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Logic and Philosophy of Logic > Logics > Nonclassical Logics
Nonclassical Logics
Edited by Thomas Ferguson (CUNY Graduate Center)
Free Logic (2)
Fuzzy Logic (13)
Infinitary Logic (1)
Intuitionistic Logic (38)
Many-Valued Logic (52)
Paraconsistent Logic (49)
Quantum Logic (12)
Relevance Logic (21)
Substructural Logic (33)
Post-doctoral Fellow in Philosophy and Bioethics
Stanford University Online High School
Philosophy Instructor
A Graph-Theoretic Method to Define Any Boolean Operation on Partitions.David Ellerman - 2019 - The Art of Discrete and Applied Mathematics 2 (2):1-9.details
The lattice operations of join and meet were defined for set partitions in the nineteenth century, but no new logical operations on partitions were defined and studied during the twentieth century. Yet there is a simple and natural graph-theoretic method presented here to define any n-ary Boolean operation on partitions. An equivalent closure-theoretic method is also defined. In closing, the question is addressed of why it took so long for all Boolean operations to be defined for partitions.
Two Indian Dialectical Logics: Saptabhangi and Catuskoti.Fabien Schang - 2010 - Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 27 (1):45-75.details
A rational interpretation is proposed for two ancient Indian logics: the Jaina saptabhaṅgī, and the Mādhyamika catuṣkoṭi. It is argued that the irrationality currently imputed to these logics relies upon some philosophical preconceptions inherited from Aristotelian metaphysics. This misunderstanding can be corrected in two steps: by recalling their assumptions about truth; by reconstructing their ensuing theory of judgment within a common conceptual framework.
Non Classical Concept Representation and Reasoning in Formal Ontologies.Antonio Lieto - 2012 - Dissertation, Università Degli Studi di Salernodetails
Formal ontologies are nowadays widely considered a standard tool for knowledge representation and reasoning in the Semantic Web. In this context, they are expected to play an important role in helping automated processes to access information. Namely: they are expected to provide a formal structure able to explicate the relationships between different concepts/terms, thus allowing intelligent agents to interpret, correctly, the semantics of the web resources improving the performances of the search technologies. Here we take into account a problem regarding (...) Knowledge Representation in general, and ontology based representations in particular; namely: the fact that knowledge modeling seems to be constrained between conflicting requirements, such as compositionality, on the one hand and the need to represent prototypical information on the other. In particular, most common sense concepts seem not to be captured by the stringent semantics expressed by such formalisms as, for example, Description Logics (which are the formalisms on which the ontology languages have been built). The aim of this work is to analyse this problem, suggesting a possible solution suitable for formal ontologies and semantic web representations. The questions guiding this research, in fact, have been: is it possible to provide a formal representational framework which, for the same concept, combines both the classical modelling view (accounting for compositional information) and defeasible, prototypical knowledge ? Is it possible to propose a modelling architecture able to provide different type of reasoning (e.g. classical deductive reasoning for the compositional component and a non monotonic reasoning for the prototypical one)? We suggest a possible answer to these questions proposing a modelling framework able to represent, within the semantic web languages, a multilevel representation of conceptual information, integrating both classical and non classical (typicality based) information. Within this framework we hypothesise, at least in principle, the coexistence of multiple reasoning processes involving the different levels of representation. (shrink)
A Cut-Free Sequent Calculus for Defeasible Erotetic Inferences.Jared Millson - 2019 - Studia Logica:1-34.details
In recent years, the e ffort to formalize erotetic inferences (i.e., inferences to and from questions) has become a central concern for those working in erotetic logic. However, few have sought to formulate a proof theory for these inferences. To fill this lacuna, we construct a calculus for (classes of) sequents that are sound and complete for two species of erotetic inferences studied by Inferential Erotetic Logic (IEL): erotetic evocation and regular erotetic implication. While an attempt has been made to (...) axiomatize the former in a sequent system, there is currently no proof theory for the latter. Moreover, the extant axiomatization of erotetic evocation fails to capture its defeasible character and provides no rules for introducing or eliminating question-forming operators. In contrast, our calculus encodes defeasibility conditions on sequents and provides rules governing the introduction and elimination of erotetic formulas. We demonstrate that an elimination theorem holds for a version of the cut rule that applies to both declarative and erotetic formulas and that the rules for the axiomatic account of question evocation in IEL are admissible in our system. (shrink)
Composing Prototypes - AISC 18.Antonio Lieto & Gian Luca Pozzato - 2018 - In Proceedings of AISC 2018, 15th Annual Conference of the Italian Association for Cognitive Sciences The new era of Artificial Intelligence: a cognitive perspective. 27100 Pavia, Province of Pavia, Italy: pp. 8-10.details
Combining typical knowledge to generate novel concepts is an important creative trait of human cognition. Dealing with such ability requires, from an AI perspective, the harmonization of two conflicting requirements that are hardly accommodated in symbolic systems: the need of a syntactic compositionality (typical of logical systems) and that one concerning the exhibition of typicality effects (see Frixione and Lieto, 2012). In this work we provide a logical framework able to account for this type of human-like concept combination. We propose (...) a nonmonotonic Description Logic of typicality called TCL (Typicality-based Compositional Logic). (shrink)
A Description Logic of Typicality for Conceptual Combination.Antonio Lieto & Gian Luca Pozzato - 2018 - In Proceedings of ISMIS 18. Springer.details
We propose a nonmonotonic Description Logic of typicality able to account for the phenomenon of combining prototypical concepts, an open problem in the fields of AI and cognitive modelling. Our logic extends the logic of typicality ALC + TR, based on the notion of rational closure, by inclusions p :: T(C) v D ("we have probability p that typical Cs are Ds"), coming from the distributed semantics of probabilistic Description Logics. Additionally, it embeds a set of cognitive heuristics for concept (...) combination. We show that the complexity of reasoning in our logic is EXPTIME-complete as in ALC. (shrink)
Genuine Process Logic.Wolfgang Sohst - 2017 - Collected Lectures of MoMo Berlin.details
The Genuine Process Logic described here (abbreviation: GPL) places the object-bound process itself at the center of formalism. It should be suitable for everyday use, i.e. it is not primarily intended for the formalization of computer programs, but instead, as a counter-conception to the classical state logics. The new and central operator of the GPL is an action symbol replacing the classical state symbols, e.g. of equivalence or identity. The complete renunciation of object-language state expressions also results in a completely (...) new metalinguistic framework, both regarding the axioms and the expressive possibilities of this system. A mixture with state logical terms is readily possible. (shrink)
Prospects for a Naive Theory of Classes.Hartry Field, Harvey Lederman & Tore Fjetland Øgaard - 2017 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 58 (4):461-506.details
The naive theory of properties states that for every condition there is a property instantiated by exactly the things which satisfy that condition. The naive theory of properties is inconsistent in classical logic, but there are many ways to obtain consistent naive theories of properties in nonclassical logics. The naive theory of classes adds to the naive theory of properties an extensionality rule or axiom, which states roughly that if two classes have exactly the same members, they are identical. In (...) this paper we examine the prospects for obtaining a satisfactory naive theory of classes. We start from a result by Ross Brady, which demonstrates the consistency of something resembling a naive theory of classes. We generalize Brady's result somewhat and extend it to a recent system developed by Andrew Bacon. All of the theories we prove consistent contain an extensionality rule or axiom. But we argue that given the background logics, the relevant extensionality principles are too weak. For example, in some of these theories, there are universal classes which are not declared coextensive. We elucidate some very modest demands on extensionality, designed to rule out this kind of pathology. But we close by proving that even these modest demands cannot be jointly satisfied. In light of this new impossibility result, the prospects for a naive theory of classes are bleak. (shrink)
'Chasing' the Diagram—the Use of Visualizations in Algebraic Reasoning.Silvia de Toffoli - 2017 - Review of Symbolic Logic 10 (1):158-186.details
The aim of this article is to investigate the roles of commutative diagrams (CDs) in a specific mathematical domain, and to unveil the reasons underlying their effectiveness as a mathematical notation; this will be done through a case study. It will be shown that CDs do not depict spatial relations, but represent mathematical structures. CDs will be interpreted as a hybrid notation that goes beyond the traditional bipartition of mathematical representations into diagrammatic and linguistic. It will be argued that one (...) of the reasons why CDs form a good notation is that they are highly mathematically tractable: experts can obtain valid results by 'calculating' with CDs. These calculations, take the form of 'diagram chases'. In order to draw inferences, experts move algebraic elements around the diagrams. It will be argued that these diagrams are dynamic. It is thanks to their dynamicity that CDs can externalize the relevant reasoning and allow experts to draw conclusions directly by manipulating them. Lastly, it will be shown that CDs play essential roles in the context of proof as well as in other phases of the mathematical enterprise, such as discovery and conjecture formation. (shrink)
