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FAA History: 1994
FAA History (main page)
Monday, January 3, 1994:As documented by a directive issued this date, the organization of the Associate Administrator for Airway Facilities included three Services: System Management (formerly System Maintenance), Operational Support, and NAS Transition and Implementation.
Thursday, January 6, 1994:DOT, FAA, and the Council of Economic Advisors held a press conference to unveil the Clinton Administration's plan to revitalize the aviation industry. The plan entailed action on most recommendations of the National Commission to Ensure a Strong Competitive Airline Industry (see April 7, 1993). Included were efforts to move ahead with conversion of FAA's air traffic control function to a government corporation (see September 7, 1993, and May 3, 1994). Other elements of the plan aimed at: bankruptcy reform; increased foreign investment in U.S. carriers, contingent on reciprocal opportunities; encouragement of new entrant carriers; heightened scrutiny of airline financial fitness; and promotion of employee ownership of airlines.
Monday, January 17, 1994:An earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale hit the Los Angeles area, briefly closing Los Angeles airport. The Van Nuys airport tower lost its window glass but continued to operate until a temporary tower was activated.
January 1994:Locality pay became effective for Federal workers, who received raises ranging from 6.52 to 3.09 percent. The percentage was determined by location in 27 metropolitan areas, plus a catchall "rest of the U.S." locality. Certain employees who were already paid at special rates did not receive a raise unless the amount of the locality increase exceeded their pay differential.
Wednesday, February 2, 1994:FAA announced that 25 low activity towers (Level 1) would be converted to contract towers, beginning in September 1994. The agency had been contracting the operation of such towers since 1982, and 30 were run on this basis as of the end of 1993. On November 28, 1995, FAA announced that it would discontinue funding for 7 low-activity towers, including three contract towers and four FAA-operated facilities.
Thursday, February 3, 1994:DOT announced a group of new transportation-industry regulations on drugs and alcohol that had been developed in response to the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of October 28, 1991. Among these was an FAA rule, published on February 15, 1994, that established an aviation industry alcohol misuse prevention program. The program included pre-employment and random alcohol testing of safety-sensitive employees of airlines and certain other FAA-certificated operations (see May 10, 1995). In announcing the new rules, DOT also stated that its operating agencies would implement similar alcohol misuse prevention programs for their own safety-sensitive employees. At the same time, DOT unveiled a proposal to lower the minimum random drug testing rate for industries that record a positive rate of less than one percent for two calendar years and maintain that record during subsequent years. On November 22, DOT issued a final rule allowing such industries to test only 25 percent of safety-sensitive employees rather than 50 percent. Accordingly, FAA reduced the random drug testing rate for the aviation industry, effective on January 1, 1995.
Thursday, February 17, 1994:FAA announced that it was implementing civil use of the Initial Operational Capability (IOC) of the Global Positioning System (GPS) . IOC signified that the system's 24 satellites were operating in their assigned orbit and providing signals. FAA also stated that it had granted approval for certification of two types of GPS signal receivers. (See December 17, 1993, and June 2, 1994.)
Monday, February 28, 1994:The National Weather Service commissioned the first Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) as part of a joint development program in which FAA was a participant (see June 8-14, 1983).
Thursday, March 10, 1994:FAA Administrator Hinson issued a memorandum announcing establishment of a Management Board with broader membership than that of the Executive Board (see January 28, 1989), which was disestablished. The new Board's responsibilities included implementation of performance measures for FAA as well as oversight of tactical issues and of the agency's strategic plan.
Thursday, March 17, 1994:DOT and the Department of the Interior published a joint advanced notice of proposed rulemaking on measures to reduce the impact of aircraft noise over the Grand Canyon and other national parks. In an Earth Day memorandum issued on April 22, 1996, President Clinton directed DOT to take both short- and long-term actions to restore natural quiet to national parks. In response, FAA on May 15 published a notice proposing several alternative methods of controlling aircraft noise in Rocky Mountain National Park. On July 31, the agency published a rulemaking proposal to modify the flight regime at the Grand Canyon (see March 26, 1987), followed by a final rule on December 31, 1996. Among other provisions, this final rule: modified the "flight-free" zones over the Canyon and established new ones; set curfews for commercial sightseeing operations; and established a cap on the number of commercial tour aircraft allowed to fly over the park. Also on December 31, FAA published a rulemaking proposal for a phased ban on noisier aircraft over the Canyon.
Thursday, March 17, 1994:FAA announced a multi-year strategy to help the general aviation industry, which was facing adverse economic conditions. The plan included a range of initiatives to lower the cost of flying, boost safety and technology, and guarantee fair and equal access to airways and airports. (See August 17, 1994.)
Wednesday, March 30, 1994:President Clinton signed the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994, legislation offering buyouts of up to $25,000 to personnel willing to leave Federal service. The act also targeted a reduction of 272,900 Federal employees between 1993 and 1999. The buyout was offered in conjunction with an early retirement option, authority for which had become available on March 14. FAA initially offered the buyout to its personnel between March 31 and May 3, 1994. Certain categories of employees received subsequent buyout offers, some with a deferred retirement option, during 1994 and 1995. More than 3,000 FAA employees eventually received buyouts. The buyouts were a major factor in the reduction of FAA's full-time equivalent workforce, which fell from 52,352 in fiscal 1992 to 47,738 at the end of fiscal 1996.
Friday, April 15, 1994:FAA's Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) officially began operations in its new facility at Herndon, VA. The ATCSCC had moved from FAA Headquarters because of size and technological constraints (see April 27, 1970).
Monday, April 18, 1994:DOT stated that it had urged nations that mandate routine spraying of pesticides on board aircraft while passengers are present to reconsider the requirement. The practice had been discontinued in the United States 15 years earlier due to health concerns. In May 1995, DOT hailed a recommendation against such spraying by the Facilitation Division of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Tuesday, May 3, 1994:Vice President Albert Gore and Transportation Secretary Federico Peña announced the Clinton Administration's proposal to create a new Air Traffic Services Corporation to operate, maintain, and modernize the air traffic system. (See September 7, 1993, and January 6, 1994.)
Under the proposal, 38,000 FAA employees involved in providing air traffic services would become part of a new not-for-profit government corporation. Support for the corporation would be derived from fees levied upon commercial aviation, subject to approval by the Department of Transportation. The Department would maintain additional oversight through membership on the corporation's board of directors, on which airspace users would also be represented. FAA would continue to exercise safety oversight over civil aviation, including the new corporation.
On the same day that Gore and Peña unveiled the plan, President Clinton wrote letters urging Congress to make the new corporation a reality. During the following months, however, Congress considered a variety of plans for restructuring FAA. These proposals included calls to make the agency independent of the Department of Transportation. (See September 12, 1995.)
Wednesday, May 4, 1994: In a joint memorandum, the Associate Administrator for Airway Facilities and the President of the Professional Airways Systems Specialists (PASS) advised employees of a proposed realignment of the Airway Facilities organization. The proposal envisioned a leaner organization with consolidation to be achieved gradually over a four-year period. Implementation of the plan involved steps to reduce five organizational levels to three: Regional Office, System Management Office, and System Support Center. In May 1995, the Southern Region was the first to declare that its headquarters realignment had been accomplished in accordance with the plan. During the following month, Central Region stated that both its System Management Offices were in place.
Friday, May 20, 1994: In a letter responding to a series of National Transportation Safety Board recommendations, FAA outlined an interim policy on Boeing 757 wake turbulence separations. Beginning July 1, controllers would maintain a four-mile separation for both large and small aircraft following 757s. The letter indicated that the agency would revise guidance to pilots concerning wake turbulence and would study further changes in air traffic rules relating to this hazard. On June 10, Secretary of Transportation Federico Peña and FAA Administrator Hinson ordered a review of the timeliness of FAA's response to the 757 wake turbulence issue. FAA Deputy Administrator Linda Hall Daschle and DOT General Counsel Stephen Kaplan submitted the resulting report on July 26. Although supporting some aspects of FAA's actions, the report stated that the 757 wake turbulence issue should serve as a "wake-up call" to the agency regarding its processes for addressing emerging safety issues. Recommendations included improved integration between FAA's research and operations functions. (See December 15, 1993, and August 17, 1996)
Monday, May 23, 1994:FAA began operational testing of the Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS) at Memphis airport. ITWS was designed to combine data from FAA and National Weather Service sensors and radars. The system would present predictions on potentially hazardous weather to air traffic control personnel via easily-understood graphics and text. On January 29, 1997, FAA selected Raytheon to build ITWS and to install and maintain the system at 34 sites covering 45 airports.
Thursday, May 26, 1994:Enactment of the Airport Improvement Program Temporary Extension Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-260) renewed FAA's authority to award Airport Improvement Program grants, the legislative mandate for which had lapsed on September 30, 1993. The new act authorized FAA to make grants through June 30, 1994 (see August 23, 1994). The law provided for the gradual phasing out of compensation that certain FAA employees had received under the Pay Demonstration Project after that project's termination on June 17, 1994 (see June 18, 1989, and April 1, 1996). It also placed a temporary freeze on increases to certain airport fees charged to airlines and required DOT to study reforming the air traffic control system.
Thursday, June 2, 1994:Administrator Hinson announced that FAA would halt further development of the Microwave Landing System (MLS) for use under the more difficult visibility conditions rated Category 2 and 3 (see June 15, 1992). He stated that the agency instead would concentrate on the development of the Global Positioning System, known as GPS (see February 17, 1994). On June 8, FAA issued a request for proposals for an initial Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for GPS. The initial WAAS would be a network of 24 ground stations and related communications systems that would enhance the integrity and availability of GPS signals (see entry for August 1, 1995). On July 16, Administrator Hinson and President Phil Boyer of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association landed at the Frederick, Md., airport using the first FAA-approved public "stand alone" GPS instrument approach. On October 17, the Administrator formally offered free use of GPS for 10 years to International Civil Aviation Organization member states, reconfirming a previous verbal offer (see entry for April 1, 1991). Other related events during 1994 included FAA's December 8 announcement of approval of GPS as a primary means of navigation for oceanic/remote operations, subject to certain conditions.
Sunday, June 12, 1994:The Boeing 777, the first U.S. jetliner to use a "fly-by-wire" control system, made its first flight. The long-range, twin-engine transport was designed for a basic seating capacity of 375 passengers. On April 19, 1995, the aircraft received joint certification by FAA and Europe's Joint Aviation Authorities. After an unprecedented testing program, FAA on May 30, 1995, approved the 777 to fly on long, over-water flights as far as three hours from a landing site. This was the first time that the agency had granted this Extended Twin-Engine Operations (ETOPS) authority without an extensive period of in-service operation. The 777 entered commercial service, with United Airlines, on June 7, 1995.
Saturday, July 2, 1994:A USAir DC-9 crashed while attempting to land at Charlotte-Douglas International Airport, killing 37 of the 57 persons aboard. The accident illustrated the continuing problem of wind shear. As part of its ongoing efforts to combat this hazard, FAA on July 20 commissioned the first Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR). The agency had commissioned a total of 22 TDWRs by the end of CY1996. (See November 2, 1988.)
Tuesday, July 5, 1994:Public Law 103-272 re-codified certain laws pertaining to transportation, including the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended, which was FAA's basic enabling legislation. As a result of the re-codification, the Federal Aviation Act was superseded by provisions of Subtitle VII of Title 49, United States Code.
Tuesday, July 12, 1994:United Air Lines' parent corporation announced that its shareholders had voted to transfer 55 percent majority ownership of United to the airline's employees. The deal made United the largest employee-owned U.S. company.
Tuesday, July 12, 1994:FAA dedicated its National Aviation Safety Data Analysis Center (NASDAC). Located at national headquarters, NASDAC provided access to safety-related computer data bases and relevant reference material in printed form. A new and improved NASDAC formally opened on March 14, 1996.
Friday, July 29, 1994:Citing the rapid development of satellite technology (see June 2, 1994), FAA announced cancellation of plans to purchase up to 235 next generation Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) designed for specifically for Category 1 precision approaches. (Category 1 conditions are the least difficult of three categories defining visibility conditions for landing.)
Monday, August 15, 1994:FAA issued a regulation which, for the first time, set length of duty and rest requirements for airline flight attendants. Under the rule, attendants could remain on duty for as many as 14 hours within a 24-hour period, but would get a rest period of at least 9 hours after that duty period. Longer duty periods would be permitted, but in such cases FAA required that rest periods and the size of the flight attendant crew would increase. Due to litigation, FAA did not begin enforcing the rule until February 1, 1996.
Wednesday, August 17, 1994:President Clinton signed the General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994. Under the new law, manufacturers could not be held liable for accidents happening more than 18 years after the production of general aviation aircraft, engines, or parts. The legislation was followed by an upturn for this sector of industry.
Tuesday, August 23, 1994:Enactment of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 provided fiscal year 1994-96 funding and authorization for FAA's programs. This included the awarding of Airport Improvement Program grants, which had lapsed at the end of June 1994 (see entries for May 26, 1994, and September 30, 1996). The act also required that airport fees be reasonable, and directed DOT to issue rules on resolving disputes between airlines and airports over such fees, and to establish policies to prevent diversion of airport revenues to activities unrelated to airports. In addition, the act established a five-year term of office for the FAA Administrator, and directed FAA to institute a joint aviation research and development program with other agencies.
Tuesday, August 30, 1994:Lockheed and Martin Marietta announced plans for a merger that was accomplished during 1995, creating Lockheed Martin. Lockheed had been formed in 1926, while Martin Marietta had been created in 1961 by a merger of the American-Marietta Company with the aircraft manufacturing firm founded by Glenn Martin in 1917.
Friday, September 2, 1994:FAA issued the first release of results of its International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) program, under which the agency evaluated the capability of nations to provide safety oversight for their air carriers. In rating 30 countries, FAA concluded that 17 were acceptable in their ability to ensure adherence to international safety standards, four were conditionally acceptable, and nine did not meet the standards. The agency continued to issue and to revise such ratings, with the goal of evaluating all nations with airlines serving U.S. airports. By the end of 1996, a total 64 countries had been assessed.
Thursday, September 8, 1994:A USAir Boeing 737 crashed in Aliquippa, Pa., as it approached Pittsburgh airport. All 132 persons aboard died in the accident, the cause of which proved difficult to determine. Prompted by this crash and an earlier one at Colorado Springs (see March 3, 1991), FAA conducted a critical design review of the 737 flight control system. On May 3, 1995, the review team reported that it had found no critical flaws but made a number of recommendations for improving the aircraft's safety margin (see August 22, 1996). Following the accident, NTSB urged that upgraded Flight Data Recorders (FDRs) be required on 737s by the end of 1995 and on other large airliners by January 1, 1998. FAA, however, called for voluntary upgrading of FDRs on 737s while the agency developed comprehensive rulemaking on the FDR issue (see July 16, 1996).
Monday, September 12, 1994:A pilot flying a stolen Cessna 150 crashed a few yards from the White House, dying on impact.
Wednesday, September 21, 1994:FAA issued a warning concerning certain types of child restraint systems (CRSs) that were adequate for use in motor vehicles but not in aircraft. The statement was based on a research report by the agency's Civil Aeromedical Institute. FAA announced that it would consider banning these CRS types, and would also: conduct further research; cooperate with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to revise CRS standards and labeling; and urge airlines to adopt cost-saving policies that would encourage parents to use CRSs. (See September 15, 1992, and June 8, 1995.)
Thursday, September 22, 1994:In response to a series of accidents, FAA issued a special rule tightening safety requirements for air tour operators in the state of Hawaii.
Friday, October 14, 1994:Following a joint evaluation of the Russian air transportation system, a U.S.-Russian team recommended immediate steps to shore up safety oversight. FAA worked with Russian authorities to assist implementation of these recommendations, and continued to participate in efforts to improve communications and routes for international flights in the area of Russia. On June 30, 1995, Vice President Gore and Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin signed a memorandum of understanding on strengthening technical cooperation toward a bilateral airworthiness agreement.
Monday, October 31, 1994:An American Eagle commuter flight crashed near Roselawn, Ind., with the loss of all 68 persons aboard. The aircraft, an Avions de Transport Regional ATR-72, had been in a holding pattern due to weather delays at Chicago. In a report issued on July 9, 1996, the National Transportation Safety Board cited the probable cause as a loss of control due to icing, the manufacturer's failure to provide information on the icing hazard to the aircraft, and French aviation authorities' failure to ensure its airworthiness under icing conditions. Deficiencies in FAA oversight were listed as contributory causes. Following the accident, meanwhile, FAA took a variety of steps to reduce hazards to ATR aircraft and, on December 9, 1994, prohibited flight by models 72 or 42 into known or forecast icing conditions. On January 11, 1995, FAA eased this ban, subject to certain requirements, to apply only to freezing rain and freezing drizzle. The agency also required the installation of improved deicing boots on the aircraft by June 1995. Subsequent FAA actions on the broader issue of combating icing included the issuance on May 2, 1996, of 18 new airworthiness directives affecting pilots of 29 different aircraft types. (See May 28, 1992, and December 13, 1994.)
October 1994:At FAA's request, RTCA, Inc., convened a government/industry committee to study the Free Flight concept. (RTCA, Inc., was the official name of the former Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics: see June 19, 1935.) The Free Flight concept sought to employ new procedures and technology to provide much greater flexibility for Instrument Flight Rules operations at high altitudes. Currently, the pilots of such flights were obliged to follow specified routes, unless deviations were approved by air traffic controllers. Under Free Flight, in contrast, these pilots (or their airline managers) would be able to choose the routes that they considered most efficient. Controllers would intervene only to ensure safety or prevent congestion. In January 1995, a report by the RTCA committee defined Free Flight and the first steps for its implementation. This was followed in October 1995 by the more detailed report of an RTCA task force that had been formed at FAA request. On March 15 1996, FAA announced progress on Free Flight, stating that the agency and the aviation community would work together to phase in the concept over the next ten years. On January 15, 1997, the agency issued a fact sheet on a plan for a two-year evaluation of Free Flight in the airspace of Alaska and Hawaii, beginning in 1999. (See September 30, 1990.)
Wednesday, November 30, 1994:Administrator Hinson announced a reorganization aimed at structuring FAA along its key lines of business, making better use of resources, consolidating functions, and increasing management accountability. As documented in a directive issued on May 15, 1995, the reorganization eliminated a layer of management by abolishing the three remaining Executive Director positions (see November 30, 1993). The positions reporting to the Administrator and Deputy Administrator were now the following:
Chief Counsel.
Assistant Administrator for Civil Rights.
Assistant Administrator for Government and Industry Affairs.
Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, to which the public affairs functions in regions and centers now reported directly.
Assistant Administrator for System Safety, a new position charged with analyzing safety data and making recommendations for improvement. The position of Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety, which had reported to an Executive Director, was abolished.
Assistant Administrator for Policy, Planning, and International Aviation, which was modified to include six Offices: Aviation Policy and Plans; Environment and Energy; International Aviation; Asia-Pacific; Europe, Africa, and Middle East; and Latin America-Caribbean.
Associate Administrator for Administration, a new position assuming the responsibilities of the abolished Assistant Administrators for Budget and Accounting and for Human Resource Management. Elements reporting to the new Associate Administrator included the Regional Administrators, the Director of the Aeronautical Center, and three Offices: Business Information and Consultation; Human Resource Management; and Financial Services, a new office established to consolidate the budget and accounting functions.
Associate Administrator for Airports, formerly an Assistant Administrator, responsible for two Offices: Airport Planning and Programming; and Airport Safety and Standards.
Associate Administrator for Civil Aviation Security, formerly an Assistant Administrator, responsible for three Offices: Civil Aviation Security Intelligence; Civil Aviation Security Operations; Civil Aviation Security Policy and Planning.
Associate Administrator for Regulation and Certification, which continued to control the Office of Rulemaking, Aircraft Certification Service, and Flight Standards Service, with the added responsibility for the Offices of Accident Investigation and Aviation Medicine. The Associate Administrator for Aviation Standards was abolished. Associate Administrator for Air Traffic Services, a new position responsible for the Air Traffic Service, the Airway Facilities Service, the Office of Independent Operational Test and Evaluation, and the Office of System Capacity and Requirements.
Associate Administrator for Research and Acquisitions, a new position responsible for the FAA Technical Center and six Offices: Acquisitions; Air Traffic Systems Development; Aviation Research; Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Systems; Information Technology; and System Architecture and Program Evaluation. The Associate Administrators for NAS Development and for System Engineering and Development were abolished.
Friday, December 9, 1994:For the first time, FAA certified an explosives detection system, the Invision CTX-5000. The system used computed tomography and high-quality x-ray technology to automatically locate suspicious objects in baggage. (See December 23, 1996)
Tuesday, December 13, 1994:An American Eagle commuter flight crashed on approach to Raleigh-Durham, N.C., killing 15 of the 20 persons aboard the BAe Jetstream 3201 aircraft. Capping a series of fatal airline accidents during 1994, the tragedy heightened public concern about the safety of both commuter and major air carriers. The next day, DOT Secretary Peña announced a three-point safety initiative, including: acceleration of FAA efforts to increase commuter safety standards to the level for large airlines (see December 14, 1995); a government/industry meeting on airline safety (see January 9, 1995); and a national airline safety audit, subsequently completed in December 1995. In October 1995, the National Transportation Safety Board cited the probable cause of the accident as errors by the captain, who had resigned from another airline following adverse performance evaluation. The Board's recommendations stemming from the crash included establishment of a system for airlines to share information on pilot qualifications.
Primary Sources:
Dated items along the left margin of the FAA History Pages were compiled from the series of FAA's 'Historical Chronology' PDF files. For a list and links to uploaded copies of these PDF files, see aiReform's 'FAA History' main page (link above).
Additional content has been compiled from Wikipedia and other sources; these items are presented along the right margin, and include significant accidents, Whistleblower case actions, various news items, ATC technology developments, links to related material, comments, etc. Further content will be added at a later date.


