Parliamentary sovereignty (also called parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy) is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies. It holds that the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions, including executive or judicial bodies. It also holds that the legislative body may change or repeal any previous legislation and so it is not bound by written law (in some cases, even a constitution) or by precedent.
In some countries, parliamentary sovereignty may be contrasted with separation of powers, which limits the legislature's scope often to general law-making, and judicial review, where laws passed by the legislature may be declared invalid in certain circumstances.
Many states have sovereign legislatures, including the United Kingdom, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Barbados, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Israel, and the Solomon Islands.
Parliament means, in the mouth of a lawyer (though the word has often a different sense in conversation) the King, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons: these three bodies acting together may be aptly described as the "King in Parliament", and constitute Parliament. The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely that Parliament thus defined has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever: and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.
During the 17th century in England, a notion developed that Parliament (made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons) shared in sovereignty with the King, based on an entirely erroneous notion of the history of Parliament. It was not until the changing of the Coronation Oath in the Coronation Oath Act 1688 as part of the Glorious Revolution that Parliament was recognised as part of the constitutional structure, with laws being considered to emanate from Parliament and not just the King. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 were passed the following year which asserted certain rights of the parliaments of England (which at the time included Wales) and Scotland and limited the powers of the monarch. Furthermore, in 1698 Parliament created the Civil List, a financial arrangement that left the monarch reliant on Parliament for income.
After 1689 English parliamentary supremacy became evident in the relation of the English parliament to those of Scotland and Ireland. The Act of Settlement 1701 made a presumption upon Scotland: the Scots retaliated with the Act of Security 1704, which was countered by the Alien Act 1705: the issue was settled by the Union of the parliaments of England and Scotland in 1707 which created a new British parliament, though "in essence it was just an extension of the English parliament". It is arguable whether the concept of parliamentary supremacy arose from the Acts of Union 1707 or was a doctrine that evolved thereafter. The autonomy of the Parliament of Ireland also came under attack and the Declaratory Act 1720 made the Irish parliament a dependency. The so-called Constitution of 1782 removed British parliamentary supremacy over Ireland for a short period but then the Irish parliament was merged with Britain's in the Acts of Union 1800.
Parliament can make laws concerning anything.
No Parliament can bind a future parliament (that is, it cannot pass a law that cannot be changed or reversed by a future Parliament).
A valid Act of Parliament cannot be questioned by the court. Parliament is the supreme lawmaker.
Some scholars and judges have questioned the traditional view that Parliament cannot bind itself, arguing that it can impose procedural (or "manner and form") restrictions on itself, since the legislature must be constituted and regulated by legal rules.
The notion of parliamentary sovereignty began to be challenged with the Parliament Act 1911 which changed the nature of what was meant by parliament, as Dicey regretfully noted in the Introduction to the 8th edition of his Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1915), but that while the reality was now Cabinet and political party were supreme (pp lxxii–lxxiv), in law Parliament was still sovereign albeit that "the share of sovereignty" of the Commons had increased (p xlii).
European law does not recognize the British concept of parliamentary supremacy. The UK courts currently recognize the supremacy of EU law on those subjects where the EU can legislate. However, this supremacy conceptually derives from the European Communities Act 1972 and its successors.
Some jurists have suggested that the Acts of Union 1707 place limits on parliamentary sovereignty and its application to Scotland. Although no Scottish court has yet openly questioned the validity of an Act of Parliament, certain judges have raised the possibility. Thus, in MacCormick v. Lord Advocate, the Lord President (Lord Cooper) stated that "the principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish Constitutional Law", and that legislation contrary to the Act of Union would not necessarily be regarded as constitutionally valid. Also, in Gibson v Lord Advocate, Lord Keith was circumspect about how Scottish courts would deal with an Act, which would substantially alter or negate the essential provisions of the 1707 Act, such as the abolition of the Court of Session or the Church of Scotland or the substitution of English law for Scots law.
The establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1998 has implications for parliamentary supremacy. For example, although nuclear power is not within its competence, the Scottish government successfully blocked the wishes of the UK government to establish new nuclear power stations in Scotland using control over planning applications which is devolved. While it remains theoretically possible to dissolve the Scottish Parliament or legislate without its consent in relation to Scotland, in practice such a move would be politically difficult.
Parliamentary supremacy is cited by contemporary American legal historians as the reason English law did not develop due process in the American sense. It is also argued to be integral to the way in which England's approach to rights and liberties evolved.
The bedrock of the British Constitution is … the Supremacy of the Crown in Parliament.
It is often said that it would be unconstitutional for the United Kingdom Parliament to do certain things, meaning that the moral, political and other reasons against doing them are so strong that most people would regard it as highly improper if Parliament did these things. But that does not mean that it is beyond the power of Parliament to do such things. If Parliament chose to do any of them, the courts would not hold the Act of Parliament invalid.
The devolution of power to devolved legislatures in Scotland (Scottish Parliament), Wales (Welsh Assembly) and Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Assembly): All three bodies can pass primary legislation within the areas that have been devolved to them, but their powers nevertheless all stem from the UK Parliament and can be withdrawn unilaterally. The Northern Ireland Assembly, in particular, has been suspended multiple times due to political deadlocks.
The UK's membership of the European Communities, later the European Union, from 1973: The EU represents, as the European Court of Justice ruled in 1963 in the case Van Gend en Loos, a "new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the [Member] States have limited their sovereign rights, albeit within limited fields". The UK became part of that legal order, though as UK membership of the EU has been brought about through Acts of Parliament – principally the European Communities Act 1972 – Parliament could, as a matter of UK law, pass further legislation unilaterally withdrawing the UK from the Union, or selectively barring the application of European law within the UK. The European Union Act 2011 reaffirmed that sovereignty lay with the British Parliament, with section 18 stating: "Directly applicable or directly effective EU law (that is, the rights, powers, liabilities, obligations, restrictions, remedies and procedures referred to in section 2(1) of the European Communities Act 1972) falls to be recognized and available in law in the United Kingdom only by virtue of that Act or where it is required to be recognised and available in law by virtue of any other Act." The Act also requires that a referendum be held when more powers are transferred to the European Union (though this can be repealed with another Act of Parliament). Alternatively, as prescribed by the 2016 Brexit referendum, an Act to withdraw from the European Union could be passed in parallel with the withdrawal procedure laid down in Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, whereby a Member State would notify the European Council of its intention to secede from the Union and a withdrawal agreement would be negotiated between the Union and the State. The Treaties would cease to be applicable to that State from the date of the agreement or, failing that, within two years of the notification.
Following the case of Thoburn v Sunderland City Council certain statutes are perceived to be protected as constitutional statutes. The case involved amendments to the Weights and Measures Act 1985 by the Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994 pursuant to Directive 80/181/EEC. This stated that Imperial measurements could be displayed so long as the metric measurements were displayed in larger type beside them. Thoburn was convicted for only displaying Imperial measurements. In his defence he argued that allowing even limited use of Imperial measurements was inconsistent with the European directive and therefore in contravention of Section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972, and that the relevant section of the 1972 Act had therefore been implicitly repealed. However, the judgement by Lord Justice Laws held that certain statutes of constitutional importance, including Magna Carta and the European Communities Act 1972, could not be repealed by implied repeal. The case also introduces the concept of a 'hierarchy of acts', which is used in other European countries, to English constitutional law. However, if Parliament did make its intention to overrule any statute express then any statute can be repealed, and so sovereignty is preserved.
The enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998 which incorporates part of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law. The Act gives UK courts the power to issue a declaration of incompatibility where they believe that the terms of an Act of Parliament are in contravention of the rights guaranteed by the Human Rights Act. The effect of the declaration is not to annul the contravening Act but to send a signal to Parliament which may then choose to amend the offending provision. This does not endanger Parliamentary sovereignty because Parliament may choose not to amend the offending provisions. As with the UK's membership of the European Union, the principle of parliamentary supremacy means that Parliament can at any time vote to repeal the Human Rights Act, and indeed the UK's ratification of the Convention itself.
However, Parliament may theoretically withdraw from commitments it has made or repeal any of the constraints it has imposed on its ability to legislate.
Under the federal system, neither the states nor the federal parliament in Australia have true parliamentary sovereignty. The Commonwealth Parliament is created by the constitution, and only has enumerated powers. Each state's legislative power is inherent but restrained by the federal constitution, the relevant state constitution, and Commonwealth powers.
In this context, parliamentary supremacy has two meanings: one is that parliament (the legislature) can make and unmake any law; another meaning is that as long as parliament (legislature) has the power to make laws regarding a subject matter, the exercise of that power cannot be challenged or reviewed by judiciary. The second meaning is more consistent with the federal system and the practice of judicial review, as judiciary cannot review on the merits of the parliament (legislature)'s exercise of power.
Blackshield and Williams explain that "[i]n Australia, the idea of Parliamentary Sovereignty must be understood in the context of the rigid limits and boundaries imposed by the federal Constitution, and to some extent by the State Constitutions as well." The constitution confers the power to make laws in the Commonwealth Parliament, however, this limited to particular subjects. Section 128 of the federal constitution prescribes the mode to alter the constitution, which further restricts the power of the Commonwealth Parliament.
The supremacy clause (section 109 of the constitution) gives Commonwealth laws precedence over state laws. The state law-making power is therefore constrained where the Commonwealth has concurrent law-making power. Furthermore, regarding the subject matters which Commonwealth has concurrent legislative power, the Commonwealth Parliament can 'cover the field', which means the Commonwealth can, by express words or by implication, exclude the operations of state laws. The Commonwealth Parliament has exclusive legislative power over the subject matters listed in sections 52 and 92 of the constitution, which means that the states cannot make laws in these areas. Also under section 96 of the constitution, the Commonwealth can use financial assistance to entice states to refrain from exercising their legislative powers, such as refraining from collecting income tax.
Each state parliament power is subject to procedural limitation, which is the entrenchment of restrictive legislative procedure. Section 6 of the Australia Act states that laws concerning the "constitution, power or procedure of the parliament" are invalid unless passed in the manner and form prescribed by the legislation made by the parliament. However, restriction of this kind is not inconsistent with parliamentary sovereignty.
