text:
\section{Introduction}

Heavy-ion collision experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV
\cite{Adams:2005dq,Adcox:2004mh} and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV
\cite{ALICE:2011ab,ATLAS:2012at,Chatrchyan:2013kba} have already provided conclusive evidence of
the formation of a strongly interacting QCD matter at vanishing net-baryon density. Such a conclusion is based on the
relativistic viscous hydrodynamic analysis of the observed strong collective flow that require a small shear viscosity to entropy
density ratio as well as a lattice QCD equation of state at zero chemical potential that predicts a smooth
crossover from hadron to quark phase at a temperature of $T_c \approx 154$ MeV \cite{Heinz:2013th}.

While finite chemical potential lattice QCD calculation is notoriously difficult due to the sign problem,
a detailed study of the transport properties of matter at finite baryon density and temperature
could provide valuable information on nuclear phase diagram which is expected to be first order.
The ongoing beam energy scan (BES) program at RHIC, the NA61/SHINE experiment at SPS and the
future FAIR facility at GSI are all dedicated to explore the hot and dense matter formed
at midrapidity.

Second-order relativistic hydrodynamic theories
have been quite successful in describing the final-state observables
at RHIC and LHC where the system is expected to thermalize \cite{DNMR,Gale:2013da,Bhalerao:2015iya}.
Since hydrodynamics is an effective macroscopic theory based on gradient expansion of thermodynamic
state variables up to certain order \cite{Degroot}, it is expected to break down in systems with very
large spatial and/or temporal gradients. However, the effectiveness in explaining collisions involving small systems
such as protons and light nuclei, where the medium is not expected to thermalize, have extended the applicability of
hydrodynamics to the far-from-equilibrium domain as can be envisaged at the lower collision energies
\cite{Heller:2015dha,Romatschke:2017vte}.

Most of the hydrodynamic analysis of heavy/light-ion data so far has been confined at ultra-relativistic energies
in the boost invariant central rapidity region where the heat transport is ignored as compared to viscous dissipation.
A sizable thermal dissipation may arise from large spatial gradients in the chemical potential and temperature
at the lower collision energies due to baryon stopping (at midrapidity) as well as at the higher rapidities
due to the presence of nuclear spectators. Only a few hydrodynamic calculations with finite baryon density
exist that are either derived from entropy maximization and lacks the microscopic dynamics
found in kinetic theory \cite{MurongaRischke,Betz,Huovinen,Bouras}, or ignores the coupling between thermal and
viscous evolution \cite{Li-Shen}.

In this article we investigate the impact of both heat and viscous transport on bulk dynamics
in heavy-ion collision over an energy range $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 4.8 - 200$ GeV.
We present a new derivation of viscous and heat dissipation equations in second-order hydrodynamics
using Grad's 14-moment \cite{Grad} method.  We find a number of additional terms compared to the traditional
Muller-Israel-Stewart formalism \cite{MIS} due to the heat-viscous coupling.
The implications of these dissipative equations have been demonstrated within a non-boost-invariant longitudinal
expansion of matter \cite{Chattopadhyay:2018dth}. Noteworthy of which is that at lower collision energies, heat
dissipation enhances and becomes comparable to viscous effects.

\section{Relativistic hydrodynamics}

The conserved particle four-current and the energy-momentum tensor can be expressed \cite{Degroot}
in terms of single particle phase space distribution $f_p \equiv f(x,p)$ as
\begin{align}
N^\mu &  = g\int dp \ p^\mu (f_p - \bar f_p) =  n u^\mu + n^\mu , \label{field1}\\
T^{\mu\nu} & = g\int dp \ p^\mu p^\nu (f_p  + \bar f_p) = \epsilon u^\mu u^\nu - (P+\Pi)\Delta^{\mu\nu} \nonumber \\
& ~~~~~ + \pi^{\mu\nu} + \left( q^\mu + W^\mu \right) u^\nu  + \left( q^\nu + W^\nu \right) u^\mu , \label{field2}
\end{align}
where the phase-space factor is
$dp = d{\bf p}/[(2\pi)^3\sqrt{{\bf p}^2+m^2}]$ for a particle of rest mass $m$, degeneracy $g$ with
four-momentum $p^\mu$ in a system composed of particles of single species. In the above tensor decomposition,
$(n,\epsilon,P)$ are the net-particle number density, energy density and pressure density.
$\Delta^{\mu\nu} = g^{\mu\nu}-u^\mu u^\nu$ is projection operator orthogonal to the hydrodynamic four-velocity
$u^\mu$. The dissipative quantities are the charge diffusion current $n^\mu \equiv nW^\mu/(\epsilon+P) = W^\mu/h$,
the bulk viscous pressure
$\Pi$, the shear stress tensor $\pi^{\mu\nu}$, and the heat flow $q^\mu$ defined as
$q^\mu = u_\nu T^{\nu\sigma}\Delta_{\sigma}^{\mu}-hN^{\sigma}\Delta_{\sigma}^{\mu}$.
We have used Eckart's choice of velocity frame where
$n^\mu=\Delta^{\mu\nu}N_{\nu}=0$ and the heat flow
$q^\mu= u_\nu T^{\mu\sigma}\Delta^{\mu}_{\sigma}$.

The fundamental conservation equations of particle current, $\partial_{\mu}N^{\mu}=0$, and
energy-momentum tensor $\partial_{\mu}T^{\mu\nu}=0$ give the evolution equations for $n$, $\epsilon$ and $u^\mu$
\begin{align}
& \dot{n} + n\theta = 0~, \label{thid1}\\
& \dot{\epsilon} + (\epsilon+P+\Pi)\theta - \pi^{\mu\nu}\sigma_{\mu\nu} - 2q^{\mu}\dot{u}_{\mu} + \nabla_{\mu}q^{\mu} = 0 ,\label{thid3}\\
& (\epsilon+ P +\Pi)\dot{u}^\alpha - \nabla^{\alpha}(P+\Pi) + \Delta^{\alpha}_{\nu}\partial_{\mu}\pi^{\mu\nu}
 - \pi^{\alpha\beta} \dot{u}_\beta   \nonumber  \\
& + \Delta^{\alpha}_{\nu}\dot{q}^{\nu} + q^{\alpha}\nabla_{\nu}u^{\nu}
  + q^{\nu}\nabla_{\nu}u^{\alpha}  = 0 . \label{thid2}
 \end{align}
We have used the standard notation
$\dot{A} \equiv u^\mu\partial_\mu A$ for comoving derivatives,
$\nabla^\mu \equiv \Delta^{\mu\nu}\partial_\nu$ for space-like derivatives,
$\theta \equiv \partial_\mu u^\mu$ for the expansion scalar,
and $\sigma^{\mu\nu} = \frac{1}{2}(\nabla^\mu u^\nu + \nabla^\nu u^\mu)- \frac{1}{3}\theta \Delta^{\mu\nu}$ for the
velocity stress tensor. In the present calculation we have ignored the effects of bulk viscosity by setting $\Pi=0$.

For a system close to local thermodynamic equilibrium, $f_p$ can be written as
$f_p = f^0_p + \delta f_p$.
The equilibrium distribution function is defined as $f^0_p = [\exp(\beta u \cdot p - \alpha) + r]^{-1}$
(with $r =1,-1,0$ for Fermi, Bose, Boltzmann gas) where
$\beta=1/T$ is the inverse temperature, $\mu$ the chemical potential with $\alpha = \beta\mu$, and
the scalar product $u \cdot p \equiv u_\mu p^\mu$. From Eqs. (\ref{field1}) and (\ref{field2}), the
dissipative quantities can then be expressed in terms of $\delta f_p$ as
\begin{align}
& n^\mu  =  \Delta_\alpha^\mu \: g \int dp \  p^\alpha(\delta f_p - \delta\bar f_p) , \label{curnt} \\
& \pi^{\mu\nu}  =  \Delta_{\alpha\beta}^{\mu\nu}  \: g \int dp \ p^\alpha p^\beta (\delta f_p + \delta\bar f_p) , \label{shear} \\
& q^\mu  =  \Delta^{\mu\nu} \: g \int  dp \  p_\nu \Big[ p^\alpha u_\alpha (\delta f_p + \delta\bar f_p)
 - \frac{\epsilon + P}{n}(\delta f_p - \delta\bar f_p) \Big], \label{heat}
\end{align}
where $\Delta^{\mu\nu}_{\alpha\beta} \equiv
\frac{1}{2}(\Delta^\mu_\alpha \Delta^\nu_\beta + \Delta^\mu_\beta \Delta^\nu_\alpha)
- \frac{1}{3} \Delta^{\mu\nu} \Delta_{\alpha\beta}$ is traceless projection operator orthogonal to
$u_\mu$ and $\Delta_{\mu\nu}$.