Hello! Welcome to Belpre Elementary School.
Our goal at Belpre Elementary is to work with you to ensure that your child grows to their greatest potential. We want to build a foundation for them of social, emotional, and academic skills, that will help them be successful through graduation and their entire future.
Our focus is on strong literacy skills and math foundational skills. Our teachers are trained to engage students within the classroom, so they are using multi-intelligences when learning. We utilize movement, technology, manipulatives, and cooperative learning every day. Our classrooms strongly follow the Ohio state standards for the skills we want your child to master, but we realize that a 21st Century worker will also need soft skills such as organization, preparedness, and teamwork.
Our staff has educators who are highly trained academically, and intensively trained in creating a trauma sensitive environment for students with various needs. We strive to maintain classrooms that are welcoming to students and where students feel as though they can have fun, make mistakes, and learn every day. We want our students to WANT to be in school every morning.
Our doors are open for communication and our office is here to serve you and your family. Welcome to the Belpre family and let us know how we can help your child(ren) find their niche in this ever-changing world.
Main Responsibilities: Mrs. Braun 's main responsibilities include building administrator for individualized educational planning, building coordinator for state testing, teacher evaluation, student bus safety, absence intervention planning, building social media and web presence, and to assist the principal with the daily operations of the school .
Mrs. Smith began working in Belpre more than sixteen years ago. She has worked as an aide, office aide and currently as a school secretary. She has been a school secretary for the past ten years.
Mrs. Smith greets all who enter the offices at Belpre Elementary. She assists students, parents, visitors and staff with the daily routines and procedures. She assists callers with various information pertaining to the school. Mrs. Smith is in charge of collecting student fees, substitute teachers and other staff substitutes, preparing staff and student handbooks and maintaining school and parent communications as well as secretarial duties to the principal.
Mrs. Williams has worked as an office assistant, secretary and homemaker and was previously a substitute secretary and substitute aide for Belpre City Schools.
Mrs. Williams is responsible for the reporting of all student data using the Infinite Campus system. She assists families with new enrollment and withdrawal of students. She works directly with the Principal and Asst. Principal to monitor student attendance records. She also assists teachers and other staff members with issues concerning the daily routines of the school.