Over the last forty years or so, a change has been observed in Belgium in the relationships between the Judiciary and Parliament. "The dogma of absolute inviolability of the parliamentary assemblies has been breached. The parliamentary assemblies are now accountable not just to the electors but also to the courts. A first breach in the dogma of the inviolability of the assemblies was opened up by the Le Ski judgement of 27 May 1971, in which the Court of Cassation upheld the supremacy of the norm of self-executing international law. In 1980, Article 142 of the Constitution (former Article 107ter) established a Court of Arbitration in Belgium, nowadays the Constitutional Court, charged with hearing actions for annulment of laws. It would hand down its first judgement on 5 April 1985. (...) A second breach was opened in the dogma of inviolability of the assemblies in Belgium by the Constitutional Court, in its judgement no. 31/96 of 15 May 1996. The Council of State, the highest administrative Court in Belgium, had till then always declared that it had no jurisdiction to hear annulment applications against the administrative acts by the Houses of Parliament. The Constitutional Court, declaring that the absence of any possibility to apply for the annulment of such acts was contrary to the constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination, opened up a new avenue for judicial review of Parliament's acts: the laws of 25 May 1999 and of 15 May 2007, adopted in the wake of the Court's judgement, extended the jurisdiction of the Supreme Administrative Court to the acts and Rules of Procedure of the legislative assemblies or their organs with regard to public procurement and personnel (...) Finally, concerning the decisions taken by the assemblies with regard to MPs or political groups, the civil courts have not hesitated to sanction them when subjective rights were at stake. MPs "enjoy the protection of their subjective rights by the law courts. This principle applies both for rights deriving from the law in the broad sense and for rights which have a regulatory basis" (Civ. Brussels, 21 April 1997). ".
Legislatures of Canadian provinces are sovereign within matters enumerated to them. Provincial legislatures can make and modify their own codified constitutions by simple majority, as British Columbia did. Other provinces have uncodified constitutions like New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
Similarly, the federal Parliament is sovereign in all matters delegated to it, but most amendments to the federal Constitution may only be made with the consent of both Parliament and two-thirds of provinces containing 50% of the population (the 7/50 rule), or in some cases, unanimous consent of the provinces.
In addition, although a law can be challenged and struck down by a court when found to be in violation of certain sections of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Parliament or provincial legislatures may invoke Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "notwithstanding clause") to allow the law to operate for up to five years, at which time it may either lapse or be renewed.
According to the constitution of Finland sovereign power lies with the people, represented by the parliament. As the highest organ of government the parliament holds supreme legislative power and can override a presidential veto and alter the constitution. There is no constitutional court and the supreme court does not have an explicit right to declare a law unconstitutional.
By principle, the constitutionality of laws in Finland is verified by a simple vote in the parliament. However, the Constitutional Law Committee of the parliament reviews any doubtful bills and recommends changes, if needed. In practice, the Constitutional Law Committee fulfills the duties of a constitutional court. In addition to preview by the Constitutional Law Committee, all Finnish courts of law have the obligation to give precedence to the constitution when there is an obvious conflict between the Constitution and a regular law.
The power to alter and amend the constitution is vested with the parliament, requiring approval either by a two-thirds vote in a single parliament if the proposed alteration is first declared to be urgent by a five-sixths vote of the same parliament, or by a slower procedure of first passing the amendment by a majority in the then current parliament and then passing the amendment by a two-thirds vote in the following parliament that convenes after a general election. A Finnish peculiarity is that the parliament can make exceptions to the constitution in ordinary laws that are enacted in the same procedure as constitutional amendments. An example of such a law is the State of Preparedness Act which gives the Council of State certain exceptional powers in cases of national emergency. As these powers, which correspond to U.S. executive orders, affect constitutional basic rights, the law was enacted in the same manner as a constitutional amendment. However, it can be repealed in the same manner as an ordinary law.
Executive power is shared by the President of the Republic and the cabinet. The latter must rely on the confidence of parliament. From the independence of Finland in 1917 up to the constitutional reform of 1999, the president held considerable executive powers, and in particular was able to call a re-election of the parliament at will. In order to strengthen the role of the parliament as the highest organ of government, the constitutional reform constrained most of the presidential powers to be exercised only on the advice of the cabinet.
In India, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the Constitution of India, which includes judicial review. In effect, this means that while the parliament has rights to amend the constitution, the modifications are subject to be valid under the framework of the constitution itself. For example, any amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures also and the parliament alone cannot enact the change on its own. Further, all amendments to the constitution are also open to a Judicial Review. Thus, in spite of parliamentary privilege to amend the constitution, the constitution itself remains supreme.
The Knesset, the legislative branch of the Israeli government, has the power to enact and repeal all laws. It enjoys de jure parliamentary supremacy, and can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with a Basic Law of Israel, unless it has specific conditions for its modification. The Knesset can adopt and amend Basic Laws acting through its capacity as a Constituent Assembly. The Knesset also supervises government activities through its committees, elects the Prime Minister of Israel and approves the Cabinet of Israel, elects the President of Israel, and recommends the Comptroller of Israel. It also has the power to remove the President and State Comptroller from office, revoke the immunity of its members, and to dissolve itself and call new elections.
The sovereignty of Parliament in Italy is born from parliamentary privilege, but, in one of the most comprehensive and compelling "systemic" judgments, the Constitutional Court (rapporteur Carlo Mezzanotte) had opened the justiciability of ''interna corporis''. By the way, remnants of the old theories are expressed in autodichia, which involves subtracting the ordinary courts of all acts performed within the Chambers. The choice to set off some acts to the Presidents of the Parliament has been criticized as an attempt to exclude them from judicial review, even when pertaining to individual rights: this has given rise to some conflicts between the judiciary and Parliament, brought to the Constitutional Court, who gave useful elements to restrict the legal definition, compelling the legal doctrine through the modern evolution of the sovereignty of Parliament.
The constitutional position in New Zealand [...] is clear and unambiguous. Parliament is supreme and the function of the courts is to interpret the law as laid down by Parliament. The courts do not have a power to consider the validity of properly enacted laws.
Some legal experts such as Robin Cooke in Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board,  have questioned how far parliamentary sovereignty goes. There are several laws and conventions that limit the exercise of parliamentary sovereignty. For example, the maximum term of Parliament and some other matters relating to the electoral system may only be altered by a parliamentary supermajority or by a majority in a popular referendum.
^ "Parliamentary sovereignty". UK Parliament. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ a b c d Oliver, Dawn (2 April 2013). "Parliamentary Sovereignty in Comparative Perspective". UK Constitutional Law Association Blog. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown following the forcible replacement of King James II (r.1685–88) by William III (r.1689–1702) and Mary (r.1689–94) in the Glorious Revolution (1688).
^ "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 30 October 2014. The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law but the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen-subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
^ "The Financial Revolution". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
^ "Rise of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ W. Ivor Jennings The Law and the Constitution (London: University of London Press, 1st ed., 1933); R.T.E. Latham The Law and the Commonwealth (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1949); Geoffrey Marshall, Constitutional Theory (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1971); Jackson v. Attorney General  UKHL 56 at  per Lord Steyn; Harris v. Minister of the Interior 1952 (2) SA 428(A).
^ Berry, Elspeth and Hargreaves, Sylvia European Union law Oxford University Press 2nd edition (2007) p39 "The national courts are therefore obliged to give effect to those Treaty obligations, even if this means disapplying national law."
^ Loveland, Ian. Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction. 2015: Oxford University Press. pp. 43–47. ISBN 9780198709039.
^ Doherty, Michael (2016). Public Law. Rutledge. pp. 198–201. ISBN 1317206657.
^ Barnett, Hilaire (2014). Constitutional & Administrative Law. Rutledge. pp. 119–123. ISBN 1317446224.
^ "The legislative sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ Johnson, Simon (16 April 2009). "Cross-border row rages over SNP blocking new nuclear power stations". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
^ John V. Orth, Due Process of Law: A Brief History (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2003), 28–31.
^ Jowell, Jeffrey; Oliver, Dawn, eds. (2007). The Changing Constitution (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 60–1. ISBN 9780199205110.
^ Gordon, Michael. Parliamentary Sovereignty in the UK Constitution : Process, Politics and Democracy. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2015. Discovery eBooks, EBSCOhost (accessed November 27, 2015).
^  UKHL 56 (Lord Bingham).
^ Allan, T.R.S. "The Rule Of Law, Parliamentary Sovereignty, And A Ministerial Veto Over Judicial Decisions." Cambridge Law Journal 74.3 (2015): 385-388. Index to Legal Periodicals and Books (H.W. Wilson). Web. 27 Nov. 2015.
^  1 A.C. 645, 723 (Lord Reid).
^ Taylor v. New Zealand Poultry Board  1 NZLR 394 at 398 per Cooke J; Sir Robin Cooke "Fundamentals"  New Zealand Law Journal 158; Lord Woolf "Droit Public – English Style"  Public Law 72; Sir John Laws "Law and Democracy"  Public Law 72; Sir Stephen Sedley "The Constitution in the Twenty-First Century" in Lord Nolan and Sir Stephen Sedley (eds.) The Making and Remaking of the British Constitution (London, Blackstone Press, 1997); TRS Allan Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993); Dame Sian Elias "Sovereignty in the 21st Century: Another Spin on the Merry-go-round" (2003) 14 Public Law Review 148; Sir Edmund Thomas "The Relationship of Parliament and the Courts" (2000) 5 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 9; Philip Joseph "Parliament, the Courts, and the Collaborative Enterprise" (2004) 15 King's College Law Journal 321; Jackson v. Attorney General  UKHL 56 at  per Lord Steyn, at  per Lord Hope of Craighead, at  per Baroness Hale of Richmond.
^ Lord Bingham of Cornhill The Rule of Law (London, Allen Lane, 2010); Jeffrey Goldsworthy The Sovereignty of Parliament: History and Philosophy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999).
^ N. IGOT, A. REZSÖHAZY, M. VAN DER HULST, Parliament & Judiciary, ECPRD Seminar - Brussels, 8-9 Novembre 2007, p. 12-14.
^ http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/parliament/relatedinformation/constitution.htx Constitution of England. Retrieved on 2009-01-27.
^ "Parliamentarism in Finland". thisisFINLAND. 20 February 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ "All-party meet vows to uphold Parliament supremacy". The New Indian Express. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^ I soldi di tutti e l'autodichia, 30 settembre 2012 It is also expressed by other constitutional organs and Regional Councils: professor Giuliano Amato complained "right of all meetings of constitutional status (Chambers and regional councils, therefore ) to self-manage everything related to their organization. And then, among other things, do their budget, allocate between the various items the money available, check how they are spent".
^ (in Italian)Giampiero Buomomo, I controlli giurisdizionali resistono ai tentativi di ampliare l'indipendenza.
^ (in Italian)Giampiero Buomomo, Gli atti amministrativi delle Camere non possono modificare la legge.
^ (in Italian)Giampiero Buomomo, L'autodichia parlamentare di nuovo in Corte costituzionale.
^ (in Italian)Giampiero Buomomo, Il diritto pretorio dell'autodichia, tra resistenze e desistenze.
^ Rothmans of Pall Mall (NZ) Ltd v A-G  2 NZLR 323 at 330 (HC).
^ Taylor v. New Zealand Poultry Board  1 NZLR 394 at 398 per Cooke J; Sir Robin Cooke "Fundamentals"  New Zealand Law Journal 158; Dame Sian Elias "Sovereignty in the 21st Century: Another Spin on the Merry-go-round" (2003) 14 Public Law Review 148; Sir Edmund Thomas "The Relationship of Parliament and the Courts" (2000) 5 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 9; Philip Joseph "Parliament, the Courts, and the Collaborative Enterprise" (2004) 15 King's College Law Journal 321.


