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Tag: Leonard Wood
September 14, 1945, Friday
Visit of family. I saw Victor, my new grandson, son of Paddy and Lily, for the first time.
Since my arrival, I had been conferring with the detainees of Muntinglupa and getting impressions. All seem to be very disappointed. They do not understand how we could be traitors. Even old Don Miguel Unson was bitter. All agreed that we should get together to protect our rights and to vindicate ourselves.
We who came from Iwahig continued to meet and comment on the different events and news. We were somewhat depressed. We were beginning to have the impression that some of those assuring us of their support are not really working for us. We even suspect that for political or personal reasons they preferred and wished that we remain in jail for a longer time or that our cases be prolonged.
There were two events that disheartened us very much. One is the case of Representative Veloso. He was about to be released and he announced to us his intention to take his seat in the House immediately. We tried to persuade him not to do so. But he insisted. He said that he had already talked to the majority of the Representatives. Apparently, his friends had forsaken him. The house refused to seat him. They set the precedent that he must first be cleared by the C.I.C. What a shameful ruling! Each House is the sole judge of the right to seat of its member. Why should they make it depend upon the discretion of another entity, especially one which is non-Filipino? The House should not allow anybody to interfere in the exercise of its constitutional right. Veloso announced that he would publish the names of collaborators now sitting in Congress and that he would go to the United States to to fight his case. He will make things worse.
The other is the cablegram to Pres. Osmeña of Secretary Ickes of the U.S. Department of the Interior, in effect it warns that the rehabilitation aid would depend upon whether the "collaborators" would be vigorously prosecuted and convicted. Osmeña answered that his administration is taking proper action. He said that proper machinery to handle the matter is being organized. He added that he even disregarded the legal provision that nobody can be detained for over 6 hours. There is quite a speculation as to why Ickes sent such a cablegram. The concensus of opinion is that it was the result of the campaign of Confesor, Cabili, Kalaw and Romulo. Ickes cannot possibly take personal active interest in an affair which is small in so far as the American people are concerned. Ickes' cablegram was followed by several editorials and publications in the United States against "collaborationists." The suspicion about the activities of Confesor and others in this connection comes from the statement of Col. Peralta, the guerrilla hero who has just returned from the United States, to the effect that Confesor and others go from one newspaper office to another to give news against the "collaborationists". These people are certainly doing a lot of harm to the Philippines. The truth is that there is practically no pro-Japanese element in the Philippines. The Japanese themselves found this out, although too late. And yet Confesor and others would make the American people believe that there are many Filipino pro-Japanese and among them are counted many of the outstanding Filipinos who in the past or during the American regime occupied the most responsible positions in the government. I believe Confesor and others at heart do not believe that we are traitors to our country and pro-Japanese or disloyal to America. Their only aim is to prejudice Roxas who is disputing the presidency with Osmeña. So that we are being made the football of politics. We are being the victim of political intrigue and machinations. This gives one an insight of the evil of politics. Because of it, the most rudimentary principles of justice and fairness are trampled upon.
The cablegram of Ickes was received with disappointment and disgust by free loving Filipinos. The "collaborationists" issue is a matter that should be left to the Philippine Government to handle without interference on the part of the United States government officials. This gives us an indication of what we may expect if we are not given complete and immediate independence. Furthermore, why should the rehabilitation aid to which our country became entitled because of loss of hundreds of thousands of lives and more than a billion worth of damages as our contribution to this war, be made to depend upon a handful of supposed "traitors"? Why should our country be punished for the guilt of a few, who some Americans consider as "renegades"?
The answer of Osmeña was equally disappointing. It was weak and subservient. He should have resented the uncalled for and untimely interference. He should defend the rights and prerogatives of his government as we did when we fought General Wood for undue interference in our powers. He should resent the insult to him when Ickes seemed to presume that his government would not do what is right. Some remarked that this is just as "puppet" a government as the Republic during the Japanese occupation. It was an opportunity for Osmeña to make a stand to show that he means to govern this country.
There is another event worth mentioning. Habeas corpus proceedings were started in the Supreme Court for the release of one of the detainees. The Court decided against the petition on the ground that the war is not yet over. There was a brilliant dissenting opinion by Justice Ozaeta. It was a great document. He was for the maintenance and preservation of man's constitutional libertarian rights.
Our release began the very day we arrived in Muntinglupa. Saturday, September 8th, Minister Alunan and Gen. Francisco were released after giving the required bail. The next day, Yulo followed. Two days afterwards, Sison and Sebastian were released. There were rumors that Recto and I were to be released next. We had been informed that our papers were ready in Solicitor General Tañada's office. Everytime one leaves, those left behind felt very sad.
We, members of Congress, had various meetings, once with Roxas. There was a proposition to write a letter to the Senate stating that we would not assume our positions in the Senate until after proper investigation and requesting such an investigation. It was written upon the suggestion of Roxas. But we decided not to take our seats until after our complete exoneration. I think this is a wise decision. We cannot do anything anyhow as we will be tied up on account of our cases. Besides, it will be embarrassing for us when questions involving our case or our relationship with the United States or Japan come up.
Posted on September 14, 1945 September 6, 2013 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Antonio de las AlasTags Antonio de las Alas, Antonio Sison, C.I.C., Carlos P. Romulo, Claro M. Recto, Guillermo B. Francisco, Harold Ickes, Jose Veloso, Jose Yulo, Leonard Wood, Lorenzo Tañada, Manuel Roxas, Maximo M. Kalaw, Miguel Unson, Proceso Sebastian, Rafael Alunan, Roman Ozaeta, Sergio Osmeña, Tomas Cabili, Tomas Confesor
July 2, 1945 Monday
The Sunday Times of June 24, 1945 reports that new parties are being organized. Three parties will probably fight for power and control of the government in the November elections. Despite efforts to bring about a reconciliation of warring leaders of the party in power, the split up of the Nacionalista party into two factions is inevitable as a result of developments in the Philippine Congress.
A third political group is reliably reported as being formed, led by intellectuals pledged to support a program of government more liberal and more socially conscious than embraced in the platform of the ruling party. Roxas will be leader of the Nacionalista left wing and Osmeña of the administration party. There will be a fight in the convention for nominations, but the losing group will put up a ticket of its own. Independent big wigs are being invited to join the third party. Inactive political groups like the Sumulong popular front and the Abad Santos socialist party are also being courted. The new group may not be able to put up a complete ticket, but they will have candidates for the positions except President and Vice President.
Bad news. The United States civilian relief activities in the Philippines will be discontinued on Sept. 1, 1945. The Philippine government will therefore assume the activities and the full responsibility. This is a mistake and our government should have left no stone unturned to have the American aid continued. The Philippine government will not be in a condition to undertake the financing of such tremendous work.
The Associated Press dispatch of June 20, 1945, released in San Francisco, reports that, "At a press conference, the civilian Philippine delegation headed by Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo, who was one of the leaders of the campaign to include an outright guarantee of independence in the charters, has accepted the self government formula." This attitude was probably induced by the opinion of Premier Fraser of New Zealand and others, that there is no difference between self-government, self-determination and independence.
I cannot understand why such a change, proposed by the United Nations trusteeship committee, was ever accepted by Romulo and our delegation. If there is no difference as contended by Fraser, why change the text proposed by Romulo, which is very clear. The fact, however, is that there is a whale of a difference between independence and self-government. The former admits of no interpretation other than that the country concerned will be granted independence; whereas the self-government theory, besides the fact that it presupposes delay, may not ultimately lead to independence. The very explanation of Fraser bears this out. According to the news, he "pointed to the increasing importance of inter-dependence in world affairs." Interdependence means that one or both countries have some more or less permanent" relations. If the new provision means that there shall be progressive development of self-government until independence is granted, who shall determine whether the self-government has advanced to such degree that independence may be granted? If it is the trustee who will decide whether or not a country is ready for self-government, which trustee will undoubtedly be the present corresponding colonizing country, then we may as well forget all about it. If it is the so-called Big Five, composed of England, United States, Soviet Russia, France and China, we also better forget all about it. England and France are colonizing countries and they naturally will want to defend their power and authority over the country under trusteeship now forming part of their colonies. Soviet Russia is ambitious She has expanded and will continue to expand. She has been doing this by means of some sort of plebiscite which everybody knows is just a mere formula since the results are obtained by threats, or by organizing puppet governments under the orders of Soviet Russia. This is precisely what she is trying to do now in connection with Poland. I hope the other countries of the Big Four will not be hoodwinked. China will be interested to guarantee absolute independence, as this is precisely her national policy to protect herself from the continuance of incursions in her territory. But she is too weak for the present and cannot wield any influence.
The United States should be interested in guaranteeing independence. In connection with the Philippines, she chose a course which entitled her to be justly considered as the cradle of liberty. But there are certain factors to be considered here. The United States for the present is the most highly developed in so far as economics are concerned. Her people are hardworking but at the same time they believe in amusing themselves as much as possible. Between business activities and their propensity for enjoyment, they have no time for anything else. This is the reason why at times their Congress does things that may not be to the liking of the American people. This also enables lobbyists to wield much influence in Washington. There are well organized lobbying offices in Washington which are heavily financed. They employ expert lobbyists and men who are well connected with high government executives and influential members of Congress. Practically all big interests in America are represented in Washington. The sugar interest, especially Cuban, was so powerful that to porect the Philippine sugar, the Philippine Sugar Association had to employ an influential ex-Senator (ex-Senator Hawes) with personal and intimate relations with members of Congress, as its Representative in Washington. I shall never forget our experience when I was a member of an Economic Mission to the United States in 1938-1939. To be able to get a little amendment to the provision of the Tydings-McDuffie Law involving our abaca product, we had to approach and convince one Mr. McDaniel, the representative of the Cordage Association of America. The chairman of the committee in the Senate would not even consider it unless we could have an understanding with Mr. McDaniel.