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Liberty Village is a fully integrated, gated, luxury apartment buildings complex spanning over 30 acres, with commercial spaces and full amenities. The land's total area provides for a more exclusive community, given the limited number of units offered in the compound.
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text:
(M: tAs)Tradition Book: Euthanatos
Tradition Book: Euthanatos is interesting because it goes in the exact opposite direction as all the other revised Tradition Books. Instead of exploring more and more abstract death magic, it's actually about this specific weird group of guys with their own specific weird set of beliefs. They aren't the Indian mages. They aren't even the Hindu mages (that's the Celestial Chorus - hilariously making the Chorus represent most of the world's organized religions). They are a heretical cult that thinks they can heal the world by killing a sufficient number of assholes. It attempts to fulfill Mage Revised's globalist mandate by giving them a complex, idiosyncratic history. The Pomegranate Deme don't represent the Eleusinian mysteries, the Madzimbabwe ghost-summoners aren't the official religion of the historical Great Zimbabwe, and the Aided bear only the thinnest connection to Celtic mysticism. They're in an alliance with India's Charkravanti because 800 years ago, the mystic Sirdar Rustam went on an epic road trip, and they were the oddball death-worshipers that he just happened to find.
In a way, Mage does a disservice to the Euthanatos by making them a full Tradition. What they really need to be is small and insular, an esoteric order that gets really into its own peculiar theology. They believe that "purity and cruelty aren't necessarily opposites" and that "the Wheel [of karma] is beautiful, why go to all the trouble to escape it" and holy shit, they would absolutely be the dangerous cult you'd try to stop in a more reasonable game. But here, they're one of the big nine PC groups, so the book is kind of obligated to try and make them into protagonist material.
I'm not sure if it succeeds, but it does manage to be pretty challenging along the way. It accomplishes this through a framing fiction that I'm going to need to attach a content warning to (for child abuse and rape).
So, in the opening fiction, our viewpoint mages are in the process of delivering vigilante justice to a pedophile serial-killer and in the middle of their assassination, they discover that he has a wife. It's unclear the precise degree of her complicity, but she is definitely an accessory to his crimes. She's the one who keeps them fed while they're in the dungeon and she's the one who buries the bodies afterwards. Though the Euthanatos rescue some of the victims alive, by the time they get there, the kill count is at least 20. They dispatch the killer, but "she's salvageable."
It's interesting to me that the most morally fraught decision in Tradition Book: Euthanatos is an act of mercy. It's a pretty canny artistic choice, because it changes the framing of the discussion from "are they allowed to kill" to "are they allowed to unilaterally dispense justice?" There's a bit where the Celestial Chorus tries to use Mind magic to get Janine to turn herself in to the authorities, and the Euthanatos characters treat this like it's some kind of profound dick move, but it really is highly uncomfortable that she ends the book breathing free air. The fact that she did what she did because she feared for her life may matter for her karma, but I'm not sure her victims will rest any easier knowing that she's been conscripted into a cult of fate-shifting assassins.
There's a line here that sums up the Euthanatos pretty well - "They feared him because he would do the things no angel would do, and because, maybe, just maybe, he spoke with the voice of the true God." More than any other theme or aesthetic, it's this ethical hubris that ties the Tradition together. It's the book's best quality, and it forces us to consider the Euthanatos seriously, but it's another example of one of these Tradition Books stumbling on to something that should be a general theme for all mages and trying to make it the specific property of a particular book. Does being able to tell infallibly the difference between the guilty and the innocent or between those who can be redeemed and those who can't somehow entitle you to make life and death decisions entirely on your own? Does it impose upon you the responsibility to do so?
The other interesting thing this book does is take the corruption of the Euthanatos a lot more seriously. The introduction says it best, "some portrayals of the Euthanatoi have been unbelievably grim and other have been apologist to a fault," but Tradition Book: Euthanatos actually puts in a good effort towards making them human. The metaphysical taint of Jhor Resonance is invoked a little too often, but the book does talk about how their ideal of pure justice is unattainable. The Euthanatos are rarely dispassionate in their assassinations. Sometimes they feel a righteous anger. Sometimes they enjoy their work just a little too much. Both can lead to Jhor.
"In all that pain and sin, in every act that kept us from being what you'd call good or just, we worked toward one fate - in the service of God."
Tradition Book: Euthanatos is in the running for "Revised book that most improved its subject matter," but I'm not sure it successfully makes the argument for the Euthanatos as a Tradition. In addition to them still being, you know, problematic as hell, there's also the small matter of magical style. They are all over the place. The section on foci basically just lists every major category of occult practice. You'd think the death-mages would be among the last of the Traditions to practice ritual sex magic, but you'd be wrong. I shudder to think about it. Then you've got groups like the Golden Chalice, which more or less canonically just practices Hermetic occultism, and you realize that the Euthanatos aren't organized around a paradigm, but rather around a goal.
That probably makes them the most realistic occult society in the Mage: the Ascension universe, but it takes the already confusing question of "what, exactly, is a Tradition" and makes it utterly intractable. On the other hand, they are one of the top three Traditions most likely to survive my "fuck it, the Council is made of Crafts" setting-hack more or less intact.
Ukss Contribution: There's a section, called "Legends of the Euthanatos," that clearly exists purely to drop plot hooks. One is about a conspiracy theory that "the Good Death was meant to engineer a messiah" by ensuring that certain powerful Avatars "coalesce into an apocalyptic god." This seems to me to be a good wrinkle to add to Hyborea's Avatar cult and the sort of background threat that can pop up again and again in the PCs' adventures.
(M:tAs)Mage Storytellers Handbook
Wild Talents (Second Edition)
Player's Guide to the Fonts of Power
(M: tAs) Tradition Book: Hollow Ones
(M: tAs) Tradition Book: Dreamspeakers
(M: tAs) Convention Book: Iteration X
(M: tAs)Tradition Book: Cult of Ecstasy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"...we are not without hope of salvation, nor is it at all the right time for us to despair. All our life is a season of repentance, for God 'desires not the death of the sinner', as it is written, 'but that the wicked turn from his way and live' (cf. Ez. 33:11 LXX). For, if there were no hope of turning back, why would death not have followed immediately on disobedience, and why would we not be deprived of life as soon as we sin? For where there is hope of turning back, there is no room for despair."
It happens, I do not how, that most of those who are proud never really discover their true selves. They think they have conquered their passions, and they find out how poor they really are only after they die.
" Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink His blood, you do not have eternal life in you' (Jn. 6:53). For those who do not receive Jesus through the sacrament will continue to remain utterly bereft of any share in the life of holiness and blessedness and without any taste of it whatsoever. For He is Life by nature, seeing that He was born of a living Father. And His holy body is no less life-giving, for it has been constituted in some way and ineffably united with the Word that gives life to all things."


