1. Numbness – This is the phase immediately following a loss. The grieving person feels numb, which is a defense mechanism that allows them to survive emotionally.
2. Searching and Yearning – This can also be referred to as pining and is characterized by the grieving person longing or yearning for the deceased to return. Many emotions are expressed during this time and may include weeping, anger, anxiety, and confusion.
3. Disorganization and Despair – The grieving person now desired to withdraw and disengage from others and activities they regularly enjoyed. Feelings of pining and yearning become less intense while periods of apathy, meaning an absence of emotion, and despair increase.
4. Reorganization and Recovery – In this final phase, the grieving person begins to return to a new state of "normal". Weight loss experienced during intense grieving may be regained, energy levels increase, and an interest to return to activities of enjoyment returns. Grief never ends but thoughts of sadness and despair are diminished while positive memories of the deceased take over.
1. Accept the Reality of the Loss – Coming full face with the reality that the person is dead and will not return is the first task that needs to be completed. Without accomplishing this, the grieving person will not be able to continue through the mourning process.
2. Work Through the Pain – Grief is painful, physically and emotionally. It is important to acknowledge the pain and not suppress it.
3. Adjust to the New Environment in Which the Deceased is Missing – This may require adjusting to the roles that the deceased once carried out. If it is a spouse that has died, it required the bereaved to accept their new identity as a widow.
4. Emotionally Relocate the Deceased and Move On – While the bereaved will never be compelled to totally give up on the relationship, the goal is to find an appropriate place in their emotional lives for the deceased. This requires a letting go of attachments so new relationships can begin to form. Completing these tasks will help the bereaved come to terms with their loss and return to a new state of normalcy.
Bereavement counseling is available to help. Many churches, synagogues and hospitals have grief support groups and can refer you to local resources. Also check out the link "grief support resources" above.
Palliative care and hospice programs integrate bereavement care into their comprehensive approach to care. Take advantage of the services they have to offer you.


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 Fixing Agent Textile for Dyes Dyeing- HT Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
Fixing agent is one of the important textile auxiliaries in dyeing and printing industry, which can improve the color fastness of dye in fabric. On the fabric, it can form insoluble colored material with dye, thus to improve the color of washing, perspiration fastness, and sometimes can improve its sun fastness.
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, dyeing and finishing technology has also been significantly improved. Due to the expansion of international textile trade and the improvement of people's living standards and environmental awareness, it's more required of textiles comfort, clean and safety. Since the 1970s, Germany first launched the "Blue Angel" plan, the world's developed countries (Japan, the United States, etc.) have passed and implemented the related laws, regulations, and rules for the various indicators of textiles. Green textiles require that in the printing and dyeing process prohibit the use of carcinogenic, teratogenic, poor biodegradability of poor and some aromatic amine intermediates banned in the regulations. At the same time, the use of additives not contain heavy metal ions and not producing free formaldehyde is also required, which means the use of "green auxiliaries".
The commonly used color fixing agent for dyeing and printing in textile has cationic fixing agent, such as Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Bromide; fixing agent Y; polyamine contraction (silk fixing agent la); crosslinking fixing agent; non formaldehyde dye fixing agent, and phenolic sulfonate formaldehyde condensate used for nylon (polyamide) fabrics instead of tannin as fixing agents.
Take the fixing agent y as an example: After adding the quantitative double cyanide amine to the atmospheric pressure reaction kettle to dissolve, in order to quantify the formaldehyde solution in the constant agitation slowly drops into the reactor, finally uses the ammonium chloride neutralization, produces the certain solid quantity transparent viscous liquid to be the finished product. This method produces the formaldehyde fixing agent, the solid color effect is good but there is free formaldehyde pollution problem, which is now banned in many products.
Non formaldehyde dye fixing agent example: two ethylene amine or trichloroethylene four amine aqueous solution added to the reaction kettle to stir, with quantitative epoxy chloride propane, insulation reflux stirring until the production of a light yellow transparent viscous liquid, which is the final product.


We offer a distressed property solution by connecting owners that need to sell their house or land quick for money with devoted, skilled traders from our network. Sit down with a financial advisor and find out how one can make your cash be just right for you. PROFESSIONALS: Buying the property now protects your capability to own the property at retirement. The legal professional's I take care of won't enable a purchaser to just bring in a stack of money, then they'd run into reporting problems after they go deposit the cash. I.e. that the money is in the financial institution, and that it has been within the bank for a period of time (referred to as siezen).
Most essential is to find a good Real Estate agent to information you through the buying course of. And now we have settlement with our family (non-US nationals) that they are going to loan us money curiosity free for the purchase. Shopping for property using an IRA/401k not solely gives important funding capital, it additionally has associated tax advantages. You most definitely can buy a home for cash You will need to present that you've money + closing costs.
On the other hand, even if you will pay all cash for a house, there will be downsides. Moreover, sellers are keen to just accept a smaller money payout for quicker entry to the funds. If you happen to fall on exhausting occasions after paying money for a house and decide to start renting out a room, you may make cash without worrying about charging enough to clear your mortgage payments.
In case you applied for a mortgage, the lending establishment would require an appraisal to ensure that the house you are buying is price more than the quantity it's lending to you. You have to have already got enough wealth to create the annuity providing assured payouts substantial enough to pay the property mortgage. This technique offers investment capital for buyers with IRA balances which are larger than private money financial savings.
Walk away from this free presentation with a basic understanding of essential factors like IRS rules, private limitations, partnerships, financing options, and more. At age fifty nine ½ you may elect to take a share (as much as one hundred%) of possession in the IRA-owned property in lieu of money distributions from the IRA. That individual can rapidly shut the deal with out ready for a mortgage software to be approved.
Is It A Good Idea To Purchase A Home Now?


text:
For Media & Congress
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U.S. Attorney's Office
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Timothy A. Garrison
, United States Attorney
Contact: Don Ledford
www.justice.gov/usao-wdmo
Springfield Man Sentenced to 12 Years for Heroin Trafficking, Numerous Illegal Firearms
SPRINGFIELD, Mo. – A Springfield, Missouri, man was sentenced in federal court today for illegally possessing heroin to distribute and illegally possessing 10 firearms.
William C. Merriweather, 37, was sentenced by U.S. District Judge M. Douglas Harpool to 12 years in federal prison without parole.
On Sept. 4, 2019, Merriweather pleaded guilty to one count of participating in a conspiracy to distribute heroin in Greene County, Missouri, from July 14 to Dec. 14, 2017, and to one count of possessing firearms in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime.
On Dec. 14, 2017, Springfield police officers executed a search warrant at Merriweather's residence. Merriweather admitted that he flushed several grams of heroin down the toilet while officers were attempting to enter. Officers found 7.39 grams of heroin inside a purse hanging in the bedroom closet. On the floor of the closet, officers found a loaded Armi Fratelli Tanfoglio 9mm semi-automatic pistol.
Also inside the bedroom, leaning against a bedroom wall, officers found a Mossberg 12-gauge shotgun, a Walther .22-caliber semi-automatic rifle, and a Mossberg .22-caliber semi-automatic rifle. On the left side of the bed near the headboard, officers found a loaded Taurus .45-caliber semi-automatic pistol, a loaded Hi-Point .40-caliber semi-automatic pistol, a loaded (and stolen) Glock 9mm semi-automatic pistol, a loaded Kel-Tec 9mm semi-automatic pistol, and two loaded Taurus .25-caliber semi-automatic pistols with defaced serial numbers.
Merriweather admitted to officers that he had been making one or two trips per week to buy 20 to 24 grams of heroin on each trip, for the last four to five months. He purchased the heroin for $100 per gram and sold it for $150 per gram.
Merriweather has five prior felony convictions for possessing cocaine, two prior felony convictions for possessing heroin, and a prior felony conviction for burglary.
This case was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Nhan D. Nguyen. It was investigated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and the Springfield, Mo., Police Department.
The U.S. Attorney's Office is partnering with federal, state, and local law enforcement to specifically identify criminals responsible for significant violent crime in the Western District of Missouri. A centerpiece of this effort is Project Safe Neighborhoods, a program that brings together all levels of law enforcement to reduce violent crime and make neighborhoods safer for everyone. Project Safe Neighborhoods is an evidence-based program that identifies the most pressing violent crime problems in the community and develops comprehensive solutions to address them. As part of this strategy, Project Safe Neighborhoods focuses enforcement efforts on the most violent offenders and partners with locally based prevention and reentry programs for lasting reductions in crime.
This news release, as well as additional information about the office of the United States Attorney for the Western District of Missouri, is available on-line at
http://www.justice.gov/wdmo
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Brachyglenis esthema är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Felder 1862. Brachyglenis esthema ingår i släktet Brachyglenis och familjen Riodinidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Äkta dagfjärilar
esthema

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Elizabeth Lane: "Came here for my sister Bachelorette party and we had an amazing time. We loved everything about this place from the location, to the spacious tent, and surrounding activities. You will not be disappointed not to mention Larry was a gracious host who went out of his way to help us with our car troubles. I would highly recommend this place"
Emily Battista: "What a great weekend! Rachel & John truly thought of everything and made our experience very relaxing and fun. They helped us set up perfect activities for each day and served delicious food. The personal campfires by the tents with smores at the end of the evening were a nice touch! We will definitely be back. "
Korene Dahl: "Amazing hospitality put on by the hosts. Clean tents and facilities and amazing food. We had such an enjoyable weekend we didn't want to leave! We will be back next season!"


text:
Oligarch's daughter Alyona Zaytseva 'killed five' in Kharkiv, Ukraine
Tom Parfitt, Moscow
October 20 2017, 12:00am, The Times
Alyona Zaytseva, 20, was supported by guards after the crashVkontakte/east2west news
The daughter of a millionaire businessman was detained yesterday after a car crash in Ukraine in which five people were killed. Alyona Zaytseva, 20, allegedly drove through a red light at speed.
Witnesses said that her Lexus saloon collided with a Volkswagen Touareg before flipping on its side and hitting people near a pedestrian crossing.
Scene of the fatal car crash in Kharkiv, UkraineEast News/REX/Shutterstock
Local media reported that armed guards arrived to "support" Miss Zaytseva, a university student.
Photographs at the scene showed several bodies on the pavement.
The accident happened in the eastern city of Kharkiv. At least five people were injured, including a pregnant woman.
The car was believed to belong to Miss Zaytseva's father, Vasily, the general director of a company that installs power stations, boiler houses and water treatment plants.


