The Higher Education Act (HEA) provides for a loan consolidation program under both the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Programs and the Direct Loan Program. Under these programs, a borrower's loans are paid off and a new consolidation loan is created. These programs simplify loan repayment by combining several types of Federal education loans (that may have different terms and repayment schedules or may have been made by different lenders) into one new loan. The interest rate may be lower than on one or more of the underlying loans. In addition, the monthly payment amount on a consolidation loan is usually lower and the amount of time to repay may be extended beyond what was available in the separate loan programs. These features should result in more manageable debt and should make borrowers less prone to default.
In the United States the Federal Direct Student Loan Program (FDLP) include consolidation loans that allow students to consolidate Stafford Loans, PLUS Loans, and Federal Perkins Loans into one single debt. This results in reduced monthly repayments and a longer term for the loan. Unlike the other loans, consolidation loans have a fixed interest rate for the life of the loan.
When you can't find a job or don't find a high paying one the debt of the school loans quickly can get to the point where it becomes a huge problem. You should make sure that you profit from the current very low interest rates.
Usually there is a very easy and lucrative step you can take to make sure you only have to pay the absolute minimal amount of interest over your loan(s): school loan consolidation. This is because very often the school loan is spread across more than one loan and therefore can be consolidated.
For all intent and purposes, school loan consolidation programs are not beneficial all the way around. Debt Consolidation and Loan Consolidation can possibly reduce your monthly payments and streamline the loan repayment. Once your student loans are consolidated, you no longer have to fret over numerous payments with different due dates. When consolidating, you can also capture your debt into a fixed interest rate that is usually smaller then what your original loans were financed at. Read more about consolidating school loans.


While it's true that these consumers in the survey ranked high a desire to learn about new products, that is not the same as what the marketer thinks… that people want news on the brand and products. "New and different", vs. "continually tell me about your products again" are very different things. And by and large, in this game-playing, high-expectations world we live in, customers, friends and followers don't just want content – they want games, incentives, promotions and something to do, moreso than something else to read. The YouTube generation has a less than 2 minute attention span – they aren't going to spend it reading a press release.
We need to ASK, in a formal survey of our friends, fans, followers, prospects and customers, why they follow us and what they seek from us. That's one place to start. Some of the things marketers believe didn't make the list at all for people who answered this survey, so if that's the case with your batch of followers, throw out the pointless activities, trim the fat, and spend your marketing budget giving people what they will actually interact with instead of more of the same.
We do contests and promotions on Facebook for our clients, but haven't done that for ourselves. I'm going to be looking at what we can do to make our updates – especially on Facebook – more interesting than noise this year. There are things even a creative agency can give away or do for people that don't cost us much, but would benefit a prize winner greatly, like a site conversion to WordPress, or a rebrand of social media channels, for example. We could also design some unique things to make on zazzle.com to give away, like an iPad cover or messenger bag… not with our logo all over it, but with a cool design on it that benefits the recipient (or maybe our logo could be included, but very small and subtle.) Look at your business and see what you could do to bring a little fun to your social networks in the way of a contest or promotion of some type, even if you are a B2B service provider.
This is not the only study I've read that talks about the need for more interactivity and games, contests, etc. in the content mix. Below are some additional articles with more information and food-for-thought. If you have questions or want to brainstorm ideas about your Facebook content, let me know in the comments. Have a great week!
This is an aside… I have noticed that whenever I post images of the food at Pandolfi's Deli on the Facebook page, consumer interactions are increased, and quite often someone will come into the deli to eat because this prompted a reminder. This is EASY for you to do if you're a restaurant or food seller of some type. People want to SEE and desire what they don't have in front of them that moment. Help them, help you!
Be sure and look at all the questions and answers from the survey I talked about in this post – very interesting.


By popular demand.you asked we listened. Polypropylene leads available in 1/2 inch. 6 feet long with bolt type snap. Will not rot or freeze when wet. Now made in house so if you want a different length just let us know and we can do it. Add .50 per foot.


text:
<refentry id="sans.font.family">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>sans.font.family</refentrytitle>

</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>sans.font.family</refname>
<refpurpose>The default sans-serif font family</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>

<refsynopsisdiv>
<src:fragment id='sans.font.family.frag'>
<xsl:param name="sans.font.family" select="'sans-serif'"/>
</src:fragment>
</refsynopsisdiv>

<refsect1><title>Description</title>

<para>The default sans-serif font family. At the present, this isn't
actually used by the stylesheets.
</para>

</refsect1>
</refentry>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Programmatically add roles after authentication I have the following JSF 2.1 login form, running in Glassfish 3.1
<h:form id="loginForm">
        <h:panelGrid columns="2" cellspacing="5">
            <h:outputText value="Username" />
            <h:inputText value="#{loginHandler.username}" />
            <h:outputText value="Password:" />
            <h:inputText value="#{loginHandler.password}" />
            <h:outputLabel value="" />
            <h:commandButton value="Login" action="#{loginHandler.login}" />
        </h:panelGrid>
    </h:form>

And the following backing bean.
public String login() throws IOException, LoginException {

    log.debug("Trying to login with username " + username);

    HttpSession session = getRequest().getSession(true);

    try {
        getRequest().login(username, password);

        // if OK, add Roles
                    ????????
                    ...................

    } catch (ServletException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

    log.debug("USER principal === " + getRequest().getUserPrincipal());

    return "home";
}

The question is, how can I add roles programmatically to the UserPrincipal after successful login?
Update 1: I tried to get the Subject by using the following code but subject == null.
Subject thisSubject = Subject.getSubject(AccessController
                .getContext());

Thanks,
Coen

A: I came up with the following solution to add roles programmatically after login, which works at least on GlassFish 3.1.2 build 23.
import com.sun.enterprise.security.SecurityContext;
import com.sun.enterprise.security.web.integration.PrincipalGroupFactory;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.security.auth.Subject;
import org.glassfish.security.common.Group;

public class GlassFishUtils {
    public static void addGroupToCurrentUser(String groupName, String realmName) {
        Subject subject = SecurityContext.getCurrent().getSubject();
        Set<Principal> principals = subject.getPrincipals();
        Group group = PrincipalGroupFactory.getGroupInstance(groupName, realmName);
        if (!principals.contains(group))
            principals.add(group);
    }
}

You will need to add security.jar and common-util.jar from GlassFish to your project libraries.
And don't forget to create a <security-role> section in your web.xml for the roles you wish to add.
Note that I am using functionality which does not appear to be part of a published stable API, so there is no guarantee that this will keep working in future releases of GlassFish.
I got the information on how to add roles from the source code of sun.appserv.security.AppservPasswordLoginModule.commit() of GlassFish.
If a future GlassFish release breaks my code, this function would be a good place to start in order to find out how to fix it.

A: OK, i have figured out a workaround, which is not 100% correct in my point of view but suggestions are welcome :)
public void login() throws IOException, LoginException {

    log.debug("Trying to login with username " + username);

    try {
        getRequest().login(username, password);

        HttpSession session = getRequest().getSession(true);
        Subject subject = (Subject) session
                .getAttribute("javax.security.auth.subject");

        if (subject == null) {

            log.debug("Subject is null, creating new one");

            subject = new Subject();
            subject.getPrincipals().add(new PlainRolePrincipal("USER"));
            subject.getPrincipals().add(new PlainRolePrincipal("ADMIN"));

        }

        log.debug("HAS USER " + getRequest().isUserInRole("USER"));
        log.debug("HAS ADMIN " + getRequest().isUserInRole("ADMIN"));
        log.debug("HAS REPORT " + getRequest().isUserInRole("REPORT"));

        session.setAttribute("javax.security.auth.subject", subject);

        log.debug("USER principal === " + getRequest().getUserPrincipal());

        FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().getExternalContext()
                .redirect("pages/home.jsf");

    } catch (ServletException e) {

        FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage("Login",
                new FacesMessage("Invalid Username/Password combination"));

        e.printStackTrace();
    }

}

Also I use the following info bean to retrieve the subject and check the principals.
 @ManagedBean(name = "userInfo")
 @SessionScoped
 public class UserInformation {

/**
 * Fetches current logged in username.
 *
 * @return
 */
public String getUsername() {

    return FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().getExternalContext()
            .getRemoteUser();

}

public boolean isUserInRole(String roleName) {
    Subject subject = (Subject) getRequest().getSession().getAttribute(
            "javax.security.auth.subject");

    for (Principal p : subject.getPrincipals()) {
        if (p.getName().equals(roleName)) {
            return true;
        }
    }

    return false;
}

public static HttpServletRequest getRequest() {
    Object request = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().getExternalContext()
            .getRequest();
    return request instanceof HttpServletRequest ? (HttpServletRequest) request
            : null;
}

}
So I workaround the isUserInRole mechanism, the real isUserInRole method returns only true on USER, because that role is set when authenticating.
From the JSF pages I can now do
<p:menuitem value="Create" action="#{menuController.XXXXXCreate}"
                ajax="false" helpText="Create new XXXXX"
                disabled="#{!userInfo.isUserInRole('ADMIN')}" />

