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home mental health centerTopic Guide
Medical Author: Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MD
What Are Club Drugs?
What Are Amphetamines?
What Is Ecstasy?
What Are Other Stimulants Used Recreationally?
What Are PCP and Ketamine?
What Are Date-Rape Drugs?
What Are Inhalants?
What Are Other Club Drugs?
How Is Club Drug Abuse and Dependence Diagnosed?
What Is the Treatment for Club Drug Abuse and Dependence?
How Do I Prevent Club Drug Abuse and Dependence?
What Is the Prognosis of Club Drug Abuse and Dependence?
Pictures of The Effects of Club Drugs on the Brain
Club Drugs Topic Guide
A wave of new drugs has become increasingly popular with today's adolescents and young adults. These drugs are commonly known as club drugs, a term originating from the rave phenomenon. Many club drugs are also called designer drugs, referring to the fact that many of the drugs are manmade (for example, Ecstasy or ketamine) rather than found in or derived from nature (for example, marijuana or opium derivatives). Raves are all-night dance parties with loud, pounding music and flashing lights stimulating vigorous dancing.
History: Initially popular in England in the 1980s, raves are now very popular in the United States. They are often held in inconspicuous places such as warehouses and are frequently announced with short notice. Unique to the rave experience, a stimulatory barrage -- frequently augmented by mind-altering drugs -- overloads the senses.
Trends in drug use: The rave phenomenon in the United States has increased the frequency of use of club drugs. In a study of ecstasy (a popular club drug) use in raves, 89% of rave attendees reported using ecstasy at least once, and nearly 50% reported use within the past month. This study also found that current ecstasy users were more likely than nonusers and past users to have smoked marijuana and snorted powder cocaine within the past 12 months.
Emerging recreational drug use: Club drugs have reflected changing trends in the recreational use of drugs in teens and young adults. These new types of drugs are often related to parental compounds of "traditional" drugs such as amphetamines and LSD. In other cases, they reflect the availability of cheap products creatively made from common items. As new recreational drugs emerge, potential users must be well informed of their associated risks. Unfortunately, many young people are obtaining this critical information from Internet sites that often provide incorrect and misleading information. In order to provide accurate information about commonly abused club drugs, professionally written summaries should be available to caregivers, adolescents, and young adults.
Frequency of use: Club drugs are not only popular in raves but are often used in other social settings frequented by adolescents and young adults. In a hearing before the Senate Caucus on International Drug Control, the director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse reported an increase in the use of club drugs, especially ecstasy, among those older than 12 years. This is reflected in statistics like those reporting use of club drugs increasing from 5.1 million in 1999 to 6.5 million in 2000. While the rate of Ecstasy use has decreased somewhat since 2001, its potentially devastating medical complications continue to make its use a significant health risk. Emergency department visits related to the drug gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as the "date-rape" drug, also increased dramatically from 1994 to 2000 (from 56 cases in 1994 to 4,969 cases in 2000); however, there has been somewhat of a decline in the use of GHB in the past decade.
Importance of education: As the use of these new drugs increases, it becomes increasingly important to educate young people and their parents and guardians about the risks associated with club drug use.
Internet sites can be misleading, and some people are using these sites for information. One site (DanceSafe) tries to educate nonaddicted users to the risks of club drugs. It offers free testing of tablets submitted by mail and sells home testing kits to analyze the content of pills. The site even goes so far as to compare the risks of drugs to other activities. It states, for example, that Ecstasy and GHB are less risky than giving birth, motorsports, or water sports. Sites like this imply that club drugs are non-addicting and not significantly risky. This is simply untrue.
The medical literature reports that club drugs can be addictive and put users at risk for long-term consequences, including death.
Methamphetamine, also known as crystal, meth, crystal meth, ice, speed, tina, and crank, is an amphetamine derivative with similar stimulant properties. Ice began as a major drug problem in Japan. It first appeared in Hawaii and California in the mid-1980s and has now become one of the top illicit drugs in the West and Midwest.
What it looks like: Methamphetamine powder can be inhaled, smoked, injected, or ingested. The inhaled or ingested powder eliminates the use of a needle, is longer lasting, and is often odorless, colorless, and tasteless. Crystal, also known as crank, meth, or crystal meth on the street, is a white or yellow product easily created in amateur laboratories. Many illicit chemists have used lead acetate as a substrate for its production, which can cause severe lead poisoning. Methamphetamine can be injected for an intense high, or it can be snorted.
What it does: After the initial stimulating rush, a state of high agitation typically ensues, which may lead to violent and dangerous behavior. "Tweaking" is the term used to describe this agitated and often psychotic state. During this time, other short-term effects may include delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia, and users are at the greatest risk of being a danger to themselves and others. Some of the warning signs and symptoms of stimulant addiction include the following:
Irritability, nervousness
Wide mood swings, depression
Unreasonable fear, suspicion
Significant weight loss
Irregular sleep pattern
Clogged, runny nose
Neglect of work and studies
Withdrawal from family
Change in friends
Loss of money
Harmful effects: Methamphetamine highs can last up to 20 hours; heavy users may stay awake for several days. Additional health risks include heart attacks, strokes, weight loss, malnutrition, fluid buildup in the lungs, and death. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug. It can damage nerve cells, thus causing mental impairment. Withdrawal results in abdominal cramps, gastroenteritis, headache, lethargy, breathing troubles, increased appetite, and profound depression (occasionally ending in suicide).
Ecstasy is the street name for the hallucinogenic methamphetamine derivative methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). First used in psychiatric patients, it became a popular recreational drug because of its hallucinogenic effects. Other street names for ecstasy include X, E, XTC, Adam, M&M, bean, roll, clarity, and essence. It gained popularity in the 1980s and can now be purchased on the street alongside other street drugs like cocaine and heroin.
What it looks like: Ecstasy is usually taken in capsule or tablet form, although it can also be crushed into a powder and injected, snorted, or smoked. The tablets often come imprinted with popular logos such as Mercedes, Gucci, Nike, Versace, Rolls Royce, Golden Arches, and even Teletubbies.
What it does: Ecstasy is a popular club drug because of its stimulant properties. Stimulants act on the body by constricting blood flow in the veins and arteries, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, eye pupil dilation, and sweating. The effects of the drug begin 15-60 minutes after ingestion and last one to six hours. This enables users to dance vigorously for long periods. Ecstasy also enhances feelings of emotional closeness (leading to the nickname "love drug") combined with a sense that everything will be all right.
Harmful effects: Ecstasy increases chemicals in the body known as catecholamines. These chemicals cause blood vessel constriction and increase heart rate, which can lead to dehydration, high blood pressure, and severe rises in body temperature. It can result in complications like heart attacks, heart failure, strokes, and kidney failure. Death following chronic ecstasy use has been reported. Early deaths are most often due to dehydration that leads to heart, kidney, and liver failure. Later deaths most commonly result from seizures and a condition that causes abnormal chemistries in the blood.
Ecstasy also elevates serotonin levels in the brain, thus causing hallucinations, decreasing appetite, and increasing body temperature. Ecstasy has been shown to damage brain cells, specifically neurons releasing serotonin. "Club kids" often chew on pacifiers to counteract bruxism, or teeth grinding, a common side effect of ecstasy. Chronic use may also lead to chronic mood instability, cognitive impairment, increased impulsivity, or psychosis. Withdrawal symptoms have not been reported.
Ephedrine: Ephedrine is a stimulant similar to amphetamine and is found naturally in the Chinese herbal medicine "ma-huang" and in "Mormon's tea." College students and truck drivers use it for its stimulant effect. Incorrectly viewed as a safe alternative to amphetamines, this "herbal ecstasy" has been associated with strokes and deaths in adolescents.
Ritalin: Ritalin (generic name, methylphenidate) is a central nervous system stimulant known on the street as vitamin R, R-ball, and skippy. This drug is used to manage attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulants are the primary drugs used in treatment of this disorder and are effective 90% of the time. In the 1990s, the prevalence of methylphenidate use increased by 250% compared to the 1980s, but its use has somewhat declined in the past 10 years.
What it looks like: Ritalin is a very difficult drug to make on the street, so users get Ritalin by taking prescriptions for medication written for others. Available in 5-, 10-, and 20-mg immediate-release tablets, the effects of Ritalin last up to four hours. Ritalin 20-mg, sustained-release tablets and Concerta (generic name, methylphenidate) 18-, 36-, and 54-mg extended-release tablets are used illegally on the street and sell for about $5. The legitimate wholesale price is about $0.28 to $1.03 per tablet.
What it does: When used as prescribed, Ritalin reduces hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness. On the street, the drug is used by crushing the tablet and snorting the powder through the nose or by crushing the tablets and dissolving the powder in water before injecting it. Both routes produce euphoria similar to that of cocaine. It is usually taken orally to stay awake.
Harmful effects: These include palpitations, hallucinations, paranoia, fainting, agitation, dizziness, seizures, tremors, fever, sweating, chest pain, and irregular heartbeats, liver dysfunction, and death. Chronic use can result in withdrawal, which produces symptoms such as lethargy, paranoia, apathy, and depression. These symptoms are similar to those of amphetamine (speed) withdrawal.
Similar drugs: dextroamphetamine/amphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Concerta), dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), etc.
What are opioids used to treat? See Answer
Phencyclidine (PCP): PCP is also known as angel dust, Love Boat, lovely, elephant tranquilizer, crystal, crystal joints (CJs), TAC, hog, and the sheets. It was first used in the 1950s as a general anesthetic with rapid onset but few side effects. It was rapidly discontinued in the mid-1960s because it created problems such as losing contact with reality or depression for people after surgery. By the late 1960s, it was solely used as a veterinary tranquilizer.
