Grief, Connections, and ResilienceRobert Brooks, Ph.D.
I realize that the topic of mortality carries with it many emotions; thus, I was not surprised by the poignant, very personal emails I received in response to the article. Readers shared accounts about losses they had experienced in their lives, about their own mortality, and about speaking with their children about death and dying.
At the conclusion of one of my recent presentations, a woman came up and talked with me briefly about my March article and also about the column I had written last May detailing the commencement speech that Sheryl Sandberg, the COO of Facebook and author of Lean In, had just given at the University of California at Berkeley. Sandberg spoke with the graduates about the sudden death of her husband Dave Goldberg from a cardiac arrhythmia a year earlier, detailing the intense grief she experienced and the importance of nurturing resilience in herself and in her son and daughter.
Given the interest shown by my readers in the themes I addressed in the articles I wrote last month and last May, I considered sharing additional thoughts about these themes in this month's column. I decided to do so when Sandberg's new book, co-authored with psychologist Dr. Adam Grant, was featured as the cover story in last week's issue of Time magazine and when I read her Op-Ed piece "How to Build Resilient Kids, Even After a Loss" that appeared this week in The New York Times.
Having commented last May about Sandberg's journey to move beyond grief and "find meaning" in her life, I want to focus in this article on helping children to become increasingly resilient when confronted with loss in their lives. As I do so, I recognize, having seen many children and teenagers in therapy who have lost a close family member such as a parent or sibling, that each situation is different. The age and innate temperament of the child, the relation of the deceased to the child, the circumstances of the death, including whether it was sudden or not, the possible change in the youngster's living situation (e.g., did the loss of a parent impact significantly on a family's financial situation, requiring a move to a new home?), and the response and emotional availability of other family members are all important factors that play a role in how effectively children deal with their grief.
We can start by showing children that they matter. Sociologists define "mattering" as the belief that other people notice you, care about you and rely on you. It's the answer to a vital question that all children ask about their place in the world starting as toddlers, and continuing into and beyond adolescence: Do I make a difference to others? When the answer is no, kids feel rejected and alone.
I thought of a basic finding from research that a core foundation for resilience in children is the presence in their lives of what the late psychologist Julius Segal called a "charismatic adult," defined as an "adult from whom children gather strength." When a parent is lost, often the remaining parent may not be as emotionally available at all times to assume the role of a charismatic adult. That is why it is essential that there be other caregivers who can step in to this role, even on a temporary basis.
I also interpreted the question "do I make a difference to others?" not only in terms of children wondering if they are accepted and loved, but also whether they believe they enrich the lives of others. I have frequently written that a key component of resilience, one that provides purpose to one's life at any age, is to engage in "contributory activities." These are activities that in even small ways improve the lives of others.
In advocating for the introduction of "contributory activities," I want to make certain that no one assumes that I am suggesting we ask children to take on roles in their family that they are not able to fulfill. I have experienced firsthand in my clinical work how devastating it is for a child who has lost a parent to be asked to be a "big boy" or "big girl" and to take on the responsibilities of "the man or woman of the house." However, I have witnessed children in distress moving from a position of helplessness to one of resilience when they are involved in contributory activities that are in keeping with their emotional and cognitive level and abilities.
As one example, a 10-year-old girl I was seeing in therapy following the sudden loss of her mother from a brain aneurysm found solace in writing a book about losing a parent that she thought might be helpful to other kids who have also faced the death of a parent. Similar to a strategy I have used with other children who have authored books about a particular issue, her book was placed in the school library.
Sandberg observed that while at times a surviving parent might feel helpless in solving their children's problems, the parent can still offer support via "companioning," which basically implies "walking alongside them and listening." She wrote that Grant informed her about programs to help families manage parental loss by assisting parents to create and sustain warm relationships, communicate openly, discipline constructively, and help children develop effective coping strategies. A parent demonstrating these skills has, in effect, assumed the role of a "charismatic adult" from whom children gather strength.