Hope this helps other users, any improvement suggestions are welcome!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Audit Your Website Now
Strategic Guidance
Buyer Persona
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Our Core Values & Mission
What Make Us Uniquely Qualified?
Our Video Library
Our Clients In The News
The latest news from your Marketing Department
MedTech Momentum Announces The Formation of Elite MedTech Marketing Advisory Board
Our News December 01 2021
Altamonte Springs, FL. December 1, 2021
MedTech Momentum, Inc., a leading medical device marketing agency, welcomes Andy Rock, Javier Perez, Leonel Dominguez, and Mathieu Charleux as members of its MedTech Marketing Advisory Board. This elite team of multi-faceted MedTech experts will deliver experience-based actionable insights and roadmaps to help companies maximize their growth and value-creation potential.
Guillaume Viallaneix, MedTech Momentum founder and president, stated, "The great majority of our clients come to us with ground-breaking innovations that they want to commercialize successfully in the US, around the world, or both. We know from experience that their marketing strategies can only be successful in the long term if they are knowledge and experience based in all facets of the MedTech business cycle, not just sales and marketing. This is why we have decided to help them by forming our one-of-a-kind MedTech Marketing Advisory Board. It is a privilege to have such formidable experts on the MedTech Momentum team to ensure that all medical device companies looking for the best advice have access to it."
The board leverages its advisors' unique reservoir of MedTech experience and knowledge in areas as diverse as:
Lean business planning & exit strategy
Financial strategy & fundraising
Product development & U.S. regulatory affairs
International regulatory strategy
Introducing the MedTech Marketing Advisory Board:
Andrew Rock – Lean Business Planning & Exit Strategy
Andy Rock is an accomplished MedTech entrepreneur, inventor, senior executive, investor, public speaker, and advisor to management teams and boards of directors. Known as one of the original co-founders of renowned spinal technology company K2M (i.e., K2M Group Holdings, Inc.), acquired by Stryker for $1.4B in 2018, he spent the last three decades developing a unique set of technological and analytical skills in the medical space. His U.S. and international experience allow him to identify opportunities across multiple health care sectors and help turn them into highly valuable organizations.
In 2003, Andy also co-founded NeuroSpine Ventures to help early-stage MedTech companies develop and execute successful growth and value-creation strategies, leading to successful liquidity events. Since inception, NeuroSpine Ventures has invested in nine startups, achieving six exits with returns on investments ranging from 85% to 3,200%. His broad areas of expertise are a clear competitive advantage that MedTech Momentum clients can tap into for better decision-making.
F. Javier Perez – Financial Strategy & Fundraising
Francisco Javier Perez, CFA, has extensive experience in health care investment banking, investment management, and financial services. He currently serves as the managing director and chief operating officer for the investment bank Commenda, Inc. as well as the principal for Commenda Securities, LLC. In addition to his roles at Commenda, Javier is portfolio specialist at Skyview Investment Advisors, where he oversees investment portfolios on behalf of health care clients.
Javier's passion is in helping build and fund businesses and teams in the health care innovation space, with the goal of making sure much-needed innovations make it to patients successfully. This is precisely what most MedTech Momentum clients are looking for.
Leonel Dominguez – Product Development & U.S. Regulatory Affairs
As founder and president of Hyperjax Biomedical Technologies, a medical device engineering firm, Leonel Dominguez comes to the MedTech Momentum Advisory Board with 35 years of technical leadership experience in commercial product development engineering, intellectual property, quality, and regulatory affairs, with medical device organizations such as Medtronic-Xomed, Smith & Nephew and Scient'x USA. He has assisted over 50 client companies design, and commercially launch hundreds of medical products in use today.
Over the course of his career, he has developed the technical, analytical, and managerial skills to help companies take medical devices from simple napkin designs to full commercialization. The range of medical technologies Leonel has been involved covers multiple specialties such as orthopedics, spine, trauma, head and neck, extremity, robotic-assisted and micro-endoscopic surgery.
As the market is evolving, Leonel has also developed a unique expertise in technological matters related to rapid prototyping, 3-D printing, and manufacturing. Leonel's technical expertise represents of valuable source of knowledge that MedTech Momentum's clients can leverage to their benefit.
Mathieu Charleux – Global Expansion & International Regulatory Affairs
Based in France, Mathieu Charleux possesses two decades of experience developing MedTech organizations in Europe and around the world. He specializes in helping MedTech companies of all sizes grow profitably internationally. Mathieu provides MedTech companies with actionable insights, guidance, and tools that enable faster, smarter decisions and stronger performance in all affairs related to business development, international regulatory compliance, and operations.
Mathieu, as a co-founder of MD101, MDxp, and Hirondelle Medical as well as an EMT, is a strategic thinker and entrepreneur who also acts as a key advisor to multiple medical device companies around the world. His track record in building value for medical device start-ups and mid-size companies in an international environment is a major asset available to MedTech Momentum clients.
About MedTech Momentum
Founded in 2013, MedTech Momentum is an experienced full-service medical marketing agency headquartered in the greater Orlando, Florida, area. Applying its signature "MT-7 Framework for Growth" formula, the company is 100% focused on helping medical device organizations in the US and internationally execute sustainable and scalable value-driven growth strategies. Armed with a team of renowned strategic advisors and creative personalities, MedTech Momentum possesses a unique vantage point on market dynamics and new technologies in the digital era.
Guillaume Viallaneix
Website: MedTechMomentum.com
Orthopedics This Week Joins Forces with MedTech Momentum and Synthes'3D to Launch Next Gen 3D Virtual Convention Solution
MedTech Momentum	 June 19 2020
MedTech2020 Kicks Off Virtual Conference Initiative for MedTech Momentum and Strategic Partners
MedTech Momentum	 April 06 2020
Our News	(9)
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Viscogliosi Brothers Acquisition Corp. Announces Closing of $75 Million Initial Public Offering
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Composed of renowed MedTech industry...
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Combination of #1 Manufacturer of...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


9 out of 10 based on 345 ratings. 2,898 user reviews.
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text:
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;

namespace OrchardCore.ContentManagement.Metadata.Models
{
    public class ContentPartFieldDefinition : ContentDefinition
    {
        public ContentPartFieldDefinition(ContentFieldDefinition contentFieldDefinition, string name, JObject settings)
        {
            Name = name;
            FieldDefinition = contentFieldDefinition;
            Settings = settings;
        }

        public ContentFieldDefinition FieldDefinition { get; private set; }
        public ContentPartDefinition PartDefinition { get; set; }
    }
}


Hello loves! I had the most wonderful weekend doing absolutely nothing but eating lol. I even made Andrew drive to me late last night to get Sour Patch Kids cause I was craving something sour. This morning we threw what was leftover including the leftover cake and pizza that we got into as well for a clean slate to start off the week. I felt really sluggish this morning in pilates class too but I got through it and well…it was all worth it right? For dinner tonight we are going to Andrew's favorite restaurant here called Maestro's with his business partner and friend Taylor and I swear they eat there once a week. I've never been so I made sure to get included this time lol.
So this dress is actually a cover up but I do what I want. You could obviously use it as that for your next trip to the beach but it has enough coverage to be worn as a sundress too. I love the color and since Houston turned into a sauna this past weekend it is the best dress for fighting the heat. It also comes in a bunch of other colors and is really inexpensive too! Make sure you consider it for your spring and summer wardrobe.


text:
Q: Как отключить отправку почты с Debian? Нужно полностью временно приостановить отправку почты с сервера на Debian 9.
К сожалению, не сильно разбираюсь в этом вопросе, однако понимаю, что этим занимается пакет типа exim4 или sendmail или что-то еще.
Подскажите, как можно определить, какой пакет на данный момент занимается отправкой почты и как его остановить/отключить.
Наугад попробовал service exim4 stop, ошибок не вызвало, почта как-будто не уходит, но она через раз уходила и до этого (может, где-то в очереди).
Если это не отработало, у меня могут тысячи писем улететь спамом, чего не хотелось бы допустить.

A: принятый в debian gnu/linux путь «отключения» функциональности программы — удаление пакета, содержащего эту программу. для возобновления функциональности достаточно будет снова установить этот пакет: все настройки останутся «на месте» (если вы их, конечно, не удалите).
посмотрите, на что указывает символическая ссылка /usr/sbin/sendmail:
$ readlink -f /usr/sbin/sendmail

это будет файл, содержащий ту программу, которая принимает сообщения.
в какой пакет входит файл, можно узнать у программы dpkg:
$ dpkg -S /путь/к/файлу

можно сразу объединить две предыдущие команды в одну:
$ dpkg -S $(readlink -f /usr/sbin/sendmail)

пример вывода:
exim4-daemon-light: /usr/sbin/exim4

имя пакета — всё, что до двоеточия, т.е., в данном случае — exim4-daemon-light.
получив таким образом имя пакета, удалите его:
$ sudo apt remove имя.пакета

используйте именно команду remove, не purge, если хотите сохранить существующие настройки.


text:
U.S. Needs Data on Variant Before Limiting Any Flights, Fauci Says
Kathleen Hunter
6:47 PM IST, 26 Nov 2021 10:38 PM IST, 26 Nov 2021 6:47 PM IST, 26 Nov 2021 10:38 PM IST, 26 Nov 2021
(Bloomberg) -- More scientific data is needed about the new coronavirus variant that's roiling global markets before the U.S. can determine whether to halt flights from southern African countries, Anthony Fauci, President Joe Biden's chief medical adviser said Friday.
"Obviously as soon as we find out more information, we'll make a decision as quickly as we possibly can," Fauci said in an interview with CNN. "You always put these things on the table, but you don't want to say you're going to do it until you have some scientific reason to do it."
There's no evidence the new variant is present in the U.S., he said.
Fears stemming from the new variant, first identified in South Africa, fueled a post-Thanksgiving selloff that spread across global markets as both the U.K. and the European Union moved to halt air travel from southern Africa.
The new variant "has some mutations that are raising some concern, particularly with regard to possibly transmissibility increase and possibly evasion of immune response," Fauci said.
U.S. scientists are set to meet later Friday with their South African counterparts to discuss the matter and "really get the facts," about what's going on, Fauci said. Testing the new variant to determine if the spike protein mutations make it more able to evade the immune response from vaccines or infection will be key, Fauci said.
"Once you test it, you'll know for sure whether or not it does or does not evade the antibodies that we make, for example, against the virus through a vaccine or following convalescence."
Read more: What We Know About the New Virus Variant That's Rocking Markets
Any move by the U.S. to impose stricter travel restrictions would mark a shift from the pattern in recent weeks of easing limits on travel to the U.S., which re-opened its doors to vaccinated international travelers earlier this month.
The emergence of the mutation has prompted a rapid response by governments, who don't want to either jeopardize progress made in the fight against the pandemic or make an already bad situation worse. Some countries in Europe are already back in lockdown due to a spike in cases.
Read more: U.S. Will Skirt Lockdowns Imposed by EU Nations, Zients Says


text:
La rue du Sabot est une voie du  de Paris, en France.

Situation et accès
La rue du Sabot est une voie publique située dans le  de Paris. Elle débute au 11, rue Bernard-Palissy et se termine au 38, rue du Four.

Origine du nom
Cette voie tire son nom d'une enseigne. « Dans le terrier de l'abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, de 1523, on lit : Maison rue du Four, faisant le coin de la rue Copieuse, où pend le sabot ».

Dans l'ouvrage Supplément du théâtre italien, Arlequin donne ainsi au vieillard l'étymologie de la rue du Sabot :

Historique
Ancienne rue « Saunet-le-Breton », puis « rue Copieuse », son nom actuel provient d'une enseigne.