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Paul was born on March 14, 1952, in Ashtabula, Ohio. He was the son of Mary and Victor Babiski. He passed away in Tempe, Arizona, on Monday, September 10, 2018.
He was a registered nurse prior to becoming disabled due to a biking accident.
Paul is survived by his sister Elizabeth Konti and brother-in-law George McManus, of Ashtabula; his daughter, Helena Babiski and son-in-law Nicholas Morgese of Arizona; grandchildren Christian Angel, Victoria Jade, and Aiden Paul, Nicholas and Noelle; and several nieces, nephews and cousins.
Private services will be held at the family's convenience.
The guestbook expires on December 10, 2018.
Restore the guestbook to view the 3 more posts by family and friends, and share a memory or message of condolence of your own.


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Republicans on the House Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee last week generally defended President Donald Trump's tariffs on steel and aluminum that have led to retaliatory tariffs on agriculture products from China, Mexico, Canada and the European Union.
But the same day, Rep. Jackie Walorski, R-Ind., a member of the subcommittee, led a bipartisan coalition of more than 140 House members in a letter to Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross advising against imposing the trade sanctions on imports of autos and auto parts that Trump has proposed. The hearing and the letter together seem to signal that Republicans are more worried about the impact of tariffs on the auto industry than about retaliatory tariffs on agriculture.
At the subcommittee hearing on the impact of tariffs on rural America, the Republican members expressed sympathy due to the decline in commodity prices, but they also defended the Trump's decision to impose the steel and aluminum tariffs, and said China was wrong to impose them.
Rep. Kristi Noem, R-S.D., who is running for governor, said, "The president was out there fighting for better trade agreements and China came after us."
Walorski said farmers have been willing to put up with "the short- term pain for the long-term gain" but are growing increasingly "nervous."
In the letter to Ross, Walorski and her colleagues indicated that the auto industry should not have to put up with any short-term pain.
"Our nation's automotive industry is a critical driver of the American economy, historically contributing between 3.0-3.5 percent of our total GDP," the members wrote in the letter led by Walorski.
"It depends on a vast and complex network of suppliers to build vehicles, a large dealer network to sell them, and a substantial retail and aftermarket industry to supply repair and replacement parts – establishing facilities and creating jobs in every state.
"The industry has rebounded from the depths of the Great Recession, and in some parts of the industry, employment is actually higher than pre-recession levels," the letter said.
"However, imposing tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on automobiles and/or automotive parts threatens to undo that momentum."
Jared Bernstein, an economist who worked in the Obama White House, testified that he believes "the macroeconomic damage from the trade war is likely to be small, especially given the U.S. economy's strong trajectory" but that "farmers and those in rural areas, will be — already are being — disproportionately hit by these new taxes on their exports (from retaliatory tariffs) and their production inputs."
Bernstein urged the Republican majority "to claim back its constitutional role to set tariffs."
Democrats varied in the vigor of their statements at the hearing.
Rep. Sandy Levin, D-Mich., said that the problems with China and Mexico have been growing for 30 years and that the Democrats have been clear about recognizing them, including China's currency manipulation.
Trump, Levin said, has "touched" on an important problem, but has a "helter skelter" policy of addressing it.
The Republican majority, Levin said, "hesitates to take on the president," and the farm leaders provided "a mixed message" by saying they hope things will work out in the long run.
Rep. Ron Kind, D-Wis., took a more aggressive position.
"Trump is losing the media war" on trade, Kind said. "What is lacking from the panel is an an official from the Trump administration to add clarity to what the administration wants from China."
Kind also noted that he has joined a bipartisan coalition of House members including Reps. Mike Gallagher, R-Wis., Mark Sanford, R-S.C., Jimmy Panetta, D-Calif., Leonard Lance, R-N.J., and Ryan Costello, R-Pa., in introducing legislation that would require the president to submit to Congress any proposal to adjust imports in the interest of national security under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.
In a news release, Kind said, "Wisconsin farmers, workers and families rely on open markets and certainty in global trade to sell our world-renowned products abroad."
"Unfortunately, the administration is putting misguided policies ahead of the success of Wisconsinites, under dubious legal justification and threatening American standing abroad."
He continued, "Trade authorities clearly belong to Congress — as explicitly stated in the Constitution — and I strongly encourage my colleagues to step up and take their role in leveling the playing field seriously. The answers to these problems won't come from the President or Congress alone. We need to work together to ensure Americans have an equal shot at success in the global market."