Furthermore, the United States is a representative democracy. They organize the government through parties that fight in the elections for control. Each party has a platform at times just the opposite of the platform of the other party. When a party wins, it naturally endeavors to carry out its policies and points of view as expressed in its platform. This is the reason why there is no continuity in American policies. This precisely is what happened in connection with our Jones Law passed under a Democratic regime. It promised independence when a stable government would have been established in the Philippines. Later, the Republican Party was elevated to power. It reversed the Democratic policy and paid no attention to the stable government provision. To justify its policy, it even denied that there was ever a valid promise of independence in the law. The Republican Party sent the Wood-Forbes Missions here to investigate. These missions reported so many anomalies here to show that there was no stable government.
For these reasons, we cannot be sure that the present attitude of the American government toward trusteeship will be a permanent one.
The trusteeship provision must have been proposed or at least inspired by the English. With it they meant to perpetuate their hold on their present colonies, like India. In so far as they are concerned, it will merely be a change of name — instead of colonization, it will be trusteeship. But in susbstance and in actuality, nothing will change.
The provision is also not clear as to whether the independence to be granted will be both political and economic. The modern tendency now is to grant political independence, but continue the economic control. To me, this system is just as bad if not worse than political dependence. Economic dependence is just as effective as political dependence to control a country. The country concerned will not be able to plan, develop and follow its economic policies. This is precisely what happened to the Philippines when the free trade was established — as a consequence, our whole economy became tightly intertwined with that of America. When the date for independence was fixed, we tried to extricate ourselves from American economic control. But what happened? Everytime we planned something which might affect American interests, we were stopped. We could not approve legislation which might effectuate the substitution of American business by Filipino business. We could not have diplomatic intercourse with other nations to ascertain what advantageous economic treaties we could enter into. We always had to consider American interests. This meant also that we could not negotiate reciprocity treaties with other nations, as has been done with America. How can we plan for self-sufficiency and economic independence under these circumstances? This is precisely the reason why I resigned as Chairman of the National Economic Council during the administration of Pres. Quezon. Everytime I proposed something which might affect American interests, I was stopped. When I proposed that we approach certain nations to see whether we could get some reciprocity agreements under which we could exchange products or export our excess products to those nations, I was warned not to endanger our economic relationship with America. All these support my thesis that independence must be both political and economic.
Posted on July 2, 1945 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Antonio de las AlasTags Antonio de las Alas, Carlos P. Romulo, Harry B. Hawes, Hattie McDaniel, Juan Sumulong, Leonard Wood, Manila Times, Manuel Roxas, Nacionalista Party, Pedro Abad Santos, Philippine Sugar Association, Sergio Osmeña, Tydings-McDuffie Act, William Cameron Forbes
January 7-8, 1943
Shoreham Hotel.
Arrived in answer to a telegram asking me to come as soon as I could. Quezon was looking very well and in good spirits. Told me he was going down to Arizona in about two weeks and "if he hadn't finished his by that time he wanted me to accompany him for ten days or so." No signs here of any work on his book. Dr. Trepp insists he had not worked on it "for months." Elizalde told me en route to Canada that Bernstein was writing Quezon's book for him; that he heard Quezon direct Canceran to turn over the ms. to Bernstein. Trepp thinks not. I asked Trepp why Quezon had so entirely neglected my draft of his book; Trepp did not know–thought possibly it had not been sufficiently eulogistic!
Quezon had seen Panikkar, the Indian, whom I met at Mont Tremblant. Had been very deeply interested. Panikkar told him the Indians want independence–not Dominion Status; that the Moslems also want it, though they demand safeguards as a minority. Quezon suggested to him the federal system like the United States, with a lower house representation based on population, and the upper house giving equality to states. Panikkar replied that is what they propose to do. That they must retain all of Occidental influence they now have and not just lapse into their former Oriental luxury and magnificence. England is afraid to let go just now–the Indian army is chiefly one of professional soldiers, and could easily turn against England if things went badly.
But Quezon told me he had abandoned all idea of taking any hand in the freeing of India and of Indonesia and in the forming of an Indonesian Empire, made up of a union of the Philippines and the Netherlands Indies. He had decided to concentrate entirely on the problems of his own people, though he would be "the happiest man in the world" if the other projects became a reality. Said it would take fifty years for an Indonesian Empire to become strong enough to withstand China or Japan. He had told President Roosevelt of his decision to concentrate on the problems of his own country and not take part in the other schemes, and that this statement "made Roosevelt jump." He added that the good will or support of Great Britain as well as of the United States would be needed in either eventuality. Thought Hong Kong should not be given back to China, but that the English should pay China the value of the barren island as it was when ceded to them, because of the disgraceful circumstances in which they got it.
Panikkar told Quezon that the Burmese were going to fight on the side of Japan!
Quezon is now going to try to get through Congress a joint resolution that the Philippines are and of right should be independent, etc.
I spoke of my distaste for the masochism of Gandhi and Nehru–always in prison and seeming to glory in it; Quezon said: "It's that Hindu philosophy."
He recognizes that the English are essentially a manly race, but they have "that racial superiority which I hate. I am a member of a race which has been looked down upon for centuries, and I can't stand that theory of racial inferiority. But their feeling of superiority is not vanity–they really believe it–hence their feeling of responsibility which is so marked not only in officials, but in businessmen and bankers as well."
I also had a talk with Dr Trepp, his Swiss doctor. Says Quezon does not really need him now; his TB is so well under control, he can live anywhere he likes. Says he feels like a mere lackey of Quezon; there is no real work for him to do. Would like to get a job on the staff of a sanitorium. Has come to the conclusion that Switzerland is the only real democracy he knows. There is not an ounce of democracy in the Philippines–even a businessman there has no chance unless he is a Quezon man.
I also had a short chat with Quezon on past events in the Philippines. He said Governor General Luke Wright was all right, but his influence was impaired by the very anti-Filipino attitude of his wife.
Told me how he had taken Sumulong, Rodriguez, etc., away from General Wood, and then the latter threw up his hands. Quezon organized a Supreme Council of the Philippines and gave the pro-Wood Filipinos an equal representation on it with his own partisans. He, Quezon, presided but had no vote–still they all followed him obediently and without a question.
Dr. Pardo Tavera, a distinguished member of the first Philippine Commission, was patriotically against independence; he wanted the United States to remain there for the sake of the Philippines. Still, he was so independent-minded himself that he continually opposed the Governor General and really forced himself out of the Philippine Commission.
Posted on January 8, 1943 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Andreas Trepp, David Bernstein, Eulogio Rodriguez, Francis Burton Harrison, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gandhi, India, Indonesia, Joaquin M. Elizalde, Juan Sumulong, K. M. Panikkar, Leonard Wood, Luke E. Wright, Manuel L. Quezon, Nehru, Serapio Canceran, Shoreham Hotel, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
Shoreham.
During the Spanish regime, the cabeza de barangay was the collector of the cedula personal tax; he was handed a list of all inhabitants over 18 and had to produce revenue called for by the list, whether he had been able to collect it or not; as a result he was usually ruined. See references in Rizal's novels, which are, however poorly translated into English.
Rizal, said Quezon, had never been one of his heroes–he was persevering, but never a man of decision–he refused, when an exile in Dapitan, to join Bonifacio in the revolution; this fact was counted on by the defense at his trial–but his execution was foreordained. The uncertainty in the mind of the reader of Rizal's famous books Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo as to whether it is Elias or Ibarra who is really the hero of his novels indicated either Rizal's own habitual indecision, or a wish to cover up his belief against a subsequent inquisition by the Spanish authorities.
Mabini (the "divine paralytic") is more nearly Quezon's hero. His ms. was unknown until his death; is now in Philippine National Library–and has never been printed. It denounces Aguinaldo severely, on account of his narrowness and selfishness. Mabini was captured and held as a prisoner by the Americans, and never could be forced to recant. After the insurrection, he took the oath of allegiance to the United States. While on Corregidor, Quezon wanted to go back to Manila and, like Mabini before him, have nothing to do with the captors (Japanese) even if necessary to go to prison.
At the Malolos Congress, Buencamino and Paterno urged Aguinaldo to quit the hopeless fight and negotiate with Schurman, President of McKinley's Philippine Mission.
Quezon next turned to an account of the debates among his government associates on Corregidor upon the question of Surrender of the Philippine Army to the Japanese: They, none of them, believed in any permanence in the independence then offered by the Japanese. Osmeña and Roxas, as well as Quezon thought that if this offer was accepted by them, the Japanese Army could be persuaded to withdraw within a reasonable time, and that they might allow the American Army to be evacuated to the United States. Quezon and his advisers believed that the war would eventually be decided by an attack on Tokyo, and nowhere else in the Far East. Meanwhile, they felt it better to put up with Japanese interference in their affairs–thus sparing the Philippines all that it otherwise might go through. As for permanent independence granted them by the Japanese, it would mean very little for the Japanese Consul General would be the real Chief Executive of the Philippines. He would come to Malacañan with all "due courtesy" but the first time a serious one of his "requests" was refused, it would mean war.
