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USS Cole bombing
(Redirected from Bombing of the USS Cole)
The USS Cole bombing was an attack against USS Cole, a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, on 12 October 2000, while she was being refueled in Yemen's Aden harbor.[1]
USS Cole explosion
The Military Sealift Command fleet ocean tug USNS Catawba towing USS Cole after the bombing.
Suicide attack, Mass murder
Aden, Yemen
Planned by
USS Cole, (U.S. Navy)
11:18 am (UTC+03:00)
Executed by
17 (plus two attackers) killed
39 injured
Seventeen U.S. Navy sailors were killed and 39 injured[2] in the deadliest attack against a United States naval vessel since the USS Stark incident in 1987.
The organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack against the United States. A U.S. judge has held Sudan liable for the attack, while another has released over $13 million in Sudanese frozen assets to the relatives of those killed. The United States Navy has reconsidered their rules of engagement in response to this attack. Another judge released over 25 million in other Sudanese assets to compensate.
AttackEdit
USS Cole after the attack
On the morning of Thursday, 12 October 2000, Cole, under the command of Commander Kirk Lippold, docked in Aden harbor for a routine fuel stop. Cole completed mooring at 9:30; and began refueling at 10:30. Around 11:18 local time (08:18 UTC), a small fiberglass boat carrying C4 explosives and two suicide bombers approached the port side of the destroyer and exploded,[3] creating a 40-by-60-foot (12 by 18 m) gash in the ship's port side, according to the memorial plate to those who lost their lives. Former CIA intelligence officer Robert Finke said the blast appeared to be caused by C4 explosives molded into a shaped charge against the hull of the boat.[4] Around 400 to 700 pounds (180 to 320 kg) of explosive were used.[5] Much of the blast entered a mechanical space below the ship's galley, violently pushing up the deck, thereby killing crew members who were lining up for lunch.[6] The crew fought flooding in the engineering spaces and had the damage under control after three days. Divers inspected the hull and determined that the keel had not been damaged.
The sailors injured in the explosion were taken to the United States Army's Landstuhl Regional Medical Center near Ramstein, Germany, before being sent to the United States. The attack was the deadliest against a U.S. naval vessel since the Iraqi attack on USS Stark on 17 May 1987. The asymmetric warfare attack was organized and directed by the terrorist organization al-Qaeda.[7][8][9][10] In June 2001, an al-Qaeda recruitment video featuring Osama bin Laden boasted about the attack and encouraged similar attacks.[11][12]
Al-Qaeda had previously attempted a similar but less publicized attack on the U.S. Navy destroyer USS The Sullivans while in port at Aden on 3 January 2000, as a part of the 2000 millennium attack plots. The plan was to load a boat full of explosives and detonate them near The Sullivans. However, the boat was so overladen that it sank, forcing the attack to be abandoned.[13][14]
Planning for the attack was discussed at the Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit shortly after the attempt, which was held from 5 to 8 January 2000. Along with other plotters, it was attended by future 11 September hijacker Khalid al-Mihdhar, who then traveled to San Diego, California. On 10 June 2000, Mihdhar left San Diego to visit his wife in Yemen at a house also used as a communications hub for al-Qaeda.[15][16][17] After the bombing, Yemeni Prime Minister Abdul Karim al-Iryani reported that Mihdhar had been one of the key planners of the attack and had been in the country at the time of the attacks.[18] He would later return to the United States to participate in 9/11 on American Airlines Flight 77, which flew into the Pentagon, killing 184 victims.
RescueEdit
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The first naval ship on the scene to assist the stricken Cole was HMS Marlborough, a Type 23 frigate of the Royal Navy, under the command of Captain Anthony Rix. She was on passage to the UK after a six-month deployment in the Gulf. Marlborough had full medical and damage control teams on board and when her offer of assistance was accepted she immediately diverted to Aden. Eleven of the most badly injured sailors were sent via MEDEVAC to a French military hospital in Djibouti and underwent surgery before being sent to Germany.
MV Blue Marlin carrying USS Cole
The first U.S. military support to arrive was a U.S. Air Force Security Forces Quick Reaction Force from the 363rd Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron, 363rd Air Expeditionary Wing, based in Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, transported by C-130 aircraft.[citation needed] They were followed by another small group of United States Marines from the Interim Marine Corps Security Force Company, Bahrain flown in by P-3 Orion aircraft. Both forces landed within a few hours after the ship was struck and were reinforced by a U.S Marine platoon with the 1st Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team Company (FAST), based out of Norfolk, Virginia. The Marines from 6th Platoon, 1st FAST arrived on the 13 October from Norfolk, Virginia. The FAST platoon and security forces airmen secured Cole and a nearby hotel that was housing the U.S. Ambassador to Yemen.[citation needed]
USS Donald Cook and USS Hawes made best speed to arrive in the vicinity of Aden that afternoon providing repair and logistical support. USNS Catawba, USS Camden, Anchorage, Duluth and Tarawa arrived in Aden some days later, providing watch relief crews, harbor security, damage control equipment, billeting, and food service for the crew of Cole. LCU 1666 provided daily runs from Tarawa with hot food and supplies and ferrying personnel to and from all other naval vessels supporting Cole. In the remaining days LCU 1632 and various personnel from LCU 1666 teamed up to patrol around Cole.
InvestigationEdit
In a form of transport pioneered in 1988 by USS Samuel B. Roberts aboard Mighty Servant 2, Cole was hauled from Aden aboard the Dutch semi-submersible heavy lift salvage ship MV Blue Marlin. Cole arrived in Pascagoula, Mississippi, on 13 December 2000, where she was rebuilt.
FBI and NCIS agents sent to Yemen to investigate the bombing worked in an extremely hostile environment. They were met at the airport by Yemeni special forces with "...each soldier pointing an AK-47." Speakers in the Yemeni parliament "calling for jihad against America," were broadcast on local television each night. After some delay, the Yemenis produced a CCTV video from a harborside security camera, but the crucial moment of the explosion was deleted.[19] "There were so many perceived threats that the agents often slept in their clothes and with their weapons at their sides." At one point, the hotel where the agents stayed "was surrounded with men in traditional dress, some in Jeeps, all carrying guns." Finally the agents abandoned their hotel to stay at a US Navy vessel in the Bay of Aden, but they still did not feel safe. After being granted "...permission from the Yemeni government to fly back to shore," an agent said their helicopter took evasive action during the flight due to fears of shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles.[20]
ResponsibilityEdit
On 14 March 2007, a federal judge in the United States, Robert G. Doumar, ruled that the Sudanese government was liable for the bombing.[21]
The ruling was issued in response to a lawsuit filed against the Sudanese government by relatives of the victims, who claim that al-Qaeda could not have carried out the attacks without the support of Sudanese officials. The judge stated;
"There is substantial evidence in this case presented by the expert testimony that the government of Sudan induced the particular bombing of the Cole by virtue of prior actions of the government of Sudan."[22]
On 25 July 2007, Doumar ordered the Sudanese government to pay $8 million to the families of the 17 sailors who died. He calculated the amount they should receive by multiplying the salary of the sailors by the number of years they would have continued to work.[23] Sudan's Justice Minister Mohammed al-Mard has stated that Sudan intended to appeal the ruling.[24]
By May 2008, all defendants convicted in the attack had escaped from prison or been freed by Yemeni officials.[25] On 30 June 2008, Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann, legal advisor to the U.S. Military tribunal system, announced charges are being sworn against Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, a Saudi Arabian citizen of Yemeni descent, who has been held at the military prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, since 2006. According to the Pentagon, the charges have been defined as "...organizing and directing..." the bombing of USS Cole. The charges still must be approved by a Department of Defense official who oversees military commissions set up for terrorism suspects. The Pentagon will seek the death penalty.[26]
Alleged mastermindEdit
Several individuals have been described as the Cole bombing mastermind.[27][28][29][30][31] Among the allegations leveled by a Guantanamo Military Commission against Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri,[32] captured in late 2002, was that he was the mastermind of the Cole bombing.[27] Al-Nashiri was one of the three "high-value detainees" the George W. Bush Presidency was to acknowledge had been subjected to waterboarding and other "extended interrogation techniques."
Abu Ali al-Harithi was one of the first suspected terrorists to be targeted by a missile-armed Predator drone.[28][29][30][31] He, too, was described as the mastermind of the Cole bombing.