En 2021, un bar d'échecs ouvre au numéro 22.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies du  arrondissement de Paris

Liens externes
 Rue du Sabot (mairie de Paris)

Sabot
Sabot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hilde & Heinz stoßen an, denn das Leben geht weiter!
In der Hilde 49 ist ab sofort im 3. OG ein Zimmer in einer 3-Raumwohnung zu haben. Es handelt sich um ein Arbeitszimmer zum Selbstausbau. Ofen und Elektrik sind auch Eigenleistung. Der Preis beträgt mit anteiliger Küche, Bad und Flur 62,68 Euro (kalt) und 86,43 Euro (warm). Die Küche und das Bad sind in Aprache mit den anderen Mietern der WG abzustimmen.
Seit 2013 realisieren unsere Residenten des Stadtpflanzer e.V. mit der Wohnungsgenossenschaft VLW eG gemeinsam das Projekt "Nimm 4 – Stadthühner auf Tour".
Vier Hennen mit Freilaufgehege und transportablen Hühnerstall sind für einen Zeitraum von ca. 6 Wochen zu Gast in Leipzigs Nachbarschaften. Das Projekt zeigt, wie einfach artgerechte Tierhaltung ist und wie Selbstversorgung in der Stadt funktionieren kann. Es entfaltet eine ökologische Wirkung. Die Beteiligten lernen, wie viel Spaß es machen kann, seine Lebensmittel selbst und nachhaltig zu produzieren. Darüber hinaus haben die Tiere auch eine nicht unterschätzende soziale Komponente: Menschen verschiedener Generationen und Herkunft übernehmen gemeinsam Verantwortung und kommen ins Gespräch. Eine gute Grundlage für Toleranzund stabile Nachbarschaften.
Die Stadtpflanzer und die VLW haben das Projekt als Beitrag für den WWF-Sonderpreis bei den Greentec Awards 2015 eingereicht. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Preis, der innovative grüne Produkte und Projekte auszeichnet. Die erste Hürde ist geschafft, sie sind unter den Top 10, aus denen die besten drei Projekte vom 6. November 2014 bis 11. Januar 2015 durch eine Online-Abstimmung gekürt werden.
1. Einfach auf die Internetseite www.greentec-awards.com/wettbewerb/online-voting-2015.html .
2. Ganz nach unten scrollen, bis Sie bei der Kategorie WWF-Sonderpreis erscheint. In der zweiten Reihe unten links befindet sich das Projekt.
3. Mit Angabe des Vor- und Nachnamens sowie der E-Mail-Adresse kann jeder seine Stimme abgeben. Eine Anmeldung ist nicht erforderlich.
Da der WWF-Sonderpreis einzig und ausschließlich über diese Online-Abstimmung entschieden wird, wäre es hilfreich diese Abstimmung über (soziale) Netzwerke und Kommunikationskanäle weiterzuleiten.
Vielen Dank für eure Unterstützung vorab!
Am 26. November heißt es für mich "Ab nach Rotterdam zur zweiten Auswahlrunde des TANDEM exchange!".
At the partner forum, selected TANDEM applicants try to find a matching partner organisation. After identifying their potential partner, tandem pairs submit their plan for the mutual placements and their joint artistic or cultural community pilot project. This proposal includes the concept for the co-production or prototype, the time plan and a budget.
After the second selection round, 7 TANDEMs (7 cultural managers from the Netherlands and their 7 counterparts from Germany, Belgium or the UK) will continue to the main phase of the TANDEM programme. This includes three meetings (kick-off, interim and final meeting) as well as the mutual placements: a 10-day working visit as a host to your TANDEM partner and a 10-day working visit as a guest at your TANDEM partner's organisation.
Throughout the project period you work together on the pilot project which will be presented in the local communities and at the final event.
An overview concerning themes as the echolocation, the aural architecture and the soundspace relationship, followed by practical sessions where the participants aurally experience a site.
During the practical section each participant is provided with a kit, consisting of about ten small objects (reali-zed within the project Aural Tools) and receives some suggestions about its use. These protoinstruments are very easy to play; they are not intended for producing sound per se, instead they are designed to enact the aural potentialities of a site.
The aim of the workshop is to produce sounds out of a negotiation between active listening and a place's affor-dances, wherein the participants listen to themselves in the act of producing sound, in a specific space and time.
The practical section of the workshop can take place both in the open air, indoor as well as where there are specific fascinations. No specific musical skills are requested for participating. Groups of people of all ages can participate.
Tilde in Consonno from Aural Tools on Vimeo.
Für die Performance ist der Eintritt frei. Spenden für die Musiker sind ausdrücklich erwünscht.
Attila Faravelli (1976), Stereo recordings.
In his practice he explores the relationship between sound, space and body.
His music has been released by the labels Die Schachtel, Senufo Editions, Boring Machines, Presto!? and he presented his work in Europe, USA, China and South Korea. In 2010 he partecipated to the 12th International Biennial of Architecture in Venice. Since 2011 he curates The Lift, series of experimental music concerts in Milano. In 2012 he was chosen as the italian curator for the Sounds of Europe project. He is founder and curator for the Aural Tools project, a series of simple objects to document the material and conceptual processes of specific musicians' sound production practice. Aural Tools are acoustic devices for relating sound to space, the listener, and the body in ways unavailable through traditional recorded media such as CDs or LPs.
Percussionist active in the field of contemporary music; his personal activity and research is aimed to extend the sonic and multi material possibilities of percussion instruments through simple gestural techniques, able to realize complex polyrhythms and multiple sounds between performer and instrument and space's vastness.
His live performances and collaborations have been presented throughout Europe, North America, Japan and South Korea and has recordings published by the labels Presto!? Records, Second Sleep, Senufo Editions, Entr'acte, Alku, Aural Tools, Weighter Recordings, Triscele Registrazioni, Consumer Waste.
Enrico Malatesta has been stage musician for Teatro Valdoca between 20072013 and he is curator of Grande Stagione, an indipendent platform for experimental music in Cesena and neighboring areas.
Nicola Ratti (1978), analog synthesizer.
Began his musical career as guitar player. Lately his approach is focused on beatanalog experimentation and sound installation.
He is currently working with: Giuseppe Lelasi with whom he formed the project entitled Bellows and Attila Faravelli as Faravelliratti. He has performed live in Europe and North America, and his albums had been released by Anticipate, Preservation, Die Schachtel, Entr'acte, Senufo Editions, Holidays Records, Megaplomb, Musica Moderna, Boring Machines, Coriolis Sounds, Zymogen.
He collaborates also with visual artists such as A. Roma and Blisterzine/NastyNasty. Since September 2013 he´s the curator of a series of events concerning sound and performance hosted by O' in Milano called The Variable Series. He's one of the promoters/artists of Aural since its firts edition.
An zwei Abenden zeigt das Kollektiv Guerrilla Cinema aus Marokko im KRUDEN KINO drei ihrer Filme.
23.10., 19 Uhr: VoKü, 20 Uhr: Film "475: When marriage becomes punishment" (OmeU) + Diskussion, danach: Video-Installation "Basta"
Ein Film über den Arabischen Frühling und die Protestbewegung des 20. Februar in Marokko.
475 Trailer, Bance Annonce from 475 on Vimeo.
475: When Marriage Becomes Punishment عندما يصبح الزواج عقوبة the film that tells the story of Amina Filali. Amina, like many other girls in Morocco, was forced to marry to the man who allegedly raped her. She committed suicide by eating poison, this was done with the complicity of the law.
Follow us to get updates about the movie and the struggle by activists and artivists to stop the mentality and the law that killed Amina.
In the summer of 2011, Nadir Bouhmouch, a Moroccan student studying abroad in California returns to his home country and finds it in a state of turmoil. The uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt had spread to Morocco. The February 20th movement had begun, organized by students and promoted through social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and a website called Mamfakinch. People were flooding the streets and demanding change. But the Makhzen (the ruling elite) refuses to abandon it's grasp. This film investigates what gave birth to the revolt and the obstacles it encounters on it's struggle for freedom, democracy, human rights and an end to corruption and poverty.
The movie "Basta" will have another life in Leipzig, it will be presented as a video installation, during two days a cocktail of Guerrilla footage showing dificulties of independent filmmaking in Morocco.
My Makhzen and Me - Trailer from Nadir Bouhmouch on Vimeo.
"Leipzig, a place to be. Eine Stadt, in der es noch Raum gibt, Ideen zu verwirklichen. Eine Stadt, die als das neue Berlin gehypt wird. Doch mit dem Hype kommt die Angst, dass sich das ändert. Von schwindenden Räumen und steigenden Lebenskosten ist die Rede. Das Ende vom Traum der Freiheit? "
Ein riesiger Dank geht an die Projektwohnung "krudebude", die uns Ende des Monats verlassen wird und auszieht den Stannebeinplatz zu erobern. Wir wünschen der gesamten Belegschaft alles Liebe und freuen uns auf spannende Kooperationen im und um dem Leipziger Hype herum!
BAU MIT! ist die erste öffentliche Veranstaltungsreihe, mit der wir die Hildegardstraße 49 und 51 gemeinschaftlich voranbringen.
Darüber hinaus wollen wir mit unseren Aktionen unsere Nachbarn einladen uns näher kennenzulernen und an der Gestaltung mitzuwirken.
Wir beginnen an den kommenden Wochenenden mit dem Bau von Blumenkästen und Ausstellungstafeln, die die Wiederbelebung der beiden Häuser sichtbar und erlebbar macht. Die Aktionszeit endet am 29. November 2014 mit einer Eröffnung des Hildegartens.
Schaut vorbei und baut einfach mit!
Eindrücke von HILDE SAGT HALLO!


Dancing in and with nature is probably best describe as a combination of play, dance, exploration, and experiencing; often it comes very close to "Authentic Movement". The outside setting sometimes doesn't allow for sophisticated techniques like CI acrobatics or contemporary spiraling; surface structure, changes in ground level etc. want to be considered carefully. Still many elements from the moving arts – be it dancing, martial arts, or gymnastics – can easily be incorporated into the improvisation even in nature. Especially captivating are group improvisations with performance character and/or so-called "scores" (a set of boundary rules for the duration of the dance), for which nature offers the perfect "stage". What kind of dance energy do we encounter in a small clearing? How about the rocks above the sea shore, or the ancient volcanic crater?
(For now) "Dancing in Nature" is offered in the Swabian Alb (Germany) and on the Canary islands of Tenerife and El Hierro. Additional future locations likely!
Click on one of the photos for more information!