Quezon called my attention to what I had told the Americans in Manila in my time namely that Quezon was the "best friend they had in the Philippines." As a choice between the Americans and Japanese he would take the former every time; he could put up with even such absurdities as those of Governor General Wood, because he was an American–he could talk and drink with him. When he was Resident Commissioner in Washington he had lots of American friends who treated him exactly like one of themselves. With the Japanese, he could never be at ease–never could really understand them. The Japanese policy in Asiatic countries is utterly selfish; they had been so long isolated that they still thought only of themselves.
Ever since the fracas of the League of Nations, Quezon has believed that if America withdrew from the Philippines the Japanese would absorb the Islands. The Filipinos, he thinks, could not have "made terms" with them. "We would have been in the present position of the Siamese; they have the form but not the substance of self-government –that generally satisfies the Orientals but not the Filipinos."
The following account by Quezon of the beginning of the political fight between himself and Osmeña was dictated by him to Canceran in my presence on June 7th, for use in his book The Good Fight but was omitted from the book when printed, so it is reproduced here.
"I was elected to the Assembly as Nacionalista in 1907. I was the floor leader and Osmeña the Speaker. In 1909 I was appointed Resident Commissioner and occupied the position until 1916. I secured from Congress the passage of the Jones Law and was elected Senator and then made the President of the Senate.
"The great fight between Osmeña and me started when General Wood was there. The remote cause of my fight with Osmeña was the jealousy of the Senate of its prerogatives and the Senators never admitted that. They thought that the recognition of the Speaker of the House as the number one man was a denial of the seniority of the Senate over the House. It was a mistake of Osmeña. I swear before God that I never intended to replace him as the leader of the party. I had so much love for this fellow. As a matter of fact I thought he was better prepared than me. I had no doubt that at that time he was better prepared. And this idea was so sincere with me that even when the fight on the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill came I decided that I was not going to fight it. I was only going to explain my opinion for I thought it was my duty to tell the people. I even told Governor General Murphy that Osmeña and Roxas were the men best prepared to run the government, and that even after my election as President. But with the acts of these two men they convinced me that I could do that better than they. I will tell you how I discovered this.
"After my election as President of the Philippines, I did not want to give Osmeña a portfolio in my Cabinet. I wanted him to be my senior adviser and have all papers of the different departments go to his office before they were acted upon. But he is so interested in the appearance of things that he insisted that I appoint him Secretary of Public Instruction and he thought that his men would believe that I had disregarded him if I did not give him that portfolio and that would make him lose prestige with the 'Pros. ' He insisted and I appointed him. I told him 'I am going to appoint you but you must understand that in these circumstances you will not be my adviser any longer. You will have a seat in the Cabinet; will have a voice and no more. And you will understand that I cannot offend the other members of the Cabinet by having their views submitted to another secretary of department.' So I dealt with the secretaries of department without taking his views first.
"However, I still thought of meeting his views on general policies and gave instructions to my aides and Secretary that the Vice President could see me any time without previous engagement, and I set aside a time for him every day. But instead of talking to me about public policies he brought petitions of men who stood by him, as well as gossip. I tolerated this for three weeks, but later on I revoked my instructions to my Secretary and aides about seeing the Vice President because I got sick about the things he brought to me. So he ceased to be what I wanted him to be–my adviser. The immediate effect was for me to go through all the departments of the government. That is why when you were there I was practically handling everything.
"Now, there is one department of the government in which I was convinced of my utter ignorance–the department of finance. I had an understanding with Osmeña and Roxas that I would make Roxas Secretary of Finance. I did not appoint him right away because I wanted his services in the House. He was a minority leader and I wanted him to work in conjunction with the majority leader so there would not be any trouble in the House. When the House was about to adjourn, I sent for him and told him about his appointment to the secretaryship, but he said that he wanted to go to Capiz and consult with his followers. He came back and said: 'Mr President, I am ready.'
"I had talked with Quirino, the Secretary of Finance then, and had prepared him for the change a long time ago. I sent for Quirino and told him that I would appoint Roxas Secretary of Finance and him as Secretary of the Interior. I called Roxas over the phone and asked him: 'Are you ready?' He said 'yes.' Then I told him that I was going to write him a letter offering him the position. I wrote the letter, sent it to him; but I was so tired that day, I told my aides that I would not see anybody and went to bed. I fell asleep and did not wake up until five in the afternoon. During that time the reply of Roxas was delivered in which he said: 'I have received your letter and I felt that I should remain in the House unless you think that my services are absolutely essential in the Executive Department.' That made me so mad. I thought it was an act of treachery; that he wanted me to write another letter begging and tell him: 'you are so essential that I cannot run the government without you.' I was so angry that I called my children and took them for a ride with my launch in the Pasig River.
"At seven the following morning I sent for Antonio de las Alas. He came and I said: 'Alas you are the Secretary of Finance.' I almost killed him with the news and after telling him about his appointment I left the Palace and told the people in the Palace that I did not want to see anybody. I answered Roxas' letter and simply told him: 'I understand your position and I therefore shall not appoint you Secretary of Finance.' That is all I told him, and he has been trying [sic] to see me, but I never saw him. After giving out to the press the appointment of Alas I sent word to Roxas that I would see him. He came and said: 'Mr President, I have received your letter and I have come to tell you that I withdraw my letter.' 'Well, it is just a little too late' I said. 'And I want to tell you something so that there may be this clear understanding between us. Manoling, I have told you time and again that I could not run this government without you as Secretary of Finance and I never changed my mind about it, but when I wrote you the letter it was the President of the Philippines offering you that position. The President will not admit that he cannot run the government without you or anyone. I am going to run this government without the "Pros" and you can all go to hell.'
"The Vice President wanted to see me. I thought he was going to intervene and I was determined to tell him that I wanted his resignation as Secretary of Public Instruction. So I told my aides that I would see him right away. But to my disappointment, he did not say a word about the case. Later on I discovered why. That fellow Sabido went to see the Vice President and told him not to mention anything about the case of Roxas to me saying: 'The President, I am afraid, will have us all out. '
"That is the reason why I say that these people forced me and gave me the chance to discover whether I could run this government or not. You know that in a banquet in the Palace I said that I have always thought that the Vice President was much better qualified than I was to run the government. But it was he himself who convinced me that I can run it better than anybody.
"Way back in 1916, upon the passage of the Jones Law, Osmeña telegraphed me asking what position he could occupy–what I thought should be done–where do you think I should go? I told him that I wanted him to continue being the leader of the party and that therefore he should go to the Senate and be its president. He telegraphed me again that in consultation with the leaders of the party he had decided that he should continue as Speaker and that they would elect me senator. I told them that I wanted to practice my law profession.
"So from the beginning I feared that there would be this conflict and he himself saw it.
"You know the report that the Wood-Forbes Mission made. That report made me mad like hell. I arrived in the Philippines sick with fever and before my arrival Wood had been appointed Governor General. I learned that the legislature had approved, upon the appointment and assumption of office on the part of General Wood, the same joint resolution which was approved when you were appointed Governor General. I sent for Senator Sison and told him: 'How is it possible that you people have approved his resolution?' He said: 'Well, it was presented by Palma. You left Palma as your representative and we assumed that they have consulted with you.'
"That was the most humiliating thing for the legislature to do. So from that time on I realized that Osmeña was not the man to lead the country under those circumstances. I did not immediately start the trouble, but I began to show him that I was not pleased. I criticized him for that and from that time on I started letting him know that there was trouble coming. So we did not have trouble until I was ready for it, and the fight for leadership started. The elections came and I defeated him."
Posted on July 15, 1942 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Andres Bonifacio, Antonio de las Alas, Apolinario Mabini, Corregidor, Department of Finance, Department of Public Instruction, Elpidio Quirino, Emilio Aguinaldo, Felipe Buencamino, Francis Burton Harrison, Frank Murphy, Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law, Jacob Gould Schurman, Jose Rizal, Leonard Wood, Malacañan Palace, Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel Roxas, Pedro Paterno, Pedro Sabido, Rafael Palma, Serapio Canceran, Sergio Osmeña, Shoreham Hotel, Teofilo Sison, William McKinley
Shoreham Hotel. I found Quezon in high spirits; he had an overhaul yesterday at the Walter Reed Hospital, where they found his heart, arteries, kidneys, etc., quite sound, and ascribe his blood pressure only to nervousness.
He is now all enthusiasm for writing his book, and is at work six or eight hours a day in his room, dictating to Canceran, and writing his revisions of the manuscript. He has Morgan Shuster in New York on the telephone every day to talk over the batches of ms. he sends him. Shuster is encouraging him up to the limit.
I questioned him about the willingness of the Filipinos to agree to the retention of naval bases in their islands after independence and for which he had included a provision in the Tydings-McDuffie Act; the retention or establishment of which is to be subject to negotiation between the United States and the future Philippine Republic. He rejected the idea that the Navy should then continue to occupy the old base at Cavite, or, indeed, any place on Manila Bay, whereby the seat of government would be under naval guns –but would consent to their occupying such bases as Olongapo, Pollilo, etc., and he has already set up weather observatories at such stations. The idea of the Filipinos was that the American Navy would not interfere with the internal affairs of the Republic, but that its presence in the Philippines would deter other powers from aggressions.