In 2003, the U.S. Justice Department indicted two people who were believed to have been the last main co-conspirators who were still at large, Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi and Fahd al-Quso.[33] Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi was convicted in Yemen and sentenced to death.[34] Al-Badawi, also called a "mastermind" of the Cole bombing, was one of seventeen captives who escaped through a tunnel from a Yemeni jail in 2006. Al-Badawi was reportedly killed in a drone strike on 1 January 2019 in the Marib governate, Yemen.[35][36]
Tawfiq bin Attash, who was captured in Pakistan 2003 and is currently[when?] being held in U.S. custody at Guantanamo Bay, was "...considered the mastermind..." of the bombing.[37] An al-Qaeda commander in Yemen also confirmed that another co-conspirator in the bombing, Abdul Mun'im Salim al-Fatahani, was killed in a U.S. drone strike on 31 January 2012.[38] On 6 May 2012, officials from the Yemen government reported that al-Quso was killed in an airstrike earlier in the day in southern Yemen.[39] The report was later confirmed by U.S. officials and al-Qaeda's media network As-Sahab.[39]
AftermathEdit
Rules of engagementEdit
Approximate location of bombing, Aden Harbor, Yemen
The destroyer's rules of engagement, as approved by the Pentagon, kept her guards from firing upon the small boat (which was not known to be loaded with explosives) as it neared them without first obtaining permission from Cole's captain or another officer.[40]
Petty Officer John Washak said that right after the blast, a senior chief petty officer ordered him to turn an M-60 machine gun on Cole's fantail away from a second small boat approaching. "With blood still on my face", he said, he was told: "That's the rules of engagement: no shooting unless we're shot at." He added, "In the military, it's like we're trained to hesitate now. If somebody had seen something wrong and shot, he probably would have been court-martialed." Petty Officer Jennifer Kudrick said that if the sentries had fired on the suicide craft "...we would have gotten in more trouble for shooting two foreigners than losing seventeen American sailors."[40]
ConsequencesEdit
President Bill Clinton declared, "If, as it now appears, this was an act of terrorism, it was a despicable and cowardly act. We will find out who was responsible and hold them accountable."[41]
On 19 January 2001, the U.S. Navy completed and released its Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) investigation of the incident, concluding that Cole's commanding officer Commander Kirk Lippold "...acted reasonably in adjusting his force protection posture based on his assessment of the situation that presented itself..." when Cole arrived in Aden to refuel. The JAGMAN investigation also concluded that "the commanding officer of Cole did not have the specific intelligence, focused training, appropriate equipment or on-scene security support to effectively prevent or deter such a determined, preplanned assault on his ship", and recommended significant changes in Navy procedures. In spite of this finding, Lippold was subsequently denied promotion and retired at the same rank of commander in 2007.[42]
In Afghanistan the bombing was a "...great victory for bin Laden. Al-Qaeda camps...filled with new recruits, and contributors from the Gulf States arrived … with petrodollars."[20]
Both Clinton and his successor George W. Bush had been criticized for failing to respond militarily to the attack on Cole before 11 September 2001. The 9/11 Commission Report cites one source who said in February 2001, "...[bin Laden] complained frequently that the United States had not yet attacked [in response to the Cole]... Bin Laden wanted the United States to attack, and if it did not he would launch something bigger."[43]
Evidence of al-Qaeda's involvement was inconclusive for months after the attack. The staff of the 9/11 Commission found that al-Qaeda's direction of the bombing was under investigation but "increasingly clear" on 11 November 2000. It was an "unproven assumption" in late November. By 21 December the CIA had made a "preliminary judgment" that "al Qaeda appeared to have supported the attack" without a "definitive conclusion".[44]
Accounts thereafter are varied and somewhat contradictory. Then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice told the Commission that when the administration took office on 20 January 2001; "We knew that there was speculation that the 2000 Cole attack was al Qaeda...We received, I think, on January 25 the same assessment [of al-Qaeda responsibility]. It was preliminary. It was not clear."
On 9 February, Vice President Dick Cheney was briefed on bin Laden's responsibility "without hedge."[45]
One report stated that "six days after Bush took office", the FBI "believed they had clear evidence tying the bombers to Al Qaeda."[46]
These conclusions are contrasted by testimony of key figures before the 9/11 Commission, summarized in the 9/11 Commission Report. Former CIA Director George Tenet testified (page 196) that he "...believed he laid out what was knowable early in the investigation, and that this evidence never really changed until after 9/11."[47] The report suggests (pages 201–202) that the official assessment was similarly vague until at least March 2001:
On January 25, Tenet briefed the President on the Cole investigation. The written briefing repeated for top officials of the new administration what the CIA had told the Clinton White House in November. This included the "preliminary judgment" that al Qaeda was responsible, with the caveat that no evidence had yet been found that Bin Ladin himself ordered the attack... in March 2001, the CIA's briefing slides for Rice were still describing the CIA's "preliminary judgment" that a "strong circumstantial case" could be made against al Qaeda but noting that the CIA continued to lack "conclusive information on external command and control" of the attack.[47]
According to Rice, the decision not to respond militarily to the Cole bombing was President Bush's. She said he "made clear to us that he did not want to respond to al Qaeda one attack at a time. He told me he was 'tired of swatting flies.'" The administration instead began work on a new strategy to eliminate al-Qaeda.[48]
As a result of the Cole bombing, the U.S. Navy began to reassess its anti-terrorism and force protection methods, both at home and abroad. The Navy stepped up Random Anti-Terrorism Measures (RAM), which are meant to complicate the planning of a terrorist contemplating an attack by making it difficult to discern a predictable pattern to security posture.[49]
In November 2001, the Navy opened an Anti-Terrorism and Force Protection Warfare Center at Naval Amphibious Base (NAB) Little Creek, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, with the objective of developing tactics, equipment and training to combat terrorists.[50]
On 3 November 2002, the CIA fired an AGM-114 Hellfire missile from a Predator UAV at a vehicle in Yemen carrying Abu Ali al-Harithi, a suspected planner of the bombing plot. Also in the vehicle was Ahmed Hijazi, a U.S. citizen. Both were killed.[citation needed]
On 29 September 2004, a Yemeni judge sentenced Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri and Jamal al-Badawi to death for their roles in the bombing. Al-Nashiri, believed to be the operation's mastermind, was detained by the United States at Guantanamo Bay.[51] Al-Badawi, in Yemeni custody, denounced the verdict as "...an American one." Four others were sentenced to prison terms of five to 10 years for their involvement, including one Yemeni who had videotaped the attack.[citation needed]
In October 2004 the Navy consolidated the forces it deploys for anti-terrorism and force protection under a single command at NAB Little Creek. The new Maritime Force Protection Command (MARFPCOM) was activated to oversee the administration and training of the expeditionary units the Navy deploys overseas to protect ships, aircraft and bases from terrorist attack. MARFPCOM aligned four existing components: the Mobile Security Forces, Naval Coastal Warfare, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), and Expeditionary Mobile Diving and Salvage Forces.[52]
On 3 February 2006, 23 suspected or convicted Al-Qaeda members escaped from jail in Yemen. This number included 13 who were convicted of the bombings of Cole and the French tanker Limburg in 2002. Among those who reportedly escaped was Al-Badawi. Al-Qaeda's Yemeni number two Abu Assem al-Ahdal may also have escaped.[53]
Wikinews has related news: Conspirator of USS Cole attack freed from prison
On 17 October 2007, al-Badawi surrendered to Yemeni authorities as part of an agreement with al-Qaeda militants. Following his surrender, Yemeni authorities released him in return for a pledge not to engage in any violent or al-Qaeda-related activity, despite a US$5 million reward for his capture. Two other escapees remained at large.[54][55]
In June 2008 the United States charged Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri with planning and conducting the attack. The US planned to seek the death penalty in his case.[42] On 5 February 2009, the United States dropped all charges against al-Nashiri "without prejudice" to comply with President Obama's order to shut down the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, but reserved the right to file charges at a later date.[56] Charges were reinstated in 2011.[citation needed]
In 2009, U.S. federal judge Kimba Wood released $13.4 million in frozen assets belonging to Sudan, to be awarded to 33 spouses, parents, and children of the sailors killed in the attack. The money was awarded based on the 2002 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act and spearheaded by Miami Attorney Andrew C. Hall.[57] Previously, the court had found Sudan culpable in facilitating the attack on the destroyer. John Clodfelter, father of Kenneth Clodfelter who was killed in the bombing, said; "It's about time something was done. It's taken so much more time than we thought it should take."[58]
On 1 January 2019 Jamal al-Badawi, an al-Qaeda militant behind the attack died in a US air strike, President Donald Trump confirmed. US defence officials said a "precision strike" was carried out east of the Yemeni capital, Sanaa.[citation needed]
Another lawsuit against Sudan was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in 2010 by 15 of the Cole sailors and three spouses, seeking damages from the country for knowingly supporting the terrorists that struck the ship. While the court action had been served to the Sudan embassy in Washington D.C., no representative of Sudan replied to the case or appeared at the hearing. A default judgement was awarded to the sailors for more than US$314 million in 2012. In the process of serving the necessary paperwork and actions to obtain the monetary damages from Sudan within the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, representatives of Sudan challenged the DC District Court ruling, arguing that under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) which allows for private lawsuits to be filed against foreign nations, the original case paperwork was not properly sent to their embassy in Sudan. Lawyers for the sailors argued that rejecting this would require them to rehold the initial trial and re-determine guilt and damages, if any. The Second Circuit upheld that the paperwork was filed appropriately, leading the representatives of Sudan to petition the Supreme Court of the United States for writ of certiorari on the question of whether the initial paperwork was properly addressed. The Supreme Court accepted the case, Republic of Sudan v. Harrison (Docket 16-1094) and took oral arguments on November 9, 2018.[59]
The Cole bombing plays a highly visible role in Navy damage-control training, which begins in boot camp with a pre-graduation Battle Stations event. "The Cole Scenario" launched in 2007 takes place aboard a realistic destroyer mock-up housed at Naval Station Great Lakes, Illinois. The training focuses on preparing recruits for damage control challenges they may face in the fleet.[60]
MemorialEdit
A wreath laid by the crew of USS Cole at the Norfolk Naval Station memorial, Oct. 12, 2001.