PCP abuse started in San Francisco, where the drug was known as the Peace Pill. PCP abuse first became widespread during the 1970s. The drug is easy and inexpensive to make and is often sold as other drugs, such as psilocybin, cocaine, amphetamine, LSD, and synthetic THC (marijuana). This has added to its wide consumption.
What it looks like: Phencyclidine is available as white powder, liquid, tablets, leaf mixtures, and rock crystal forms. It is readily absorbed in water and alcohol. It can be smoked, inhaled, ingested, and injected. Leaf mixtures are made by sprinkling powder on tobacco, marijuana, mint, or parsley. Menthol cigarettes dipped into liquid PCP are known as supercools. Other names of cigarette PCP mixtures are hydro, dip, dippers, wet, and fry.
What it does: PCP produces a dissociative state or an "out-of-body" experience. It produces symptoms similar to ketamine. The effects are felt most quickly with intravenous use (within minutes) and usually last for four to six hours. PCP crosses into the brain to produce dissociative symptoms (feeling disconnected), amnesia, delirium, disordered thought processes, frequent loss of ideas, paranoia, apathy, depersonalization (for example, the user feels like they are out of their own body, perhaps watching themselves as if they are on television), illusions, and delusions.
Harmful effects: In large overdoses, symptoms can last from 24-48 hours. The dissociation can resemble schizophrenia. An overdose can produce high blood pressure, hostility, and alterations of body images. These unintentional actions have resulted in people jumping from heights. Neurologic signs, such as uncontrolled eye movements, inability to maintain balance, and difficulty speaking, may also occur. Users may lose consciousness (pass out) with large doses.
Ketamine: Ketamine, also known as special K, K, vitamin K, and fort dodge, is a derivative of PCP (a powerful psychedelic drug) that has become increasingly popular. Although more difficult to produce than PCP, users can obtain large, inexpensive quantities from some veterinary pharmacies. Ketamine is commonly used in hospitals for sedation and pain relief.
What it looks like: Ketamine is abused in clubs and other social situations. Most often, ketamine is inhaled, but it may also be injected into muscle or fat just below the skin or placed into the rectum. It has also been used to ease the crash associated with cocaine or amphetamine binges.
What it does: Ketamine increases blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and salivation. The clinical effects begin within minutes and last up to an hour. Overdose, which is often referred to as falling into a "K hole," is common. Overdose is characterized by severe brain-body dissociation, or inability to sense what the environment is really like, and vomiting, restlessness, and tiredness. Ketamine can also produce an emergence reaction resulting in nightmares, floating sensation, visual and hearing disturbances, out-of-body experiences, agitation, and confusion that last up to a day after drug use. During this time, users are not necessarily asleep and usually remember the event.
Harmful effects: Although the long-term effects of ketamine abuse have not been well studied, it is suggested that out-of-body experiences may recur even without the additional use of the drug, and psychosis (severe mental instability) from chronic use may occur.
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, is a hypnotic depressant known on the street by several names: easy lay, Georgia home boy, liquid X, liquid ecstasy, liquid E, grievous body harm, Gib, G-riffic, natural sleep-500, gamma-oh, cherry meth, scoop, soap, salty water, organic Quaalude, fantasy, sodium oxybate, somatomax, and gamma hydrate. GHB is perhaps most commonly known as the date-rape drug.
What it looks like: GHB usually comes in a liquid form that can be mixed with other liquids. Recipes for home synthesis are available on the Internet. 3-butyrolactone and 1,4 butanediol are derivatives of GHB that are converted to GHB after ingestion. They are often purchased by body builders at health food stores for their purported muscle-building and fat-burning qualities. GHB is less commonly available in the capsule form.
What it does: GHB is a nervous system depressant similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid. Its effects range from drowsiness, forgetfulness, and loss of muscle tone to seizure-like activity, slowed heartbeat and breathing, and coma. The coma lasts one to two hours, with full recovery usually occurring by eight hours. In the date-rape scenario, it is often slipped into an unwitting victim's drink. By January 2000, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency had reported 60 deaths associated with GHB use. High school kids have been reported to use this substance as an alternative to alcohol. It leaves no odor for parents to detect, and the effects are gone by the time users return home from a night out.
Harmful effects: Effects of the drug begin 15-60 minutes after use and typically last up to six hours. It can be detected in the urine up to 12 hours after ingestion. Tolerance (progressive decreased susceptibility to a drug's effects), dependence (compulsion to take a drug to experience its psychic effects or to avoid the discomfort of its absence), and withdrawal reactions have been reported with GHB use. Respiratory depression can be severe enough to require life support on a ventilator or breathing machine until the drug effects wear off.
Rohypnol (generic name, flunitrazepam) a potent benzodiazepine (a class of tranquilizing agents), is known as Mexican Valium, circles, roofies, la rocha, roche, R2, rope, and forget-me pill. It is available in more than 60 countries in Europe and Latin America, where its legitimate use includes preoperative anesthesia. This drug is not available in North America for sale or prescription. It is usually brought into the United States by mail. Florida, California, and Texas are the states that have had the most confiscations of rohypnol.
What it looks like: The pills usually include a single score, the Roche imprint, and "1" or "2" to denote the tablet strength. The tablets are usually 1 or 2 mg in strength and are relatively cheap at only $5 per pill. Flunitrazepam is 10 times more potent than diazepam (the generic name for Valium) and is thus considered a cheap high. Rohypnol is odorless and colorless, making it easy to slip into someone's drink. Rohypnol has been associated with date rape.
What it does: Rohypnol in low doses is a sedative and muscle relaxant. In higher doses, it can cause lack of muscle control, amnesia, loss of inhibitions, and loss of consciousness. The effects are usually worsened with alcohol. Sedation occurs within 30 minutes after ingestion, with peak effects at two hours. As little as 1 mg can impair an individual for eight to 12 hours.
Harmful effects: Adverse effects include low blood pressure, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances, inability to urinate fully, and, in some users, aggressive behavior. Dependence on flunitrazepam can occur. Withdrawal produces symptoms such as headache, tension, extreme anxiety, restlessness, muscle pain, light sensitivity, numbness and tingling of arms and legs, and even seizures.
Detection: Benzodiazepines are easily detectable on most urine drug screens. However, flunitrazepam is used in such small doses and is so rapidly metabolized that it is not detected on standard drug screens, although it can be detected by specialized laboratories.
Inhalant abuse is also increasingly popular in adolescents and young adults. An inhalant is a vapor you breathe in. Of first-time inhalant users in 1998, 62% were 12-17 years of age. Inhalants may be liquid or gases.
Nitrous oxide: This is an inhalant used in whipped cream chargers and dispensed into balloons. Known as whippets, abusers inhale nitrous air through the balloon. Nitrous oxide has anesthetic effects and may give a high from breathing the low oxygen content in the balloon. Sudden death has been reported from breathing air with low oxygen content. Other dangers include producing air bubbles in the lungs and chest and rupture of the eardrums. Chronic abusers may develop nerve damage.
Hydrocarbons: Inhalants are often ingredients in household products such as paint cans and air fresheners. Hydrocarbons can be abused by huffing, bagging, or sniffing. Huffing involves inhaling vapors from a cloth soaked in hydrocarbons. Bagging is inhaling a hydrocarbon that was sprayed into a bag. Finally, sniffing is direct inhalation of the hydrocarbon from its source.
Hydrocarbons commonly produce euphoria, drunkenness, sedation, and low brain oxygen levels. They can cause brain damage as seen in abuse of toluene, a cheap inhalant that also causes muscle damage and dangerously low potassium levels.
Inhalants have also been associated with sudden death. This results from a startle reaction in which the heart becomes excessively sensitive to adrenaline because of hydrocarbon inhalant use.
Chloral hydrate: A sedative, chloral hydrate can be swallowed in the liquid or capsule form or inserted into the rectum. The combination of chloral hydrate and alcohol, known as a Mickey Finn, produces rapid loss of consciousness. This action of placing chloral hydrate into an alcoholic beverage of someone else without their knowledge is referred to as "slipping a Mickey." In addition to sedative brain effects, chloral hydrate also lowers a person's ability to breathe, irritates the gastrointestinal tract, and interrupts the normal beating of the heart. Mild use is similar to alcohol intoxication (drowsiness and unsteadiness). Users often have a pear-like odor on their breath. With increased use, chloral hydrate can cause death, usually from heart disturbances.
Dextromethorphan: An over-the-counter cough suppressant, dextromethorphan has gained popularity as a drug of abuse because of its structural similarity to PCP and morphine derivatives. It is also known as DM, Robo, and Robo shots. Dextromethorphan is a depressant that can produce a high with hallucinations similar to those of PCP at larger doses. Almost two 4-oz bottles of over-the-counter cough suppressant must be ingested to reach these doses. Nausea and vomiting often prevent drinking large amounts. Pure forms are also available over the Internet.
As is true with virtually any other mental health diagnosis, the fact is there is no one test that definitively indicates someone has a club drug use disorder. Screening tools, including online or other tests, may help identify individuals who are at risk for having this problem. Therefore, health care professionals diagnose club drug abuse or dependence by gathering comprehensive medical, family, and mental health information. The practitioner will also either perform a physical examination or request that the individual's primary care doctor perform one. The medical examination will usually include lab tests to evaluate the person's general health and to explore whether or not the individual has a medical condition that might have mental health symptoms.
In asking questions about mental health symptoms, mental health professionals are often exploring if the individual suffers from club drug or other drug abuse or dependence disorders, as well as depression and/or manic symptoms, anxiety, hallucinations or delusions, behavioral disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or other substance abuse disorders. Practitioners may provide the people they evaluate with a quiz or self-test as a screening tool for substance use disorders.