With the Army, however, the situation was quite different –ever since the last military governor of the Philippines, General Arthur MacArthur, had shown such reluctance to turning over the government to Mr. William H. Taft, the first civilian governor; the Army and their different posts throughout the Philippine Islands had shown a very active interest in the working of the new government of the islands. Thus, they seemed to sense they represented the idea of the use of force against the Filipinos.
This opinion Quezon had expressed in November 1935 to Secretary of War Dern and to Senate floor leader Joe Robinson in Washington some months earlier, citing in a discussion of this question what he called the "betrayal" of a Governor General by the Army. He had reference, of course, to the ludicrous and abortive "uprising" of the Filipinos in the Botanical Garden in Manila at Christmas time of 1913 when I was the Governor. This affair had consisted of the gathering of some dozens of Filipinos, mostly of the cook or muchacho type, who tried to start a noisy demonstration, but were at once discouraged by a few of the city police. We later found that this abortive affair had been "staged" by agents provocateurs of the Philippine Scouts, a part of the American Army; and an American colonel of the Manila garrison had meanwhile paraded his regiment. The secret service agents of the army were at that time too much involved in local politics –possibly in order to justify their own continued employment.
Quezon on phone with Morgan Shuster over the first proofs of title page and foreword of his book. Insists on having the italics changed in Roosevelt's pledge, taken from under "I pledge" and inserted instead: "the full resources and man power of U.S. are back of this pledge." "That" he added to me "was what influenced our people to resist."
I told him of the campaign being conducted in the United States by Pearl Buck for what she calls "economic equality, etc." for Negroes in our country. Her argument is based on the Japanese propaganda in Asia which, she maintains, weakens America with the Chinese. I asked him if such an argument had any effect on the Chinese and he just laughed. He never had heard of Pearl Buck. He said that American Negroes were well liked in the Philippines citing the example of Major Loving, leader of the Constabulary band.
Quezon gets every day here in Washington from the State Department a precis of Japanese propaganda over the radio in the Philippines. He says: "The Japs are doing too d – d well"; that they had released Gen. Vicente Lim; had rebuilt the damaged railways, and had restored inter-island passage to the central and southern islands. I asked him about the sugar plantations; he thought the Japanese would keep them going, take all the sugar and not pay for it, adding "it makes no difference to me."
Spoke of his troubles caused by the corruption by the Chinese in the Philippines. When a delegation from Chiang Kai-shek visited him he told them he sympathized with their desire of independence and hoped they would throw the Japanese out, but he did wish they would help him to curb Chinese corruption in the Philippines. The last Consul General they had in Manila was one of the "new young men" and he helped Quezon to clean up the immigration mess; and to put in jail the violators of that act. Quezon reorganized the Bureau of Immigration. He added that if he lives to attend the Peace Conference, he will work to see that China and Russia do not remain armed while Japan is disarmed. Hopes to line up Canada, Australia and the Latin American countries to that end.
Quezon thinks that when he asked Roosevelt for independence for the Philippines in 1938 or on 4th of July, 1939, Roosevelt was quite in conformity but was curbed by those "Experts" in the Department of State.
Quezon then remarked that he brought Rafael Palma's new "history" for the government and then refused to have it printed, adding that Don Rafael seemed to favor Wood's administration quite as much as mine. I told him that Palma had said to me in 1936 that I was much more "radical" than some of the Filipino leaders then were –meaning, of course, that my views on independence were more aggressive.
On Corregidor, Quezon said, he became so dissatisfied with Carlos Romulo's broadcasts on Corregidor that he asked MacArthur (on whose "staff" Romulo served) to put him under the censorship of a committee composed of Osmeña, Roxas and Santos. Romulo came to him and said that would humiliate him, but "I had decided to fire him if he did not submit. I told him I never put out anything myself without submitting it to them." I then read to Quezon Romulo's interview in today's New York papers stating that the Japanese had burned all the books in the library of the University of the Philippines dealing with "Democracy, the United States and England" etc… Quezon stated that he had heard this rumoured but did not know whether this was true or not. The part of Romulo's interview dealing with the Bello incident was true. Bello had a school of his own at Vigan, and when the Japanese first got there they ordered him to haul down the American flag, but said he could leave the Philippine flag over his school flying. He replied that the law obliged him to have both flags, that they could haul down the flags themselves, but he refused to do so. They shot him down.
I then tried to read to Quezon from Collier's recent article on atrocities by Japanese when entering Manila. He didn't want to listen to it, said he never even read Marsman's article on atrocities in Hong Kong; said he did not believe all this stuff, and would not take part in the abuse of the Japanese.
I subsequently asked three members of Quezon's staff about atrocities in Manila; they seemed somewhat surprised by the question, calling attention to the fact that Manila had been declared an open city and was not defended. One of them said he had heard that the niece of Major Stevenot, a young American woman, had been abused by the Japanese because she would not tell them where Stevenot was. (He was on Corregidor). Stevenot was the head of the long distance telephone company, and of the radio company. Another indignity was offered to a Filipina girl who had no pass for crossing a bridge –or else did not understand the sentry's questions. There were many atrocities of rape in the provinces.
Quezon said he had sent Colonel Andres Soriano to see Norman Davis to ask about treatment of prisoners by Japanese. Davis is head of the American Red Cross. Quezon is trying to have supplies forwarded to the Philippines. Davis stated that he was already in touch with ex-prisoners returning from Shanghai and they reported they had been well treated.
The British recognized the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Singapore, and can thus communicate with their nationals there through channels. The United States has not recognized Japanese occupation of the Philippines.
American School System in the Philippines. Quezon described his quarrel with Vice Governor and Secretary of Public Instruction Gilmore (under Wood). It was in a car going down to lunch with Gilmore at the Army and Navy Club. Quezon told him the American system was destroying the old civic virtues of the Filipinos –respect for the family, the church and authority– the discussion became so heated that Quezon refused to lunch with Gilmore.
The following story was told me recently by Frank L. Crone, former Director of Education in the Philippines and in Peru:
Quezon and Osmeña were sent for during Wood's time to come to Malacañan Palace and were occasionally kept waiting for three quarters of an hour before being received by the Governor General. Wood's a.d.c. told Crone that on one such occasion Quezon appeared clad in a camisa de chino, chinelas (slippers) and a salacot (big country hat). When surprise was expressed at his costume, he replied: "well, if I am to be treated like a tao when I come to Malacañan, I'm going to dress like one."
Crone said also that the ancient local, democratic self-government still prevailed in every barrio in the Philippines. The cabeza de barangay was not a government position, but was the head of the local group named barangay after the original muster of the vinta, or long boat in which their ancestors had first landed in the Philippines.
Also, he added, family affairs, such as domestic matters like Marriage, are usually settled by a big family council.
Posted on July 14, 1942 Author philippinediaryprojectCategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Andres Soriano, Arthur MacArthur, Buenaventura J. Bello, Carlos P. Romulo, Chiang Kai-shek, Eugene Allen Gilmore, Francis Burton Harrison, Frank L. Crone, Franklin D. Roosevelt, George H. Dern, Jan Marsman, Jose Abad Santos, Joseph Emile H. Stevenot, Joseph Taylor Robinson, Leonard Wood, Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel Roxas, Norman H. Davis, Pearl S. Buck, Rafael Palma, Sergio Osmeña, Vicente Lim, Walter Loving, William Howard Taft, William Morgan Shuster
Met Lt. Col. Carlos Romulo, editor of Quezon's paper the Herald in Manila–noted orator–a.d.c. to MacArthur, i.e., "press agent"–still very shaky, said he was wounded once on Bataan (?). He corrected the newspaper interview ascribed to him on landing at San Francisco. He did not correct the statements to the effect that he was in the United States "on a mission for General MacArthur," nor that he was the "last man to escape from Bataan"; but did give a correct rendering of the Domei agency announcement concerning the burning of Cebu–that it was to show the Filipinos that all further resistance should cease–not that it was punishment for sniping, in which even women were said to have taken part from upper windows of houses when the army of occupation entered Cebu.
"Further resistance" probably refers to the guerrilla bands, or remnants of the army still active in the high mountains of Cebu, and perhaps also in Luzon and Mindanao.
Quezon tells me that a "high official" of the Red Cross reported to him that the Japanese are treating their prisoners in the Philippines well.
Reports come from Australia that the danger from the Japanese has not lessened–only that their present interest is turned elsewhere. Some think the enemy could take Australia and New Zealand whenever they wished.
"Nonong" (Manuel Quezon, Jr.) celebrates his sixteenth birthday. He tells me that "Calle F. B. Harrison" in Pasay has had its name changed by the Japanese.
Chat with Osmeña. He says that there were 5,000 troops in Negros; 5,000 in Cebu; 5,000 in Panay and 30,000 in Mindanao–all units of the Philippine Army, with high officers who were all Americans. Believes General Sharp, tho unwilling to surrender, probably did so when Lieutenant General Wainwright expressed his desire that he should do so.