Fernando Cruz Mariscal is a managing director in BDO's Transfer Pricing practice working out of the Atlanta office. Fernando has over 15 years of transfer pricing experience with U.S. and foreign-based multinationals. His areas of focus include international restructurings, supply chain planning, financial services and transactions, global intercompany service fee structuring, royalty rate planning, advance pricing agreements, competent authority, and U.S. and foreign country documentation studies.
Fernando has worked for clients in the financial services, industrial products, mining and minerals, consumer products, retail, automotive, building products, hotel, fast food franchising, aggregates, textile, semiconductor, software, and apparel industries, among others.
Fernando was previously a transfer pricing director at a Big Four Firm and also the head of transfer pricing at American Express where he was responsible for the entire transfer pricing lifecycle.


text:
Edward Joseph Race (22 October 1914 – 23 May 2005) was an American football coach from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Race was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and later moved to Milwaukee. He was active in sports throughout his high school career and won multiple honors for basketball. In 1933, he was recruited by Loyola Marymount University where he played football and hockey. As the goalkeeper, he helped the Loyola Hockey team to a 47-5-2 record and two Hoover Cup Championships. He graduated in 1937 with a B.S. in Philosophy and English. He was also cast as a hockey player in the 1937 film The Game That Kills.

Coaching career
 From 1938 to 1941, he taught and established the athletic program at St. Benedict the Moor School in Milwaukee, coaching football, and basketball.
 From 1941 to 1947, he taught and coached football, hockey, boxing, and baseball at Messmer High School (Milwaukee).
 In 1947–1948, he coached football, hockey, boxing, and baseball at St. Francis Minor Seminary (now Saint Thomas More High School (Milwaukee)).
In 1948, he was head coach of the Racine Bees, a semi professional football  club.
 At St. Catherine's High School (Racine, Wisconsin), from 1948 to 1961, Race was the head coach for football (80-31-6) and baseball, and the assistant basketball coach. In that time, his football teams produce six Catholic conference championships (1948, '49,'53,'55,'56,'57) and went undefeated for three seasons straight (1955, 1956, 1957), which set a city record for championships in-a-row and winning streak (24 games).
 In 1961, he coached football at Casimir Pulaski High School in Milwaukee. The next year, he moved to Cudahy High School, coaching football and volleyball until 1969, retiring from there in 1983.
 In the summers, he taught at Knute Rockne summer camp in northern Wisconsin.

Awards and honors
 Wisconsin Football Coaches Association Hall of Fame 1996
 Loyola Marymount University Hall of Fame 1993
 St. Thomas More High School Alumni Hall of Fame 1996
 St. Thomas More High School Athletic Hall of Fame 1997
 St. Catherine's High School Hall of Fame 1998
 1985 named "One of the Most Interesting People in Town" by Milwaukee Magazine

References

1914 births
2005 deaths
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Loyola Marymount University alumni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


me encanta el sintetizador principal, es algo reventado muy bueno , de verdad que le imprimes energia a tus track, verás que sera todo un éxito.
That FM growl is epic!! This beat slams--I bet it went killer on the radio show.
I love the remix you did here, Pretty good drop, Everything is on point, Dope track.
oo! very nice! cool diversification of different styles of songs in this song. Keep up the good work!
techno banger!...can see alot of clubs enjoying this one!
Sick. Love the sound of that bassline. Really like the transition into the breakdown. Those vocals are amazing. Beautiful sounds!! Really digging that pad. Love it!!
These patterns are awesome! This is definitely something I would jam to if I were out partying or gettin' down. Dope track!
nice job on the vocals. it has a great air feeling to them which is nice to hear.
Loved the work on the vocals, very dynamic very present. The beat is great, its simple but its what the sound asks for. The synths sound awesme. specially around 2:32 the melody got me bangin my head.
sick drop! heavy robo synth bass. great mixing and mastering. keep up the good work!


text:
Buy And Sell Bike
Tips And Guids CAR
Bike Tips And Guids
Lightning Strike electric powered motorcycle capable of charging on Level 1, 2 & 3
By Valerie Rowe
Lightning Motorcycles nevertheless hasn't entirely dropped the veil on their upcoming 150 mph (241 km/h) Strike electric motorcycle. But they've shared some information, with the state-of-the-art being the multitude of fast and gradual charging options.
With all the new electric motorcycles being debuted this 12 months, you may have forgotten approximately the but-to-be-launched Strike.
We've already visible Harley-Davidson's LiveWire and Zero's new SR/F.
But in terms of the approaching Lightning Strike, we don't have much info. So a long way we know that it is rated for a pace and variety of one hundred fifty mph and a hundred and fifty miles (241 km/h and 241 km), gives DC speedy charging and that it has to begin at simply $12,998. We've additionally seen its liquid cooled motor. But apart from that, most other specifications are still shrouded in mystery till its unveiling later this month
Fortunately, though the company has been dropping guidelines inside the lead-up to the large debut. The modern-day information out of Lightning's San Jose, California headquarters pertains to the Strike's charging alternatives.
Lightning Strike to offer CCS charging widespread
According to Lightning, the Strike will function the standardized Combined Charging System (CCS) permitting Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 DC speedy charging from an unmarried price port. The inclusion of CCS should provide Strike proprietors with the most charging speeds, in addition to the power and comfort of charging everywhere.
Level 1 charging is reasonably well known and is how many proprietors will fee their Strikes overnight. It uses a hundred and ten VAC to power the Strike's on-board charger. It isn't a quick charge, but it is more healthy for the battery by using reducing warmness and charging slowly. Strike motorcycles will include a preferred Level 1 fee cord that can be plugged into any a hundred and ten VAC outlet.
Level 2 charging lets in for lots faster charging. Lightning says that the Strike should be capable of recharging in 2-3 hours. There are over 50,000 Level 2 chargers within the J1772 network throughout America, including many free public chargers.
Level 3 charging, also referred to as DC rapid charging, is much less usually to be had however gives lots quicker rate instances. It bypasses the Strike's onboard AC inverter and might recharge the battery in as little as 35 minutes. With Level three charging, longer rides and motorcycle journeying turn out to be an opportunity for Strike riders. However, with a claimed range of 150 miles (241 km), many riders may additionally find Level 1 and Level 2 charging sufficiently for normal, ordinary utilization.
Former Harley-Davidson engineer begins an all-electric motorcycle agency
The 400NK and the 650NK are essentially the same motorcycles with similar cosmetics. However the difference is in the engine capacities. While the 400NK gets a parallel-twin, fuel-injected, liquid-cooled, DOHC engine with an 8-valve setup producing 41.4 HP at 9500 RPM and 34.4 Nm of torque at 7650 RPM. The 650NK gets a similar engine configuration with a 649.3cc engine producing 61 HP at 9000 RPM and 56 Nm of torque at 7000 RPM. Both the motorcycles get 41 mm telescopic forks at the front and a rear monoshock and are held up by a tubular diamond-steel frame. The bikes wears a 120/70 R17 tyre at the front and 160/60 R17 tyre at the rear. The braking duties on the bikes are handled by 300 mm dual-discs up front and a 240 mm disc at the rear.
BMW hints at the future of electrical bikes with the Vision DC Roadster
BMW Motorrad has an electric scooter. The capable and a laugh C Evolution. An super vehicle I had the satisfaction of riding…
Malegaon blasts: No labels of my signature on the 2 motorcycles, says witness
A witness within the 2008 Malegaon blast case who had identified bikes, consisting of the LML Freedom allegedly determined on the blast…
Police take proper path on bikes
Signs along busy roadways urge drivers to keep an eye out for motorcycles. It's an critical message, however on every occasion a…
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Creative Innervisions Inc, home builder, listed under "Home Builders" category, is located at 4313 Summit Rd Norton OH, 44203 and can be reached by 3307538584 phone number. Creative Innervisions Inc has currently 0 reviews.
Browse all Home Builders in Norton OH. Discover census data for Norton, OH.