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Q: TypeError: to_numeric() missing 1 required positional argument: 'arg' Hi I am new to Machine Learning and working on a fun project based on Crime Prediction. The following code block is returning an error. I am using the datasets provided on the UCI ML Repo.
df_d=pd.read_csv('communities-crime-full.csv')
df
df['highCrime'] = np.where(df['ViolentCrimesPerPop']>0.1, 1, 0)
Y = df['highCrime']

# print('total len is ',len(Y))
initial=pd.read_csv('communities-crime-full.csv')
initial = initial.drop('communityname', 1)
initial = initial.drop('ViolentCrimesPerPop', 1)
initial = initial.drop('fold', 1)
initial = initial.drop('state', 1)
initial = initial.drop('community', 1)
initial = initial.drop('county', 1)
skipinitialspace = True

feature_name=list(initial)
#initial=initial.convert_objects(convert_numeric=True)
initial=initial.apply(pd.to_numeric(errors='coerce').isnull())
New_data=initial.fillna(initial.mean())
# print('before...')
# print(initial)
# print('after...')
# print(New_data)
clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=3)
# clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier()
clf = clf.fit(New_data, Y)
clf
fold=df['fold']
scores = cross_val_score(clf, New_data, Y,fold,'accuracy',10)
print('cross_val_accuracy is ',scores)
print('cross_val_accuracy_avg is ',np.array(scores).mean())
scores = cross_val_score(clf, New_data, Y,fold,'precision',10)
print('cross_val_precision is ',scores)
print('cross_val_precision_avg is ',np.array(scores).mean())
scores = cross_val_score(clf, New_data, Y,fold,'recall',10)
print('cross_val_recall is ',scores)
print('cross_val_recall_avg is ',np.array(scores).mean())

I receive the following error
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-53-9f206c43d444> in <module>()
     17 feature_name=list(initial)
     18 #initial=initial.convert_objects(convert_numeric=True)
---> 19 initial=initial.apply(pd.to_numeric(errors='coerce').isnull())
     20 New_data=initial.fillna(initial.mean())
     21 # print('before...')

TypeError: to_numeric() missing 1 required positional argument: 'arg'

A: Since you're trying to use pd.to_numeric as function reference, you can't call it with kwargs this way.
Either:
initial = initial.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')

Or Use lambda:
initial = initial.apply(lambda x: pd.to_numeric(x, errors='coerce'))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to identify the challenges faced by rural school superintendent/principals and the corresponding strategies used to mitigate those challenges. The role of the superintendent/principal is considered to be one of the most challenging administrative roles; little if no research had been conducted on the challenges and strategies of this dual administrative role. The target population for the present study was the forty-six superintendent/principals in California County Superintendents Educational Services Association (CCSESA), Region 2. Three superintendent/principals from this target population, who have served four years or more in their role, were selected to be subjects of the case study. The researcher created an interview protocol to address the research questions. Based on the interview responses additional data was reviewed to support the challenges and strategies identified by the superintendent/principals. This data included, but was not limited too, Local Control Accountability Plans (LCAP), budgets, school board minutes and agendas, and parent newsletters. The interview data was transcribed and coded/themed. Research questions 1 and 2 focused on the challenges faced by superintendent/principals and the strategies utilized to mitigate these challenges. Research question 3 gathered demographic data and allowed for the correlation of identified challenges and strategies to those demographics. The Bolman and Deal framework was created to examine leadership in organizations. Their four frames – structural, symbolic, human resource and political –have been used to evaluate leadership effectiveness, outcomes, and results of change, and have been used to identify leadership orientation in educational and other organizations. The data collected regarding the challenges and the strategies of rural school superintendent/principals was aligned to the Bolman and Deal Four Frames. The findings revealed the job complexity, staffing and enrollment are the biggest challenges faced by those in the role of superintendent/principal. The strategies reported by the superintendent/principals to mitigate challenges were shared expertise, job definition strategies and shared leadership. The findings did not differ based on the gender, years of experience or years in the role. Alignment to the Bolman and Deal four frames revealed that two challenges aligned to the structural frame and one each to the symbolic, human resource and political frame.
McCormick, Christine, "A Case Study of the Challenges and Strategies of Rural School Superintendent/Principals in California" (2016). Dissertations. 49.


