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Konstantin Rokossovsky
(Redirected from Rokossovsky)
Konstantin Rokossovsky in 1945
Konstanty Rokossowski
(1896-12-21)21 December 1896
Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
3 August 1968(1968-08-03) (aged 71)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Russian Empire (1914–1917)
Soviet Union (1917–1949, 1956–1968)
Polish People's Republic (1949–1956)
Marshal of the Soviet Union
Marshal of Poland
Commands held
7th Samara Cavalry Division
15th Cavalry Division
5th Cavalry Corps
9th Mechanized Corps
"Group Yartsevo"
16th Army
Bryansk Front
Don Front
Central Front
1st Belorussian Front
2nd Belorussian Front
Polish Armed Forces
Battles/wars
Russo-Chinese Eastern Railroad War
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia
Hero of the Soviet Union (twice)
Légion d'honneur
Cross of St. George 4th class
Konstantin Konstantinovich (Xaverevich) Rokossovsky (Polish: Konstanty Rokossowski; 21 December 1896 – 3 August 1968) was a Soviet and Polish officer who became Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland, and served as Poland's Defence Minister from 1949 until his removal in 1956 during the Polish October.[1] He was among the most prominent Red Army commanders of World War II.
Born in Congress Poland under Russian rule, Rokossovsky served in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I. After the war he joined the Red Army and fought with great distinction during the Russian Civil War. Rokossovsky held senior commands until 1937 when he fell victim to Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, during which he was branded a traitor, imprisoned and tortured.
After Soviet failures in the Winter War, Rokossovsky was reinstated due to an urgent need of experienced officers. Following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Rokossovsky played key roles in the defense of Moscow and the counter-offensives at Stalingrad and Kursk. He was instrumental in planning and executing part of Operation Bagration—one of the most decisive Red Army successes of the war—for which he was made Marshal of the Soviet Union.
After the war, Rokossovsky became Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers in the newly established Polish People's Republic. He was dismissed in 1956 when Władysław Gomułka became the leader of Poland. Rokossovsky then returned to the Soviet Union, where he lived out the rest of his life until his death in 1968.
1.1 Early military career
1.2 Great Purge, trial, torture and rehabilitation
2 World War II
2.1 1941: Operation Barbarossa; Dubno, Smolensk and Moscow
2.1.1 Battle of Dubno
2.1.2 Battle of Smolensk
2.1.3 Battle of Moscow
2.1.4 1942: Operation Fall Blau
2.1.4.1 Retreat to the Don
2.1.4.2 Operation Uranus
2.1.4.3 Stalingrad
2.1.5 1943: Kursk
2.1.6 1944: Operation Bagration & Warsaw Uprising
3 Postwar
3.1 Dates of rank
4 Honours and awards
5 Monuments and Memorial
Rokossovsky was born in Warsaw, then part of Congress Poland under Russian rule. His family had moved to Warsaw following the appointment of his father as the inspector of the Warsaw Railways. The Rokossovsky family were members of the Polish nobility (of the Oksza coat of arms), and over generations had produced many cavalry officers. However, Konstantin's father, Ksawery Wojciech Rokossowski, was a railway official in the Russian Empire and his Belarusian mother Antonina Ovsyannikova was a teacher (born in Telekhany near Pinsk).[2][3][4] Orphaned at 14, Rokossovsky earned a living by working in a stocking factory.[2]
In 1911, he became an apprentice stonemason.[5] Much later in his life, the government of People's Republic of Poland used this fact for propaganda, claiming that Rokossovsky had helped to build Warsaw's Poniatowski Bridge. Rokossovsky's patronymic Ksaverovich was Russified on his enlistment into the Russian Army at the start of the First World War to Konstantinovich, which would be easier to pronounce in the 5th Kargopol Dragoon Regiment where he volunteered to serve.[2]
Early military career[edit]
Graduates of the Leningrad Higher Cavalry School 1924/25
Sitting in the second row (right to left): 1. Bagramyan, 3. Yeremenko. Standing in the third row (right to left): 1. Zhukov, 5. Rokossovsky.
On joining the Kargopolsky 5th Dragoon Regiment, Rokossovsky soon showed himself a talented soldier and leader; he ended the war with the rank of a junior non-commissioned officer, serving in the cavalry throughout the war. He was wounded twice during the war and awarded the Cross of St George.[6][7] In 1917, he joined the Bolshevik Party and soon thereafter, entered the ranks of the Red Army.
During the Russian Civil War he commanded a cavalry squadron of the Kargopolsky Red Guards Cavalry Detachment in the campaigns against the White Guard armies of Aleksandr Kolchak in the Urals where, in November 1919, he was wounded in the shoulder by an opposing officer whom he later killed when his cavalry overran an enemy headquarters.[8] Rokossovsky received Soviet Russia's highest military decoration at the time, the Order of the Red Banner.
In 1921 he commanded the 35th Independent Cavalry Regiment stationed in Irkutsk and played an important role in bringing Damdin Sükhbaatar, the founder of the Mongolian People's Republic to power.[9] Famed "White Russian" general, adventurer and mystic Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, who allegedly believed he was the reincarnation of Genghis Khan, had driven the Chinese occupying forces out of Mongolia in 1920 and set himself up as dictator in Outer Mongolia. The next summer, when Ungern-Sternberg moved to capture the border town of Troitskosavsk threatening to move north and cut off the Soviet far east from the rest of the Soviet Union, Rokossovsky quickly moved south from Irkutsk and met with the Sükhbaatar Mongol forces, defeating Urgern-Sternberg's army, which retreated in disarray after a two-day engagement. Rokossovsky was again wounded, this time in the leg.[8] The combined Mongol and Soviet forces soon thereafter captured Ulaanbaatar.
Rokossovsky with his wife Julia Barminan
It was in Mongolia that he met his wife Julia Barminan, a high school teacher who was fluent in four languages and who had studied Greek mythology,[10] whom he married in 1923. Their daughter Ariadna was born in 1925.[11] In 1924 and 1925 he attended the Leningrad Higher Cavalry School, where he first met Georgy Zhukov.[8] He returned to Mongolia, where he was a trainer for the Mongolian People's Army. Soon after, while serving in the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army under Vasily Blücher, he took part in the Russo-Chinese Eastern Railroad War of 1929–1930 when the Soviet Union intervened to return the Chinese Eastern Railway to joint Chinese and Soviet administration, after Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang of the Republic of China attempted to seize complete control of the railway.[2]
It was in the early 1930s that Rokossovsky's military career first became closely intertwined with Semyon Timoshenko and Georgy Zhukov, when Rokossovsky was the commander of the 7th Samara Cavalry Division, Zhukov as a brigade commander under him and Timoshenko his superior Corps commander.[8] Both became principal actors in his life during World War II, where he served directly under both at different times. A sense of the nature of the beginning of Rokossovsky's famous World War II rivalry with Zhukov can be gathered from reading Rokossovsky's comments in an official report on Zhukov's character:[12]
Has a strong will. Decisive and firm. Often demonstrates initiative and skillfully applies it. Disciplined. Demanding and persistent in his demands. A somewhat ungracious and not sufficiently sympathetic person. Rather stubborn. Painfully proud. In professional terms well trained. Broadly experienced as a military leader... Absolutely cannot be used in staff or teaching jobs because constitutionally he hates them.
Rokossovsky was among the first to realize the potential of armoured assault. He was an early supporter of the creation of a strong armoured corps for the Red Army, as championed by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky in his theory of "deep operations".
Great Purge, trial, torture and rehabilitation[edit]
Rokossovsky as Komdiv (division commander)
Rokossovsky held senior commands until August 1937 when he became caught up in Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and accused of being a spy. His association with the cutting edge methods of Marshal Tukhachevsky may have been the cause of his conflict with more traditional officers such as Semyon Budenny, who still favoured cavalry tactics over Tukhachevsky's mass armour theories, but few historians believe that the purge of the Red Army was solely a dispute over policy, and most attribute the purges to political and military rivalries as well.
Some officers were merely swept up on suspicion due to past associations; in Rokossovky's case his association with the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army and the intrigues surrounding Marshal Vasily Blyukher, who was arrested shortly after Rokossovsky and who died in prison without confessing, may have been enough to trigger his arrest.[13] Rokossovsky, however, survived.
He was variously accused of having links to Polish and Japanese intelligence[2] and acts of sabotage under Article 58, section 14; "conscious non-execution or deliberately careless execution of defined duties", a section added to the penal code in June 1937.
The charges against Rokossovsky stemmed from the case of the "Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Military Organization of the 11th Mechanized Corps" where Rokossovsky was implicated after the arrest of Corps Commander K.A. Tchaikovsky who, like Rokossovsky, served in the far east in the early 1930s. The Intelligence Chief of the Transbaikal Military District accused Rokossovsky of meeting with Colonel Komatsubara the head of the Japanese military mission in Harbin in 1932, when he was commander of the 15th Cavalry Division in Trans-Baikal; a fact that Rokossovsky did not dispute but justified as a meeting to resolve issues regarding Chinese prisoners. This accusation was supported with material charges, which included various acts of negligence of command that were interpreted as deliberate acts of sabotage, such as allowing the quarters of his division to become slovenly, failing to conduct training, and leading his division out into bad weather causing losses of horses and encouraging sickness among his troops.[14][15][16]
Upon his arrest by the NKVD, his wife and daughter were sent into internal exile, where his wife Julia was forced to support their daughter by finding odd jobs, which she would lose when it was discovered that her husband had been arrested as a "traitor".[10]
V. V. Rachesky, a cell mate of Rokossovsky, wrote in his memoirs that Rokossovsky blamed the persecution of innocent people on the NKVD and was "naive", refusing to acknowledge Stalin's role in creating the treacherous environment. He described Rokossovsky's refusal to sign a false confession:
Those who refused to sign a false statement were beaten up, as long as the false statement was not signed. There were steadfast people who stubbornly did not sign. But there were relatively few. K. K. Rokossovsky, as he sat with me in the same cell did not sign a false statement. But he was a brave and strong man, tall and broad-shouldered. He too was beaten.[15]
His grandson Colonel Konstantin Rokossovsky Vilevich says that his grandfather escaped the fate of so many other officers because he refused to sign a false statement and by proving to the court that the officer who his NKVD accusers claimed had denounced him had been killed in 1920 during the civil war;
The evidence was based on the testimony of Adolph Yushkevich, a colleague of my grandfather in the Civil War. But my grandfather knew very well that Yushkevich died in Perekop. He said that he would sign [a confession] if Adolph was brought for a confrontation. They looked for Yushkevich and found that he had died long before.[17]
Kresty Prison, where Rokossovsky was imprisoned in Leningrad, today Saint Petersburg
Alexander Solzhenitsyn reports that Rokossovksy endured two mock shooting ceremonies where he was taken out at night by a firing squad, but then returned to prison.[18] Living relatives say that Svetlana Pavlovna, wife of Marshal Kazakov, confirmed that he sustained injuries including broken and denailed fingers and cracked ribs on top of enduring mock shooting ceremonies. Rokossovsky never discussed his trial and imprisonment with his family, only telling his daughter Ariadne that he always wore a revolver because he would not surrender alive if they came to arrest him again.[10]
In his famous "secret speech" of 1956, Nikita Khrushchev, when speaking on the subject of the purges, mentioned Rokossovsky specifically, saying, "suffice to say that those of them who managed to survive, despite severe tortures to which they were subjected in the prisons, have from the first war days shown themselves real patriots and heroically fought for the glory of the Fatherland".[19]
After his trial Rokossovsky was sent to the Kresty Prison in Leningrad, where he remained until he was released without explanation on 22 March 1940.
Semyon Timoshenko, who had been named People's Commissar for Defence of the Soviet Union after the debacle of the Winter War and was in urgent need of experienced officers to fill command posts for the rapidly expanding Soviet army, returned Rokossovsky to the command of the 5th Cavalry Corps at the rank of Colonel.[13] Subsequently, the 5th Cavalry Corps participated in the occupation of Bessarabia and he was soon promoted to the rank of a Major General and given the command of the 9th Mechanized Corps, as part of M.I. Potapov's 5th Army under Mikhail Kirponos commander of the Kiev Military Region, which would later be renamed the Southwestern Front at the outbreak of hostilities with Germany.
World War II[edit]
Rokossovsky as Lieutenant General, 1941
Konstantin Rokossovsky's place in history as a military leader was established in the war known among Soviets as the Great Patriotic War, that began with the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. He rose from being a disgraced officer and former prisoner charged with treason, through the rank of Major General, to become a Marshal of the Soviet Union, who was finally put in charge of the victory parade in Moscow at the conclusion of the war in 1945. He played a major role in almost every strategically important operation that eventually led to Soviet victory over Germany during World War II.
The German army is a machine, and machines can be broken![20]
—  Konstantin Rokossovsky
1941: Operation Barbarossa; Dubno, Smolensk and Moscow[edit]
See also: Operation Barbarossa, Battle of Brody (1941), Battle of Smolensk (1941), and Operation Typhoon
Battle of Dubno[edit]
When Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 Rokossovsky was serving as the commander of the 9th Mechanized Corps with the 35th and 20th Tank Divisions, and the 131st Motorized Division under his command.
He was immediately engaged in the early tank battles that raged around the Lutsk-Dubno-Brody triangle, also known as the Battle of Brody — an early Soviet counter-attack that was the most significant Soviet tank operation of the early stages of operation Barbarossa.
The battle involved a large scale attack involving five Mechanized Corps aimed at penetrating the German line in the direction of Lublin based on a plan developed before hostilities commenced.[21] Orders for the attack from Zhukov were met with little enthusiasm from the Southwestern Front staff that wanted to maintain a defensive posture. Nonetheless the attack proceeded. The operation met with numerous difficulties in mobilization, coordination, communication, transportation and execution but scored some initial successes, which were parried by the quick action of Von Rundstedt's Army Group South in the Ukraine and ended in the destruction of most of the participating Soviet forces.
Upon receiving his orders Rokossovsky, whose divisions were stationed far to the rear of the frontier, had to commandeer trucks from the local reserve to carry munitions, and mount some of his infantry on tanks while the rest were forced to walk, splitting his forces.[22] As a consequence, his forces were behind schedule and only an advanced guard were able to meet the 26 June "jump off", and entered the fray piecemeal. His orders were to move forward and take up positions around Lutsk north of the town of Dubno in co-ordination with the 19th Mechanized Corps under N. V. Feklenko, and attack south-west, while the Mechanized Corps of the 6th Army attacked northward from Brody to meet them, with the intent of cutting off the advance of the 11th Panzer Division east.