"John P. Burgess, Philosophical Logic, Princeton University Press, 2009". [REVIEW]Constantin C. Brîncuș - 2013 - Romanian Journal of Analytic Philosophy 8 (1):90-92.details
Categorical Harmony and Path Induction.Patrick Walsh - 2017 - Review of Symbolic Logic 10 (2):301-321.details
This paper responds to recent work in the philosophy of Homotopy Type Theory by James Ladyman and Stuart Presnell. They consider one of the rules for identity, path induction, and justify it along 'pre-mathematical' lines. I give an alternate justification based on the philosophical framework of inferentialism. Accordingly, I construct a notion of harmony that allows the inferentialist to say when a connective or concept is meaning-bearing and this conception unifies most of the prominent conceptions of harmony through category theory. (...) This categorical harmony is stated in terms of adjoints and says that any concept definable by iterated adjoints from general categorical operations is harmonious. Moreover, it has been shown that identity in a categorical setting is determined by an adjoint in the relevant way. Furthermore, path induction as a rule comes from this definition. Thus we arrive at an account of how path induction, as a rule of inference governing identity, can be justified on mathematically motivated grounds. (shrink)
On Classical and Quantum Logical Entropy.David Ellerman - manuscriptdetails
The notion of a partition on a set is mathematically dual to the notion of a subset of a set, so there is a logic of partitions dual to Boole's logic of subsets (Boolean logic is usually mis-specified as "propositional" logic). The notion of an element of a subset has as its dual the notion of a distinction of a partition (a pair of elements in different blocks). Boole developed finite logical probability as the normalized counting measure on elements of (...) subsets so there is a dual concept of logical entropy which is the normalized counting measure on distinctions of partitions. Thus the logical notion of information is a measure of distinctions. Classical logical entropy naturally extends to the notion of quantum logical entropy which provides a more natural and informative alternative to the usual Von Neumann entropy in quantum information theory. The quantum logical entropy of a post-measurement density matrix has the simple interpretation as the probability that two independent measurements of the same state using the same observable will have different results. The main result of the paper is that the increase in quantum logical entropy due to a projective measurement of a pure state is the sum of the absolute squares of the off-diagonal entries ("coherences") of the pure state density matrix that are zeroed ("decohered") by the measurement, i.e., the measure of the distinctions ("decoherences") created by the measurement. (shrink)
On Logical Relativity.Achille C. Varzi - 2002 - Philosophical Issues 12 (1):197-219.details
One logic or many? I say—many. Or rather, I say there is one logic for each way of specifying the class of all possible circumstances, or models, i.e., all ways of interpreting a given language. But because there is no unique way of doing this, I say there is no unique logic except in a relative sense. Indeed, given any two competing logical theories T1 and T2 (in the same language) one could always consider their common core, T, and settle (...) on that theory. So, given any language L, one could settle on the minimal logic T0 corresponding to the common core shared by all competitors. That would be a way of resisting relativism, as long as one is willing to redraw the bounds of logic accordingly. However, such a minimal theory T0 may be empty if the syntax of L contains no special ingredients the interpretation of which is independent of the specification of the relevant L-models. And generally—I argue—this is indeed the case. (shrink)
The Basic Algebra of Game Equivalences.Valentin Goranko - 2003 - Studia Logica 75 (2):221-238.details
We give a complete axiomatization of the identities of the basic game algebra valid with respect to the abstract game board semantics. We also show that the additional conditions of termination and determinacy of game boards do not introduce new valid identities. En route we introduce a simple translation of game terms into plain modal logic and thus translate, while preserving validity both ways game identities into modal formulae. The completeness proof is based on reduction of game terms to a (...) certain 'minimal canonical form', by using only the axiomatic identities, and on showing that the equivalence of two minimal canonical terms can be established from these identities. (shrink)
On the Duality Between Existence and Information.David Ellerman - manuscriptdetails
Recent developments in pure mathematics and in mathematical logic have uncovered a fundamental duality between "existence" and "information." In logic, the duality is between the Boolean logic of subsets and the logic of quotient sets, equivalence relations, or partitions. The analogue to an element of a subset is the notion of a distinction of a partition, and that leads to a whole stream of dualities or analogies--including the development of new logical foundations for information theory parallel to Boole's development of (...) logical finite probability theory. After outlining these dual concepts in mathematical terms, we turn to a more metaphysical speculation about two dual notions of reality, a fully definite notion using Boolean logic and appropriate for classical physics, and the other objectively indefinite notion using partition logic which turns out to be appropriate for quantum mechanics. The existence-information duality is used to intuitively illustrate these two dual notions of reality. The elucidation of the objectively indefinite notion of reality leads to the "killer application" of the existence-information duality, namely the interpretation of quantum mechanics. (shrink)
Punny Logic.Noah Greenstein - 2015 - Analysis 75 (3):359-362.details
Logic and humour tend to be mutually exclusive topics. Humour plays off ambiguity, while classical logic falters over it. Formalizing puns is therefore impossible, since puns have ambiguous meanings for their components. However, I will use Independence-Friendly logic to formally encode the multiple meanings within a pun. This will show a general strategy of how to logically represent ambiguity and reveals humour as an untapped source of novel logical structure.
A Natural Deduction Relevance Logic.Fred Johnson - 1977 - The Bulletin of the Section of Logic 6 (4):164-168.details
A Categorial Approach to the Combination of Logics.Walter A. Carnielli & Marcelo E. Coniglio - 1999 - Manuscrito 22 (2):69-94.details
In this paper we propose a very general de nition of combination of logics by means of the concept of sheaves of logics. We first discuss some properties of this general definition and list some problems, as well as connections to related work. As applications of our abstract setting, we show that the notion of possible-translations semantics, introduced in previous papers by the first author, can be described in categorial terms. Possible-translations semantics constitute illustrative cases, since they provide a new (...) semantical account for abstract logical systems, particularly for many-valued and paraconsistent logics. (shrink)
Computation Tree Logics and Temporal Logics with Reference Pointers.Valentin Goranko - 2000 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 10 (3-4):221-242.details
A complete axiomatic system CTL$_{rp}$ is introduced for a temporal logic for finitely branching $\omega^+$-trees in a temporal language extended with so called reference pointers. Syntactic and semantic interpretations are constructed for the branching time computation tree logic CTL* into CTL$_{rp}$. In particular, that yields a complete axiomatization for the translations of all valid CTL*-formulae. Thus, the temporal logic with reference pointers is brought forward as a simpler (with no path quantifiers), but in a way more expressive medium for reasoning (...) about branching time. (shrink)
Translations Between Logical Systems: A Manifesto.Walter A. Carnielli & Itala Ml D'Ottaviano - 1997 - Logique Et Analyse 157:67-81.details
The main objective o f this descriptive paper is to present the general notion of translation between logical systems as studied by the GTAL research group, as well as its main results, questions, problems and indagations. Logical systems here are defined in the most general sense, as sets endowed with consequence relations; translations between logical systems are characterized as maps which preserve consequence relations (that is, as continuous functions between those sets). In this sense, logics together with translations form a (...) bicomplete category of which topological spaces with topological continuous functions constitute a full subcategory. We also describe other uses of translations in providing new semantics for non-classical logics and in investigating duality between them. An important subclass of translations, the conservative translations, which strongly preserve consequence relations, is introduced and studied. Some specific new examples of translations involving modal logics, many-valued logics, para- consistent logics, intuitionistic and classical logics are also described. (shrink)
A Logic for 'Because'.Benjamin Schnieder - 2011 - Review of Symbolic Logic 4 (3):445-465.details
In spite of its significance for everyday and philosophical discourse, the explanatory connective has not received much treatment in the philosophy of logic. The present paper develops a logic for based on systematic connections between and the truth-functional connectives.