A memorial to the victims of the attack was dedicated at Norfolk Naval Station in Virginia on 12 October 2001. It was erected along the shore of Willoughby Bay, and overlooks the channel used by Navy ships transiting to sea.[61] Seventeen low-level markers stand for the youthfulness of the sailors, whose lives were cut short. Three tall granite monoliths, each bearing brass plaques, stand for the three colors of the American flag. A set of brown markers encircling the memorial symbolize the darkness and despair that overcame the ship. In addition, 28 black pine trees were planted to represent the 17 sailors and the 11 children they left behind.[62]
The memorial was funded by contributions from thousands of private individuals and businesses to the Navy-Marine Corps Relief Society, which gave the memorial to the Navy. Its design originated as a vision of USS Cole crew members, who then teamed with Navy architects and the Society to finalize the project.[63][64][65] The Cole memorial is located about 500 feet (150 m) west of the Naval Station memorial for the USS Iowa turret explosion. There is also another memorial marker placed at Wisconsin Square in the city of Norfolk, near USS Wisconsin.
Nasir Ahmad Nasir al-Bahri
Bombing of SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru
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^ "Casualties: U. S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Wounded in Wars, Conflicts, Terrorist Acts, and Other Hostile Incidents". Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
^ Combs, Cindy C.; Slann, Martin W. (2009). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Infobase Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 9781438110196.
^ "Burden of Proof". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
^ Whitaker, Brian (21 August 2003). "Bomb type and tactics point to al-Qaida". The Guardian. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
^ ""I Survived a Terrorist Attack": Jennifer Kudrik talks about the attack on the USS Cole". Cosmopolitan. 1 September 2001.
^ "Yemeni pair charged in USS Cole bombing". CNN. 15 May 2003. Archived from the original on 2 June 2003.
^ Yemen Frees USS Cole Bomb Plotter. Al-Qaeda Mastermind Of 2000 Attack On Ship Pardoned After Turning Himself In. Associated Press. SAN'A, Yemen, 26 October 2007.
^ GlobalSecurity.org. USS Cole bombing. Page maintained by John Lumpkin – Senior Fellow, GlobalSecurity.org.
^ GlobalSecurity.org. Al-Qaeda Activities.
^ CNN. Video shows bin Laden urging Muslims to prepare for fighting. 21 June 2001.
^ CBS. A Claim For The Cole – Bin Laden Recruitment Tape Boasts The Bombing Of The USS Cole. 20 June 2001.
^ Terrorism 2000/2001. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Government Printing Office 2004–306-694.
^ Piszkiewicz, Dennis (2003). Terrorism's war with America : a history. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-275-97952-2.
^ Nova: The Spy Factory television show.
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^ Substitution for the Testimony of KSM at the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui.
^ Smith (2005), p. 60.
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^ a b Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006), pp. 322–331, ISBN 0-375-41486-X.
^ NBC News. "Federal judge rules Sudan responsible for USS Cole bombing in 2000". NBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
^ "Judge Finds Sudan Is Liable in Cole Case". The New York Times. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
^ Sudan must pay USS Cole victims. 25 July 2007.
^ Sudan to appeal verdict in USS Cole bombing case. 26 July 2007.
^ Whitlock, Craig (4 May 2008). "Probe of USS Cole Bombing Unravels: Plotters Freed in Yemen; U.S. Efforts Frustrated". The Washington Post.
^ Jelinek, Pauline (30 June 2008). "Pentagon announces charges in USS Cole bombing". Associated Press.
^ a b "U.S.: Top al Qaeda operative arrested". CNN. 21 November 2002. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009.
^ a b "'Lackawanna 6' Link To Yemen Killings?". CBS News. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ a b Walter Pincus (6 November 2002). "US missiles kill al Qaeda suspects". The Age. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ a b Jeffrey Addicott (7 November 2002). "The Yemen Attack: Illegal Assassination or Lawful Killing?". The Jurist. Archived from the original on 18 April 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ a b Dana Priest (8 November 2002). "U.S. Citizen Among Those Killed in Yemen Predator Missile Strike". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ Salon.com, Goodbye to Guantanamo?, 23 December 2008
^ "#05-15-03: Attorney General John Ashcroft Announces Indictment for the Bombing of the U.S.S. Cole". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ "USS Cole Bombing Mastermind Escapes Prison". Fox News. 6 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Yemeni officials said Jamal al-Badawi – a man convicted of plotting, preparing and helping carry out the Cole bombing – was among the fugitives, Interpol said. Al-Badawi was among those sentenced to death in September 2004 for plotting the attack, in which two suicide bombers blew up an explosives-laden boat next to the destroyer as it refueled in the Yemeni port of Aden on October 12, 2000.
^ "USS Cole bombing mastermind killed in US airstrike, says report". The Independent. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Gordon Lubold and Warren P. Strobel. "Secret U.S. Missile Aims to Kill Only Terrorists, Not Nearby Civilians".
^ Phil Hircshkorn (28 March 2006). "Al Qaeda witnesses saw Moussaoui as a bumbler". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Tawfiq Bin Atash, a senior al Qaeda operative considered the mastermind of the USS Cole bombing in 2000, also assisted the 9/11 plot.
^ "AQAP operative killed in recent drone strike in Yemen". Long War Journal. FDD. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ a b Al-Haj, Ahmed (6 May 2012). "US airstrike kills senior al-Qaida leader in Yemen". The Associated Press.
^ a b Robinson, Stephen (15 November 2000). "Bombed US warship was defended by sailors with unloaded guns". The Daily Telegraph. London: Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
^ Associated Press (13 October 2000). "In Clinton's Words: 'Doing Their Duty'". The New York Times.
^ a b Roberts, John, and Jamie McIntyre, "Exclusive Interview With Former USS Cole Captain", The Situation Room, Cable News Network, 1 July 2008.
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^ Barton Gellman (20 January 2002). "A Strategy's Cautious Evolution: Before Sept. 11, the Bush Anti-Terror Effort Was Mostly Ambition". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ Michael Hirsh, Michael Isikoff (27 May 2002). "The inside story of the missed signals and intelligence failures that raise a chilling question: did September 11 have to happen?". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ a b "911 Commission Report". 9/11 Commission. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ "Hearing transcript from 8 April 2004". 9/11 Commission. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ Statement of Captain Joseph F. Bouchard, USN, Commanding Officer, NS Norfolk to the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism of the House Armed Service Committee. via GlobalSecurity.org 28 June 2001.
^ U.S. Navy Raises Barriers To Protect Base at Norfolk National Defense Magazine. June 2002. National Defense Industrial Association.
^ Biographies of 14 detainees Archived 19 November 2009 at the Stanford Web Archive, Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
^ "Maritime Force Protection Command to Activate Oct. 1." United States Navy News. 27 September 2004.
^ "Hunt on for Yemeni jailbreakers". BBC. 4 February 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ Agence France-Presse. "Top al-Qaeda suspect turns himself in". 17 October 2007.
^ Whitlock, Craig, "Probe of USS Cole Bombing Unravels", The Washington Post, 4 May 2008, p. 1.
^ "U.S. drops Guantanamo charges per Obama order". Reuters. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
^ "The Anti-Terror Attorney: Andrew Hall's Life Is a Story of Survival Against Tyranny". ABA Journal. 1 September 2011.
^ Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, "U.S. Judge Releases $13.4M For Cole Victims' Families", 22 April 2009.
^ Liptak, Adam (7 November 2018). "A Thought Experiment at the Supreme Court Over How to Sue a Country". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ McMichael, William H. "10 years after Cole bombing, a different Navy" Navy Times, 11 October 2010.
^ "USS Cole Memorial". Pilot Online. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^ "USS Cole Remembers 'Hero Sailors' Lost During 2000 Attack". US Navy News Service Story Number: NNS111012-19. 12 October 2001. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^ "USS Cole Memorial". US Navy. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
^ Rhem, Kathleen T. (10 October 2001). "Navy Dedicates Cole Memorial Oct. 12". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
^ Jontz, Sandra. "One year later, memorial to fallen USS Cole sailors is dedicated". Stripes. Archived from the original on 27 June 2003. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Images related to the USS Cole bombing.
Detailed information and timeline
Department of Defense Casualty release
U.S. Navy and Marine Casualties in Wars, Conflicts, Terrorist Acts, and other Hostile Acts
Transcript of CNN coverage of the USS Cole memorial service held 18 October 2000, at Norfolk, Virginia.