\section{Dissipative evolution equations}

To derive the dissipative evolution equations we require the out-of-equilibrium distribution function
$\delta f_p$. This can be obtained by using the relativistic Boltzmann transport equation
$p^\mu \partial_\mu f(x,p)= C[f]$, and recasting $\delta f_p$
as $\delta f_p=f^0_p(1\pm f^0_p)\phi_p$ with $\phi_p$ being the deviation
function. The linearized Boltzmann equation can be then written as \cite{Degroot}
\begin{equation}
\Pi^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}f^0_p + f_p^0(1\pm f_p^0)\Pi^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}\phi_p
+ \phi_p \Pi^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}f_p^0 =-\beta{\cal L}_p[\phi_p] ,
\label{secondhydro0}
\end{equation}
with $\Pi^{\mu}=\beta p^\mu$ is the scaled particle four-momenta and
$\tau_p=\beta p^{\mu}u_{\mu}$ is the scaled energy (used below) in the local rest frame.
The linearized collision operator is then given by
\begin{align}
{\cal L}_{p}[\phi_p]= g & \int dp' dk \: dk' \ f_p^0 (1 \pm f_k^{0}) f_{p'}^0(1\pm f_{k'}^{0})\nonumber\\
& \times [\phi_{p}+\phi_{p'}-\phi_{k}-\phi_{k'}] W_{pp' \to kk'} ,
\label{coll2}
\end{align}
where $W_{pp' \to kk'}$ is the transition rate.
To obtain $\phi_p$ using the Eq. (\ref{secondhydro0}), we take recourse to Grad's 14-moment
method \cite{Grad} for $f_p$ in orthogonal basis.
In this approach, the scalar $\phi_p$ is expanded in the particle-momentum space,
and expressing it in terms of scalar products
of tensors formed from $p^{\mu}$ and tensor functions of $x_{\mu}$ as \cite{Mitra}
\begin{equation}
\phi_p=B_p^{\mu}(x,\tau_p)\langle\Pi_{\mu}\rangle - C_p^{\mu\nu}(x,\tau_p)\langle\Pi_{\mu}\Pi_{\nu}\rangle ,
\label{Gradphi}
\end{equation}
where the irreducible tensors are  $\langle\Pi_{\mu}\rangle = \Delta_{\mu\nu} \Pi^\nu$
and $\langle\Pi_{\mu}\Pi_{\nu}\rangle = \Delta^{\alpha\beta}_{\mu\nu} \Pi_\alpha \Pi_\beta$.
The coefficients $B_p^{\mu}$ and $C_p^{\mu\nu}$ are
further expanded in a power series of $\tau_p$ as:
\begin{equation}
B_p^{\mu}=\sum_{s=0}^{1} [B_s(x)]^{\mu} \: \tau_p^s ,~~~~
C_p^{\mu\nu}=\sum_{s=0}^{0}[C_s(x)]^{\mu\nu} \: \tau_p^s.
\label{Gradcoeff}
\end{equation}
Here the polynomials, up to first non-vanishing contribution to irreversible flows, have been retained.
The unknown coefficients $B_s$ and $C_s$ can be obtained in form of the
dissipative fluxes by putting Eq. (\ref{Gradphi}) in Eqs. (\ref{curnt})-(\ref{heat}).
By using the the moment integrals,
\begin{equation}
F_p^{\nu_1\cdots\nu_n}=\int dp \ f_p^0(1\pm f_p^0)p^{\nu_1\cdots\nu_n}=\sum_{l=0}^{[n/2]}a_{nl}(\Delta u)_{nl},
\label{momin}
\end{equation}
\begin{align}
{\rm with}~~ a_{nl} & = (-1)^l\frac{^{n}C_{2l}}{2l+1}\int dp \mid\vec{p}\mid^{2l}(p^0)^{n-2l}f_p^0(1\pm f_p^0),\nonumber\\
(\Delta u_{nl}) & =\frac{1}{n!}\sum_{\rm perm}\Delta^{\nu_1\nu_2}\cdots\Delta^{\nu_{2l-1}\nu_{2l}}u^{\nu_{2l+1}}\cdots u^{\nu_n},
\end{align}
we obtain the coefficients
\begin{align}
&C_0^{\mu\nu}  = \kappa_0 \pi^{\mu\nu},  ~~~\kappa_0 = -[T^2 c_0]^{-1}, \label{coeff1} \\
&B_1^\mu  = \beta_1 q^\mu,  ~~~~~~\beta_1 = [T^2(b_2 - \hat{h} b_1)]^{-1},  \label{coeff2}
\end{align}
where $\hat{h} = w/nT$ with $w=\epsilon+P$ being the enthalpy of the system.
Further, using Eckart's definition of velocity, the coefficients $B_0^\mu$ and $B_1^\mu$ can be related as
\begin{equation}
B_0^{\mu}=-B_1^{\mu} b_1/b_0 = \beta_0 q^{\mu}, ~~ \beta_0 = -\beta_1 b_1/b_0.
\label{coeff3}
\end{equation}
The quantities $b_s$ and $c_s$ are actually the moment integrals defined as
\begin{align}
\Delta^{\mu\nu}b_s & = g\int dp \ f_k^0(1\pm f_p^0)\langle\Pi^{\mu}\rangle\langle\Pi^{\nu}\rangle \tau_p^s ,\\
\Delta^{\alpha\beta\mu\nu}c_s & = g\int dp \ f_p^0(1\pm f_p^0)
\langle\Pi^{\alpha}\Pi^{\beta}\rangle\langle\Pi^{\mu}\Pi^{\nu}\rangle \tau_p^s .
\end{align}
Equations (\ref{coeff1}), (\ref{coeff2}), (\ref{coeff3}), give the three unknown coefficients necessary
to specify the out-of-equilibrium distribution from (\ref{Gradphi}).
With the help of moment integrals (\ref{momin}), the deviation function becomes
\begin{equation}
\phi_p=\frac{q^\mu \langle\Pi_{\mu}\rangle}{w} \frac{n(p^\nu u_\nu - 4T)}{w - 5nT}
+\frac{\pi^{\mu\nu} \langle\Pi_{\mu}\Pi_{\nu}\rangle}{2w} .
\label{Gradphi1}
\end{equation}
Using Eqs. (\ref{secondhydro0}) and (\ref{Gradphi1}) along with the moment integrals, we finally
obtain the evolution equation for the shear stress tensor and heat flow
\begin{align}
\Delta^{\alpha\beta}_{\mu\nu} \dot{\pi}^{\mu\nu} & = \frac{2\eta_v}{\tau_\pi} \sigma^{\alpha\beta}
 - \frac{\pi^{\alpha\beta}}{\tau_\pi} \nonumber\\
& + r_{\theta} \pi^{\alpha\beta} \partial\cdot u + r_{\omega} \pi_{\rho}^{\langle\alpha}\omega^{\beta\rangle\rho}
+ r_{\sigma} \pi_{\rho}^{\langle\alpha} \sigma^{\beta\rangle\rho} \nonumber\\
& + r_a q^{\langle\alpha} \dot{u}^{\beta\rangle} + r_I\nabla^{\langle\alpha}q^{\beta\rangle}
+r_T q^{\langle\alpha}\frac{\nabla^{\beta\rangle}T}{T} , \label{shearhydro0} \\
\Delta^{\alpha}_{\mu} \dot{q}^{\mu} & = \frac{\lambda T}{\tau_q}
\left(\frac{\nabla^{\alpha}T}{T} - \dot{u}^\alpha \right) - \frac{q^{\alpha}}{\tau_q} \nonumber\\
& + l_{\sigma}q_{\mu}\sigma^{\alpha\mu} + l_{\omega}q_{\mu}\omega^{\alpha\mu}
+ l_{\theta}q^{\alpha}\partial\cdot u  \nonumber\\
& + l_a \pi^{\alpha\mu} \dot{u}_{\mu} + l_T \pi^{\alpha\mu} \frac{\nabla_{\mu}T}{T}
+ l_\pi  \Delta^{\alpha\mu}\nabla^{\nu} \pi_{\mu\nu}.
       \label{heathydro0}
\end{align}
Here $\eta_v$ is the shear viscosity and $\lambda$ is the thermal conductivity of the system.
The chemical potential gradient is converted to temperature and pressure gradients
by applying the Gibbs' Duhem relation
$\partial^{\mu}(\mu/T) = (nT)^{-1}\partial^{\mu}P - \hat{h}^{-1}(\partial^{\mu}T)/T$.
The relaxation times for shear pressure $\tau_\pi = 6\eta_v/w$ and
heat flow $\tau_q = 5\lambda T(\hat{h} - 3)/[w(\hat{h}-5)^2]$, as well as all the
second-order transport coefficients are explicitly determined in terms of the hydrodynamic variables.
We note that the shear-heat coupling terms obtained in kinetic theory,
$q^{\langle\alpha}\frac{\nabla^{\beta\rangle}T}{T}$, $~q_{\mu}\sigma^{\alpha\mu}$
and $~\pi^{\alpha\mu} \frac{\nabla_{\mu}T}{T}$ are new compared to previous studies of
thermal diffusion \cite{Huovinen,Bouras} by entropy maximization.
Moreover, the coupled dissipative equations found here are distinct to the decoupled
shear and charge current equations obtained in Chapman-Enskog like iterative approach
of the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation time approximation \cite{Jaiswal:2015mxa}.
Equations (\ref{shearhydro0}) and (\ref{heathydro0}) along with their set of coefficients
constitute one of the main results in the present study.

The entropy four-current of the single-component system,
$S^{\mu}_r=-g\int dp \: p^{\mu} [f_p\ln f_p + r(1 - r f_p) \ln (1 - r f_p)]$,
can be decomposed into
two parts:  $S^{\mu}=su^{\mu}+\Phi^{\mu}$ with $s=u^{\mu}S_{\mu}$ as the entropy density,
and $\Phi^{\mu}=\Delta^{\mu\nu}S_{\nu}$ as the entropy flux.
Substituting the out-of-equilibrium distribution function from (\ref{Gradphi1}) into $S^{\mu}$ we get,
\begin{align}
s & = s_{eq} + \frac{3q^\mu q_\mu}{T(\epsilon +P)} - \frac{3\pi^{\mu\nu} \pi_{\mu\nu}}{2T(\epsilon +P)},
\label{ent4}\\
\Phi^\mu & =  \frac{q^\mu}{T} +\frac{2\pi^{\mu\nu} q_\nu}{T(\epsilon +P)} ,
\label{ent5}
\end{align}
with the equilibrium entropy density $s_{\rm eq}= (\epsilon + P - \mu n)/T$.
It is important to note that within second-order dissipative hydrodynamics,
the entropy flux vanishes in absence of heat flow (see Ref. \cite{Chattopadhyay:2014lya})
and originates entirely due to thermal conduction.

\section{Non-boost-invariant dissipative hydrodynamics}

To demonstrate the numerical significance of viscous and thermal dissipation equations obtained here,
we consider a non-boost-invariant longitudinal expansion of matter \cite{Chattopadhyay:2018dth}
at finite baryon density.
In terms of the Milne coordinates ($\tau,x,y,\eta$), where $\tau=\sqrt{t^2-z^2}$ and space-time rapidity
$\eta=\tanh^{-1}(z/t)$, the hydrodynamic four-velocity, $u^{\mu}=\gamma(1,0,0,v_{\eta})$,
includes a longitudinal component $v_\eta$.

The components of $\pi^{\mu\nu}$ can be obtained from azimuthal symmetry, orthogonality to $u^\mu$
and tracelessness. This leads to only one independent component which we take as $\pi^{\eta\eta}$.
Similarly, for the heat flow, using the orthogonality condition $u_{\mu}q^{\mu}=0$, the nonvanishing
components are $q^{\eta}=-\gamma q/\tau$ and $q^{\tau}=-\gamma\tau v_{\eta} q$.
The evolution equations for the (scaled) independent components of shear stress,
$\pi \equiv -\tau^2\pi^{\eta\eta}/\gamma^2$, and heat flow $q \equiv - \tau q^{\eta}/\gamma$
in (1+1)D then become
\begin{align}
D\pi & = \frac{4}{3}\frac{\eta_v}{\tau_\pi}\theta - \frac{\pi}{\tau_\pi} - 2\pi\theta  \nonumber\\
& - \frac{2}{3} \tau v_{\eta} \left( r_T q \frac{\nabla^I T}{T}
+ r_\alpha q \frac{\nabla^I P}{w} + r_I \nabla^{I}q \right) ,
\label{evo1}\\
Dq & = \frac{\lambda T}{\tau_\lambda} \tau v_{\eta} \left( \frac{\nabla^I T}{T}
- \frac{\nabla^I P}{w} \right) - \frac{q}{\tau_\lambda} + \frac{2}{3}(l_\sigma - 2) q\theta \nonumber\\
& + \tau v_{\eta} \left( l_T \pi\frac{\nabla^I T}{T} + l_\sigma \pi\frac{\nabla^I P}{w}
+  l_\pi \nabla^I\pi \right).
\label{evo2}
\end{align}
Here $D=\gamma(\partial_\tau + v_\eta \partial_\eta)$ is the time derivative in the local fluid rest frame,
$\theta = \partial \cdot u = \tau^{-1}\partial_\tau (\tau\gamma) + \partial_\eta (\gamma v_\eta)$ is the
local expansion rate and  $\nabla^I =\gamma(\partial_\tau + \tau^{-2}v_{\eta}^{-1}\partial_\eta)$.