Another parenting practice emphasized by Sandberg and one that I have strongly advocated is to demonstrate undivided attention to our children. While adopting such a practice may seem obvious, in my December, 2014 article I described research that indicated parents were spending an increasing amount of time on their smart phones while in the presence of their children. In many of my writings, I have recommended that parents set aside a "special" time, preferably a one-on-one time, with each child. Or it could also involve a time that becomes a tradition involving all of one's children, such as having dinner together on a regular basis.
Sandberg emphasized the importance of keeping memories of the lost family member alive; this was especially important in her situation given the relatively young age of her children when their father died. I was reminded of several of my adult patients who had lost a parent when they were young children and lamented that they wished they could remember the parent's voice or had more photos of the parent—of course, a positive side of electronic devices and the digital world is how much easier it is to have such videos and photos of loved ones available.
Sandberg asked dozens of her husband's closest family members, friends, and colleagues to share stories about him on video and she also taped her own kids describing memories they had of their father. Sandberg reported that this past Thanksgiving her daughter was very upset, finally acknowledging, "I'm forgetting Daddy because I haven't seen him for so long." This prompted them to watch the video of her daughter talking about her father, and doing so offered some comfort.
Deutch's rather colorful description captures one of the most important characteristics of a resilient mindset, one to which I alluded earlier in this article, namely, "personal control." Individuals who are resilient focus their time and energy on addressing what they can change in situations rather than attempting to alter things that cannot be altered. The sudden and tragic death of Dave Goldberg is sadly irreversible (Option A); instead, resilient people, while not denying the pain and distress that are natural emotions associated with loss, eventually manage these feelings and seek alternative solutions (Option B).
For Sheryl Sandberg and her children, as well as for almost all of us, it is a slow process to move from Option A to B, but it is a necessary process. As I have often stated, "We are the authors of our own lives"; while many events occur over which we have little, if any, control, what we have more control over than we may appreciate is our attitude and response to these events. As life's authors, we must exert as much time and energy as possible to journey from A to B; if we fail to do so, we are likely to become trapped in a victim's mentality that will prevent us and our children from leading more satisfying, resilient lives.


text:
Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors.
Prashant R. Nambiar, Geoff Girnun, Nicholas A. Lillo, Kishore Guda, Herbert E. Whiteley, Daniel W. Rosenberg
Azoxymethane (AOM) is a colon carcinogen that is used to study the pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer. We have evaluated differential susceptibility to AOM in inbred mice used as progenitors of recombinant/transgenic lines. In experiment 1, male FVB/N, 129/SvJ, C57Bl/6J mice were treated i.p. with 10 mg/kg AOM once per week for 4 weeks and sacrificed after 20 weeks. Only AOM-treated FVB/N mice developed tumors (3.6 tumors/mouse) in distal colon. In experiment 2, A/J, AKR/J, Balb/CJ mice were treated with AOM for 6 weeks and sacrificed after 24 weeks. AOM-treated A/J and Balb/CJ mice developed 9.2 and 1 tumor/mouse, respectively. Despite these differences, tumors had similar morphology regardless of strain. Immunohistochemistry with beta-catenin resulted in marked nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells in FVB/N. However, fainter and heterogeneous beta-catenin staining was observed in A/J tumors, suggesting distinct pathways of tumorigenesis in different strains. Irrespective of cytological features of malignancy, tumor cells rarely breached the muscularis mucosa and showed no evidence of distant metastasis. Lack of invasiveness and metastasis in even the most sensitive strains provides a model system for studying the potential role of 'metastasis genes' in imparting a malignant phenotype.