Temporal Logics with Reference Pointers and Computation Tree Logics.Valentin Goranko - 2000 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 10 (3):221-242.details
A complete axiomatic system CTL$_{rp}$ is introduced for a temporal logic for finitely branching $\omega^+$-trees in a temporal language extended with so called reference pointers. Syntactic and semantic interpretations are constructed for the branching time computation tree logic CTL$^{*}$ into CTL$_{rp}$. In particular, that yields a complete axiomatization for the translations of all valid CTL$^{*}$-formulae. Thus, the temporal logic with reference pointers is brought forward as a simpler (with no path quantifiers), but in a way more expressive medium for reasoning (...) about branching time. (shrink)
Algorithmic Correspondence and Completeness in Modal Logic. IV. Semantic Extensions of SQEMA.Willem Conradie & Valentin Goranko - 2008 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 18 (2-3):175-211.details
In a previous work we introduced the algorithm \SQEMA\ for computing first-order equivalents and proving canonicity of modal formulae, and thus established a very general correspondence and canonical completeness result. \SQEMA\ is based on transformation rules, the most important of which employs a modal version of a result by Ackermann that enables elimination of an existentially quantified predicate variable in a formula, provided a certain negative polarity condition on that variable is satisfied. In this paper we develop several extensions of (...) \SQEMA\ where that syntactic condition is replaced by a semantic one, viz. downward monotonicity. For the first, and most general, extension \SSQEMA\ we prove correctness for a large class of modal formulae containing an extension of the Sahlqvist formulae, defined by replacing polarity with monotonicity. By employing a special modal version of Lyndon's monotonicity theorem and imposing additional requirements on the Ackermann rule we obtain restricted versions of \SSQEMA\ which guarantee canonicity, too. (shrink)
Abstract Logic of Oppositions.Fabien Schang - 2012 - Logic and Logical Philosophy 21 (4):415--438.details
A general theory of logical oppositions is proposed by abstracting these from the Aristotelian background of quantified sentences. Opposition is a relation that goes beyond incompatibility (not being true together), and a question-answer semantics is devised to investigate the features of oppositions and opposites within a functional calculus. Finally, several theoretical problems about its applicability are considered.
Logic for Physical Space: From Antiquity to Present Days.Marco Aiello, Guram Bezhanishvili, Isabelle Bloch & Valentin Goranko - 2012 - Synthese 186 (3):619-632.details
Since the early days of physics, space has called for means to represent, experiment, and reason about it. Apart from physicists, the concept of space has intrigued also philosophers, mathematicians and, more recently, computer scientists. This longstanding interest has left us with a plethora of mathematical tools developed to represent and work with space. Here we take a special look at this evolution by considering the perspective of Logic. From the initial axiomatic efforts of Euclid, we revisit the major milestones (...) in the logical representation of space and investigate current trends. In doing so, we do not only consider classical logic, but we indulge ourselves with modal logics. These present themselves naturally by providing simple axiomatizations of different geometries, topologies, space-time causality, and vector spaces. (shrink)
A Different Approach to Logic.Mauro Avon - 2011 - Dissertation, details
The paper is about an approach to logic that differs from the standard first-order logic and other known approaches. It should be a new approach the author has created proposing to obtain a general and unifying approach to logic and a faithful model of human mathematical deductive process. We list the most relevant features of the system. In first-order logic there exist two different concepts of term and formula, in place of these two concepts in our approach we have just (...) one notion of expression. The set-builder notation is enclosed as an expression-building pattern. In our system we can easily express second-order and all-order conditions (the set to which a quantifier refers is explicitly written in the expression). The meaning of a sentence will depend solely on the meaning of the symbols it contains, it will not depend on external 'structures'. Our deductive system is based on a very simple definition of proof and provides a good model of human mathematical deductive process. The soundness and consistency of the system are proved, as well as the fact that our system is not affected by the most known types of paradox. The paper provides both the theoretical material and two fully documented examples of deduction. The author believes his aims have been achieved, obviously the reader is free to examine the system and get his own opinion about it. (shrink)
Rejection and Truth-Value Gaps.Fred Johnson - 1999 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 40 (4):574-577.details
A theorem due to Shoesmith and Smiley that axiomatizes two-valued multiple-conclusion logics is extended to partial logics.
Combining Algebraizable Logics.A. Jánossy, Á Kurucz & Á. E. Eiben - 1996 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 37 (2):366-380.details
The general methodology of "algebraizing" logics is used here for combining different logics. The combination of logics is represented as taking the colimit of the constituent logics in the category of algebraizable logics. The cocompleteness of this category as well as its isomorphism to the corresponding category of certain first-order theories are proved.
Topological Aspects of Combinatorial Possibility.Thomas Mormann - 1997 - Logic and Logical Philosophy 5:75 - 92.details
The aim of this paper is to show that topology has a bearing on<br><br>combinatorial theories of possibility. The approach developed in this article is "mapping account" considering combinatorial worlds as mappings from individuals to properties. Topological structures are used to define constraints on the mappings thereby characterizing the "really possible" combinations. The mapping approach avoids the well-known incompatibility problems. Moreover, it is compatible with atomistic as well as with non-atomistic ontologies.It helps to elucidate the positions of logical atomism and monism (...) with theaid of topological separation axioms. (shrink)
Complex Individuals and Multigrade Relations.Adam Morton - 1975 - Noûs 9 (3):309-318.details
I relate plural quantification, and predicate logic where predicates do not need a fixed number of argument places, to the part-whole relation. For more on these themes see later work by Boolos, Lewis, and Oliver & Smiley.
First- and Second-Order Logic of Mass Terms.Peter Roeper - 2004 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 33 (3):261-297.details
Provided here is an account, both syntactic and semantic, of first-order and monadic second-order quantification theory for domains that may be non-atomic. Although the rules of inference largely parallel those of classical logic, there are important differences in connection with the identification of argument places and the significance of the identity relation.
Cut-Offs and Their Neighbors.Achille C. Varzi - 2003 - In Jc Beall (ed.), Liars and Heaps: New Essays on Paradox. Clarendon Press. pp. 24–38.details
In 'Towards a Solution to the Sorites Paradox', Graham Priest gives us a new account of the sorites based on fuzzy logic. The novelty lies in the suggestion that truth-value assignments should themselves be treated as fuzzy objects, i.e., objects about which we can make fuzzy identity statements. I argue that Priest's solution does not have the explanatory force that Priest advocates. That is, it does not explain why we find the existence of a cut-off point counter-intuitive. I also argue (...) that this sort of explanation calls for a general theory that goes beyond the special case of linguistic vagueness, for the phenomenon is at bottom not linguistic. (shrink)
Complementary Logics for Classical Propositional Languages.Achille C. Varzi - 1992 - Kriterion - Journal of Philosophy 4 (1):20-24.details
In previous work, I introduced a complete axiomatization of classical non-tautologies based essentially on Łukasiewicz's rejection method. The present paper provides a new, Hilbert-type axiomatization (along with related systems to axiomatize classical contradictions, non-contradictions, contingencies and non-contingencies respectively). This new system is mathematically less elegant, but the format of the inferential rules and the structure of the completeness proof possess some intrinsic interest and suggests instructive comparisons with the logic of tautologies.
Sulla relatività logica.Achille C. Varzi - 2004 - In Massimiliano Carrara & Pierdaniele Giaretta (eds.), Filosofia e logica. Rubbettino Editore. pp. 135–173.details
Italian translation of "On Logical Relativity" (2002), by Luca Morena.
Free Logic
Anselm's God in Isabelle/HOL.Ben Blumson - 2017 - Archive of Formal Proofs:9.details
Paul Oppenheimer and Edward Zalta's formalisation of Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God is automated by embedding a free logic for definite descriptions within Isabelle/HOL.
Russell's Revenge: A Problem for Bivalent Fregean Theories of Descriptions.Jan Heylen - 2017 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 98 (4):636-652.details
Fregean theories of descriptions as terms have to deal with improper descriptions. To save bivalence various proposals have been made that involve assigning referents to improper descriptions. While bivalence is indeed saved, there is a price to be paid. Instantiations of the same general scheme, viz. the one and only individual that is F and G is G, are not only allowed but even required to have different truth values.