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Nour Festival Blog
19 October – 05 November 2017
Festival Website
ARA-B-LESS? : An Interview With Riffy Arts Collective
November 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 / nourfestivalblog
Meriem Bennani; the New York-based artist who was recently featured in the New York Times is one of the selected artists by Riffy Ahmed and Sarah El Hamed for the ARA-B-LESS? project at the Saatchi Gallery. Our guest blogger Aimee Dawson speaks with Riffy to learn more about the project.
Project Poster
How did you conceive the title ARA-B-LESS ?
The project title 'ARA-B-LESS ?' is a neologism born of a play on the word 'Arabness' (Arabism). Two designs hint at the meaning behind "ARA-B-LESS ?" – the first emphasising 'BLESS' suggests that Arab identity is a blessing, while the second emphasises "LESS', the ways in which what it means to be Arab have evolved over time, perhaps losing something along the way. 'ARA-B-LESS?', as a question, also focuses on whether we, the artists, consider ourselves to be more or less Arab for having been born and brought up in the West, albeit by parents from Arab countries.
Can you describe the show a little? What does the performance description mean by three different 'landscapes'?
The show integrates live performance art with video, sculpture and installation work. Operating in the interstices between reality and fiction and inspired by Grayson Perry's Map of an Englishman, 2004, ARA-B-LESS? invites the audience to embark on a journey through three conceptually cohesive spaces each posing a unique challenge to current codes of conduct as well as questioning the existence of multifarious stereotypes and framing devices. The result is an extensive yet playful investigation of the ways in which identity is constructed as well as the ways in which it might be deconstructed and reconstructed in the realm of the hyper-real.
How do you think Arab women are perceived and represented? Are you looking at it from a 'Western' gaze or Middle Eastern/Arab or…?
The short answer is both from a Western and a Middle Eastern/Arab gaze, there is no limit to the ways in which women's identity might be interrogated in the work of each artist – the whole point is to explore and ask questions. ARA-B-LESS ?, designed in broad terms to explore notions of Arabness and more specifically to explore the representation of women in these different cultures, is an essentially collaborative project. The result is a series of ongoing conversations between artist-curators Riffy Ahmed and Sarah El Hamed. Together, they have selected works by artists who complement, counter, and complicate their thinking about the representation of identity.
How is the work interactive? What can people expect?
There will be three performances (each 10 minutes in length) by Ahmed and El Hamed (visitors will be informed and directed by staff before each is about to start) as well as a durational performance inspired by Hassan Hajjaj's photographic portraits. The subject of this performance, who will pose throughout the evening in a Hajjaj constructed environment, will also wear clothes designed by the artist.
Visitors to Shadi Al Zaqzouq's work will also be able to participate by purchasing or simply trying on his eccentric creations – hijabs adorned by colourful variations on the Liberty Spike Mohawk. There will also be live music throughout the evening courtesy of Algerian singer and guitarist, Nedjim Bouizzoul.
The ARA-B-LESS? performance takes place on Wednesday 4 November, 7pm at Saatchi Gallery, Duke of York's Square.
To book tickets click here.
Art, Culture, Dance, Exhibitions, London, Middle East, North Africa, Nour Festival, Performance, photography
arab, culture, Grayson Perry, hassan Hajjaj, hijab, identity, Map of an Englishman, Meriem Bennani, middle east, Nedjim Bouizzoul, New York Times, Riffy Ahmed, Saatchi Gallery, Sarah El Hamed, Shadi Al Zaqzouq
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Nour Festival of Arts shines light on the best of contemporary arts and culture of the Middle East and North Africa each October and November in venues across Kensington and Chelsea.
For more information, visit www.nourfestival.co.uk
Nour Festival
Nour Podcasts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Alfred-South La Paloma, Texas facts for kids
Alfred-South La Paloma, Texas
Location of Alfred-South La Paloma, Texas
Coordinates: 27°53′40″N 97°58′27″W / 27.89444°N 97.97417°W / 27.89444; -97.97417Coordinates: 27°53′40″N 97°58′27″W / 27.89444°N 97.97417°W / 27.89444; -97.97417
Jim Wells
4.5 sq mi (11.6 km2)
• Land
• Water
0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
101.1/sq mi (39.0/km2)
UTC-6 (Central (CST))
UTC-5 (CDT)
Alfred-South La Paloma is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Jim Wells County, Texas, United States. The population was 451 at the 2000 census. For the 2010 census, the CDP was split into Alfred and South La Paloma.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.5 square miles (12 km2), of which, 4.5 square miles (12 km2) of it is land and 0.22% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 451 people, 144 households, and 112 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 101.1 people per square mile (39.0/km2). There were 187 housing units at an average density of 41.9/sq mi (16.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.69% White, 1.55% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 6.65% from other races, and 2.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.43% of the population.
There were 144 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.62.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.8% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,154, and the median income for a family was $36,827. Males had a median income of $37,031 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,013. None of the families and 7.6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 41.7% of those over 64.
Alfred-South La Paloma is served by the Orange Grove Independent School District.
Alfred-South La Paloma, Texas Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
This page was last modified on 1 January 2022, at 05:47. Suggest an edit.


text:
Q: Nginx "No input file specified." in a dynamic folder subdomain setup Right, so I have this folder: /home/sites/dev/testphp/ inside this folder there's an index.php file, with a simple echo line. I also have a /home/sites/dev/testhtml/ with an index.html file.
When I visit http://testhtml.dev.ilun.no/ it works as expected.
But when I visit http://testphp.dev.ilun.no/ I simply get "No input file specified."
This is my config so far:
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name dev.ilun.no www.dev.ilun.no;
    root /home/sites/dev;
    index index.php index.html;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ~^(.*)\.dev.ilun\.no$;
    root /home/sites/dev/$1;
    index index.php index.html;
    if (!-d /home/sites/dev/$1) {
        rewrite . http://dev.ilun.no/ redirect;
    }
    location ~ .php$ {
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
    }
}

I'm completely stuck on this, and can't figure it out yet. Any suggestions?

A: Dynamic root is tricky thing, try other regexp:
server_name  ~^(?P<subdomain>.+)\.dev.ilun\.no$;
root /home/sites/dev/$subdomain;


The slideshow will start automatically, and pause for ten seconds between photos.
Donations for the Music department at Somerset High School came marching in this summer thanks to the owners of Simcock Farm in Swansea.
Owners Bev and Jim Simcock were the sponsors of a summer-long fundraiser designed to drum up donations to help the Somerset High School's Color Guard, who will use the money in part to help defray the cost of props and uniforms used during their performances. One of their shows will be held at Disneyland in Florida, where the entire music department will be performing during April vacation.
For one dollar, folks had the chance to vote for which farm animal would become "Mayor" of Simcock Farms. There were nineteen animals to choose from, and people were allowed to vote as many times as they wished at either the Ice Cream Shop or Vegetable Stand at the farm. Contestants included rabbits named Butterscotch and Buttons, two donkeys, Poncho and Eyore, as well as a barn full of other competitors, including cows, goats and sheep.
The fundraiser's finale was held Saturday, September 19th when Jim and Bev also donated the proceeds of their ice cream sales over Friday night and Saturday.
Ester, the goat, won the role of Mayor with 39 votes with Rascal, a rescue dog who was adopted by the Simcocks, nipping at her heels and coming in a close second with 38 votes.
But Rascal has no problem when he didn't fetch the top spot, since he was officially named President of the Farm Council.
As for the proceeds, Bev says all the money collected between Friday and Saturday night's ice cream sales, votes, and mayor buttons made by the students has already gone to the Music Department.
This is the first year of the fundraiser. Since the event was such a huge success, the Simcocks plan to continue the event each summer from now on.
Joinday.com staff applauds the Simcock's fundraising efforts, and urge all community members to get involved in good causes like this one that help our neighbors and enrich our towns!
The more members we have, the more we can cover events such as the Somerset Color Guard Fundraiser. Becoming a member of JoinDayo is simple, and it's free! Join today, and you'll be able to take advantage of sales and special promotions from our business members. Click here now to join.


