotation and returning it to PJICO, so the insurance contract between the two companies was signed.
Meanwhile, the PJICO said that until 6 Jan. 2012 (the effective date inscribed in the insurance letter), PJICO has not received the contract or any notice which is written by Huada regarding entering the contract and paying premiums. Therefore, the date of entry into force of the contract is no longer meaningful because Huada does not cooperate to confirm the validity of the contract.
Hearing of the first instance in September 2015, Bien Hoa City's People's Court has rejected Huada's lawsuit letter. According to the Court, Huada's claim to PJICO to indemnify the insurance contract is unfounded because the rights and obligations of the parties arise only when the parties have signed the contract. At the time of the fire, the contract was not signed by Huada. Huada's transfer of money and the insurance contract after the fire occurred to validate PJICO's insurance claims. Therefore, even if PJICO accepts the payment of fees from Huada, the fee will not be accepted by the parties unless otherwise agreed by the parties in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code.
Disagreement with the ruling of the first instance, Huada appealed. At the Appeal Court in February 2016, Dong Nai Provincial People's Court cited the provisions of the Civil Code, "the contract legally entered into effect from the time of entering." According to the Court, the signing of the contract between the parties through fax and intermediary is the representative office to translate the documents, so the time of entering into the insurance contract between the two companies is determined at the time PJICO received Huada's reply that they had accepted the deal. Because of accepting the request of Huada, PJICO has issued insurance policies, deposit insurance for Huada. After receiving the PJICO documentation, Huada has fulfilled its commitment to pay the premium within 30 days of the effective date of the policy. Since the contract has come into effect, PJICO must compensate Huada.
The Court of Appeal has changed the first instance judgement, forcing PJICO to compensate Huada for more than 57 billion dong.
After the appellate judgement went into effect, PJICO sent several urgent petitions. In June 2016, the High-Level People's Procuracy in Ho Chi Minh City has a cassation appeal to the High-Level People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City to request for cancel the appellate judgement of Dong Nai People's Court for re-trial.
According to the high-level People's Procuracy of Ho Chi Minh City that the Civil Code, Insurance Business Law amended in 2010 stipulated that the contract must be in writing, signed by agreement between the parties. The appeal verdict is not grounded because Huada is the customer while PJICO is the bidder. The two parties through the representative office to translate the documents on the offer and agree to buy insurance is not worth to the contract in accordance with the provisions of the two above laws.
However, in the trial of cassation, the High-level Court held that the time when Huada has paid premiums within the 30-day period under the contract between the parties in the insurance contract should be in accordance with the law. Then, the insurance contracts have been entered into, Huada has paid for the premiums, thus it makes the insurance liability. The Court of Appeals for Huada Furniture's lawsuit petition is well founded. Therefore, the High-level People's Courts in Ho Chi Minh City did not accept the protest of the High-level People's Procuracy in Ho Chi Minh City, uphold the verdict of the appellate court of Dong Nai People's Court.
Up to now, PJICO has made many applications for help. According to PJICO's representative, PJICO has not received an appeal verdict yet after the appellate hearing, but the civil judgment enforcement department of Dong Nai province has issued a judgment execution decision. On February 17, 2016, the judgment has issued a decision to freeze PJICO's account of more than 58 billion VND to prevent the dispersal of property and ensure the judgment enforcement.
The opinion of consulting firm specializing in debt recovery, Dragon Law in the dispute over this insurance contract.
(Mr. Nguyen Duc Nang, Lawyer from Dragon Law Firm in Corporate Debt Collection)
The Board of Directors of the professional debt recovery company, Dragon Law agrees with the verdict of the People's Court of Dong Nai Province and the cassation decision of the High Court in Ho Chi Minh City.
Under the provisions of Article 390 of the Civil Code2005, "A request to enter into a contract is a statement of intent to enter into a contract and to be bound by the offeror's request to the party that has been identified", and under the Article 391, the time when the offer to enter into the contract is valid: "valid when the offer fixs, if the offeror does not fix the offer, the offer to enter into the contract shall be effective from the date when the party is offered which received that offer."