On 25 June, Rokossosky's 131st Motorized infantry were quickly driven out of their position at Lutsk by the 14th Panzer Division, but the 35th and 20th Tank divisions were able to cobble together advance forces to cut the Lutsk-Dubno road, even though their full force had not yet arrived on the battlefield.[23] On the same day elements of the 19th Mechanized Corps, operating to his east out of Rovno had succeeded in temporarily driving the rearguard of the 11th Panzer Division from Dubno cutting off its advance units. In response the 13th Panzer Division attacked south from Lutsk the next day clearing Rokossovsky's forces from the road and allowing German infantry to recapture Dubno, while it drove off the 19th Mechanized and captured Rovno in Rokossovsky's rear.[23]
As German resistance stiffened, Mikhail Kirponos the commander of the Southwestern Front issued instructions to cease offensive operations that were immediately countermanded by his superior Chief of General Staff G.K. Zhukov who was visiting the headquarters. Zhukov insisted that the counter-attack continue against any counterarguments. As a result, Rokossovsky's command was bombarded with conflicting orders. According to Lieutenant-General D.I. Rjabyshev, Rokossovsky "expressed no ambivalence about the proposed counteroffensive"[24] and refused a direct order, effectively ending the dispute between Zhukov and Kirponos:
We had once again received an order to counterattack. However, the enemy outnumbered us to such a degree, that I took on the personal responsibility of ordering to halt the counteroffensive and to meet the enemy in prepared defences.[24]
Because of this, Rjabyshev's 8th Mechanized, which had also scored some early successes operating out of Brody, was in effect continuing to attack from the south with the expectation of support from Rokossovsky, who had stood down his forces, and did not arrive from the north. Neither were aware of this fact, because there was no available direct communication between the individual Corps, an example of how the endemic communication problems helped foil the Soviet efforts.[24]
Throughout the next days, Rokossovsky's forces put considerable pressure on the Germans at Lutsk and tried to recapture Rovno in their rear, while stopping the advance of the 14th Panzer by ambushing them with 85mm anti-tank guns at close range and with good effect. He observed in his memoirs that "the terrain off road was wooded and swampy, keeping the German advance to the road. The artillery Regiment of the 20th Tank division deployed its newly issued 85mm guns to cover the road and with direct fire repulsed the advancing Panzers.[23]
The battles around Lutsk, Dubno and Brody fought by the 8th, 9th and 19th Mechanized Corps were most notable among Soviet operations in the early day of Barbarossa because the Southwestern Front was able to organize active operations, unlike most sectors of the front where the German assault was met with operational paralysis, and bought time to reorganize defense along the line of the old Polish border.[25]
Sporadic attempts were made to close the widening gap between the Soviet 5th and 6th Armies, as the Germans advanced on Kiev, but the Soviet tank forces were but a fraction of their former strength. By 7 July, Rokossovsky's 9th Mechanized Corps had been reduced to 64 tanks, out of its original complement of 316.[26]
Battle of Smolensk[edit]
Rokossovsky during Operation Barbarossa, 1941
While Rokossovsky and his fellow Mechanized Corps commanders of the 5th and 6th Army had been interdicting Army Group South's advance in Ukraine, complete disorder and panic gripped the Soviet forces in Byelorussia, where the disabling impact of poor organization, logistics and communications were exponentially greater. The Red Army collapsed under the well coordinated attack of Field Marshal von Bock's Army Group Center. Within seventeen days, during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk three quarters of D.G. Pavlov's Western Front was put out of action; dispersed, captured or killed. Of its initial complement of 625,000 soldiers 290,000 were taken prisoner and 1,500 guns and 2,500 tanks were captured or destroyed.[27] By 30 June the Germans had reached the approaches of the Dnepr river bend where the river departs from its east–west flow, and heads south. The way was open to the strategically important city of Smolensk, where Marshal Simon Timoshenko was reassembling the shattered Western Front on a new defense line.
Battle of Smolensk Diagram
The Battle of Smolensk commenced on 10 July when Army Group Center began advancing on a broad front to the north and south banks of the Dnepr river, just beyond the bend where it begins its southward flow.
The 9th Army attacked north-east toward Veliki Luki. The 3rd Panzer Group under General Hermann Hoth struck east at Vitebsk and then attacked along the land bridge that separates the West Dvina and Dnepr rivers with the aim of enveloping Smolensk from the north. Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group pushed toward Smolensk directly through Orsha and bypassed Mogilev with the ultimate objective of making a deep penetration far to the rear of the Soviet front line beyond Elnya and toward Moscow.[28]
Despite his insubordination during the Battle of Dubno, Rokossovsky was ordered to Moscow on 13 July to take command of the remnants of the 4th Army[29] where he was to serve under Marshal Timoshenko who had replaced the disgraced D. G. Pavlov as the Western Front commander on 2 July, shortly after he and the majority of his staff had been tried and shot in the wake of the disaster at the frontier.[30]
On 15 July, the same day that Rokossovsky was restored to the rank of Lieutenant General the rank he had held previous to his arrest,[29] Major General Funck's 7th Panzer Division from the 3rd Panzer Group arrived at Yartsevo behind Smolensk.[31] The next day motorized infantry from the 2nd Panzer Group forced most of the Soviet defenders from Smolensk reducing the gap between 2nd and 3rd Panzer Group's to less than 20 kilometers. The 16th, 19th and 20th Soviet armies were threatened with impending encirclement and now strung out along the north bank of the river contained in a triangle between Vitebsk to the north-west, Yartsevo to the north-east, and Smolensk to the South.
With his front rapidly deteriorating Timoshenko released Rokossovsky from 4th Army (a command he had assumed in name only) and gave him the task of assembling a stopgap formation to be called "Group Yartsevo"[29] that would deal with the emergency presented by the sudden appearance of the 7th Panzer at Yartsevo. This ad hoc operational group was to defend the bridgeheads of the Vop river, a tributary of the Dnepr, and prevent the southern and northern wings of the Panzer envelopment from converging at the Dnepr.[32]
Collapse seemed imminent. Stalin, unmoved, reiterated his demand to Timoshenko that Smolensk should not be surrendered and called the "evacuation attitude" of the front line commanders of the besieged armies criminally "treasonous". Rather than retreat, Timoshenko's armies would stand their ground and attempt to recapture Smolensk.[29]
"Group Yartsevo" was in theory a large army sized formation but when Rokossovsky arrived at Timoshenko's headquarters on the evening of the 17th, he was in fact in charge of his own small staff, two quad anti-aircraft machine guns mounted on trucks and a radio van.[33] At first, Rokossovsky had to resort to pulling together a fighting group from reserve units and retreating stragglers, but over the coming days it became a more substantial force. Retreating regiments and divisions from the 44th Rifle Corps filtered out of the Smolensk pocket and were transferred to his command and fresh forces arrived from the reserve—the 107th Tank Division (formerly the 69th Motorized Division from the Trans-Baikal Military District) and the 101st Tank Division equipped with 220 outdated but functional tanks.[34]
What commenced was a confusing seesaw battle for control of Smolensk that saw portions of the city change hands several times over the next week, while Rokossovsky's group held the back door open and harassed the advanced German panzer formations.
Then we began going over to the offense by delivering blows against the Germans, first in one sector and then in another, frequently scoring appreciable tactical success, which helped strengthen discipline among the troops and strengthened the confidence of the officers and men, who saw that they could actually beat the enemy, which meant a lot at that time. Our activity apparently puzzled the enemy command, which encountered resistance where it was not expected; they saw that our troops not only fought back but also attacked (even if not always successfully). This tended to create an exaggerated idea of our forces in the sector, and the enemy failed to take advantage of his great superiority.[35]
Day by day, Rokossovsky's forces became stronger. As the Smolensk pocket deflated under German pressure Rokossovsky was able to press into service retreating soldiers and formations that slipped out of the pocket and employed them reinforcing the perimeter of the Yartsevo corridor. Eventually, the 38th Rifle Division was handed over to Rokossovsky when Timoshenko rationalized the command of the shrinking formations in the Smolensk pocket by disbanding Ivan Konev's 19th Army.[33]
The Germans were faced with the dilemma of both containing the encircled armies, and dealing with Rokossovsky's burgeoning forces to their east. The 7th Panzer was soon joined by the 12th Panzer at Yartsevo, while the 20th held down their northern flank.[35] With so many Panzer divisions tied down in defensive position containing Soviet activity both inside and outside of the pocket, much of the offensive punch of the Panzer Groups was blunted.[36]
Even though "Group Yartsevo" had managed to halt the advance of Hoth's 3rd Panzer Group at Yartsevo, Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group continued to advance south of the Dnepr on Rokossovsky's left flank becoming a more tangible threat with each passing day. On 18 July, Guderian's 10th Panzer Division entered the town of Elnya 70 km south Yartsevo and captured it on the 20th.[36]
But on 19 July, German operational objectives for Smolensk had changed when Hitler issued Führer Directive 33, ordering the Wehrmacht to temporarily cease its drive on Moscow, so that it could wheel south and finish off the Soviet defenders holding onto Kiev in Ukraine. As a result, Guderian's intended deep penetration was operationally obsolete, and Field Marshal von Bock became intent on mopping up the Soviet defenders at Smolensk, so that the Panzer Groups could be released to Army Group South. Impatient with Guderian's slow going Von Bock urged Guderian to drive north and close the Yartsevo corridor.[36] In anticipation of this development, Rokossovsky had deployed the 107th Tank division to hold the area immediately south of Dnepr and when the 10th Panzer undertook an unsupported attack northward toward Dorogobuzh from Elnya, it was repulsed after three days of heavy fighting. The situation temporarily stabilized.[36]
On 20 July, Zhukov ordered a general counterattack with the aim of relieving the encircled armies, and beginning on 21 July attacks began along the entire front, and continued for a number of days in an uncoordinated fashion.[37] Meanwhile, the defenders in the pocket increased their efforts to recapture Smolensk. Attacks were made from the south against the flank of Guderian's advanced forces at Elnya and Roslavl, and north of Yartsevo against Hoth's 2nd Panzer Group. Deep cavalry penetrations were made behind the German front behind Mogilev disrupting logistics. Uncoordinated as the attacks were they had the effect of distracting the German advance for several days as intense battles took place increasing casualties on both sides. On the 24th Rokossovky's temporarily drove Funk's 7th Panzer from Yartsevo.[38]
Unsupported by infantry the Wehrmacht advanced Panzer formations were taking inordinate casualties. To make further headway, both Hoth and Guderian needed to bring infantry forward to disentangle their mobile forces from their containment operations, and free them for attack, slowing the pace of advance.[39]
By 25 July, Guderian had been able to free his considerable tank forces from defensive duties, and mobilized the 17th Panzer Division for a concerted effort to advance north and clear Rokossovsky from his tenuous position, but the 17th Panzer was still unable to reach the Dnepr and finally close the pocket.[40] Nonetheless, under attack from north and south Rokossovsky was unable to prevent Hoth's 20th Motorized Infantry from capturing bridgeheads over the Dnepr on the 27th sealing the pocket.[40] The encircled armies fought intense breakout battles, and on the 28th Timoshenko ordered Rokossovsky to reopen the corridor by recapturing the bridgeheads and while he was unable to regain control of the river crossings, the 101st Tank Division recaptured Yartsevo on the 29th and held it for a few critical days.[41]
Despite strenuous efforts over the next week, Rokossovsky was not able to secure a link to the armies in the pocket, but the intense Soviet activity kept the Germans from consolidating their front allowing elements of the encircled 16th army to effect a breakout. By 4 August the front had stabilized and the defending armies within the pocket ceased resistance or had ceased to exist.
Rokossovsky is credited with slowing the German attack, and holding the Yartsevo corridor open for long enough to prevent the capture and destruction of a considerable numbers of Soviet troops.[42] The broader consequences of Soviet resistance at Smolensk are evident in Führer Directive No. 34, issued on 30 July 1941:
The development of the situation in the last few days, the appearance of strong enemy forces on the front and to the flanks of Army Group Centre, the supply position, and the need to give 2nd and 3rd Armoured Groups about ten days to rehabilitate their units, make it necessary to postpone for the moment the further tasks and objectives laid down in Directive 33 of 19th July and in the Supplement of 23rd July.[43]
—  Adolf Hitler
Battle of Moscow[edit]
Rokossovsky during the Battle of Moscow
In September 1941 Stalin personally appointed Rokossovsky to the command of 16th Army. He was ordered to defend the approaches to Moscow, and was now under the direct command of General Georgy Zhukov, his former subordinate. The 16th Army (later renamed the 11th Guards Army) played a key role in the Battle of Moscow when it was deployed along the main axis of the German advance along the Volokolamsk Highway that was a central junction of the bitter fighting during the German winter offensive of 1941 (Operation Typhoon), as well as the subsequent Soviet counter-attack of 1941–42.
On 18 November, during the last-ditch efforts of the Wehrmacht to encircle Moscow in 1941, General Rokossovsky, his soldiers under heavy pressure from Hoepner's 4th Panzer Group, asked his immediate superior, Zhukov, if he could withdraw the 16th Army to more advantageous positions. Zhukov categorically refused. Rokossovsky went over Zhukov's head, and spoke directly to Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov, now Chief of the General Staff in Zhukov's place; reviewing the situation Shaposhnikov immediately ordered a withdrawal. Zhukov reacted at once. He revoked the order of the superior officer, and ordered Rokossovsky to hold the position. In the immediate aftermath, Rokossovsky's army was pushed aside and the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups were able to gain strategically important positions north of Moscow, but this marked the high point of the German advance upon Moscow. Throughout Operation Typhoon, Rokossovsky's 16th army had taken the brunt of the German effort to capture Moscow.
1942: Operation Fall Blau[edit]
See also: Fall Blau, Battle of Voronezh (1942), Operation Uranus, and Battle of Stalingrad