International journal of oncology
https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
Dive into the research topics of 'Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors.'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Azoxymethane Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Colon Medicine & Life Sciences 56%
beta Catenin Medicine & Life Sciences 17%
Staining and Labeling Medicine & Life Sciences 11%
Carcinogens Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
Mucous Membrane Medicine & Life Sciences 7%
Nambiar, P. R., Girnun, G., Lillo, N. A., Guda, K., Whiteley, H. E., & Rosenberg, D. W. (2003). Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors. International journal of oncology, 22(1), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors. / Nambiar, Prashant R.; Girnun, Geoff; Lillo, Nicholas A.; Guda, Kishore; Whiteley, Herbert E.; Rosenberg, Daniel W.
In: International journal of oncology, Vol. 22, No. 1, 01.2003, p. 145-150.
Nambiar, PR, Girnun, G, Lillo, NA, Guda, K, Whiteley, HE & Rosenberg, DW 2003, 'Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors.', International journal of oncology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 145-150. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
Nambiar PR, Girnun G, Lillo NA, Guda K, Whiteley HE, Rosenberg DW. Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors. International journal of oncology. 2003 Jan;22(1):145-150. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
Nambiar, Prashant R. ; Girnun, Geoff ; Lillo, Nicholas A. ; Guda, Kishore ; Whiteley, Herbert E. ; Rosenberg, Daniel W. / Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors. In: International journal of oncology. 2003 ; Vol. 22, No. 1. pp. 145-150.
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title = "Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors.",
abstract = "Azoxymethane (AOM) is a colon carcinogen that is used to study the pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer. We have evaluated differential susceptibility to AOM in inbred mice used as progenitors of recombinant/transgenic lines. In experiment 1, male FVB/N, 129/SvJ, C57Bl/6J mice were treated i.p. with 10 mg/kg AOM once per week for 4 weeks and sacrificed after 20 weeks. Only AOM-treated FVB/N mice developed tumors (3.6 tumors/mouse) in distal colon. In experiment 2, A/J, AKR/J, Balb/CJ mice were treated with AOM for 6 weeks and sacrificed after 24 weeks. AOM-treated A/J and Balb/CJ mice developed 9.2 and 1 tumor/mouse, respectively. Despite these differences, tumors had similar morphology regardless of strain. Immunohistochemistry with beta-catenin resulted in marked nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells in FVB/N. However, fainter and heterogeneous beta-catenin staining was observed in A/J tumors, suggesting distinct pathways of tumorigenesis in different strains. Irrespective of cytological features of malignancy, tumor cells rarely breached the muscularis mucosa and showed no evidence of distant metastasis. Lack of invasiveness and metastasis in even the most sensitive strains provides a model system for studying the potential role of 'metastasis genes' in imparting a malignant phenotype.",
author = "Nambiar, {Prashant R.} and Geoff Girnun and Lillo, {Nicholas A.} and Kishore Guda and Whiteley, {Herbert E.} and Rosenberg, {Daniel W.}",
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AU - Nambiar, Prashant R.
AU - Girnun, Geoff
AU - Lillo, Nicholas A.
AU - Guda, Kishore
AU - Whiteley, Herbert E.
AU - Rosenberg, Daniel W.
N2 - Azoxymethane (AOM) is a colon carcinogen that is used to study the pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer. We have evaluated differential susceptibility to AOM in inbred mice used as progenitors of recombinant/transgenic lines. In experiment 1, male FVB/N, 129/SvJ, C57Bl/6J mice were treated i.p. with 10 mg/kg AOM once per week for 4 weeks and sacrificed after 20 weeks. Only AOM-treated FVB/N mice developed tumors (3.6 tumors/mouse) in distal colon. In experiment 2, A/J, AKR/J, Balb/CJ mice were treated with AOM for 6 weeks and sacrificed after 24 weeks. AOM-treated A/J and Balb/CJ mice developed 9.2 and 1 tumor/mouse, respectively. Despite these differences, tumors had similar morphology regardless of strain. Immunohistochemistry with beta-catenin resulted in marked nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells in FVB/N. However, fainter and heterogeneous beta-catenin staining was observed in A/J tumors, suggesting distinct pathways of tumorigenesis in different strains. Irrespective of cytological features of malignancy, tumor cells rarely breached the muscularis mucosa and showed no evidence of distant metastasis. Lack of invasiveness and metastasis in even the most sensitive strains provides a model system for studying the potential role of 'metastasis genes' in imparting a malignant phenotype.