Taking the two independent components of $T^{\mu\nu}$ as $T^{\tau\tau}$ and $T^{\tau\eta}$, the
evolution equations (\ref{thid3}) and {\ref{thid2}) for energy density and velocity reduce
in the (1+1)D flow to
\begin{align}
&\partial_\tau \tilde{T}^{\tau\tau} + \partial_\eta (\tilde{v}_\eta \tilde{T}^{\tau\tau})
= -\gamma^2\left(\epsilon + P_L\right) + \epsilon + 2\gamma^2\tau v_{\eta} q , \label{evo3}\\
& \partial_\tau \tilde{T}^{\tau\eta} + \partial_\eta ( v_\eta \tilde{T}^{\tau\eta}
+ \tilde{P}_L/\tau^2 - v_{\eta}q ) \nonumber\\
& = - 2\gamma^2 v_{\eta} [ \left(\epsilon+P_L\right)
   - \frac{1}{\tau v_{\eta}} \left(1+\tau^2 v^2_{\eta}\right)q ].
\label{evo4}
\end{align}
Here we have used the shorthand notation $\tilde{A}^{mn}=\tau A^{mn}$,
with $P_L=P-\pi$ as the effective longitudinal pressure and
$\tilde{v}_\eta=\tilde{T}^{\tau\eta}/\tilde{T}^{\tau\tau}=T^{\tau\eta}/T^{\tau\tau}$.
The equation for number density (\ref{thid1}) simply turns out to be $Dn+n\theta=0$.

Using Eqs. (\ref{evo3}) and (\ref{evo4}), the expression for energy density and longitudinal velocity
can be expressed as
\begin{align}
\epsilon & =  T^{\tau\tau}-\tau^2 v_{\eta} T^{\tau\eta}+\tau v_{\eta}q,\\
v_{\eta} & = \frac{T^{\tau\eta} + q/\tau}{T^{\tau\tau}
+ P(\epsilon = T^{\tau\tau}-\tau^2 v_{\eta} T^{\tau\eta}+\tau v_{\eta}q) - \pi}.
\end{align}
This allows to extract $v_\eta$ by one-dimensional zero-search.
The five evolution equations (\ref{evo1}), (\ref{evo2}), (\ref{evo3}), (\ref{evo4}), and
the baryon number evolution,
in terms of six unknowns ($\pi, q, v_{\eta},\epsilon$, $P$ and $n$),
are closed by including an equation of state  $P=P(n,\epsilon)$.
The above set of evolution equations are solved using SHASTA-FCT algorithm.

For the (1+1)D flow, the entropy density and the components of the entropy flux reduce to
\begin{align}
& s=s_{eq} -  \frac{1}{(\epsilon+P)T} \left(\frac{9}{4}\pi^2 + 3 q^2\right), \label{evoent1}\\
& \Phi^{\eta}= -\gamma\Phi/\tau , ~~~ \Phi^{\tau}=-\gamma\tau v_{\eta}\Phi, \label{evoent2}
\end{align}
with $\Phi=(q/T)[1+2\pi/(\epsilon+P)]$.

\section{Equation of state and freeze-out}

To study the hydrodynamic evolution of matter at finite density, we have employed the (2+1)-flavor
QCD EoS where the bulk thermodynamic quantities have been obtained by using Taylor series expansion
up to sixth order in the baryon chemical potential \cite{Bazavov}. The expansion was constructed about
the lattice QCD EoS at $\mu_B=0$ that includes a crossover transition at $T_c \simeq 154$ MeV \cite{Bazavov:2014pvz}
and a hadron resonance gas (HRG) EoS at lower $T$. The parametric EoS was shown to be reliable at $0 < \mu_B/T < 2$,
and hence, can be suitably used about midrapidity for the beam energy scan $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \sim 5 - 200$ GeV.
At $T < 130$ MeV and/or high baryon density encountered at the forward/backward rapidities, where the
Taylor expansion is not well-defined, we have used the HRG EoS smoothly matched to the parametric EoS.

The hadron spectra at freeze-out can be obtained by using the standard Cooper-Frye prescription \cite{CooperFrye},
\begin{equation}
E\frac{dN_i}{d^3p}=\frac{g_i}{(2\pi)^3} \int_{\Sigma} d\Sigma_\mu \: p^\mu f^i(x,p).
\label{CF}
\end{equation}
We have considered freeze-out at a constant decoupling temperature of $T_{\rm dec}$
(that corresponds to freeze-out times $\tau_f(\eta)$) from the hypersurface $\Sigma (x)$.
The phase-space distribution function at freeze-out can be expressed as
$f^i(x,p) = f^i_0(x,p) + \delta f^i(x,p)$. The local equilibrium distribution is
$f^i_0 = [\exp(u^\mu p_\mu - b_i \mu_B)/T \pm 1]^{-1}$
where $b_i$ is the baryon number for $i$th species and the flow velocity $u^\mu \equiv u^\mu(\tau_f,\eta)$,
temperature $T \equiv T(\tau_f,\eta)$ and baryon chemical potential $\mu_B \equiv \mu_B(\tau_f,\eta)$
are evaluated at the freeze-out hypersurface coordinates. The nonequilibrium corrections $\delta f$ from shear
viscosity and thermal conduction, obtained in Eq. (\ref{Gradphi1}) from Grad's approach, can be written as
\begin{align}
\delta f^i & = \delta f^i_{\rm visc} + \delta f^i_{\rm ther} = f^i_0(1 \pm f^i_0) \nonumber\\
& \times \left[ \frac{p^\mu p^\nu \pi_{\mu\nu}}{2 T^2(\epsilon +P)}
+ \frac{p^\mu q_\mu}{T(\epsilon +P)} \left( \frac{(p^\nu u_\nu - 4T)n_B}{(\epsilon+P) - 5n_BT} \right) \right].
\end{align}
We have considered all the resonances that are used in the HRG model, and the rapidity distribution
presented here include two- and three-body resonance decays \cite{Bhalerao:2015iya}.

\section{Numerical results}

We will present (1+1)D hydrodynamic simulation results over the entire rapidity range
corresponding to Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}= 200$ GeV at RHIC,
Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}= 17.3$ GeV at SPS/CERN, and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}= 5$ GeV
at AGS/BNL that is close to the lowest energy in RHIC BES. We have taken the initial time as $\tau_0=0.4$ fm
at which the initial energy density profile is constructed as \cite{Chattopadhyay:2018dth}
\begin{align}\label{engd:eq}
\epsilon(\tau_0,\eta) = \epsilon_0 \exp\left[ - \frac{\left(|\eta| - \Delta\eta_\epsilon\right)^2}
{2\sigma_{\eta_\epsilon}^2} \theta\left(|\eta| - \Delta\eta_\epsilon\right) \right],
\end{align}
which consists of a flat distribution about midrapidity of width $2\Delta\eta$  and two-smoothly
connected Gaussian tails of half-width $\sigma_{\eta_\epsilon}$. The initial net-baryon density
profile is taken as $n_B(\tau_0,\eta) \equiv n_{B_0} \: f_B (\eta)$, where the envelope function
is chosen to be
\begin{align}\label{bprof:eq}
f_B (\eta) & = \theta\left(|\eta| - \eta_B^\pm \right)
\exp \left(- \frac{\left(|\eta| - \eta_B^\pm \right)^2}{2\sigma_{\eta>}^2} \right) \nonumber \\
& + \theta\left(\eta_B^\pm  - |\eta| \right) \Bigg[
\exp \left(- \frac{\left(|\eta| - \eta_B^\pm \right)^2}{2\sigma_{\eta<}^2} \right)
 \theta\left(|\eta| - \Delta\eta_{B_0}\right) \nonumber \\
& ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \ + {\cal F}(\Delta\eta_{B_0}) \left(\Delta\eta_{B_0} - |\eta|\right) \Bigg].
\end{align}
This represents a flat distribution about midrapidity of width $2\Delta\eta_{B_0}$  which
is connected smoothly at $\pm \Delta\eta_{B_0}$ to the tails of two Gaussian with
width parameter $\sigma_{\eta<}$ and peak position $\eta_B^\pm$ that are determined from
the measured shape of the final net-proton rapidity distribution and the rapidity-loss
in the net-proton distribution, respectively \cite{Denicol:2018wdp}.
The initial net-baryon envelope profile at RHIC is shown in Fig. \ref{dndy:fig} (dotted line).

The energy and baryon profiles of Eqs. (\ref{engd:eq}) and (\ref{bprof:eq}) are relevant at the
RHIC and SPS energies that produce a boost-invariant matter with small net-baryon density at
midrapidity. In contrast, at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \approx 5$ GeV,
complete stopping of the colliding nuclei leads to a baryon-rich and high-energy density matter at
midrapidity, and hence require (initial) Gaussian profiles peaked at $\eta=0$.
The parameters in Eqs. ({\ref{engd:eq}) and (\ref{bprof:eq}) are adjusted to reproduce the
net-proton and charged pion rapidity distributions $dN/dy$ at RHIC, SPS and AGS.
The initial values of the longitudinal velocity profile is taken as
boost-invariant, viscous stress tensor as isotropic, and vanishing heat flow, i.e.
$v_\eta(\tau_0,\eta) = 0, ~\pi^{mn}(\tau_0,\eta) = 0, ~q^\mu(\tau_0,\eta) = 0$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.42]{dndy_pi_netp.eps}
\caption{Rapidity dependence of net-protons (top panel) and charged pions (bottom panel) in heavy ion
collisions at the RHIC energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV, at the SPS energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=17.3$ GeV, and at
the AGS energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5$ GeV. The lines correspond to non-boost-invariant hydrodynamic
calculations with shear stress and heat flow using $\eta_v/s=1/4\pi$ and Eq. (\ref{lambda:eq}).
The symbols represent $dN/dy$ data at AGS \cite{E877-ppi}, SPS \cite{NA49-p,NA49-pi},
and RHIC \cite{BRAHMS-p,BRAHMS-pi}. The dotted line (top panel) illustrates the initial net-baryon
density envelope profile at RHIC.}
\label{dndy:fig}
\end{figure}

For QCD matter at high $T$, the thermal conductivity $\lambda$ can be estimated from kinetic
theory in the relaxation time approximation as \cite{Hosoya,Kapusta-Rincon}
\begin{align}\label{lambda:eq}
\lambda & = \frac{1}{3T^2}\int \frac{d{\bf p}}{(2\pi)^3} \: \Bigg[ |{\bf p}|^2 g_b\tau_b(p) b_0(1+b_0)\nonumber\\
& + \sum_{i=f,\bar f}  g_i\tau_i(p) f_{i0}(1-f_{i0})\left(\frac{{\bf p}}{\epsilon_i} \right)^2
\left(\epsilon_i - b_i\frac{\epsilon+P}{n_B}\right)^2 \Bigg] ,
\end{align}
which includes bosons and massless quarks/antiquarks ($b_i = \pm 1$)
with single-particle energy $\epsilon_i = \sqrt{m_i^2 + {\bf p}^2}$.
We have used thermally averaged values for relaxation times $\tau_i(p)$ from \cite{Hosoya}.
In the hadronic phase at low $T$, the thermal conductivity is obtained from Eq. (\ref{lambda:eq})
by summing over all the (anti-)baryons $i$ with baryon number $b_i$.
Throughout our analysis, we have taken a constant value of shear viscosity to entropy density ratio
of $\eta_v/s = 0.08$.