In March 1942 Rokossovsky was badly injured by a shell splinter. It was widely rumored that Valentina Serova was a mistress of Rokossovsky during this time. While it's true that Serova, working as a hospital volunteer, met Rokossovski several times while he was recovering from his wound, it is not acknowledged they were lovers.[44] Evidence for their close relationship was found in the accounts of frontline soldiers. [45] Rokossovski also had another mistress at this time, Dr. Lt. Galina Talanova, with whom he had a daughter in 1945.[46] After two months in a Moscow hospital Rokossovsky was reunited briefly with the 16th Army.
Retreat to the Don[edit]
During 1942 the Wehrmacht commenced "Operation Fall Blau" and switched the axis of their offensive from Moscow and attacked southward into the eastern Ukraine towards the Don-Volga river line, Rostov, Voronezh, Stalingrad and the Caucasus beyond. There the Germans hoped to secure fresh supplies of oil to fuel their armies. Unlike the early days of 1941 the stiffening Soviet army maintained relatively good order in retreat, backing up along a defensive line along the Don river.
On 13 July 1942 Rokossvsky was given his first operational level command, a sign of his growing stature. The battles of Smolensk and Moscow had by no measure resulted in Red Army victory but the front line formations under his command were central to frustrating the Wehrmacht efforts to achieve the same[47] and this was most likely reflected in Stalin's decision to make him commander of the Bryansk Front[48][49] where Stavka expected the main line of German attack to be renewed against Moscow in 1942—Rokossovsky was a trusted officer who could be counted on in a tight squeeze.
As the German offensive turned south, and toward Voronezh, the Bryansk sector turned out to be so quiet that Stavka shuffled the 38th Army to General Vatutin's Voronezh Front, during the heated Battle of Voronezh,[50] where the Germans attempted to ford the Don River, and compromise the entire Soviet Don River defense. Rokossovsky recounts in his memoirs that during that summer Stalin phoned him personally to ask "whether I did not find the situation too dull for my liking"[51] and was then recalled to Moscow to undertake command of a new operation:
The plan was to concentrate a strong force (no less than three combined armies and several armoured corps) on the flank of the enemy occupying the country between the Don and the Volga with the purpose of counter-attacking south and south-east from the vicinity of Serafimovich.[51]
Subsequent events delayed the attack and it was shelved, only later to be resurrected as "Operation Uranus" with Vatutin playing the lead role, however Walsh asserts that Rokossovsky being originally selected to lead the attack "was symptomatic of his standing and the importance of his location as an indicator of significant, impending Soviet operations."[52]
Operation Uranus[edit]
Rokossovsky as commander of the Don Front, near Stalingrad, 1942
By the fall of 1942 the German army had pulled up along the new Soviet defense at the Don and Volga rivers, centered at Stalingrad, and had broken through south of Rostov toward the strategic oil centers of Tbilisi and Baku. Stalin was determined that Stalingrad should not fall, and the Red Army was given strict orders to hold the city at any cost. The Battle of Stalingrad became a struggle for control of the city that drew in combatants from both sides in brutal house to house fighting.
Operation Uranus
On 28 September 1942, at Zhukov's urging, Rokossovsky was given overall command of the 65th Army (4th Tank Army), 24th Army and 66th Army, that were brought together as the Don Front[53] as part of Stalin's much criticized[54] reorganization of the Southern Front in preparation for the planned Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad: "Operation Uranus". This put Rokossovky's armies directly opposite the XI, VIII and XIV Corps of the 6th Army, including the 16th Panzer and 14th Panzer divisions, all of which were destroyed in the ensuing battle.
With German forces heavily engaged at Stalingrad and spread thinly due to their deep penetrations into the Caucasus, the Wehrmacht was increasingly reliant on their Romanian and Italian allies to cover the flanks of their extended line, on the north along the Don, and to the south along the Volga. "Operation Uranus" kicked off on 17 November with the intention of making a double envelopment of Paulus's men at Stalingrad by breaking through the flanks. The Southwestern Front commanded by General Vatutin quickly overwhelmed the 3rd Romanian Army just to the north of Rokossovsky's Don Front, while Yeryomenko's Stalingrad Front began their own attack just south of Stalingrad. Rokossovsky's Don Front played a largely subordinate role in the main attack, but the 66th Army supported Vatutin's attack from the north by outflanking the left extreme of the German line where it met the Romanian 3rd Army, while the 24th and 65th squeezed the German defenders—pinning them in place as the pincers of the main attacks rapidly enveloped them.
In less than a week, in the face of deteriorating weather and blizzard conditions, the Soviet forces had sealed the gap behind Stalingrad, and had begun to reinforce their investment around the city in order to prevent an attempted escape. No organized effort was made by the 6th Army to break out, and "Operation Winter Storm", a mid December German effort to relieve the encircled army, failed to break the Soviet defenses. Soon after, the Soviets launched "Operation Little Saturn" and completely consolidated their position.
Stalingrad[edit]
Rokossovsky interrogates Paulus at Don Front HQ: General Rokossovsky, Marshal Voronov, translator Nikolay Dyatlenko and Paulus (left to right)
On 28 December Stalin gave Rokossovsky the task of mopping up the Stalingrad pocket. He had at his disposal roughly 212,000 men, 6,500 guns, 2,500 tanks, and 300 aircraft,[55] to be used against an assortment of 200,000 defenders short on food, fuel, and ammunition, including Soviet "Hiwis", Romanians and Germans; in one example, nearly half the 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division fighting force were Soviets, however its artillery detachment was rationed to one and a half shells a day.[56] On 8 January 1943, Rokossovsky ordered a cease-fire and sent a delegation to offer terms of surrender but Paulus did not respond, and resistance continued for the better part of the month.
On 10 January, the Don Front launched "Operation Ring" to reduce the Stalingrad pocket beginning with a 55-minute barrage from 7000 rocket launchers, artillery and mortars.[56] The defenders fought tenaciously, even as their lines slowly collapsed, causing the Don Front 26,000 casualties, and destroying half its tanks in the first three days of the operation.[57]
On 15 January Rokossovsky was promoted to the rank of colonel general.[58]
On 16 January the main airfield used to supply the beleaguered 6th Army fell, and then after a pause of a few days, the offensive was renewed capturing the last operational airfield and finally driving the German back into the city proper on 22 January.
On that same day General Paulus asked Hitler for permission to surrender but was refused. On 26 January the Soviets had broken the surrounded Germans into two pockets, and on 31 January, the southern pocket collapsed and Paulus surrendered. Within four days the last significant group of defenders surrendered to Rokossovky's command, finally ending the battle that marked the high-water mark of the German advance during the Soviet-German war.[59]
The troops of the Don Front at 4pm on February 2nd, 1943 completed the rout and destruction of the encircled group of enemy forces in Stalingrad. Twenty-two divisions have been destroyed or taken prisoner.[60]
1943: Kursk[edit]
Rokossovsky during the Battle of Kursk, 1943
After the victory at Stalingrad the Russian forces advanced to a position that created a bulge 150 km deep and 250 km wide into the German line, around the city of Kursk. This subsequently became known as the Kursk Salient. Rokossovsky command was moved to the north of the salient and was re-designated as a new front, which was twinned with the Voronezh Front, holding the south approaches.
In February 1943 Rokossovsky wrote in his diary: "I'm appointed commander of the Central Front. It means that Stalin has entrusted me to play the key part in the summer Kursk campaign."[48]
Both the Red Army and the Wehrmacht prepared to make a decisive offensive in the summer of 1943 at Kursk. The Germans planned to drive two thrusts one through each flank of the salient and unite them at Kursk in order to cut off substantial Soviet forces, recover from the strategic loss at Stalingrad, and curtail further Russian advance. The Russians, alert to the coming attack put their offensive plans aside and prepared for defense in depth with mass antitank units in prepared positions.
In late June one German bomb load in a night raid hit Rokossovskii's HQ, and he escaped only because on a whim he had decided to set up his signals group in the officers' mess. After that, Central Front HQ went underground in a bunker in the garden of a former monastery.[61]
German plan of attack
The German offensive, code named "Operation Citadel", was originally scheduled to begin in May but the attack was delayed several times in order to bring up fresh Panzer formations equipped with Tiger I's and Panther tanks and their latest assault guns. These delays allowed for even greater Soviet preparation. It was not until early July that the Wehrmacht operations in the Kursk salient got underway.
The resulting battle was one of the largest tank battles in World War II, with massive losses of men and equipment on both sides. As the commander of the Central Front, Rokossovsky's force was faced with a determined attack by the Army Group Center's 9th Army under Walter Model, including several tank formations augmented with the newest Tiger I tanks in battalion strength.[62] Rokossovsky for his part had organized his defenses into three defensive belts. After the initial German assault, Rokossovsky ordered counter-attacks but the Soviet armor suffered badly in the face of the new German heavy Tiger tanks, and he went back on the defensive. Despite this, the Germans were soon bogged down in the heavily mined terrain and antitank defenses, and Rokossovsky was able to reinforce.
Needless to say the Russians exploited their victory to the full. There were to be no more periods of quiet on the Eastern Front. From now on, the enemy was in undisputed possession of the initiative.[63]
—  Heinz Guderian
The Central Front was then renamed 1st Belorussian Front, which he commanded during the Soviet advance through Byelorussia (Belarus) and into Poland.
1944: Operation Bagration & Warsaw Uprising[edit]
Rokossovsky in the gondola of an artillery observation balloon, summer 1945
A famous incident is consistently reported from various sources in slightly different versions that during the planning in 1944 of Operation Bagration, Rokossovsky disagreed with Stalin, who demanded in accordance with Soviet war practice a single break-through of the German frontline. Rokossovsky held firm in his argument for two points of break-through. Stalin ordered Rokossovsky to "go and think it over" three times, but every time he returned and gave the same answer "two break-throughs, comrade Stalin, two break-throughs". After the third time Stalin remained silent, but walked over to Rokossovsky and put a hand on his shoulder. A tense moment followed as the whole room waited for Stalin to rip the epaulette from Rokossovsky's shoulder; instead, Stalin said "Your confidence speaks for your sound judgement", and ordered the attack to go forward according to Rokossovsky's plan.[10][64] The battle was successful and Rokossovsky's reputation was assured. After crushing German Army Group Centre in Belarus, Rokossovsky's armies reached the east bank of the Vistula opposite Warsaw by mid-1944. For these victories he was advanced to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. Stalin once said: "I have no Suvorov, but Rokossovsky is my Bagration".[citation needed]
Georgy Zhukov and Rokossovsky with Bernard Montgomery and other Allied officials at the Brandenburg Gate, 12 July 1945
While Rokossovsky's forces stood stalled on the Vistula, the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944) broke out in the city, led by the Polish Home Army (AK) on the orders of the Polish government in exile in London. Rokossovsky did not order reinforcement to the insurgents. There has been much speculation about Rokossovsky's personal views on this decision. He would always maintain that, with his communications badly stretched and enemy pressure against his northern flank mounting, committing forces to Warsaw would have been disastrous.
In November 1944, Rokossovsky was transferred to the 2nd Belorussian Front, which advanced into East Prussia and then across northern Poland to the mouth of the Oder at Stettin (now Szczecin). On 3 May 1945 he linked up with British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 2nd Army in Wismar, Germany while the forces of Zhukov and Ivan Konev captured Berlin, ending the war.
Rokossovsky in 1945
In July 1945, he, Zhukov and several other Soviet officers were awarded the Order of the Bath in a ceremony at the Brandenburg Gate, in Berlin.
Postwar[edit]
Rokossovsky with Zhukov at the 1945 victory parade in Moscow
As one of the most prominent Soviet military commanders of the Second World War, Rokossovsky was present at the Victory Parade in Red Square in Moscow in 1945, riding on a black stallion next to Marshal Georgy Zhukov.
After the end of the war Rokossovsky remained in command of Soviet forces in Poland (Northern Group of Forces). Fully four years later, in October 1949 with the establishment of the government under Bolesław Bierut in Poland, Rokossovsky, on Stalin's orders, became the Polish Minister of National Defense, with the additional title of Marshal of Poland. Together with Rokossovsky, several thousand Soviet officers were placed in charge of almost all Polish military units, either as commanding officers or as advisors.[65]
In 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Poland. Although Rokossovsky was Polish by ancestry, he had not lived in Poland for 35 years and most Poles regarded him as a Russian and Soviet emissary in the country.[66] As Rokossovsky himself bitterly put it: "In Russia, they say I'm a Pole, in Poland they call me Russian".[66]
Rokossowski in Polish uniform
Rokossovsky played a key role in the regime's suppression of an independent Poland through stalinization and sovietization in general, and in the Polish Army in particular.[67] As the de facto supreme commander of the Polish Army, he introduced various methods for the suppression of anti-Soviet activity, real or imagined. Among the most notorious were the labour battalions of the army, to which all able-bodied men found socially or politically insecure or guilty of having their families abroad[68] were drafted. It is estimated that roughly 200,000 men were forced to work in these labour camps in hazardous conditions, often in quarries, coal mines, and uranium mines, and 1,000 died in their first days of "labour", while tens of thousands became crippled.[68] Other groups targeted by these repressive measures were former soldiers of the pre-war Polish Army as well as the wartime underground Home Army.
In the June 1956 Poznań protests against local working conditions and living standards, as well as the Soviet occupation of Poland, Rokossovsky approved an order to send in military units.[67] As a result of this over 10,000 soldiers and 360 tanks crushed the protesters,[69] and at least 74 civilians were killed.[70]
In the wake of the Poznan riots and the "rehabilitation" of the formerly imprisoned communist reformer Władysław Gomułka in 1956, Rokossovsky went to Moscow in a failed attempt to convince Nikita Khrushchev to use force against the Polish state.[71][failed verification] However, Gomułka managed to negotiate with the Soviets, and on the new Polish First Secretary's insistence Rokossovsky was forced to leave Poland. He returned to the Soviet Union, which restored his Soviet ranks and honours; and in July 1957, following the removal from office of Defence Minister Zhukov, Nikita Khrushchev appointed him Deputy Minister of Defence and Commander of the Transcaucasian Military District. In 1958 he became chief inspector of the Ministry of Defence, a post he held until his retirement in April 1962.[5]
He died in August 1968, aged 71. His ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis on Red Square.
Dates of rank[edit]
promoted Major General, 4 June 1940