AB - Azoxymethane (AOM) is a colon carcinogen that is used to study the pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer. We have evaluated differential susceptibility to AOM in inbred mice used as progenitors of recombinant/transgenic lines. In experiment 1, male FVB/N, 129/SvJ, C57Bl/6J mice were treated i.p. with 10 mg/kg AOM once per week for 4 weeks and sacrificed after 20 weeks. Only AOM-treated FVB/N mice developed tumors (3.6 tumors/mouse) in distal colon. In experiment 2, A/J, AKR/J, Balb/CJ mice were treated with AOM for 6 weeks and sacrificed after 24 weeks. AOM-treated A/J and Balb/CJ mice developed 9.2 and 1 tumor/mouse, respectively. Despite these differences, tumors had similar morphology regardless of strain. Immunohistochemistry with beta-catenin resulted in marked nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells in FVB/N. However, fainter and heterogeneous beta-catenin staining was observed in A/J tumors, suggesting distinct pathways of tumorigenesis in different strains. Irrespective of cytological features of malignancy, tumor cells rarely breached the muscularis mucosa and showed no evidence of distant metastasis. Lack of invasiveness and metastasis in even the most sensitive strains provides a model system for studying the potential role of 'metastasis genes' in imparting a malignant phenotype.
U2 - 10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
DO - 10.3892/ijo.22.1.145
JO - International Journal of Oncology
JF - International Journal of Oncology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm trying to remove the lower unit to replace gaskets and replace the water pump. The lower unit will not come off. I need to know how to take lower unit off. I removed the 4 boots holding it to the mid section. I removed the one screw holding the shifter together (located between the lower unit and the mid section - inside lower unit).
This site won't let me upload photos... Keeps saying they're too large. Don't know what that means.


I'm gutfounded. Fire up a scoff.
A scoff and a scuff.
Translation: See above. A meal followed by a dance.
Long may your jib draw.
Translation: A wish for a happy future – a jib is a sail – long may it draw full of wind to drive you forward in life.
Translation: You are very funny and you make me laugh a lot.
Cold enough to skin ya.
Translation: It's very cold outside.
More lip than a coal bucket.
Translation: A person with a big mouth who always has too much to say.
You look like you've been "hauled through a knot hole".
Translation: You look worn out and exhausted.
How ya doin' me old trout?
Translation: How are you doing my dear?
The bottom's out of 'er.
Translation: Everything has gone wrong with a plan or project.
God bless your cotton socks.
I'll be over now, d'once.
Translation: I will be there soon.
Put the side back in 'er.
Translation: Close the window or door.


text:
Video: Title Tim Rosaforte and Jaime Diaz discuss the ups and downs of former World No. 1 Rory McIlroy as he prepares to make his first start on the PGA Tour this year.
Rosaforte talks McIlroy with Diaz: The ups and downs
Tim Rosaforte and Jaime Diaz discuss the ups and downs of former World No. 1 Rory McIlroy as he prepares to make his first start on the PGA Tour this year.
Scott ready to 'shake the rust off'
Isenhour works through Spieth's putting issues
For Day, 11 wins not enough on PGA Tour
Day's definition of losing is finishing second


We specialize in the upgrade of analog house audio Public Address systems to compact state-of-the-art digital audio systems.