TACO TUESDAY. On a THURSDAY. Spend a Thursday evening at El Cortez, getting your yoga-on and crossing off "Do Yoga in a Tequila Cellar" off of your date night or friend date Edmonton bucket list. Bring your own mat. Included in your ticket is a forty five minute energizing yoga class and two tacos of your choice, to enjoy upstairs, when you've finished. Thursday night drink specials mean that you're going to want to experience the vibe at El Cortez just a little longer, because it's that awesome. Hint: bring a thicker mat - remember, we're downstairs in the tequila cellar.


text:
Chris Goodall, PhD.
Home » Board of Directors » Chris Goodall, PhD.
Chris is currently the Managing Director and President of TDK Canada. Chris leads this R&D Team in Calgary, Canada, towards creation and design of next generation navigation software for improved positioning of consumer devices and autonomous driving platforms.
Chris co-founded Trusted Positioning Inc., a software navigation company, in 2009, which was acquired in 2014 by InvenSense Inc., and which now operates under TDK ownership. Chris served as the CEO & CTO of Trusted Positioning for 3 years and lead the acquisition initiative after building the company from the ground up.
Chris serves on the following Boards or Advisory Boards:
· President & Board of Directors for Trusted Positioning Inc.
· Board of Directors for Sensoplex Canada
· Advisory Board for SeeO2 Energy Inc.
· Advisory Board for iFasion Corp.
· Business Advisory Committee for Tecterra Inc.
· Chair of the Institute of Navigation, Alberta section
Chris has a PhD in Geomatics Engineering from the University of Calgary and a BSc degree in Systems Design Engineering from the University of Waterloo. Chris has over 50 publications related to multi-sensor navigation systems and is an inventor or co-inventor on over 20 patents.


text:
is a freelance announcer in Japan. She is a former announcer for TV Asahi.

Background
Yoshie Takeuchi was born in Tokyo Prefecture. Due to her father's job, she lived abroad between the ages of 10 and 15. After returning to Japan, she graduated from Tokyo Gakugei High School and enrolled in the political science department of Keio University School of Law.

In 2006, she was the winner of a Miss Keio contest, a highly publicized annual event at the university.

Career
After graduating from Keio University, Takeuchi joined TV Asahi in April 2008, co-hosting Music Station with Tamori from October 2008.

She is one of the five announcers on the cross-media "EZ News EX" service provided to mobile phones by TV Asahi, Asahi Shimbun, and KDDI.

Programs
 Music Station
 Super J Channel
 Hodo Station (Sunday)
 Yabecchi FC
 Get Sports
 Okazu no Cooking
 Rakugomono
 ANN News
 News Access (BS Asahi)

References

External links
 Official profile

Japanese television personalities
Living people
1986 births
People from Tokyo
Keio University alumni
TV Asahi


Denver Bias is a family-operated business located in Denver, Colorado. We are excited to announce that Denver Bias is now under one roof with Colorado Contract Cut & Sew. We are dedicated and proud to take part in the production of your designs, and we strive for perfection.
Whether you have a question about your order, need assistance with shipping, or you're in town and want to check out our production floor, we want to know what's on your mind. We look forward to working with you!


After beating their rival Oakland Athletics in an intense six-game struggle [End Page 65] for the American League pennant, the Blue Jays, backed by an entire nation were in position to make baseball history and receive due recognition on professional baseball's biggest stage. The Blue Jays' designated hitter and "41-year-old elder statesman" Dave Winfield may have said it best: "We're aware that we don't represent just a city. We represent an entire country. Every team has its territory, of course, maybe a state or region, but we've got all of Canada."5 The media on both sides of the border had a great time propping up the international component of the series. In the United States the clamor was all about baseball being "our game," and to the Canadians it was a matter of sending their Trojan Horse stateside to shake-up America's game.6 On the day the Jays arrived in Atlanta, a local writer described it like this: "The Canadians are riding across the border trying to wrest away the Holy Grail of American sport and cart our game off to the frozen North."7 The message was clear and, regardless of the outcome, the 89th World Series was predestined to be something special.


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models, migrations

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('gge_proxy_manager', '0005_auto_20150209_1110'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='castle',
            index_together=set([('kingdom', 'pos_x', 'pos_y'), ('game', 'type', 'player', 'updated')]),
        ),
    ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: out of memory exception caused by big array in java I'm implenmenting an algorithm which based on probabilistic latent semantic indexing(plsa) and the paper is hereand it need a four dimension array which named p_z_d_wt_wv, z is topic, d is document, wt is text word, wv is visual word,and the number of each dimension is about 12, 7000,100, 500, and the array is a double array, so it need 32G memory!!
I allocate this memory like this way below, and it is just for demonstration as the number of wt and wv in each document is different.
p_z_d_wt_wv = new double[12][7000][][];
for( int t = 0; t < 12; ++t)
{
    for( int d = 0; d < 7000; ++d )
    {
        p_z_d_wt_wv[t][d] = new double[100][500];
    }
}

when I run the code, it has out of memory problem.
First, why do my code run out of memory? Are the memory allocated consecutively if the array are allocated in my way?  Is it because java have a memory limit for consecutive memory? If so, what's the limit?
Second, what can I do to solve this problem supposed that the memory of the server is big enough.
I know I can change it as a float array, but are there any other solutions?

A: If you actually need all of that memory, well, you need all of that memory.
There are some alternatives:

*

*You could look into using memory mapped files.

*If the array has a lot of zeros in it, you could store it as a sparse matrix representation (don't explicitly store 0s).

*If you don't need the whole thing in memory at once, you could also store it in some sort of persistent storage (file, database, etc) and only access the parts you need at any given time.

A: Are the memory allocated consecutively if the array are allocated in my way? Is it because java have a memory limit for consecutive memory? If so, what's the limit?
No, the JVM can not allocate memory for your array.
if you use float for your array, you must set the maximum memory heap space 16GB.
You can use file to store your array.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Pork and Its Harmful Effects on Health
August 6, 2018 0 ali
By Truth Seeker Staff
"He has only forbidden you carrion, blood and pork and what has been consecrated to other than Allah. But anyone who is forced to eat it-without desiring it or going to excess in it-commits no crime. Allah is Ever-Forgiving, Most Merciful." (Al-Baqarah 2:173)
Eating pork is harmful to health in a great many regards. This harm still persists today, despite all the precautions that are taken. First and foremost, no matter how clean the farms and environments on which it is raised may be, the pig is not by nature a clean-living animal. It often plays in and even eats, its own excrement. Due to this and its biological structure, the pig produces much higher levels of antibodies in its body than other animals.
In addition, far higher levels of growth hormone are produced in the pig compared to those in other animals and human beings. Naturally, these high levels of antibodies and growth hormone pass across to and collect in the pig's muscle tissue. Pork meat also contains high levels of cholesterol and lipids. It has been scientifically proven that these significant amounts of antibodies, hormones, cholesterol and lipids in pork represent a serious threat to human health.
The existence of above-average numbers of obese individuals in the populations of countries such as the USA and Germany, in which large quantities of pork are consumed, is now well-known. When exposed to excessive quantities of growth hormone as a result of a pork-based diet, the human body first puts on excessive weight and then suffers physical deformations.
Another harmful substance in pork is the "trichina" worm. This is frequently found in pork and when it enters the human body, it settles directly in the muscles of the heart and represents a possibly fatal threat. Even though it is now technically possible to identify pigs that are infected with trichina, no such methods were known in earlier centuries. That means that everyone who ate pork risked infection by trichina and possible death.
All these reasons are just a part of the wisdom in our Lord's prohibition on the consumption of pork. Moreover, this commandment of our Lord's provides complete protection from the harmful effects of pork under any conditions.
Until the 20th century, it was impossible to be aware of the danger posed to human health by pork. The fact that the Qur'an revealed fourteen centuries ago, warns against this harm which has been incontrovertibly revealed with modern medical equipment and biological tests, is one of the miracles demonstrating that the Qur'an is the revelation of Allah, the Omniscient.
Despite all the precautionary measures and inspections that take place in modern-day pig rearing, the fact that pork is physiologically incompatible with the human body and is a variety of meat harmful to human health has not altered.
Taken with slight editorial modifications from miracles of the Qur'an website.
Sailing Through the Storms
Onislam
lslamization of Knowledge Conceptual Background Vision and Tasks
Salisu Sbebu
EXAMINING THE REALITY OF 'THE ORIGINAL SIN'
Majed S. Al-Rassi
THE "GOD" THAT NEVER WAS
ATLAS OF CREATON 1 VOLUME