← Attention Black Parents Of Teenage Girl Readers: I Would Like To Suggest…..
PHOTO AND CAPTION FROM NATIONAL LAWYERS GUILD: SCI Mahanoy, February 2, 2012. Mumia Abu-Jamal celebrates his move off of death row with Heidi Boghosian and Professor Johanna Fernandez. This was Mumia's second contact visit in 30 years. His transfer to general population comes after a federal court ruled that instructions to jurors during his trial influenced them to choose death. A broad people's movement secured this victory, and it can now refocus on the goal of freedom. Join us on April 24, Mumia's birthday, as we Occupy the Justice Department in Washington, DC!
Heidi Boghosian and I just returned from a very moving visit with Mumia. We visited yesterday, Thursday, February 2. This was Mumia's second contact visit in over 30 years, since his transfer to General Population last Friday, Jan 27. His first contact visit was with his wife, Wadiya, on Monday, January 30.
Unlike our previous visits to Death Row at SCI Greene and to solitary confinement at SCI Mahanoy, our visit yesterday took place in a large visitor's area, amidst numerous circles of families and spouses who were visiting other inmates. Compared to the intense and focused conversations we had had with Mumia in a small, isolated visiting cell on Death Row, behind sterile plexiglass, this exchange was more relaxed and informal and more unpredictably interactive with the people around us…it was more human. There were so many scenes of affection around us, of children jumping on top of and pulling at their fathers, of entire families talking intimately around small tables, of couples sitting and quietly holding each other, and of girlfriends and wives stealing a forbidden kiss from the men they were there to visit (kisses are only allowed at the start and at the end of visits). These scenes were touching and beautiful, and markedly different from the images of prisoners presented to us by those in power. Our collective work could benefit greatly from these humane, intimate images.
When the time came to leave, we all hugged and were promptly instructed to line up against the wall and walk out with the other visitors. As we were exiting the prison, one sister pulled us aside and told us that she couldn't stop singing Kelly Clarkson's line "some people wait a lifetime for a moment like this." She shared that she and her parents had followed Mumia's case since 1981 and that she was overjoyed that Mumia was alive and in general population despite Pennsylvania's bloodthirsty pursuit of his execution. We told her that on April 24 we were going to launch the fight that would win Mumia's release: that on that day we were going to Occupy the Justice Department in Washington DC. She told us that because she recently survived cancer she now believed in possibility, and that since Mumia was now in general population she could see how we could win. She sent us off with the line from Laverne and Shirley's theme song – "never heard the word impossible! "- gave us her number, and asked us to sign her up for the fight.
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Michael Ernest Putney (ur. 20 czerwca 1946 w Gladstone, zm. 28 marca 2014) – australijski duchowny rzymskokatolicki, w latach 2001-2014 biskup diecezjalny Townsville.

Życiorys
Święcenia kapłańskie przyjął 28 czerwca 1969 w archidiecezji Brisbane, udzielił ich mu Henry Joseph Kennedy, ówczesny biskup pomocniczy Brisbane. 31 maja 1995 sam został mianowany na to stanowisko, decyzją papieża Jana Pawła II. Jako stolicę tytularną otrzymał Mizigi. Sakry udzielił mu 27 lipca 1995 ówczesny arcybiskup metropolita Brisbane, John Bathersby. 24 stycznia 2001 papież powierzył mu stanowisko biskupa ordynariusza Townsville. Jego ingres do tamtejszej katedry odbył się 27 marca 2001.

Bibliografia
  [dostęp 2014-03-28]

Australijscy biskupi katoliccy
Urodzeni w 1946
Zmarli w 2014


Olympia Grande is located on the GST Road in Pallavaram, right across the Pallavaram-Thoraipakkam flyover. With beautifully designed homes it is the first gated community in Pallavaram . 2 km's from the airport, 500 meters from train station and bus depot, On-site amenities like grocery store, ATM, Clinic. Olympia Grande is envisioned to be over 15 acres out of which currently 7 acres is under development. Construction by L&T using the latest concrete Aluminum Formwork Technology. Olympia Grande is an expression of harmony and enhancement – to make your life bigger for the better. It is meant to satiate the appetite of all those who yearn to live in the "City" amidst all comforts and facilities. Experience the seamless transition from suburban living to an urban lifestyle, without the hassle of moving to the "City". At Olympia Grande, all you need to look forward to is an elevation of your lifestyle. Club Grande featuring the gym, swimming pool, yoga, jogging track, indoor games arena, coffee shop, banquet hall and much more.


For the last couple of years, I have lived in a home with a wood burning stove that we use for heat. I had never had an opportunity to enjoy that experience before, and prior to living in this home, I knew little to nothing about fire building.
It is nearly impossible to build or maintain a fire with only one log.
It has nothing to do with the amount of wood in that log, either, but simply the fact that one log alone cannot maintain its own heat. If you split that same log into multiple pieces, you have a chance to maintain the fire. The pieces feed on the heat of one another and contain that heat together. I can't necessarily explain all the scientific details to you, but I have definitely found it to be true.
This is a lot like life, isn't it? Any isolated individual who is left to support himself spiritually and emotionally will struggle. The only hope for such a man is the fact that the Lord never leaves His own entirely by themselves, for He is with them even if no others are. Even so, however, it is God's design that we are far more able to thrive and grow as we live in fellowship with other men and women who help us maintain and build up our fire.
I imagine you are a lot like me, and you really don't enjoy someone criticising you and telling you that you're wrong. Nobody enojys criticism, I suppose.
One thing that has added an extra degree of frustration to that experience for me, though, is when someone criticizes what I am saying or doing, but then doesn't seem to have a reasonable explanation for why they feel as they do. In fact, maybe they don't even try to give a reason at all!
My response to that in the past was basically just to dismiss it. If they can't even give me an explanation for why they think I am wrong here, then why even bother listening to them? This is how I figured it, at least.
I no longer feel that this is the right approach, however. Many people struggle to present a reasoned outline of an explanation for why they feel a certain way, but that does not mean that their opinions or conclusions are irrelevant. Rather, I have many times found that those feelings and criticisms can provide some very useful insight into who I am, my weaknesses and my personality, despite the fact that they cannot explain why they feel that way. If I simply write those feelings off, I lose a real opportunity to learn and grow.
It just occured to me that nobody tends to do this when they receive positive compliments from others. Suppose someone speaks a kind word to you and says that you are one of the most thoughtful people they know. Can you imagine asking that person to defend their assertion? Would you quickly dismiss their compliment if they didn't have a coherent and reasoned basis for their opinion? Probably not, and yet we are ready to do so quickly if a critical word is spoken to us.
It matters what people think and feel about what you say and do, who you are as a person. Next time someone shares those feelings with you and they are less than perfectly positive, give the benefit of the doubt that it is worth considering what they are saying, even if they can't explain why. You might find that you yourself can find the explanation for them and know exactly why they feel as they do.
Why do I believe the Bible is the Word of God?
Why do I believe the Bible is the Word of God and the only inspired written Word of God? Here are some reasons. Some of the reasons will overlap.
1.) The Holy Spirit has given me assurance that the things I read in the Bible are true.
2.) I have read the Bible and it is by far the greatest book I have ever read. No other book compares. It claims to be the Word of God and I believe it.
3.) The truths in the Bible have been made "real" to me by the Spirit of God.
4.) The God of the Bible has blessed me to have had experienced Him in different ways.
5.) The Bible answers the questions in life that everyone asks.
6.) The Bible is accurate and right when it comes to history, science, and reason.
I thank God for these and I can know that even when a doubt comes into my mind about the Bible, God has been good and has indeed made Himself known to me, but also to everyone else.
Four Views on Hell seeks to make known and defend various views of hell as understood by those from different traditions. John F. Walvoord expounds on the literal view of hell, William V. Crockett takes the metaphorical view, Zachary J. Hayes the purgatorial view, and Clark H. Pinnock represents the conditional view. Many of the arguments in this book break down under scrutiny, but Crockett's argument represents the best of the four.


Lawrence Dan Dizon: Greening the education system.
Throughout our youth we learn specific subjects chosen by those who organize our education system. Typically, the subjects remain unchanged and consist of broad coverage. For example, math and science are mandatory subjects, which we learn about repeatedly. Despite being in a socially, economically, and environmentally shifting world, new school subjects, that are more applicable to our current situation, are often not offered. Lawrence Dan Dizon suggests that Environmental Science classes deserve to play a role in school curriculums. Dizon is currently working on a project to address the "environmental void" in the education system and hopes to encourage schools to teach about environmental issues. Dizon's determination to bring Environmental Science to schools around the world is commendable. His commitment to provoke the change has landed Dizon amongst the finalists in CoalitionWILD's 2013 Wilder World Challenge!
The impact of bringing Environmental Science into the curriculum goes much further than teaching environmental facts. Dizon suggests that if individuals are exposed to environmental issues in their childhood, it could motivate them to create a healthier, wilder future. Learning about environmental issues at an early age also creates the opportunity to engage in environmental issues before they become uncontrollable. If children are exposed to the history of environmental issues, the current ecological situation, and our potential future there is an opportunity to create positive change. Dizon hopes that children can, in turn, teach others, in particular other generations, about the importance of dealing with environmental issues. A chain reaction of positive change can address important issues and spread the green movement far into the future.
Dizon hopes to begin his project at a local level and eventually expand to a national, and hopefully international, level. Beginning in Los Angeles, California, Dizon hopes his project will take root and spread state-wide. An embracing of Dizon's project, from both students and educators, can springboard his initiative to a national level, ensuring youth are intrpduced to environmental education throughout the United States.
The motivation and passion behind Dizon's project stems from his exposure to Environmental Science in the 12th grade. According to Dizon, since taking an Environmental Science class, his awareness and sympathy for Mother Nature dramatically shifted. In addition, Dizon wondered why he had not learned about the human impact on the planet in previous years. This absence of relevant and important knowledge motivated him to start his project. The void in the curriculum and unwavering education system had left Dizon surprised, but moreso, motivated to create change.
Becoming aware of the impact humans have on the environment is an important catalyst to change. Learning about how we affect how humans impact other species and the natural environment is essential to create a wilder world. Dizon suggests a wilder world consists of the planet "operating in a natural state of equilibrium without the interference of human settlement." We are meticulously intertwined with nature's systems and can drastically alter its state of equilibrium.
We wish Dizon the best of luck on his project and hope to see environmental education become an international success. His forward-looking attitude and hunger for change is incredible. The Starfish and CoalitioWILD congratulate Lawrence Dan Dizon for being one of the 2013 Wilder World Challenge's finalists!
Glass sponge reefs: A Canadian wonder.