text:
IDW Media Holdings
OTC Filings
IDW Debuts Collection of Disney Comics Starting This April
by IDW Media Holdings
in IDW Publishing
Multi-tiered Publishing Plan Brings Classic Characters To New Audiences IDW Publishing is proud to announce that they will debut a new collection of Disney Comics beginning in March 2015 with the publication of Don Rosa's Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Artist's Edition, followed by four extra-length comic series launches in April, May, June, and […]
Congressman John Lewis Recruits Another Generation to MARCH with New Graphic Novel
in Top Shelf Productions, Uncategorized
John Lewis has been many things in his career: a civil rights activist, a featured speaker at the March on Washington, a leader of the "Bloody Sunday" march in Selma, a respected member of Congress, a recipient of the Medal of Freedom, and a worldwide symbol of the power of nonviolent protest. With his latest project, he's […]
IDW Entertainment Signs with William Morris Endeavor
in IDW Entertainment
WME to represent both television and feature projects for the company San Diego, CA (January 12, 2015) – IDW Entertainment, a division of leading comic book publisher IDW Publishing, has signed with WME, one of the world's leading talent agencies, for representation. WME will represent all film and television projects for the company. The announcement was […]
IDW Publishing Acquires Top Shelf Productions
in IDW Publishing, Top Shelf Productions
Two Industry Leaders Combine Forces Leading comic book and graphic novel publisher IDW Publishing announced today that it has acquired Top Shelf Productions, the award-winning independent publisher of graphic novels, including the #1 New York Times and Washington Post bestseller Marchby Congressman John Lewis, Andrew Aydin and Nate Powell, Alan Moore's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen […]
IDW Media Holdings © 2020. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, also known as St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh and the mother church of Scots Catholicism. The cathedral church is located at the East End of New Town in the city centre.

History
The Chapel of St Mary's was opened in 1814, and was originally designed by James Gillespie Graham. It was built in replacement of the Chapel of St Andrew the Apostle on Blackfriars Wynd (which had been tolerated despite Scotland not recognising the Catholic faith). The building of a purpose-built church recognises a broad acceptance of the faith by 1814.

The church was considerably embellished over the years, and in 1878 on the restoration of the Scottish hierarchy it became the pro-cathedral of the new Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh. It was renamed the Metropolitan Cathedral on 5 July 1886 with all the rights and privileges appertaining to such a church. It contains the National Shrine of St. Andrew.

Pope John Paul II visited St Mary's in May 1982 as part of his pastoral visit to Scotland.

Architecture
The cathedral was designed in 1813–1814 in the neo-perpendicular style by James Gillespie Graham, with additional designs by Augustus Pugin.

In 1892 a fire at the neighbouring Theatre Royal required changes to the cathedral. Arches were made in the side walls and aisles were added on both sides, designed by John Biggar. The sanctuary was extended backwards by three bays of arches.

The war memorial and high altar were added in 1921, designed by Reginald Fairlie. A baldachino was added in 1927. In 1932 the height of the roof was increased by Reid and Forbes.

In the 1970s the front of the cathedral was opened up due to the demolition of tenement buildings. The porch and baptistery were replaced by a larger porch, designed by T. Harley Haddow, and the sanctuary was remodelled to meet the requirements of the Second Vatican Council.

Music
The Schola Cantorum has eight singers and sings a wide range of sacred music including plainchant, renaissance polyphony and modern compositions. In addition, there is a mixed-ability cathedral choir.

A new organ was installed in 2008, built by Matthey Copley and having 4,000 pipes.

The Director of Music is Michael Ferguson, who also teaches at the University of St Andrews and is a composer. The organist is Simon Leach.

Concerts and recitals were held in the cathedral during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe from 2009 to 2016.

Current clergy
Mgr Patrick Burke, VG (administrator);  Fr Robert Taylor
 Fr Tadeusz Puton SAC (non-resident), Chaplain of the Polish Mission

Parish organisation
From 2017 the many parishes in Edinburgh have been organised into clusters to better coordinate their resources.  St Mary's Cathedral is one of four parishes in Cluster 1 along with Ss Ninian and Triduana, St Patrick and St Albert.

Cafe Camino
The cathedral formerly operated a cafe in an adjoining building. It was used as a venue as part of the Free Fringe at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

See also
 List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
 St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)

References

External links

 St Mary's Cathedral former organist's website
  Sacred Scotland
Cafe Camino
 Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS)
 The Scottish Catholic Archives
  Scottish Catholic Historical Association

Listed churches in Edinburgh
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Scotland
Roman Catholic national shrines
Roman Catholic churches in Edinburgh
Category B listed buildings in Edinburgh
Listed cathedrals in Scotland
James Gillespie Graham buildings
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1814
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom
Roman Catholic shrines in the United Kingdom
Religious organizations established in 1814

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Malcolm Cox
What we're reading: "The Power of One" Part 10, "Teamwork"
What does it take for a team of Christian leaders to work together? We take a look at the example of the church in Antioch and the relationship between Paul & Barnabas.
Tim Roberts, Christian Unity, John 17, Brotherhood, Acts of the Apostles, Watford, The Power of One, Barnabas, Antioch, Saul, Paul, Leadership, Teamwork
What we're reading: "The Power of One" Part 11, "Communion"
Tuesday Teaching Tip: "Craftivism"
by Malcolm Cox
Matt 5.3, "Poor in Spirit"
Hebrews 8 v4-6, "Superior"