Camellia, from Dubarry's ladies' shirts and blouses collection, is a flowing viscose shirt, with self-dobby stripe. Ideal for an urban chic look, as sailing clothing style or as country wear, pair Camellia with trousers, shorts or tweed. Simply add ladies' deck shoes or Dubarry leather country boots and a women's gilet for cooler days. Camellia is also a great shirt as workwear for women, teamed with a skirt and Dubarry jacket.
Feminine, soft and slightly sheer striped shirt, with dainty collar and cuffs.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The analysis of literature is a crucial practice for researchers to determine relevant publications for the research topic. The title of the research papers becomes really significant due to the availability of scientific papers in abundance. Researchers can automatically determine the importance of a paper by its title rather than reading the whole document \cite{1,2,3}. The accuracy of the title influences the number of potential readers and therefore the number of citations \cite{1,4}. That's why it's important for the researchers to produce a good title, however, people spend very little time on it \cite{3}. This leads to non-informative headings that do not take the entire content of the scientific paper into account.\par

To establish a title for a scientific paper, one has to understand the objective and characteristics of the paper, so that the meaning of the paper can be distilled into the title with only a few words. A suitable title for a particular paper must convey the core meaning of the paper briefly. The automatic title generation task has traditionally been closely linked to the conventional summarization technique because it can be considered as scientific paper compression to represent its content \cite{5,6,7}. For a given paper, a short and concise description, conveying the complete details of the text in just a few words, must be made. The task cannot, therefore, be regarded as simple.\par
It is crucial to identify the type of information/domain of each text unit to generate a suitable title. The performance of automatic title generation can become unsatisfactory due to the differences between the domains of scientific papers. Such differences include diverse vocabulary, different forms of grammar, and various ways of expressing identical concepts. Therefore, it is important to use domain-specific vocabulary to generate the title for scientific papers. Although automated title creation is not capable of replacing an author's skills in creating a title, it is helpful to propose a title.\par
In this research, we propose to utilize the text-to-text transformer model (T5 model) for domain-controlled title generation. The text-to-text transformer model converts all the NLP tasks to a single text-text format where text is used as input and output. This formatting allows the T5 model to perform a number of tasks into its framework, including the summarization task. For domain control, we used an additional token method which is discussed in Section \ref{section:3.3}. Since an abstract of a scientific paper describes the author's work and presents all key arguments and relevant findings \cite{8}, we used it to generate a suitable domain-controlled title for papers. Several researchers have worked on automatic title generation. We examine some of these works below.

\subsection{Related Work}
Liqun and Wang proposed a method called DTATG in \cite{9} to produce titles. DTATG was an unsupervised method that produced syntactically correct titles very easily. This method used sentence segmentation to draw a limited number of central sentences that express the core meanings of the text. DTATG created a dependency tree for each of these sentences and extracted several branches for trimming purposes with a dependency tree compression model. The authors also designed a title test to figure out if the trimmed sentence can be used as a title. The title with the top-ranked score was selected as the final title. DTATG created titles similar to human-generated titles. However, DTATG was constrained to the use of central phrases.\par
In \cite{10}, Putra et al. proposed a method for the creation and classification of rhetorical corpus structures. The experiment was directly integrated into the role of automatic title generation for scientific papers. Each sentence was categorized into one of the three groups: OWN\_MTHD (method), AIM (purpose), and NR (not relevant). Firstly the abstract of the scientific papers was annotated with the corresponding category. Then features like rhetorical patterns and formulaic lexicon statistics were decided and analyzed for classification purposes. Finally, several supervised learning algorithms were utilized to build the classification model. The models were tested using 10-fold cross-validation and resulted in a weighted average F-measure between 0.70-0.79.\par
Liu, Wei, et al. \cite{11} proposed a sentence2vec-enhanced Quality-Diversity Automated Summarization (QDAS) model and attempted to implement transfer learning for the Wikipedia title Generation task. Summaries from paragraphs were derived by extractive summarization method and sequence labeling data was provided to the model for title generation. The system involved only general preprocessing, such as sentence splitting and word segmentation, and could be implemented in a multilingual environment. The authors fine-tuned the BERT based CRF model for Wikipedia article title generation.\par
Chen et al. \cite{12} presented a method for domain adaptation using artificial titles for title generation. The authors discussed the strategies for modifying the encoder-decoder model for text generation from a domain marked source to an unlabeled domain target. Sequential training was utilized in order to capture the unlabeled target domain's grammatical form. For the title generation task, an encoder-decoder RNN model with domain control was used. The encoder collected data from the source and the decoder learned to construct summary captions. The source data and unlabeled target domain information were encoded as their definition representations by a bidirectional LSTM, and the domain classifier attempted to learn to distinguish between the representations of two domains.\par
In \cite{13}, Gehrmann, Sebastian et al. proposed a method to generate titles for short sections of long documents. The authors aimed at designing techniques in a low-resource system for section title generation. They first picked the most influential sentence and then performed a removal-based compression on an extractive pipeline. The Semi-Markov Conditional Random Field compression method was utilized. The method depended upon unsupervised textual representations such as ELMo or BERT to eliminate the need for the design of the complex encoder-decoder.\par
Most of the above works are centered on how relevant terms can be extracted in the article for the title output without recognizing the domain of the text. The domain offers a category of material that reflects the communication purpose conveyed by a paper to the reader. It is alleged that the sentence domain in the document could boost the effectiveness of automatic title generation by including a certain sort of information in the document title. In this research, we consider domains in the form of information types communicated by abstracts of scientific papers. Also, we used a transformer-based architecture model (T5 model) instead of using sequence-to-sequence models (RNN, LSTM)  to perform automatic domain-controlled title generation. RNN/CNN handle sequences word-by-word sequentially which is an obstacle to parallelize. Transformers remove recurrence and convolution entirely and substitute them with self-attention to assess the dependencies between inputs and outputs. Transformer achieve parallelization by replacing recurrence with attention and encoding the symbol position in sequence. This in turn leads to significantly shorter training time and better performance.

\subsection{Contributions}
While considering the above works, we have proposed a domain-controlled automatic title generation method. The key contributions to this paper are mentioned as follows:\par
\begin{enumerate}

\item Propose a method for automatic domain-controlled title generation using transformers.
\item Provide meta-information about the domain using the additional token technique.
\item Compare the titles generated by the model with human-generated titles by performing the human evaluation.
\end{enumerate}
The remaining exhibition is the following. The background is presented in Section \ref{section:2}. The proposed model is discussed in Section \ref{section:3}. Section \ref{section:4} deals with the simulation model, followed by Section \ref{section:5} with results and discussion. Section \ref{section:6} addresses the conclusions and possible future directions.

\section{Background}\label{section:2}
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a facet of Artificial Intelligence and is responsible for computers and machines to understand, interpret, and further incorporate human languages. NLP is based on different disciplines, like computer science and machine-translated linguistics. It further attempts to narrow the communication gap between computers and humans.
\subsection{Attention}\label{section:2.1}
Attention \cite{14} proposed in machine translation alleviates the bottleneck of seq2seq learning. It allows us to look at hidden states of the source sequence and they are parsed as an additional input in the form of weighted average to the decoder. It is not restricted to input sequence and the concept of self-attention can be incorporated to analyze surrounding words to obtain contextually sensitive word representations. Transformer architecture [15] consists of various self-attention layers.

\subsection{Pretrained language models}\label{section:2.2}
The pre-trained word embeddings initialize only the first layer of the model and the embeddings are generally context-agnostic. Pretraining always learns the important parameters of deep neural networks and are further fine-tuned for various tasks. They were proposed in 2015 \cite{16} but their benefits across various tasks were recently observed. Pretraining involves improved model initialization that boosts generalization performance and convergence speed for the tasks. Being language models, they can solely rely on unlabeled corpora, hence they are beneficial when labeled data is scarce.

\subsection{Transformer architecture}\label{section:2.3}
The Transformer \cite{15} is a model architecture that solves the problem of parallelization by integrating self-attention techniques with convolutional neural networks. Before the Transformer was introduced, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) were used for sequence transduction. Similar to RNNs and CNNs, there is an encoder and decoder in the transformer where each block includes a multi-head attention block, skip connection, and normalization layer followed by a feed-forward block. With the help of multi-head attention and positional embedding, the transformer network has the capability of processing the data parallely. Often, transformer-based models contain stacked encoders and decoders. \par
The self-attention mechanism in this model is responsible for correlating each input token regardless of their position. Initially, all the words are represented using high dimensional vectors or embeddings. This process is performed in the bottom-most encoder that is subsequently passed to all the succeeding encoders which perform self-attention to generate new representation considering contextual information. The decoder having similar architecture operates likewise but generates one word at a time by attending the encoded contextualized representation and previously generated tokens.