Osmeña has always been interested in pushing the settlement of Mindanao by Christian Filipinos, but believes that in all these years they have only persuaded some 50,000 of them to go down there.
Osmeña was the founder of the Nacionalista party and its first president. Since 1907 they were permitted by the American Governors General to agitate for independence.
At the convention of Governors of Provinces in 1906, Osmeña, from Cebu, Quezon from Tayabas, Veyra from Leyte, Luna from La Union, and Gabaldon from Nueva Ecija were the only Nacionalistas, but ran the convention in spite of the fact that all the rest were Progresistas. Governor General Smith was in charge during these years. The principales of Negros proposed establishing a "Republic of Negros," and Smith did not object so long as they stayed under the American flag. Tells the story of Smith's first attempt to speak Spanish. It was at this banquet in Negros, and after the customary large number of courses, a lady beside him asked: "Quiere Su Excelencia tomar una siesta ahora?" He replied: "Si Señora, con usted," thinking the siesta was a name for ice cream.
Quezon on the subject of protocol: "I have never been much interested in it. I prefer the theory of Don Quixote, who when he appointed Sancho Panza Governor of Baratari, was given a dinner by the latter. Sancho invited him to sit at the head of the table, but Don Quixote replied: 'Wherever I sit will be the head of the table. "'
The subject, however, is of great importance to Osmeña. Taft has fixed Osmena's status as Speaker of the Assembly when opening the first Philippine Assembly, by declaring that, after the Governor General, the Speaker of the Assembly was the second man in the Philippines.
Leonard Wood, when Department Commander in the Army had raised the question with Governor General Forbes–Wood was unwilling to allow precedence over the Department to a Filipino. Osmeña cabled Quezon then the Resident Commissioner in Washington and Quezon went to see the Secretary of War adding that "Tho I considered my mission a silly one, yet the duty was imposed on me by my leaders." He reported to the Secretary of War that Osmeña believed Wood was trying to undo the fiat of Taft, and that he (Osmeña) would consider such action a humiliation to him and to his people. "Personally," said Quezon, "I never consider it important where they place me." The War Department ducked the issue, ruling that when the Speaker was invited, the Commanding General should not be present and vice versa. This was in 1910-11. Quezon added: "Wood could not stand the idea of a Filipino being put ahead of him. I never regard such matters as important unless done with the purpose of humiliating me or my race."
Quezon continued: "When McNutt was first sent in 1936 [sic] as High Commissioner to the Philippines, I was in Europe. The Japanese Consul gave a fiesta at which he toasted the President of the Philippines before proposing a toast to the High Commissioner (McNutt)." This Quezon considered as of no importance, and it was certainly not an official attempt of the Japanese to play politics in the Philippines. "The Americans in Manila had been pushing McNutt to assert himself, and got him crazy." So, he sent circulars to all the Consuls in the Philippines calling their attention to the correct order of precedence, and instructing them to route all official correspondence with the Commonwealth Government through his office.
"In Washington, they had a Cabinet meeting to discuss the press furore over this matter, for they feared it would give trouble. Vice President Garner said: 'I'm afraid we've sent a trouble maker there.' President Roosevelt replied: 'I wouldn't say that, but he seems to be indiscreet.'
"I was in Paris at this time, but refused to be quoted as being mixed up in this damned nonsense. When I arrived in New York all the newspaper men were on to me on this question. I told them: 'Gentlemen, all I wish to tell you is this: if there is a toast, and I am given the opportunity of drinking it, all I care about is that there should be enough to drink.'
"The President was relieved when he learned of this reply. But I feared that with McNutt I might have another Wood-Quezon fight on my hands in Manila. Before arriving home, I carefully wrote out my speech. The banquet of welcome, attended by some 1,500-2,000 people was dramatic enough for we had an earthquake during it. I told them: 'In order that there may be no misunderstanding among the people, I consider it important on this occasion to state what I consider to be the rights of the President of the Commonwealth in relation to those of the American High Commissioner. The latter, as the representative of the President, occupies the highest place. But all the power and responsibility of this government, except in the matter of foreign affairs, rests in the President of the Philippines. In these matters, I am the boss. I will welcome any suggestions from the High Commissioner and no doubt his suggestions will exercise great influence on our decisions." (Wm. H. Anderson's book contains 20-30 pp. on this.)
Quezon next described his first lesson as a young member of the first Philippine Assembly in 1908 on how to act when attacked by the press. A local newspaper in Manila had attacked him in its morning issue and a friend rushed into his bedroom and awakened him with the article. He leapt out of bed, rushed through his dressing and ran to the office of the paper, asking to see Salazar, the editor. He shoved the paper before him and asked him if he had written it. "Yes," so he pushed it into Salazar's mouth who went over backward with his chair. Alemany rushed in to protest, and Quezon raging, asked him if he had anything to do with it, so Alemany fled. Then Salazar challenged Quezon to a duel and Quezon replied: "To hell with you and your duel." He then went into the composing and printing room and told the workmen in Tagalog that they ought to quit working for such scoundrels.
The next morning, all the press attacked Quezon. He began to be ashamed and to think that after all he was disgraced. He went down to attend the session of the Assembly in the marble hall of the Ayuntamiento, and at the door met Governor General Smith, who "was himself a fighting Irishman"–Smith said to him: "Well, young man, you had quite a good time yesterday. Let me offer you a piece of advice–there is nothing worse than being ignored by the press; if they won't praise you, pay them to attack you." Osmeña said nothing to Quezon about the incident.
Visit to President Coolidge. Former Governor General Forbes told Quezon that in due time, Coolidge would be recognized as the greatest President next to Lincoln. Quezon remarked to me that he thought he was the worst "not even except Harding." He described a visit with Osmeña to Coolidge in the White House. It was Osmeña's first President; he bought a suit for the occasion and bowed low when entering the presence. Quezon continued: "After 10 minutes I saw that Sergio was beginning to revise his estimate. This was not one of Coolidge's best days. He drawled and gulped and nobody could make sense out of anything he said. When we left the White House, Sergio said 'Chico! Caramba! so that's a President of the United States.'"
Quezon's revision of Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill: The provision of the indefinite retention of the American Army in the Philippines after independence was granted seemed to Quezon to make "independence" (a) futile–for had not the Army "betrayed" an American Governor General? What would they do when a Filipino became the head of state? "Suppose Don Sergio for example were the first President of an independent Philippines, what would happen? Directly after his inauguration he would perhaps wish to rest after the ceremonies and take a drive. He would go to Fort McKinley, outside Manila, and perhaps be halted by a sentry and turned back."
The provision was moreover (b) dangerous--and would be liable to create incidents between the United States and the Philippines. Moreover, though at the time they naturally did not make this statement, there was the challenge to Japan in the continued presence of the U.S. Army in the Philippines. He thinks this requirement was a product of American imperialism.
So, he wired Osmeña and Roxas in Washington to await his arrival there and added that if they could convince him that the bill was wise, he would support it. This they failed to do. Senator Harry Hawes, one of the joint authors of the act, gave a luncheon for the Philippine delegation at which Joe Robinson, the floor leader of the Senate was present. Having listened to the discussion at the table, Robinson finally said with some show of anger–and he was a man of sudden anger and violence: "I've had enough of all this–you can take the law as it is, or leave it." Quezon rose and said: "Then I'm through, we won't accept the law." He left and returned at once to the Philippines. Before Robinson's death, a little later, the senator paid a handsome tribute to Quezon.
Upon his return to Manila, Quezon got the legislature to reject the law by more than a two-thirds' vote. He told the caucus that they would have to "get rid" of Osmeña (the Vice President) as head of the senate (sic) and of Roxas as Speaker. There was much hesitation among them since the people were so anxious for independence that there was general support for the law. So Quezon told them: "You leave it to me–the popular support here for Osmeña and Roxas will not last thirty days." Then Quezon offered his own resignation as President of Senate, which was refused by a large majority. Roxas, that evening, did not wait for the vote; he resigned as Speaker of the House of his own accord. He was "chaired" by the students at the University and said later that "he had fallen from the speakership into the arms of the people." Quezon commented publicly that when Roxas had fallen into the arms of the students, he had picked out those of a pretty girl in the crowd–Quezon added that he wouldn't mind that kind of a fall, himself. During the controversy, Quezon made no personal attacks nor reflections on either Osmeña or Roxas. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting law was overwhelmingly rejected by the legislature.
Religious Instruction in the Public Schools: Taft as the first Civil Governor had passed a law permitting this, but it was very ambiguous in its terms, and never put into effect. (N.B. this, and Taft's visit to the Vatican, plus the "Friar Land Purchases" had a great deal to do with the re-election of Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. I was campaigning on the state ticket in New York in that election and knew of the immense activity–undercover–of the Catholic priests against our ticket headed by Alton B. Parker. F.B.H.)
Quezon says that when Laurel, Roxas and Recto were framing the constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth, Taft's "religious instruction" proposition was inserted in the articles. The first session of the National Assembly, in the early winter of 1935-6, passed by 90 votes a law to this effect. Quezon vetoed the act on the ground that it was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Avanceña, whose advice he took privately, backed him up, but the act was never re-passed over Quezon's veto, so never came before the courts. Avanceña went down to his home province of Iloilo to explain this matter to his sisters, who had brought him up and educated him. They had kept a school there since Spanish days, and were intensely religious. Avanceña did not broach the subject to his sisters but went to the priests who were those who "confessed" them, and explained to them the constitutional point. Then, after satisfying them, he arranged with them to come to dinner and to have one of them raise the question quite casually at the table.