Quantificational Logic and Empty Names.Andrew Bacon - 2013 - Philosophers' Imprint 13.details
The result of combining classical quantificational logic with modal logic proves necessitism – the claim that necessarily everything is necessarily identical to something. This problem is reflected in the purely quantificational theory by theorems such as ∃x t=x; it is a theorem, for example, that something is identical to Timothy Williamson. The standard way to avoid these consequences is to weaken the theory of quantification to a certain kind of free logic. However, it has often been noted that in order (...) to specify the truth conditions of certain sentences involving constants or variables that don't denote, one has to apparently quantify over things that are not identical to anything. In this paper I defend a contingentist, non-Meinongian metaphysics within a positive free logic. I argue that although certain names and free variables do not actually refer to anything, in each case there might have been something they actually refer to, allowing one to interpret the contingentist claims without quantifying over mere possibilia. (shrink)
Curry's Paradox and Ω -Inconsistency.Andrew Bacon - 2013 - Studia Logica 101 (1):1-9.details
In recent years there has been a revitalised interest in non-classical solutions to the semantic paradoxes. In this paper I show that a number of logics are susceptible to a strengthened version of Curry's paradox. This can be adapted to provide a proof theoretic analysis of the omega-inconsistency in Lukasiewicz's continuum valued logic, allowing us to better evaluate which logics are suitable for a naïve truth theory. On this basis I identify two natural subsystems of Lukasiewicz logic which individually, but (...) not jointly, lack the problematic feature. (shrink)
Maximality in Finite-Valued Lukasiewicz Logics Defined by Order Filters.Marcelo E. Coniglio, Francesc Esteva, Joan Gispert & Lluis Godo - forthcoming - Journal of Logic and Computation.details
Hypersequents and the Proof Theory of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic.Matthias Baaz & Richard Zach - 2000 - In Peter G. Clote & Helmut Schwichtenberg (eds.), Computer Science Logic. 14th International Workshop, CSL 2000. Berlin: Springer. pp. 187– 201.details
Takeuti and Titani have introduced and investigated a logic they called intuitionistic fuzzy logic. This logic is characterized as the first-order Gödel logic based on the truth value set [0,1]. The logic is known to be axiomatizable, but no deduction system amenable to proof-theoretic, and hence, computational treatment, has been known. Such a system is presented here, based on previous work on hypersequent calculi for propositional Gödel logics by Avron. It is shown that the system is sound and complete, and (...) allows cut-elimination. A question by Takano regarding the eliminability of the Takeuti-Titani density rule is answered affirmatively. (shrink)
Completeness of a Hypersequent Calculus for Some First-Order Gödel Logics with Delta.Matthias Baaz, Norbert Preining & Richard Zach - 2006 - In 36th International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic. May 2006, Singapore. Proceedings. Los Alamitos: IEEE Press.details
All first-order Gödel logics G_V with globalization operator based on truth value sets V C [0,1] where 0 and 1 lie in the perfect kernel of V are axiomatized by Ciabattoni's hypersequent calculus HGIF.
Quantified Propositional Gödel Logics.Matthias Baaz, Agata Ciabattoni & Richard Zach - 2000 - In Andrei Voronkov & Michel Parigot (eds.), Logic for Programming and Automated Reasoning. 7th International Conference, LPAR 2000. Berlin: Springer. pp. 240-256.details
It is shown that Gqp↑, the quantified propositional Gödel logic based on the truth-value set V↑ = {1 - 1/n : n≥1}∪{1}, is decidable. This result is obtained by reduction to Büchi's theory S1S. An alternative proof based on elimination of quantifiers is also given, which yields both an axiomatization and a characterization of Gqp↑ as the intersection of all finite-valued quantified propositional Gödel logics.
Incompleteness of a First-Order Gödel Logic and Some Temporal Logics of Programs.Matthias Baaz, Alexander Leitsch & Richard Zach - 1996 - In Hans Kleine Büning (ed.), Computer Science Logic. CSL 1995. Selected Papers. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1--15.details
It is shown that the infinite-valued first-order Gödel logic G° based on the set of truth values {1/k: k ε w {0}} U {0} is not r.e. The logic G° is the same as that obtained from the Kripke semantics for first-order intuitionistic logic with constant domains and where the order structure of the model is linear. From this, the unaxiomatizability of Kröger's temporal logic of programs (even of the fragment without the nexttime operator O) and of the authors' temporal (...) logic of linear discrete time with gaps follows. (shrink)
Compact Propositional Gödel Logics.Matthias Baaz & Richard Zach - 1998 - In 28th IEEE International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic, 1998. Proceedings. Los Alamitos: IEEE Press. pp. 108-113.details
Entailment in propositional Gödel logics can be defined in a natural way. While all infinite sets of truth values yield the same sets of tautologies, the entailment relations differ. It is shown that there is a rich structure of infinite-valued Gödel logics, only one of which is compact. It is also shown that the compact infinite-valued Gödel logic is the only one which interpolates, and the only one with an r.e. entailment relation.
Many-Valued Logics. A Mathematical and Computational Introduction.Luis M. Augusto - 2017 - London: College Publications.details
Many-valued logics are those logics that have more than the two classical truth values, to wit, true and false; in fact, they can have from three to infinitely many truth values. This property, together with truth-functionality, provides a powerful formalism to reason in settings where classical logic—as well as other non-classical logics—is of no avail. Indeed, originally motivated by philosophical concerns, these logics soon proved relevant for a plethora of applications ranging from switching theory to cognitive modeling, and they are (...) today in more demand than ever, due to the realization that inconsistency and vagueness in knowledge bases and information processes are not only inevitable and acceptable, but also perhaps welcome. The main modern applications of (any) logic are to be found in the digital computer, and we thus require the practical knowledge how to computerize—which also means automate—decisions (i.e. reasoning) in many-valued logics. This, in turn, necessitates a mathematical foundation for these logics. This book provides both these mathematical foundation and practical knowledge in a rigorous, yet accessible, text, while at the same time situating these logics in the context of the satisfiability problem (SAT) and automated deduction. The main text is complemented with a large selection of exercises, a plus for the reader wishing to not only learn about, but also do something with, many-valued logics. (shrink)
4. Contradictorial Gradualism Vs. Discontinuism: Two Views On Fuzziness And The Transition Problem.Marcelo VÁsconez - 2006 - Logique Et Analyse 49 (195).details
The dissertation has two parts, each dealing with a problem, namely: 1) What is the most adequate account of fuzziness -the so-called phenomenon of vagueness?, and 2) what is the most plausible solution to the sorites, or heap paradox? I will try to show that fuzzy properties are those which are gradual, amenable to be possessed in a greater or smaller extent. Acknowledgement of degrees in the instantiation of a property allows for a gradual transition from one opposite to the (...) other, each intermediate stage constituting an overlap in certain proportion of both contraries. Hence, degrees in the possession of a property give rise to simple contradictions. The reason why I have chosen those two questions is that they provide the main philosophical motivation for a particular brand of an infinite valued and paraconsistent logic. I will claim that Classical logic (CL) is not adequate to handle fuzzy situations, and, being deficient, is in need of being expanded to make room for degrees of truth and weak contradictions. One can hardly deny the importance of the debate, since what is ultimately at stake is what the limits of truth, rationality, intelligibility and possibility are. The main disciplines within which the research moves are the philosophy of language, philosophy of logic, and ontology. (shrink)
Some Strong Conditionals for Sentential Logics.Jason Zarri - manuscriptdetails
In this article I define a strong conditional for classical sentential logic, and then extend it to three non-classical sentential logics. It is stronger than the material conditional and is not subject to the standard paradoxes of material implication, nor is it subject to some of the standard paradoxes of C. I. Lewis's strict implication. My conditional has some counterintuitive consequences of its own, but I think its pros outweigh its cons. In any case, one can always augment one's language (...) with more than one conditional, and it may be that no single conditional will satisfy all of our intuitions about how a conditional should behave. Finally, I suspect the strong conditional will be of more use for logic rather than the philosophy of language, and I will make no claim that the strong conditional is a good model for any particular use of the indicative conditional in English or other natural languages. Still, it would certainly be a nice bonus if some modified version of the strong conditional could serve as one. -/- I begin by exploring some of the disadvantages of the material conditional, the strict conditional, and some relevant conditionals. I proceed to define a strong conditional for classical sentential logic. I go on to adapt this account to Graham Priest's Logic of Paradox, to S. C. Kleene's logic K3, and then to J. Łukasiewicz's logic Ł, a standard version of fuzzy logic. (shrink)
Fuzziness and the Sorites Paradox.Marcelo Vasconez - 2006 - Dissertation, Catholic University of Louvaindetails
A Simple Logic for Comparisons and Vagueness.Theodore J. Everett - 2000 - Synthese 123 (2):263-278.details
This article provide an intuitive semantic account of a new logic for comparisons (CL), in which atomic statements are assigned both a classical truth-value and a "how much" value or extension in the range [0, 1]. The truth-value of each comparison is determined by the extensions of its component sentences; the truth-value of each atomic depends on whether its extension matches a separate standard for its predicate; everything else is computed classically. CL is less radical than Casari's comparative logics, in (...) that it does not allow for the formation of comparative statements out of truth-functional molecules. It is argued that CL provides a better analysis of predicate vagueness than classical logic, fuzzy logic or supervaluation theory. (shrink)
Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts. [REVIEW]George Lakoff - 1973 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (4):458 - 508.details

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Walter Merlo
2 Walter Merlo Height, Weight & Measurements
4 Walter Merlo Net Worth
5 Walter Merlo Social Network
6 Timeline of Walter Merlo
Walter Merlo was born on 18 May, 1965 in Cuneo, Italy, is an Italian long-distance runner. Discover Walter Merlo's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. Learn How rich is He in this year and how He spends money? Also learn how He earned most of networth at the age of 33 years old?