\section{Proposed Method}\label{section:3}
This section presents the methodology and architecture used in the research. A detailed overview of the model and the process used to make the overall concept comprehensible has been given. The present study discusses title generation as a summarization process. Our suggested architecture comprises three modules integrating a primary pipeline for summarization: pre-processing, training of the T5 model, and generation of the title (summary). The flowchart of the proposed method is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig1} below. Each module is defined in detail in the following sections.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{Flowchart of title generation using T5. Preprocessing involves mainly tokenization which is based on subword tokenization.} \label{fig1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Pre-processing: Subword Tokenization}\label{section:3.1}
The tokenization of subwords is a strategy that embraces uncertainty in data. Subword tokenization breaks the text into subwords. For instance, terms like smartest are segmented as smart-est, lower as low-er, etc. Transformer based models depend on subword tokenization algorithms for vocabulary generation. This method divides OOV(out of vocabulary) terms into subwords and depicts the term in these subwords. The length of input and output phrases is less than the tokenization of the character after subword tokenization. This method uses the most frequently occurring character or sequence iteratively.

\subsection{T5 Model}\label{section:3.2}
T5: Text-to-text-Transfer-Transfer model was proposed by Colin Raffel et al. \cite{17} to reframe all NLP-based activities to a single text-to-text format where text strings are both input and output. This formatting enables the T5 model to cast various tasks into this framework including machine translation, classification task, regression task, and summarization task. This framework uses the same model, hyperparameters, and loss function on the tasks mentioned.\par The model architecture is similar to standard vanilla encoder-decoder transformers with similar computational cost and considering half parameters. The input sequence is initially mapped to the embedding sequence and transferred to the encoder afterwards. The encoder comprises a stack of blocks, and each block consists of two subcomponents: a self-attention layer and a feed-forward network. Normalization of the layer is introduced to each subcomponent's input. Normalization only includes rescaling of the activations and no additive bias is introduced. This is followed by a residual skip connection that adds the subcomponent's input to its output. This model considers a different position embedding scheme and these are passed as parameters across all layers of the model. \par
The structure of the decoder is similar to the encoder except it incorporates the standard attention process after the self-attention layer encoder's output. The self-attention in the decoder is a type of auto-regressive or causal self-attention that only enables the algorithm to attend to previous outputs. The final decoder block output is fed into a dense layer with a softmax output, the weights of which are shared with the input embedding matrix. Hence, the T5 model is similar to the original Transformer with an exception of the removal of Layer Norm bias and using different position embedding methods.

\subsection{Additional token technique for domain control}\label{section:3.3}
Domain control or often called adaptation is an important research area in the processing of natural languages. The arXiv dataset has a category/domain label corresponding to each paper. By controlling the domain, title tokens will be sampled from the local distribution of the domain-specific vocabulary (which will be a subset of global vocabulary) rather than global vocabulary. The produced title will therefore be attractive and realistic, closely associated with its corresponding abstract. \par
Now, it would be cumbersome and time-consuming to train one separate model for each type of domain. The solution to this problem is to add a reference to the desired domain to the input text. The reference acts as a control tag specific to each type of domain. This helps the model to learn the relation between the control tags and the following text and only a preferred control tag must be defined by the user to specify the type of text that is to be generated. This control tag is the meta-information about the domain that we provide to the model. The tags are supplied using the additional token method technique.\par
The additional token method \cite{18} requires the addition of an artificial token at the end of each abstract which enables the model to pay attention to the domain of each title and abstract. The model reads the abstract with the associated domain tag @DOMAIN-NAME. Domain tags are already defined in the ArXiv metadata file, corresponding to each paper. Although simple, this approach has proved to be successful \cite{19,20}. Note that the T5 model does not include any information about the domain. It includes domain information through this additional token approach. Now, we need to maximize the probability of title using abstract and domain.
\par
\noindent Domain Controlled,
\begin{equation}
    loss = -log\sum_{t=1}^{|y|} P(y_t^*|y_{<t}^*,x,d)
\end{equation}

\noindent Without domain control,
\begin{equation}
    loss = -log\sum_{t=1}^{|y|} P(y_t^*|y_{<t}^*,x)
\end{equation}

\noindent where,\par
\noindent \(y_t^* = y^{<1>},y^{<2>},...,y^{<n>}\) denotes tokens in generated title \par
\noindent \(x = x^{<1>},x^{<2>},...,x^{<m>}\) denotes tokens of the abstract \par
\noindent \(d\) denotes domains (examples astro-ph: Astrophysics, cs.CC: Computational Complexity, cs.CL: Computation and Language)

\subsection{Training Procedure}\label{section:3.4}
Aforementioned, a T5 model takes input and produces output in text format. A unique prefix tag is used to define and train the model on different tasks. The format of input text passed to the model consists of three parameters, prefix, input text, and target text. This makes training of the model simple as the model only requires a change in the prefix tag to run a specific task. The format of input can be stated as, \({<}\)prefix\({>}\):\({<}\)input\_text\({>}\). \par
The first step is to feed the text input into a layer of word embedding that generates a vector representation of each word. Further, positional encoding is used to inject positional data into the input embeddings. The Encoder layer present transforms input sequences to abstract continuous representation. The decoder is responsible for producing text sequences that are capped off with a linear and a softmax layer. Moreover, the decoder consists of a start token, a list of previous outputs that play the role of inputs along with encoder outputs containing attention information. It stops decoding when a token is produced as an output.
\\\indent In our implementation, we used Beam Search with beam size 4 as the decoding method because it eliminates the likelihood to miss hidden word sequences with high probability.  For instance, consider the abstract and title pair illustrated below. This abstract is further passed to the T5 model after appending the appropriate domain tag as represented to predict domain controlled title of the scientific paper. The training loss graph of the model for domain-control and without-domain control is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}.
\par

\justifying
\noindent
\textbf{Abstract:}
\\
\textit{This paper proves that labelled flows are expressive enough to contain all process algebras which are a standard model for concurrency. More precisely, we construct the space of execution paths and of higher-dimensional homotopies between them for every process name of every process algebra with any synchronization algebra using a notion of labelled flow. This interpretation of process algebra satisfies the paradigm of higher dimensional automata (HDA): one non-degenerate full $n$-dimensional cube (no more no less) in the underlying space of the time flow corresponding to the concurrent execution of $n$ actions. This result will enable us in future papers to develop a homotopical approach to process algebras. Indeed, several homological constructions related to the causal structure of time flow are possible only in the framework of flows.}
\\
\textbf{Actual Title:}\\
\textit{Towards a homotopy theory of process algebra}

\par
\indent The T5 model reads the Abstract appended with the appropriate domain tag (@DOMAIN-NAME) of the scientific paper.
\par

\justifying
\noindent
\textbf{Input(Abstract):}\\
\textit{This paper proves that labelled flows are expressive enough to contain all process algebras which are a standard model for concurrency. More precisely, we construct the space of execution paths and of higher-dimensional homotopies between them for every process name of every process algebra with any synchronization algebra using a notion of labelled flow. This interpretation of process algebra satisfies the paradigm of higher dimensional automata (HDA): one non-degenerate full $n$-dimensional cube (no more no less) in the underlying space of the time flow corresponding to the concurrent execution of $n$ actions. This result will enable us in future papers to develop a homotopical approach to process algebras. Indeed, several homological constructions related to the causal structure of time flow are possible only in the framework of flows. \textbf{@domain: math.AT math.CT}}
\\
\textbf{Output(Predicted Title):}\\
\textit{Labelled flows and homotopical approach to synchronization algebras}

\par

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{Training Loss} \label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\par
\section{Simulation Model}\label{section:4}
\subsection{ Simulation Setup }\label{section:4.1}
The entire model is trained and tested on an Nvidia Tesla P100 GPU with 16GB GPU VRAM using python language. The overall parameters of the model and dataset are defined below.
\subsection{Parameters}\label{section:4.2}
The T5 model used various parameters in the training and testing process. By adjusting these parameters, the accuracy of the model can be determined. The maximum sequence length of the input (abstract) is set to 512 and the maximum sequence length of output (title) is set at 20.  For both training and testing, a batch size of 8 is used . The model is trained with a learning rate of 1e-5 for a total of 5 epochs. An evaluation occurred once for every 1000 training steps.

\subsection{Dataset}\label{section:4.3}
The model is trained on the popular ArXiv collection \cite{21}. ArXiv has served the general and research community with free access to scholarly publications from the major fields of physics to several computer sciences disciplines and all that goes between them, including electrical engineering, computational biology, mathematics, and statistics. This large corpus of data provides substantial, but often daunting, depth. This dataset contains the original data from ArXiv. Since the complete dataset is very huge (with 1.7 million articles), it provides a JSON-format metadata file. For each paper, this file contains an entry with key features such as names of articles, authors, domains/categories, abstracts, complete text PDFs, etc. For this research, we used 1,10,000 samples from the dataset that is further divided into 90\% for training and 10\% for the purpose of validation.