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text:
Pechlin ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Carl Fredrik Pechlin (1720–1796), Offizier und Politiker
 Friedrich Christian Ferdinand von Pechlin (1789–1863), deutscher Diplomat und Staatsmann in dänischen Diensten, Schriftsteller
 Johann von Pechlin (1677–1757), Kanzler von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
 Johann Nikolaus Pechlin (1646–1706), deutsch-niederländischer Arzt und Prinzenerzieher
 Marten Pechlin (1480–1526), deutscher Pirat
 Nicolaus Otto von Pechlin (1753–1807), deutscher Verwaltungsjurist in dänischen Diensten

sowie von:
 Christoph Pechlin, einer Romanfigur von Wilhelm Raabe

Siehe auch:
 Pechlin (Adelsgeschlecht)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Ruth Ann Goggin passed away on Saturday, May 5, 2018, at Wesley Medical Center in Hattiesburg, MS. She was born on June 16, 1949, to the late, Jimmie H. Stanford and Bonnie (Tucker) Stanford in Mineola, TX.
Mrs. Ruth Ann had a sweet, loving spirit and anyone that met her never forgot her. She leaves behind her devoted brother-in-law, Al Fry (Peggy), along with nieces, nephews, and friends.
She was preceded in death by her parents; husband, Gerry Goggin; one daughter, Misty Clements; brother, Jimmie D. Stanford and sister, Peggy Fry.
Visitation for friends will be held on Tuesday, May 8, 2018, at Tutor Funeral Home in Magee, from 5:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. Funeral services are 10:00 a.m. on Wednesday, May 9, 2018, at Mount Zion Baptist Church, with interment following in the church cemetery. Brother Trent Sullivan and Brother Bobby Tucker will officiate.


text:
Home Perspectives Gas potentially more unifying than oil
Gas potentially more unifying than oil
Nigel J. Lucas
There is mounting evidence that the production of oil throughout the world will reach a peak in the next two decades or, at best, will grow only slowly over the period. The most optimistic estimates, such as that of the US Department of Energy's International Energy Outlook 2004, envisage oil production increasing from about 80 million barrels a day now to 120 million barrels a day by 2025. This is equivalent to annual growth of about two percent a year, but the large developing countries show economic growth of five or six percent a year and even more rapid growth in vehicle ownership and oil consumption. With present trends, China alone would take half of the projected increase to 2025. And this is the most optimistic of scenarios; many experts think that peak oil is only a few years away.
The implications are serious both for countries that have few energy resources and for those that have based their development on oil products. Convenient to use and easy to transport, petroleum products are the easy way to run a country. The affordability and availability of oil and oil products has been an important contributor to development. That affordability and availability will certainly be much reduced in the next 20 years. For the Middle East this discriminator will be important. Within the region, some countries have large reserves of oil and some have none. Forty years ago, both groups benefited from the development of oil: it was the basis of development for all and producers collected rents. When oil was cheap this distinction was tolerable; for many years it has been less tolerable and in the future it may be a source of friction.
Another hydrocarbon fuel, more expensive to produce and more expensive to transport, is gas. Within the region and around its edges, lie more than half of the known gas reserves in the world. Egypt and Algeria together have four percent of proven reserves; Iran has 15 percent; in other countries around the Caspian there is another four percent; Qatar has nine percent and Russia, outside the region but a potential supplier, has 30 percent of proven world reserves. Europe is interested in these reserves of course, because it is a huge importer of energy. Gas is potentially more unifying than oil. Many countries of the Middle East could reap the direct and indirect benefits of this communality of interest between Europe and the producing countries. The direct benefits are transit payments and the indirect benefits arise because the need to carry vast volumes of gas to Europe makes the fuel available to others along the way and permits the development of smaller deposits in the region that might be hard to develop in their own right. Turkey is a key country in this with access to Russian, Iranian and Central Asian resources, and is potentially an important transit country from the Gulf States through to Europe.