promoted Lieutenant General, 14 July. 1941
promoted Colonel General, 15 Jan. 1943
promoted Army General, 28 April 1943
promoted Marshal of the Soviet Union, 29 June 1944
declared Marshal of Poland 2 November 1949
Honours and awards[edit]
Cross of St. George, 4th class
Medal of St. George, 2nd, 3rd and 4th class
"Gold Star" Hero of the Soviet Union, twice (29 July 1944, 1 June 1945)
Order of Victory (No. 4 – 30 March 1945)
Seven Orders of Lenin (16 August 1936, 2 January 1942, 29 July 1944, 21 February 1945, 26 December 1946, 20 December 1956, 20 December 1966)
Order of the October Revolution (22 February 1968)
Order of the Red Banner, six times (23 May 1920, 2 December 1921, 22 February 1930, 22 July 1941, 3 November 1944, 6 November 1947)
Order of Suvorov, 1st class (28 January 1943)
Order of Kutuzov, 1st class (27 August 1943)
Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad" (22 December 1942)
Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" (1 May 1944)
Medal "For the Defence of Kiev" (21 June 1961)
Medal "For the Liberation of Warsaw" (9 June 1945)
Medal "For the Capture of Königsberg" (9 June 1945)
Medal "For the Capture of Berlin" (9 June 1945)
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (9 May 1945)
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" (7 May 1965)
Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" (22 February 1938)
Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy" (22 February 1948)
Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" (18 December 1957)
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
Honorary weapon – sword inscribed with golden national emblem of the Soviet Union (1968)
Foreign Awards
Order of the Builders of People's Poland (1951)
Cross of Grunwald, 1st class (Poland, 1945)
Grand Cross of the Virtuti Militari (Poland, 1945)
Medal "For Warsaw 1939–1945" (Poland, 17 March 1946)
Medal "For Oder, Neisse and the Baltic" (Poland, 17 March 1946)
Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945 (1946)
Grand Officer of the Legion d'Honneur (France, 9 June 1945)
Croix de guerre (France, 1945)
Honorary Knight-Commander, Order of the Bath, (military division) (UK, 1945)
Chief Commander, Legion of Merit (USA, 1946)
Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia, 18 March 1961)
Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia, 1943)
Order of Friendship (Mongolia, 1967)
King Christian X's Liberty Medal (Denmark, 1947)
Medal "Sino-Soviet friendship", (China, 1956)
Monuments and Memorial[edit]
Monuments to Rokossovsky in Volgograd
Monument to Rokossovsky in Złotoryja County, Poland
Bulvar Rokossovskogo, Moscow Metro station
Postage stamp of Soviet Union, 1976.
Postage stamp of Kyrgyzstan, 2005.
Commemorative coin of Belarus, 2010.
Bulvar Rokossovskogo, Moscow Central Circle station.
^ Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise and Fall of Communism. Harper Collins. p. 277. ISBN 9780061885488.
^ a b c d e Биография маршала Советского Союза Константина Рокоссовского [Biography of Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009. site dedicated to Rokossovsky
^ Герой Сталинградской и Курской битв; Комдив Рокоссовский, Маршал Рокоссовский
^ Daines, Vladimir (2009). Гений войны Рокоссовский. Солдатский долг Маршала [War Genius Rokossovsky: Soldier debt Marshal] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9785457275003.
^ a b "Рокоссовский Константин Константинович" [Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich]. www.warheroes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/2248959/4515909/index.html[permanent dead link] | Voice of Russia in New York City
^ a b c d Kudrevatykh, Leonid. "Maturity of Talent". War Heroes.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The History of Kyakhta
^ a b c d Rudenko, Inna. "Great-granddaughter of Marshal Rokossovsky: My great-grandfather commanded the Victory Parade". kp.ru.
^ "Konstantin Rokossovsky – Russiapedia Military Prominent Russians". russiapedia.rt.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ Kokoshin, Andreĭ Afanas'evich (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–1991. MIT Press. p. 43.
^ a b Sphar (17 June 1997). Stalin's lieutenants: a study of command under duress. ISBN 978-0-89141-564-0.
^ "Military History magazine 2006. – № 5". War Heroes.
^ a b "The Kremlin Wall Memorial Project". Archived from the original on 19 June 2013.
^ Rayzfeld, A (17 February 2011). "Battering Ram". Soviet Russia: Independent People's Newspaper. 2 (23). Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Konstantin Rokossovsky: Brezhnev was crying at the funeral of my grandfather". FreeLance Bureau.
^ Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: a biographical companion. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-57607-208-0.
^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm | Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.
^ Current Biography & H. W. Wilson Company 1945, p. 562.
^ Kamenir, Victor (2008). The Bloody Triangle: The Defeat of Soviet Armor in the Ukraine, June 1941. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7603-3434-8.
^ a b c Glantz, David (1987). The Initial Period of War on the Eastern Front. Routledge.
^ a b c Lieutenant General D.I. Rjabyshev. On the role of the 8th Mechanized Corps in the June 1941 counteroffensive mounted by the South-Western Front. [permanent dead link]
^ Erickson, John (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. Yale University Press. pp. 167–68.
^ Erickson, John (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. Yale University Press. p. 169.
^ Seaton, Albert (1993). The Russo-German War. Presidio Press. p. 125.
^ Glantz, David (2010). Barbarossa Derailed. Casemate Publishers. p. 91.
^ a b c d Glantz, David (2010). Barbarossa Derailed. Casemate Publishers. p. 163.
^ Seaton, Albert (1993). The Russo-German War. Presidio Press. pp. 123–126.
^ Glantz, David (2010). Barbarossa Derailed. Casemate Publishers. p. 161.
^ a b Glantz, David (2010). Barbarossa Derailed. Casemate Publishers. p. 166.
^ Glantz, David (2010). Barbarossa Derailed. Casemate Publishers. pp. 166–169.
^ Robert Kirchubel (21 August 2007). Operation Barbarossa 1941 (3): Army Group Center, Volume 3. ISBN 978-1-84603-107-6.
^ Glantz, David (2011). Operation Barbarossa. The History Press. p. 76.
^ Braithwaite, Rodric; Moscow, 1941, Vintage Books, New York, 2006, p 295
^ Pyl'cyn, Alexander (2006). Penal Strike. Stackpole Books. p. 162. ISBN 9780811735995.
^ Walsh, Stephen M. "Leadership and Command on the Eastern Front (1941–1945): The Military Style of Konstantin Rokossovskiy". Cranfield University. p. 30.
^ a b Russiapedia
^ V.A. Zolotarev, ed. (1996). Russkiy Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya, Vol. 16-5 (in Russian). Moscow: TERRA. p. 308. Stavka Order No:170507
^ V.A. Zolotarev, ed. (1996). Russkiy Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya, Vol. 16-5 (in Russian). Moscow: TERRA. p. 378. Stavka VGK Directive No:170593
^ a b Rokossovsky, Konstantin (2002). Soldatskiy Dolg (A Soldier's Duty) (in Russian). Moscow: Olma Press. p. 168.
^ "Rokossovsky, Konstantin". Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume II.
^ Antony Beevor, 1999; John Erickson (historian), The Road to Stalingrad, 1993 via The Stalingrad Academy of Street Fighting Archived 14 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lotz, Corinna. "Why Stalingrad Still Matters". A World to Win.
^ a b Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege. Artemis Cooper. p. 353.
^ Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege. Artemis Cooper. p. 356.
^ "Konstantin Rokossovsky". World War II Database.
^ Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege. Artemis Cooper. pp. 364–394.
^ Russia at War, 1941–1945 & Werth 1964, p. 543.
^ * Erickson, John (1999) [1983]. The Road to Berlin: Stalin's War with Germany: Volume Two (2 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-300-07813-7.
^ Clark, Alan (1966). Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict 1941–1945. New York: Morrow. p. 195. ISBN 0-688-04268-6. OCLC 40117106.
^ * Bergström, Christer (2007). Kursk — The Air Battle: July 1943. Burgess Hill: Chevron/Ian Allan. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8.
^ Chris Bellamy (2007). "18". Absolute War. London: Panmacmillan. p. 610. ISBN 978-0-330-51004-2.
^ Norman Davies (1982). God's Playground. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05353-3. (also ISBN 0-231-05351-7)
^ a b Wiesław Białkowski (1994). Rokossowski – na ile Polak? (Rokossowski – How Much of a Pole?) (in Polish). Warsaw: Alfa. p. 326. ISBN 83-7001-755-X.
^ a b Paweł Piotrowski; Barbara Polak (June 2001). "Żołnierze, oficerowie, generałowie" [Soldiers, Officers, Generals]. Biuletyn IPN (in Polish). 6 (7/2001). ISSN 1641-9561. Archived from the original on 22 March 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2006.
^ a b Anna Witalis Zdrzenicka (2005). "Polski gułag. Zapomniana krzywda powraca (Polish Gulag: the Forgotten Lesion Returns)". Gazeta Ogólnopolska (in Polish). 1 (1). Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2006.
^ Grzegorz Ekiert; Jan Kubik (2001). Rebellious Civil Society : Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989–1993. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 0-472-08830-0.
^ according to official figures, as in: Maciej Szewczyk (2005). "Poznański czerwiec 1956". Poznańczyk (in Polish). Retrieved 17 April 2006.
^ Wprost 24 – Rezydent Wolski
Daines, Vladimir (2009). Гений войны Рокоссовский. Солдатский долг Маршала [War Genius Rokossovsky. Soldier debt Marshal]. Moscow: Yauza. ISBN 9785457275003.
Boris, Sokolov. (2009). Marshal K. K. Rokossovsky:The Red Army's Gentleman Commander. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781909982109.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Konstantin Rokossovsky
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Rokossowski speech on National Unity Congress in Poland (December 1949)
Герой Сталинградской и Курской битв
Комдив Рокоссовский
Маршал Рокоссовский
Newspaper clippings about Konstantin Rokossovsky in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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Constantin Constantinescu-Claps
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Semyon Timoshenko
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Erich Weinert
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Georgy Zhukov
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Russian military personnel of World War I
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Polish people of World War II
Soviet officers in Polish Army 1943-1968
Polish people detained by the NKVD
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
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Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–89)
Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
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Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
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Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
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Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
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Soviet people of Polish descent
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text:
Harper government ties training to welfare for natives on reserve
Children take part in a protest on Parliament Hill on Feb. 14, 2013, calling for equal education for First Nations.
Sean Kilpatrick/THE CANADIAN PRESS
Gloria Galloway Parliamentary Reporter
Published March 21, 2013 Updated May 11, 2018
The Harper government will provide job-training money to first nations that agree to force young people on social-assistance to take part in skills-development programs – a new initiative that critics compare to workfare.
The federal budget released Thursday provides $109-million over five years for what the government describes as "personalized skills development."
But that money will be available only to those first nations that "choose to implement mandatory participation in training for young income assistance recipients." And the budget provides more cash – $132-million over five years – to help the first nations "ensure compliance" and offer job counselling than it does for the actual training programs.
The First Nations Job Fund is being introduced as tensions simmer over the exploitation of resources on traditional native land and as resource-development companies, which often work in regions where the population is largely aboriginal, say they are unable to find skilled workers.
In his budget speech, Finance Minister Jim Flaherty said the government wants to "ensure young recipients have the incentives necessary to gain employment."
But Derek Nepinak, the Grand Chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs, said the program will just foster misconceptions and misunderstandings about the first nations.
"I hope that people stand up," said Mr. Nepinak, who pointed out that some first nations in his province have declared jurisdiction over the resources on their ancestral lands. That has created conflict, he said, "and that's going to have to escalate, unfortunately, until real results start to show themselves."
The Conservative government promised the Assembly of First Nations that it would consult extensively to create a new fiscal relationship, Mr. Nepinak said. But the skills-training program is "just appallingly poor policy and a miscalculation and a misunderstanding of what the reality is."
Thomas Mulcair, the Leader of the New Democrats, described the measure as a workfare program and a slap in the face to first nations. "It's insulting, it's paternalistic," said Mr. Mulcair. "It's a sop to [Prime Minister Stephen Harper's] Reform Party base and it plays to the worst prejudices against first nations."
Shawn Atleo, the National Chief of the AFN, has declared education the top priority for native people. The AFN points to a "discriminatory funding gap" in which first nations receive significantly less, per student, than the provinces and territories pay to educate other Canadian children.
That gap is not addressed in this budget. The only nod to on-reserve education is the promise of a draft, later this year, of a new First Nations Education Act aimed at improving the deplorable graduation rates from reserve schools.
Mr. Atleo noted that the budget makes reference to first nations in almost every section, which he said suggests their concerns are beginning to be heard in Ottawa.
"But the investment just isn't there," Mr. Atleo said in a statement. "Gaps in critical funding and supports must be addressed – this is part of our work to transform the fiscal relationship and we will be unrelenting in achieving this as a foundation for reconciliation, justice and prosperity for first nations and for Canada."
The budget does provide an additional $5-million both this year and next for a program called Indspire, which provides scholarships and bursaries for postsecondary training and an additional million dollars a year for a program run by Cape Breton University that studies aboriginal business.
Ottawa bets big on rebounding economy to slay deficit
Everything you need to know about the 2013 federal budget
Health costs, elderly loom large over this budget
Tax and spending measures target hard-hit factories
Whistleblowers in line for rewards as Ottawa cracks down on tax cheats
Surprise tariff hike on imported goods – but a budget break for hockey moms and dads
Ottawa to limit taxpayers' exposure to mortgage market
Ottawa pledges billions a year for new infrastructure, but mayors say more is needed
John Ibbitson: Harper's 2013 budget courts confrontation with provinces Subscriber content
Foreign-aid agency cut, merged with foreign affairs and trade department
Energy discount gives Ottawa $4-billion pinch
Say goodbye to tax loopholes, high-net-worth investors
Flaherty plans national securities regulator over provincial objections
New rules make it harder to hire temporary foreign workers
Ottawa to explore more competition in banking sector
2013 budget constrained by old goodies, new realities
Follow Gloria Galloway on Twitter @glorgal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Also note, that the QR code is generated completely offline. The URL of the Page you visited is not sent over the network (except when you click on "Edit QR Code" - that opens www.the-qrcode-generator.com). So it's probably as good as it gets regarding privacy and security.