\section{Results and Discussion}\label{section:5}
\subsection{Automated Evaluation}\label{section:5.1}
Automatic evaluation is performed for evaluating systems when the output is the text that is generally referred to as a sequence to sequence or string transduction problem. For evaluating the results, generated text from the model is compared with target (source) or reference text. There are various evaluation metrics, but this paper focuses on the ROUGE metric.\par
Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) \cite{22} is an intrinsic metric that is recall focused. This metric measures the number of n-grams or words present in the target text summaries appeared in the generated text by machines. There are three prominent types of Rouge scores including Rouge-N, Rouge-L, and Rogue-S.\par
The N-gram overlap between the machine summary and the target summary is represented in Rouge-N. Rouge-N contains Rouge-1 and Rouge-2, which in generated and goal text correspond to the contrast of unigrams and bigrams, respectively. The longest matching sequence of terms using LCS is measured by Rouge-L. Rouge-S focuses on skip-bigrams based co-occurrence statistics. This paper uses only Rouge-1 and Rouge-L metrics for comparison. The scores of the ROUGE metric can be seen in Table \ref{tab1}.

\begin{table}
\caption{Results of the automatic evaluation. ROUGE score with abstract + domain is significantly better than without a domain.
}
\centering
\label{tab1}
\begin{tabular}
{>{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.2\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.2\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.2\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.2\textwidth}}
\hline
Model &  Data & ROUGE-1 & ROUGE-L\\[0.5ex]
\hline
\multirow{2}{1em}{T5} &  Abstract & 28.5 & 16.6\\[0.5ex]
& {\bfseries Abstract+Domain} & {\bfseries 31.5} & {\bfseries 21.6}\\[0.5ex]
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

We trained the T5 model for title generation in two different ways. In the first one, we generated the title directly from abstract text where we observed that the tokens in the generated title were not specific to the domain of the paper. Hence, to address this issue we controlled the domain using additional token technique and with this approach we noticed significant improvement. It can be inferred from Table \ref{tab1} that ROUGE-1 and ROUGE-L scores obtained for domain controlled abstracts (Rouge-1: 31.5 and Rouge-L: 21.6) are considerably higher to the domain-less abstracts.

\subsection{Human Evaluation}\label{section:5.2}
The interest in analyzing NLG (Natural Language Generation) texts in recent years has grown by contrasting them to a corpus of human texts \cite{23}. As with other NLP fields, the benefits of automated corpus-based assessment are that it is theoretically both cheaper and faster than human-based assessment and is also repeatable. Corpus tests have been first used in the NLG, where the texts scanned from a corpus have fed the output of the parser into the NLG system and have then been compared to the original text of the corpus. In the NLG group, such corpus-based evaluations were often criticized. Reasons for criticism include the fact that the regeneration of a parsed text is not a true NLG task; that texts can vary considerably from corpus text but are still successful in achieving the communication purpose of the method and corpus texts often are not of good quality enough to shape a practical evaluation.\par
Human Evaluation is another approach to evaluate NLG (Natural Language Generation) based systems. This involves performing quality surveys of the generated output using human annotators. In this approach, generated results are presented to the people who assess the quality of the text on different criteria. Using intrinsic and extrinsic approaches \cite{23}, human evaluation of natural language generation systems can be performed. Intrinsic methods seek to test the performance properties of the system by asking participants about the fluency of the output of the system in a questionnaire. Extrinsic methods aim to measure the effect of the system by evaluating the degree to which the system accomplishes the overarching task for which it was created. Extrinsic testing is the most time-consuming and cost-intensive of all possible tests; hence it is very rare.\par
We conducted an intrinsic human evaluation with 40 participants. The academic background and field of study of each participant were also recorded. We prepared a form that paired 2 abstracts with the original and predicted title. The nature of the title (original or predicted) was not known to any of the participants. The participants judged and rated each title from 1(very bad) to 7 (very good). The judgments were based on various factors like coherence, relevance, fluency, semantic adequacy, and overall quality of the title. The aggregated mean score was first calculated for each factor, and then for each of the original and predicted titles. The values are shown in Table \ref{tab2}.\par
In the process of human evaluation, each factor has its own significance. Coherence determines whether or not the title is semantically meaningful, and relevance indicates how applicable the title is to the abstract. Two titles may equally effectively express the underlying intention while varying in fluency. Therefore, the titles were judged for their readability with fluency (able to understand the meaning of the title)  and semantic adequacy (the title is a sufficient representative of abstract) as its factors. It is often difficult for human annotators to differentiate between the different quality measures. This is why the overall quality of a title is evaluated directly. \par

The most suitable number of answers can rely on the task itself, but for most tasks, 7-point ratings are the best. Several studies suggest that 7-point ratings optimise reliability and discriminatory power \cite{24,25,26}. One 7-point likert question has 7 points for discrimination but 4 7-point likert questions have 4*7=28 discrimination points. Therefore, one 7-point likert rating was used for each of the 4 titles in human evaluation form.\par

\begin{table}
\caption{Human evaluation scores. Compared with human-scaled, T5 with domain generated titles are scored better than human-generated titles by human evaluators on almost all parameters.}\label{tab2}
\centering
\begin{tabular}
{>{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.11\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.15\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.15\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.1\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.15\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.15\textwidth} >{\centering\arraybackslash} p{0.1\textwidth}}

\hline
Model &  Coherence & Relevance & Fluency & Semantic Adequacy & Overall Quality & Mean Score\\[0.5ex]
\hline
Human &  4.2 & 4.29 & 4.11 & 4.05 & 4.16 & 4.16\\[0.5ex]
{\bfseries T5 +  Domain} &  {\bfseries 4.53} & {\bfseries 4.63} & {\bfseries4.58} & {\bfseries 4.43} & {\bfseries 4.6} & {\bfseries 4.55}\\[0.5ex]
Scaled &  1.08 & 1.08 & 1.11 & 1.09 & 1.11 & 1.09\\[0.5ex]
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\par

It is clearly evident from Table \ref{tab2} that the predicted title has higher values of evaluation metrics (coherence, relevance, fluency, semantic adequacy, and overall quality) in comparison to the original title. Overall, on normalizing the difference between the values of human-generated and machine-generated titles, the scaled value is in the range from 1.08 to 1.11. Moreover, the mean score of the title predicted using the proposed model is greater than human-generated titles. This distinctly depicts that the title produced using the T5 model and additional token is more appropriate and useful for the authors of scientific papers.