Quezon was dictating to Canceran the chapter of his book on his birth and childhood. Great was my surprise at the primitive conditions at Baler 60 years ago: no market–everybody raised, or shot or caught their own food or exchanged their crops for venison and pork. Few shotguns; most of the people were armed only with spears or bow and arrows, etc. He replied: "Inferiority complex of the Filipinos never has permitted them to tell the truth about their primitive conditions in Spanish days. I shall be the first." (Vivid contrast here with the profusion, extravagance and disregard of expenditure in which he has lived during the Commonwealth; instead of resenting this, the Filipino are probably proud of all this reckless display–I've never heard him express the view that anything he wanted was too expensive. F.B.H.)
Posted on July 3, 1942 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Alton B. Parker, Calvin Coolidge, Carlos P. Romulo, Claro M. Recto, Douglas MacArthur, Fort McKinley, Francis Burton Harrison, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law, Harry B. Hawes, Isauro Gabaldon, James Francis Smith, John Nance Garner, Jonathan Wainwright, Jose P. Laurel, Joseph Taylor Robinson, Leonard Wood, Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel L. Quezon Jr., Manuel Roxas, Paul V. McNutt, Ramon Avanceña, Serapio Canceran, Sergio Osmeña, Theodore Roosevelt, Warren G. Harding, William Cameron Forbes, William F. Sharp, William H. Anderson, William Howard Taft
Quezon's description of his visit to the island of Mactan (off Cebu) with Secretary of Public Works Cuenco and the Governor of the Province: they took him over the magnificent new road to the barrio where they had erected a statue to Lapu-Lapu the local datu who had killed Magellan. Quezon turned to them and remarked that Lapu-Lapu was not the first independista, but was really no better than a local "head-hunter," that the inscription on the statue was not based on historical truth; the fight in which Magellan lost his life was merely a struggle between two local chieftains. As for this fine road, it was just part of Osmeña's program of spending the Commonwealth's money down here to get all the votes in the barrio.
He then turned to a description of his relations with Osmeña in the latter years of my (F.B.H.'s) administration. In 1916 Quezon came back to the Philippines with the Jones Law in his pocket and was at once elected President of the Senate; not only did I (F.B.H.) try to push him forward towards the leadership, but his Senators from the very beginning bucked against the old protocol by which the Speaker of the House (Assembly) had been established as N° 1 Filipino and N° 2 in the Islands after the Governor General. Quezon says that he had originally had himself elected as Osmeña's lieutenant against the latter's wishes. When he came back in 1916 with the Jones Law, he knew he could beat Osmeña but he really felt that Osmena was the better man to head the nation; Quezon felt himself inferior to Osmeña especially in the realm of government finance.
Council of State. This was a maneuver of Osmeña to perpetuate himself in power. When he first showed the original draft of the proposed Executive Order creating Council of State, it was so drawn that the Council was to sit under Osmeña's presidency without the Governor General being present. Quezon told Osmeña at once I would never agree to this. They came with the proposed order to Malacañan together. Osmeña made the suggestion that the Council sit without the Governor General. Quezon says: my face grew fiery red, and I stated "Not over my dead body." Then there was a pause which to Quezon seemed to last an hour, so finally he remarked: "It's a fine day, Governor." Quezon had often told this story to "old timers" when they maintained that I had been "run" by Osmena and Quezon. He always said that I was the most independent of all the American Governors General with the possible exception of Stimson.
Quezon then went on to talk of the entertainment fund which I had asked the legislature to set up for my successors just before I left the Philippines. Quezon remarked that I had paid for all my entertainments; Taft's brother paid for his; Smith gave one fiesta and then got himself appointed a Federal Judge. Quezon said Wood profited from the fund–I remarked "poor man, he surely needed it," but Quezon replied "It was terrible because it made Wood stay on so long in the Philippines." His Vice Governor Gilmore charged the government 3 pesos for every private guest whom he entertained.
Governor General Smith was described by Quezon as a "simple, openhearted man," who was closest to the Filipinos of any of them before I came. He had been selected as Governor General by Cardinal Gibbons, and was so devout a Catholic that he used to confess to the Jesuits in Manila, who thought they could run him. But a year and a half after Smith's appointment. Cardinal Gibbons said he would never ask for a Catholic again. Smith stood up so straight against pressure that he leaned over backwards.
Posted on July 1, 1942 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Cebu, Eugene Allen Gilmore, Francis Burton Harrison, Henry Stimson, James Francis Smith, Leonard Wood, Manuel L. Quezon, Mariano Jesus Cuenco, William Howard Taft
Quezon returned from a conference with Secretary Ickes, whom he greatly likes.
He is getting more interested every day in composing ideas for his book, which I am glad to see. Today, he expressed his wish not to have any controversial subjects in this war story, but will save them for the biography he wishes to write later. He may insert Japanese atrocity stories of their invasion of the Philippines, but only "as told to him"–not as being of his knowledge true. This settles neatly a ticklish question of policy.
Quezon observed that Assistant Secretary of State Sumner Welles is more "effective" than our old friend Hull, and believes it best to sound him out first on any plans for the future of the Philippines.
Stated that he had told ex-Vice Governor Hayden that in his book he had been so kind about him that he felt he could say in criticism only that Hayden appeared to be an adherent of Governor General Wood–"You are still a Republican"–Hayden reddened. Quezon told him that the theory that Leonard Wood had "saved" Philippine finances was ridiculous. "If I had not stopped him, he would have thrown away assets worth three hundred million pesos in the Philippines." Hayden replied "I suppose you mean the railroad, bank, etc."
Lord Halifax had given Quezon a luncheon. This was the day after Quezon's first appearance upon the Pacific War Council. Halifax said to Quezon at luncheon: "I liked your remark to the press." Quezon said he liked Lady Halifax better than he did her husband. She had told Halifax after luncheon: "You'd better have a talk with President Quezon–You may learn something."
Mrs. Quezon who was then present with us, had just attended a luncheon given for her by Mrs. Sayre. Sayre is about to resign as High Commissioner. She told Mrs. Quezon that there had been a broadcast from Manila in May arranged by the Japanese. In it an American lady told how the American civilian prisoners at Santo Tomas in Manila were allowed to establish their own form of government; had their own entertainments and their own schools for their children. Exercise was allowed daily in Santo Tomas grounds etc. She then added that their chief concern was that they had no milk for their children–at this point a Japanese spokesman interrupted and said: "That is the fault of the Americans for destroying all supplies before we arrived." I asked Mrs. Quezon if it was true that they had destroyed all the food supplies before going to Corregidor, and she replied "Of course."
I then asked Quezon further about his famous luncheon with the Japanese Emperor in 1937–whether the Emperor had offered him any "special treaties" (n.b. this was one of the questions recently submitted to Quezon by the Cosmopolitan). He said "no." I asked him whether Ambassador Grew's annoyance with this whole affair had not changed the United States Government's attitude toward Quezon for a time. He said not; that President Roosevelt and Secretary Hull were all right, but that he might have had some enemies, like Stanley Hornbeck, the "Far Eastern expert" in the State Department. Denied that the State Department had interfered to spoil his subsequent trip to Mexico; that the Mexican President had sent him his gorgeous $500,000 train,–"like a hotel" to convey him to Mexico City.
Told the story of his shift in plans during his escape to Australia in going from Dumaguete by speed boat with Lieutenant Bulkeley across to Mindanao. Wainwright had wired him that there were five Japanese destroyers in the straits, and it was inadvisable to go now–better to postpone. But Colonel Soriano together with Major Fernando of the Philippine Army Air Corps had just spent several hours in one of those old planes off Negros waters. They had sighted only one Japanese destroyer, which at 6 p.m. had gone off towards the Sulu Sea. So, after midnight, when he and his family, having received Wainwright's warning message, had gotten nearly all the way back from Dumaguete to Bais (20 miles), Soriano caught up with them in the dark, and he and Bulkeley advised Quezon to turn around again and take the chance of getting across that night to Mindanao. Quezon accepted.
To an enquiry as to whether Mrs Quezon ever expressed her opinions about such decisions on this dangerous voyage; he replied: "Never; she always did just what I decided." I then enquired how he had felt about the possibility of his capture by the Japanese? He said he did his best to avoid capture, but he always felt that if taken by them, they would treat him with every consideration, and probably put him right back in Malacañan.
He added that he thought Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos had gotten caught by the Japanese in Cebu. (N.B. they shot him there).
Exchange of cables between Quezon in Corregidor and Roosevelt: Quezon advised him that he was in grave doubts as to whether he should encourage his people to further resistance since he was satisfied that the United States could not relieve them; that he did not see why a nation which could not protect them should expect further demonstrations of loyalty from them. Roosevelt in reply, said he understood Quezon's feelings and expressed his regret that he could not do much at the moment. He said: "go ahead and join them if you feel you must." This scared MacArthur. Quezon says: "If he had refused, I would have gone back to Manila." Roosevelt also promised to retake the Philippines and give them their independence and protect it. This was more than the Filipinos had ever had offered them before: a pledge that all the resources and man power of United States were back of this promise of protected independence. So Quezon replied: "I abide by your decision."