Does it sometimes take way longer than you expect to get fundamental ideas across to your audience? When you're promoting new products, processes, services, or best practices, does it take forever to "turn everyone around"? Do customers have trouble getting the most out of your products and services? Do employees have trouble helping your prospects and customers reap the benefits of what you offer?
Maybe you -- or the experts who are helping you, whether internal or external -- are too smart!
Sometimes we know too much about what we want to say to remember what questions we had when the subject was new. After all, a fluent speaker of another language may be a poor teacher, because s/he can't understand why beginners don't "get" a language that seems so simple and natural. Maybe you've had a math teacher who obviously understood very complex ideas, but couldn't present them in ways you understood. Are your doctor and your insurance agent only good at talking to people who already know what they're talking about?
Maybe that's how prospects, customers, and employees look at your attempts to explain things to them!
The solution? Sit down and have a nice chat with an ignoramus to find your way to a more efficient and effective approach.
Now, remember, an ignoramus is someone who is ignorant, who "doesn't know", not someone who is stupid. That person just doesn't know anything about your topic.
I'm a reasonably bright person (thought I'd better say that myself, rather than wait for someone else to suggest it), but when it comes to stamp collecting, feng shui, or the varieties of warbler, I'm an ignoramus. I couldn't tell you a thing about them.
The next time you're trying to fix training that no one uses, marketing or user materials that your customers can't understand, a newsletter than no one reads, or policy announcements that no one listens to, find someone who knows very little about what you are trying to say. This could be someone in another division of the company, or a friend or family member outside of work.
Or it could be individuals you hire, on a project basis, because they are professionals at taking the outside view, of being advocates for the bright, interested, but ignorant people you're trying to reach.
And then work with your ignoramus to tell your story, encouraging every possible question, no matter how small or stupid it seems.
Your develop communications and training to get people to embrace new ideas and methods, and they in turn help others adopt them. Preaching to the choir in a secret language won't get you there.
But a few "dumb" questions from someone who has no idea what you're talking about could just do the trick!
Are You Dumb Enough To Provide Effective Training?