\section{Conclusion and Future work}\label{section:6}
In this research, we proposed the use of the T5 model for automatic domain-controlled title generation for scientific papers. We have used the ArXiv dataset for our research and analysis. Scholars, professional authors, students, and teachers may use this method. Sparseness is the biggest struggle of the title generation. For a document with several optional words, it is important to create a brief and succinct title. An abstract of a scientific paper contains the goal and method of the research, along with all the key findings. Therefore, we utilized a scientific paper's abstract to produce the title for the paper. \par
We also identify the communication purpose of the authors bypassing the domain of the paper as the meta-information. The quality of the automatic title generated improves because the title tokens are sampled from the local vocabulary of the domain, rather than the global vocabulary. The titles generated from the model looked satisfactory and realistic.\par
To analyze the results we used automated and human evaluation. For automated evaluation, we calculated ROUGE scores to prove that our approach leads to high performance in the generation of automatic domain-controlled titles. In the human-subject analysis, we used 40 participants with diverse reading capabilities and academic backgrounds. We noticed that our generated titles have higher values of evaluation metrics (coherence, relevance, fluency, semantic adequacy, and overall quality) in comparison to the original title.\par
Although the abstract is a brief representation of the paper, writers may have written the abstract hastily. Therefore, it is suggested to use the complete paper text along with more refined weighing, title generation, and selection methods, in order to better capture the prominent tokens of a document in a particular domain. Another task that can be addressed in the future is to create new techniques that deliver titles which are more close to human generated titles.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Non-Review Review: The Avengers (aka Avengers Assemble)
Posted on April 20, 2012 by Darren
The Avengers has a lot of geeky charm to it – the sort of giddy "this is so cool!" spectacle that appeals to the popcorn-munching child in each of us. That's more than enough help it coast through a somewhat muddled first act, through a stronger second act and into a truly awesome finale. I think that the carefully choreographed large-scale action sequence that caps the film off might be worth a ticket alone. While there seem to be some very fundamental problem juggling a cast this large in a movie that technically a sequel to at least four films, Joss Whedon knows his audience well enough to ensure that most of the individual moments are satisfying, even if the overall film feels a tad uneven.
Three of a kind...
I think it's worth reflecting on what an interesting accomplishment The Avengers actually is. Whatever you might think about big-budget franchise films, the structure of Marvel's super hero films has been incredibly interesting. The movie follows four different character arcs from five different films. While there was a fairly minimal overlap with each other in terms of basic plotting, they all lead it to this single film. Most franchises tend to develop in a logical progression one film at a time, with threads flowing from one to the next. Instead, plot points, characters, macguffins and dynamics all pour towards The Avengers from all possible angles.
It's certainly daunting, and I can't imagine that it was an easy task for Whedon or fellow writer Zak Penn to smooth each of those streams into one gigantic pool of film footage. There's no getting around it: The Avengers isn't perfect. There are significant flaws, especially during the first act when Whedon is tasked with re-introducing all these characters and plot points from earlier films to audiences who may have seen some, but not all, of the previous films.
In the Nick of time...
To be fair to Whedon, every character gets a fair share of lovely moments. Each member of the ensemble is effectively characterised. I had worried, based on the trailers and the towering financial success of Iron Man and Iron Man 2, that this would essential by Iron Man & His Amazing Friends, but it isn't at all. There are some problems with this approach evident early in the film – at times, the script can't seem to decide if it's introducing or reintroducing characters to the audience.
On the one hand, Captain America gets a whole twenty-second flashback encapsulation of his film including spliced footage. On the other, Thor's back story is only fleetingly and obliquely referenced and the script makes the slyest possible references to the last Hulk film. In fact, all of those references seem to gently prod the studio, affectionately mocking the final cut and using a deleted scene as an emotional hook.
A smashing time...
Still, Whedon is sure to give each character at least one or two impressive character moments or telling interactions with one another, and uses each member of his ensemble effectively in the finale. This is an understandable approach, and probably the fairest to all involved, but it has problems. Some of these are practical – as it seems to take Thor a few hours to bother to pick up his hammer while we catch up with everybody else – but some are fundamental.
The most obvious is that the movie lacks a viewpoint character. Towards the start of the film, it looks like we might be watching Steve Rogers adjust to the modern world packed with men in metallic suits, green rage monsters or ancient gods. When Nick Fury arrives with a dossier, Steve asks, "Trying to put me back in the world?"As the movie starts, it seems like Steve's confusion about the complexities of modern living might make him a focal point for reconciling the rather different bunches of characters and backgrounds.
Not a Thor loser...
However, he's swept aside pretty quickly, and put on an even keel with Iron Man and Thor. Of course, Thor doesn't get the smoothest introduction at all. He literally drops out of the sky – apparently sent by his father, despite the fact that Branagh's Thor apparently saw Asgard permanently separated from Earth. Thor's dialogue with Loki quick handwaves that plot point, and it also brushes over something that worked rather well in their own film. We discover that Thor learned about his brother's adoption off-screen, and any impact this has on their relationship is downplayed.
Indeed, the mythos established in Thor was always going to be the toughest to tie into The Avengers. Iron Man is just a dude in a suit. Captain America is a soldier on steroids. The Hulk is a big green rage monster created by a science experiment gone wrong. Thor is… an alien who is actually a god. You'd imagine that would raise a few eyebrows among the superhero types. Especially since Thor's brother Loki is given the task of playing the villain in this movie. However, Whedon seems to just sort of gloss over that quite quickly, with Iron Man dismissing him as "Shakespeare in the park." Cap gets a nice character-defining line ("there's only one God, ma'am, and I'm fairly sure he doesn't dress like that"), but you'd expect a bit more.
Don't you know he's Loki?
It's a bit of a shame, because Tom Hiddleston's Loki was perhaps the most compelling antagonist in the entire series of Marvel movies, the one with the most tragic motivations and most relatable ambitions – not necessarily to conquer worlds, but to prove himself worthy of his father's love. Here, there's none of that. Though Hiddleston is as graceful as ever, Loki could really be any character with any motivation. There's no sense that he's plotting to destroy the planet for any reason other than for the sake of evil.
His character motivation seems to be that he hates freedom. While that does fit with the mind control schtick (or, literally, stick) that he's been given, it feels a bit strange. After all, we've already had a film featuring one of the team battling a character who hated freedom (and was obsessed with the same cosmic artifact), so surely it would have made sense to bring back that delightfully one-dimensional red-faced Nazi. There are a few hints that Loki is actually being coerced into orchestrating this invasion, but the angle is never developed – as it might have made for a more powerful scene with his brother.
Of gods and super-men...
That's not to dismiss the work that Hiddleston does here. Like the rest of the cast, he gives it his all. However, Loki worked as one of the best four-colour villains brought to the big screen because Hiddleston found an unlikely humanity in his character. Unlike the other baddies in the other Marvel films, you actually understood why Loki did what he did, rather than chalking it up to "he's insane" or "it's the third act and we need a fight sequence."
Hugo Weaving did that sort of shallow cackling foe quite well, as did Jeff Bridges, but it feels like a bit of a waste of Hiddleston's talents – if only because the actor seems intent on keeping his performance dignified and restrained rather than chewing through the scenery. In fact, it seems like Loki's only really included in order to reference the original comics – Loki was, after all, the first villain to face the team, and did unite the characters in Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's Avengers #1.
You just can't get good staff these days...
His actions here aren't really too well-planned-out, save to fulfil the same plot functions. In many ways, Whedon does feel a little too attached to his source material. We get a bizarre mind-control plot that exists only to reference one character's brief comic-book-history as a villain. We get a costume for Captain America that is far too bright, although it does look much better when he takes off his mask. Part of me wonders why they couldn't keep his costume from Captain America: The First Avenger.
On the other hand, Whedon's film is powered by a geeky sense of fun, with everything else coming second to that. It causes the biggest problems early on, as he struggles to get the pieces in place. (Given how much foreshadowing was incorporated into earlier films, I'm amazed at how much heavy lifting The Avengers has to do.) Once he gets to the point where he can actually play with his toys, it becomes a lot more fun.
Keeping Coul under pressure...
Whedon is clearly overjoyed to be working with these icons, and it bleeds through into enthusiasm on screen, with even the awesome Agent Coulson awkwardly geeking out about Captain America. "I was watching you while you were sleeping," he suggests. Realising how awkward that sounds, he rephrases, "I meant I was with you when you were unconscious." Coulson even has a set of Captain America trading cards in near mint condition ("boxed a bit around the edges"), and it's not too difficult to imagine Whedon tackling his subjects with similar affection.
During the second act, things begin to click together. In particular, we start to detect the Whedon-esque touches that must have been sacrificed from the first act to keep everything running relatively tight. There is an obscenely geeky pleasure in seeing these toys playing together in the same sandbox, watching Chris Evan's old fogey butting heads with Robert Downey Jr.'s arrogant and ego-centric playboy, or Chris Hemsworth's Thor making casual remarks from outside everybody's frame of reference. ("I got that one!" Cap declares of one pop culture reference, desperate to prove he's not thatout of touch, while Thor looks confused.)
Bringing the hammer down...
It seems like a bit of a spoiler to even mention it, but Whedon does use a few of the storytelling tricks and tropes that he's picked up from years working in the industry. It's easy to deride some of these tricks as cheap emotional manipulation, but I generally think that Whedon uses them because they work so well. There are moments in the second act where the gigantic science-fiction-fantasy-superhero mish-mash suddenly becomes decidedly real, and Whedon uses these tricks of the trade to anchor it somewhat, to keep the story relatively human.
While the first act has serious problems, and the second act represents a considerable improvement, the final action sequence is something to behold. It might be worth the price of a ticket on its own, to be frank. Whedon effortlessly juggles even primary character each getting a moment or several to shine. (That's Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, Hawkeye, Nick Fury for those keeping score.)
They've got him under Loki and key...
To be fair, Marvel's movies have traditionally had a bit of bother with their third acts, tying everything down to a massive fight, but Whedon manages to produce the year's best action sequence. Ironically, the only movie released so far this year that might have a more energetic third act is Cabin in the Woods, which Whedon co-wrote. In an era where it seems that Hollywood has forgotten how to make an action climax work, largely thanks to Michael Bay's work on Transformers, it's strangely refreshing.
There's no confusing quick cutting, no jumping back and forth. Rather than intercutting seven action sequences, Whedon cleverly queues them up. It works remarkably well, because it allows each little sequence to flow before moving on to the next one. Iron Man has a problem. Iron Man and Hawkeye deal with that problem. Thor has a problem. Thor deals with that problem. Captain America spots a bad guy. Captain America deals with that bad guy. It's an efficient way of managing a final confrontation, and Whedon deserves credit for his work here.
Suits you, sir...
Even before we reach that finale, there are nice moments. There's a rather enthusiastic brawl between Thor and the Hulk which stands out as one of the few times the Hulk has really worked in live action. Whedon takes fiendish delight in throwing his cast through objects (walls, trees, conveniently stacked crates) and it works as visual shorthand – there's a genuine sense of the level of power going on here. It is pure and unashamed geekery, but there's nothing wrong with that.
Whedon's Hulk deserves special mention, given how much trouble the character has proven to be in the past. I love The Incredible Hulk far more than most, but I think that the creature himself was still awkwardly handled. I still think the decision to recast the role of Bruce Banner was a mistake.
The Hulk gets Ruffalized...
Ed Norton looks like a nerdy guy carrying a shedload of deep-rooted personal issues and might have a very nasty side underneath his cold exterior. Mark Ruffalo, on the other hand, looks like he might pinch the last biscuit in the packet on a day he's feeling especially bold. While Banner gets considerable focus here, perhaps to help mitigate against the multiple failed movies, Ruffalo lacks a certain edge.
It is worth noting, though, that Whedon and Penn's script seems to go out of its way to mock the somewhat troubled final cut of Leterrier's Incredible Hulk. When Banner claims to have discovered the secret to managing "the other guy", Black Widow mocks him, "What's your secret? Yoga?" The final opening sequence of Leterrier's Hulk (which I quite liked) saw Banner using regulating breathing exercises and other techniques to manage stress.
Back in black...
Later on, in a tense a moment, Banner confesses to attempting suicide as a means of resolving his problems – a reference to the rather powerful deleted opening sequence that was cut from the film against Norton's vocal objections. By the way, this isn't the time, but I would buy the hell out of a "Writer's Cut" of The Incredible Hulk. C'mon Marvel, you know you want my money.
However, the Hulk himself is something else, when he finally breaks out. I suspect it's a combination of the visual effects used and the manner that Whedon treats the creature. The Hulk truly is the strongest there is. It's the best portrayal of the green goliath I have ever seen. Grafting Ruffalo's face on to the monster makes him look almost pathetic, illustrating that Banner is trapped inside, while Whedon lets rip in some truly impressive action sequences. The Hulk and Thor wrestling atop an alien monster heading to Grand Central Station is a wonderful moment, as is Loki's defiant last stand against the monster.
Sliding into gear...
Aside from the four leads, Whedon does a solid job with his impressive supporting cast. Finally, Samuel L. Jackson is allowed to do something other than foreshadow a movie coming several years down the line, and Fury works remarkably well as a manipulator. There's a welcome hint of ambiguity to how the character manages his band of heroes, even if we never doubt that Fury is trying to assure the best possible outcome. While I wouldn't have been too bothered about a Nick Fury solo film before, I would love to see him handle some problems without the spandex crowd cramping his style.
The other character who gets a lot of development, surprisingly given the movie if not given the director, is the Black Widow, played by Scarlett Johannson. It's become a cliché to talk about Whedon writing strong female characters, especially because it gives so many other writers a pass for doing the opposite, but the importance of the Black Widow to the film comes as quite a welcome surprise given the fact that there are so few successful superheroine films. Okay, there isn't enough room for a full arc, but Whedon manages to give her some decent characterisation – hinting at a shady past, and at a more human side beneath her cold exterior. It's telling that she gets to check off quite a few important plot points – dealing with Loki, Barton and the portal.
Human S.H.I.E.L.D...
There's a lot to like, but there are some fundamental problems. For example, Whedon seems to have a bit of difficulty with his central theme. I know Whedon has an affection for old-fashioned superheroics, but is he trying to make a comment on post-9/11 America. As Captain America struggles to keep up with all the changes, Nick Fury notes, "We've made some mistakes along the way. Especially recently." Loki seems to conspire with terrorists. Fury engages, without qualm, in the sort of super-surveillance that gave Batman pause in The Dark Knight.
In contrast, Whedon's superheroes seem to reject such ambiguities and uncertainties, seeming refreshingly heroic in a morally complex world. Even the Hulk doesn't seem that conflicted or tormented any more ("Hulk," Cap commands, "Smash!") while Tony Stark is genuinely committed to changing the world through green energy and seems to have found a stable relationship with a woman he loves. However, I'm not sure if Whedon's romanticism is undermined by the fact that these unambiguous heroes still have close ties to more morally dubious black ops agents, and are still lied to and manipulated by Fury even afterthey've called him out on it.
Ironing out some kinks...
In fairness, Whedon isn't too heavy-handed, and maybe that's a good thing. He accepts that these are inherently silly and childish constructs. "Do not touch me," Thor insists during the mandatory "two heroes fight" sequence. "Then don't take my stuff," Iron Man responds, and the most epic playground scrap ever commences, Hell, Whedon at one point seems to even answer the question of what happens when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object, as Thor's Hammer and Cap's Shield collide.
Sometimes it seems tough for creators and fans to concede the somewhat shallow and playful nature of these archetypes – that they are ultimately toys in a sandbox – and it takes considerable skill for a writer to acknowledge that while still treating them with respect and skill. Whedon does both remarkably well, and it's clear that he loves having the opportunity to play with these toys without taking any of them too seriously.
Stripped for action...
The Avengers is a flawed film, but it has enough charm to carry it through a somewhat rocky first act. From there, it just climbs, reaching the most impressive superhero action sequence I think I've ever seen. It's a mess of a film, but it's a glorious and enjoyable and occasionally awesome mess of a film.
Filed under: Non-Review Reviews | Tagged: arts, Avenger, avengers, captain america, captain america: the first avenger, film, hulk, iron man, IronMan, joss whedon, loki, marvel, marvel comics, Movie, Movies, nick fury, non-review review, premiere, review, robert downey, thor, tom hiddleston, Whedon, Zak Penn |
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Lina~EccentricChai, on April 20, 2012 at 12:34 am said:
I've been looking forward to seeing this. I'm a Marvel geek.
Darren, on April 20, 2012 at 6:52 am said:
Hope you enjoyed it! The last third is something to see!
Jamie Helton, on April 20, 2012 at 2:27 am said:
I too would have loved to see Edward Norton back as Bruce Banner, but apparently his famous contrariness with bosses ruffalo-ed the feathers at Marvel. I find it interesting, though, that they finally used motion capture to animate the Hulk, which may be responsible for making him more life-like. As for "The Incredible Hulk," I wish they had not retconned his back story, thereby making the first film non-continuous. Since the movie begins with Banner in South America where the first film left off, couldn't they have just had the opening credits sans flashes of Hulk's origin? It is ashamed that they cut Banner attempting suicide, as that would have been a great aspect of the character.
In my head, the two are part of the same continuity, not being so rigidly tied to canon as most fans – as you note, they feed quite well into one another, despite some attempts to distinguish them.
And the suicide sums up everything I loved about Norton's Banner. He's this frail little guy with so much darkness inside of him, and who seems genuinely terrified of what he might do. Eric Bana seemed almost well-adjusted and Ruffalo has a zen thing.
But, as you note, a shame about the way he and Marvel soured their relationship.
Jamie Helton, on April 20, 2012 at 7:46 pm said:
By the way, how did you get to see it so early? Was there an advance screening? There are reports of some re-shoots having just taken place to be included in the final release.
Darren, on April 20, 2012 at 10:47 pm said:
Disney invited me to an early preview. I felt so proper, signing an embargo and all, hangin' with the Irish Times critic an' all that. We were told it was pretty much the final cut. I understand, based on hearsay, that it went through quite a trim – Whedon and Fiege, I believe, originally treated Cap as the central character, but this cut sort of drifts away from him very early.
I saw it in 2D. The 3D wasn't finished. I've been sitting on this a week, which is probably why it's so long, been stewing! There was a stinger after the credits, but it didn't involve the two actors we know are in the reshoots, nor the rumoured third. It is a very geeky prelude to the second Avengers films, but it went over my better half's head. I have a piece on the stinger, but I'm saving it for after release. Spoilers!
I'll be seeing it again a week or two into release, I reckon. Even if it's only a small change, I'd like to see it.
Jamie Helton, on April 20, 2012 at 10:49 pm said:
That's very cool. Consider yourself lucky!
James, on April 20, 2012 at 6:07 am said:
Darren, saw the movie. Your an obvious, biased dick. Shut up and stop taking yourself so serious
Hi James. Thanks for sharing. I am curious, though. How am I an obvious biased dick? And how does you seeing the movie invalidate my opinion of it? Is my opinion wrong because it differs from yours? Surely different strokes for different folks?
And I kinda resent the insinuation I took it too seriously. I openly admitted to loving the geeky "bashing toys against one another" mentality of it, especially in the final third.
I freely concede to leaning more towards the "fun" side of movie-going, considering Cabin in the Woods and The Muppets to be two of the three best movies of the year so far. (The other one is Shame.) I don't believe that blockbusters are inherently less worthy films, if that is what you are insinuating either.
Actually, he said that you take yourself, not the film, too seriously (if that matters). Considering he didn't give any support to his position, it seems that he is acting as a proverbial troll. I would delete the comment. You give well thought-out critiques of movies, looking at all aspects of the experience and write reviews that are often better than most of the professional critics who get all the press.
Thanks Jamie. I try not to delete any comments, but I'll draw the line at a comment that makes a serious accusation with little grounding. Accusing me of plagiarism or homophobia or racism without anything supporting the assertion (or just being a dick about it) will get a comment banned, if only because that sort of stuff can derail a comment thread like nobody's business.
But I do try to be democratic. It can be scary when somebody comes out of the woodwork to accuse me of being Islamophobic because I dared to actually examine Miller's work. And I'm not being too self-serious, we live in a culture that would do well to try to think about what we consume and how we label it. People won't see eye-to-eye, but I find it amazing how difficult basic respect is. And I love legitimate criticism. If I'm wrong, convince me. Don't threaten to kill me.
I'll freely concede that I've had people correct sloppy and stupid mistakes I've made, and I've had one or two writers politely inform me I've misinterpreted their work, or I came on too strong. If I did, I'll generally concede. If I didn't, I'll politely respond and maybe try to soften my tone if I was too aggressive or flippant.
But I digress, it's just a hot-button issue. This guy is nothing. I'm just curious what he means. My reaction wasn't a pure rave, nor was it a brutal rebuke. I liked it a lot, but I didn't love the first two thirds.
And I find it hard to believe that anyone could argue I take myself too seriously running daily reviews of picture books about men in tights beating the stuffing out of one another. 🙂
What? "The Avengers" isn't the height of literary cinematic expression? Norman Mailer, Arthur Miller, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Stan Lee…
Darren, on April 21, 2012 at 7:11 pm said:
Actually, while I agree with that, that got me thinking a bit. I wouldn't mind seeing some pulpier material taught in schools. Not equated with the literary classics, obviously, but to demonstrate that themes and metaphors and all the stuff we teach school kids are actually relevant.
(Of course, Stan Lee's comics are a terrible example*, but I'd love for kids to study something like The Sopranos or The Wire in school. Or, to keep it high-end, even David Mamet. I wouldn't even object to one of the better "literary" comic book runs, like Neil Gaiman's Sandman, for example. Just something that demonstrates that the analysis tools that we're supposed to be teaching kids apply to works outside Shakespeare or Miller.)
* written as somebody who loves Stan the Man
Pete, on April 20, 2012 at 7:24 am said:
Great review! I'm not a massice comic book film fan but if this climax is as impressive as you say, I might have to make sure I catch this in the cinema!
Thanks Pete. I hope you enjoy. That last third is a joy.
Rachael, on April 20, 2012 at 8:02 am said:
Great review. I can't wait to see it now. I must confess to feeling a lot of geektastic anticipation!
Thanks, I hope it lives up to your expectations!
Fitz, on April 21, 2012 at 8:54 pm said:
Very, very jealous right now, Darren. On the plus side, when this debuts Stateside it will be my girlfriend's birthday.
Darren, on April 22, 2012 at 10:34 am said:
I hope you enjoy, Fitz!
Robbert, on April 22, 2012 at 10:23 am said:
Darren, this is the most ridiculous review ever. You're not a marvel fan and of course you don't have to, but the way you bashed the Hulk while every single person, who've seen the movie, says that this is the best Hulk we've seen, is just idiot. Ruffalo did an excellent job portraying Banner.
Hi Robbert, I actually really liked the Hulk. I think you might be misreading my use of "pathetic" as an adjective. I meant it as "causing or evoking pity, sympathetic sadness, sorrow, etc.; pitiful; pitiable: a pathetic letter; a pathetic sight." I was praising the CGI Hulk, and I loved the action sequences. As evident below:
However, the Hulk himself is something else, when he finally breaks out. I suspect it's a combination of the visual effects used and the manner that Whedon treats the creature. The Hulk truly is the strongest there is.
On the other hand, I just didn't buy Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner, for reasons stated above. I explained why I didn't, and I did in (I hope) rational terms. If you disagree with me, feel free to let me know why you think Ruffalo's Banner was better than Norton's Banner.
I actually am a bit of a Marvel fan. I'm probably the only website with a review of the film up that has been posting reviews of Avengers-related comic books every working day. Not that it influences my objectivity, I hope, and I should probably take objection to the assertion that if I didn't like Marvel the review would be invalid somehow.
Admit it, you just hate life itself, as is evident by your decidedly non-glowing yet respectful review of the movie. How could you not blindly fawn all over "The Avengers" and write an objective critique of it, you monster!
(Sorry, I just had to.)
I am history's greatest monster!
And let Mark Ruffalo (who I quite like elsewhere, but I think is ill-suited to the role in question) remain the barometer of popular taste!
I like the use of "idiot" as a verb. Well done, sir! You don't let grammar hamper your writing.
Carlito Jose Calavaz, on April 22, 2012 at 1:28 pm said:
At first i thought that movie is another boring action film but after reading your review and checked the trailer this most be the best hit around, hope i'll not be disappointed.
Thanks Carlito. Hope you enjoy it!
Jamie, on April 26, 2012 at 7:22 pm said:
I seen the film today and I thought that Tom hiddlestons performance was great and I still think Edward norton would have been a better choice for the hulk but I still enjoyed mark ruffalo and the overall film.
Jamey, on May 2, 2012 at 10:04 pm said:
anybody see any movie mistakes, i spotted one, not major but i spotted it. Loved the film from start to finish.
Just saying but when cap. america and tony stark have a lil arguement, cap. is like put your suit on, while wearing his own captain america costume. It goes on a bit then the airship/Boat explodes due to hawkeyes arrow, at this point iron man and cap. run down the corridor to sort it out.
Now tony stark wears a black top throughout the film, while captain america wears a grey top. When you see captain america running down the corridor he isnt wearing his suit he's just got his grey top on.
Therefore he goes from costume while argueing with iron man, to desuiting for the sake of running down the corridor, to wearing his costume not much further on in the film.
Just thought i'd mention that, and i onlysaw it the once.
Darren, on May 8, 2012 at 11:54 am said:
Thanks Jamey! Didn't notice any myself. I did find it odd, though, that so many plot points in earlier films seemed to set up Avengers and were then ignored. Thor is isolated from Midgard… but not really. Tony Stark is rejected from the initiative, but Iron Man isn't… and then everything's fine. Loki has the most complex motivation of any of the villains, to do with proving himself worthy of his adoptive father… and then suddenly hates freedom for some reason. Not that they're big flaws, they're just… strange issues that really could have been smoothed over in the transition.
Jamie Helton, on May 2, 2012 at 10:53 pm said:
Please clarify, because this has been confusing me after seeing the title bandied about the Internet. Is this movie called "Avengers Assemble" in Great Britain? If so, why?
Darren, on May 2, 2012 at 11:03 pm said:
It is indeed called Avengers Assemble in Great Britain and Ireland, because Marvel seems to worry audiences might associated it with the cult British television show The Avengers, the one that got the awful Uma Thurman movie back in 1998. (Ironically, the Avengers show actually inspired Chris claremont writing the X-Men, but that's a bit of pop culture history for another time.) I don't see why Marvel's Avengers wouldn't have worked just as well especially since (SPOILER) I don't recall the line being spoken in the film itself.
I suspected it might be something like that. It's rather stupid on Marvel's part (or the studio's) because everywhere on the Internet the marketing is for "The Avengers" and then to have a differently titled movie released in those areas is insulting to the intelligent of those audiences to assume they couldn't tell the difference between a 40-year-old TV program and a superhero movie.
MythRider, on May 12, 2012 at 11:28 pm said:
This is my Memorial weekend pick.
Nicholas Swaim, on March 3, 2015 at 6:30 am said:
Darren, I know you wouldn't approve of this behavior, but when anybody says The Avengers is the best superhero film of 2012, my gut reaction is to punch them in the face. (Christopher Nolan's art must be protected).
Darren, on March 26, 2015 at 9:21 am said:
There is room for both!
Although, is this the comment thread where somebody accused me of not getting it because I'm obviously not a Marvel fan?
Nicholas Swaim, on March 26, 2015 at 11:18 pm said:
I am a huge Marvel fan and I don't get why this movie is so popular.