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North Carolina Visitation Rights
Created by FindLaw's team of legal writers and editors | Last updated May 18, 2018
Making child custody decisions is probably one of the most difficult aspects of divorce. This is especially true since most soon-to-be exes tend to be at odds with each other and have a hard time working together to come up with a custody and visitation plan. So, in order to facilitate these decisions - and to look out for the best interests of the child - states have child custody laws. In North Carolina, child custody decisions - including visitation - are determined based on what will promote the interest and welfare of the child.
North Carolina Visitation Rights at a Glance
Even though it's important to read the actual statute when looking for answers to a legal question, it can also be beneficial to read a summary of the statute in plain English. The following chart provides a summary of North Carolina visitations rights, and links to relevant statutes.
Statute(s)
North Carolina General Statutes Sections 50-13.1 to 50-13.8
Determining Visitation Rights
Child custody orders include visitation, which is determined based on how best to promote the interest and welfare of the child. Regardless of the visitation schedule, each parent has equal access to the child's health, welfare, and education of the child (unless there's a court order to the contrary).
A custody order, including visitation, may have a condition that requires either or both parents to abstain from consuming alcohol, and may additionally require the parent(s) to submit to a continuous alcohol monitoring system. Failure to comply with such a condition can result in civil or criminal contempt.
Visitation via Electronic Communication
A custody order may include visitation rights via electronic communication (i.e. phone, e-mail, instant messaging, video chat, etc.). When deciding to grant such visitation rights the court considers the following factors:
If electronic communication is in the best interest of the minor child;
If the equipment to communicate electronically is available, accessible, and affordable to the parents; and
Any other factor the court determines is relevant.
Electronic communication may be used to supplement visitation with the child, but not as a replacement for custody or visitation. Additionally, electronic communication can't be used as a factor in calculating child support nor can it be used to justify the relocation of the custodial parent.
Visitation Rights for Grandparents
At the court's discretion, a child custody order can include grandparent visitation rights.
A grandparent includes the biological grandparent of a child who is adopted by a stepparent or a relative of the child, as long as there's a "substantial relationship" between the child and grandparent.
A biological grandparent isn't entitled to visitation rights if a child has been adopted by adoptive parents and both of the child's biological parents have terminated their parental rights.
Related Statute(s)
North Carolina General Statutes Section 50A-101, et seq. (Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act)
Note: State laws are always subject to change through the passage of new legislation, rulings in the higher courts (including federal decisions), ballot initiatives, and other means. While we strive to provide the most current information available, please consult an attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching.
North Carolina Visitation Rights: Related Resources
If you'd like more information related to this topic, you can visit the links below:
North Carolina Child Custody Laws
North Carolina Child Support Guidelines
North Carolina Child Support Enforcement
North Carolina Family Laws
Questions About North Carolina Visitation Rights? Contact an Attorney
Divorce is generally a difficult process where emotions can run high, making it hard to communicate with your soon-to-be ex. This is especially true when issues of child custody must be decided. If you'd like to learn more about North Carolina visitation rights, or would like help with any aspect of child custody or child support, it's best to contact an experienced child custody lawyer near you today.