In this case, on December 20, 2011, PJICO sent to Huada a detailed quotation to insurance letter of fire and special risks include compulsory fire insurance, business interruption insurance through an translation intermediate company. Right in the day, Huada agreed with the quotation. This proves that Huada has agreed with PJICO's offer to enter into a PJICO contract. After that, PJICO issued to Huada the original insurance letter, including a compulsory fire insurance, money insurance, business interruption insurance and at the same time ask Huada to pay the premiums.
Thus, the PJICO does not make a change, withholding the offer to enter into a contract under the Article 392 of the Civil Code or to cancel the offer to enter into a contract under Article 393 of the Civil Code and in default Huada and PJICO are bound by the offer to enter into the contract, the two parties are required to enter into a contract if one of the two parties fails to sign the contract but damages the other, compensation must be made. Huada has shown goodwill to sign the contract and PJICO does not intend to cancel part or whole of the offer to enter into a contract, so the contract of the two parties is sure to be signed.
Insurance contract is defined in Article 12 of the Insurance Business Law, "Insurance contract is an agreement between the insurance buyer and the insurance enterprise whereby the insurance buyer pays the premium, the insurance company must be paid insurance to the beneficiary or indemnified to the insured upon occurrence of the insured event", and in accordance with the Article 14 of the Insurance Business Law: "Insurance contract must be in writing and evidence of insurance contracts are insurance certificates, insurance letter ... ", PJICO transferred insurance policy to Huada and issued insurance letter, deposit insurance for Huada. In the contract, Huada must pay the premium within 30 days and there is not any specific timelines for Huada to sign the contract and return it to PJICO.
Therefore, after receiving the PJICO's documentation, Huada implies that it is only necessary to sign the contract and pay the fee within 30 days from the effective date of the contract. Huada has fulfilled its contractual commitment to pay the premium within 30 days of the effective date of the insurance letter and concurrently sign the contract with PJICO. On January 6, 2012 is the effective date and on January 12, 2012 Huada has fully paid the insurance fee, signed and stamped the insurance contract sent to PJICO. This is evidence for the conclusion of the insurance contract between PJICO and Huada and show binding on the contract of the two parties. Therefore, PJICO must fulfil its duties in the insurance contract signed with Huada.
Looking at the overview from the procedural bodies, the Dragon Law Firm specialized in Corporate Debt Collection found that:
The court of first instance and High-level People's Procuracy have applied Clause 1 of Article 401, Clause 4 of Article 404, Article 405 of the Civil Code to state that: "the time of entering into a written document is the time the last party signs into the written document" and "valid legally contract is effective from the time of entering into, unless otherwise agreed by the parties" to declare the contract null and void. However, the main point here is "unless otherwise agreed by the parties".
Obviously, in the above case, the parties have a different agreement specifically agreed between the parties in this "contractual content", in which the contract is effective from January 6, 2012 and the payment period is 30 days. Therefore, the Article 401, 404, 405 cannot be applied to invalidate the contract. So the High-level People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City issued Decision No. 47/2016/KDTM-GĐT dated August 29, 2016 does not accept the Protest No. 63/2016/KNGDT-VC3-V3 dated June 13, 2016 of the Institute Head of the High-level People's Procuracy in Ho Chi Minh City, maintaining the business and commercial appeal verdict No.11/2016/KDTM-PT dated February 2, 2016 of the People's Court of Dong Nai province on the "insurance contract dispute" between the plaintiff Huada with the defendant PJICO is reasonable.
Contact to a reputable law firm in Hanoi for advice on debt collection procedures.
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Dragon Law: Legal Arguments in Plundering Property under Article 133 of Penal Code 1999
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text:
Assassination of a Saint
The Plot to Murder Oscar Romero and the Quest to Bring His Killers to Justice
Assassination of a Saint is the winner of the 2017 Juan E. Méndez Book Award for Human Rights in Latin America
High resolution photo of Matt Eisenbrandt
Brief bio:
Matt Eisenbrandt is a former Legal Director for the Center for Justice & Accountability (CJA) and a member of the trial team that brought Archbishop Óscar Romero's assassination to court in the United States. Now based in Canada, Matt is the Director of Transnational Investigations for Camp Fiorante Matthews Mogerman LLP. He is a former Legal Director of the Canadian Centre for International Justice (CCIJ).
Longer bio
Democracy Now interview
Video from Méndez Award presentation
Winner of Méndez Book Award
Short list for Méndez Book Award
University of Illinois feature
Matt Eisenbrandt is a U.S.-trained human rights lawyer who served on the trial team for the case chronicled in Assassination of a Saint. He now serves as Director of Transnational Investigations for a plaintiffs firm in Vancouver, Canada.
© Copyright 2016 Matt Eisenbrandt · All Rights Reserved ·