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Home/Balkans/Balkan News/Anarchists Claim Greek Embassy Attack
Anarchists Claim Greek Embassy Attack
A previously unknown anarchist group, Crni Ilija, has claimed responsibility for Monday's firebombing of the Greek embassy in Belgrade, Beta news agency reported Wednesday.
In a statement released to the press, the group said it is demanding the release of fellow anarchist Thodoros Iliopoulos, who was arrested during a riot in Greece last December.
One of a group of five young men threw two Molotov cocktails at the Greek embassy in Belgrade late Monday night. The quintet then split into two groups, one of which left the scene in a cab. The other group left on foot.
No one was hurt in the incident. A window was broken and the fire-bombs caused minor damage to the facade, but otherwise the embassy building was unscathed.
In the statement the group claims that Belgrade anarchists have decided to "join their comrades in Greece and the entire world, who are implementing actions of solidarity with Iliopoulos, and demanding that he be freed".
The statement says that Iliopoulos has been on hunger strike for 46 days, seeking release.
An advisor to the Greek embassy's press department, Petros Tsarouchis, told Beta news agency that all embassy services are operating regularly.
"The damage caused to the embassy building is really minor," he added.
Serbian President Boris Tadic condemned the attack, saying it was "intolerable".
Tadic met Greek Ambassador Dimosthenis Stoidis on Tuesday, and promised that state institutions would do everything to find and punish those responsible for the attack, Tanjug reports.
Previous Macedonia Name Talks "Enter Crucial Stage"
Next Council of Ministers passes Short-term Fiscal Framework 2010-2013
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In Serbia, State's Ties to Crime Become Hard to Miss
Serbia's President Will Struggle to Get Patriarch He Can Control
Serb Chetniks' Links to War Criminals and Extremists Uncovered
Court records in Bosnia reveal that prominent members of Serb nationalist Chetnik organisations have been …