Club drug addiction is a destructive pattern of the use of one or more substances in that group that includes tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, using more quantities of the drug or for longer than planned, and trouble reducing its use. Other potential symptoms include spending an inordinate amount of time getting, using or recovering from the use of a club drug, compromised functioning and/or continuing to use of the substances despite an awareness of the detrimental effects it is having on one's life. An addiction to a club drug, like any other substance abuse or dependence, is appropriately considered a disease rather than a weakness of character or chosen pattern of bad behavior.
Alcohol Abuse: 12 Health Risks of Chronic Heavy Drinking See Slideshow
An unfortunate fact about the treatment of club drug and other street drug addiction is that it remains largely unutilized by most substance dependence sufferers. Less than 10% of people with a substance abuse disorder and less than 40% of those with a substance-dependence disorder seek treatment. Those statistics do not seem to be associated with socioeconomic or other demographic factors but do seem to be associated with the presence of other mental health problems (co-morbidity).
The primary goals for the treatment of addiction symptoms (also called recovery) are abstinence, relapse prevention, and rehabilitation. During the initial stage of abstinence, an individual who suffers from club drug addiction or other chemical dependency may need help avoiding or lessening the effects of withdrawal. That process is called detoxification or detox. That aspect of treatment is usually performed in a hospital or other inpatient setting, where medications used to lessen withdrawal symptoms and frequent medical monitoring can be provided. The medications used for detox are determined by the substance the individual is dependent upon. As with many drugs of abuse, the detox process from stimulants like cocaine, Ritalin, and Ephedrine is the most difficult aspect of coping with the physical symptoms of addiction and tends to last for days. Medications that are sometimes used to help stimulant addicts abstain from drug use include propranolol (Inderal, Inderal LA, InnoPran XL), which decreases some of the physical symptoms associated with withdrawal from stimulants, as well as vigabatrin (Sabril), a medication that treats seizures.
Often, much more challenging and time-consuming than recovery from the physical aspects of addiction to some substances is psychological addiction. For people who may have less severe club drug dependency, the symptoms of psychological addiction may be able to be managed in an outpatient treatment program. However, those who have a more severe addiction, have relapsed after participation in outpatient programs or who also suffer from a severe mental illness might need the higher level of structure, support, and monitoring provided in an inpatient drug-treatment center, sometimes called "rehab." Following such inpatient treatment, many club drug addicts may benefit from living in a sober-living community, that is, a group-home setting where counselors provide continued sobriety support and structure on a daily basis.
Also important in the treatment of club drug addiction is helping the parents, other family members, and friends of the addicted person refrain from supporting addictive behaviors (codependency). Whether providing financial support, making excuses, or failing to acknowledge the addictive behaviors of the addict, discouraging such codependency of loved ones is a key component to the recovery of the affected individual. A focus on the addicted person's role in the family becomes perhaps even more acute when that person is a child or teenager, given that minors come within the context of a family in nearly every instance. Drug dependency treatment for children and adolescents differs further from that in adults by the younger addict's tendency to need help completing their education and achieving higher education or job training compared to adult addicts who may have completed those parts of their lives before developing the addiction.
There are numerous individual treatments for club drug addiction. Relapse prevention uses methods for recognizing and amending problem behaviors. Individualized drug counseling specifically emphasizes short-term behavioral goals in an attempt to help the individual reduce or stop the use of the substance altogether. Cognitive therapy techniques, like helping the individual recognize what tends to precede and follow their episodes of drug use, are often used to address this problem. Some treatment programs include drug testing. Twelve-step recovery programs like Narcotics Anonymous are individualized drug-counseling methods. Motivational enhancement therapy encourages the person suffering from club drug addiction to increase their desire to participate in therapy. Stimulus control refers to a treatment method that teaches the drug dependent person to stay away from situations that are associated with drug use and to replace those situations with activities that are contrary to using drugs. Urge control is an approach to changing patterns that lead to drug use.
While group therapy can help teens stay sober, groups that include a number of teens who also engage in disordered behaviors can actually tend to increase drug use in this age group. Family interventions for drug dependence that tend to be effective for teens include multidimensional family therapy (MDFT), group therapy, and multifamily educational intervention (MFE). MDFT has been found to be quite effective. Longer-term residential treatment, often called rehab, of three to five months that addresses peer relationships, educational problems, and family issues are often used in treating drug use in teens.
For people in the earlier stages of club drug use (having access, but not having yet used a club drug), preventive measures are used. Therefore, limiting access to any drugs and teaching the individual how to recognize and avoid drugs in nightclubs are important. Also, addressing any risk factors of the potential club drug consumer or family and optimal parental supervision of youth and expression regarding parental expectations are often recommended. The approach to those who have experimented with club drugs should not be minimized by mental health professionals, since infrequent use can progress to the more serious stages of regular drug use if not addressed. Therefore, professionals recommend that the club drug-consuming individual be thoroughly educated about the effects and risks of drugs, that fair but firm limits be set on the use of any drugs, and that the user be referred for brief counseling, a self-help group, and/or family support group. People who have progressed to the more advanced stages of substance abuse and dependence are typically treated intensively, using a combination of the medical, individual, and familial interventions already described.
Drug addiction increases the risk of a number of negative life stressors and conditions. Individuals who are addicted to cocaine are at increased risk for domestic violence. If treated, the prognosis of cocaine dependency improves significantly but is not without challenges. Recovery from substance abuse is usually characterized by episodes of remission (abstinence from drug use) and relapse.
Club drug abuse and dependence can increase the likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex and other unsafe sexual practices. That, in turn, tends to lead to higher rates of the transmission of sexually transmitted disease, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
MDMA (ecstasy) and brain changes. This image shows the brain scans of a person who has never used MDMA (top) compared with scans of a person who used MDMA for an extended period of time up until three weeks before the images were taken. Specifically, the scans show the brain's ability to transport a neurotransmitter called serotonin from the synapse back into the releasing neuron (the brighter colors). Serotonin is fundamental to the brain's ability to handle information and express emotion. Such findings are leading researchers to conclude that an ecstasy user may be at risk of long-term, perhaps permanent, problems with learning and memory. Image courtesy of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). Click to view larger image.
Long-term effects of drug abuse. This brain scan shows that once you become addicted to a drug like cocaine, your brain is affected (and clearly changed) for a long time. The yellow shows a lot of brain activity in a normal person. Measured 10 days after using cocaine, a cocaine addict's brain shows much less normal activity. For this same person, even after 100 days without using cocaine, the brain was still not back to a normal level of functioning. Scientists are concerned that areas in the brain may never fully recover from drug abuse and addiction. Image courtesy of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). Click to view larger image.
Long-term effects of ecstasy. This image shows sections taken from the neocortex (part of the brain) of monkeys that were given Ecstasy twice a day for four days (control monkeys were given saline). The section on the left, taken from the brain of a control monkey who was not given Ecstasy, shows the presence of a high level of serotonin. The middle section shows a section from a monkey two weeks after receiving Ecstasy. Most of the serotonin is gone. The section on the right shows a section from a monkey seven years after receiving Ecstasy. Although there has been some recovery of serotonin, the brain has still not returned to normal. Ecstasy interacts with specific targets in the brain. After repeated or long-term use, the neurons in the brain may not communicate with each other and might affect a user's mood, behavior, and memory. Image courtesy of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). Click to view larger image.
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Counseling and Addiction
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Klein-Schwartz, W. "Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate." Curr Opin Pediatr. 14.2 Apr. 2002: 219-23.
Koesters, S.C., P.D. Rogers, and C.R. Rajasingham. "MDMA ('ecstasy') and other 'club drugs'. The new epidemic." Pediatr Clin North Am. 49.2 Apr. 2002: 415-433.
Llana, M.E., and M.L. Crismon. "Methylphenidate: increased abuse or appropriate use?" J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 39.4 July-Aug. 1999: 526-530.
Marx, J.A., ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2002: 2119-2215.
McCann, U.D., V. Eligulashvili, and G.A. Ricaurte. "(+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy')-induced serotonin neurotoxicity: clinical studies." Neuropsychobiology. 42.1 (2000): 11-16.
McCann, U.D., Z. Szabo, U. Scheffel, et al. "Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA ("Ecstasy") on brain serotonin neurons in human beings." Lancet. 352.9138 Oct. 31, 1998: 1433-1437.
Smith, K.M., L.L. Larive, and F. Romanelli. "Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate." Am J Health Syst Pharm. 59.11 June 1, 2002: 1067-1076.
Volkow, N.D., J.S. Fowler, G.J. Wang, et al. "Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers." Synapse. 14.2 June 1993: 169-177.
Volkow, N.D., R. Hitzemann, G.J. Wang, et al. "Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in cocaine abusers." Synapse. 11.3 July 1992: 184-190.
Weiner, A.L. "Emerging drugs of abuse in Connecticut." Conn Med. 64.1 Jan. 2000: 19-23.
Winek, C.L., W.W. Wahba, and L. Rozin. "Accidental death by nitrous oxide inhalation." Forensic Sci Int. 73.2 May 22, 1995: 139-141.
Wu, L.T., W.E. Schlenger, and D.M. Galvin. "Concurrent use of methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, ketamine, GHB, and flunitrazepam among American youths." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 84.1 Sept. 2006: 102-113.
Zuckerman, M.D., and E.W. Boyer. "HIV and club drugs in emerging adulthood." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 24.2 Apr. 2012: 219-224.