In Fig. (\ref{dndy:fig}) we show the net-proton (top panel) and charged pion (bottom panel) rapidity distribution
in (1+1)D hydrodynamics that include both viscous and heat dissipation and compare with the $dN/dy$ data at
RHIC, SPS and AGS. Contribution from resonance decays are added to the thermal distribution. For the good
description of the $dN/dy$ data, we require an initial $\epsilon_0(\tau_0) = 23.5, 16.2, 9.0$ GeV/fm$^3$,
and a decoupling temperature of $T_{\rm dec} = 150, 142, 135$ MeV for RHIC to AGS energies.
Further, a small $n_B(\tau_0)$ is required in the boost-invariant central rapidity region at RHIC (dotted curve),
whose magnitude gradually increases and extent decreases at smaller colliding energies.
The observed $dN/dy$ at RHIC is the culmination of near cancellation of proton and antiproton values
near $y \approx 0$ and a doubled peaked structure for the proton $dN/dy$ at the large rapidities having
high baryon content.

In the present analysis, with and without viscous and heat dissipations, the parameters in
$\epsilon(\tau_0,\eta)$ are retuned in each case to fit the hadron $dN/dy$.
As compared to dissipative hydrodynamics, the larger flow in the ideal fluid
requires a higher and slightly narrower initial energy
density distribution to be compatible with the final $dN/dy$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{vel.eps}
\caption{Space-time rapidity dependence of longitudinal velocity (scaled by time) in non-boost-invariant
hydrodynamic simulation for ideal flow (dashed lines), with inclusion of heat flow (solid lines) and further
inclusion of shear stress (symbols) in heavy ion collisions at RHIC, SPS, AGS energies.}
\label{vel:fig}
\end{figure}

Figure (\ref{vel:fig}) shows the space-time rapidity dependence of the longitudinal flow velocity $v_{\eta}$
(multiplied by the corresponding proper time) in ideal, pure thermal,
and thermal plus viscous hydrodynamics at $\tau=5$ fm. Large pressure gradients $P_L$,
in the (1+1)D ideal-fluid-expansion, breaks the initial boost-invariance $v_{\eta}(\eta,\tau_0)=0$
and accelerates the fluid flow towards high rapidity. Shear and heat dissipation
will restrict $P_L$, and finally overcome it at large $\eta$ where
small ($\epsilon,P,T$) and large $n_B$ increase the times,
$\tau_\pi  \sim \eta_v/(\epsilon+P)$ and $\tau_q  \sim \lambda T n_B/(\epsilon+P)$, for
the system to relax to equilibrium.  We find that at RHIC and SPS energies,
viscous drag is more effective than thermal correction as $P_L= P-\pi$.
Whereas, for collisions at the low $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \sim 5$ GeV, the
viscous effects are rather small, and sizable effects from baryon and temperature gradients
on the heat flow modify $v_\eta$ close to midrapidity.
The oscillations in $v_\eta$ seen at larger rapidities stem for large gradients in
$\mu_B/T$ near the vacuum \cite{Li-Shen}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.42]{VI_eta.eps}
\caption{Space-time rapidity dependence of shear pressure tensor $\pi$ and heat flow $q$ at proper time
$\tau=2$ (top panel) and 8 fm (bottom-panel) at the RHIC, SPS and AGS energies
in the (1+1)D hydrodynamic calculations that include heat flow in absence of shear (dashed lines),
with further inclusion shear (solid lines), and for shear stress (symbols).}
\label{heatsh:fig}
\end{figure}

Figure (\ref{heatsh:fig}) shows the $\eta$ dependence of shear pressure $\pi$ and heat flow $q$
at RHIC, SPS and AGS energies at $\tau=2$ and 8 fm. In absence of shear,
the magnitude of the heat flow (dashed lines)
at the central $\eta$ does not build up with time from its initial value of
$q(\tau_0,\eta) = 0$. This arises due to small $|v_\eta|$
and near cancellation of $(T,P)$ gradients at small $\eta$ in the dominant first term
in Eq. (\ref{evo2}). The peaks and oscillations at large rapidities near the vacuum can be traced to rapid heat
flow in the direction of large gradients in $\mu_B/T$ \cite{Li-Shen}.

On inclusion of shear, the magnitude of heat current (solid lines) increases considerably
from heat-shear coupling, and shows a trend similar to $v_\eta$ (see Eq. (\ref{evo2}) and Fig. \ref{vel:fig}).
At the early time $\tau=2$ fm, the heat flow at RHIC and SPS has a vanishingly
small value at $|\eta| < 1$  due to the initial boost-invariance,
and a maximum value near the nuclear remnants. In contrast, at lower c.m. energies,
the large gradients in $n_B,P,T$ at small $\eta$ cause a rapid increase in $q$; the enhancement
here is however smaller due to small shear. In any case, the magnitude of $q$ is expected to be much smaller
\cite{Bouras} than the shear stress (symbols).

As the system evolves to a later time $\tau=8$ fm, the typical features seen at the RHIC and SPS are
breaking of boost-invariance and inward-outward baryon diffusion from high rapidities. This causes a reduction
in central plateau and broadening of the peak for heat flow. In contrast at AGS, the
baryons rapidly diffuses out from the midrapidity resulting in heat to flow out
from central to larger rapidities. Close inspection of Fig. (\ref{heatsh:fig})(a) and
(\ref{heatsh:fig})(b) reveals that, with the expansion of the system, the shear pressure drops faster as compared
to the heat flow.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.40]{entr_tfl_tau.eps}
\caption{Time evolution of normalized entropy density $s/s_{\rm eq}$ (top panels), entropy density from viscous $s_\pi$
and heat $s_q$ (middle panels), and longitudinal and temporal components of entropy flux
$s^\eta_q$ and $s^\tau_q$ (bottom panels) at the space-time rapidity $\eta=1$ (solid lines)
and $\eta=3.5$ (dashed lines) in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC (left panels) and SPS (right panels).}
\label{entropy:fig}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{entropy:fig}(a)-(f) displays the proper time evolution of various nonequilibrium components of
entropy density from Eq. (\ref{evoent1}) at the RHIC (left panels) and SPS (right panels) for
$\eta =1$ (solid lines) and $\eta=3.5$ (dashed lines).
The normalized entropy density $s/s_{eq}$ in Figs. \ref{entropy:fig}(a)-(b)
represent the deviation from the equilibrium value $s_{\rm eq} = (\epsilon + P -\mu n_B)/T$
due to thermal and viscous dissipation. Such a time dependence essentially reflect the
evolution of normalized shear tensor $\pi/(\epsilon+P)$ and heat flow $q/(\epsilon+P)$ that
rapidly increases from the initial value of $\pi(\tau_0)= q(\tau_0)=0$ and then gradually decreases.
At a larger rapidity $\eta=3.5$ and also at the lower SPS energy, the nonequilibrium deviation is found
to be enhanced due to the growth of the relaxation times, $\tau_\pi$ and $\tau_q$, that causes a slower
response to the expansion, driving the system away from equilibrium.

Figures \ref{entropy:fig}(c)-(d) depict the viscous
$s_{\pi}=9\pi^2/4T(\epsilon+P)$ and thermal $s_q= 3q^2/T(\epsilon+P)$ contributions to the entropy density
which again reflect the time evolution seen for shear and heat.
While $s_{\rm \pi}$ is larger at central than at higher rapidities,
$s_q$ shows an opposite $\eta$-dependence due to relatively
larger $|q|$ at the nuclear spectator regions. We find that $s_q$ and $s_\pi$ are
of comparable magnitude at high rapidities.

Finally, we show in Figs. \ref{entropy:fig}(e)-(f) the magnitude of
longitudinal $s^\eta_q$ and temporal $s^\tau_q$ components of entropy flux of Eq. (\ref{evoent2}).
These are the signature of thermodynamic quantities originating purely from the heat flow.
Apart from the general decreasing trend with time, both these components
dominate at large rapidity most of the time during evolution,
demonstrating the key role played by thermal flux $q$ in deciding the behavior of entropy flux contributions.

\section{Summary and conclusion}

We have presented a relativistic hydrodynamic formulation, with thermal conductivity and shear viscosity, to treat
high temperature and finite net-baryon density matter encountered in relativistic heavy ion collisions.
The dissipative equations obtained within Grad's 14-moment approach have new terms involving couplings
between heat flow and shear pressure where all the second-order transport coefficients are explicitly determined.
Numerical significance of these equations were explored for non-boost-invariant expansion
of matter created in heavy ion collisions over a wide energy range.
We have employed a (2+1)-flavor QCD EoS using up to sixth-order Taylor expansion
in baryon chemical potential and smoothly matched to the HRG EoS at low temperature and density.
We found that thermal conduction alone has a small effect in the central region at RHIC and SPS
but has noticeable effects in the baryon-rich regions and in lower energy heavy-ion collisions.
Coupling to shear pressure could result in a sizable contribution from heat flow  on the observables.
The present study may be promising in the search for the elusive critical point at finite density
and temperature in the QCD phase diagram.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


It has now been three weeks since CitronResearch.com accused Valeant (VRX: NYSE) of being Pharmron (Pharma + Enron). Ever since then, I've read a bunch of articles and tried to find an actionable angle. When there are rumors, innuendo and allegations of fraud, there's a potential for opportunity. However, the deeper I dug; something increasingly struck me as rather odd about Valeant. At its peak, why was it so overvalued?
Valeant has spent approximately $34 billion on acquisitions after subtracting for dispositions, since 2010. Much of this acquisition spree was paid for with borrowed money or overvalued shares. How did this company with a net acquisition value of $34 billion trade up to an enterprise value of $120 billion only a few months ago? No one is that smart of a buyer. There are dozens of pharma companies looking for accretive acquisitions—the odds that Valeant got amazing deals through hotly competitive bidding wars is unlikely. It isn't like there's anything exceptionally proprietary about Valeant's "platform" either—outside of the ability to increase revenues through questionable billing practices.
Does this meteoric rise in valuation have anything to do with the $703 million in investment banking fees paid to financial institutions since 2010 (according to the Wall Street Journal)? Excluding financial institutions, only General Electric, Verizon and Kinder Morgan have paid more in fees over the past five years. I guess that buys you a lot of "strong buy" recommendations and "focus list" mentions. It gets brokers to push extra hard to get clients to buy shares. Even more importantly, it ensures that analysts refrain from asking difficult questions when they're doing due diligence.
Now, I'm not against roll-ups. There have been some great success stories of guys buying cheap assets, creating synergies, reducing costs and building huge value for shareholders. Some of these stocks deserve to trade at sizable premiums to the cost of their recent acquisitions. However, $34 does not equal $120, no matter who is running the show—especially as these aren't small companies that you can ramp up rapidly—Valeant was buying mature pharma plays and paying full prices for them.
For us investors, there's a lesson here; when Wall Street is pushing a product at you—watch out!!


text:
New York, NY ( change your cinema )
Fairfax, VA Washington, DC Dallas, TX Plano, TX San Diego, CA
PG-13 | 1 hour 50 minutes • Archived
Angelika Film Center New York, NY
Award-winning and bestselling author of The Handmaid's Tale, Margaret Atwood publishes worldwide her highly anticipated new novel – The Testaments – a sequel to her most celebrated work. In a unique live event filmed live from the stage of London's National Theatre, cinema audiences will be treated to an evening in conversation with Atwood about the release of the new book, her long and distinguished career and why she has returned to her seminal story of The Handmaid's Tale, 34 years after she wrote the original. With exclusive readings from the new book by special guests, this will be an unmissable and intimate event with Atwood, spotlighting her signature insight, humor and intellect. Atwood will also answer questions from audiences in this rare appearance and intimate evening.
Events at New York, NY

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: Events take an unexpected turn in this ninth awesome foray into the worlds of the Demonata..."I know it's ridiculous. Lights can't whisper. But I swear I heard a voice calling to me. It sounded like static to begin with, but then it came into focus, a single word repeated over and over. Softly, slyly, seductively, insistently. Come!" The Disciples are being manipulated by beings older than time. Only Kernel Fleck knows that something is wrong. But he is in the grip of a creature who cares nothing for the fate of humanity. Voices are calling to him from the darkness and he's powerless to resist. Kernel has already been to hell and back. Now he's about to go further!