text:
Mets place Yoenis Cespedes on disabled list
The team hasn't provided any other details yet.
By Chris McShane@chrismcshane Jul 24, 2018, 7:08pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Mets place Yoenis Cespedes on disabled list
Just days after activating him from the disabled list, the Mets have placed Yoenis Cespedes back on the disabled list. Cespedes returned on Friday night and hit a home run as the Mets' designate hitter in the first game of the rain-shortened weekend Subway Series, but after the game, he told reporters that he's dealt with a calcification issue in both of his heels that might require surgery that would keep him out for eight-to-ten months.
That was the beginning of the Mets circus over the course of the rest of the weekend. The next day, manager Mickey Callaway said at a press conference that he wasn't aware of what Cespedes said, only to walk that back the following day. Cespedes didn't play on Saturday and wasn't in the lineup for Sunday's game, which was rained out.
The team sent Cespedes for an examination with a specialist regarding the heel issue—which was known to the team on at least a basic level, per comments from front office member John Ricco—and told reporters earlier today that there'd be an update on Cespedes before tonight's game. And well after that, the team simply said he was placed on the disabled list and that the team is still awaiting a second opinion. Mike Puma of the Post reported that Cespedes was, as of this morning, leaning toward season-ending surgery.
Combined with the DFA of Ty Kelly, this move officially clears room on the team's active roster for infielders Phillip Evans and Jeff McNeil, both of whom were called up today.


Album cover designs for three releases by Color Burn. The albums are being released online primarily, so the key artwork is the design in the first image, though the printed packaging is shown here. The artwork employs geometric forms created from handmade/collaged elements, and subtle, custom type for the band's name.