The opportunity has not gone unnoticed, either in Europe or in the region. The Barcelona Declaration in 1995 between the European Union and the 12 Mediterranean partners committed the countries to work toward a free trade area through policies based on the principles of market economy and the integration of their economies by 2010. This free trade area would include energy. Nothing much happened in the period immediately following the treaty, but four or five years ago the process was re-launched and progress has been made. The year 2005 has been declared the Year of the Mediterranean in recognition of the tenth anniversary of the Barcelona Process. The bilateral association agreements that are the key feature of the implementation of the partnership have now been signed with all countries; the final agreement with Syria was concluded in October 2004.
Of course the ambitions of the Barcelona progress go far beyond gas; the main aim is to create a region of economic and political stability on the borders of the EU; a rather abstract aim for which enthusiasm has perhaps been lost as the pace of reform in the Middle East continues to disappoint and the region, not always of its own volition, persists in ceaseless political turmoil. But gas is a common, concrete cause of sufficient importance to all partners to concentrate the mind.
Much has been done in the Arab states to develop the use of gas for domestic and bi-lateral purposes. Construction of the Arab Gas Pipeline has begun; the pipeline from El Arish to the port of Aqaba in south Jordan has been completed and is now being extended to north Jordan and will eventually link to the gas system of Syria and will supply Lebanon. Regional institutional arrangements have also been provided for the marketing of pipeline services and regulation of the operation. Eventually the gas pipeline could be extended further north and could link into the Turkish system and the pipelines to Europe.
When political conditions permit, Israel will be an important player in this regional market; it offers a large market and access to Mediterranean ports; it can be supplied initially from Egypt and subsequently from further east. The reserves of gas that have been proven off-shore Gaza should be developed in any Israeli-Egyptian accord and would provide useful economic support to Palestine. Turkey could become a gas-hub–the physical basis for a spot market in gas from Russia, the Middle East and Central Asia. Egypt could provide a similar service for Gaza gas and its own sources, eventually including other players from the Middle East.
What is now needed is a political initiative on a scale to match the importance of the undertaking both for the security of supply of energy to Europe and for the support of economic development in the Middle East. The implications are above all important for the eastern Mediterranean. The Mahgreb countries are in a process of integrating their energy markets with Spain and then into Europe and there are not so many strategic consequences in the Mahgreb. But in the Eastern Mediterranean there is a lot to play for.
The solution cannot be dramatic; the scope is too great to be amenable to a single common action. Progress must be systemic and depends on two main factors: first, a common approach to the management of gas networks and second, vast financial resources to construct the pipelines. But the elements are there. The principles of common carriage and third party access are well established; the European Investment Bank has money for infrastructure projects to underpin regional markets; and commercial banks will always be happy to fund financially viable projects with serious partners.
What is lacking is a convincing partnership between the public and private sectors. The implementation of such a vision can easily be conceived at the extremes of the political spectrum. At the extreme of the state controlled economy, which probably characterizes most of the Middle Eastern countries, the governments get together and decide and then state corporations implement and the consumer picks up any loss; so all that is needed is planning. At the liberal extreme, which probably characterizes the European position, government sets the rules of the market and then lets private enterprise get on with it; so all that is needed is reform. For many reasons neither extreme is viable in this context. It needs private enterprise and it needs agreed rules and it needs reform, but it also needs political vision. In the Year of the Mediterranean it would be fitting that the EU-Mediterranean governments, with the participation of those countries beyond the region, provide that vision.
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Nigel J. Lucas is a retired professor of energy policy at Imperial College, London, and a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in the UK. He has worked extensively across Europe and Asia, and for the last three years directed a project on energy sector reform in the Middle East and North Africa. He is featured on Media Monitors Network (MMN) with the courtesy of Bitterlemons-International .


Paganism is about God's presence in nature and natural things, trees, animals, rocks, rivers. It gives liberty to assume one's God, and rejects the concept of monotheism, belief in one God.
Paganism is a term that is broadly ascribed to a wide variety of traditions, characterized by reverence for nature, and belief in certain spiritual/religious practices of a natural religion, as opposed to the Abrahamic and other world religions.