Whitlock, Craig (4 May 2008). "Probe of USS Cole Bombing Unravels: Plotters Freed in Yemen; U.S. Efforts Frustrated". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
Lorenz, Akiva J. (5 December 2007). "Analyzing the USS Cole Bombing". Maritime Terrorism. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Kirk Lippold about his book Front Burner: Al Qaeda's Attack on the USS Cole, 8 July 2012
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Cole_bombing&oldid=906424587"


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100 Gigafactories
dchone	November 8, 2016 0 Comments
Last week National Geographic launched its climate change movie, Before the Flood, online globally for free viewing. The film offers the opportunity to join Leonardo DiCaprio as he explores the topic of climate change, and discover what might be done today to address it. I sat down at home and watched it through YouTube on its opening night.
DiCaprio tours the world, talking to scientists, business people, Pacific islanders and many others. One riveting conversation is with Elon Musk, founder and CEO of Tesla, filmed as he and DiCaprio tour the Tesla GigaFactory in Nevada. This is a truly gargantuan building, with the largest physical footprint on the planet, designed to build batteries on an immense scale. The conversation moved onto the energy transition;
Elon Musk: We actually did the calculations. What would it take to transition the whole world to sustainable energy? What kind of throughput would you actually need? You need a hundred Gigafactories.
DiCaprio: A hundred of these?
Elon Musk: Yes, a hundred of these.
DiCaprio: That's it?
Elon Musk: That would do the whole world, all energy!
DiCaprio: That's it? That sounds manageable.
I agree with DiCaprio, building 100 GigaFactories seems like an entirely plausible venture. But what would this mean and what impact might it have?
According to the Tesla website, the GigaFactory will produce 35 GWh of battery capacity per annum. A 200-300 mile range Tesla currently has an 85 kWh battery, which means that a Gigafactory can produce about 400,000 such batteries per annum. 100 Gigafactories would produce at least 40 million such batteries per annum. There are also reports in the media of the current Tesla Gigafactory being expanded, which means there is upwards room in this estimate. Although Elon Musk made mention of 100 Gigafactories, we don't know exactly what capacity per factory he was assuming. But on this basis and assuming improvements in Electric Vehicle (EV) efficiency and also allowing for smaller city vehicles which would have smaller batteries, the 100 Gigafactories should be able to supply batteries for all new vehicles in a 100% EV fleet, assuming some 80 million new cars per annum (currently 70 million cars per annum).
Such an outlook potentially meets all the battery requirements for cars, but would that put sufficient storage into the energy system to balance the intermittency requirements for a 100% renewable energy grid? And is this sufficient for all energy as Elon Musk stated?
Over the course of an energy system transition to net-zero emissions such as illustrated in the recent Pathways to Net-Zero Emissions publication from the Shell scenarios team, we could potentially see the electricity system grow from some 80-90 EJ today to 300 EJ, a several fold increase. This results from both a growth in the overall size of the energy system and a shift in electrification from some 20% of final energy now to over 50%. If that system is to be powered entirely by renewable energy, as imagined by Elon Musk, it would need long distance grid connection and some form of energy storage. Assuming grid connections are not truly intercontinental, e.g. joining the Americas with Europe and Africa, then each continental mass would need to manage its own intermittency.
In 2015, North American power generation was in excess of 5000 TWh, but in a highly electrified energy system, demand would likely be significantly higher. Assuming at least 300 million cars in North America, that might represent up to 20 TWh of storage if all are EV and available for backup (N.B. In a highly accelerated-EV scenario I developed for an earlier post, the global EV stock only exceeds 300 million in 2031 but reaches 1 billion in 2042). While it is highly unlikely that renewable energy generation would drop to zero across all of North America at any one time, this level of storage could theoretically power the grid for around a day. Given that over 90% of cars are parked at any given time, instantaneous vehicle use isn't really a factor, however the backup requirement would need a significant percentage of the parked cars to be physically connected to the grid at any one time.
Is this enough storage? The answer to that isn't simple at all and probably requires a complex computer simulation of the entire system. Certainly if the grid is heavily dependent on solar then in winter there are several hours a day when the entire North and South American continents are in darkness. But given a distribution between wind, solar and hydroelectricity, together with continental inter-connection, this amount of storage feels at least plausible.
But this isn't all energy, as even in this very electrified scenario only 50% of final energy is actually electricity. The remainder is largely hydrocarbon based in services such as aviation, shipping, heavy ground transport and a wide variety of industrial applications (cement, metals refining, chemicals etc.). These hydrocarbons might still come from fossil fuels in which case CCS will be required or they could originate from biomass.
A world of 100 Gigafactories all building vehicle batteries for an all EV fleet, with a grid powered by wind and solar, reliably backed up by those same vehicles connected to the grid, is aspirational given where we are today. It would require considerably more than just building the Gigafactories and such a transition would be measured in many decades rather than many years. But it's certainly an interesting outcome to consider.
"The New Lens Scenarios" and "A Better Life with a Healthy Planet" are part of an ongoing process – scenario-building – used in Shell for more than 40 years to challenge executives' perspectives on the future business environment. We base them on plausible assumptions and quantification, and they are designed to stretch management thinking and even to consider events that may only be remotely possible. Scenarios, therefore, are not intended to be predictions of likely future events or outcomes, and investors should not rely on them when making an investment decision with regard to Royal Dutch Shell plc securities.
It is important to note that Shell's existing portfolio has been decades in development. While we believe our portfolio is resilient under a wide range of outlooks, including the IEA's 450 scenario, it includes assets across a spectrum of energy intensities including some with above –average intensity. While we seek to enhance our operations' average energy intensity through both the development of new projects and divestments, we have no immediate plans to move to a net-zero emissions portfolio over our investment horizon of 10-20 years.
CategoriesBattery storage, Carbon capture & storage, Electricity, Energy technology, Net zero emissions, Renewables, Transport, Uncategorized
Another momentous step?
Five steps for the Paris Agreement

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text:
Celebrating the Sheffield Shield: Best ever state team and the All-Time XI
matth
2nd November, 2019
For those who may have read my recent articles on best ever Sheffield Shield players and teams, here's the criteria for selection behind the articles for each team.
After an overwhelming outcry demanding these teams play off to the death (okay, so two people may have mentioned it), set out below is my team order.
And to finish off, I have picked the best composite XI from all the teams selected.
Note: this is based on a mythical season where every team plays each other both home and away.
Sixth place: Tasmania
Team List: Jamie Cox, Michael Di Venuto, David Boon, Ricky Ponting, George Bailey, Shane Watson, Frank Woolley, James Faulkner, Luke Butterworth, Colin Miller, Jackson Bird.
While this team is very strong, with Ponting the standout batsman, the Tasmanians may struggle playing away from the more seamer-friendly pitches at home. Their spinning resources are not on par with the other teams and their attack has a little sameness to it.
On the batting front, Punter is supported by very good, but not great players. There is good batting depth though.
Fifth place: Queensland
Okay, so I have bowed to the masses here and brought in some ringers… Matt Hayden and Alan Border have come into the side.
Team List: Matthew Hayden, Jimmy Maher, Greg Chappell, Martin Love, Stuart Law, Alan Border, Chris Hartley, Andy Bichel, Michael Kasprowicz, Jeff Thomson, Malcolm Franke.
Similar to the Tasmanian team, Queensland falls down a little with its spinning options. They would be very hard to beat at home with that brilliant pace line-up and although they will suit the two other traditionally strong pace wickets – the WACA and in Tasmania – so will their opposition. Their batting has slightly more firepower than Tasmania's.
4th place: South Australia
Team List: Jack Badcock, Greg Blewett, Ian Chappell, Darren Lehmann, Clem Hill, Garfield Sobers, Graham Manou, Clarrie Grimmett, Geoff Noblet, Chadd Sayers, Shaun Tait.
This team are elevated above Queensland and Tasmania purely on the basis of Grimmett and Sobers. Grimmett is simply the best bowler in Shield history and Sobers is, well, Sobers. The batting is very solid from number three down and if Barry Richards had played another 12 matches South Australia may well have cracked the top three.
In fact, if those dastardly New South Welshmen hadn't grabbed The Don, the SA team could have been anything. Also, Tait is the sort of bowler that on his day may have troubled Bradman. The pace bowling is maybe an eight out of ten.
Third place: Victoria
Team List: Bill Ponsford, Matthew Elliott, Jack Ryder, Brad Hodge, Lindsay Hassett, Warwick Armstrong, Darren Berry, Chuck Fleetwood-Smith, Chris Tremain, James Pattinson, Peter Siddle.
A very strong side indeed, but the batting has one out-and-out all-time great in Ponsford and the rest are extremely good to great. The bowling attack is well-served for spin and by their all-rounder, but there is a nagging feeling that the present-day pace unit might not have the answers when facing the truly great batsmen of the past.