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Get Modern Philosophy essential facts below. View Videos or join the Modern Philosophy discussion. Add Modern Philosophy to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Philosophy in recent times
Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity. It is not a specific doctrine or school (and thus should not be confused with Modernism), although there are certain assumptions common to much of it, which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy.[1]
The 17th and early 20th centuries roughly mark the beginning and the end of modern philosophy. How much of the Renaissance should be included is a matter for dispute; likewise modernity may or may not have ended in the twentieth century and been replaced by postmodernity. How one decides these questions will determine the scope of one's use of the term "modern philosophy."
Modern Western philosophy
How much of Renaissance intellectual history is part of modern philosophy is disputed:[2] the Early Renaissance is often considered less modern and more medieval compared to the later High Renaissance. By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups. The "Rationalists," mostly in France and Germany, argued all knowledge must begin from certain "innate ideas" in the mind. Major rationalists were Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Nicolas Malebranche. The "Empiricists," by contrast, held that knowledge must begin with sensory experience. Major figures in this line of thought are John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume (These are retrospective categories, for which Kant is largely responsible). Ethics and political philosophy are usually not subsumed under these categories, though all these philosophers worked in ethics, in their own distinctive styles. Other important figures in political philosophy include Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
In the late eighteenth century Immanuel Kant set forth a groundbreaking philosophical system which claimed to bring unity to rationalism and empiricism. Whether or not he was right, he did not entirely succeed in ending philosophical dispute. Kant sparked a storm of philosophical work in Germany in the early nineteenth century, beginning with German idealism. The characteristic theme of idealism was that the world and the mind equally must be understood according to the same categories; it culminated in the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who among many other things said that "The real is rational; the rational is real."
Hegel's work was carried in many directions by his followers and critics. Karl Marx appropriated both Hegel's philosophy of history and the empirical ethics dominant in Britain, transforming Hegel's ideas into a strictly materialist form, setting the grounds for the development of a science of society. Søren Kierkegaard, in contrast, dismissed all systematic philosophy as an inadequate guide to life and meaning. For Kierkegaard, life is meant to be lived, not a mystery to be solved. Arthur Schopenhauer took idealism to the conclusion that the world was nothing but the futile endless interplay of images and desires, and advocated atheism and pessimism. Schopenhauer's ideas were taken up and transformed by Nietzsche, who seized upon their various dismissals of the world to proclaim "God is dead" and to reject all systematic philosophy and all striving for a fixed truth transcending the individual. Nietzsche found in this not grounds for pessimism, but the possibility of a new kind of freedom.
19th-century British philosophy came increasingly to be dominated by strands of neo-Hegelian thought, and as a reaction against this, figures such as Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore began moving in the direction of analytic philosophy, which was essentially an updating of traditional empiricism to accommodate the new developments in logic of the German mathematician Gottlob Frege.
Renaissance philosophy
Renaissance humanism emphasized the value of human beings (see Oration on the Dignity of Man) and opposed dogma and scholasticism. This new interest in human activities led to the development of political science with The Prince of Niccolò Machiavelli.[3] Humanists differed from Medieval scholars also because they saw the natural world as mathematically ordered and pluralistic, instead of thinking of it in terms of purposes and goals. Renaissance philosophy is perhaps best explained by two propositions made by Leonardo da Vinci in his notebooks:
All of our knowledge has its origins in our perceptions
There is no certainty where one can neither apply any of the mathematical sciences nor any of those which are based upon the mathematical sciences.
In a similar way, Galileo Galilei based his scientific method on experiments but also developed mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. These two ways to conceive human knowledge formed the background for the principle of Empiricism and Rationalism respectively.[4]
Renaissance philosophers
Pico della Mirandola
Nicolas of Cusa
Modern philosophy traditionally begins with René Descartes and his dictum "I think, therefore I am". In the early seventeenth century the bulk of philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism, written by theologians and drawing upon Plato, Aristotle, and early Church writings. Descartes argued that many predominant Scholastic metaphysical doctrines were meaningless or false. In short, he proposed to begin philosophy from scratch. In his most important work, Meditations on First Philosophy, he attempts just this, over six brief essays. He tries to set aside as much as he possibly can of all his beliefs, to determine what if anything he knows for certain. He finds that he can doubt nearly everything: the reality of physical objects, God, his memories, history, science, even mathematics, but he cannot doubt that he is, in fact, doubting. He knows what he is thinking about, even if it is not true, and he knows that he is there thinking about it. From this basis he builds his knowledge back up again. He finds that some of the ideas he has could not have originated from him alone, but only from God; he proves that God exists. He then demonstrates that God would not allow him to be systematically deceived about everything; in essence, he vindicates ordinary methods of science and reasoning, as fallible but not false.
Rationalists
Christian Wolff
Empiricism is a theory of knowledge which opposes other theories of knowledge, such as rationalism, idealism and historicism. Empiricism asserts that knowledge comes (only or primarily) via sensory experience as opposed to rationalism, which asserts that knowledge comes (also) from pure thinking. Both empiricism and rationalism are individualist theories of knowledge, whereas historicism is a social epistemology. While historicism also acknowledges the role of experience, it differs from empiricism by assuming that sensory data cannot be understood without considering the historical and cultural circumstances in which observations are made. Empiricism should not be mixed up with empirical research because different epistemologies should be considered competing views on how best to do studies, and there is near consensus among researchers that studies should be empirical. Today empiricism should therefore be understood as one among competing ideals of getting knowledge or how to do studies. As such empiricism is first and foremost characterized by the ideal to let observational data "speak for themselves", while the competing views are opposed to this ideal. The term empiricism should thus not just be understood in relation to how this term has been used in the history of philosophy. It should also be constructed in a way which makes it possible to distinguish empiricism among other epistemological positions in contemporary science and scholarship. In other words: Empiricism as a concept has to be constructed along with other concepts, which together make it possible to make important discriminations between different ideals underlying contemporary science.
Empiricism is one of several competing views that predominate in the study of human knowledge, known as epistemology. Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or tradition[5] in contrast to, for example, rationalism which relies upon reason and can incorporate innate knowledge.
Empiricists
Political philosophy is the study of such topics as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown--if ever. In a vernacular sense, the term "political philosophy" often refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude, about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy.[6]
Cesare Beccaria
Idealism refers to the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally a construct of the mind or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas--especially beliefs and values--shape society.[7] As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit.[8] Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind. An extreme version of this idealism can exist in the philosophical notion of solipsism.
Idealist philosophers
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Francis Herbert Bradley
J. M. E. McTaggart
John Foster
Existentialism is generally considered to be the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual. Building on that, existentialists hold that moral thinking and scientific thinking together do not suffice to understand human existence, and, therefore, a further set of categories, governed by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to understand human existence.[9][10][11]
Existential philosophers
Phenomenology is the study of the structure of experience. It is a broad philosophical movement founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl, expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany. The philosophy then spread to France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's early work.[12]
Phenomenological philosophers
Max Scheler
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory. It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice, and applied back to practice to form what is called intelligent practice.[] Important positions characteristic of pragmatism include instrumentalism, radical empiricism, verificationism, conceptual relativity, and fallibilism.[] There is general consensus among pragmatists that philosophy should take the methods and insights of modern science into account.[13]Charles Sanders Peirce (and his pragmatic maxim) deserves most of the credit for pragmatism,[14] along with later twentieth century contributors William James and John Dewey.[13]
Pragmatist philosophers
Analytic philosophy came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century. In the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Scandinavia, Australia, and New Zealand, the overwhelming majority of university philosophy departments identify themselves as "analytic" departments.[15] The term generally refers to a broad philosophical tradition[16][17] characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument (often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language) and a respect for the natural sciences.[18][19][20]
George Edward Moore
Modern Asian philosophy
Various philosophical movements in Asia arose in the modern period including:
New Confucianism
Neo-Vedanta
^ Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-158591-6.
^ Brian Leiter (ed.), The Future for Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 44 n. 2.
^ "Niccolo Machiavelli | Biography, Books, Philosophy, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved .
^ Hampton, Jean (1997). Political philosophy. p. xiii. ISBN 9780813308586. Charles Blattberg, who defines politics as "responding to conflict with dialogue," suggests that political philosophies offer philosophical accounts of that dialogue. See his "Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies". SSRN 1755117. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in Patriotic Elaborations: Essays in Practical Philosophy, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009.
^ Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology 14th Edition. Boston: Pearson. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-205-11671-3.
^ Daniel Sommer Robinson, "Idealism", Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281802/idealism
^ Mullarkey, John, and Beth Lord (eds.). The Continuum Companion to Continental Philosophy. London, 2009, p. 309
^ Stewart, Jon. Kierkegaard and Existentialism. Farnham, England, 2010, p. ix
^ Crowell, Steven (October 2010). "Existentialism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved .
^ Zahavi, Dan (2003), Husserl's Phenomenology, Stanford: Stanford University Press
^ a b Biesta, G.J.J. & Burbules, N. (2003). Pragmatism and educational research. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
^ Susan Haack; Robert Edwin Lane (11 April 2006). Pragmatism, old & new: selected writings. Prometheus Books. pp. 18-67. ISBN 978-1-59102-359-3. Retrieved 2011.
^ "Without exception, the best philosophy departments in the United States are dominated by analytic philosophy, and among the leading philosophers in the United States, all but a tiny handful would be classified as analytic philosophers. Practitioners of types of philosophizing that are not in the analytic tradition--such as phenomenology, classical pragmatism, existentialism, or Marxism--feel it necessary to define their position in relation to analytic philosophy." John Searle (2003) Contemporary Philosophy in the United States in N. Bunnin and E.P. Tsui-James (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, 2nd ed., (Blackwell, 2003), p. 1.
^ See, e.g., Avrum Stroll, Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy (Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 5: "[I]t is difficult to give a precise definition of 'analytic philosophy' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems." Also, see ibid., p. 7: "I think Sluga is right in saying 'it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy.' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar. [...] [W]e are dealing with a family resemblance concept."
^ See Hans-Johann Glock, What Is Analytic Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 205: "The answer to the title question, then, is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together both by ties of mutual influence and by family resemblances."
^ Brian Leiter (2006) webpage "Analytic" and "Continental" Philosophy. Quote on the definition: "'Analytic' philosophy today names a style of doing philosophy, not a philosophical program or a set of substantive views. Analytic philosophers, crudely speaking, aim for argumentative clarity and precision; draw freely on the tools of logic; and often identify, professionally and intellectually, more closely with the sciences and mathematics, than with the humanities."
^ H. Glock, "Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher?", Metaphilosophy, 35:4 (2004), pp. 419-444.
^ Colin McGinn, The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey through Twentieth-Century Philosophy (HarperCollins, 2002), p. xi.: "analytical philosophy [is] too narrow a label, since [it] is not generally a matter of taking a word or concept and analyzing it (whatever exactly that might be). [...] This tradition emphasizes clarity, rigor, argument, theory, truth. It is not a tradition that aims primarily for inspiration or consolation or ideology. Nor is it particularly concerned with 'philosophy of life,' though parts of it are. This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion, more like mathematics than poetry - though it is neither science nor mathematics."
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Climate Doom
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Ken Block's Terrakhana
Ken Block's latest automotive escaped gets back to his roots as rally driver in the great outdoors. One of the best natural settings in the world for driving, Ken uses Swing Arm City in Utah as his canvas, tracing incredible lines in the desert and balancing his Ford Focus rally car on a knife-edge.
The Fresh Prince Mansion Tour
This year, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air turns 30. To celebrate the occasion, Will Smith is opening up the show's iconic mansion and turning it into an Airbnb. Before you make your reservations, The Fresh Prince himself is giving an exclusive tour of the digs and hosts a mini reunion. Bookings open September 29, 2020.
Dehen 1920 Watch Cap
The watch cap is an iconic accessory whose name was coined by sailors who wore the knit caps while keeping watch in cold conditions. This version from Dehen is knit from U.S. spun wool and uses an alternate stitch to their sweaters for a softer, more forgiving feel on your head. Available in three colors, the cap includes a novelty accent stitch at the edge and a black and gold Dehen label.
Billie Eilish: The World's A Little Blurry
Billie Eilish has shot to the top of the charts as one of the best, most thoughtful songwriters in recent memory. Despite her meteoric rise, Billie is also one of the most laidback, understated personalities in the business — and the upcoming documentary Billie Eilish: The World's A Little Blurry aims to tell you what made her the person she is. The film will premiere on AppleTV+ and theaters in February 2021.
Claire Redfield and Leon S. Kennedy are back for a new battle against zombies and shadowy corporations in Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness. The two beloved protagonists from Resident Evil 2 star in the new CGI series coming to Netflix in 2021.
Dango Coin Capsule
We're not a cashless society yet. No one wants a pocketful of change, but it can still come in handy. Doubly so when it's in a Dango Coin Capsule. This discreet contraption clips to a belt or pocket (or hangs from nearly anything) and keeps over $5 in change organized and at the ready. Machined in the USA from 6061 aerospace-grade aluminum and finished a stealthy anodized black.
Diameter: 2.36" / Thickness: 1.06"
The Joker: Put on a Happy Face
In 1940, the Joker made his first comic book appearance in the debut issue of Batman. Over the last 80 years, the villain has appeared in movies, television series, video games, and cartoons making him one of the most iconic characters of all time. DC honors the Prince of Clown Prince of Crime with a 35-minute documentary that features interviews from the filmmakers and actors that brought him to life, including Joaquin Phoenix, Heath Ledger, Mark Hamill, and Jared Leto.
Horror master Clive Barker's Books of Blood anthology series is one of the best collections of stories you'll read. Several of the short stories have been adapted for the screen over the years, most notably as 1992's Candyman. Hulu's Books Of Blood takes a slightly different approach, wrapping several of the tales into a single film, with the story "The Book of Blood" acting as an overall frame. The film premieres on the streaming service on October 7th, just in time for Halloween.


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There's nothing much more shocking than walking into a room of family members who snub you. Well, not only snub you, but act like they don't know you're there. I still remember when Bob and I attended the funeral of my beloved birth uncle Dave Clark, who stood up for me against a mentally-deranged and abusive birth mother…to his death.
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The Rugby Football League have announced the restructure of the England Performance unit which includes a contract extension for ex-Hull KR head of rugby Jamie Peacock.
St Helens legend Paul Sculthorpe has landed an expanded role and former Leeds Rhinos captain turned Director of Rugby Kevin Sinfield has earned a new deal with the governing body as well.
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The RFL has confirmed that further announcements about the England Women and Wheelchair coaching staff will be made later this year.
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text:
William Coleman (1934-1988) est un historien des sciences avec un intérêt fondamental pour l'histoire de la zoologie et la théorie de l'évolution. Coleman a également étudié la relation entre la science et les écoles de théorie sociale et politique. La bourse de thèse William-Coleman est nommée en son honneur.

Carrière
Au cours de sa carrière, Coleman enseigne à l'Université Johns-Hopkins (1961-1978) et obtient le titre de professeur d'histoire des sciences et d'études humanistes. En 1971, Coleman reçoit une bourse du  et passe un an à l'Institut de recherche en sciences humaines de l'Université du Wisconsin à Madison. Bien qu'il soit finalement retourné à l'Université Johns Hopkins à la fin de sa bourse, Coleman reçoit une deuxième bourse en 1977 de la Fondation nationale pour les sciences humaines, et retourne à nouveau à l'Institut de recherche en sciences humaines de l'Université du Wisconsin-Madison. Au terme de sa carrière, Coleman quitte l'Université Johns Hopkins et commence à enseigner à l'Université du Wisconsin-Madison (1978-1988). En 1978, l'Université du Wisconsin-Madison attribue Coleman le titre de professeur d'histoire des sciences et d'histoire de la médecine, et en 1984, Coleman reçoit l'honneur d'être nommé professeur Carol Dickson Bascom en sciences humaines. Le professeur Coleman est président de la History of Science Society en 1987 et est élu membre de la Société américaine de philosophie.

Il édite avec Camille Limoges les , une publication annuelle publiée par la Johns Hopkins University Press, à Baltimore, en sept volumes de 1977 à 1984.

Bourse de thèse William Coleman
William Coleman est décédé le  des suites d'une leucémie. En sa mémoire, sa veuve, Louise S. Coleman, crée la bourse de thèse William-Coleman en histoire des sciences à l'Institut de recherche en sciences humaines situé à l'Université du Wisconsin-Madison. La bourse Coleman offre une allocation d'un semestre, actuellement évaluée à 9 653 $, en plus d'une dispense de frais de scolarité et d'avantages, avec des privilèges supplémentaires d'impression, de télécopie et de photocopie.

Publications
 George Cuvier, Zoologist. A Study in the History of Evolutionary Theory (1964).
 Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function and Transformation (1971).
  William Coleman, Camille Limoges, Studies in History of Biology, Boston: Johns Hopkins University Press, 218 p., 24 cm  (1976).
 Death is a Social Disease: Public Health and Political Economy in Early Industrial France (1982).
 Yellow Fever in the North (1987).