The study of the relationship between genes and response to drugs has been the subject of intensive research over the past two decades. Robust evidence now exists to support testing under clinical conditions.
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We're Loving Our GoPro Hero 3 Time Lapses!
There's nothing like a good looking time lapse to wet your appetite for travel. We're loving our GoPro Hero 3 and finally have enough time lapses to put together a small sampling of our collection. Take a look at our collection below, and don't forget to watch it in HD!!
Long Beach on Koh Phi Phi Wins Our Best Beach Award!


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Nicholas Colloff
Director, Argidius
Nicholas Colloff (Director, Argidius) Nicholas' career has focused on developing enterprise related solutions to poverty. He was the founder of Opportunity International UK part of the global financial inclusion network, Opportunity International of which he was one of the architects. With Opportunity, he helped start two MSME banks in Eastern Europe and an investment fund for financial inclusion for Eastern Europe. Leaving Opportunity, he helped establish Basic Needs, focused on mental health in developing country contexts, where he helped develop a model for community mental health care that included pathways to enhance employment and income generation for people with mental illness. He then joined Oxfam GB first as Country Director for Russia and subsequently Director for Strategy and Innovation globally and focused on emergent areas of concern – urban poverty, impact investing, micro-insurance – and helped launch the Small Enterprise Impact Investing Fund. With Argidius, the focus has been on developing small and growing business support ecosystems and especially on identifying what are the characteristics of an effective business development intervention; and, how to improve businesses access to knowledge, talent and finance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Her family has no idea how it happened.
When a puppy named Lexi started throwing up one day, her family assumed she just had an upset stomach. They took her to the vet - and discovered the shocking cause of her stomach issues.
Somehow, Lexi had swallowed an 8-inch-long steak knife and gotten it lodged in her esophagus.
"I thought she was going to die," Lexi's mom said in a press release sent to The Dodo. "Our vet said to rush her straight to the Animal Referral Hospital and they were amazing."
The vets at Animal Referral Hospital had never seen anything like it before, and knew that if they wanted to save Lexi, they had to get the knife out of her throat as soon as possible.
Dr. Jody Braddock and her team put an endoscope camera down Lexi's throat so they could see the serrated edge of the knife, and were then able to slowly pull the knife out with forceps without hurting Lexi. The process took 45 minutes - but miraculously, they succeeded.
Lexi spent the next three days in the hospital, and then was finally able to return home to make a full recovery. Lexi's family is at a loss for how she got ahold of the knife in the first place, but they definitely plan to keep a watchful eye on the playful pup in the future.
"Lexi's always grabbing things to hide under the couch and play with them when we're not looking – so that's the only thing we can think of," Lexi's owner said.