text:
Home » Theatre » Festivals » Fringe » Mahmoud – Selected As A Fringe Encore (Fringe Festival 2012)
Mahmoud – Selected As A Fringe Encore (Fringe Festival 2012)
by Geoffrey Paddy Johnson on August 29, 2012
Iranian-Canadian actress Tara Grammy portrays three distinctive characters in her one-woman show, co-authored by director Tom Arthur Davis, Mahmoud. We see her as the titular Mahmoud, a Toronto-dwelling, Iranian ex-patriot taxi driver in his middle years; as Emanuelos, a gay Spanish immigrant working happily as a department store cologne salesman; and as Tara, a twelve year old Iranian-Canadian schoolgirl with aspirations to acting. Each character is richly invested with a clutch of mannerisms and a particular voice, stylizations which -while attention-grabbing – come perilously close to stereotypes. There's something more than just a little cartoonish about Grammy's turn as the rapid-speaking, gasp emitting young Tara, and her Emanuelos could cause Will & Grace's Jack McFarland to blush. There may be a political point being made here about westerners – they're spoiled, shallow, and self-centered – but it's a pretty broad one. Mahmoud, by contrast, an immigrant who fled Iran during the cultural revolution, is shown as friendly and engaging, with a moderately pitched voice. Even though he wants to talk relentlessly about how wonderful his former country is, and he's no slouch when it comes to sounding off at other predatory drivers, he's the soul of modesty. But it's a comedy – isn't it? – so go with it.
We're in Toronto and it's 2009. The television news media is focused on the protests and social upheaval surrounding forthcoming presidential elections in Iran. All of the characters are vaguely impacted, even Emanuelos who, it transpires, is dating a nice Iranian man (who just happens to be Mahmoud's closeted nephew). The stories begin to draw together and broader themes of cultural displacement, immigration, racism, and homophobia come into focus under a wider banner of -'what price personal liberty?' The writing in this regard is skillful and more subtle than the performances suggest. Time passes, things change. Tara gives up on the notion of ever being seen as anything other than Iranian. Emanuelos becomes engaged to his boyfriend, who returns to his country to "announce their plans." As things continue to heat up in Tehran, the three characters encounter each other in telling exchanges. Tension mounts until the video-captured shooting of a young Iranian woman attending a rally is broadcast around the world; the Neda story. Various simmering issues in the lives of the three principals abruptly erupt with dramatic consequences. The comic vein the piece began in has been left well and truly behind, and the stereotypes melt into more recognizable flesh and blood individuals.
There has been method in Grammy's broad impersonations after all. Commencing with almost two-dimensional types, the story closes in on the real individuals as the political, social realities of their lives close in on the characters themselves. The climax has a somewhat melodramatic, symbolic over-reach perhaps, but the story holds together and is deftly brought off. For all her enjoyment of comic overkill, Grammy is an agile and attractive performer. She proves disciplined and well timed, both in conducting the story's narrative flow, and in her changes from one character to another. The performance is all the more praiseworthy for being enacted on the limited platform stage at Jimmy's No. 43, with no curtain or props; just fluidly synchronized lighting (Jenna Koenig) and sound effects (Mike Conley). As co-author, director Tom Arthur Davis knows what he is looking for from her, and she delivers here handsomely.
Mahmoud is a winner of a 2012 FringeNYC Overall Excellence Award, and will be part of the Fringe Encore Series. Details about the encore performance are below:
Pandemic Theatre
Writer: Tara Grammy and Tom Arthur Davis
Director: Tom Arthur Davis, Consulting Director: Soheil Parsa, Assistant Director: Omar Hady
One Iranian actress, three characters: an Iranian engineer-cum-taxi driver, a fabulously gay Spaniard, and a pre-teen Iranian-Canadian girl. Their stories intertwine in unexpected ways in this personal and hilarious story. Learn more about Iranians, and maybe even yourself.
Huron Club. 9/22 at 8PM; 9/23 at 3PM; 9/25 at 8PM; 9/29 at 5PM; 9/30 at 5PM.
Solo Show Comedy
www.mahmoudtaxi.com
The FringeNYC Encore Series will present 19 "Best of The Festival" shows in rotating repertory at SoHo Playhouse and The Huron Club (both located at 15 Vandam Street between 6th Avenue & Varick) as well as at The Players Theater (115 MacDougal Street between Bleecker and Houston Streets). Tickets are $18, available at 212-691-1555 or www.SohoPlayhouse.com
Final Schedule Announced for Fringe Encore Series
Get STUPEFIED By Paul Hutcheson
All is Fine in Sunny Florida: 10 Things To Know About The Show Before You Go (2016 FRIGID NEW YORK FESTIVAL)
Acute…Girl: 10 Things To Know About The Show Before You Go (2016 FRIGID NEW YORK FESTIVAL)
So Amazing: 10 Things To Know About The Show Before You Go (2016 FRIGID NEW YORK FESTIVAL)
Tagged as: Comedy, fringe encore 2012, Iran, Jenna Koenig, Jimmy's No. 43, Mahmoud, Mike Conley, Neda, New York Fringe 2012, political theatre, Tara Grammy, Tom Arthur Davis
Fringe, Live Entertainment, Manhattan, Off-Off-Broadway, Reviews, Theatre
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Recently, KRQE-TV sat down with Sandoval County Fire Department Firefighter/Paramedic Shannon Farrell and her search and rescue K-9 named KT. The story focused on the amazing and unique asset that the Sandoval County Fire Department has to better serve our community and communities across the state. The Sandoval County Fire Department is proud to partner with local law enforcement, including our very own Sandoval County Sheriff's Office, to bring closure to families and also to help find valuable evidence in criminal cases just like the recent death investigation from the West Rio Rancho Mesa.
Shannon and KT have undergone years of training and certification to serve our community in this capacity. In addition to being able to locate human remains, KT is also trained in live rescue recovery, meaning she helps locate lost hikers, campers, etc. when we receive a call for assistance. This dog is more than just man's best friend, she is also an invaluable part of the Sandoval County Fire Department and the Rio Grande Basin Heavy Technical Rescue Team. We are proud to have her as a member of our team and proud that she is able to help with incidents not only in our county, but across the state of New Mexico.
Click Here to learn more about Shannon and KT from KRQE-TV.


Joan, The Rather Well-proportioned Secretary, Spent Almost All Of Her Vacation Sunbathing On The Roof Of Her Hotel.
wearing a bathing suit as you did yesterday."
can see me up here, and besides, I'm covered with a towel."
Commandant: Next up ... Simp-son, Lis-a. [the crowd falls silent.
This morning I caught my wife in a lie ... I'm sitting there in the kitchen, having some coffee, biscuits, some jelly.
She was a very intelligent woman. I remember one time I thought she was cheating on me, but I couldn't prove it.
Alex came home from a business trip to Chicago and found no one home but his daughter Rose, who was crying bitterly.


The restaurant and food industry will continue to fuel U. S. employment in the year ahead as the nation's 2nd largest private sector employer. In 2014, restaurant gross sales will reach a superior $683 billion, a 3.6% improvement over 2013. The restaurant industry will add jobs at a 2.8% pace increase in 2014, out-doing the 1.8% gain seen for the total U.S. employment.
Cooks generally must have physical strength, manual dexterity and also a good sense of taste and aroma. They must have the capacity to function as a member of a team. Chefs along with head cooks must have the creativity to develop recipes. They have to be reasonable leaders and have effective communication and time management skills.