We've Been Shortlisted in The Northern Digital Awards!
We've just received the very exciting news that we have been shortlisted in The Northern Digital Awards 2019!
We've been shortlisted in the 'Best Ecommerce Website' category for our recent redesign and redevelopment of utilitydesign.co.uk.
The new Magento Commerce site for Utility launched in May 2018, following a six month period of extensive research.
The new site boasts many impressive features including an overhaul of the category and product layout, easily accessible brand specific product pages, an improved navigation and a redesigned category filter system.
We also built the new 'Collections' feature from scratch. Content editors within Utility and guest authors can now create bespoke collections of products, that can be purchased through the site.
For a full interview and insight into the project with the MD of Utility, Richard Skelton, head over to our blog.
The winner of The Northern Digital Awards will be announced on 31st January 2019 so we'll be crossing our fingers into the new year!


text:
Dic Lo
Globalisation Meets Its Match: Lessons from China's Economic Transformation
The sustained and rapid growth of the Chinese economy in the last three decades has been in sharp contrast to the prolonged stagnation in most parts of the nonwestern world. The persistence of a mixed economic system despite market reforms further contradicts the orthodox doctrines of globalisation. This study argues that China's economic transformation has been mainly based on productivity improvement and is thus to a significant extent a real development. It has been achieved mainly through a process of "governing the market" by a set of structural-institutional factors that are China-specific but can be of general importance for late development worldwide.
CHINA SINCE 1978Economic & Political Weekly EPW december 27, 200897Globalisation Meets Its Match: Lessons from China's Economic TransformationDic Lo, Yu Zhang1 The 'China Anomaly' in GlobalisationViewed from the perspective of globalisation, China's experience of economic transformation over the past three decades appears to be anomalous – indeed paradoxical. The sustained and rapid growth of the Chinese economy has been in sharp contrast to the prolonged stagnation in most parts of the non-western world. The mixed economic system that has persisted despite market reforms further contradicts the orthodox doctrines of globalisa-tion, that is, the doctrines of market fundamentalism commonly known as the Washington Consensus.There is of course no shortage of defendants of the Washington Consensus who have attempted to interpret the Chinese experi-ence in a way that is consistent with the orthodox doctrines. There is a recurring proposition which states that China's economic system is a mix of market-conforming and market-supplanting elements, that its developmental achievements can be ascribed to the conforming elements while its accumulated problems can be attributed to the supplanting elements, and that the problems tend to outweigh the achievements as the country's economic transition proceeds from the allegedly easy phase to the difficult phase (The Economist 1998;IMF 2000;OECD 2005; World Bank 2002). Essentially, this proposition is based on the belief that eco-nomic development is dictated by principles of the market, and that the actual working of the world market is somehow natural or easy. This is the notion of the "natural path of development", the ultimate promise of globalisation.It is interesting that this interpretation of the Chinese experience is shared by many in the critical, anti-globalisation camp. There is a widely held view in this camp that rather than fundamentally deviating from principles of the market, China has actually fol-lowed through capitalist transformation. Indeed, it is posited that China is following an extreme form of capitalist transformation, namely, neoliberalisation. What distinguishes these critical scholars from the orthodoxy is their terms of assessment. They often argue that China's seemingly phenomenal performance is mainly based on "super-exploitation" of Chinese labour (and the natural environment), as well as on "under-cutting" the world working class as a whole (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett 2004; Harvey 2005; Walker and Buck 2007). That these writers une-quivocally deny that China's sustained and rapid economic growth is real appears to reflect the belief that capitalism can never deliver development on a significant scale. This belief can be called the "natural path of underdevelopment".The objective of this essay is mainly to take on the orthodox, market-fundamentalist discourse on China, while also attempting The sustained and rapid growth of the Chinese economy in the last three decades has been in sharp contrast to the prolonged stagnation in most parts of the non-western world. The persistence of a mixed economic system despite market reforms further contradicts the orthodox doctrines of globalisation. This study argues that China's economic transformation has been mainly based on productivity improvement and is thus to a significant extent a real development. It has been achieved mainly through a process of "governing the market" by a set of structural-institutional factors that are China-specific but can be of general importance for late development worldwide.Dic Lo (diclo@soas.ac.uk) is with the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and the Centre of Research in Comparative Political Economy, Renmin University of China. Yu Zhang (laoaozhang@yahoo.com.cn) is with the Renmin University of China.
CHINA SINCE 1978december 27, 2008 EPW Economic & Political Weekly100for Chinese people, particularly for urban residents, in the first half of the reform era. The degree of egalitarianism is thus diffi-cult to be gauged by conventional measures of income distribu-tion such as the Gini index. Perhaps much more appropriate measures would be social development indicators such as life expectancy at birth, the infant mortality rate, and the adult illit-eracy rate. It is well known that in these measures China's per-formance in the late 1970s was very close to the average of all middle-income economies in the world, in spite of it being a low-income economy. In the early years of the 21st century, China's performance in the social development indicators remained very close to the average of all middle-income economies. Overall, it would be appropriate to assert that for the main part of the reform era, China's pattern of income distribution tended to be egalitarian by international standards – although it is also true that egalitarianism tended to wither along with market reform.It was the worsening pattern of income distribution under market reform that led to the fundamental shift of China's growth path in the early 1990s. The leading role of consumption has been taken over by investment in sustaining economic growth on the demand side. And the contribution of the effect of labour transfer to economic growth – that is, the improvement in allocative effi-ciency as a source of productivity growth – has tended to weaken. What has been of increasing importance is dynamic increasing returns within industry. Conceptually, in the relevant theoretical literature, there is a well developed proposition which states that the sustainability on the demand side of a growth path based on "producing investment goods for producing investment goods" is determined by the pace of product innovations. It is through product innovations that the variety of investment goods contin-uously expands, and that the law of diminishing demand ceases to apply. The sources, and pace, of product innovations in Chi-nese economic growth, particularly since the early 1990s, are important issues requiring study. Nevertheless, one point seems clear: in addition to domestic generation, a very important source of product innovations is continuous, large-scale importing of foreign technology. It is in this particular respect that external dynamics has played a crucial role in China's overall economic transformation.4 Gradual Marketisation, Neoliberalisation and the Quest for AlternativesThe logical starting point in the nexus of causal relationships underpinning China's economic transformation in the first half of the reform era, as depicted in the preceding section, is the existence of an egalitarian pattern of income distribution. This pattern of income distribution has been, in turn, based on China's political economy. For a major part of the reform era, especially its first half, the economy has been dominated by public ownership, and within the publicly-owned sector, egalitarianism in distribution has been the norm. In 1992, state-owned and collectively-owned enterprises combined to account for 86% of the output of Chinese industry as a whole. By the turn of the century, the share still remained at 64%.All these notwithstanding, it is not true that China has always shunned the policy doctrines of the Washington Consensus throughout the reform era. There was a high tide of neoliberali-sation in China in the middle of the 1990s. This mainly took the form of the 1993-95 financial liberalisation and the 1995-97 enterprise downsizing drive. There were also policy measures adopted during this period for working towards the targets of liberalising external finance and balancing the state budget by the turn of the century.The 1995-97 downsizing drive in state (and collective) enter-prises had far-reaching implications. Initiated by the state lead-ership with the objective of transforming large and medium enterprises into modern corporations and small-scale enterprises into shareholding cooperatives, the drive was seized upon by local authorities at different levels to simply sell-off state assets while unilaterally defecting on the state's obligation of job secu-rity for the workers (and passing the liabilities of the sold enter-prises on to state banks and ultimately to the central government). Consequently, unemployment surged, consumption expansion slowed down and investment growth stagnated. Together with the worsening external environment caused by the 1997-98 east Asian financial crisis, all these plunged China into a state of defla-tion at the macro level, and there was worsening financial per-formance of enterprises at the micro level, in the closing years of the century.Against this background, there emerged a fundamental policy reversal in 1998. The Chinese leadership turned to four major categories of anti-crisis policies between 1998 and 2002. First, it launched several Keynesian-type fiscal packages for expanding investment demand, which were financed by debt issuing of unprecedented scales. Second, it implemented a range of welfare-state policies aimed at reversing the trend of stagnant consump-tion expansion. Third, it adopted policy measures to revitalise the state sector, with the objective of improving the financial con-ditions of state-owned enterprises and the balance sheets of state banks. Fourth, it adopted a cautious approach to reform-ing the regime of external transactions – in particular, the lead-ership has in effect shelved the target of liberalising the coun-try's capital account. As an anti-crisis strategy, these policies embodied the idea of helping enterprises as well as the govern-ment to "grow out of indebtedness". The robust growth of the Chinese economy in the crisis-prone years of 1998-2002, as well as the substantial decrease in the indebtedness (as ratios of GDP) of state finance, state banks, and state-owned enterprises, indicates that the adoption of these market-supplanting policies was justified.Meanwhile, albeit intended to be short-term anti-crisis meas-ures, these policies turned out to be consistent with the long-term social and economic development strategy of China's state leadership in the new century. This strategy, known as "constructing a harmonious society", emphasises the need to reverse the trend of increasing social polarisation under market reforms. And one central aspect of social polarisation to be dealt with is the trend of secular decline of labour compensa-tion as a share of national output. Although the economic growth process has not been mainly based on cheap labour or "super-exploitation", it is true thatlabourcompensationhas experienced very sluggish growth in the reform era. This is
evident in Figure 4, which shows that, up until the turn of the century, the growth of the real urban wage rate (the formal sector of the Chinese economy) lagged far behind that of per capita real GDP. Conversely, the reverse of the comparison in recent years reflects deliberate state efforts to improve labour compensation.
Figure 4: Annual Growth Rate of Per Capita Real GDP and Real Urban Wage Rate
(5-year Moving Average, %) 14
0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 A = per capita real GDP; B = urban real wage rate. Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2006; China Statistical Abstract 2007.
These include enhancing labour rights protection, working towards the target of establishing collective bargaining in all enterprises, enforcing the stipulation of setting up unions in all enterprises, and enforcing a new employment contract law – all breaking with the previous laissez-faire approach towards labour. The persistence of the capital-deepening path of economic growth has also helped to improve labour compensation.
These labour-enhancing policies are consistent with the prevailing capital-deepening economic growth path, and thus appear to have a solid material underpinning. The same applies to the broader policies for income redistribution, social welfare provision, and the attempts to reconstruct a government-funded healthcare system for society as a whole, including the rural population. Nevertheless, given that China has by now already deeply integrated itself into the world market, it will be a challenge on an unprecedented scale to move against the currents of globalisation in the pursuit of "constructing a harmonious society".
5 The Impact of China's Transformation on Globalisation
Central to the globalisation of our times has been a process of financialisation, that is, the rapidly rising predominance of speculative financial activities in the world economy. As Robert Wade (2006) has observed, financialisation implies financial interests dissociating themselves from real investment and the productive process in general. There is thus an intrinsic contradiction in financialisation: the speculative pursuits of profitability tend to crowd out productive activities, thus undermining the sources of profitability. Financialisation is intrinsically unsustainable.
But financialisation has actually been sustained, at least until recently. The reason, as David Harvey (2005) has argued, is mainly the "cheapening" of productive inputs worldwide. It is in this connection that national and international policies associated with neoliberalism can be seen as essential to the current round of globalisation. These policies facilitate the cheapening of productive inputs, labour in particular, and their
Economic & Political Weekly EPW december 27, 2008
incorporation into the system of capitalism. Institutionally, as Harvey has further argued, financialisation necessarily requires flexible production: logical to the rising mobility of capital is the inclination towards minimising fixed investment and maximising profits via absolute surplus-value production. A central tenet of neoliberalism is creating flexible institutions in the form of the casualisation of employment, which is made possible via the creation of an "unlimited supply of labour" and the elimination of arrangements that could undermine the flexible working of the labour market, such as unionisation and legislative protection of labour. This appears to be what has actually occurred to date.
Nevertheless, this neoliberal tenet has no prior claim to superiority even in the sense of underpinning the kind of flexible production that is needed for surviving competition in the world market. In line with the literature on techno-economic paradigms (Lo and Smyth 2004), it could be posited that the behavioural flexibility of the productive system could arise from two different, contrasting types of institutional arrangements. One is casualisation, that is, "flexible institutions, flexible behaviour", which is based on the principles of a detailed division of labour and de-skilling of work. The other arrangement is rigid, or long-termoriented institutions, constructed on the basis of the social division of labour – that is, "rigid institutions, flexible behaviour", where behavioural flexibility arises from collective learning and horizontal coordination. Theoretically, there is no reason to believe that one of the two types of arrangements is more competitive than the other. In reality, however, the triumph of neoliberalism, in conjunction with the drive of financialisation, has resulted in the predominance of the "flexible institutions, flexible behaviour" model across the world. This has been so despite the observation that, on historical record, the alternative "rigid institutions, flexible behaviour" model embodies a much higher degree of solidarity, egalitarianism and social justice, and the argument that this model is less prone to produce systemic demand deficiency that could undermine economic growth (Dore 2002).
In this context, China's development experience and policy efforts since the turn of the century deserve special attention. It could be asserted that a main aspect of globalisation is the expansion of the world labour market associated with the incorporation of China into the system. According to the International Monetary Fund (2007), weighing countries' labour force by their export-to-GDP ratio, the effective global labour supply quadrupled between 1980 and 2005, with east Asia contributing about half the increase. And, over this period, there has been an accelerating trend of massive relocation of industry and jobs from the rest of east Asia to China. At the end of 2005, China's share of the world total of workers producing for the global market reached 25%. No wonder, in addition to its growth performance (and rising financial strength), the conditions of labour employment, compensation and work standards in China have increasingly become matters of worldwide concern.
Because of its significant and rising position in the world economy, China's attempt to construct an alternative model of development is bound to make a systemic impact on the future
CHINA SINCE 1978december 27, 2008 EPW Economic & Political Weekly102direction of globalisation. As noted, the worldwide cheapening of labour over the past quarter century, particularly since the early 1990s, has been, in a very significant measure, associated with the incorporation of China's labour force into the world market. Now that there have emerged strong state and societal efforts in China to resist the cheapening drive, some funda-mental adjustments in world development are likely to occur. Whatever the precise nature of the adjustments, the triumph of neoliberalism is likely to be less complete in the future than in the previous quarter century. Real development worldwide has a stake in the success or otherwise of China's attempt to construct an alternative to neoliberalism.6 Concluding RemarksThe Chinese experience of economic transformation over the past three decades offers important lessons for late development under globalisation. In hindsight, the country appears to have undergone a transition from labour-intensive industrialisation and economic growth to an alternative, capital-deepening path. In both the phases, its developmental achievements cannot be reduced to the orthodox policy doctrines of globalisation – that is, the market fundamentalism of the Washington Consensus, or neoliberalism. In particular, the capital-deepening growth path has emerged and persisted in connection with a range of structural-institutional factors that are market-supplanting in nature. It is the interaction between these factors and the prevailing growth path that appears to constitute a promising, alternative model of late development.Put another way, since the turn of the century, China's state and society have focused their efforts on "constructing a harmo-nious society". These efforts represent a quest for a model of development that deviates fundamentally from neoliberalism. In particular, state development policies and institutional reforms in recent years have tended to target labour compensa-tion-enhancing economic growth, rather than growth based on "cheap labour". This essay argues that the new development model does represent a more feasible and desirable pursuit than neoliberalism. The essay concludes with a discussion on the impact of this new Chinese development model on the future direction of globalisation.ReferencesDore, Ronald (2002): "Stock Market Capitalism and Its Diffusion", New Political Economy,7 (1),The Economist (1998), 24-30, October.Hart-Landsberg, M and P Burkett (2004):China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle, a special issue ofMonthly Review, July-August.Harvey, D (2005): A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press).IMF (2000):World Economic Outlook (WashingtonDC: International Monetary Fund), October. – (2007): World Economic Outlook (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund), April.Lo, D (2006): "Making Sense of China's Economic Transformation", Economics DepartmentWorking Paper No 148, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, http://www.soas.ac.uk/economics/research/workingpapers/.Lo, D and G Li (2006): "China's Economic Growth, 1978-2005: Structural Change and Institutional Attributes", Economics Department Working Paper No 150, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, http://www.soas.ac.uk/economics/research/workingpapers/.Lo, D and R Smyth (2004): "Towards a Re-interpreta-tion of the Economics of Feasible Socialism", Cambridge Journal of Economics,28 (6): 791-808.OECD (2005):Economic Survey of China 2005, Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, September, http://www.oecd.org/ document/21/0, 2340,en_2649_201185_35331797_1_1_1_1,00.html.Wade, R (2006): "Choking the South", New Left Review,No 38.Walker, R and D Buck (2007): "The Chinese Road: Cities in the Transition to Capitalism", New Left Review,No 46.World Bank (2002): Transition – The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Washington DC: World Bank).SAMEEKSHA TRUST BOOKS1857Essays from Economic and Political WeeklyA compilation of essays that were first published in the EPW in a special issue in May 2007. Held together with an introduction by Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, the essays – that range in theme and subject from historiography and military engagements, to the dalit viranganas idealised in traditional songs and the "unconventional protagonists" in mutiny novels – converge on one common goal: to enrich the existing national debates on the 1857 Uprising.The volume has 18 essays by well known historians who include Biswamoy Pati, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Peter Robb and Michael Fisher.The articles are grouped under five sections:'Then and Now','Sepoys and Soldiers','The Margins','Fictional Representations' and 'The Arts and 1857'.Pp viii + 364 2008 Rs 295Available fromOrient Blackswan Pvt LtdMumbai Chennai New Delhi Kolkata Bangalore Bhubaneshwar Ernakulam Guwahati Jaipur LucknowPatna Chandigarh Hyderabad Contact: info@orientblackswan.com
Read more about Globalisation Meets Its Match: Lessons from China's Economic Transformation