Second place: Western Australia
Team List: Geoff Marsh, Graeme Wood, Justin Langer, Damien Martyn, John Inverarity, Tom Moody, Tim Zoehrer, Tony Lock, Dennis Lillee, Jo Angel, Terry Alderman.
The men from the west have a well-balanced bowling attack that equals any other state and would be threatening in all conditions (bowlers win matches). They could well be unbeatable at home. Tom Moody, their all-rounder, is an underrated beauty. The only question is whether that batting group would hold up against the better attacks.
First place: New South Wales
Team List: Warren Bardsley, Alan Kippax, Don Bradman, Simon Katich, Michael Bevan, MA Noble, Brad Haddin, Richie Benaud, Alan Davidson, Geoff Lawson, Bill O'Reilly.
The batting is extremely good for the most part, but let's not kid ourselves – they have Bradman. In the bowling stakes, they have some great options although their only possible weakness is fighting fire with fire in the west.
I'm convinced our modern-day batsmen would have no clue how to deal with Tiger O'Reilly and with Alan Davidson coming in from the other end, you have the two most economical bowlers in Australian history.
And, you know, Bradman.
(Photo by PA Images via Getty Images)
Best composite team
If pushed into it, here is the all-time Sheffield Shield XI. Remember this is the same criteria, not a Test best.
Bill Ponsford
Alan Kippax
Don Bradman
Martin Love
Michael Bevan
Monty Noble
Brad Haddin
Clarrie Grimmett
Dennis Lillee
Alan Davidson
Bill O'Reilly
Very hard to leave out Darren Lehmann, Greg Chappell, Ricky Ponting, Warwick Armstrong, Chuck Fleetwood-Smith, Tony Lock, Richie Benaud, Michael Kasprowicz, Andy Bichel, Warren Bardsley, Chris Hartley, Lindsay Hassett, Matthew Elliott and Clem Hill.
So there you have it, the Sheffield Shield, the cornerstone of Australian cricketing success. Let's hope this is remembered the next time someone wants to double the size of the BBL.


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Home CIA From 1998: 'Bin Laden comes home to roost'
From 1998: 'Bin Laden comes home to roost'
His CIA ties are only the beginning of a woeful story
By Michael Moran
August 24, 1998 MSNBC
Credit: US Attorney Southern District
NEW YORK, Aug. 24, 1998 — At the CIA, it happens often enough to have a code name: Blowback. Simply defined, this is the term describing an agent, an operative or an operation that has turned on its creators. Osama bin Laden, our new public enemy Number 1, is the personification of blowback. And the fact that he is viewed as a hero by millions in the Islamic world proves again the old adage: Reap what you sow.
Befpre up [sic] click on my face and call me naive, let me concede some points. Yes, the West needed Josef Stalin to defeat Hitler. Yes, there were times during the Cold War when supporting one villain (Cambodia's Lon Nol, for instance) would have been better than the alternative (Pol Pot). So yes, there are times when any nation must hold its nose and shake hands with the devil for the long-term good of the planet.
But just as surely, there are times when the United States, faced with such moral dilemmas, should have resisted the temptation to act. Arming a multi-national coalition of Islamic extremists in Afghanistan during the 1980s – well after the destruction of the Marine barracks in Beirut or the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 – was one of those times.
BIN LADEN'S BEGINNINGS
As anyone who has bothered to read this far certainly knows by now, bin Laden is the heir to Saudi construction fortune who, at least since the early 1990s, has used that money to finance countless attacks on U.S. interests and those of its Arab allies around the world.
As his unclassified CIA biography states, bin Laden left Saudi Arabia to fight the Soviet army in Afghanistan after Moscow's invasion in 1979. By 1984, he was running a front organization known as Maktab al-Khidamar – the MAK – which funneled money, arms and fighters from the outside world into the Afghan war.
What the CIA bio conveniently fails to specify (in its unclassified form, at least) is that the MAK was nurtured by Pakistan's state security services, the Inter-Services Intelligence agency, or ISI, the CIA's primary conduit for conducting the covert war against Moscow's occupation.
By no means was Osama bin Laden the leader of Afghanistan's mujahedeen. His money gave him undue prominence in the Afghan struggle, but the vast majority of those who fought and died for Afghanistan's freedom – like the Taliban regime that now holds sway over most of that tortured nation – were Afghan nationals.
Yet the CIA, concerned about the factionalism of Afghanistan made famous by Rudyard Kipling, found that Arab zealots who flocked to aid the Afghans were easier to "read" than the rivalry-ridden natives. While the Arab volunteers might well prove troublesome later, the agency reasoned, they at least were one-dimensionally anti-Soviet for now. So bin Laden, along with a small group of Islamic militants from Egypt, Pakistan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestinian refugee camps all over the Middle East, became the "reliable" partners of the CIA in its war against Moscow.
WHAT'S 'INTELLIGENT' ABOUT THIS?
Though he has come to represent all that went wrong with the CIA's reckless strategy there, by the end of the Afghan war in 1989, bin Laden was still viewed by the agency as something of a dilettante – a rich Saudi boy gone to war and welcomed home by the Saudi monarchy he so hated as something of a hero.
In fact, while he returned to his family's construction business, bin Laden had split from the relatively conventional MAK in 1988 and established a new group, al-Qaida, that included many of the more extreme MAK members he had met in Afghanistan.
Most of these Afghan vets, or Afghanis, as the Arabs who fought there became known, turned up later behind violent Islamic movements around the world. Among them: the GIA in Algeria, thought responsible for the massacres of tens of thousands of civilians; Egypt's Gamat Ismalia, which has massacred western tourists repeatedly in recent years; Saudi Arabia Shiite militants, responsible for the Khobar Towers and Riyadh bombings of 1996.
Indeed, to this day, those involved in the decision to give the Afghan rebels access to a fortune in covert funding and top-level combat weaponry continue to defend that move in the context of the Cold War. Sen. Orrin Hatch, a senior Republican on the Senate Intelligence Committee making those decisions, told my colleague Robert Windrem that he would make the same call again today even knowing what bin Laden would do subsequently. "It was worth it," he said.
"Those were very important, pivotal matters that played an important role in the downfall of the Soviet Union," he said.
HINDSIGHT OR TUNNEL VISION
It should be pointed out that the evidence of bin Laden's connection to these activities is mostly classified, though its hard to imagine the CIA rushing to take credit for a Frankenstein's monster like this.
It is also worth acknowledging that it is easier now to oppose the CIA's Afghan adventures than it was when Hatch and company made them in the mid-1980s. After all, in 1998 we now know that far larger elements than Afghanistan were corroding the communist party's grip on power in Moscow.
Even Hatch can't be blamed completely. The CIA, ever mindful of the need to justify its "mission," had conclusive evidence by the mid-1980s of the deepening crisis of infrastructure within the Soviet Union. The CIA, as its deputy director Robert Gates acknowledged under congressional questioning in 1992, had decided to keep that evidence from President Reagan and his top advisors and instead continued to grossly exaggerate Soviet military and technological capabilities in its annual "Soviet Military Power" report right up to 1990.
Given that context, a decision was made to provide America's potential enemies with the arms, money – and most importantly – the knowledge of how to run a war of attrition violent and well-organized enough to humble a superpower.
That decision is coming home to roost.
International Editor Michael Moran writes a weekly column on foreign affairs.
Copyright MSNBC 1998
SOURCEMSNBC by Michael Moran on August 24, 1998
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Mubase - What does "what is the bestt set of tools for building a maple program??" mean? What are you criteria for best?
How much experience have you at building embedded software?
What C/C++ command-line development tools have you used?
Which C/C++ IDE's have you used?
Do you understand what a C/C++ compiler, assembler, librarian and linker does?
All of those can be made to work.
You could get a free license for Keil for limited-size programs, I know this worked for someone who understands MCU's, but had never used C/C++. You could get a free limited time license from Rowley Crossworks. I have used that on an STM32F4-Discovery. They both have manuals, and documentation, but are still not trivial to get working.
You may get much more advice on using an STM32F4-Discovery at ST Micro's STM32 Discovery forums.
Hi G. Thanks for the reply!
"How much experience have you at building embedded software?"
I have most experience in Arduino programming (hence the interest in MapleIDE) and have built devices based around MIDI, MIDI to CV and wireless projects using the NRF24l01+ 2.4GHz transciever boards. Also experience of 3.2" TFT screens.
and I am just starting to get a grip on how the STM32s work.
2. "2. Use command line tools, and the STM32F4 libraries and source code, and use the Maple-like bootloader you've installed with dfu-util"
I have only used the command tools to build the libmaple.a library. I haven't worked out how to compile "sketches" for the STM32f4 port yet & am having difficulty...I am using Windows XP.
3." Use a 3rd party IDE, e.g. Keil/Atollic/CooCox/Rowley Crossworks and use the ST-LINK/V2 built on the board to load programs"
Yes, I have Atollic, KeilMDK and Coocox on my system and can build and debug programs to my board.