I asked him why he supposed Roosevelt had refused the joint recommendation of himself and MacArthur. He replied that he did not know the President's reasons. Osmena and Roxas had said at the time that he would reject it. Roosevelt was not moved by imperialism nor by vested interests, nor by anything of that sort. Probably he was actuated by unwillingness to recognize anything Japan had done by force (vide Manchuria). Quezon thinks that in Washington only the Chief of Staff (General Marshall) who received the message from MacArthur in private code, and Roosevelt himself, knew about this request for immediate independence.
When Quezon finally got to the White House, Roosevelt was chiefly concerned about Quezon's health. Roosevelt never made any reference to their exchange of cables.
Quezon added that, so far as he was aware, the Japanese had never made a direct offer to the United States Government to guarantee the neutrality of the Philippines, but many times they made such an offer to him personally.
"It was not that I apprehended personally ill treatment from the Japanese" said Quezon; "What made me stand was because I had raised the Philippine Army–a citizen army–I had mobilized them in this war. The question for me was whether having called them, I should go with this army, or stay behind in Manila with my people. I was between the Devil and the deep sea. So I decided that I should go where the army did. That was my hardest decision–my greatest moral torture. I proposed by cable to President Roosevelt that the United States Government should advise the Japanese that they had granted independence to the Philippines. This should have been done before the invasion and immediately after the first Japanese attack by air. The Japanese had repeatedly offered to guarantee the neutrality of an independent Philippines. This was what they thought should be done." Quezon is going to propose the passage by Congress of a Joint Resolution, as they did in the case of Cuba, that "the Philippines are and of right out to be independent" and that "the United States would use their armed forces to protect them."
When asked by Shuster to try to describe his own frame of mind when he was told at 5:30 a.m. Dec. 8 of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Quezon said he had never believed that the Japanese would dare to do it; but since they had done so, it was at once evident that they were infinitely more powerful than had been supposed– therefore he immediately perceived that the Philippines were probably doomed.
In Washington the other day, he asked the Chinese Ambassador whether the Japanese had not fooled all the rest of the world by pretending to be weak. The ambassador just laughed. Quezon says that if consulted, he would have advised the Chinese to take a leaf from the Japanese book on cunning. The Japanese had been checked in their expansion plans three times, (after each of their three successful wars), by the concert of Great Powers–each time they "bowed their head" and submitted. Finally, after waiting nearly half a century, their chance had come, and they took it. So, if the Chinese, at the time the "China Incident" broke had pretended to submit, then allowed themselves to be armed and trained by the Japanese, they would only have had to wait their chance.
Posted on June 22, 1942 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Andres Soriano, Aurora A. Quezon, China, Cordell Hull, Francis B. Sayre, Francis Burton Harrison, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harold Ickes, Hirohito, Japan, John D. Bulkeley, Jonathan Wainwright, Joseph Grew, Joseph Ralston Hayden, Lázaro Cárdenas, Leonard Wood, Lord Halifax, Manuel L. Quezon, Mexico, P.O.W., Pacific War Council, Showa, Stanley Hornbeck, Sumner Welles, University of Santo Tomas
Quezon thinks this is a business war, caused by slavish imitation by Japanese of the Western powers' methods of monopoly. If the Japanese had not closed the open door in China, there would have been no war. It was totally needless, in any case, for the Japanese could have undersold all commercial rivals with all of her own products in China and she had already regained for China control over her own customs administration. If the "open door" had been maintained, the United States could then have held their Chinese market only on petroleum and tobacco.
In Japan in 1937, Quezon met members of the House of Peers and of the Diet who were opposed to the militarists —not so now. One of the Peers who was speaking of the recent Coronation said it was the last, as a religious ceremony with all the "Son of Heaven" cult. Quezon says he is never entirely at his ease in conversations with Japs —they have been until recently, for too many centuries isolated from the rest of the world.
Thinks it is a mistake to assume the Japanese are naturally an Empire and the Chinese not; on the contrary, the Chinese have always been imperialists when they were strong enough, and the Japanese only recently so. China in the past tried to conquer Japan. If the Chinese now argue that the aid promised by the United States to China has not been satisfactorily supplied, he would reply, if he was an American, that the Chinese got us into this war anyway.
Quezon is absolutely opposed to the plan to let the Chinese remain armed after this war, and the Japanese entirely disarmed. "The Japanese could teach us civic virtues, but the Chinese only 'trickery and corruption.'" Would prefer to have the Indians armed.
I asked him whether, in the peace settlement, the Dutch East Indies would be given back to the Netherlands? He replied: "That would be an outrage. The Malays should be allowed to unite. For years the Javanese have been looking to the Filipinos to lead them to freedom. The movement started when General Wood was Governor General; we smuggled their leaders into the Philippines with the connivance of the Collector of Customs (Aldanese); Ramon Fernandez helped them and gave them money. I must soon begin to work on this with the English, the Australians and the New Zealanders. At the Peace Conference, I intend to make a loud noise. If we were to be united politically, I would be willing to have the capital in Java. It is not mere numbers that count, but intelligence."
He thinks we could make a satisfactory peace with Japan at any time, but Roosevelt would not consider it for a moment. Believes the Japs would consent to leave the Philippines outside their "Co-prosperity sphere."
"The greatest political danger to Don Sergio and me now is that the Japanese may declare the independence of the Philippines themselves." "If so" he added "I would not stand in the way for one moment, but would resign and not spend one more penny of the money of the Philippines in the United States, even though that would reduce my family and myself to starvation." He said that if he were President of the Philippine Republic, and the Japanese sent for him now to return to be head of an independent country, he might consider it. But he is only president of the Commonwealth which owes allegiance to the United States, and he is irrevocably tied up with that. If the proposition of independence were put to the Filipinos now by Japan they would vote overwhelmingly for it —there would be no need of Japanese soldiers to carry out the election.
Roosevelt did not insist that the Filipinos should continue the war against the invading Japanese. On the contrary, on January 3rd, 1942 in response to his cable of the day before from Corregidor, in which Quezon had questioned the right of the United States to make the Filipinos carry on a war for a power which could not protect them, Roosevelt had wired MacArthur to permit the highest ranking Filipino officials to surrender the Philippine Army, and then ordering MacArthur to carry on the fight to his last man.
Quezon then told of some Indians who were on the steamer with him when he was crossing the Pacific in 1916 with the Jones Law in his pocket. Two or three of them came up to congratulate him on his great achievement and ask his help for Indian independence. "This," he replied, "I am not in a position to give." They were taken aback and asked: "Aren't you in favor of our independence?" "Yes, I'm in favor of it, but with your 350 million people, all you have to do is to have every Indian sneeze at the same moment. Give me one half of your population and I would have the English begging me for their independence." They retired angry and confused.
He thinks that, physically, the Siamese most resemble the Filipinos. They went over to the Japanese before the war began because their former territories in Indochina which had been seized by the French, had been given back to them by the Japanese.
Discussing the two photos in the Manila Tribune ofJan (?) 1942 showing first George Vargas reading to the Japanese officers his acceptance of the post as head of the Executive Commission set up by them, and the second showing the group of Philippine representative citizens who had been summoned, or chosen to accept this new form of temporary government, I commented on the presence there of former Chief Justice Avanceña. Quezon remarked that it was a damned shame that the group insisted on the presence on that occasion of that old man.
He thinks Kihara, former Vice Consul at Davao, whom he likes, is the go-between between the Japanese High Command and the Executive Commission of Filipinos.
Posted on June 7, 1942 Author Manuel L. Quezon IIICategories Diary of Francis Burton HarrisonTags Douglas MacArthur, Francis Burton Harrison, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jorge Vargas, Kihara Jitaro, Leonard Wood, Manuel L. Quezon, Ramon Avanceña, Ramon Fernandez, Sergio Osmeña, Vicente Aldanese


The tiny, lightweight, P-38 collapsible can opener was developed during World War II, reported to have been a rapid 30 days design project in the summer of 1942 by the U.S. Army Subsistence Research Laboratory in Chicago, IL. The origin of the name is not clear, like the jeep. Some claim it required exactly 38 punctures around a can to open it. Others say it performed with the speed of a P-38 fighter plane. Whatever the case, it is clear this little device has to be considered one of the most perfect inventions ever designed for use in combat.
According to Gy. Sgt. R. Lee Ermey of the History Channel Mail Call program, Marines in Vietnam called it a "John Wayne" because it was so sturdy and dependable. However, that name may have referred to the P-51, a larger version of the same design, used for larger cans. Whatever the name, the P-38 was a favorite.
Most troops carried it on their dog tags. More than just a can opener, in time the P-38 acquired 1001 uses: all-purpose toothpick, fingernail cleaner, screwdriver, bottle opener, box cutter, letter opener, chisel, scraper, stirrer, etc.
For World War II veterans, and then Korean War and Vietnam vets as well, the P-38 is a souvenir, a bonafide historical artifact worthy of retention. Countless old soldiers still carry a P-38 on their key chain a half century after the fact, or preserve it along with other cherished items from the war.
The P-38 was finally phased out when the C-Rations, last of the canned meals, were replaced by MREs.
Click here to download a detailed article on the history of the P-38 Can Opener. The little can opener is often called "the Army's best invention".