Birthday 18 May
Birthplace Cuneo, Italy
Date of death August 6, 1998,
Died Place Cuneo, Italy
Nationality Italian
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He is a member of famous Runner with the age 33 years old group.
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Walter Merlo Net Worth
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In 1987 his 7:47.61 on the 3000 metres indoor was the second best season performance at the world. This is still the fourth Italian best performance of all-time.
Walter Merlo (18 July 1965 – 8 August 1998) was an Italian long-distance runner who competed at one edition of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships at senior level (1989).
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You are here: Home / Archives for America
Civil society calls for protection of Piatúa River
On November 26, a coalition of civil society organizations and law professors submitted an amicus brief to Ecuador's Constitutional Court calling for the protection of the Piatúa River based on the Rights of Nature and Indigenous rights. The Piatúa River is under threat from a hydroelectric project that Ecuador's government approved without the free, prior, and informed … [Read more...]
Calling on banks to stop funding East African oil pipeline
Standard Bank, Africa's biggest lender, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) of Japan are reportedly about to finance a 1,443-kilometer crude oil pipeline through Uganda and Tanzania. If built, the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) would be the longest heated crude oil pipeline in the world. Extinction Rebellion SA condemns the pipeline project and will take … [Read more...]
South Africa's live cheetah export exposed
South Africa is well-known for its intensive captive lion breeding industry, but its captive cheetah breeding side has never received the same exposure. As with lions, captive bred cheetah cubs are taken away from their mothers within days of birth to be hand-reared, which starts the habituating process. They are then used for petting, walking with cheetahs, and as photo … [Read more...]
Ecological reflections on the coronavirus
The coronavirus health crisis is connected to the emergency of extinction, the disappearance of species and the climate emergency. All emergencies are rooted in a mechanistic, militaristic, anthropocentric world view of humans as separate from, and superior to other beings who we can own, manipulate and control. It is also rooted in an economic model based on the illusion … [Read more...]
The telecommunications industry and their experts have accused many scientists who have researched the effects of cell phone radiation of "fear mongering" over the advent of wireless technology's 5G. Since much of the scientists' research is publicly-funded, they believe it is their ethical responsibility to inform the public about what the peer-reviewed scientific literature … [Read more...]
Highly allergenic ragweed invades South Africa
This week scientists made a landmark discovery when ragweed – a highly allergenic weed native to North America – was detected in South African pollen spore traps for the very first time. The discovery was made by Dr Dilys Berman, an aerobiologist at UCT and Prof Jonny Peter, who heads up the UCT Lung Institute's Allergy Unit. Palynologist, Dr Frank Neumann, based at Wits … [Read more...]
Global day of protest planned against 5G rollout
While the media's attention with regard to environmental issues has been captured by climate change, fracking, and plastics in the ocean, the 5G Space Appeal has been has been quietly making its way around the world. Signed by 4,800 scientists, 2,800 medical doctors, 770 beekeepers, 2,000 environmental organizations, and 180,000 others from 202 countries and territories, … [Read more...]
Team effort needed to conserve South Africa's natural heritage
In three recent papers, South African biologists and environmentalists have listed pertinent research priorities for the next decade. These could help steer the protection of the country's plant and animal wealth, and that of the Cape Floristic Region in particular. The authors believe that the priorities set out could go a long way in addressing key threats raised in the … [Read more...]
SA government rejects new triple-stacked GM maize
The African Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) welcomes the decision of the South African biosafety authorities, rejecting Monsanto's application for the commercial release of its GM drought tolerant triple stacked maize: MON 87460 x MON 89034 x NK 603. At its meeting on the 2nd October 2018, the Executive Council: GMO Act, refused to authorize the GM maize for commercial growing … [Read more...]
Time to add giraffes to the Endangered Species List
After pictures of a 37-year-old American woman posing next to the carcass of a giraffe bull surfaced online, social media exploded in disgust. Kentucky-born Tess Thompson Talley posted the photos on Facebook with the caption: "Prayers for my once in a lifetime dream hunt came true today! Spotted this rare black giraffe bull and stalked him for quite a while." Will & … [Read more...]
Climate litigation creates a strong mandate for global climate action
Two years ago, a courageous law student, Sarah Thomson (pictured, right), sued the New Zealand Government over its weak climate targets. Now she's made history. On 2 November, 2017, the High Court of New Zealand issued a game-changing ruling. It found that climate change presents significant risks and government actions on climate change are subject to judicial scrutiny. The … [Read more...]
3 Dead as Hurricane Irma batters Florida coast
Hurricane Irma bore down on southern Florida on Sunday with 130 mile-per-hour (210 kph) winds, flooding Miami streets and knocking out power to more than 1.6 million homes and businesses. Even before it came ashore, Florida was feeling Irma's fury with at least one man killed, a woman forced to deliver her own baby and trees and apartment towers swaying in high winds. The … [Read more...]
Houston submerged by 'unprecedented' flooding after Hurricane Harvey
Tropical Storm Harvey sent devastating floods pouring into the nation's fourth-largest city on Sunday as rising water chased thousands of people to rooftops or higher ground and overwhelmed rescuers who could not keep up with the constant calls for help. The incessant rain covered much of Houston in turbid, gray-green water and turned streets into rivers navigable only by … [Read more...]


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It's just not quite the same
21/09/2021 by Joshua Nash
Figure 1: Joshua Nash speaking at Morten Kyndrup's departure reception at AIAS, 21 September 2019 (source: Jennifer Galloway)
On 21 September 2019, I was invited to give a speech at the departure reception of Professor Morten Kyndrup, former executive director and founder of Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, honoring his work in establishing the institute. I ended my address with a mention of a short skit I did with a Dutch friend for a Norwegian-American friend's birthday in August 2019. The birthday deal? No gifts, only performances.
My Dutch friend and I had been speaking a lot about a concept we were both enamoured by and heard often in Denmark spoken by Danes to non-Danes when the latter try to make sense of many things Danish: "Well, you see, it's just not quite the same."
The sketch went like this. I am Preben, a common name for late middle-aged Danish men. I am 55, I drive a truck, and I live in Viborg, a city 65 kilometres from Aarhus. Preben is quite happy to tell people, especially foreigners, in thickly accented Danish English about all the quintessential effects of Denmark. My Dutch mate is Jaap from the Netherlands, who has been in Denmark for two years.
Preben asks Jaap, "Have you heard of hygge?" "Oh, you mean cosiness?" says Jaap. "Ah, it's just not quite the same." Jaap adds: "In Dutch we call it gezelligheid." The conversation continues. "So, Jaap, have you heard of rugbrød?" "Oh, you mean rye bread?" "Um, it's just not quite the same." Preben prods further. "We have really many special cakes in Denmark. There is one we always eat at birthday parties." "Jaap interjects, "You mean lagkage?" "Erm, you know, it's just not quite the same." Jaap is getting a little bored, but gets really excited when a key idea is brought up, one which seems to be oh-so Danish: tryghed. Jaap is sure he has this one in the bag: "That means reassurance, safety, security, and the ideal that all bad things, matters which are not hyggelige, are kept as far away as possible from Danish society." Once again, Preben offers his appraisal. "Well, sorry, it's just not quite the same."
One starts pondering about to what extent languages have unique words that are really untranslatable. There are several books and websites* that list untranslatable words from many languages. They typically give the word in a foreign language, and then add the translation. Ergo, those words are not untranslatable. OK, these words are not translatable with a single word, but they can be circumscribed. You just need more words. A linguistic dogma tells us that everything can be expressed in every natural language. According to proponents of Natural Semantic Metalanguage, all meanings of all words in all languages can be reduced and circumscribed to some 65 semantic primes or universals.
People want to be different, but they turn out the same. People want to be the same, but they turn out to be different. It is the same with words. But it's just not quite the same because words themselves have no willpower.
*Some websites with untranslatable words:
https://ourworldenglish.com/28-untranslatable-words-from-around-the-world/
https://www.theintrepidguide.com/untranslatable-words-ultimate-list/
Some books:
They Have a Word For It: A Lighthearted Lexicon of Untranslatable Words and Phrases
by Howard Rheingold
Lost in Translation: An Illustrated Compendium of Untranslatable Words from Around the World
by Ella Frances Sanders
Other-Wordly: words both strange and lovely from around the world.
by Yee-Lum Mak and Kelsey Garrity-Riley
Joshua Nash's areas of research are linguistics, particularly pidgin and creole studies, the anthropology, ethnography, and geography of the Pacific, and island studies. He has written in architectural history, environmental humanities, creative writing, Indian ecology and environmentalism, migration and mobility studies, and social science in Australia and Oceania more broadly. Joshua loves several islands in the Pacific and in and around the continents of Australia and Europe.