Références

Liens externes

Historien américain du XXe siècle
Historien des sciences
Naissance en juillet 1934
Décès en avril 1988
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 53 ans


text:
package ij.io;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
import ij.gui.*;
import ij.process.*;
import ij.measure.*;
import ij.*;
import ij.plugin.frame.ThresholdAdjuster;

/**
 * Opens or reverts an image specified by a FileInfo object. Images can
 * be loaded from either a file (directory+fileName) or a URL (url+fileName).
 * Here is an example:
 * <pre>
 *   public class FileInfo_Test implements PlugIn {
 *     public void run(String arg) {
 *       FileInfo fi = new FileInfo();
 *       fi.width = 256;
 *       fi.height = 254;
 *       fi.offset = 768;
 *       fi.fileName = "blobs.tif";
 *       fi.directory = "/Users/wayne/Desktop/";
 *       new FileOpener(fi).open();
 *     }
 *   }
 * </pre>
 */
public class FileOpener {

	private FileInfo fi;
	private int width, height;
	private static boolean showConflictMessage = true;
	private double minValue, maxValue;
	private static boolean silentMode;

	public FileOpener(FileInfo fi) {
		this.fi = fi;
		if (fi!=null) {
			width = fi.width;
			height = fi.height;
		}
		if (IJ.debugMode) IJ.log("FileInfo: "+fi);
	}

	/** Opens the image and displays it. */
	public void open() {
		open(true);
	}

	/** Opens the image. Displays it if 'show' is
	true. Returns an ImagePlus object if successful. */
	public ImagePlus open(boolean show) {

		ImagePlus imp=null;
		Object pixels;
		ProgressBar pb=null;
	    ImageProcessor ip;

		ColorModel cm = createColorModel(fi);
		if (fi.nImages>1)
			{return openStack(cm, show);}
		switch (fi.fileType) {
			case FileInfo.GRAY8:
			case FileInfo.COLOR8:
			case FileInfo.BITMAP:
				pixels = readPixels(fi);
				if (pixels==null) return null;
				ip = new ByteProcessor(width, height, (byte[])pixels, cm);
    			imp = new ImagePlus(fi.fileName, ip);
				break;
			case FileInfo.GRAY16_SIGNED:
			case FileInfo.GRAY16_UNSIGNED:
			case FileInfo.GRAY12_UNSIGNED:
				pixels = readPixels(fi);
				if (pixels==null) return null;
	    		ip = new ShortProcessor(width, height, (short[])pixels, cm);
       			imp = new ImagePlus(fi.fileName, ip);
				break;
			case FileInfo.GRAY32_INT:
			case FileInfo.GRAY32_UNSIGNED:
			case FileInfo.GRAY32_FLOAT:
			case FileInfo.GRAY24_UNSIGNED:
			case FileInfo.GRAY64_FLOAT:
				pixels = readPixels(fi);
				if (pixels==null) return null;
	    		ip = new FloatProcessor(width, height, (float[])pixels, cm);
       			imp = new ImagePlus(fi.fileName, ip);
				break;
			case FileInfo.RGB:
			case FileInfo.BGR:
			case FileInfo.ARGB:
			case FileInfo.ABGR:
			case FileInfo.BARG:
			case FileInfo.RGB_PLANAR:
			case FileInfo.CMYK:
				pixels = readPixels(fi);
				if (pixels==null) return null;
				ip = new ColorProcessor(width, height, (int[])pixels);
				if (fi.fileType==FileInfo.CMYK)
					ip.invert();
				imp = new ImagePlus(fi.fileName, ip);
				break;
			case FileInfo.RGB48:
			case FileInfo.RGB48_PLANAR:
				boolean planar = fi.fileType==FileInfo.RGB48_PLANAR;
				Object[] pixelArray = (Object[])readPixels(fi);
				if (pixelArray==null) return null;
				ImageStack stack = new ImageStack(width, height);
				stack.addSlice("Red", pixelArray[0]);
				stack.addSlice("Green", pixelArray[1]);
				stack.addSlice("Blue", pixelArray[2]);
        		imp = new ImagePlus(fi.fileName, stack);
        		imp.setDimensions(3, 1, 1);
        		if (planar)
        			imp.getProcessor().resetMinAndMax();
				imp.setFileInfo(fi);
				int mode = CompositeImage.COMPOSITE;
				if (fi.description!=null) {
					if (fi.description.indexOf("mode=color")!=-1)
					mode = CompositeImage.COLOR;
					else if (fi.description.indexOf("mode=gray")!=-1)
					mode = CompositeImage.GRAYSCALE;
				}
        		imp = new CompositeImage(imp, mode);
        		if (!planar && fi.displayRanges==null) {
        			for (int c=1; c<=3; c++) {
        				imp.setPosition(c, 1, 1);
        				imp.setDisplayRange(minValue, maxValue);
        			}
       				imp.setPosition(1, 1, 1);
        		}
				break;
		}
		imp.setFileInfo(fi);
		setCalibration(imp);
		if (fi.info!=null)
			imp.setProperty("Info", fi.info);
		if (fi.sliceLabels!=null&&fi.sliceLabels.length==1&&fi.sliceLabels[0]!=null)
			imp.setProperty("Label", fi.sliceLabels[0]);
		if (fi.roi!=null)
			imp.setRoi(RoiDecoder.openFromByteArray(fi.roi));
		if (fi.overlay!=null)
			setOverlay(imp, fi.overlay);
		if (show) imp.show();
		return imp;
	}

	void setOverlay(ImagePlus imp, byte[][] rois) {
		Overlay overlay = new Overlay();
		for (int i=0; i<rois.length; i++) {
			Roi roi = RoiDecoder.openFromByteArray(rois[i]);
			if (i==0) {
				Overlay proto = roi.getPrototypeOverlay();
				overlay.drawLabels(proto.getDrawLabels());
				overlay.drawNames(proto.getDrawNames());
				overlay.drawBackgrounds(proto.getDrawBackgrounds());
				overlay.setLabelColor(proto.getLabelColor());
				overlay.setLabelFont(proto.getLabelFont());
			}
			overlay.add(roi);
		}
		imp.setOverlay(overlay);
	}

	/** Opens a stack of images. */
	ImagePlus openStack(ColorModel cm, boolean show) {
		ImageStack stack = new ImageStack(fi.width, fi.height, cm);
		long skip = fi.getOffset();
		Object pixels;
		try {
			ImageReader reader = new ImageReader(fi);
			InputStream is = createInputStream(fi);
			if (is==null) return null;
			IJ.resetEscape();
			for (int i=1; i<=fi.nImages; i++) {
				if (!silentMode)
					IJ.showStatus("Reading: " + i + "/" + fi.nImages);
				if (IJ.escapePressed()) {
					IJ.beep();
					IJ.showProgress(1.0);
					silentMode = false;
					return null;
				}
				pixels = reader.readPixels(is, skip);
				if (pixels==null) break;
				stack.addSlice(null, pixels);
				skip = fi.gapBetweenImages;
				if (!silentMode)
					IJ.showProgress(i, fi.nImages);
			}
			is.close();
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			IJ.log("" + e);
		}
		catch(OutOfMemoryError e) {
			IJ.outOfMemory(fi.fileName);
			stack.trim();
		}
		if (!silentMode) IJ.showProgress(1.0);
		if (stack.getSize()==0)
			return null;
		if (fi.sliceLabels!=null && fi.sliceLabels.length<=stack.getSize()) {
			for (int i=0; i<fi.sliceLabels.length; i++)
				stack.setSliceLabel(fi.sliceLabels[i], i+1);
		}
		ImagePlus imp = new ImagePlus(fi.fileName, stack);
		if (fi.info!=null)
			imp.setProperty("Info", fi.info);
		if (fi.roi!=null)
			imp.setRoi(RoiDecoder.openFromByteArray(fi.roi));
		if (fi.overlay!=null)
			setOverlay(imp, fi.overlay);
		if (show) imp.show();
		imp.setFileInfo(fi);
		setCalibration(imp);
		ImageProcessor ip = imp.getProcessor();
		if (ip.getMin()==ip.getMax())  // find stack min and max if first slice is blank
			setStackDisplayRange(imp);
		if (!silentMode) IJ.showProgress(1.0);
		//silentMode = false;
		return imp;
	}

	void setStackDisplayRange(ImagePlus imp) {
		ImageStack stack = imp.getStack();
		double min = Double.MAX_VALUE;
		double max = -Double.MAX_VALUE;
		int n = stack.getSize();
		for (int i=1; i<=n; i++) {
			if (!silentMode)
				IJ.showStatus("Calculating stack min and max: "+i+"/"+n);
			ImageProcessor ip = stack.getProcessor(i);
			ip.resetMinAndMax();
			if (ip.getMin()<min)
				min = ip.getMin();
			if (ip.getMax()>max)
				max = ip.getMax();
		}
		imp.getProcessor().setMinAndMax(min, max);
		imp.updateAndDraw();
	}