Platinum Plus - 49 Tall Wide – High Noble Safe Company, Inc.
Security isn't too tall an order for this safe.
The extra tall dimension of the PP49T gives you 66" of internal vertical space to fit the longest firearms.
A tall wide safe, the PP52 is wider like a bureau rather than "boxy" and refrigerator-like as many other safes are. The 27" exterior depth makes it suitable for a wider variety of rooms in your home without blocking off interior space.


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The Nightmare Before Christmas' Sally Was Almost Very Different
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A film without a script
Three writers are officially credited on A Nightmare Before Christmas: Tim Burton for the story and characters, Michael McDowell for the adaptation, and Caroline Thompson for the screenplay. McDowell had previously written the 1988 Burton-directed Beetlejuice, Thompson had previously written the 1990 Burton-directed Edward Scissorhands, and McDowell originally got the Nightmare gig. Until that is, struggling with addiction and health problems that led to his death from an AIDS-related illness in 1999, McDowell failed to deliver. "The problem with the prior script was that there was no script. None. Not a word," Thompson explained to Script Apart's Al Horner in October 2020. Adaptation might be a generous way to describe what McDowell turned in, which according to Thompson was simply a reformatted version of Danny Elfman's song lyrics.
Elfman describes here his writing process for The Nightmare Before Christmas songs, most of which were inspired by sketches and in-person descriptions from Tim Burton. Burton would talk Elfman through a character and situation taken from a parodic version of 'The Night Before Christmas' poem that Burton had written years earlier (and which is widely cited as the film's source material though screenwriter Thompson says she never read it and calls it just another part of this cult film's mythology.) Elfman would go away and come up with a song, which he wrote largely in Thompson's Burbank home as the pair were a couple at the time.
With Elfman's songs in place and characters built out from Burton's sketches, filming started without a script in place. It was an "insane" thing to do, as director Selick told The Hollywood Reporter in October 2018. "We knew the story well. The first songs came in, and we basically just blindly, but very confidently, went into production."
It was only after filming began with teams led by Selick, production designer Rich Heinrichs and storyboard artist Joe Ranft, that the script issue was addressed. Writer Caroline Thompson was asked to step in at this late stage, not by Tim Burton, but by then-Disney Motion Picture Group president David Hoberman. Thompson knew Elfman's songs, and that they more or less told the whole story as it stood. "The songs were finished but the narrative was not," she told Jog Road Productions in 2014. "Danny pretty much told the story in the songs so it's like okay, what's left? And what's left is Sally's story."
From vamp to misfit
To write Sally's story, Thompson was given two of Tim Burton's concept sketches for the character, showing a stitched-together blue woman with long red hair, wearing a low-cut, figure-hugging black and white striped dress, and red high-heeled shoes (Above, left and right). The character is smiling, vampish and buxom. In Netflix's 'The Holiday Movies That Made Us' The Nightmare Before Christmas special, Thompson describes the original Sally design as a zaftig "femme fatale", closer in look to the titular Corpse Bride from her later collaboration with Burton. Speaking to Jog Road in 2014, Thompson recalled thinking "I was like, well, I don't understand that kind of girl. I kind of get The Little Matchstick-style girl, so we redesigned her."
Anybody who saw the 2009 MoMA exhibition of Burton's artwork might draw a comparison between those initial Sally sketches and a recurring blue character, as seen in 1997's 'Blue Girl with Wine' (above, middle). The Wired profile caption for one of the 'Blue Girl' series created between 1992 and 1999 describes how "Burton had some drawings he wanted to bring to life, so he grabbed a Polaroid for the first time and convinced his office mate Leticia Rogers and his costume designer Colleen Atwood to have a little fun with him. Some of the fun inspired the Sally character from The Nightmare Before Christmas."
Source: Den of Geek
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This bibliography is a supplement to five earlier ones that were published in the Bulletin of Bibliography. Holocaust denial is a body of literature that seeks to prove that the Jewish Holocaust did not happen. This bibliography includes both works about Holocaust denial and works of Holocaust denial.
Drobnicki, John A. 2010. Holocaust-denial literature: A sixth bibliography. Journal of Hate Studies 8: 103-129.


When growing her own family, Emmy struggled with gender disappointment and when she finally fell pregnant with a baby girl, she promised herself that she would repay the universe somehow. She looked for friends and family who might need a surrogate, but in the end she joined The Australian Surrogacy Community and found local intended parents Henry and Lisa.
Emmy talks about what attracted her to Henry and Lisa and her experience being their surrogate. Emmy birthed baby Harry for his parents in 2018.
You'll love Emmy's candour and humility. She also has great advice for anyone entering the surrogacy world: Get educated. Get active. And be proactive.
Photo Credit to Amy at A Grateful Heart: Birth, Newborn and Family Photography.


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Changing lives through the powerful tool of sport.
Partnering in 12 nations
Planted 71 community sports teams
Reaching thousands of people
At WSM we have a heart to help impact the whole of a person: Body, Mind and Spirit.
Engaging people through physical activity to aid healthy wellbeing, sports participation, enjoyment and performance development.
In 2 neighbouring cities in the west of England, our team of coaches are working with over 1,500 children by serving in 21 schools through PE lessons and coaching clubs teaching 'life-skills' through sports drills.
"The coaches introduced and have instilled a real love for and enjoyment of the game into my daughter who now plays for the county and is doing really well."
Click here for other testimonies of changed lives.
Developing a person's character and mental wellbeing through sporting engagement.
Our sports camps and school sessions are enabling young people to learn experientially and develop key character traits for life and leadership.
"Children love the sport of course and the competition, but they also respond so well to the development of character and spiritual, moral, social and cultural aspects that are always worked into each lesson."
- Former School Headteacher
Discovering what a life of faith in God could and does look like.
The variety of sports and leisure strategies enable people of all ages and stages of life to be engaged with relevantly and pursue a journey of exploring Jesus and following Him if they choose to.
"Our last project reached 1,024 people with 84 people choosing to follow Jesus.
One of these is a boy named Donatien; before he used to take drugs and has been in prison many times. Now he is bringing many of his friends to our local discipleship group every Saturday morning."
- CST Leader in Burundi
Our current projects for children, youth, adults.
Teams that are seeing changed lives - click here.
Start your own sports ministry - click here.


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Gain an understanding of the powerful geoSCOUT tools and datasets. This presentation will provide a high level look at what the platform can do and how to navigate the data, analysis and mapping tools that oil and gas professionals rely on for accurate decision-making.
Are you looking to understand the basics within geoSCOUT? Well this course will be perfect for you! The geoLOGIC team will take you through the basic steps of using the software and show you some of the different functions within the system.


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Ciência-IUL Autores José Luís Silva Currículo
José Luís Silva
Professor Auxiliar Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias da Informação (ISTA)
Investigador Associado ISTAR-IUL - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Informação, Tecnologias e Arquitetura (ISTA) [Digital Living Spaces]
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210464275 (Ext. 221801)
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CIÊNCIAVITAE
Ensino e Orientações
Produções Científicas e Citações
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Resumo CV
José Luís Silva holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the Portuguese MAP-i Consortium (University of Minho, University of Aveiro and University of Porto) and performed a postDoc at Interactive Critical Systems (ICS) team, IRIT, University of Toulouse (France). He is Assistant Professor at Lisbon University Institute (ISCTE-IUL) and member of the Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems (LARSyS), Information Sciences and Technologies and Architecture Research Center (ISTAR) and IFIP TC 13 - Working Groups 13.2 and 13.10. He participated in national and international research projects (including with Airbus and the European Space Agency) and participated in the Portuguese contribution to Simulated Mars Mission - AMADEE-20. His work has been published in peer-reviewed international journals and conferences such as IEEE Access, IJHCS, ACM EICS, IEEE RO-MAN, ACM IUI, ACM MobileHCI, ACM TEI, ACM/IEEE HRI and INTERACT. In the past he was Invited Assistant Professor at University of Madeira, Lecturer at Cávado e Ave Polytechnic Institute, member of the INESC TEC laboratory and visiting PhD student at both Georgia Institute of Technology (USA) and Newcastle University (UK). His main research interests lies upon Software Engineering, Human-Computer Interaction and Human-Robot Interaction. His awards and honors include ISCTE-IUL Scientific Awards and, PhD Award from Fraunhofer Portugal Challenge.
Qualificações Académicas
Universidade/Instituição
University of Toulouse
Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT) - França
Pós-Doutoramento Interactive Critical Systems 2013
Consortium of University of Minho, University of Aveiro and University of Porto (extended periods in Newcastle University, UK)
Doutoramento MAP-i (MAP Doctoral Programme in Computer Science) 2012
Licenciatura Engenharia de Sistemas e Informática (5 anos) 2007
Interação Humano Computador
Sistemas Interativos
Computação Ubíqua
Classificação Fields of Science and Technology
Ciências da Computação e da Informação Ciências Naturais
Engenharia Eletrotécnica, Eletrónica e Informática Engenharia e Tecnologia