Most residents think the city does an acceptable job managing its streets, but it still has a long way to go to make them more visible at night.
PALM COAST — Most residents think the city does an acceptable job managing its streets, but it still has a long way to go to make them more visible at night.
They also think Palm Coast hasn't done well enough in terms of economic development and planning and zoning, but it has gone above and beyond when it comes to garbage collection, code enforcement, animal control, air quality, emergency services and more.
For the most part, the latest reviews from the National Citizen Survey were positive. About 1,200 local residents had questionnaires mailed to them in 2012 and nearly 40 percent of them filled them out and sent them back. The results of the survey were presented to the City Council during a workshop earlier this week.
Seventy percent of those who participated in the survey said their overall quality of life in Palm Coast was good or excellent. That is up from 67 percent in 2011.
Out of 29 major categories, the city ranked above the benchmark, or better than average, in 12 of them. Palm Coast met the standard in 14 categories, but finished below average in three.
"We're pleased about how mostly positive it is, but there are obviously some areas we can work on," said City Manager Jim Landon.
The street light category is one on which Palm Coast has historically scored poorly.
"Many came here from urban areas where they had continuous street lights and Palm Coast doesn't have that," Landon said. "It's always been an issue since we've been a city."
The public also has given the city mixed signals. There are those who want to preserve what makes Palm Coast different from the places they came from.
"There is a segment of this population who moved to get away from the city and we know that," he said. Street lighting was axed from the city's capital budget after revenues started to decline, said Landon, but requests can still be made to the city by residents who want better lighting at intersections in their neighborhood.
During a 10-year period, the city has seen a sharp increase in its street repair rating. In 2002, only 16 percent of residents who participated in the survey thought Palm Coast officials were doing enough to maintain the city's streets. By 2012, that number improved to 70 percent.
One trend Landon eagerly pulled from the results is the number of dramatic year-to-year increases in satisfaction. More than half of the categories – 18 total – showed at least a 7 percent improvement from the previous year.
"It's interesting to see these results and get a feel for what the community's thinking," said Landon.
The categories with the steepest drops were retail availability and overall rating of city employees. The latter dropped nine points to 68 percent. Landon acknowledged it was a concern.
"Historically the ratings of city employees have always been very high," he said. "This fits right in line with the City Council's new goal of increasing customer-service-type training."
The retail issue is something that doesn't concern Landon as much. There are those residents who prefer not to have their city filled with more strip malls and box stores. Additionally, the overall economy has impacted commercial growth almost everywhere, he said. He still feels reassured the city is business friendly.
About 500 other jurisdictions across the country also participated in the survey, which is how the National Research Center came up with benchmarks for each category. The participating counties and cities ranged from New York, which has more than 8.1 million residents, to Westlake, Texas, which has a population of 992.
The population of Palm Coast, according to 2011 figures, is about 76,500.


Making the most of this 563m2 allotment located on The Range down a long driveway.
– Land is a premium in this location.
– LAND ONLY 563m2 of hidden hatchet block.
– Present owner is seriously ready to part with this block.
– His instructions are clear: BRING ME AN OFFER!
Hidden away this may just be your ticket to Range living. Seriously priced to SELL!!


This particular Fashionistas doll is absolutely gorgeous when opened. Her hair is textured, and full, plus she has a petite body size (something I hope the made to move line eventually releases) so the Barbie is unique and stunning. She comes with a gorgeous faux lace lavender dress, pink scrappy-heeled sandals and a lovely pair of sunglasses.
The lavender Barbie's highlight is her full & highly textured hair that when opened is tied back in a sort of pony tail, but once the elastic is removed, her hair is extremely stunning, with fanned out, our restyled. A beautiful Barbie.