Around Europe in Sixty Languages by Gaston Dorren. Book review. Is she biased? Are you? The language of The Julekalender Eli Fischer-Jørgensen (1911-2010) An exciting month awaits Lingoblog's English speaking readers… Dan Everett on the excitement of being a linguist
Tags Culture, Danish, Etnography, Hygge, Natural Semantic Metalanguage, Translation, Tryghed, Untranslatable Post navigation
My favorite popularizing book about linguistics (after "Limits of Language", that is)
Lang Belta: the Belter language from SYFY/Amazon's The Expanse
Aarhus Book review Caribbean Conversation analysis Corona Covid-19 Creole Creole languages Danish Danish West Indies Denmark Descriptive linguistics Dialect Discourse analysis Dutch Endangered languages English Ethics European languages Fieldwork Game of Thrones Grammar Historical Linguistics History Indigenous languages Julius Hoffory Karl Verner Language teaching Leipzig Linguistics Mixed languages Morphology Music Old Norse Otto Jespersen Phonetics Phonology pidgin Polysynthetic Psycholinguistics Research Social media Syntax Verners Law Virus


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SHOWING AT THE HOPKINS CENTER FOR THE ARTS
"Interview" and "After the Heist" were juried into the 28th Arts North International at the Hopkins Center for the Arts, just outside Minneapolis. January 14 – February 25, 2023
There Are Two Kinds of Porcupines
I love it when people say "There are two kinds of people". This phrase is followed by a statement describing what differentiates the two types. For example, "There are two types of porcupines in the world: those who ride tricycles wearing roller skates and those who read and drink tea." My attention perks up whenever someone talks about two types. It's revealing.
My porcupine model for this picture is a Minnesota porcupine named Dirk. He's like the porcupine on the tricycle. He's naughty. You shouldn't visit him wearing red shoes.
I chose primary schoolyard colors for this picture – red, blue and green – because the thinking behind the phrase is simplistic. Also because I don't think Dirk will make it out of grade school.
All this begs the question: Which kind of porcupine are you?
"What Happens in the Jungle" is a cautionary tale- a theme in art and literature meant to warn about a potential danger. The action happens left to right, as if you're reading or looking at a comic strip.
A dapper man sits casually in the left bumper car, oblivious to his predicament. He's come through a civilized door and is well-dressed. His car is robin's egg blue, a day-dream color. That's his world.
However, his jungle print jacket foreshadows jungle drama to come. He may not know what's about to happen, but his jacket does.
A tiger sits opposite, crouched over the steering wheel of his bumper car, focused in his hunt. His car is yellow for danger.
The fulcrum of the composition is a delicate urn on a narrow base, suggesting the fragility of life.
The landscape around them is dark and might hide troubling things. The sun is small and obscured behind clouds. The jungle is encroaching on the bricks. The bumper cars are on a circular platform, making the outcome unavoidable, and perhaps recurrent.
I have 1,453 photos of tigers to choose from. I used three together to make this tiger.
The photo I used for the girl in "After the Heist" was taken by George Edward Anderson, a prominent photographer of the west in the early 1900's. My great-great grandfather was his business partner for a time. Many of my family photos were taken by Anderson. Anderson had a gift for relaxing people in front of the camera and bringing out the heart of who they were. Many of the people look deeply into the lens, as Sophie does here. We know her name is Sophie, because of the pin on her collar.
The accomplices are relaxing after the heist. I'm fascinated by "Lover's Eye" jewelry. The chameleon is too and has stolen a nice one. The bird took something just his size, a little ring with a stone the same color as himself.
I wanted to connect the characters together visually with a string of pearls. I painted separate pearls in Photoshop with Photoshop brushes I've made, put all the pearls together into strands, one by one, and rotated them so their highlights and inner shadows worked with the picture's light source.
I like mixing a humorous subject with a serious, classical landscape. Here I've used bits of "Diana and Her Nymphs" by Laurent de La Hyre, 1644 as a background.


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Music ReviewsNewsEntertainment
Music Review: Rob Thomas
ARA JANSENThe West Australian
Tue, 23 February 2010 12:30PM
Sandalford Winery, February 21
Singer Rob Thomas told the big crowd just after sunset: "Let us be the house band for your good time."
For the next two hours the singer-songwriter, also the frontman for band Matchbox Twenty, performed most of the songs off his solo albums Something To Be and last year's Cradlesong to give the enthusiastic crowd their own memories. Thumping drums opened the set with Fire on the Mountain and pre-empted the powerful and adaptable band backing the singer.
While he's not huge on charisma but has a likable, easy presence, Thomas is the genuine article.
He's a songwriter with a sensitive insight into the world, who knows we're here for a short time and believes positive action and keeping the company of good people are life's greatest joys.
It may sound a little sentimental but Thomas' pop-rock songs drip with a desire to connect, to do good and bravely admit when he's messed up. Given one very uncomfortable moment not far from the stage, where security had to break up a fight, some people should have been listening more carefully.
The slinky Give Me the Meltdown was followed by the jaunty Real World '09 in a set which came off gently rougher and more fuzzed out than Thomas' recordings but which was brought to life by a tight band.
The new single, Mockingbird, the simply sweet Getting Late and the unrecorded Sunday Morning New York Blue were a nice foil to Streetcorner Symphony's party funk.
A momentary loss of stage lights did not outwardly faze Thomas as he sat down at the piano for Natural, and the one spotlight actually added an appropriately haunting atmosphere.
The audience gently sang along to songs such as Something To Be and Someday before a cheer went up for Her Diamonds, the song Thomas wrote for his wife, who has a rare autoimmune disorder.
The couples behind me were animatedly deciding which Matchbox Twenty songs the singer would choose.
Knowing he has always kept the two quite separate, it was a surprise when he pulled out Bent.
Even better, though, was that Thomas did it solo on acoustic guitar, a rare treat which harked back to how its original demo might have sounded. He did Smooth, the three-time Grammy-winning song with Carlos Santana, the same way.
Another cool surprise was the cover of Bowie's Let's Dance in the encore, which was sexy and just a little smouldering.
With This is How a Heart Breaks, Thomas had satisfyingly covered everything before heading home to New York to start on a new Matchbox Twenty album.


Love is in the (purified) air for Gwyneth.
Update: 9/22/15 After a year of keeping their courtship on the down-low, Gwynnie and her American Horror Story producer boyfriend, Brad Falchuk, have made things Instagram official, so you know it's serious.
At the premiere of Scream Queens—which Falchuk co-created with Ryan Murphy and Ian Brennan—Brad posted this milestone snap, which he captioned, "My date and I." Telling. Also grammatically incorrect.
She also began following him on Insta for the first time last night which can only mean that she's really ready to take her relationship to the next level—you know, the stage where you can unabashedly stalk and like photos without having to play coy because you're like bf/gf so it's cool.
Sources tell Page Six that the two are "openly dating," which, we all know leads directly to biblically-named baby-making.
Though they're not quite prepared for their coming out cotillion a.k.a. walking the red carpet as an "item," they are apparently attending "private Hollywood parties," together which we can only assume means that they've been on double dates with Bey and Jay, Gwyneth's besties.
People like to hate on Gwyneth—perhaps because she says things like "I'd rather smoke crack than eat cheese from a tin"—but despite the fact that she's often maligned, we respect how discretely she's been conducting her dating business. She does have two children, after all. So, kudos to you Gwyneth.


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With the World Watching (John 17:20-26)
by James C. Somerville
James G. Somerville is pastor of Wingate Baptist Church and adjunct professor of religion and philosophy at Wingate (North Carolina) University.
This article appeared in the Christian Century, May 13, 1998, p. 497, copyright by the Christian Century Foundation and used by permission. Current articles and subscription information can be found at www.christiancentury.org. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted & Winnie Brock.
Jesus' prayer for unity among his followers has not been answered. We are not all one.
Imagine that you are sitting in a darkened movie theater, eating popcorn. You have already seen three previews of coming attractions and now it is time for the feature presentation. The screen goes black, and from the speakers you begin to hear the sounds of a meal in progress -- the clink of utensils, the murmur of conversation. As the picture swims up out of the darkness you see men in robes reclining around a collection of greasy plates, bowls, pitchers, cups, some of them still eating, reaching out with a piece of bread to sop up the last bit of gravy. "Jerusalem, AD. 33," announces the subtitle as the camera slowly zooms in on the solemn face of a man who takes a long look at each of the others, then turns his eyes toward heaven.