But at some point, with the allers-retours, or back and forths to the US and other traveling, my sense of daily well-being was a mess. I needed a schedule that would keep me steady no matter the country, regardless of time zone. I needed better habits that wouldn't abandon me at every border. So I got them, one breath at a time, by doing yoga.
Even if you don't step foot on a mat, thinking like a yogi can help you build good practices that will make you feel at home anywhere.
Starting with jet lag, looping through the inevitable change in diet, and not discounting the difference in air and water quality, living in France has a big impact on your body. Trying to power through the changes didn't work for me. A simple dinner party, where I had to keep up witty banter in English and French, was exhausting. With yoga, meaning union, the link between how your body is feeling and how you mind is functioning is celebrated, not a source of guilt. I see a lot of women here who feel guilty for feeling tired, for craving food to boost their energy, for struggling with a daily rhythm that doesn't feel natural. Allowing yourself to open your mind in a way that is not prideful or embarrassed means that you get to hear what your body is telling you. That's a good start to finding the kind of good habits that you need in your life.
I used to be quick to set goals, but slow to reach them. The little steps standing between me and what I wanted seemed so overwhelming. But with yoga, each movement is propelled by a breath. In the same way breathing seems effortless, getting through my to-do list in this city, from appointments at the préfecture to finding a good doctor who can speak Franglais, has become less stressful. I'm not saying that everything is easy. Like during the kind of yoga classes when you flow from one movement to the next, sometimes the heart rate needs to get up there, you get sweaty and your breath races, but you are in control. You use your breath to get you to the next movement. I would invite you to take a deep breath to get you through those shaky moments when you're trying to get over a bad habit or commit to a new one.
So often a teacher has asked me to do a yoga pose. I'll do it, and actually think I'm doing it beautifully — I'm talking Instagram-worthy — but the teacher will come over and adjust EVERYTHING. That's when I will feel the difference between what I thought was opening my heart, and reaching my real capacity. Thinking small can become a habit: to want to lose weight, save money, work more efficiently. Instead, what if we wanted to feel healthier, savor what we could do with our money when we have enough, find joy in the work that we do? If we think big and expansively, we might be amazed at how much we enjoy the new life patterns we create.
Mudra fingers. Photo courtesy of author.
This gesture of pressing your hands together and bowing is not limited to a yoga mat. Namaste is a way to say thank you; it means, the divine in me bows to the divine in you. There's something rather beautiful in that circle. Saying thank you is one of the first habits that most of us mastered in life, but we often forget to thank ourselves. Instead of dwelling on the times you've broken your promise to break a bad habit or put off starting a good one, don't forget to thank yourself each day for the effort you've made to live a better life.
Tioka Tokedira is a writer and anthropologist living in Paris. When she's not overindulging in her love for travel or chocolate, you might find her on the mat next to you in yoga studio in Paris. You can visit her website: www.yogabodyandmind.fr and follow her on Instagram: transborderscribe.


Pages tagged "Cambridge People's Assembly (signed)"
The Sustainability and Transformation Plan (STP) for the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS footprint was published on 21 November 2016,1 as the keystone of the Fit for the Future programme. The plan reveals the scale of the deficit that is being created in the local NHS by the austerity imposed by Conservative and Conservative-led governments since 2010, which will amount to £504m by 2020/21. And it shows the narrow paths down which that strategic underfunding – or defunding – is forcing the health service.
The Cambridge People's Assembly supports the statement against the NHS Sustainability and Transformation Plans (STPs) issued by the recent Health Campaigns Together conference in Birmingham. It is vital that the NHS is sustainable – not least as a matter of justice between generations – but the STPs are designed to make sustainable its underfunding.
As activists and trade unionists, we are appalled and saddened by the cruel murder in Cairo of Giulio Regeni, a Cambridge doctoral student working on Egyptian labour organization. His body, marked by torture, was found nine days after he disappeared with many Egyptian citizens on 25 January, during a crackdown on the fifth anniversary of the country's revolution.