"I have been playing cricket in the UK for many years but I have always come back when my visa stated. I have never stayed longer than I was due to stay. If I had six months to play in the leagues, I would always come back on time. Never once in 44 years have I overstayed my time.
"It really hit me for six".
Well, Collis...now you finally know what Boycott, Larkins and Gooch felt like.
In all seriousness, this is appalling and embarrassing.
I know it's not technically part of the windrush issue (which has to be the only time I've agreed with David Lammy!) but it really shows the ineptitude of our immigration system yet again.
Yes he should have applied for a spousal visa while abroad (for whatever reason) but rather than giving him 14 days to leave couldn't the civil servants actually process it in that time?
Unsurprising, but I can't be bothered with Telegraph readers getting upset by this because the hostile environment policy suddenly affects a player in their favourite sport.
If you want restrictive, target-driven immigration policies, it will require the application of blanket bureaucratic and seemingly heartless practice by officials.
FYI I'm not a Telegraph reader anymore than I am a Guardian or Mirror reader.
It wasn't directed at you, but clearly the Telegraph has pushed for a harder immigration policy for some time. There will always be an indiscriminate nature to such a policy, and sadly no reason why King should be treated any different to a cleaner or shop worker getting caught up in the system.
And the front and back pages.
I do read tomorrow's newspapers tonight every night to get an idea of what all the different newspapers are reporting.
As the latest figures show we don't have a harsh immigration policy. This case is strange.
We have a harsh and incompetent immigration policy. If, by some arbitrarily defined "limit,", we have too many coming in, that means home office and border officials will have to pursue harsh and indiscriminate methods to try and reduce that number as much as possible. Filled some paperwork in wrong? Travelled home the wrong time? Bang, you're out!!
Yep..the UK has been such a soft touch for so long due to Blair and others that when things are finally tightened up innocent individuals get caught up in muddled red tape and some incompetent immigration staff. Hope this is cleared quickly. There should be sackings and compensation. I generally find those wanting less immigration also want fairness.