Its in my hands, thanks to the miracle of Google and a fellow CPTDB member fixed me up with a parts list.
Awesome. Someone PM'd me that you guys were looking.
I haven't touched a V-Drive in 25 or 30 years but it should come back. I was leafing through the manual and it was getting more and more familiar.
I have a question regarding Engine technology.
The 50 Series became popular because they where at the time clean burning engines, but not by today's standards.
How is it that the 50 series with only 25 more horse power is able to power a much heavier vehicle, and accelerate faster and maintain a better top speed?
Does it have to do with the fact that the engine is more efficient?
You would have to compare the full torque curves, but it's obvious that the 50 series puts out a lot more torque at a lot lower RPM. That translates to more horespower at lower engine speeds. And that's what gets the heavier vehicle moving more briskly.
The horespower ratings are really only relevant at the peak HP RPM. Most of the time, the engine will be running below that RPM.
I used to run the dyno. Our 6V71s were actually factory rated at 180HP and somewhere in the 600s torque. The 6V92TA as used in the OBI V compared more favorably to the S50. Plus the transmissions were different and the heavy buses might have had a bit deeper gears in the diff. I'll see what I can find out tomorrow.
If it is going to rebuild, will they paint the old livery maroon and cream color?
Will they be keeping 8058 as a two speed or changing it to three speed transmission. And are they adding power steering or trying to keep the bus as close to original as possible.
Do you know when this will be completed?
Probably 2021 considering how long it took for 2252 to be completed and 2252 was in better condition.
Anyway, as a tribute. Here's a shot I took the last year I photographed 8058... 19 years ago. 😂 😂 😂 Never saw it in the new colours in person.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58GaRqcwXy4 - 2345, 2444 and 8058 at TTC Hillcrest. This video was taken along the fence on Davenport Rd.
It's a Fishbowl.. The other one is an Orion VII still active for now.


text:
Breaking the School-to-Prison Pipeline
August 4, 2020/Pivedite Team
By Sarah Mohammed, Student
In the wake of the racial justice demonstrations around the nation, the roots of these problems can be traced back to education – what is supposed to be a fundamental part of our lives, ends up jeopardizing those who do not have equal access to opportunities. Schools are supposed to be an environment that is welcoming and inclusive of all students, regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity. In areas that are crime-ridden, especially in Philadelphia, schools are turned into a place of criminalization – the beginning of the "school-to-prison pipeline" that hinders the ability of students to succeed in life and pursue a career.
According to the Department of Human Services for the City of Philadelphia, there are 300 officers stationed in 214 of Philadelphia's public schools. Although these officers are not armed, they carry handcuffs that can be used on students as young as the age of 10. To be taken out of a classroom for carrying something as simple as a pair of scissors can have long-term psychological effects on a kid. By encouraging officers to criminalize conflicts rather than de-escalate them, these students are trapped, essentially, in a prison that's overcrowded and underfunded.
However, this is not to say there have been no efforts by Philadelphia to break the school-to-prison pipeline, especially in communities composed of minority students. Through the Philadelphia School Diversion Program, students who have committed an offense are examined by social workers and any other professionals involved in the student's life. Based on the student's individual situation, they are referred to an Intensive Prevention Services provider, where a case manager is assigned to the student. They work to provide them with specialized services that would help them break out of their so-called "criminal" cycle.
Despite successes in the Philadelphia School Diversion Program, such as reducing student arrests by 71%, it does not take away from the reality that many students are continuing to be arrested and charged with criminal offenses. Even in this program, there are faults – if a student is charged with a high-level offense, they must go through the arrest process, including being handcuffed, fingerprinted, and carrying a charge that will haunt them for the rest of their life. The foundation of why students participate in high-level offenses should be a topic that is addressed further in the Philadelphia community. When students live in crime-ridden areas, with high poverty levels, struggling to survive everyday life, they resort to tactics such as violence in order to gain an upper hand in a life that has continually oppressed and demeaned them.
In addition to an increased police presence in schools, Philadelphia has made metal detectors mandatory in all public high schools. This reiterates the idea that many schools do not present themselves as a welcoming environment for students to get an education. By walking through those metal detectors, the students are labeled as guilty, disproving the notion of "innocent until proven guilty." Over-policing and increased criminalized measures, disguised as safety measures, discourage students to actively attend school and engage in an educational environment. Community members within Philadelphia, including Councilmember Kendra Brooks, have called for the defunding of police.
To put things into perspective, the school security force has an allocated budget of $31 million, much of which could be diverted into more important employees, including social workers, psychologists, and nurses. This presents an alarming problem: there are only twelve social workers in the district under one supervisor. By not providing essential services to Philadelphia's students, most of them coming from minority backgrounds, the education system significantly fails to live up to its expectation of providing nothing less than excellence.
As seen by the increase in racial justice efforts around the country, many people are becoming aware of racism not only present in the police department but in all institutions – this is better known as institutionalized racism, where institutions limit the amount of opportunities presented to people of color compared to their white counterparts. To level the opportunity gap for students in Philadelphia, community members can educate themselves about the benefits of eliminating metal detectors and police officers within public schools. The Philadelphia Student Union has already distributed a petition calling for the removal of police officers, who would be replaced with professionals who are trained in de-escalation and other services, such as social work. Though this may seem radical, and reducing the safety of students, there are examples in Philadelphia with schools without police. The charter network Mastery Schools creates a safe and nurturing environment by handling conflicts through the assistant principal, and every school is equipped with social workers, therapists, and other emotional support employees.
Through advocacy and the impact of the Philadelphia Student Union, the school-to- prison pipeline can effectively be eliminated by removing metal detectors in high schools and eliminating a police presence that criminalizes the behavior of young students. A nurturing school environment can be made possible by distributing the funds from the police to essential community workers, reducing the need for police officers to circulate the schools and propel students into the criminal system.
Advocacy efforts are a huge step towards breaking the school-to-prison pipeline, but more can be done. You can write to city council members or your school board to encourage them to discuss these new ideas that would create a better learning environment. Step up and create petitions, share them, and make your voice heard in the Philadelphia community. With combined measures, we can create a successful impact and end discriminatory measures toward students of color.
Pivedite Team
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How are osmolarity and osmolality different?
refers to concentration in terms of moles per litre of solution, whereas osmolality refers to concentration in terms of moles per kilogram of . For dilute , however, they are numerically almost the same.
Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per litre of solution.Osmolality is the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent.
Calculate the osmolarity and the osmolality of a solution of 0.850 g of NaCl in 100.0 mL of water. The of the solution is 1.005 g/mL.
0.850 g NaCl × ##(1" mol NaCl")/(58.44" g NaCl")## = 0.0145 mol NaCl.


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Coal mining typically requires two methods of operations underground and surface mining. The method is differentiated by whether the seam is relatively close to the surface area or buried deep below.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal APECSEC.org. The Disadvantages Of Coal. Death Coal mining is one of the main reasons why lots of people die. Because of this, the government created several policies in order to lessen that increasing rate of death.
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Besides markers showing the location of these ex-towns, huge piles of waste coal (called boney piles) and the remnants of many mining buildings and artifacts line the trail. Riding a bike along the track is a great way to imagine life in a coal town.


We took over the account February of 2016. This client wanted to get more leads while not increasing their current CPA. They had the budget to increase spending and was flexible and open to trying/testing new approaches to optimizing and growing the account.
You can see that in just a month, we were able to increase conversions (leads) while maintaining a relatively similar CPA. We were able to gradually grow their campaign and get it to a point where leads increased by over 250% in January of 2017 and the CPA improved from the mid $30s to the mid $20s. NOTE: At times the client wanted to change monthly budget limits, which explains some of the spend volatility.