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Draperie pour une figure assise
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14th-15th centuries
Forcione Varena, Grollemund Hélène
The drapery by Leonardo da Vinci exhibited here is the most famous of all the sketches on "tela di lino" (linen canvas). There are sixteen in total. It is often considered to be connected to his preparations for the figure of the Virgin in the Uffizi Annunciation (Florence). It has also been linked with the Retable of San Giusto by Domenico Ghirlandaio (Uffizi, Florence); some authors even believe that this drapery is by Ghirlandaio and not Leonardo.
Achieving formal precision
This drapery entered the Louvre under the name of Dürer. It is thought to be linked to Da Vinci's preparations for the figure of the Virgin in the Uffizi Annunciation, as is the drawing in the former Ganay collection (Louvre, RF 41904) and another study of a seated figure in the Uffizi (Florence). Unlike the two other draperies, the Louvre figure indicates a "contrapposto" pose and the start of a kind of turning movement: this is discernible in the sketching of the legs, and emphasized by the direction of the upper body, which is simply drawn. It follows the direction of the hemline, in a curve, and allows Leonardo to define the form he intends to represent. The painter has studied what we might call the hang of the folds, and the fall and volume of the heavy fabric, by unfurling it successively around the whole form, as though the momentum of the movement had been retained, far from its source. Leonardo no longer treats the drapery as calligraphy or ornament, but like proper clothes, made of very real material; he is seeking formal, objective precision.
A simple analogy
Paradoxically, the Louvre drapery is the one whose attribution is least contested, because of its extremely high quality; however, it is the only one with a potential link to a painting by another artist. It has been possible to establish a close analogy between this drapery and that of the Virgin in the Madonna Enthroned with Saints (known as the "Retable of San Giusto") by Domenico Ghirlandaio, in the Uffizi. Nevertheless, the delicate way in which light and shade are indicated, and the complexity of the Louvre study, make it impossible to relate this to the geometric clarity of Ghirlandaio's work. The issue here is less about linking draperies with painting or sculpture, than an investigation into the use of flexible supports and fluid materials, and above all a study of light.
The question of retouchings
The whole question of the draperies (at least for those in the Louvre) now seems to need reconsideration based on an observation of their technique. This drapery has been reworked by a later hand, but the date of the additions has not been determined. It is in this study that the retouchings are most visible, and this has certainly been a factor in the diversity of suggested attributions to which it has given rise. The obvious retouchings are on the lower edge, in the area beneath the drapery.
Other interventions are discernible on the right-hand side, in the contour of the drapery and the background. Besides these, there are thick highlights in the folds of the figure itself, reinforcing the sculptural effect of this form, made timeless by frequent perfection. In the upper section, on the slanting underside of the drapery, at waist level, the delicate highlights on the fringe of the cloth are intact and reveal what the work was probably like originally.
Arasse Daniel, Léonard de Vinci. Le rythme du monde, Paris, Hazan, 1997, pp. 48-53, fig. 20.Berenson Bernhard, The Drawings of the Florentine Painters Classified, Criticised and Studied as Documents in the History and Appreciation of the Tuscan Art, with a Copious Catalogue Reasoned, Londres, 1903, I, p. 158, pl. CXII, II, n 1061.Cadogan J. K., "Reconsidering some Aspects of Ghirlandaio's Drawings", The Art Bulletin, LXV, n 2, 1983, p. 283, fig. 17.Christiansen Keith, "Leonardo's drapery studies", The Burlington Magazine, CXXXII, n 1049, 1990, pp. 572-573.Demonts Louis, Les Dessins de Léonard de Vinci au musée du Louvre, Paris, 1921, n 1.Marani Pietro C., Léonard de Vinci. Une carrière de peintre, Milan, Motta et Arles, Actes Sud, 1999, p. 17 et pp. 60-61, fig. p. 16.Pedretti Carlo et Dalli Regoli Gigetta, I dise gni di Leonardo da Vinci e della sua cerchia nel Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe della Galleria degli Uffizi a Firenze, Florence, 1985, p. 68, n 17.Reale Commissione Vinciana, I manoscritti e i disegni di Leonardo da Vinci pubblicati dalla Reale Commissione Vinciana sotto gli auspici del Ministero dell'Educazione Nazionale. Disegni, a cura di Adolfo Venturi, Fascicolo I, I disegni di Leonardo da Vinci dal 1470 al 1478, Rome, 1928, n 15.Viatte Françoise, Léonard de Vinci. Les études de draperie, cat. exp. Paris, musée du Louvre, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1989-1990, n 16.Viatte Françoise, in Léonard de Vinci, dessins et manuscrits, cat. exp. Paris, musée du Louvre, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 2003, n 11.
VINCI Leonardo da
Drapery for a Seated Figure
INV 2255
Due to their fragility, works on paper are not on permanent display in the museum.
In line with the measures taken by the government to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the Musée du Louvre and Musée National Eugène Delacroix are closed until further notice.
All those who have purchased a ticket for this period will automatically receive a refund—no action is required.
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Winter driving can be hazardous and scary, especially if there is snow or ice on the road.
The key to staying safe this winter is to plan ahead and be cautious while driving up to prevent any major accidents.
Just like your body needs an annual checkup, it's important to maintain your car and ensure that it is ready for the winter.
Check your battery, tire tread, windshield wipers, brakes, and anti-freeze before heading out.
Be patient and allot sufficient time in your travels; try to drive at a slower speed and keep a safe distance between cars.
Plan your route in advance, so you are familiar with the map or directions.
Great tips LUCKIEST, I would add to make sure you have some blankets and gloves in your vehicle, also having some granola bars or something like that in the glove-box can be very helpful just in case you get stuck on the road for any reason. I for one also have a small bag of kitty litter in my trunk, this helps greatly in case one get's stuck on an icy patch.


Now that you have your nifty DevStack up and running, what can you do with it?
By default most services in DevStack are running as systemd units named devstack@$servicename.service . You can see running services with.
If you want to make a quick change to a running service the easiest way to do that is to change the code directly in /opt/stack/$service and then restart the affected daemons.
If your change impacts more than one daemon you can restart by wildcard as well.
All changes you are making are in checked out git trees that DevStack thinks it has full control over. Uncommitted work, or work committed to the master branch, may be overwritten during subsequent DevStack runs.
When testing a larger set of patches, or patches that will impact more than one service within a project, it is often less confusing to use custom git locations, and make all your changes in a dedicated git tree.
In your local.conf you can add **_REPO, **_BRANCH for most projects to use a custom git tree instead of the default upstream ones.
Will use a custom git tree and branch when doing any devstack operations, such as stack.sh.
When testing complicated changes committing to these trees, then doing ./unstack.sh && ./stack.sh is often a valuable way to iterate. This does take longer per iteration than direct patching, as the whole devstack needs to rebuild.
You can use this same approach to test patches that are up for review in gerrit by using the ref name that gerrit assigns to each change.
When testing changes to libraries consumed by OpenStack services (such as oslo or any of the python-fooclient libraries) things are a little more complicated. By default we only test with released versions of these libraries that are on pypi.
You must first override this with the setting LIBS_FROM_GIT. This will enable your DevStack with the git version of that library instead of the released version.
After that point you can also specify **_REPO, **_BRANCH to use your changes instead of just upstream master.
sudo pip install -U .
which will restart all nova services.


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This weekend, I had the pleasure of attending an R Forwards Women's Package Workshop. It was hosted and run by members of R-Ladies Chicago: Angela Li and Stephanie Kirmer.
Though I have attended and run many one or two hour workshops, this was my first long-day, single-topic workshop (9:30 to 4:00 pm) and I thoroughly enjoyed the experience! It's definitely a format that would be useful to teach more complex topics, like software development and package building. There was a lot of info-in-brain-cramming, but I also felt like I learned a ton in a very short time span.
Attendees of the 2019 R Forward Package Workshop, taught by Angela and Stephanie of R Ladies Chicago!
The session was broken down into a couple broad topics: package development, git+r, unit testing, documentation, and package sharing (e.g., licences, indicating dependencies, CRAN). This made the material useful for both specific-use packages (e.g., building a data wrangling package for my specific research group) and for more public-facing packages (e.g., a package that one would want to upload to CRAN).
will create the skeleton of the package files for you, including folders for R-code, the "man" folder ("man" stands for manual), and description/namespace files. This makes package building so much earlier! You can learn more about it in Wickham's R package book.
Using the "::" operator allows you to see the exported variables or functions in a package namespace. But if you really want to see under the hood ":::" allows you to see everything (there's some more about it on StackOverflow), including the functions that are not publicly exported.
Semantic Versioning - How have I only learned about this now, despite attending several data carpentry workshops and classes?! I am such a stickler for version recording, even in my non-computational work (I have been subconsciously semantic versioning my human content analysis codebooks), and it's so nice to finally have a specific phrase associated with this process.
Confession time: I do this a lot! 🙈 ::embarrassed:: In terms of workflow, I am generally quite sloppy about separating projects and keeping relative paths. I first read about projects in R for Data Science, but I never took the lesson to heart until this weekend. I know… it's bad given how much I code. So I guess I'll be "konmari-ing" my R code this semester(i.e., create an Rproject space for each of my projects)!
I happened to also sit next to economist Dweepobotee Brahma, which was a great coincidence since I've been binging time series models and papers for the past year. I happened to randomly gripe about how economic data is often processed (i.e., logged). She was kind enough to explain to me why economists did this, and why growth rates are so important to the research in economics and econometrics. Having been taught by a political scientist, whose questions are not as focused on exponential relationships, I didn't know much about this alternative treatment/perspective on time series data, and it was really interesting!
I'm starting to wonder if this is especially important to modeling follower growth. Nearly all follower count time series I've analyzed have been fully integrated I(1), if not to I(2). Often I will first- or second- difference this as a way to make the series stationary. However, I'm realizing a logarithmic transformation is probably more appropriate for what we try to measure (implicitly, it's a growth rate question).
Overall, I'm really, really glad that I was able to attend this workshop. It's definitely up there on my "favorite R workshops ever" list. Organizationally, there were a lot of little things I wanted to take back to my workshop strategy (for example, this was the first workshop I attended where we used post it's to indicate whether we needed help with specific tasks) and obviously it was great for advancing my R skills.
One of the most important "big picture" lessons I learned was that if I want to actually do software development in R (or any programming language), I have to be more organized about my code. I am organized when it comes to data management, but am definitely less-so with my scripts and functions. Workflow wise, I want to get on top of this by the end of the semester.
I'm also one step closer to completing a major R-new-year's-resolution: Build an R package! I have a couple of functions that I rely on for data wrangling operationalized text data to time series data, so I'm eager to wrap them all up in a neat little package for future use.
And finally, attending the workshop was a great reminder about how amazing the R community is, both offline and online. That's one of my favorite parts about being an R programmer—the community makes it easy to be excited about learning R.
I am so grateful to Angela and Stephanie for hosting this amazing workshop, and to R Forwards for sponsoring my attendance. If you are interested in checking out the materials from this weekend, they have made the workshop material available here.