It is predicted that over 85 percent of all businesses will be digital within the next five years. As such, warehouse operators and logistics firms need to react quickly by implementing the latest technical innovations. Not only will this ensure that these companies will be thoroughly future-proofed, but supply chains will be operating at peak efficiency – great for customers and businesses alike.


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Vetter Servistar Lumber can be found at 501 Harmon Rd . The following is offered: Contracting Equipment Rental . In Bluffton there are 0 other Contracting Equipment Rental. An overview can be found here.


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CMS proposes HIPAA rule changes for claims attachments
The proposed rulemaking would define "attachments" and adopt standards for their use in health claims and prior authorizations.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have proposed additions to HIPAA regulations to establish standards for attachments to electronically submitted health claim and prior authorization forms.
The rules would apply to information not in the provided form fields but transmitted by the health care provider in any of three use cases: prior authorization, solicited, and unsolicited by the health plan. Defined as "documentation that enables the health plan to make a decision about health care," such attachments would include x-rays, medical charts, provider notes that document physician referrals, and office or telemedicine visits.
The standards would also apply to electronic signatures used in conjunction with claim or authorization attachments. CMS is seeking to adopt the HL7 Implementation Guide for CDA® Release 2: Digital Signatures and Delegation of Rights, Release 1 (Digital Signatures Guide). According to CMS, this guide implements identity management using digital certificates, encryption requirements to support message integrity, and multiple signed elements to support non-repudiation. This is the same method and tech employed for personal identity verification (PIV) cards used by federal employees to access secure facilities and information systems.
The proposed rulemaking further seeks to modify the standard for the referral certification and authorization transaction, in an effort to limit barriers to value-based payment adoption and to significantly ease unnecessary administrative costs and burdens on providers and health plans
CMS reported a potential cost reduction of $454 million annually, based on a Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare report (2019) that attributed the savings to a fully electronic system for prior authorization with health care attachments. The report further noted a potential $374 million cost savings from full adoption of health claim attachments.
The agency further noted the standards would further the agency's efforts to reduce paperwork and would help providers better focus on patient care and experience.
"The proposals in this rule would provide a valuable tool to support the electronic submission of health care information," said CMS Administrator Chiquita Brooks-LaSure, in a press release. "Health care providers are often forced to use manual processes such as mail, fax, or internet web portals when they respond to requests from health plans, leading to delays and less time for patient care. These important steps would promote more consistent and reliable communications among the partners involved in health care transactions, improving the care experience for all."
Public and stakeholder comments on the proposed rulemaking will be accepted through March 22, 2023.