text:
Bitcoin overview: BTC/USD ignores news of Bitcoin futures suspension by CBOE
Bitcoin corrected above $3,900 but failed to sustain growth towards $4,000.
Bitcoin must sustain growth above $3,900 to give the traders confidence that $4,000 is achievable.
The crypto market has remained unchanged in spite of the news that CBOE is putting Bitcoin futures on hold. Bitcoin has been lethargic below $3,900 since the beginning of this week. Over the last weekend, the asset corrected above $3,900 but failed to sustain growth towards $4,000.
The trading yesterday saw the bulls fall into a bear trap: BTC/USD spiked briefly almost touching $3,900 but quickly turned around canceling the gains. The largest crypto tested the short-term support $3,700 before correcting higher above $3,850.
At press time, Bitcoin is exchanging hands at $3,851 within the 50 SMA resistance and the 100 SMA support 4-hour chart. As discussed before, Bitcoin must sustain growth above $4,000 to give the traders confidence that $4,000 is achievable. However, the traders are likely to get exhausted holding the position above $3,800 and are likely to sell. This is likely to create more supply and less demand. Bitcoin price will react by exploring the levels close to $3,500; a move that will create more demand and reverse the trend upwards.
Meanwhile, Bitcoin is supported by the bullish trendline; other support levels are $3,800 and $3,700. The RSI is horizontal at 51 while the MACD is flat out on at the mean line (0.0). Bitcoin sideways trading is likely to last longer as market activity reduces.
BTC/USD 4-hour chart
Related Topics:analysisBitcoinCryptoCryptocurrenciesCryptocurrencyCurrencyFeatured
Sally Ho's Technical Analysis 15th March 2019
Strong Bitcoin Volumes Bode Well for Price Breakout
The Case $7.5K Could Become Bitcoin's New Price Support
Amidst a decline in the price of bitcoin, the world's most valuable cryptocurrency could find support at $7,500 – that is if it follows past patterns on the charts.
Bitcoin has faced selling pressure over the last few days, despite an impending golden crossover on the three-day chart – a bullish crossover of the 50- and 200-candle moving averages, as discussed last week. As of writing, the 50-candle moving average (MA) is on an upward trajectory and looks set to cross above the 200-candle MA in the next few days.
It is worth noting, however, that a similar golden crossover on the three-day chart was observed in early February 2016, when a bitcoin bull market was then in its nascent stages.
More importantly, BTC was heavily offered in the run-up to the confirmation of the golden crossover. Prices dropped to the 200-candle MA support days before the bull cross happened and that level was never put to test again, as seen in the chart below.
3-day chart (2015-16)
As seen above, BTC took a beating in six weeks leading up to the golden crossover confirmed on Feb. 3, 2016. Prices topped out at $467 seen in mid-December 2015 and almost tested the 200-candle MA support line of $348 in three days to January 19.
Over the next couple of months, BTC largely traded in the range of $360 to $450 before breaking higher. Essentially, the 200-candle MA served as a base ahead of the golden crossover and the level was never tested again throughout the rally from $450 to $20,000.
Also, it is worth noting that BTC rallied more than 140 percent from the August lows near $200, before topping out above $460 in mid-December.
The price action seen over the last few months looks eerily similar to the one discussed above.
3-day chart (2019)
Placed in recent context, BTC rose to a 17-month high of $13,880 last month. At that level, the cryptocurrency was up nearly 250 percent from lows near $4,000 observed at the end of March.
As of now, the cryptocurrency is changing hands at $9,600, representing a 30 percent drop from recent highs. Essentially, the cryptocurrency is losing ground in the run-up to the golden crossover the way it did before the bull cross of February 2016.
If history is a guide, then the ongoing pullback could be extended further to the 200-candle MA, currently flatlined $7,448. Also, prices may bounce back strongly from that level and resume the bull market.
Will history repeat itself?
History is known to repeat itself in financial markets and the bitcoin market is no exception.
The top cryptocurrency now appear to have bottomed out in December 2018 – i.e. a year and a half ahead of the mining reward halving due in May 2020 (reminding the crypto community of the seller exhaustion ahead of the reward halving and that took place in August 2016).
Over the last five months, a number of technical indicators have produced patterns similar to those seen before the onset of the bull market in late 2015.
For instance, the 50- and 100-week moving averages produced a bearish crossover in February – two months before BTC broke into a bull market and two months after the cryptocurrency bottomed out near $3,100. A similar bear cross was observed months before BTC's bullish breakout of October 2015.
All-in-all, there is a strong case to believe that BTC would drop to the 200-candle MA, currently at $7,448, before the confirmation of the golden crossover on the 3-day chart and then rise back sharply.
source:coindesk
Bitcoin (BTC) Loses a Month's Worth of Gains, Falling Back Below $10k as Facebook is Questioned
The spectacular gains that Bitcoin made during the last few days of June have all but been lost as the cryptocurrency crashes back down below $10,000. Despite the huge losses, Bitcoin remains the only top 10 coin trading in the green over 30 days, still up 3.2 percent since this time last month. Ethereum (ETH), XRP, Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC) and EOS are all down by between 24 and 45 percent, with EOS suffering the worst losses.
The Facebook effect?
Many believe the June rally and resulting crash were driven by news that Facebook would be launching its own cryptocurrency in 2020 – an announcement that was met with stern disapproval by financial regulators.
Now, Facebook is facing a series of questioning by the United States Senate Banking Committee and has postponed the launch of its cryptocurrency until regulatory approval is granted.
Democratic senator Sherrod Brown has lambasted the plans, calling them 'delusion' and reiterating concerns from the general public that Facebook lacks integrity following last year's Cambridge Analytica scandal that saw the private data of millions of its users compromised. Joining the call for regulation on Facebook's crypto plans are EU nations Germany and France, whose finance ministers today requested that the company pause its plans for the new development.
"I am convinced that we must act quickly and that it cannot go ahead without all legal and regulatory questions being resolved," said German financial minister Olaf Scholz in an interview with financial news outlet Reuters. David Marcus, the Head of Calibra, the company formed to facilitate the distribution of the currency, has assured congress members that the company will not launch anything until regulatory approval is granted.
Can Bitcoin recover from the knock?
Bitcoin has lost key support at the $10,000 level and now, looking at the charts, lacks any decent support until $7,500. The majority of 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-day short-term moving averages all suggest further losses for the asset, with the MACD at 49.31 joining the bearish sentiment. However, long-term recovery is likely as the cryptocurrency industry continues to draw interest from large financial institutions looking to join the next wave of fintech innovation.
Tradingview trader Alan Masters envisions a slow descent to the $7,500 level by late October before any decent recovery ensues. While there is a good chance we will see this year's $13k highs again, it may not be until early 2020.
US Lawmaker Says There's No Way to Kill Bitcoin – But Will Congress Try to Stop Coinbase?
US Rep. Patrick McHenry (R-N.C.), ranking member of the Financial Services Committee, confirms why Bitcoin is shaking up governments, banks and institutional and retail investors around the globe.
Says McHenry,
"There's no capacity to kill Bitcoin."
Speaking on CNBC's Squawk Box, McHenry gives an overview of the government's efforts to tame Libra and its development team at Facebook by holding consecutive Senate hearings. In large part, the hearings reveal Libra's threat as a game-changer in global finance with the power to reach billions of people overnight.
According to McHenry,
"The issue here is there's a knee-jerk reaction to kill it before it grows. There's a whitepaper that's an idea and there's a consortium of companies – some with better reputations than Facebook currently has – that are developing a digital payments platform and a digital currency. Interesting, right? Instead, we have a knee-jerk reaction to kill an idea."
McHenry questions the role of government in private enterprise and intervention in the development of business concepts.
Slaying Facebook over its latest innovation has raised concerns about the government's willingness to support the foundational tenets of free markets, free enterprise, product competition and the country's history of invigorating capitalism, jobs and leadership through innovation.
"Look, in the broad sense here, I'm a friend of innovation and I'm not a friend of a missioned society where every business has to come to government with their hand out and say, 'Can I do this? Can I bring a new product to market?' If they comply with existing laws, have at it.
I've got legitimate questions that I think need to be answered, but this whole thing about yelling at Facebook about trust – give me a break. Consumers are making a choice."
Regarding Facebook's record on protecting data privacy, McHenry doesn't conflate the two.
"There's a whole slew of litigation about this. Let's have a separate hearing about that – that's fine."
"The way we've set this up is we have guardrails. You follow the speed limit, you can drive whatever vehicle as long as it's safe."
Host Andrew Ross Sorkin, who posits that governments have a monopoly on money, asks McHenry if lawmakers will ultimately try to stifle the crypto industry or if they'll let it flourish.
Says Sorkin,
"Long-term, do you think that regulators and politicians like yourself will allow the emergence of these new types of currencies if they don't look a lot like the regulations and guardrails that we currently have around fiat currency and money?"
Responds McHenry,
"Well, I think there's no capacity to kill Bitcoin. Even the Chinese with their firewall and their extreme intervention in their society couldn't kill Bitcoin. So a distributed ledger, full and open, in the essence of Bitcoin as a first mover in this space, the developer of this technology blockchain and digital currencies –"
When Sorkin jumped in to point out that Bitcoin's price has taken a precipitous drop over the past 48 hours as speculators seemingly react to a slew of high-level bashes against cryptocurrency, including recent criticisms from President Trump, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and the politicians conducting the Facebook Libra hearings, McHenry stayed on point about the foundations of the technology which has not changed since Bitcoin launched in 2009.
"My point here is you can't kill Bitcoin. But new iterations of this that are trying to mimic it, that are not fully distributed, that are not fully open, there are different mechanisms to kill it."
But regulators could prohibit businesses and services that provide support for Bitcoin – like Coinbase. While McHenry agrees that there's room for a new financial product that could dramatically improve the flow of money around the globe by implementing a system that is much more cost-effective and technologically advanced than old legacy platforms such as SWIFT and Western Union, he avoided giving Sorkin a direct answer to a key question.
Speaking on behalf of Bitcoin investors, Sorkin asks,
"If you said right now that Coinbase could not accept money from an American citizen, if you said that any of these wallets cannot accept money, you – I'm not saying you'd shut down Bitcoin. Bitcoin would exist somewhere and it would be in sort of a dark web kind of situation. But it effectively would make it very, very difficult for the mainstream to use it…
If it ever gets mainstream, if it ever gets to escape velocity, does Congress, do regulators say, 'You know what, actually – in the same way that you're looking at Libra as closely as you are, and this is going to happen at the G7 meeting as well – do people say, 'Bitcoin will live in the shadows. But boy, it's not going to live in the mainstream.' And that's the question that I think I have and that's the question that I think Bitcoin investors have and that's why the price of it has come down, literally, in the past 48 hours."
McHenry had no direct reply.
Dave Hodgson, director and co-founder of NEM Ventures, the venture capital and investments arm of the NEM blockchain ecosystem, tells Forbes that the rubber has met the road.
"Government and central banks are after Bitcoin and Libra because they reduce their ability to control markets and populations, while also making some of what they do irrelevant. It is uncomfortable when people ultimately realize that the emperor has no clothes."