Debussy Touch Screen Headphones So if you're in the market for a pair of headphones and if you have the budget to go along with it, you might want to check out the new Debussy touchscreen headphones. While companies are scrambling to make the latest wireless headphones, Debussy has taken it a step further with a touchscreen LCD on the side of the ear cup. Debussy is bringing out these premium headphones with gold plating at the Consumer Electronics Expo this year. Coming in at a whopping $5000, these headphones are the height of luxury headphones and if you can burn a hole through your pocket, you would definitely want to flaunt these where everyone can see.
These days in order to use wireless headphones or Earbuds, you would require your phone or laptop or some other device with wireless connectivity. But with these Headphones you need none of the smart paraphernalia.
The headphones come with Wi-Fi and 4G connectivity and a LCD screen on the side of the ear cup. So there is really no need for the smart something with Bluetooth connectivity to listen to your favorite tunes.
The LCD screen on the Headphones allows you to browse through your favorite playlists and pause tracks when you have to take a call. But, is having a screen on the side of your head a good idea? I mean trying to scroll through the screen while listening to music seems to be a little difficult don't you think? Well of course, you don't need to pull out your phone to change the tunes and all but still….
For those who feel these headphones are great, these Debussy Headphones developed by a French startup claims to offer a "musical life without limitations". Maybe so when it comes to listening to tunes on these Debussy headphones but the only but serious limitation that comes to mind when getting these Debussy Headphones is the PRICE.
These gold plated Headphones come with Wi-Fi and 4G connectivity, which is good for wireless music streaming. These headphones also come with their own 4GB storage and a 20 hr battery life.
Coming to the voice control part, you can stop songs and take a call by accessing the in- built voice control. The Headphones have an in built mic that lets you record music and ambient sound.
The Design of these headphones may change along with the price but the main software will remain the same claims the company.
The CES is a place to be when it comes to checking out the latest and newest in gadgets. It is also a place for companies to showcase various prototypes but many of them don't really come out for sale.
At present the Headphones are in prototype version with the startup Debussy planning on a kickstarter funding in the month of March. Debussy plans on launching their premium headphones within 18 months.


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How to boost your fan engagement metrics with real-time voting events
INTERACTION CLOUD
TV Show Apps
Interactive Video Layers
Event Centres
Live Video Quiz
Sport Apps
Embedded Interaction
Competitions, Contests & Sweepstakes
Interaction Playbook
Real-time Engagement Monetisation
Make a play for your own fans with engagement and first-party data
Why Real-time Engagement Platforms will become part of the consumer experience tech stack
If you own a sports team, a TV show or any entertainment IP, you'll be familiar with the complex relationship you have with social platforms and tech giants. On the one hand, they offer massive reach, convenience and functionality you don't need to build or maintain. In some cases they give a back a little revenue. But in all cases, they're serving their commercial agenda not yours. And like all business strategies, an over-concentration or reliance on a small number of channels or revenue streams is a risky business.
Most major sports teams in the top tiers will claim billions of fans globally. But of those, we all know that they can only monetise a small fraction. Why? Because they can't communicate with those people on their own terms. Algorithms, filters, walled gardens and other techniques are designed to ensure the tech company owns and controls the primary means of monetisation - the data.
In the world of TV, the format owners will hope to make money from their TV show brand when it's not even on air, but of course the broadcaster will have an opinion on that! After all, it's their audience, right? And in fact, if you're distributing your content via any sort of channel, you're going have a fight with whoever is between you and the end user.
If you do decide to make a play for your own audience, inevitably it's because you want to take back a greater portion of control and commercial potential. You'll want to sell better sponsorship packages that deliver measurable for brands. You'll want to drive subscriptions to your OTT play or your VIP fan club. You'll want to sell as much of your own merchandise as possible, at full price and take out the middleman. And you may simply want to engage with a positive dialogue with your fans on your own terms - their sentiment is at the core of your business, and let's be honest, your fans on Instagram aren't opening that app just because of you. Accept, it, you are probably a fleeting moment within their many hours of screen time a day.
"We're famous, they're passionate about us, we must change that!", says the CEO
So you'll organise a workshop and draw out a diagram of tech components needed, or upgrades to make; someone paid large sums of money on a day rate will design a new customer journey and you'll run complex RFP processes for companies to "build" your digital products. You might even consider in-house development and wonder if your CTO is up to it. Someone will send round a report on Customer Data Platforms and you'll wonder whether you need one. Then someone will surface scalability and you'll worry about embarrassing failures on launch day.
It will feel like great progress is being made, and the board will be proud of their investment. But in the words of Seth Godin, "Maybe you're in love with the effort you're putting into the tactics".
What everyone forgets is that most fans - fans of anything - come back to you for a small number of reasons. Your challenge is not building product, it's not launching a new website, it's continuously attracting sufficient quality attention and continuously converting that to meaningful business value.
Fans of Love Island open the app for three primary reasons:
To Vote on the outcome
To Watch the exclusive preview clip in the morning
To Buy product from the Shop
Once they're in, the product's job is to create a positive feeling of authenticity, direct access, convenience and ultimately to keep them coming back for more.
In sport, fans of the Liverpool Football Club Match Centre go there because:
It offers simple, exclusive access to content
It offers a positive account of the game
It's a bit different, they think it's cool because it's video-orientated
This is where so many digital transformation efforts fall down - they fail to ask "Why would they come?". Schedules - sure. News? Yes probably. But those things are competing head-on with Google. Guess who wins that battle in the end?
And so, as the thought process goes, you ask yourself whether to invest in a special fantasy game, some form of rewards programme, regular fan voting and challenges. You think about how to use competitions or sweepstakes to drive attention. And you realise that these are just the ideas you're already aware of, if you build them all you'll still be here in two years' time delivering product which is "non-core". And while you're building those products, interactive video becomes a thing; you rush to find a solution to build your own virtual shopping channel. And then you realise you're over-budget on the other builds and you revert to YouTube because it's quick and easy. And so it goes on.
There is a better way.
What if you could adopt a SaaS platform that provided an ever-changing selection of interactive experiences, inter-connected into your tech stack? One that was easy to use, but massively scalable. That's exactly what the new Monterosa / Interaction Cloud provides:
Gamification, Voting, Interactive Video, Event Centres, Companion Apps, Live Data Visualisation - in one place
Ready-made web and native apps with quality UX out of the box
Massive scalability
Everything is multi-lingual
Creative Studio that's inspiring to content creators
No maintenance retainers or in-house tech demands
Highly customisable so it doesn't look just like your competitor's version
APIs to ensure interoperability with existing video players, CMS and other software
We believe that "Real-time Engagement Platforms" will become a major part of the consumer experience tech stack in future. Will they be featured by Gardner or Forrester reports? We don't know yet. What we can say for sure is that we've listened to the industry and we know there's a problem to solve. With the commercial impact of COVID bringing into sharp focus the need to maintain profitable customer relationships, we created the Monterosa / Interaction Cloud with the goal of helping every media, sport and consumer-facing business build better, more valuable relationships that last a lifetime.
More guides to explore…
Fan Engagement, Real-time Engagement, Monetisation
Why sports sponsorship needs to prove it can convert fans to customers and 6 steps to get started
Generate merchandise sales in short form video with shoppable interactive video layers
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Update from the Regional Economic Development for Eastern Idaho (REDI).
Discussion with the Pocatello Development Authority (PDA).
Update from the Streets & Sanitation Departments.
Update on the SAUSA and HIDTA programs.


Universal's Cabana Bay Beach Resort puts a new twist on the 50's and 60's. From the striking color schemes to nostalgic details throughout the décor, it's a blast from the past. And with 2,200 guest rooms and suites there's something for all group types.


Hideo Kojima has revealed the map size for The Phantom Pain, and it is definitely huge. You can check it out in the screenshot below.
Hideo Kojima personally revealed this map on a livestream of Kojima Show dedicated to The Phantom Pain. The game was already confirmed to have a huge map, and this image definitely proves it. You can also see how it compares to the other Metal Gear Solid maps in the series.
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain will be the epilogue to Ground Zeroes. It is an open world Metal Gear Solid game for the first time in the series. This new entry in the series will mark the return of Big Boss and also feature the voice of Kiefer Sutherland as Big Boss.
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain is set to release on the PS3, PS4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One next year. No release date has been given yet. Hopefully we will know about it at the upcoming E3.
What do you have to say about the size of this map? Let us know in the comments below.