Below on the left is a copy of an instruction sheet showing proper use of the P38 from a DoD specification MIL-O-20582A dated 28 November 1956. It gives the official name for the P38: OPENER, CAN, HAND, FOLDING.
Among many other details this specification states in Section 3.3.5 that "Marking for Identification" shall include: "The letters U.S. and the manufacturer's name or trade name..." Packaging is specified as an individual envelope which are then put in boxes of 1000 envelopes (for general use -- special purposes can differ). So if you pick up a P38 that is supposedly "genuine surplus" from the 1950s or so, look for the US and an individual envelope package, such as on the right just below.
P-38 Can Opener Instruction Sheet.
P-38 Can Opener Original package.
Thanks to Sgt. Kenneth Lewis, Texas National Guard, for this reference.
For good results, try entering this: p38 can opener. Then click the Search button.


Most direct sellers understand that they need to get on the phone, yet days, months, even years go by without them following up with their customers.
Why? The challenge is that they do not know how to do it and they do not truly understand why they should.
This program gets the direct sellers to realize the value of each acquired customer regardless of how little each customer might have originally purchased. This program helps your direct sellers to see the goldmine they have been ignoring.


2004-09-22T23:46:38-04:00https://images.c-span.org/defaults/capitol.jpgMembers of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy testified before the committee about their recommendations and findings. They asserted that the oceans are "in a state of crisis," and spoke in detail about threats to ocean life and marine ecosystems. They discussed the commission's methods, the economic impact of ocean policy, and the need for policy changes. Commission members called for a new "system of ocean governance" that includes an emphasis on "ecosystem stewardship." They described a number of potential legislative actions that could enact the commission's recommendations. Witnesses also responded to questions from members of the committee.
The first political ad for Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign, known as "Ocean," was shown.


Hello. Does anyone have exprience using Kettle to push data to Amazon S3? I'm interested in learning about approaches others may have used.
Data can mean a lot of things. If you talk about CSV/XML then there is not that much around out of the box.
On Linux there are ways to mount an S3 filesystem (s3fs for example, FUSE).
Personally I used an Amazon library to create a parallel reader for S3, a writer shouldn't be too hard.
Data can also mean a relational database. For example, MySQL has an AWS S3 storage engine by Mark Atwood.
In this case, I'm taking about files. Thanks for the links, I'll take a look. I was thinking about an S3 writer. Then I could create a PDI job to extract data from source systems, write to files, compress files, then write the files to an S3 file system in the cloud.
You could probably start from the "Text File Output" step and convert it to the JetS3t Java lib.
I was also looking at using something like Jungle Disk ($20) - http://www.jungledisk.com/index.aspx. Then I could mount the S3 to the PDI server. JungleDisk would handle file transfer and encryption. For $1 a month extra it also has incremental backup capability and can restart large file transfers from the point of failure.
Do you know if there is an EC2 machine image with PDI?
If you're using Linux, s3fs will do the trick, had some trouble with JungleDisk myself.
No PDI image yet, sorry. Since I need a few for MySQL UC (let's meet up again!) there should be a few popping up in the next couple of months though.
I'll make sure to make them public.


text:
Posts by: Daniel Kwabena Mantey
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The most iconic Batman villain. Who is he? What makes him so dangerous and one of the most feared villains in all of comics?
We answer the question by taking a look at the character's history, it's major stories along the years, the effect it has had on pop culture as well some of the analytic work done on the character by various people along the years.
The Joker is a super villain created by Jerry Robinson and Bill Finger (with Bob Kane also playing a role). He appeared in Batman #1 in 1940.
In most (but not all) interpretations, The Joker generally dresses up like a clown, with his skin bleached permanently white, has green colored hair, long extended lips (in some interpretations due to makeup) which are red in color, and has a menacing, creepy, teethy smile. He is known to have no regard for human life or any material possesions.
Despite not been physically strong or having any extensive combat experience, he is known to be one of the most dangerous villains in comic books.
The first sketch of The Joker Jerry Robinson based on the deck of cards he had with him.
The Joker was conceived at the time of writing Batman's first issue in the early 1940s. Jerry Robinson was a teenager who was studying creative writing at Columbia University, and started working part-time as a ghost artist for Bob Kane. Bill Finger was the main writer involved, as he was facing writing a total of six stories (most for Batman #1). Since Finger wasn't the kind of writer who would quickly churn out a lot of stories in short amount of time, Robinson volounteered to write one story to ease his work-load.
During his creative writing classes at Columbia, he was taught that some characters are defined by their contradictions. Robinson found villains to be more interesting characters, and wanted an arch-nemesis to Batman. He thought about someone using jokes to do inherintely violent things as a good contradiction, and the word Joker came to him. He encountered a joker playing card at this house.
He showed Bill Finger a rought sketch he made and talked to him about the concept based on that for a possible villain. Finger said it reminded him of Conrad Veidlt's role in the movie The Man Who Laughs. Finger and Robinson worked together to refine the character. Right from the start, The Joker was sketched as a murdering madman who had a twisted sense of humour, and who loved to laugh and mock. Finger added Joker's perma-white and famous grin.
As with Batman, the question of who came up with the Joker is disuputed. Jerry Robinson claimed that he came up with the concept, with Bill Finger taking the concept and adding some improvements and Kane doing the artwork. Bob Kane categorically refused this version and claimed it was him and Finger who created the character.
Most people credit Jerry Robinson and Bill Finger for the Joker, with Kane adding small support in the creation for it.
Below you can watch an video of Jerry Robinson himself talking about the time when he helped create the Joker.
The Joker initially started as a murdering psychotic who killed people for his own pleasure. He liked to announce his intentions to commit a crime and wanted to see if someone could stop him. Initially he was supposed to die (Bill Finger was concerned that him getting away again might make look Batman incompetant), and that was how he was written in his second appearence in Batman #1, until Fredrick Whitney Elsworth made a last minute edit to the comic and hastiliy drew a strip to hint to the possiblity of him returning in the future.
In the 1950s, as the Comics Code Authority guidelines took effect, his character moved away from his dark roots and become more and more a prankster than a killer. Since he couldn't really kill, his motivation became more materialistic and various stories revolved around him trying to steal or extort money, gold or jewels. Though generally considered one of the worst periods for the character, it did have the fortunate side-effect of introducing some of the things now considered charactteristic of The Joker - Hand Buzzers which he used when tricking people into a handshake, trick guns, flowers which squirted acid and other similar things.
Concerned about declining sales over the years, finally in the early 1970s, the character was revived and went back to it's roots as a murdering psychopath by writer Dennis O'Neal in the story The Joker's Five-Way Revenge. Shorty after, The Joker became the first comic villain to be given its own comic 'The Joker'. Since we was a villain, every comic still required him to be punished in the end. Obviously, the comic did not run for a long time, because who wants to buy a comic where the main character always loses.
Then came the eighties, which ushered in the modern age for comics. It was a time of great experimentation, especially for DC Comics, and this affected The Joker as well. He became more psychotic, had better stories, and made an undelible impact on the lives of the two men in Gotham who challenge him the most.
The Joker progressed into commiting more psychotic and lunatic murders and other crimes. Writers were encouraged to explore the depths of his twisted and dark lunacy, which left a deep impact on Batman stories. This period has also involved him leaving an undelible impact on the lives of Batman and Commisioner Gordon.
Alan Moore's landmark story, The Killing Joke is a prime example of who The Joker has come to be in comics. Regarding as one of the most important stories in comics, this one-shot run explors his character and revisits his origin story as a failed stand-up comedian who gets sucked into working for the Red Hood Gang, ultimately falling into a vat of chemicals. This incident serves as a straw which breaks the camel's back and he snaps into madness.
Cutting to the present, The Joker goes on to shoot Barbara Gordon (Gordon's Daughter), paralysing her, and clicking deeply innapropriate photographs of her and forces Gordon to watch it, in order to snap Gordon into madness (in order to prove to Batman that all it takes is 'One Bad Day' to make anyone switch from normalcy to lunacy). The Joker underestimates the strength of character of Gordon who, though deeply distraught, still doens't crack and disproves Joker's point. This comic also ultimately resulted in the creation of the character of Oracle, as Barbara was paralysed and couldn't continue as Batgirl.
Later in the year, another story, A Death in the Family, shows The Joker clubbing Jason Todd (the second robin) with a tire iron, and ultimately killing him along with his mother. This had a deep impact on further continuity, with Jason Todd returning as The Red Hood years later.
In No Man's Land, The Joker kills Gordon's second wife, Sarah Essen. In the run titled Endgame, The Joker poison's all of Batman's allies in the Justice League, and later goes on to chop off Alfred's right hand.
Part of why many poeople consider him to be Batman's greatest enemy is because of the enormous personal harm he has done to Batman and his friends. Nobody comes close in that regard (except Joe Chill).


- We're having in Chile one of the largest fires in South American history.
- Are there Wood Ash sub products that you think are suitable to be extracted on site and allow the mentioned objectives mentioned above?
- Do you know a technology to be used to do the extraction onsite?
- Do you know a chemist who could be interested to participate in the project?


Bias Cut Midi Slip Dress. The Italian viscose crepe with textured pyjama ribbon stripe has a heavy drape and fluid movement, which sets off the simple shape. The stripes chevron in to a slimming center front seam and the neck and armholes are bound in a crisp white cotton poplin.