"Holy Father," he sighs, "I pray that they might be one, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. And then, closing his eyes, clenching his fists, he prays with urgency, "Let them be one, Father, let them be ONE!" The camera tilts up crazily from his face into a sky full of swirling stars as the title score swells in the background and the name of the film appears on the screen. As the opening credits roll, the whole history of the church unfolds in a kaleidoscope of images tumbling down through the centuries, until the director's name fades from the screen, the music dies and you hear the steady buzz of a crowded modern convention hall.
"Let me have your attention, please," says a man at the podium, and as he bangs his gavel we learn that this is "Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1999." The convention hall is quiet. "Let me welcome you to this international, interdenominational gathering of Christians," he says with a smile. "As you know, our purpose in these three days is to find some common ground, to draft a confession of faith for the year 2000 with which we all can agree, adding with a chuckle, "impossible as that sounds. We'll do it like this: Each of you should have received a large card, red on one side, green on the other. As I read the following statements and ask for a vote, show me the green side if you agree, the red side if you don't. Then we'll go on to the next statement. All right? The first statement from our panel is this one: 'Jesus was born of a virgin.' Remember, green side if you agree. Red side if you don't."
The camera slowly pans a sea of red and green cards, just about evenly divided. The moderator chuckles again, but nervously. "It looks like a tie," he says. "Let's go on to the next statement and see if we can do any better."
But before he can say another word an argument breaks out on the convention floor. News cameras converge on the scene as one of the delegates shouts at another, "If you don't believe Jesus was born of a virgin, then you don't belong in this meeting!" He grabs the other man's card and sends it sailing across the room like a Frisbee. Then it's bedlam, with everybody reaching, snatching cards, throwing punches. The moderator ducks behind the podium as red and green cards rain down on the platform. Cameras flash like fireworks.
The next morning's Milwaukee Sentinel carries this headline: "Christian Convention Erupts in Violence: Delegates Disagree on Virgin Birth." In a downtown café, a truck driver points to the picture as a waitress fills his coffee cup. "Willya look at that? Ain't that the biggest crock you've ever seen? And my mother-in-law wonders why I don't go to church!"
The church is sadly fragmented. There are hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Christian denominations in the world divided along lines of doctrinal difference. The prayer Jesus offered up nearly 2000 years ago has not been answered. We are not "all one." And if you pay attention to his words you can see what a problem we have. "Holy Father," he said, "I pray that they may all be one, so that the world may believe that you have sent me." If we don't show some unity, then the world won't believe. But is there any point on which we can agree?
Three days later, the Milwaukee convention hail is in a shambles. Folding chairs are overturned and trash fills the aisles. The delegates are looking sullen, many of them with bandaged heads, arms in slings. The moderator steps cautiously to the podium and announces in a tired voice, "We will close our, um, meeting with communion. Ushers will pass the elements from the aisle." And as the plates travel down the rows, from
white to black to yellow hand, a silence falls on that room.
When everyone is holding both bread and cup, a retired minister gets up slowly from his chair, shuffles to the podium and invokes the ancient formula: "On the night that he was betrayed Jesus took bread, and when he had blessed it he broke it, and said, 'This is my body, broken for you."'
And then he stops, as if he has forgotten what to say next. For several minutes he stands in that deafening silence, staring at the broken loaf in his hands. From somewhere in front of him, a young woman whispers, "The body of Christ was broken for me." The man beside her hears it and whispers: "The body of Christ was broken for me." Then it ripples across the congregation like a breeze, until every voice in that room is whispering in unison: "The body of Christ was broken for us!"
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Wonderful Log Cabin community only 1 mile from the New River! Talons is a unique subdivision comprised of year round and second homes located just a few minutes Northeast of Boone on Bald Mountain. Lot 10 is a -+ acre, gently sloping wooded lot with some view possible, underground utilities and community water. Septic system already installed for a 2 bedroom home, which it shares with Lot 11. This is the perfect location to build your mountain retreat! Hardin Road access from Hwy 421 is now being paved.


This Agreement ("Agreement") for sideb.io program services is made effective as of the online initiation fee payment date or online agreement acceptance date, by and between the Company Name submitted with initiation fee payment or as submitted via online agreement ("Company", "you" and "your") and Stromden Consulting Inc. ("Stromden", "SCI", "us" and "we") of Orange County, California.
1. DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES. SCI engages in the business of providing consulting services or referring third party services pertaining to the electronic payments and related industries ("Services"). Beginning on effective date, SCI may provide Services to Company regarding, but not limited to, the following practice areas.
2. PAYMENT. Accepted payment types are credit card, PayPal and ACH. Initiation Fee payment is due at time of program purchase. Monthly Fee payments are auto-debited from the payment account provided during account setup. All payments are processed in USD. Company agrees to pay SCI invoices in full without any offsets. SCI has the option to treat any failure to pay as a material breach of this Agreement and, in addition to any other right or remedy provided by law, may cancel this Agreement related projects and Service and seek legal remedies.
To calculate monthly billing fees accurately, Company agrees to provide SCI online access to payment processing statements. In the event SCI is dependent on Company providing monthly processing statements, statements are to be received by the 5th of each month per the statement upload process provided to Company during account setup. Late statements will incur a 10% late billing charge. Non-receipt of statement will incur a 15% late billing charge and SCI will use total annualized processing volume calculation to generate monthly billing fee. Any necessary adjustments (plus or minus) will be occur on the following billing cycle.
3. TERM AND TERMINATION. This Agreement takes effect upon effective date and expires after final billing of month 12 following commercial launch with new payment provider. An early termination fee equal to program fee pricing times total annual processing volume approved by payment provider will be due immediately upon notice of termination, regardless of next invoice due date, if terminated by Company prior to commercial live date of new payment provider(s) or early termination of new provider merchant agreement prior to end of 12 month program term.
4. CONFIDENTIALITY. Unless otherwise contracted, by accepting the program terms, Company agrees to Stromden's Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement ("MNDA").
5. MARKETING AND BRAND ASSETS. Unless otherwise contracted, by accepting program terms, Company authorizes SCI to use Company name and logo in SCI marketing materials or SCI owned websites in our "Who We Help" and other client listings following 1st month of commercial live date.
6. TRAVEL & EXPENSE POLICY. Local bookings are free of charge. The definition of local booking is any appointment location within 50 miles (100 miles round trip) of Irvine, CA 92618. Non-local bookings are subject to Stromden's Travel Policy. Click here to review full policy.
Expenses incurred to arrange travel or facilitate meetings will be invoiced to Company at cost via separate reimbursable expense invoice. Reimbursable expense invoices are subject to payment terms under Section 2 and are due upon receipt.
7. REMEDIES. In addition to any and all other rights a party may have available according to law, if a party defaults by failing to substantially perform any provision, term or condition of this Agreement the other party may terminate the Contract by providing written notice to the defaulting party. This notice shall describe with sufficient detail the nature of the default. The party receiving such notice shall have thirty (30) days from the effective date of such notice to cure the default(s). Unless waived in writing by a party providing notice, the failure to cure the default(s) within such time period shall result in the automatic termination of this Agreement.
8. FORCE MAJEURE. If performance of this Agreement or any obligation under this Agreement is prevented, restricted, or interfered with by causes beyond either party's reasonable control ("Force Majeure"), and if the party unable to carry out its obligations gives the other party prompt written notice of such event, then the obligations of the party invoking this provision shall be suspended to the extent necessary by such event. The term Force Majeure shall include, without limitation, acts of God, fire, explosion, vandalism, storm or other similar occurrence, orders or acts of military or civil authority, or by national emergencies, insurrections, riots, or wars, or strikes, lock-outs, work stoppages, or supplier failures. The excused party shall use reasonable efforts under the circumstances to avoid or remove such causes of non-performance and shall proceed to perform with reasonable dispatch whenever such causes are removed or ceased. An act or omission shall be deemed within the reasonable control of a party if committed, omitted, or caused by such party, or its employees, officers, agents, or affiliates.
9. DISPUTE RESOLUTION. The parties will attempt to resolve any dispute out of or relating to this Agreement through friendly negotiations amongst the parties. If the matter is not resolved by negotiation, the parties will resolve the dispute using the below Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedure.
Any controversies or disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement will be resolved by binding arbitration under the rules of the American Arbitration Association. The arbitrator's award will be final, and judgment may be entered upon it by any court having proper jurisdiction.
10. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This non-exclusive Agreement contains the entire terms of the parties as it pertains to Services. There are no other promises or conditions in any other contract, whether oral or written, dictating different terms than what are represented here.
11. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this Agreement will be held to be invalid or unenforceable for any reason, the remaining provisions will continue to be valid and enforceable. If a court finds that any provision of this Agreement is invalid or unenforceable, but that by limiting such provision it would become valid and enforceable, then such provision will be deemed to be written, construed, and enforced as so limited.
12. ASSIGNMENT. We cannot assign this Agreement without your prior written consent, except that we may assign this Agreement to an entity qualified to perform our obligations under this Agreement. You cannot assign or transfer your rights or delegate your responsibilities under this Agreement without our prior written consent.
13. PARTIES. In providing services to you, we will not be acting in the capacity of your agent, partner, or joint venture, and we are acting as an independent contractor.
14. AMENDMENT. This Agreement may be modified or amended in writing by mutual agreement between the parties, if the writing is signed by the party obligated under the amendment.
15. INDEMNITY. Company understands the nature of SCI Services are for consultative purposes only and agrees to indemnify SCI, its employees, agents, and representatives from any losses, liabilities, and damages of any and every kind that may result from a Company implementation, contract or vendor engagement for which an SCI project or Services were available. Additionally, while performing Services, SCI may refer Company to outside vendor(s) to engage independently. Company agrees to indemnify SCI, its employees, agents, and representatives from any losses, liabilities, and damages of any and every kind that may be caused by any outside vendor Company chooses to engage directly regardless of existence of SCI referral. The indemnity provided under this Section 15 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.
16. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. We retain all ownership and copyright interest in and to any and all intellectual property, computer programs, related documentation, technology, know-how and processes developed by us and provided in connection with this Contract (collectively, the "Our Intellectual Property"), and we grant you a non-exclusive license to use Our Intellectual Property for the limited purpose of performing under this Contract. You acknowledge that the non-exclusive license granted herein is limited to your own use exclusively and that you do not have the right to sub-license or resell any of Our Intellectual Property in either its original or modified form. Merchant shall not give any third party, except Company's employees, access to Our Intellectual Property without our prior written consent. Company obligations under this Section 16 shall survive the termination of this Contract.
17. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California. Company agrees to submit to the venue jurisdiction of the courts in Orange County, CA for any litigation arising out of or relating to this Contract.
18. NOTICES. Except as otherwise provided in this Contract, all notices must be given in writing and either hand delivered or mailed first class, postage prepaid (and deemed to be delivered when mailed) to the addresses set forth below or to such other address as either party may from time to time specify to the other party in writing.
If to Company, then to Company Address submitted with online proposal acceptance.
19. WAIVER OF CONTRACTUAL RIGHT. The failure of either party to enforce any provision of this Contract shall not be construed as a waiver of limitation of that party's right to subsequently enforce and compel strict compliance with every provision of this Contract.
20. ATTORNEY'S FEES TO PREVAILING PARTY. In any action arising hereunder or any separate action pertaining to the validity of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney's fees and costs, both in the trial court and on appeal.
21. CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION. The rule requiring construction or interpretation against the drafter is waived. The document shall be deemed as if it were drafted by both parties in a mutual effort.


Each year millions of visitors pour into Santiago which has a wide variety of accommodation to handle those who flock here for religious reasons, business meetings or simply to enjoy the many delights of one of Spain's most beautiful cities.
The city's status as one of the leading religious centres of the Christian world, its famous university and its importance as the administrative capital of Galicia have all led to the development of different types of accommodation to suit all needs and budgets.
Historic buildings have been sympathetically converted into luxurious hotels, modern hotels have sprung up to meet the demands of the business fraternity and cheap hostals shelter the many budget conscious "pilgrims" who arrive here via the Santiago Way.
Without doubt the most famous hotel here is the glorious Hotel Dos Reis Catolicos in the Plaza do Obradoiro. It's believed to be the oldest hotel in the world and is certainly one of the most spectacular in Europe.
Now the jewel in the crown of the state run chain of Paradors, the hotel had humble beginnings at the end of the 15th century when it was created as a pilgrims' hospital by a royal decree from King Ferdinand and his Queen Isabella.
It originally served as a shelter for devout worshippers visiting the tomb of St James after their exhausting journey along the Camino de Santiago.
If you're a poor exhausted pilgrim these days there's no way you're going to be able to afford to stay here but take the opportunity of a guided tour. The hotel is built around four courtyards, each with its own covered walkway, gardens and fountains.
A Gothic chapel hosts weekly concerts and the sumptuous rooms range from the dictator Franco's former bedchamber to palatial suites with canopied beds, oil paintings and hand carved antique furniture.
Another historic hotel providing first class facilities is the luxurious AC Palacio del Carmen in the city centre near the Obradoiro Square. Once the old Convent of las Oblatas, the elegant architecture of this five star hotel will make you feel as though you've stepped back in time.whilst still enjoying ultra modern services. Hotel facilities include a jogging track, sauna, gym, heated pool and sophisticated business centre with modem hook ups, secretarial services and video conferencing.
There are many mid range three and four star hotels, many of which provide excellent business facilities and health and fitness centres.
If you're watching the old Euros, head for one of the city's hostals or pensions which provide much more basic facilities but clean and comfortable accommodation at an exceptionally good price.
Students are well catered for with special accommodation blocks, shared self catering apartments and host families who accommodate those on short term study courses.
If you're heading for the city via the Santiago Way and you've successfully applied for a special pilgrims' pass you'll be able to stay at one of the very basic "refugios" for next to nothing. These are religious shelters, traditionally set up to provide shelter for poor pilgrims. But don't forget your sleeping bag (and ear plugs because chances are you'll find yourself sleeping next to the world's champion snorer!).


UX research, strategy and design - Ethical Design Co.
UX (user experience) design for websites, web apps and other software products.
Our HCD (human-centred design) approach to UX allows us to think outside the box to help you gain insights into who your users are and what they are trying to achieve, and then design the most effective visual cues to help them get there.
We use a variety of tools that are centred around standard UX practice, but we include some anthropological techniques that will provide deeper qualitative insights.
We draw upon Sonja's unique skills in Design Anthropology, i.e. her understanding of how we design the world around us in order to find meaning in our human existence. We know how to work past our internal biases and design for everyone, for real needs, and for a sustainable future.
What does a UX design project involve?
Ethical print management and sustainable design strategy for print. If you are in Australia, we can take care of all your print needs.


Wow, what a sad state of affairs we evidently live in when a corporation like Vail Resorts feels it has to flex its muscles by blowing up some shacks that are hidden and well off the beaten path of any of the tourists on any given mountain on any given day. The reality is that Vail Resorts has probably known about these "smoke shacks" for a much longer time then they are admitting to. I say this as an avid border who has ridden on every Vail Resort mountain in Colorado, and one who has ridden "sober" and "high" hundreds of times on those mountains with out any incidents or accidents ever. I say this because I have been in many smoke shacks and they are not easy to find unless you are a local and unless you have the inside knowledge that only locals have.
The infamous "Leo's" was obviously not built in days, or even weeks. The reality is, it took multiple seasons to build. I say this because I was witness to its multi tiered evolutions over several seasons. Hence the Ski Patrol had to have been aware of it, given the thousands of "sweeps" they make each season.
This whole thing is really not about the actual threat of any accidents on the mountain, but rather the corporate giant simply flexing its corporate muscles all in the name of greed. As a local, I have seen Vail Resorts treat its employees as second rate citizens, in comparison to its precious tourists, over the ten years I have lived in Colorado, more times then I care to count.
As a recreational smoker who has been partaking since my college days (I am now 46), I have never witnessed anything violent about marijuana. On the contrary, I have only witnessed, happiness and inspiration as the result of the ingestion of this mystical "weed." If anything, I have experienced a higher level (no pun intended) of focus and concentration.
My real point here is all this "blow back" is not really about some locals building shacks and smoking some weed in those secluded spots. The reality is, this is a desperate effort to cling on to an old paradigm, a myth that no longer exists. Lets face it folks, weed is here to stay, and we locals like to play. Weed is not dangerous, there is no proof anywhere that it impairs judgment or the ability to ski or board.


It is a four-vet practice that cares for companion pets, such as cats, dogs, rabbits and some other pets, like birds, reptiles and fishes.They have been a veterinary nurse Training Practice for many years and currently have six listed VNs.
The Mayhew Animal Home is one of the busiest and most effective rescue centres in London, helping thousands of animals escape from a life of cruelty and neglect each year. They provide shelter and care for cats, dogs, rabbits and variety of other animals.
we were abit worried about taking our dog for her first hair cut, as we have only had her a short time, but when we saw our little girl after your treatment we were so happy to see what you had achieved. she will never go any where else!