Industrial pendants lighting is composed of wrought iron shade and E27 screw base. Dimensions of fixture could be 47.2" * 14.1". Wrought iron shade has painting finish and decorates fixture industrial looking. E27 screw base is suitable for various lamps.
Pendant lighting industrial has single light for lighting which should apply to E27 screw base. It used hand blown glass as its shade which has good transmission of light. Shown in blue.
Down light pendant light used E26/E27 screw base which could cater to 3C certification. There is a shade for covering the bulb which could protect the bulb totally. The pulley light fixture design is very popular. There is a solid wrought iron base to hold the fixture.
Black industrial pendant light has balck painting finish which can resistance to corrosion and rust. Classic fixture used wrought iron material as its fixture and shade which is anti-aging and anti-high temperature. The shade could make the light soft and mild.
Black industrial pendant light has a wrought iron shade to prevent the bulb from damage. And there is a light for lighting which should cater to E27 screw base. The ceiling plate is solid enough to afford the fixture.
The major part of this one is made of glass, it is beautiful and easy to clean, it is not only a lighht for me, but also a home decor.
Simple design light, it is easy to install and clean it.
Have not hung it yet, but I am sure it will look great in my foyer.
I like this type of light and it works well for my bar.
Buying five different color lights and install them above my dining table, eating becomes funny.
We surely that everybody want to enjoy the most elegant and grace interiors decorating. Why not have a try on Industrial Pendant Lighting? Absolutely highlight your style and personality with industrial pendant lighting for home decoration.


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Серрівомерові (Serrivomeridae) або пилкозубі вугри () — родина морських риб ряду вугроподібних (Anguilliformes).

Пелагічні риби, що зустрічаються в тропічній та помірній зонах Атлантичного, Індійського та Тихого океанів.

Щелепи тонкі й надзвичайно довгі. Зуби на вомері ланцетоподібні, зібрані як на пилці й стоять у 2 або більше рядів. Зяброві отвори широко відкриті з боку спини. 6 або 7 зябрових променів. Хребців 137—170.

Забарвлення зазвичай чорнувате зі сріблястими боками.

Склад родини:
 Рід Serrivomer
 Serrivomer beanii
 Serrivomer bertini
 Serrivomer garmani
 Serrivomer jesperseni
 Serrivomer lanceolatoides
 Serrivomer neocaledoniensis
 Serrivomer samoensis
 Serrivomer schmidti
 Serrivomer sector
 Рід Stemonidium
 Stemonidium hypomelas

Джерела
 Joseph S. Nelson, Terry C. Grande, Mark V. H. Wilson. Fishes of the World, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2016, pp. 151-152 ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6

Вугровидні
Родини риб


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Additional Arrest Made in Arizona Related to the Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
At 8:30 p.m. (PST) on Tuesday, January 26, 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Phoenix Division made a probable cause arrest of Jon Eric Ritzheimer, age 32, on a federal charge related to the armed occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon. Ritzheimer turned himself into the Peoria, Arizona, Police Department. The arrest was without incident.
Ritzheimer faces one federal felony charge of conspiracy to impede officers of the United States from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation, or threats, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 372.
The FBI made the Arizona arrest in conjunction with a series of other arrests made by FBI and Oregon State Police in Harney County, Oregon, earlier in the evening. The following individuals also face the same charge:
Ammon Edward Bundy, age 40, of Emmett, Idaho
Ryan C. Bundy, age 43, of Bunkerville, Nevada
Brian Cavalier, age 44, of Bunkerville, Nevada
Shawna Cox, age 59, Kanab, Utah
Ryan Waylen Payne, age 32, of Anaconda, Montana
Joseph Donald O'Shaughnessy, age 45, of Cottonwood, Arizona
Peter Santilli, age 50, of Cincinnati, Ohio
We continue to work with Harney County Sheriff Dave Ward and his deputies and the United States Attorney's Office to address any further outstanding issues. As the investigation is ongoing, we cannot comment further at this time.
All defendants are presumed innocent until proven guilty.


Ask us about our FREE stone chip repair!
Welcome to Levy's Glass! We are a family owned and operated business, proudly providing auto glass service in the Valley since 1978. Our father-son team offers personal, hands-on service, and we are dedicated to providing our customers with an enjoyable and worry-free experience with reliable and affordable service. For your peace of mind, we accept insurance claims.
Levy's Glass is your one-stop-shop for complete automotive glass repair and replacement, as well as custom cut safety glass. We provide complete automotive glass replacement in Kentville for all makes and models. We also have a wide selection of used door, back and vent windows.
Our glass service is guaranteed for leak coverage and against manufacturer defects for as long as you own the vehicle. Ask us about our warranty.
Let us bring the shop to you! For your convenience, we offer mobile service, so you don't have to worry about bringing your car into the shop for repair. We also provide shuttle service for customers on-the-go.
Bring your damaged auto glass to Levy's Glass and experience our expert service and workmanship! Stop by or give us a call today.


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When in Australia – follow the Aussie's Rules
"When in Rome…" as the saying goes – so the same is very true Down Under. And if you really want to get under the skin of Aussie culture while you're here, you simply have to follow a little sport. Australians are, arguably, the most sports-mad people on the planet. They're famed all over the world, of course, for their swimming prowess and the same goes for both codes of rugby, for cricket and, increasingly, even for soccer these days.
But if there's one sport that doesn't resonate too far outside Australia, then it has got to be Aussie Rules football. Inside the country, though, it's a very different matter indeed. But if you had to pick out one sport that truly typifies the spirit of Australia, Aussie Rules is where it's at.
So what's Aussie Rules football really all about and where can you take in a game?
Well, the second part of the question is relatively easy. You'll be able to pick from a number of venues all around the country. The best starting point is to have a look at the country's official guide to stadiums and venues. For most first-timers coming to Australia, the Sydney Cricket Ground in Sydney is the most obvious choice to see a game of Aussie Rules.
The main teams of the current day are the Melbourne-based Hawthorn, Fremantle, Port Adelaide, Collingwood, Sydney and Geelong (also based in Victoria State).
Between March and September each year, all the Australian Rules Football (AFL) teams compete to make the top eight in the league to thereby qualify for the final series. This is held in Melbourne each September.
Many people will be surprised to learn that Aussie Rules is actually Australia's most-attended sporting league of any type. Sydney, Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane are the main centres and around 95,000 fans pack into the stands of the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) each year for the Grand Final. So, this is the one to get tickets for if you possibly can.
The whole city really does takes on a carnival atmosphere for the big day. This is one of those unique occasions, like the Melbourne Cup, which is just a massive occasion Down Under.
Aussie Rules is usually simply called "footy" in its native Australia so make sure you are down with the lingo when visiting. It's a field game contested by two teams – each of which has 18 players. This helps explain why such a large field is needed. It is far larger, for example, than a soccer or rugby pitch.
In Aussie Rules, a team scores by kicking the ball, which looks like a rugby ball, between two tall goal-posts. In many ways, the sport is a cross between football and rugby as players can be anywhere on the pitch and can use any part of their bodies to put the ball where they want to.
This includes knocking it with their hands, kicking it, and running with the ball. But there are rules on how the ball may be handled. So, for example, if a player is running with the ball, he has to bounce it regularly or somehow make the ball make contact with the ground regularly.
Players can't throw the ball, nor must they get caught holding the ball and players make tackles as in rugby.
Aussie rules betting is also huge in Australia and is gaining traction in some other countries where the sport is popular – not least with Aussie ex-pats. But it remains essentially an Australian sport which is somewhat perplexing to the rest of the world.
So if you're touring Australia and get chance to take in a game of Aussie Rules, you should certainly do so. If you like football, rugby or elements of both, the chances are you'll enjoy a match and will pick up the main gist of the game as you watch.
Aussie Rules is a sport well worth making the effort to get to know.
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Jeffrey Sachs may be one of the world's leading experts on poverty, but at least these days, he's not learning from personal experience.
The international development economist bought himself and his pediatrician wife Sonia a $6.25 million condo at Harsen House at 120 West 72nd Street on the Upper West Side.
The four-bedroom, 3,200-square-foot unit features direct elevator access and a Zuma deep soaking tub in the master bathroom.
The 16-story, 22-unit Harsen House, built by Anbau Enterprises, was one of the city's first LEED-certified "green" buildings, perfect for Sachs, who is head of Columbia University's Earth Institute.