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text:
98 mm moździerz M-98 – polski moździerz średni kalibru 98 mm, ciągniony, skonstruowany w latach 1993–1997 w Ośrodku Badawczo-Rozwojowym Maszyn Ziemnych i Transportowych w Stalowej Woli, od 2003 produkowany przez Hutę Stalowa Wola; amunicję do moździerza produkują Zakłady Metalowe Dezamet.

Historia
Holowany moździerz średni kalibru 98 mm powstał w wyniku podpisania przez Polskę w 1991 Traktatu o konwencjonalnych siłach zbrojnych w Europie, który ogranicza liczbę posiadanych przez Polskę systemów artyleryjskich o kalibrze powyżej 100 mm do maksymalnie 1610. Prace nad moździerzem, który dawał możliwość nienaruszania układu CFE-1 i zarazem zwiększenia możliwości wojsk artylerii, rozpoczęto w 1993 roku w Ośrodku Badawczo-Rozwojowym Maszyn Ziemnych i Transportu w Stalowej Woli z własnej inicjatywy firmy. W 1994 powstał model balistyczny, a w 1997 ukończono prototyp moździerza. Moździerz M-98 jest drugą konstrukcją na świecie moździerza kalibru 98 mm, po słowackim (vz. 97).

W 2003 roku zostało złożone zamówienie przez Wojsko Polskie w Hucie Stalowa Wola na dostawę moździerza M-98 dla armii. Opóźnienia zamówień spowodowane były przez opóźnienia w opracowaniu amunicji. Do 2005 roku dostarczono ok. 60 sztuk. W 2022 roku w Wojsku Polskim były 93 moździerze.

Zastosowanie
Moździerz M-98 służy jako podstawowy środek ogniowy pododdziałów wsparcia wojsk zmechanizowanych, powietrznodesantowych i piechoty górskiej. Wykorzystuje się go do niszczenia siły żywej, opancerzonego sprzętu bojowego, fortyfikacji polowych oraz środków dowodzenia i ogniowych, szczególnie w zagłębieniu terenu.

Pierwsze moździerze zostały odebrane przez wojsko w czerwcu 2003 roku i przekazane do 18 Bielskiego Batalionu Desantowo-Szturmowego. M-98 znajduje się na wyposażeniu 6 Brygady Powietrznodesantowej z Krakowa, 25 Brygady Kawalerii Powietrznej z Tomaszowa Mazowieckiego oraz 22 Batalionu Piechoty Górskiej z Kłodzka. W batalionach 6 BPD używane jest po 9 moździerzy w kompaniach wsparcia.

Moździerze M-98 wykorzystywane były przez Polski Kontyngent Wojskowy w Afganistanie.

Moździerz M-98 został wyposażony w wózek transportowy, który służy do krótkotrwałego transportu. Do przewożenia wykorzystywane są pojazdy   M1097A2 serii HMMWV, natomiast obsługa i amunicja przewożona jest samochodem M1025A2 lub M1045A2.

Amunicja
Amunicja do tego moździerza jest produkowana w zakładach mechanicznych Dezamet:
 RAD-2 – kasetowa, zawierająca 12 podpocisków kumulacyjno-odłamkowych GKO.
 RAD-3 – odłamkowa, zawierająca około 4000 odłamków.
Produkowana i używana jest również amunicja oświetleniowa i dymna.

Amunicja odłamkowo-burząca produkowana jest przez Zakłady Metalowe Mesko.

Granaty odłamkowo-burzące mają masę 10,1 kg.

W 1999 roku pracowano nad pociskiem przeciwpancernym oznaczonym jako RAD-1, jednak pocisk nigdy nie wyszedł poza fazę koncepcyjną.

Odpalanie moździerza możliwe jest w sposób grawitacyjny (przez opuszczenie granatu do lufy) lub za pomocą mechanizmu odpalającego.

Zobacz też
 120 mm moździerz M120 HSW

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Ryszard Woźniak, M-98, "Nowa Technika Wojskowa" nr ?, s.21-22

Linki zewnętrzne
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052519/http://hsw.pl/i/fmfiles/m98-m120/hsw-m98m120.pdf

Polskie moździerze

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Not only did Scotty give his updated Fastback a single milled flange line for a cleaner, Tour-preferred look at address, but he also increased by 30% the vibration dampening material connecting the 6061 aircraft grade aluminum face-sole component to the stainless steel putter head for better sound and feel. With a re-engineered four-way balanced sole, refined precision milled flange and improved sonic qualities, the new Fastback with its single bend shaft is a mid-mallet that's as performance-minded as it is aesthetically pleasing. Sound, feel and balance have been optimized by moving the heavier stainless steel to the perimeter and incorporating the lighter aluminum face-sole component - including a weight-saving single bend shaft - to increase visual real estate, adding forgiveness, and ultimately, confidence. The putter's stance has been re-engineered to account for the weight of the shaft and grip via subtle re-distribution of sole metal from heel-to-toe and face-to-cavity so the putter sits squarely and aligns perfectly at address. Satisfaction and authenticity are guaranteed. Standard Titleist / Scotty Cameron warranty applies.


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