Shane Victorino is appearing in the second game of his Triple-A rehab assignment on Monday night in Rochester. The Sox anticipate that he will be ready to rejoin the club during the West Coast trip through Oakland and Seattle, though given the early stage of Victorino's rehab assignment in Pawtucket (he's played one game, going 0-for-2), a specific date hasn't been established. Both Victorino and Will Middlebrooks are expected to play back-to-back games on Monday and Tuesday for the PawSox, sit Wednesday, then play three straight days, at which point they'll be re-evaluated. When Victorino does return, the Sox will face a crowd in their outfield. The team has Jackie Bradley Jr. as its everyday center fielder, with Victorino expected to be the primary right fielder. Brock Holt has carved out a flexible everyday role with Victorino sidelined, and he's become a critical contributor as the leadoff man who has shown the ability to play third, second, short, first, left and right -- with Farrell saying he'd be open to having Holt play center as well. Daniel Nava has started to heat up; Farrell would like to see the effective left field platoon of Nava and Jonny Gomes return to its 2013 levels of production. Grady Sizemore (batting .216 with a .288 OBP and .324 slugging mark) has seen his playing time dwindle, and he would appear in danger of getting further squeezed -- perhaps out of a roster spot -- when Victorino returns. "With [Victorino's] progression taking place, provided there are no setbacks, there's going to be the need for a roster decision upon his return," said Farrell. "Brock's emergence in the outfield has definitely taken away from Grady and the at-bats there, particularly with the way Daniel Nava has come on of late. Grady has lost some at-bats. We've sat and we've talked about it. He recognizes the guys he's in competition with here. He's a little bit of a victim of the performance of other guys." When Victorino returned from his season-opening stint on the DL in April, Nava was the victim of the numbers game (and the fact that he had minor league options), getting sent down at a time when he was hitting .149/.240/.269. But in his last eight games, the switch-hitter has a .417/.517/.500 line in 29 plate appearances, and so the Sox seem unlikely to remove Nava from the lineup. "That's not just with what he's done of late. We also don't forget what he did last year, and that combination between he and Jonny was an extremely productive one," said Farrell. "We need that production to return for us to sustain success." Yet the team also wants badly to keep Holt in the lineup given the offensive spark he's delivered. While it would appear that Nava and Gomes seem likely to get regular playing time in left, Bradley will be the primary center fielder and Victorino will be the primary right fielder, Farrell said that the Sox are willing to find opportunities for the 26-year-old. "Brock's consistent offense is what drives all of this. It's allowed us to be a little bit more aggressive with his defensive alignment because we really want to keep the bat in there every day. To the extent of the defensive versatility and the leadoff spot, that kind of offensive player that he's shown right now, no, this is the first [time that Farrell has encountered such a performance as a manager. "The beauty of this has been two-fold. There hasn't been a hangup mentally by going to a new position and all of a sudden being less aggressive on the defensive side. He has still maintained that. And two, we haven't seen any ill effects from his approach at the plate. I think it speaks to, one, his willingness and two, his overall intelligence and who he is as a player. He's gone out and performed very well." Farrell noted that Victorino's playing time will have to be managed upon his return given that he was sidelined by a hamstring injury that recurred, further opening playing time for a potential combination of Victorino, Holt, Bradley, Nava and Gomes, with Sizemore seemingly in limbo and Mike Carp's role uncertain when he gets healthy. Still, it's premature to say what will happen by the time Victorino is ready to return. Given the volatile nature of the team's outfield performance -- and the potential for injury -- the Sox don't feel compelled to say what will happen when Victorino is ready. "Some pretty general thoughts and different combinations," Farrell said of the team's ideas about who will play the outfield when Victorino comes back. "We're tentatively going through this to make sure that Shane gets back to us first and foremost. We'll adjust accordingly." OTHER RED SOX NOTES -- As of the start of Monday's game, the Sox had yet to hear about Brandon Workman's appeal of his six-game suspension. -- Farrell said that while Xander Bogaerts has played solely at third base since Stephen Drew joined the big league club -- including the games when Drew was unavailable -- he remains open to the idea of having Bogaerts play short later in the season, with Middlebrooks at third. "It's a possibility [that Bogaerts would play shortstop], yes. And that would mean a right-handed hitting left-side infielder. Could that be Will Middlebrooks? Absolutely it could be," said Farrell. "So in certain alignments against a left-handed pitcher, we could have a Middlebrooks-Bogaerts left side of the infield."


text:
October 2000 Film Music CD Reviews
index page/monthly listings/October/
Various Sources and Artists
SONY SK 89279 [48:58]
According to the blurb we received with this album (in its promotional edition with no documentation, other than the sexy picture above and the names, in Spanish only, of the numbers performed), Woman on Top was premiered at the Cannes International Film festival in May and is scheduled for release in America on September 22nd. The film is about Isabella (Penelope Cruz) "a sultry enchantress born with the special gift of melting the palates and hearts of men everywhere. When she decides to break free from her rocky marriage and the stifling kitchen of her husband's restaurant in Brazil, she spirits off to San Francisco in pursuit of her dream of a real culinary career…"
The soundtrack comprises a pleasing blend of songs that include the bossa nova, samba, forro, choro, forro, baiâo and other styles, from the 1940s to the present day and features numbers performed by Baden Powell, Xavier Cugat and others as well as recordings by the popular Brazilian singer Paulinho Moska and a special remix by the acclaimed new group Bossa Cuca Nova.
All the numbers delight, but I would mention just the atmospheric 'Berekere' that seems to evoke the wild cries of the rain forest, the intoxicating rhythms and the romanticism of 'Cinzas' and 'Falso Baiana'; and the Latin sounds of the 1940s in 'Aquarela do Brazil' in which one can imagine Carmen Miranda emerging through the palms.


Several cruise lines offer passage to Ireland from ports of call in the United States, including Ft. Lauderdale, Los Angeles and New York. These excursions land at one or more Irish ports–among them Dublin, Belfast, Waterford and Cork–on their way to destinations in England and Europe. The cruises offer passengers an opportunity to sample unique Irish spirit and hospitality ashore.
Princess Cruises offers several journeys to the ports of Europe from their homeport at Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. The "British Isles Passage" followed by the Grand Princess sets out from Ft. Lauderdale and calls at Bermuda before spending six full days at sea, then reaching Glasgow, Scotland. The Grand Princess then calls at Dublin and Cork before returning to Great Britain and ending its 15-day voyage at London.
The Seven Seas Voyager, a ship offering all-balcony, all-suite accommodations, also begins its journey at Ft. Lauderdale, sailing north to New York and three Canadian ports before the Atlantic crossing. After several stops in Scotland, the ship calls at Belfast, Dublin, Waterford and Cork. The 24-day journey ends at Southampton, England's major Channel port.
The MV Discovery begins its 15-day Voyages of Discovery tour in London, with an air link for passengers from New York. Travelers transfer to Harwich before sailing to St. Peter, Tresco, Dublin, Liverpool and Belfast. The voyage ends at Harwich.
The latest in a long line of luxury passenger ships, the Queen Victoria sails a 42-night Pacific and Caribbean Highlights tour that begins in Los Angeles, proceeds through the Panama Canal to the Caribbean, then crosses the Atlantic to Lisbon and the bustling Irish port of Cork.
Silversea is an Italian cruising company founded in the 1990s. The Silver Whisper, a small but luxurious vessel, cruises for 14 nights from New York to St. John's, Newfoundland, then spends four days at sea before reaching Cork and Waterford.


This natural-feeling rubber hi-hat pad has the feel you're used to and almost none of the noise of an acoustic cymbal. It works with virtually all electronic drum modules and devices and mounts on most cymbal stands and mounts. You can use it with any continuous or open/closed hi-hat control pedal.


Marisel Heredia possesses a Juris Doctor and a BBA in Public Accounting. Marisel brings to TLS over 10 years of experience and knowledge as a Certified Public Accountant, attorney at law, and as a notary. Marisel has experience in appeals, operations, contracts, hearings, finance, and customer service. For 9 years she was a faculty member for the Inter American University of Puerto Rico.


As a child, Kelly Eveland was always fascinated by how things work. Taking apart everyday items to see the inner workings of a blender or a telephone sparked his curiosity. As the new Lower School Design Lab teacher, Kelly enjoys sharing that curiosity for learning with his students.
For almost 10 years, Kelly has been working with students in kindergarten to Grade 6. Before coming to Parker, Kelly was a teacher at Sycamore Canyon Elementary School in Santee, California. There, he worked to pique his students' inquiring minds with hands-on projects such as taking apart inkjet printers to learn the mechanics behind getting printed words onto a piece of paper.
The more students are engaged in their learning, the more interested they become, which leads to innovation. This domino effect serves as a perfect segue into age-appropriate lessons on design theory, physics, robotics, coding, carpentry, and more. Building on these lessons, students begin to tinker with their own designs and creations.
"The design lab is perfect for young students. Their imaginations are still very whimsical. Every day, I am impressed with what they come up with," says Kelly.
One of Kelly's favorite projects is the Grade 5 abilities project. For this project, students create an item that would help someone with different abilities—for instance, creating an innovative way for a wheelchair to access a tall vehicle. Students research common challenges that people face and work to design and build a new prototype and then present their product to the class.
"Final presentations are always a culminating experience in the design lab. Students learn to articulate what they have learned through the design process and show that they were thoughtful in addressing someone's needs," says Kelly.
In the end, some students find that their invention is already in production. This could be discouraging to students who thought they were the first with the original idea, but Kelly feels this is a good thing and should serve as proof they were on the right track.