You say I can rebuild the MAple IDE system for the f4 ?
Mubase - I am confused.
You say "Yes, I have Atollic, KeilMDK and Coocox on my system and can build and debug programs to my board."
You also say "what steps would I need to take to be able to write and compile programs from Coocox or another 3rd party...? In other words, what files would I need to include in the project folder for it to compile properly"
If you can compile and load programs into your board using "Atollic, KeilMDK and Coocox", then aren't you done? IMHO, it would take more effort to modify the Maple IDE file system than just use what already works.
The main thing that Maple IDE gives, which isn't part of those other IDE's, is the pre-processor. The pre-processor scans source code and removes the need to #include <header.h> or declare a function before it is used. You could just declare functions before they are used, and #include headers, and use an ordinary compiler.
Those IDEs can do that too. The dumb/simple approach is to put every source file into a project, including the STM32F4 libmaple source. Then compile the lot. It should only take a couple of minutes, and the IDE will keep the object files and not recompile if not needed. As you already have three IDEs working, this should be straightforward for you.
Would you take your questions into a separate thread as it isn't actually about this topic? Maybe a title like 'Help needed to use STM32F4 with libmaple or Maple IDE' or whatever it is you actually need.
I've found this thread the closest from my own case.
First I want to express my pain ! How difficult it is to find an environment !
Fortunatly Maple appears to be the one not to miss. So it's installed. Everything runs.
I use a mini-USB cable.
After having set the env var BOARD to olimex_stm32_h103 an run "make ram" and then "make install" nothing seems to have really started (main.cpp was modified to have an unregular blinking 100 / 300) But it's like if no execution started after the upload.
> Starting download: [##################################################] finished!
DO I HAVE TO DO ANYTHING TO MAKE THE EXECUTION START AFTER THE UPLOAD ?
Nope. You look like you successfully loaded code. If your code works, and is appropriate for your board, then that is it. You might want to make flash if you are in doubt.
thanks for your intervention. The last steps are not ok unfortunatly. The code doesn't work.
What I would like is to have a code (just a small one) that works, that have been tested and approved for the Olimex STM32 Rev D. Do you know if this kind of jewel exist ?
Have a nice day and thank you.
I havent purchased an olimex but it seems that one of one of the olimex guys is usually on here. Maybe a new thread asking for working sample code for the board might do it.
I have just received an Olimex board and have found it to function perfectly with the Maple IDE; no problems at all.
Which board do you have exactly?
If so, I do not think the board comes with the Maple bootloader installed.
The bootloader is what starts the execution of your code after it has been uploaded. You first need to get a bootloader flashed onto the board.
I apologize if you have already done that, it just wasn't mentioned in your post.
The bootloader jumps to a certain address to execute your code, so that would be another thing that could be wrong.
It's generally a little bit harder to use some other boards that are different hardware than the Maple, sometimes you have to hunt down differences in the schematic, where the pins are located etc.
This one should be directly Maple compatible. If you have this board, the bootloader should be already on there.
Your environment variable BOARD might be set wrong. If you have the Olimexino board, then the env var should say something like "maple" or so,basically the standard Maple (sorry, I am not using Linux, so it might be called a bit different).
Sorry if this is a bit vague, but I hope it helps.


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text:
North Carolina Moves Closer to 72-Hour Abortion Waiting Period
By Rod Kackley 2015-04-29T02:07:35
Democrats might say Republican women are waging war on women in North Carolina. Two female legislators have successfully argued women who want abortions should be forced to wait three days before the procedure could be performed.
Pro-life advocates say the legislation should be seen as a triumph for women and their children.
However, if they do still want an abortion after the 72-hour waiting period, women might not be able to find a doctor in North Carolina to do the abortion. At least that's what pro-life advocates seem to be hoping for.
Women who desire to end their pregnancies in an abortion clinic might also face a challenge soon that would even be more daunting thanks to those female GOP legislators. The women have also proposed legislation that could stop medical schools from teaching students how to perform abortions.
State Rep. Jacqueline Schaffer (R) sponsored legislation that would extend the 24-hour waiting period before an abortion in North Carolina to 72 hours. She said women need to be given the opportunity to change their minds, or "cool off" just like people do when they are making a decision to buy a new home.
"We see waiting periods all throughout areas of our society in the medical context as well as in the real estate context, in the, you know, issues relating to marriage," Schaffer said in a YouTube video. "The poorest decisions that we make are the ones that we make under pressure and on impulse and so we want to ensure that women have ample amount of time to receive that information so that they can make the best decision."
"We believe we have come to a decision on this language that really does empower women and promotes the health and safety of women as they are making these important decisions," she added. "So we believe that this is truly a bill that those that are both pro-life and pro-choice can get behind."
State Rep. Michele Presnell (R) supported Schaffer's proposal.
"These young girls, when they go in there, some of them very abrupt, very quickly they make that decision that they're going to get rid of this baby," she told Raw Story. "This baby at five weeks has a beating heart. When you have an abortion you stop that beating heart. I don't agree with abortion in any way."
Tami Fitzgerald, the executive director of he North Carolina Family Values Coalition, told the Citizen-Times the legislation would be good for both women and children.
"It will give women the opportunity to further consider an important decision that will impact the rest of their lives," she said. "We know Roe v. Wade is the law, but as long as abortion is legal, it should at least be safe."
Abortion rights groups have long argued extending the waiting period for abortions had nothing to do with protecting women, but instead had everything to do with shaming women who make the decision to terminate their pregnancies.
"Under the guise of women's health and safety, anti-choice policymakers in North Carolina have methodically restricted access to abortion and have neglected to advance policies that truly address the challenges women and families face every day," Shoshannah Sayers, the interim executive director of NARAL Pro-Choice North Carolina, said.
"Women are more than capable of making their own decisions regarding their reproductive health and this bill will do nothing to 'inform' them. Rather, tripling the waiting period only makes obtaining an abortion more a difficult, or even impossible, challenge for some women," she added.
The arguments over how long a woman should wait to have an abortion seem almost boilerplate compared to another debate that is just picking up steam in North Carolina, thanks to an amendment tacked on to HB 465.
It would specifically prohibit University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and East Carolina University employees from performing or supervising "the performance of an abortion as part of the employee's official duties."
Neither university has offered a comment on the legislation expect to say they are reviewing the proposal.
Pro-choice advocates like Sayers argue that would drain the available pool of doctors who could perform abortions in North Carolina. She said women would have to leave the state to get an abortion.
"The people most likely to be negatively affected by this bill are women in rural parts of the state, women of color, economically disadvantaged women, and immigrant women," she said.
"Politicians in North Carolina should focus on advancing policies that will truly promote women's health and safety, not abortion restrictions that do just the opposite."
The North Carolina House approved HB 465 April 23. The North Carolina Senate takes it up next.
Assuming it wins Senate approval and Gov. Pat McCrory (R) signs it into law, North Carolina will join Missouri, South Dakota and Utah and increase the waiting period for women seeking abortions from 24 to 72 hours.
Gov. McCrory pledged not to make North Carolina abortion laws more restrictive when he ran for election in 2012. But in 2013, he did sign legislation that imposed new regulations on the state's abortion clinics.
https://pjmedia.com/blog/north-carolina-moves-closer-to-72-hour-abortion-waiting-period/


A unique and evocative environment that leaves room for memories: the story of Roccamare, the novels of Italo Cavino and Fruttero & Lucentini, the roaring 70s, the sweet life and an age that dreamed with John Lennon, Jimi Hendrix, Barry White and many more.
Inspired by the film Casablanca starring Humphrey Bogart, by the Bodeguita del Medio and El Floridita of Ernest Hemingway, the American Bar offers its guests an atmosphere of days past.
Short, medium and long drinks, to be enjoyed in the soft candlelight, inside a sumptuous or enclosed room or outside on a veranda surrounded by greenery, the American Bar is a haven where, at the end of a day by the sea and discoveries, the barman's talent will welcome you and lead you through a journey of aromas, essences, stories and tales with the pleasant background of the piano bar.


An improved form of calcium carbonate which is acid resistant to enable its use as a filler material in the making of neutral to weakly acid paper, and a process for producing this acid-resistant calcium carbonate is provided. This acid-resistant calcium carbonate comprises calcium carbonate in admixture with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of a cationic salt, together with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of an anionic salt.
This invention relates generally to calcium carbonate for use in papermaking, and related industries, and more particularly to a calcium carbonate having acid resistant properties.
Titanium dioxide and calcined clay have traditionally been utilized as filler materials in the preparation of neutral to weakly acidic paper in order to improve the optical properties, especially the brightness, of the resultant product. These materials, however, especially titanium dioxide, have the disadvantage of being very expensive, resulting in higher manufacturing costs and an uncompetitively priced paper product.