	/** Restores the original version of the specified image. */
	public void revertToSaved(ImagePlus imp) {
		if (fi==null)
			return;
		String path = fi.directory + fi.fileName;
		if (fi.url!=null && !fi.url.equals("") && (fi.directory==null||fi.directory.equals("")))
			path = fi.url;
		IJ.showStatus("Loading: " + path);
		ImagePlus imp2 = null;
		if (!path.endsWith(".raw"))
			imp2 = IJ.openImage(path);
		if (imp2!=null)
			imp.setImage(imp2);
		else {
			if (fi.nImages>1)
				return;
			Object pixels = readPixels(fi);
			if (pixels==null) return;
			ColorModel cm = createColorModel(fi);
			ImageProcessor ip = null;
			switch (fi.fileType) {
				case FileInfo.GRAY8:
				case FileInfo.COLOR8:
				case FileInfo.BITMAP:
					ip = new ByteProcessor(width, height, (byte[])pixels, cm);
					imp.setProcessor(null, ip);
					break;
				case FileInfo.GRAY16_SIGNED:
				case FileInfo.GRAY16_UNSIGNED:
				case FileInfo.GRAY12_UNSIGNED:
					ip = new ShortProcessor(width, height, (short[])pixels, cm);
					imp.setProcessor(null, ip);
					break;
				case FileInfo.GRAY32_INT:
				case FileInfo.GRAY32_FLOAT:
					ip = new FloatProcessor(width, height, (float[])pixels, cm);
					imp.setProcessor(null, ip);
					break;
				case FileInfo.RGB:
				case FileInfo.BGR:
				case FileInfo.ARGB:
				case FileInfo.ABGR:
				case FileInfo.RGB_PLANAR:
					Image img = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage(new MemoryImageSource(width, height, (int[])pixels, 0, width));
					imp.setImage(img);
					break;
				case FileInfo.CMYK:
					ip = new ColorProcessor(width, height, (int[])pixels);
					ip.invert();
					imp.setProcessor(null, ip);
					break;
			}
		}
	}

	void setCalibration(ImagePlus imp) {
		if (fi.fileType==FileInfo.GRAY16_SIGNED) {
			if (IJ.debugMode) IJ.log("16-bit signed");
 			imp.getLocalCalibration().setSigned16BitCalibration();
		}
		Properties props = decodeDescriptionString(fi);
		Calibration cal = imp.getCalibration();
		boolean calibrated = false;
		if (fi.pixelWidth>0.0 && fi.unit!=null) {
			cal.pixelWidth = fi.pixelWidth;
			cal.pixelHeight = fi.pixelHeight;
			cal.pixelDepth = fi.pixelDepth;
			cal.setUnit(fi.unit);
			calibrated = true;
		}

		if (fi.valueUnit!=null) {
			int f = fi.calibrationFunction;
			if ((f>=Calibration.STRAIGHT_LINE && f<=Calibration.EXP_RECOVERY && fi.coefficients!=null)
			|| f==Calibration.UNCALIBRATED_OD) {
				boolean zeroClip = props!=null && props.getProperty("zeroclip", "false").equals("true");
				cal.setFunction(f, fi.coefficients, fi.valueUnit, zeroClip);
				calibrated = true;
			}
		}

		if (calibrated)
			checkForCalibrationConflict(imp, cal);

		if (fi.frameInterval!=0.0)
			cal.frameInterval = fi.frameInterval;

		if (props==null)
			return;

		cal.xOrigin = getDouble(props,"xorigin");
		cal.yOrigin = getDouble(props,"yorigin");
		cal.zOrigin = getDouble(props,"zorigin");
		cal.info = props.getProperty("info");

		cal.fps = getDouble(props,"fps");
		cal.loop = getBoolean(props, "loop");
		cal.frameInterval = getDouble(props,"finterval");
		cal.setTimeUnit(props.getProperty("tunit", "sec"));

		double displayMin = getDouble(props,"min");
		double displayMax = getDouble(props,"max");
		if (!(displayMin==0.0&&displayMax==0.0)) {
			int type = imp.getType();
			ImageProcessor ip = imp.getProcessor();
			if (type==ImagePlus.GRAY8 || type==ImagePlus.COLOR_256)
				ip.setMinAndMax(displayMin, displayMax);
			else if (type==ImagePlus.GRAY16 || type==ImagePlus.GRAY32) {
				if (ip.getMin()!=displayMin || ip.getMax()!=displayMax)
					ip.setMinAndMax(displayMin, displayMax);
			}
		}

		int stackSize = imp.getStackSize();
		if (stackSize>1) {
			int channels = (int)getDouble(props,"channels");
			int slices = (int)getDouble(props,"slices");
			int frames = (int)getDouble(props,"frames");
			if (channels==0) channels = 1;
			if (slices==0) slices = 1;
			if (frames==0) frames = 1;
			//IJ.log("setCalibration: "+channels+"  "+slices+"  "+frames);
			if (channels*slices*frames==stackSize) {
				imp.setDimensions(channels, slices, frames);
				if (getBoolean(props, "hyperstack"))
					imp.setOpenAsHyperStack(true);
			}
		}
	}

	void checkForCalibrationConflict(ImagePlus imp, Calibration cal) {
		Calibration gcal = imp.getGlobalCalibration();
		if  (gcal==null || !showConflictMessage || IJ.isMacro())
			return;
		if (cal.pixelWidth==gcal.pixelWidth && cal.getUnit().equals(gcal.getUnit()))
			return;
		GenericDialog gd = new GenericDialog(imp.getTitle());
		gd.addMessage("The calibration of this image conflicts\nwith the current global calibration.");
		gd.addCheckbox("Disable_Global Calibration", true);
		gd.addCheckbox("Disable_these Messages", false);
		gd.showDialog();
		if (gd.wasCanceled()) return;
		boolean disable = gd.getNextBoolean();
		if (disable) {
			imp.setGlobalCalibration(null);
			imp.setCalibration(cal);
			WindowManager.repaintImageWindows();
		}
		boolean dontShow = gd.getNextBoolean();
		if (dontShow) showConflictMessage = false;
	}

	/** Returns an IndexColorModel for the image specified by this FileInfo. */
	public ColorModel createColorModel(FileInfo fi) {
		if (fi.lutSize>0)
			return new IndexColorModel(8, fi.lutSize, fi.reds, fi.greens, fi.blues);
		else
			return LookUpTable.createGrayscaleColorModel(fi.whiteIsZero);
	}

	/** Returns an InputStream for the image described by this FileInfo. */
	public InputStream createInputStream(FileInfo fi) throws IOException, MalformedURLException {
		InputStream is = null;
		boolean gzip = fi.fileName!=null && (fi.fileName.endsWith(".gz")||fi.fileName.endsWith(".GZ"));
		if (fi.inputStream!=null)
			is = fi.inputStream;
		else if (fi.url!=null && !fi.url.equals(""))
			is = new URL(fi.url+fi.fileName).openStream();
		else {
			if (fi.directory.length()>0 && !fi.directory.endsWith(Prefs.separator))
				fi.directory += Prefs.separator;
		    File f = new File(fi.directory + fi.fileName);
		    if (gzip) fi.compression = FileInfo.COMPRESSION_UNKNOWN;
		    if (f==null || !f.exists() || f.isDirectory() || !validateFileInfo(f, fi))
		    	is = null;
		    else
				is = new FileInputStream(f);
		}
		if (is!=null) {
		    if (fi.compression>=FileInfo.LZW)
				is = new RandomAccessStream(is);
			else if (gzip)
				is = new GZIPInputStream(is, 50000);
		}
		return is;
	}

	static boolean validateFileInfo(File f, FileInfo fi) {
		long offset = fi.getOffset();
		long length = 0;
		if (fi.width<=0 || fi.height<=0) {
		   error("Width or height <= 0.", fi, offset, length);
		   return false;
		}
		if (offset>=0 && offset<1000L)
			 return true;
		if (offset<0L) {
		   error("Offset is negative.", fi, offset, length);
		   return false;
		}
		if (fi.fileType==FileInfo.BITMAP || fi.compression!=FileInfo.COMPRESSION_NONE)
			return true;
		length = f.length();
		long size = fi.width*fi.height*fi.getBytesPerPixel();
		size = fi.nImages>1?size:size/4;
		if (fi.height==1) size = 0; // allows plugins to read info of unknown length at end of file
		if (offset+size>length) {
		   error("Offset + image size > file length.", fi, offset, length);
		   return false;
		}
		return true;
	}

	static void error(String msg, FileInfo fi, long offset, long length) {
		String msg2 = "FileInfo parameter error. \n"
			+msg + "\n \n"
			+"  Width: " + fi.width + "\n"
			+"  Height: " + fi.height + "\n"
			+"  Offset: " + offset + "\n"
			+"  Bytes/pixel: " + fi.getBytesPerPixel() + "\n"
			+(length>0?"  File length: " + length + "\n":"");
		if (silentMode) {
			IJ.log("Error opening "+fi.directory+fi.fileName);
			IJ.log(msg2);
		} else
			IJ.error("FileOpener", msg2);
	}

	/** Reads the pixel data from an image described by a FileInfo object. */
	Object readPixels(FileInfo fi) {
		Object pixels = null;
		try {
			InputStream is = createInputStream(fi);
			if (is==null)
				return null;
			ImageReader reader = new ImageReader(fi);
			pixels = reader.readPixels(is);
			minValue = reader.min;
			maxValue = reader.max;
			is.close();
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			if (!Macro.MACRO_CANCELED.equals(e.getMessage()))
				IJ.handleException(e);
		}
		return pixels;
	}

	public Properties decodeDescriptionString(FileInfo fi) {
		if (fi.description==null || fi.description.length()<7)
			return null;
		if (IJ.debugMode)
			IJ.log("Image Description: " + new String(fi.description).replace('\n',' '));
		if (!fi.description.startsWith("ImageJ"))
			return null;
		Properties props = new Properties();
		InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(fi.description.getBytes());
		try {props.load(is); is.close();}
		catch (IOException e) {return null;}
		String dsUnit = props.getProperty("unit","");
		if ("cm".equals(fi.unit) && "um".equals(dsUnit)) {
			fi.pixelWidth *= 10000;
			fi.pixelHeight *= 10000;
		}
		fi.unit = dsUnit;
		Double n = getNumber(props,"cf");
		if (n!=null) fi.calibrationFunction = n.intValue();
		double c[] = new double[5];
		int count = 0;
		for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
			n = getNumber(props,"c"+i);
			if (n==null) break;
			c[i] = n.doubleValue();
			count++;
		}
		if (count>=2) {
			fi.coefficients = new double[count];
			for (int i=0; i<count; i++)
				fi.coefficients[i] = c[i];
		}
		fi.valueUnit = props.getProperty("vunit");
		n = getNumber(props,"images");
		if (n!=null && n.doubleValue()>1.0)
		fi.nImages = (int)n.doubleValue();
		double spacing = getDouble(props,"spacing");
		if (spacing!=0.0) {
			if (spacing<0) spacing = -spacing;
			fi.pixelDepth = spacing;
		}
		String name = props.getProperty("name");
		if (name!=null)
			fi.fileName = name;
		return props;
	}

	private Double getNumber(Properties props, String key) {
		String s = props.getProperty(key);
		if (s!=null) {
			try {
				return Double.valueOf(s);
			} catch (NumberFormatException e) {}
		}
		return null;
	}

	private double getDouble(Properties props, String key) {
		Double n = getNumber(props, key);
		return n!=null?n.doubleValue():0.0;
	}

	private boolean getBoolean(Properties props, String key) {
		String s = props.getProperty(key);
		return s!=null&&s.equals("true")?true:false;
	}

	public static void setShowConflictMessage(boolean b) {
		showConflictMessage = b;
	}

	static void setSilentMode(boolean mode) {
		silentMode = mode;
	}

}