One of the reasons I went with four posts on Summing-Up was because one long post is a lot more daunting when there's nothing you want to write about. I have a list of topics I want to talk about, but I really don't want to talk about them at ten o'clock. I want to go to bed at ten o'clock. It's not like I'm going to get a good night's sleep. At this point the nightmares have become intellectual curiosities. I actually enjoy figuring out why this piece of news is playing out in this particular way in my dreams. Sort of. The "enjoyment" of figuring it out helps me forget the dream. The nightmare.
So now we have the first second paragraph in a Summing-Up post ever. Today is day 166 of Summing-Up. I've written at least 58,432 words on this blog. I'm not even half done? I'm glad I didn't do the math yesterday because I probably would've waited until I was half done to change up the format.
I listened to a couple podcasts on the commute today. Morning was "Mac Geek Gab," which has been a favorite for over a decade I think. I mean, I know it's been a favorite but I'm not sure about the decade figure. On the way home, I listened to "Black Girl Dangerous." Even though I'm frequently accused of being a morning person, I don't want to use my brain first thing in the morning. I listen to "BGD" at night and I'm practically crashing to make a note to check something out later. Even when I should be taking notes in the morning on "MGG," I don't. Though bookmarking is in their app. It's just different brain speeds. Critical thinking, critical reflection, critical listening—not the easiest thing in the morning.
I wasn't always an evening thinker. It's situational, I'm sure, requiring adaptation time and so on. But it's important to figure out the mind's schedule for these things. It's not about maximizing time, it's about maximizing attention and consideration. It's about keeping the mind engaged, hungry.


text:
Q: Data allocation Im working on a program to time memory allocation using Calloc() with some timing,
the program should try and allocate 50megs and iterate with 50 more megs every time,
until it allocated 1500 megs of ram. The objective of createbigthing() is just to create something big and freeing it.
....
#define oneMeg 1024L*1024L
#define INCREMENT 50

int difftod(struct timeval * tv0, struct timeval * tv1){
return (tv1->tv_sec - tv0->tv_sec)*1000 + (tv1->tv_usec- tv0->tv_usec)/1000;
}

int createbigthing(long int size){

int *test = (int*) calloc(size, (size_t) oneMeg);
if(test == NULL){
    return -1;
}

free(test);
return 0;
}

int main(){
long int i;
int rtn;
struct timeval tv0, tv1;
struct timezone tzp;
for(i=INCREMENT;i<=1500;i=i+INCREMENT){
        rtn = gettimeofday(&tv0, &tzp); /* set timer T0 */
        createbigthing(i);
    rtn = gettimeofday(&tv1, &tzp); /* read time T1 */
    printf("%d msec\n",difftod(&tv0,&tv1));
}
return 0;
}

The only output i get is that the first iteration is giving me about 220 msec of delay and then nothing, the function is still returning 0 so the memory shouldnt be full.
Output example:
220 msec
0 msec
0 msec
0 msec
0 msec
...

A: This is entirely expected behaviour:

*

*You are requesting one Mebibyte from the system kernel once (inside calloc()), this takes time (it shouldn't be 220 msec, though).

*You free this memory, telling the libc (not the kernel) that you don't need it anymore. The libc won't return the memory to the system in most cases, so it's still part of your virtual address space.

*You tell the libc again, that you need one Mebibyte of RAM, and the libc says: Oh, great, I still got one big suitable block here. Take it! It will also erase its contents, because you use calloc(), but that won't take time in the millisecond range.
Also note, that your time differencing code will round down any time difference below one millisecond. You might want to change it to print elapsed microseconds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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It's tough being an A-list jetsetter.
Supermodel Karlie Kloss had a less-than-super experience recently when flying Philippine Airlines. The former Victoria's Secret model took to social media to complain about the terrible customer service after missing her flight home.
Kloss is one of the many celebrities who has taken on commercial airlines lately. Weatherman Sam Champion got into a Twitter war with American Airlines recently, accusing them of excessive delays and pulling him off a plane. "Hey @AmericanAir," he wrote. "Delayed twice... now pulled off a flight after waiting all day and not getting home." An exchange ensued on social media between American Airlines and Champion, with fans getting in on the action.
Other classic airline rage moments have come from everyone from A-listers to musicians. Will.i.am lashed out at United, tweeting that the airline had kicked him out of a first class lounge. Amanda Seyfried accused American Airlines of tipping off the paparazzi. Kristen Chenoweth accused a flight attendant on the same airline of becoming verbally abusive. And Alec Baldwin complained about an American Airlines attendant forcing him to turn his phone off before take off.
Read on for more epic airline complaints by celebrities.


text:
⇠Toyota Yaris Hybrid-R makes its debut at the Frankfurt Motor Show
HYUNDAI EQUUS - THE KOREAN MASTER PIECE⇢
Honda is planning to launch the latest hybrid - 2014 Accord
By Iris Zam
| Saturday, September 07, 2013
Saturday, September 07, 2013 Back on track and ready for to join fuel economy competition since the upcoming model from Honda, 2014... Saturday, September 07, 2013 WebPage https://www.auto-types.com/images/_autonews/2014-Honda-Accord-Hybrid_angle-side_5.jpg Auto Types https://www.auto-types.com/img/logo1.png 242 55
Back on track and ready for to join fuel economy competition since the upcoming model from Honda, 2014 Accord Hybrid, has received the following rating from EPA: 45 mpg on the highway, 50 mpg in the city and a 47 mixed.
The city rating received now, 50 mpg, has been amazingly doubled since the last evaluation of the older model, released in 2005 and sold until 2007 which received the rating of only 24 mpg in the city.
This impressive rating and the obvious accomplishment should determine Honda to produce the car on a regular basis for more than just three years, as the previous model had been on production for quite a short period.
Unlike the previous Accord Hybrid model, the powertrain of the 2014 model will include two electric motors instead of just one. As some could say always better two than just one! Also, another enhancement brought to the new vehicle is the absolutely more effective lithium ion batteries which have been chosen in order to take the place of the nickel metal hydride battery pack which has been previously used.
Compared with other hybrids in the same range, it's quite a fact that the new Honda Accord Hybrid is above the Ford Fusion – 47 mpg although both cars received almost the same rating from EPA. Also, Toyota Camry Hybrid has been rated by EPA at 43 mpg in the city and 39 highway which means 41 mixed, somewhat the same but Honda is still on top.
However, the leader of the entire range, if we take the EPA ratings into account, should be Jetta Hybrid which seems to be the most economical car, rated at 48 mpg on the highway. But the vice president of auto operations at Honda Us, Mike Accavitti, has stated that the latest Accord Hybrid is a leader on the market, in the hybrid segment, and will prove fairly and easily prove its performance.
Fortunately, it seems that the mid-sized sedan division has been continuously increasing, this year with 3 percent reaching 1.82 million units throughout August. On the other hand, the US market seems to be a bit more interested in reducing the fuel consumption as the same reports show a growth of 10 percent.
The hybrid models world widely being chosen by drivers interested in fuel economy are: Nissan Altima, Ford Fusion, Mazda6 and Chevrolet Malibu. Last but not least, we could also include Camry and Accord. These cars seem to lead the hybrid segment of the market and the differences between them are usually in terms of optional features and design.
Honda fans should be very happy to know that Accord is currently leading the sales among the hybrid segment in the US. This car has gained another 18 percent this year, which actually makes it the second best sold car in its range, behind the Camry.
If thing carry on like this the Honda Accord Hybrid might prove even more efficient even than the smaller Civic Hybrid and this will definitely make it a preferred choice.


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