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text:
Q: VBA Code to loop and save as PDF: keep value in first cell, renaming cells beneath I am having trouble writing a loop macro for a Client report. The main column that needs to be changed is column A, essentially a list of Client names. I am trying to have the following be looped:

*

*Starting with the first cell in column A, I would like the loop to keep the name, but rename the cells below it, respetively. I.e. A2 = Bob, A3= Jane, A4 = Tom..I want to keep "Bob" as A2, but rename jane as "Client 2", Tom as "Cient 3"

*Save as PDF to a location, with the PDF having "2022 Report_name" in the PDF name, i.e. "2022 Report_Bob"

*Loop it, so it restarts until everyone in column A has a PDF, but I would like to ensure that the names that already have a a PDF are renamed. I.e. For Jane's file (ideal second PDF), the cell that has "Bob" would be renamed as "Client 1".

Mainly just want to ensure that all the PDFs have only the client's name showing, while the others are renamed to "Client 1, 2"..etc.
Hoping you could assist me.
Thank you in advance! :)
As of now, I only have the save to PDF part:
Sub Report()
    'Defining worksheets

    Dim ClientSheet As Worksheet
    Set ClientSheet = ActiveWorkbook.Sheets("Client")

    Application.ScreenUpdating = False

    'Looping the through each row

    For i = 2 To 43
        'Assigning values

        SName = ClientSheet.Cells(i, 1)

        'Save the PDF file
        ActiveSheet.ExportAsFixedFormat Type:=xlTypePDF, _
                       Filename:="\\! Routine Reports\Client\" & SName,  _
                       Quality:=xlQualityStandard, _
                       IncludeDocProperties:=True, _
                       IgnorePrintAreas:=False, _
                       OpenAfterPublish:=False
    Next i

    Application.ScreenUpdating = True
End Sub

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I am humbled… i will attempt a response soon. Thank you.
Forever under construction, because so much details; goes into molding a heart of gold! #Lovely!
You are always kind and lovely. Thank you for your beautiful words. Many thanks.
Indeed, been that way for about 40 years, but these days it's my schedule; leave my house at 730am, return at 1230am! Blessings!
Salute! May God bless you, your family and friends always.


One I don't listen to anywhere near enough... FLY ON THE WALL album, on my new headphones whilst I bumble around Chester.
TAME THIS ANIMAL, HELP ME TO BREATHE! Oh yes! Their most under rated album. AYE AYE OH indeed.
That album could've been a contender with a little more thought in some of the song writing and some production. Any production in fact.
The Answer - "Live at Planet Rock Xmas party" was my trip to work music.
One of the best "modern" bands in my opinion.
Posted By: Pod That album could've been a contender with a little more thought in some of the song writing and some production. Any production in fact.
Good call. They're gracing my ears next.
Radiohead - Karma Police at the moment.
Second only to "If you want blood" as far as live albums go in my book. And their reunion and performance of it at the Astoria in the '90s was probably the second best gig I've been to!!
Pyromania. I was really getting into rock/metal when this came out and if I had any lingering doubts, Pyromania sealed the deal completely.
"Hot Cakes", The Darkness. DERIDE ME.
That song is sick, I love that Powerage homage cover art too. Great album.
Scorpions and Blackout in the car this morning. Superb album, another one that really inspired when I was finding my way musically. Lovedrive for the way home.
"another one that really inspired when I was finding my way musically".
In 1978 I discovered AC/DC, Scorpions, UFO, Ted Nugent, Judas Priest, Motorhead, Thin Lizzy, Van Halen, Whitesnake.....I could have survived the rest of my life musically and been happy with those bands alone.
For me it was AC/DC, Iron Maiden, Motorhead, Saxon, Thin Lizzy, Black Sabbath as the main contenders, and they are probably still my favourite 1/2 dozen bands. After that is was individual albums like Blackout, Pyromania, Long Live Rock and Roll, VH1, etc... that reinforced what those other bands had started in me.
Did you discover all that lot at once?
Posted By: azel Did you discover all that lot at once?
Thanks, mate! I'll have a listen!
IYWB, Denim and Leather, Fighting, Overkill, Heaven and Hell, were the first albums I remember listening to (IYWB being the very first) so I guess it was about '81. I got BIB for Christmas that year and was made up. I played that copy to death. Still got it but it's scratched to hell and the sleeve is well creased. TNOTB came soon after, probably my brother got it in '82 for his birthday which is the end of March, so it must have only just come out. I still remember sitting at the foot of my parents bed watching him open it and being blown away by the artwork. Seeing that cover, I knew straight off that this was a band I was gonna want to follow. After that I just raided his room whenever I could and played as much of his stuff as I could get away with.
Then he turned on the radio on a Friday night, and things were never the same again.
Yeah, I've just listened to that song, now; they sound very good.
AC/DC were the first band and for a very long time the only band I got into. Everything else sounded weak and empty. Still does really.
Posted By: Jem AC/DC were the first band and for a very long time the only band I got into. Everything else sounded weak and empty. Still does really.
This evening, I have mostly listened to LTBR. God I love that tone.
Beatles to floyd to a bunch of prog bands to zep to sabbath to stones to AC/DC Ages 3,6, 8, 11, 12 14, 15 then on came zappa and beefheart at 19. Co nsistency in keeping my interest just stayed with AC/DC and Beefheart, AC/DC obviously being the winner of the two. funny how I ended up with the rockingest rock'n'roll ever on one hand and the most brilliant bluesman ever.
Oh, and MIss Nothing, Pretty reckless. I like bands with hot girls that can sing. So sue me.
AC/DC Paris BIB tour 1980.
Went on a bit of a trip in the car yesterday and had Eliminator ZZ Top blasting out most of the way. I forgot how great that album is. Not a duffer on there.
Posted By: carlos fandango Went on a bit of a trip in the car yesterday and had Eliminator ZZ Top blasting out most of the way. I forgot how great that album is. Not a duffer on there.
ZZ Top are another of my favorite bands,in my top 5 I'd say.
I just can't seem to get really into ZZTop. I've seen them live and got four or so albums but for whatever reason I just seem to like bits and pieces. Probably need to make more of an effort.