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There is plenty to see and do in the area, we have lived here for many years and are happy to point you towards local facilities or even further afield. Our shop also has leaflets for many local destinations.
Our local village (Husthwaite) has free Multi Use Games Area (MUGA) which includes a playpark for toddlers and older children, outdoor gym facilities and tennis court.
There are also many excellent eating establishments a short distance from The Den - such as the Carlton Inn in Carlton Husthwaite, The Durham Ox in Crayke, The Plum and Partridge in Husthwaite and The Fauconberg Arms in Coxwold.
If Michelin Star dining is your thing, approximately 4 miles away there is The Black Swan at Olstead, recently voted the
best restaurant in the world.
Byland Abbey - Wass
The White Horse at Kilburn
Newburgh Priory Lake - Coxwold
ON OUR DOORSTEP
By foot or bike, we are a short distance from the villages of Husthwaite and Coxwold. The old railway line is a public footpath and Coxwold is approximately 2 miles by foot. Coxwold itself has a number of attractions;
- St Michael's Church
- Shandy Hall
- Newburgh Priory
- Coxwold Tea Rooms (The Coxwold)
Walk-able eateries include;
- The Plum and Partridge in Husthwaite (15 minutes)
- The Fauconberg Arms in Coxwold (30 minutes)
A short drive from Coxwold are the villages of Wass and Kilburn, with historic attractions such as The White Horse/Sutton Bank visitors centre and the ruins of Byland Abbey.
Approximately 5 miles away are the market towns of Easingwold and Thirsk. Thirsk was home to James Herriot, local vet and author, who wrote 'All Creatures Great and Small. His old surgery and home is now an award winning museum - 'The World of James Herriot'. Thirsk was also home to Thomas Lord - The founder of Lord's Cricket ground, who was born here in 1755 and his birthplace is now Thirsk Museum.
Approximately 10 miles away at the foot of the North Yorkshire Moors lies the beautiful market town of Helmsley with many quaint tearooms and shops to browse, or visit attractions such as;
- National Bird of Prey Centre
- Duncombe Park
- Helmsley Castle & Walled Gardens
- Rievaulx Abbey, Temple and Terraces
- Helmsley Brewery
- Open air swimming pool
We are 17 miles from the Historic City of York and an easy 20 minute drive down the A19. York is an impressive city, with a huge amount of things to see and do;
- York Minster
- York Bar walls
- Museum Gardens
- National Railway Museum
- Yorvik Viking Centre
- The Shambles
- Ghost Tours
- Yorks Chocolate Story
- Castle Howard
Our family has lived in York and the area for many years and are more than happy to offer any advice on what to see and do in York or any of the surrounding towns such as Harrogate or Ripon.
Slightly further afield, the coastal towns of Whitby or Robin Hoods bay are within easy reach for a day trip.


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Mina Tominaga
Born in April 3rd, 1966
Mina Tominaga Biography
Yoshiko Tominaga, better known by her stage name Miina Tominaga, is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer from Nishi-ku, Hiroshima. She is currently attached to Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society. Tominaga is best known for her roles in Sazae-san (as Katsuo Isono), Persia, the Magic Fairy (as Persia Hayami), Patlabor (as Noa Izumi), Maison Ikkoku (as Kozue Nanao), Rurouni Kenshin (as Myōjin Yahiko), Hell Teacher Nūbē (as Miki Hosokawa), DNA² (as Karin Aoi) and Bikkuriman 2000 (as Takeru).
(Source: Wikipedia)
Mina Tominaga Filmography
Detective Conan: Zero the Enforcer
Hunter x Hunter: The Last Mission
Idol Fighter Su-Chi-Pai II
WXIII: Patlabor The Movie 3
Patlabor: The Movie
Patlabor 2: The Movie
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Taro the Dragon Boy
Movie GenresThriller MoviesCrime MoviesTV MoviesScience Fiction MoviesAction MoviesFantasy Movies


We regret to advise from June 2016 that Heronfield is now closed and unable to offer accommodation to visitors seeking B&B on Skye. Many apologies and sorry for the inconvenience this may give new enquirers.
The large hillside garden, particularly beautiful in early summer when the wild anemones, primroses, garlic and bluebells are in flower - all sheltered by many mature hazel, rowan, birch, beech and ash trees allow open access upwards to the forestry plantations, ridges and hills behind Heronfield.
Heronfield from the shore line of Loch Portree below.
Rainfall during otherwise sunny days often results in some fabulous rainbows across the bay in front of Heronfield.
Taken in March 2015 from The Lump, Portree looking back to the west across inner Loch Portree. A telephoto image of "Heronfield" in the middle distance clearly showing its elevated position with its large hillside grounds behind the house, accessible by our guests should they wish.
For as long as he can remember, Tim has enjoyed, passionately, classic cars. So Christine inevitably had to involve herself in his hobby too! Thus - Classic vehicle, car and motorcyle enthusiasts visiting Skye are (especially!) welcome at Heronfield.
Don't worry though, if old vintage vehicle matters are not 'your thing', your ears will NOT be bent listening to intricate minutiae about all things mechanical; Skye's scenery and outdoor activities are the main reasons we live here as well!


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Why are American Mothers Mad While French Mothers Fun?
Free Money and Government Grants: Frequently Asked Questions
Financial Assistance For Distance Education Students
Find Out What Free Education Grants Are Available
Difference Between Online Education VS Traditional Education
College Scholarships: How to Find Money for School
College Scholarship Myths You Need To Know
College Books: Tips and Tricks for Saving Money
Are Free Grants Really Free?
How to Apply For Scholarship Grants For Nursing Schools
The University of Phoenix Online – A Review
Accelerate Your Career With Fast Online Degrees
A Week In The Life Of An Online Student
A College Degree Is Worth Millions
5 Ways To Pay For College
5 Tips for Getting an Online MBA Degree
Five Ways to Find The Best Online Universities
What Is An ACG – An Academic Competitiveness Grant?
Does Your Company Have A Tuition Reimbursement Program?
What You Need To Know About The National SMART Grant
The Easy Way To Fill Out A FAFSA
5 Important Steps In The Financial Aid Process
What Is A FSEOG – Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant?
What You Need To Know About FAFSA
Are Online College Degrees A Scam?
How To Find A Government Grant For A Low Income Family
Scholarships For Low Income Families
Pell Grants For Moms
Educational Grants For Single Moms
Single Mothers Scholarships – Avoiding Scams
Low income families can find it a lot harder to gain a good education in the US. Having less money coming in can mean you find yourself unable to pay for the education you would dearly love to have for yourself, or even your kids. Where well off families think about progressing to college without a second thought, the same situation can be impossible for those on a much lower income.
But no matter how hard it might seem to get to college and study the subject you want to study, nothing is impossible. Thanks to the wealth of scholarships available for students to take advantage of, many more people have been to college than would otherwise have been able to do so.
There are lots of different scholarships available nowadays, each one offering someone a better chance of going to college and studying successfully. For instance, some companies may have scholarships on offer for promising students. This occurs if a company is on the lookout for future employees to fill positions. The idea is that they pay for the person to go through college, on the understanding that they will go to work for them for a fixed period afterwords. This period varies according to the company, but it is agreed in advance.
Other scholarships are given out on a more general basis. If you have a course you want to study in order to further your education and you are on a low income, you may qualify for one of these. Alternatively you could benefit from applying for a scholarship which has been designed to help out people from a particular section of society. A good example would be single moms, who are typically lower earners than many other people, because of their situation. Being able to garner a scholarship can make all the difference for a single mom, who can then earn more in a better job because of her advanced education.
There are also scholarships for people in low income families who want to study a distance learning course. These are often better for people who have certain obligations that preclude them from studying full time at college. This could apply for single moms for example, to give just one instance of where this would work.
The main thing to be aware of is the depth of assistance and financial aid that is available for low income families to take advantage of. Once you have filled in your FAFSA (the Free Application for Federal Student Aid) you will be considered for government led scholarships. But don't forget to search locally and further afield for other scholarship opportunities. There are plenty more available so it is worth doing some research into the topic.
As you can see the future is a lot brighter for families on a low income that want to make the best of their education. As a result of earning a scholarship, many people are finally able to develop themselves and earn a better income as a result.
« Pell Grants For Moms
How To Find A Government Grant For A Low Income Family »
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The Farmhouse is a design studio + retail store based in Evansville, Indiana. We specialize in handmade wares, vintage finds, and home decor. Our primary goal is to connect our customers with the products and makers we care so deeply about. We do this by sharing their stories and educating our customers about materials, ingredients, and usage. We strive to be an inviting and calming environment full of good vibes and great smells, to create an inspiring sanctuary for our customers, and to provide you with a go-to place to pick up thoughtful and unique gifts as well as beautiful items for your home.