Calcium carbonate, particularly precipitated calcium carbonate, has been used as a filler material in the making of alkaline paper. Such usage results in a paper with enhanced optical properties, without the expense incurred in using titanium oxide fillers, resulting in a much less expensive product. Calcium carbonate, however, cannot generally be used as a filler in acidic paper because it decomposes in an acidic environment. Consequently, there has long been a need to develop a calcium carbonate composition which is acid stabilized and resistant to decomposition at low pH, so that it can be utilized as a filler material in the manufacture of acidic paper, such as groundwood paper, where the use of an alkaline filler would have a negative impact on the final paper properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,017 discloses and claims an acid-stable calcium carbonate resistant to degradation in a mildly acidic environment which comprises a mixture of a calcium-chelating agent or a conjugate base, and a weak acid such that calcium carbonate is coated by and is in equilibrium with the calcium-chelating agent or conjugate base and the weak acid. Preferred calcium carbonate compositions contain sodium hexametaphosphate and phosphoric acid.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,006 discloses and claims an acid resistant calcium carbonate which is prepared by preparing an aqueous slurry of calcium carbonate, heating the slurry to about 75°-80° C., slowing adding sodium silicate solution in an about of about 5-10% by weight, adding gaseous carbon dioxide, cooling the slurry and adding zinc chloride to the slurry to bring the pH to a range of about 7.5 to 8.0.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an acid resistant calcium carbonate composition especially suitable for use in papermaking applications.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of the aforesaid calcium carbonate compositions.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a paper having enhanced optical qualities prepared using the calcium carbonate compositions of the present invention.
The present invention relates to an improved form of calcium carbonate which is acid resistant to enable its use as a filler material in the making of neutral to weakly acid paper, and a process for producing this acid resistant calcium carbonate. More particularly, this invention concerns an acid resistant calcium carbonate comprising a mixture of calcium carbonate with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of a cationic salt, together with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of an anionic salt. It has surprisingly been found that the inclusion of the both a cationic salt and an anionic salt with the calcium carbonate confers a higher degree of acid resistance for calcium carbonate in the presence of fiber slurry, and a longer term of low pH stability than untreated calcium carbonate compositions.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the 24 hour aging of ground calcium carbonate compositions of the present invention using various concentrations of sodium hexametaphosphate and aluminum sulfate.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the 24 hour aging of ground calcium carbonate using various concentrations of sodium hexametaphosphate and aluminum chloride.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the aging of ground calcium carbonate using various concentrations of sodium hexametaphosphate and aluminum chloride.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the aging of scalenohedral precipitated calcium carbonate using sodium polyacrylate and various concentrations of polyaluminum chloride.
The improved form of calcium carbonate prepared by the instant invention is acid resistant to enable its use as a filler material in the making of neutral to weakly acid paper. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory as to the operability of the present invention, it is believed that the acid resistance conferred upon the calcium carbonate compositions of the present invention is a result of the inactivation of the surface of the calcium carbonate by the addition of the weak base and the weak acid.
In the practice of the present invention, the calcium carbonate compositions are rendered acid resistant by the inclusion of at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of a cationic salt together with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of an anionic salt.
The cationic salt utilized in the compositions of the present invention is typically an aluminum salt. Included are salts such as aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, chromium potassium sulfate, aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride and chromium ammonium sulfate. Preferably, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, and polyaluminum chloride are utilized as the cationic salt.
The amount of the cationic salt utilized is at least 0.5 percent to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, and is preferably about 2 to about 7 percent, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate.
The anionic salt utilized in the compositions of the present invention are salts of weak bases such as salts of hexametaphosphoric acid, salts of an organic polymeric acid, salts of acetic acid, salts of oxalic acid, salts of phosphoric acid, salts of metaphosphoric acid, salts of citric acid, salts of boric acid, salts of sulfurous acid, salts of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), salts of polymaleic acid, salts of polycarboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof. Preferred anionic salts are sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate and sodium polymaleate.
The amount of the anionic salt utilized is at least 0.5 percent to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, and is preferably about 1 to about 5 percent, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate.
The calcium carbonate utilized is preferably finely divided and it can be either a precipitated calcium carbonate or a natural ground limestone.
The process for producing this acid resistant calcium carbonate is much simpler than the process described by the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,006, and involves first forming a mixture of calcium carbonate with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of the anionic salt to be utilized. Then, at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of the desired cationic salt is added to this resultant mixture. Finally, the resultant mixture is blended for a sufficiently long period of time to ensure uniform mixing of the ingredients.
The calcium carbonate can be utilized in the above-described process either as a dry powder or an aqueous slurry with up to about 60 percent by weight solids content.
The cationic salt can be utilized in the instant process either as a dry solid or and an aqueous solution. When the calcium carbonate is used in dry powder form, it is preferable to utilize an aqueous solution of the weak base in order to facilitate homogeneous mixing. Where a slurry of the calcium carbonate is utilized, the solid form of the cationic salt readily dissolves therein so that an aqueous solution is unnecessary.
The anionic salt can be utilized in the process of preparation in either a pure concentrated form or as an aqueous solution.
The composition of the present invention can be utilized to improve the optical properties of neutral to weakly acidic paper by its addition to the paper during standard manufacturing processes. Typically, the calcium carbonate composition of the present invention is added to a first paper furnish containing components necessary for making acidic paper to thereby form a second paper furnish. The invention will be further illustrated by the following Examples, which are to be considered illustrative of the invention, and not limited to the precise embodiments shown.
Acid resistant ground calcium carbonate slurry can be obtained by the addition of a anionic salt such as sodium hexametaphosphate, and a cationic salt such as aluminum sulfate. Initially, 1-5% sodium hexametaphosphate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, was added into a slurry of ground calcium carbonate having an initial pH of 8.01. After mixing, 1-7 % aluminum sulfate, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, was added. A plot of the pH was measured for each sample after 24 hours ageing, and the results are shown in the graph shown in FIG. 1. From FIG. 1, the line connecting the oval points indicates that the calcium carbonate slurry prepared from 1% sodium hexametaphosphate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, and 3% alum, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, resulted in a product that had a pH of 6.24 after 24 hours ageing.
Acid stabilized ground calcium carbonate slurry can also be produced by charge neutralization coating with aluminum chloride and sodium hexametaphosphate. The pH of ground calcium carbonate slurry is 8.01. At the beginning, 1%, 3% and 5% sodium hexametaphosphate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, was added, followed by the addition of 5% aluminum chloride, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate. A plot of pH was measured for each sample after 24 hours ageing as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. From the results, 2% sodium hexametaphosphate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, was added. After blending, 5% aluminum was added, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate. Initially, the pH of ground calcium carbonate slurry was 5.70 and resulted in a stable pH which was 5.85 after 24 hours ageing.
The pH of ground calcium carbonate slurry is 8.01. First, three percent sodium polyacrylate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, was added, followed by the addition of 5% polyaluminum chloride, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate. Initially, the pH of ground calcium carbonate slurry was 6.12 and resulted in a stable pH which was 6.60 after 116 hours ageing.
Acid stabilized scalenohedral calcium carbonate slurry can also be produced by charge neutralization coating with aluminum chloride and sodium polyacrylate. The pH of scalenohedral calcium carbonate slurry is 9.05. Initially, 1% sodium polyacrylate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, was added, followed by the addition of 2%, 4% and 6% polyaluminum chloride, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate. A plot of pH was measured for each sample after 24 hours ageing as shown in FIG. 4. From the results, the pH of scalenohedral precipitated calcium carbonated slurry was 6.02 with the treatment of 1% sodium polyacrylate/6% polyaluminum chloride, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, and the final pH of the slurry was found to be 6.44 after 68 hours ageing.
Acid resistant rhombic precipitated calcium carbonate slurry can be obtained by the addition of a anionic salt such as sodium polyacrylate, and a cationic salt such as aluminum sulfate. Initially, 2% sodium polyacrylate, based on the dry weight of calcium carbonate, was added into a slurry of rhombic precipitated calcium carbonate having an initial pH of 8.09. After mixing, 4 % aluminum sulfate, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, was added. Initially, the pH of this composition was 6.41, and after 24 hours ageing, the pH was found to be 6.59.
1. An acid resistant calcium carbonate comprising a mixture of calcium carbonate with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of a cationic salt, together with at least about 0.5 to about 10 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of an anionic salt.
2. The acid resistant calcium carbonate of claim 1 wherein the cationic salt comprises aluminum sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, chromium potassium sulfate, chromium ammonium sulfate, aluminum chloride, or polyaluminum chloride.
3. The acid resistant calcium carbonate of claim 2 wherein the cationic salt is aluminum sulfate.
4. The acid resistant calcium carbonate of claim 1 wherein the anionic salt is a salt of a weak base selected from the group consisting of salts of hexametaphosphoric acid, salts of boric acid, salts of sulfurous acid, and mixtures thereof.
5. The acid resistant calcium carbonate of claim 1 wherein the anionic salt is sodium hexametaphosphate.
6. The acid resistant calcium carbonate of claim 1 wherein the cationic salt is present in an amount of about 2 to about 7 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate.
7. The acid resistant calcium carbonate of claim 1 wherein the anionic salt is present in an amount of about 1 to about 5 per cent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate.