text:
Know About the Best Tricks to Use One Email with Multiple Twitter Account
Published by Faheem at February 12, 2019
Nowadays, every business owner most likely uses a Twitter account which is different from their personal Twitter account. This Twitter account is mostly used for every business and work-related information and news that is essential to the owners. But most of the time, users come across some challenges while using two separate Twitter accounts under two separate emails. And, again, if you try to merge two accounts with the help of one email, then also Twitter doesn't allow that. At that moment, it shows something like "Email has already been taken" on your screen.
Now, the question is what to do? Well, you'll be glad to know that it is possible to use one email with multiple Twitter account. There is a certain way through which one can easily manage multiple Twitter accounts without requiring multiple email IDs. In this blog, we will be discussing the right procedure using which you can associate all your Twitter accounts effortlessly. So, stay tuned as we will head off to the solution of this issue in the next section.
How to Generate Multiple Twitter Accounts Using One Email?
It is true that one account is not sufficient for most of the users because they wish to keep their personal and professional life separated. Similarly, the business owners who are accustomed to Twitter also look for the same thing. But the problem is that most of the Twitter users are not familiar with the method of creating more than one accounts with the help of a single email address. Not to worry, as now, we will learn how to create multiple Twitter accounts with a single email address quickly.
Easy Procedure to Link One Email with Multiple Twitter Account
To get such a facility, the first thing you will require is a Gmail or Google account address because you can't create multiple Twitter accounts using other email addresses. There is a new alias in Gmail which can help you to access more than one Twitter account using one email address. You just need to add a dot [.] at any place of the Gmail username and your job is done. Because it will not change your email account address at all and all the emails addressing those aliases will have the same Google account.
Suppose, username@gmail.com is your email address. Now, when you add a dot into the "username" portion such as user.name@gmail.com, then nothing will change regarding your account. This happens because they will represent the aliases of your main Gmail account that is username@gmail.com. Not only the dot [.] sign, you can also use other signs like "+", "-", "$" etc. to create the aliases of your Gmail address.
The scenario is different after this. Now, you can easily create multiple Twitter accounts using the different aliases that you have created. Twitter treats username@gmail.com and user.name@gmail.com as different email accounts and so, your problem is solved. Despite Twitter conceiving them as different addresses, but in general, they both are aliases of a single email account. Therefore, all the notifications regarding your Twitter activities will reach to the same Gmail inbox without any disruption. In this way, you'll be able to deal with multiple Twitter accounts with the help of only one email account.
N.B: Another thing to remember while you use Google apps address to do this is that you have to enable the catch-all option. You can do this from the domain settings. But this can get a bit messy so it's always better to use a simple Gmail address to manage multiple Twitter accounts.
Alternate Workaround:
You probably know that when you go for making a new Gmail account, it automatically generates another valid email address with the domain googlemail.com. For example, if you've created a Gmail account with an address of username@gmail.com, then automatically Google will create another address named username@googlemail.com instantly. This trick might come in handy if you're thinking of using two Twitter accounts at a time.
Hence, if you've gone through our blog, then obviously, you'll be able to use multiple Twitter accounts using a single email account. Just carefully follow the above procedure and get to use several Twitter accounts without creating more than one email account.
Let us know if you've found this post useful or not. And, also, if you have any query regarding this topic, then feel free to mention it in the comment section. We will get back to you as soon as we get your comment.
1. Can I have multiple Twitter accounts?
You should know that one can only log in to a single Twitter account at a time from the same browser. But if you are looking to sign in to multiple Twitter accounts at the same time, then you have to use different browsers to do so. You can use Tweetdeck to log in to multiple Twitter accounts simultaneously.
2. How do I set up multiple Twitter accounts?
Open the Twitter sign in page and click on "Add Account". Then, insert the username and password of your other account and click on "Log in". This will allow the app to access your account's information. Now, just by tapping on the "Accounts" option, you can see all the connected Twitter accounts. Tap any of the accounts to switch the app to use that account at a time.
3. How many accounts can you have on Twitter?
There are certain limits when it comes to creating accounts on Twitter. Every account can follow about 5000 accounts. When you've reached that limit, there will be some boundaries to the number of additional accounts that you can follow. This is different for each and every accounts, as it completely depends on the ratio of followers.
4. Can you have multiple Twitter accounts with one number?
It is not possible as a single Twitter account can have only one phone number attached to it. No matter if you have a dual SIM phone, you can use only one number to sign up for your Twitter account. Currently, there is no option to add more numbers to a single Twitter account.
Know the Amazing Hacks to Effectively Create Dropbox Link
Importance of SSL for Your Blogging Site
5 Ideas to Fix SSL Certificate Errors


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What is Risperdal?
Also known as Risperidone, Risperdal is an antipsychotic prescription medication that is used to treat certain mood, mental health, and emotional disorders. These include but are not limited to bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and even the irritability associated with an autistic disorder. The drug works to restore the balance of certain natural chemicals and substances in the brain. Unfortunately, Risperdal has been shown to have certain adverse effects, especially in seniors with dementia and teens.
What Are The Side Effects of Risperdal?
As with any over the counter or prescription medication, side effects can happen. However, Risperdal has been shown to cause several conditions that patients were not properly warned about.
Risperdal and Gynecomastia
This condition is the development or an enlargement of breast tissue in males. Gynecomastia has been linked to the drug causing the body to produce a hormone common in women who are nursing or pregnant known as prolactin. The condition is regrettably more common in children and teens that take Risperdal. This breast tissue development is usually permanent and requires surgical removal by a plastic or reconstructive surgeon.
Risperdal and Movement Disorders
Risperdal was approved in part because its manufacturers touted its reduced risk of movement disorders when compared to other drugs. However, this was proven to be false and those who took the drug were found to have a greater instance in the development of extrapyramidal symptoms (restlessness, abnormal movement, hesitational movement, inability to move, and stiffening of the tongue). These movement disorders were also shown to be permanent even when patients stopped taking the drug.
Risperdal and Lactation in Girls
Just as in gynecomastia, some girls who took Risperdal experienced an increase in prolactin and developed lactation, a condition that is not common in girls who are not of childbearing age or women who are not nursing or pregnant.
Risperdal and Death in the Elderly
The FDA has required a "Black Box" warning regarding the use of Risperdal in the elderly. The drug has been linked to death in patients who are elderly and have dementia. These patients may have died from taking Risperdal if they experienced such adverse effects like cardiac failure, pneumonia, and strokes.
Other side effects associated with Risperdal include irregular heartbeat, increased fatigue, and seizures when taken with other prescriptions.
Get Help From A Houston Risperdal Lawsuit Attorney
The first of many Risperdal lawsuits happened back in 2012 when an Arkansas judge fined the manufacturers $1.2 billion citing the companies had downplayed multiple risks associated with Risperdal.
Risperdal continues to have one of the longest histories of drug lawsuits and disputes of any prescription medication on the market. At one time, the drug was the most prescribed antipsychotic in the United States.
Although many lawsuits have been filed, patients who experience adverse side effects or death as the result of Risperdal can still make a claim against the manufacturer but have a limited a time to act.
If you or someone you know has developed unwanted side effects as the result of taking Risperdal, contact a Houston Risperdal lawsuit attorney at Richard J. Plezia & Associates today to discuss your case with no obligation.
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A new game, called Pokemon Go, is tempting players to do something incredibly dangerous – drive while distrac...
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Stephen D. Scharafin
312.658.4777 sscharafin@bglco.com LinkedIn Download V-Card
Stephen Scharafin is a Director and senior member of BGL's Consumer team focusing on Food & Beverage. He advises clients on strategic and financial alternatives, including mergers and acquisitions, private placements, divestitures, and recapitalizations. Stephen focuses predominantly on branded and private label CPG companies, as well as contract manufacturers.
Prior to joining BGL, Stephen spent time at Cascadia Capital and First Beverage Group in Los Angeles, focusing entirely on the food and beverage industry. Stephen began his career in the Transaction Services group at PwC.
B.S., Indiana University Kelley School of Business
Member, Specialty Food Association
Series 63 and 79
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Macy's closes 125 stores and reduce thousand employees: what's next
magictr | February 5, 2020 | News | No Comments
Company Macy's plans to close 125 stores in the next three years and cost thousands of corporate jobs, according to the official statement made on 4 February, writes Business Insider.
The plan for the closure of shops covers about a fifth of the retail locations of the company. Macy's also cut 2,000 corporate jobs, or about 9% of the total number of employees and closed several offices. The changes are part of a three-year plan, which, according to representatives of Macy's, will bring gross savings of $ 600 million in 2020 and $ 1.5 billion per year by 2022.
"We spend a significant structural change to reduce costs, to bring together teams and to reduce redundant work, — said CEO Jeff Jennette. — It will be a tough time for our team when we say goodbye to wonderful colleagues and good friends. The changes we are making, and deep impact all areas of the business, but they need it."
Representatives of Macy's said in new York will be the corporate headquarters of the company.
The company will close offices in San Francisco, in downtown Cincinnati, and Lorain, Ohio. Macy's also will close its call center in Tempe, Arizona, and will bring together the work of customer service in their companies in Mason, Ohio, and in Clearwater, Florida.
"We will focus our resources on the healthy aspects of our business, we will directly unhealthy parts of the business and explore new sources of income, said Jennette. Over the last three years, we have shown that we can increase revenue, but we have much work to do to improve outcomes. We are confident that the strategy we are announcing today will enable us to stabilize margins in 2020 and lay the Foundation for sustainable, profitable growth."
In Macy's claim that will modernize the remaining stores and expand its network of stores reduced prices.
After the closure of 125 stores at Macy's you'll still have about 400 outlets. About 100 of these stores will get what Macy's calls a "treatment growth" in 2020: the process involves improvement store and investing in merchandising strategy, technology, talent and local marketing. The company applied these updates to 150 stores and said results exceeded they have other locations.
Macy's also plans to expand its network of stores and lower prices, including Backstage and The Outlet in Bloomingdale, to open 50 more stores Backstage inside shopping malls and shops and 7 separate outlets Backstage away from shopping centers.
Macy's also reported that test the operation of a small shop called the Market from Macy's. As in the shops Backstage, these "Market by Macy's" will be away from shopping centers.
In retail outlets will consist of a small selection of Macy's goods and of local goods, as well as food and beverages, "a robust calendar of public events," says the company. The first Macy's Market will open in Dallas on February 6.
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