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Palantir CEO Alex Karp Takes a Crack at Corporate Patriotism
Palantir CEO Alex Karp raised an interesting point about patriotism and corporate social responsibility in a recent op-ed critical of Google published earlier this month in the Washington Post.
Karp contrasted Google with his own company on the basis of willingness to accept work with federal defense and national security agencies. Viewed through that lens, one could conclude that Palantir is a patriotic company and Google is not. The question is, does Karp make his case?
Corporate social responsibility and corporate patriotism
Before taking a look at the logic behind Karp's argument, it is helpful to understand how patriotism fits into the mold of corporate social responsibility.
If patriotism means wanting the best for your country, there are clearly points of overlap.
In economic terms, Dartmouth professor and author Richard A. D'Aveni has described "corporate patriotism" — sometimes referred to as economic nationalism — as "making decisions that strengthen a country's economy while strengthening a company's bottom line."
Interpreted narrowly, economic nationalism will not necessarily make shareholders happy, but D'Aveni argues for a broad, strategic approach that integrates shareholder confidence with domestic social concerns and the national interest.
This view of corporate patriotism can be expanded outward to encompass the general understanding of corporate social responsibility, in which shareholders ultimately benefit from corporate decisions that benefit people and the planet.
Corporate patriotism and job creation
Corporate patriotism is rendered into its most familiar form whenever elected officials ask U.S.-based companies to create more manufacturing jobs at home rather than outsourcing those jobs to other countries.
That is often easier said than done. A somewhat more realistic approach to corporate patriotism was described by Hillary Clinton during her 2016 presidential campaign, when she advocated for job creation in general rather than focusing on manufacturing jobs. In doing so, she summarized the economic view of corporate patriotism:
"I'm not asking corporations to be charitable, although that's important. I'm asking corporations to realize that when Americans prosper, they prosper too. The idea of corporate patriotism might sound quaint in era of vast multinationals, but it's the right thing to do and the smart thing to do as well."
Corporate patriotism and consumer perception
Job creation aside, corporate patriotism can also function as a marketing tool in which patriotic consumers identify themselves with a patriotic brand.
That approach makes corporate patriotism a key factor in brand reputation, regardless of a company's track record on outsourcing jobs overseas.
For example, the 2019 Brand Keys consumer survey of "Most Patriotic American Brands" lists Jeep at number one in its top ten, with the other nine following in this order: Disney, Ford, Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, American Express, MSNBC, Hershey's, AT&T, The New York Times, Walmart and Fox News.
As reflected in the Brand Keys list, a brand's insistence on simplistic flag-waving is not a winning strategy.
In explaining some surprising omissions in its 2016 brand patriotism survey, founder Robert Passikoff explained that "waving an American flag and having an authentic foundation for being able to wave the flag are entirely different things, and the consumer knows it."
What is "authentic" corporate patriotism?
Passikoff's emphasis on authenticity is one key to understanding Karp's op-ed.
Point by point, Karp builds the case for Palantir as an authentically patriotic company — not in terms of job creation, but in terms of national defense and homeland security.
Part of his argument rests in a direct characterization of Palantir as a company that was founded with patriotism built into its DNA.
That approach is consistent with Palantir's ongoing marketing strategy, as described by Bloomberg among other news organizations.
As Karp writes, Palantir was "founded after 9/11 with a commitment to helping those on the front lines use data analytics to protect the United States, a mission that grew to include combatting genocide, sex trafficking, terrorism, drug cartels, and "malicious computer-hacking software."
He further entwines the corporate mission of Palantir with the national defense mission of the U.S. government by evoking the patriotism of those who serve in the U.S. Marine Corps.
That part of the argument rests on the contrast between Palantir's government contracts and Google's decision to stop working on an artificial intelligence project for the Department of Defense.
By deciding to drop the contract, Karp argues, Google let down "the young people who volunteer for the Marines and get deployed overseas."
He further emphasizes that point by casting Google's work as a military style mission:
"…Google executives backed away from the mission. The U.S. Marine serves; the Silicon Valley executives walk. This is wrong."
Making it personal
Karp also reinforces his case by comparing his own personal patriotism to other Silicon Valley executives – and the images readers could conjure includes Google CEO Sundar Pichai, who was born in India. And therein lies Karp's venture into quite the grey area.
Early in the op-ed, his description of Silicon Valley executives practically describes them as a sort of un-American cabal. He pulls no punches as he casts them as "a small group of executives at the largest Internet companies in Silicon Valley" who "try to impose their moral framework on America."
Karp hammers home the point toward the end of the piece:
"…some Silicon Valley companies are taking the power to decide these issues away from elected officials and judges and giving it to themselves — a deeply unrepresentative group of executives living in an elite bubble in a corner of the country…"
In contrast, Karp makes it clear that he is a U.S. citizen by birth. He places himself squarely in the legacy of the American civil rights movement:
"I grew up the son of two civil rights activists and came of age in a progressive family and adopted many of the movement's values as my own."
To be clear, civil rights activism is not universally accepted as part of the patriotic tradition in America. Nevertheless, civil rights activism is deeply embedded in American history, and Palantir has attempted to brand itself as a defender of individual liberty through an in-house team of "privacy and civil liberties engineers."
By evoking his parents, Karp comes across as staking his claim to authenticity — as an American by birth, not by immigration or naturalization.
The dark side of corporate patriotism
By evoking both military-style loyalty and birthright citizenship, Karp's pursuit of authenticity leads his company into the area of flag-waving cautioned against by Passikoff. Those lines of argument also venture down a dark pathway implicit in the concept of corporate patriotism described by D'Aveni.
That pathway is one in which executives support national policy with an uncritical eye.
To cite one example, D'Aveni includes China — "especially China" in his list of companies where executives "care more about serving their home countries than about serving shareholders."
In that view of patriotism, Google's decision to stop working on a Defense Department contract is by definition an unpatriotic one.
However, the American understanding of obedience to national policy is somewhat different.
Perhaps unintentionally, Karp himself evokes the American understanding of obedience, through his references to the obedience of members of the U.S. Marine Corps to their commander.
That calls to mind the Military Law of Obedience.
The Military Law of Obedience does obligate members of the armed services to obey lawful orders. However, under certain circumstances the Law of Obedience also obligates them to disobey orders that are fundamentally or "manifestly" illegal.
My country, right or wrong
By hinging his argument on the Armed Services, Karp brings up the origins of the familiar phrase, "my country, right or wrong."
Historians have traced one early example of that remark to the much-decorated U.S. Navy officer Stephen Decatuer, who achieved the rank of Captain in 1804 at the age of 25.
In 1816, at a banquet in his honor, Decateur toasted the U.S. as follows: "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong."
By that time, Decatuer had a long list of military credits to his name, yet he felt comfortable enough to point out, in a public setting, that U.S. foreign policy "may" not always be right.
That sentiment was expanded in 1872 by another military veteran, Missouri U.S. Senator Carl Schurz.
Born in Germany, Schurz emigrated to the U.S. in 1852 and was active in the abolitionist movement before joining the Union army, where he served as brigadier general of volunteers at the Second Battle of Bull Run as well as at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Chattanooga.
Responding to a colleague's use of the phrase "my country, right or wrong" during a session of the Senate, Schurz rejoined:
"The Senator from Wisconsin cannot frighten me by exclaiming, 'My country, right or wrong.' In one sense I say so too. My country; and my country is the great American Republic. My country, right or wrong; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right."
In any case, U.S. companies are not bound by the Military Law of Obedience. They are subject to civil law and to certain orders of the U.S. President.
In the context of a President who dashes off "orders" to companies through Twitter, only to revise, reverse course, or drop them entirely, perhaps the only responsible — and patriotic — course of action is for Silicon Valley executives to make decisions with a critical eye on the national interest and the public good.
Editor's note: CEOs, including the one featured in this story, are facing all kinds of challenges due to the ongoing surge in employee activism. Hence this discussion will be a valuable part of the agenda next month at 3BL Forum: Brands Taking Stands - What's Next, October 29-30 at National Harbor, MD, just outside Washington, D.C. Together, the 80-plus speakers we will showcase onstage promise a two-day event that will be fast-paced, high-octane and invaluable with their perspectives on the latest in the environmental, social and governance (ESG) community.
We're pleased to offer TriplePundit readers a 25 percent discount on attending the Forum. Please register by going to the 3BL Forum website and use this discount code when prompted: NEWS2019BRANDS.
Image credit: Kevin Lanceplaine/Unsplash


The Brass Scraper Tool Set contains the tools to clean some of the most critical parts of your firearm that would have been nearly impossible to clean before. Included in this set are a scraper, a locking lug scraper, a straight pick, a pin punch, a nylon end brush, a compact receiver brush, and two rod handles. These tools will not scratch the firearm, and with them you can now thoroughly clean areas such as the locking lugs, the slides, bolt face, rails, and any other hard to reach places. These components can be ordered as separate add-ons to all kits, and will fit in existing softpacks!
- IP110038P (Brass Scraper) The brass scraper is used to clean carbon deposits and other debris from any flat surface on your firearm. This includes areas such as the bolt face and rails.
- IP-100-37 (Locking Lug Scraper) This scraper is designed specifically for the locking lugs of your AR-15/M4/M16. It has a 90 degree bend so it allows you to finally be able to clean the back side of the locking lugs.
- IP-100-39 (Straight Locking Lug Pick) The straight pick is engineered to clean in the tight crevices of your firearm.
- IP-100-61 (Pin Punch) The pin punch is great for removing the pins out of any firearm held together with a pin system.
- IP-318 (Nylon End Brush) This end brush can be used to lubricate the slides, but also has stiff enough bristles to dust off carbon and other loose debris.
- IP-324 (Compact Receiver Brush) With its aggressive heat treated, nylon bristles, the compact receiver brush can be used on all parts of any firearm that may need a bit of a scrub.
- IP11009100P (Male Rod Handle) & IP11009098P (Female Rod Handle) The male and female rods act as handles, and can be added onto any of the components in this tool set for additional length during precision cleaning.


As a teacher, and current Masters student in the Educational Psychology program, I see the impact and importance of developing skills for positive social media use in our students!
As a new mom, who frequently shares photos of her daughter, it really made me question how I share with my friends and family special moments of my daughter!
Ok, so going into the debate I had to side with the agree group for the argument that "Openness and sharing in our schools is unfair to our kids".
Why I agree with this statement is because I believe many students really do not understand that what they share will likely be around for their entire life and they believe that SnapChat truly only lasts for 5 seconds. As a high school teacher, almost all of my students use SnapChat as their main social media platform and I am frequently discussing things such as: repercussions of their actions online, consent, and bullying (which, more times than initially thought was unintentional).
The agree group had some great arguments in Monday's debate. They mentioned that there are boundaries to what we are sharing and that many parents disagree with posting students pictures online. This Telegraph article states that almost 1500 pictures of a child are shared on social media by time they are 5 years old!!! How insane is that, but honestly very believable as I am likely just as bad.
Is the privacy set so that only those you want to view it can?
Is the location tracking off?
Is a friends child also in the picture? If so, ask consent!
If you're unsure of any of these ——————-> THEN DO NOT POST!!!
Now, Digital Native is a new term to me, and one that surfaced in this great article "School Counselors' Experiences Working with Digital Natives", as well as in this YouTube Video "Kid, you posted WHAT?! How to raise a digital citizen". Digital native refers to someone who was brought up around and using digital technology from a very early age. This article and video speak to supporting our students and kids in their use of technology. We need to do this by being models of positive social media use for them.
The disagree group had 3 main arguments and the one that sticks out for me is that it is a reality of childhood now, so we must embrace it! It would be unrealistic to think that someone won't have an online identity, so again we need to really enforce positive digital citizenship. Without openness and sharing in the classroom and at home we are just ignoring what our students and children are doing. Having open channels of communication brings awareness to the positive and negative aspects of social media use.
The "Building and Keeping a Positive Digital Identity Article" has wonderful examples of how to address and teach students about positive digital citizenship. This STEP approach would be a great poster to have in the classroom to remind students of a quick checklist before posting. A few other points that stood out from this article were the "front page" rule, if you wouldn't want it posted on the front page of a newspaper than you shouldn't post, and the "consideration of secondary uses", if you don't know with 100% certainty that they will not share what you send them with someone else, then again don't send!
A great argument for using technology is accessibility, between students and also for students to teachers. I totally agree that this is a good thing, but my only problem with teachers being so accessible is that students, not all but many, then do not learn how to confront or ask someone something in person. A student leaves my classroom and 2 minutes later I get an e-mail asking for an extension. I understand that students are shy and sometimes intimidated when relationships aren't great or haven't had time to build. But they do miss out of learning these important interaction skills.
What I can conclude after this debate and from what I now know is this. I disagree that Openness and sharing in schools is unfair to our kids. Now, just like the other debates we have had there is always balance to what you do. It is important for our students to unplug and get hands on, and to not have access to their phones throughout the night, but it all comes back to use showing them how to balance their time of using technology. They will be using it regardless and they will make mistakes just as we all have at some point or time. So, we must embrace the use of it and do our best to guide them in how to use them responsibility and yes, show them that there may be a time when they wish they could erase something and they truly can't. I have learnt lessons the hard way, the reality is that they will too!
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Kristen I LOVED your blog post this week! There were so many times when I shouted 'yes!' as I was reading. I appreciated your honesty in the evolution of your opinion on this particular topic!
I like how you addressed this topic from both a parental perspective and a teacher perspective. I absolutely value the importance of discussing these issues in schools and providing a strong example of what is right and wrong but often times, I find myself wondering if too much responsibility is being placed on teachers to inform and educate their students about appropriate use of technology and how to be a good digital citizen and possibly not enough on parents (who are ultimately the ones placing these devices in their children's hands). What are your thoughts on this?
Like you, I also struggle with change. I appreciate your honesty in your post!
ABSOLUTELY I AGREE! You'll soon agree too that you really start seeing things in a different light once having your own children as well. Not that teachers shouldn't be ensuring tech is used responsibly, but at the end of the day the morals and values which shape children/students is built at home. Already, my daughter will grab for my phone or remotes because she sees us hold them. It will be up to my husband and I to show her balance in using technology, as we both believe strongly in being active, and also responsibly.


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