8. A method of improving the optical properties of neutral to weakly acidic paper by the addition of a calcium carbonate composition of claim 1.
9. A neutral to acid paper which comprises a calcium carbonate composition of claim 1.
ARP960104117A AR003357A1 (en) 1995-08-24 1996-08-26 Acid resistant carbonate, calcium method for improving the optical properties of neutral to slightly acidic paper and neutral paper acidoque understands.
ES2243857T3 (en) 2005-12-01 Use of calcium carbonate in an aqueous acid medium.
ES2291203T3 (en) 2008-03-01 Silica-based sols.


The sole, all-metal and revolutionary Junkers J1 monoplane aircraft constructed during World War 1 met its fate in an Allied bombing raid during World War 2.
Unless otherwise noted the presented statistics below pertain to the Junkers J1 model. Common measurements, and their respective conversions, are shown when possible.
ENGINE: 1 x Mercedes D.II six-cylinder water-cooled inline piston engine developing 120 horsepower and driving a two-bladed propeller at the nose.
• J1 - Base Project Model Designation; single aircraft completed.
Detailing the development and operational history of the Junkers J1 Experimental All-Metal Monoplane Aircraft. Entry last updated on 12/2/2016. Authored by Staff Writer. Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com.
German engineer Hugo Junkers championed the idea of an all-metal aircraft to reduce the need for complicated, drag-inducing external bracing and multiple wing members common to most designs leading up to, and those appearing during, World War 1 (1914-1918). He therefore concentrated his efforts on monoplane form relying on corrugated steel sheet skinning with a steel understructure to produce his first all-metal aircraft - the pioneering Junkers "J1" - regarded as the first practical all-metal aircraft anywhere in the world. His work was only furthered by Junkers & Co's involvement in the Grand War that overtook Europe during the summer of 1914.
In July of 1915, Junkers received the go-ahead to develop a two-seat all-metal aircraft based around his all-metal concept. Desired specifications included a maximum speed of just over 80 miles per hour. This work produced the J1 which incorporated many traditional aircraft elements of the period including a nose-mounted engine (driving a two-bladed propeller), an open-air cockpit, slab-sided fuselage and fixed wheeled undercarriage. Of note was the monoplane wings in play which were mid-mounted along the forward fuselage sides - no external bracing of any kind was used. The tail unit was conventional, sporting a single (all-moving) fin with low-set horizontal planes. Dimensions included a wingspan of 42.4 feet, a length of 28.3 feet and a height of 10 feet. Empty weight was 2,030lb against a MTOW of 2,380lb. Power came from a Mercedes D.II six-cylinder water-cooled inline piston engine developing 120 horsepower. The engine drove a two-bladed propeller at the nose in traditional fashion.
Testing of the aircraft began before the end of 1915 and a first-flight was recorded on December 12thof that year. A brief "hop" action resulted in damage to one of the wings which grounded the design until January 1916. An altitude of 260 feet was reached later that month and more funding followed to further drive the project.
The J1 served out its time in the air as a technology demonstrator and was never a candidate for formal military service in World War 1. It was used to prove the Hugo Junkers concept of an all-metal aircraft viable. Only one J1 aircraft was built.
The J1 prototype survived up until December of 1944 at which point it was destroyed in an Allied bombing raid. At the time, the aircraft resided as a showpiece with the Deutsches Museum of Munich.
For its time in aviation history, the revolutionary J1 managed a top speed of 110 miles per hour and its handling and stability were described as sound by test pilots. Performance was also slightly better than some of its contemporaries.
Graph showcases the Junkers J1's operational range (on internal fuel) when compared to distances between major cities.


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You do exceptional things in the classroom every single day. NCTE is here to recognize them.
< Back to Awards
Donald Graves Writing Award
Edwyna Wheadon Postgraduate Scholarship
High School Teacher of Excellence (Affiliate Award)
Media Literacy Award
Outstanding Elementary Educator Award
NCTE Outstanding Middle Level Educator Award
Richard W. Halle Award
Teacher Awards for Lifelong Readers & Maya Angelou Teacher Award for Poetry
NCTE Outstanding Elementary Educator in the English Language Arts Award
2020 Award Recipients:
Dr. Gloria Boutte is a Carolina Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina. Her scholarship and teaching focus on equity pedagogies. Dr. Boutte authored/edited four books: (1) African Diaspora Literacy: The Heart of Transformation in K-12 Schools and Teacher Education (2019 AESA Critics Choice Award) (2) Educating African American Students: And how are the children; (3) Resounding Voices: School Experiences of People From Diverse Ethnic Backgrounds; and (4) Multicultural Education: Raising Consciousness. She has received prestigious Fulbright Scholar and Fulbright Specialist awards. She is the founder of the Center for the Education and Equity of African American Students.
Dr. Kimberly N. Parker currently prepares preservice teachers as the Assistant Director of the Teacher Training Center at the Shady Hill School in Cambridge, MA. Kim taught in public schools, universities, and graduate schools for 18 years and served on several committees for the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) and the New England Association of Teachers of English (NEATE). As a Heinemann Fellow (2016-2018), Kim documented her successful work de-tracking her ELA classroom for students of color. Her continuing scholarship is focused on the literacy lives of Black youth, particularly those of Black boys. She is a co-founder of #DisruptTexts. Twitter: @TchKimpossible
The ESSC has selected Dr. Kim Parker and Dr. Gloria Boutte as co-awardees of the 2020 Outstanding Educator in English Language Arts. Our selection reflects the spirit of the conference theme, ¡Confluencia! Songs of Ourselves, which translates to "joining and/or engaging in a reunion of ideas, genres, philosophies, songs, genders, ethnicities, terrains, wafts, heritage, people." The ESSC believes that uniting these two outstanding educators who work in school, community and university spheres uniquely reflects the vision and mission of NCTE and our section.
The award will be presented at the Elementary Get-Together during the NCTE Annual Convention in Denver, Colorado
Next Nomination Deadline: December 15, 2021
Established in 1995 to recognize a distinguished national or international educator who has made major contributions to the field of language arts in elementary education.
Award Criteria:
Nominees must have dramatically influenced literacy classroom practice, made ongoing contributions to the field of literacy, obtained national and/or international influence in literacy teaching and learning, contributed a body of work that is compatible with the mission of NCTE.
Award Specifics:
The award recipient is presented a plaque at the Elementary Section Get-Together during the NCTE Annual Convention.
Judging:
The Elementary Section Steering Committee determines the recipient based upon nominations received each year from NCTE Elementary Section members. Only one nomination may be submitted per member.
NCTE Outstanding Elementary Educator in the English Language Arts Past Award Recipients
2019 Vivian Maria Vasquez, American University
2018 Luis C. Moll, University of Arizona.
2017 Katherine Bomer, Austin, TX and Randy Bomer, University of Texas, Austin
2016 Bess Altwerger, Towson University, Baltimore, MD
2015 Anne Haas Dyson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and Celia Genishi, Columbia University, NY
2014 Heidi Mills, University of South Carolina, Columbia and Tim O'Keefe, Center for Inquiry, Columbia, SC


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Seoul's City Blueprint
The work started in November 2016, after a workshop was held in Seoul, with the participation of representatives of the Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hongik University and KWR. The experts involved were Dr. Jeryang Park, Assistant Professor at the School of Urban & Civil Engineering of Hongik University, Dr. Seockheon Lee of KIST (for the City Blueprint and Trends and Pressures analyses of Seoul), and Prof. Dr. C.J. van Leeuwen of KWR (for the review of the results). Seoul achieved a very good performance, with a Blue City Index of 7.3 (on a scale of 0 – 10), placing it in the top 10% of cities assessed.
"There's probably no universal solution to achieve a sustainable watercycle applicable to all cities", says Jeryang Park. "Water problems in each city are highly localized and heterogeneous, so that the decisions on management options should also be adaptive and locally-specific. Our analysis of Seoul, which has a megacity scale, revealed that the city is generally performing well concerning its sustainable watercycle management. On the other hand, we also found that there are options for further improvement, such as nutrient recovery, stormwater separation, and operation cost recovery. These can be corrected in the future."
The representatives of both the city and the Seoul Water Institute were generally satisfied with the current status of water management in Seoul, based on the evaluation results. But, for Jeryang Park, the challenge is that Seoul's weaknesses are those typically found in cities that are much smaller. "Thus, the scale of the challenge differs, and the best management options to solve these problems may also differ. We should focus more on the variability among cities and try to improve the evaluation scheme so that it incorporates the heterogeneity. In this way, a difference in the score of an index does not necessarily indicate that one city is doing better while the other is doing worse. The scores should be interpreted with a caution, taking into account the factors, such as government policy and citizen perceptions, that are specific to a city."
The authors have provided a first draft for publication in a scientific journal. Furthermore, plans are made to perform a Governance Capacity Analysis for Seoul as well.
The City Blueprint of Seoul based on 25 indicator scores.
Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)