Paganism beliefs are primarily centered on the concept of Polytheism, i.e., belief in more than one God and Animism (which is a philosophical or spiritual belief that souls and spirits exist not just in humans but also animals, plants, rocks, mountains, rivers, and natural phenomena such as thunder).
The term pagan is derived from the Latin word paganus, which is an adjective meaning 'rural'", 'rustic' or 'of the country'. Paganus, as a noun, was used to mean 'country dweller or villager'. It refers to the polytheistic traditions of the continent of Europe before its Christianization.
Christianity spread more quickly in the major urban areas than in the countryside. So, many country-dwellers became synonymous with the term 'pagan', as they were 'not Christian'. Some of the modern forms of paganism have their roots in the 19th century CE European nationalism, while contemporary pagan groups have their roots in the 1960s.
Most pagans believe in the sacredness of all life forms, and the Earth is looked upon as a representative of the Mother Goddess. They believe in Animism, and they consider all natural things like trees, plants, rocks, rivers, etc., to be possessing a soul or spirit.
The Earth's resources and beauty are always conserved and preserved, as a way of worshiping the Mother Goddess. Respect for the 'divine presence' in nature, and reverence of the natural order in life are its basic tenets.
They have a deep concern for the environment, put great emphasis on environment preservation, and also believe that certain aspects of nature are representatives of various deities.
Pagans believe in the existence of many Gods and Goddesses. They also believe in worshiping spirits of national or local heroes, and also of deceased family members. Individuals may worship a specific pantheon, such as Celtic, Norse, Greek, etc.
Some may worship the whole pantheon, while others may worship a few of the deities in the pantheon. Pagans have very personal relationships with their deities and their own individualistic perceptions. They totally reject the concept of monotheism, and also the concept of God being primarily masculine.
'Magick' refers to the use of certain techniques or rituals which are believed to be able to influence the universe, to bring about positive changes or results, or to celebrate holy days and thanking the deities for their blessings.
Some rituals are performed to mark important milestones in life, like birth, marriage or death. Examples of simple magick rituals are the burning of a green candle to bring about prosperity, or chanting of certain spells and prayers.
There are other complex rituals as well. As part of the rituals, offerings like flowers, precious stones, crystals or an artifact of beauty and art, are offered to the deities. Some pagans also dedicate songs, dance, and poems to their deities.
Most pagans believe in reincarnation. According to them, after death, a person's spirit is reborn in another body. There are eight major holy days in the pagan calendar, all related to agriculture. Four of them are dedicated to plants and harvesting, while the remaining four pertain to animals and their cycles of fertility.
Paganism beliefs vary among various groups, and can be highly individualistic at times, because in paganism, every practitioner has his/her own unique relation with his/her revered deity, and their way of expressing their devotion can be very personal.
It is different from other religions, because it has not been propagated by any one person or authoritative figure. Its followers don't believe in proselytizing, i.e., trying to convert others to follow their faith.
The most significant aspect is that, it allows a person to be independent and free to choose his/her own path and beliefs.


The core model process may still be a foreign topic for many, but if you understand what the concept behind this methodology is you will never approach web and app design the same way. This new approach is reshaping the way web agencies work and dramatically enhances the performance of websites and applications.
So, let's take a look at what the Core Model process is and how it can benefit your business.
Would you ever build a house starting from the finishing touches? Nothing wrong with daydreaming about how your new home will look once it's completed. However, if you do not have clearly in mind what your needs are and what kind of house will satisfy those needs, you may end up with a beautiful home that is entirely useless for you and your family.
This has been the approach that many have adopted over the years while designing websites. An enormous amount of energy was dedicated to creating a stunning homepage, designing graphic elements, and other finishing touches without giving too much consideration to the real objectives of the website. This can be compared to spending many days deciding the color of your house while neglecting to examine the blueprints to ensure that the house has the core features you need.
The core model process avoids this pitfall and creates a better web solution for your users and your business. Presented for the first time in 2007 by the information architect Are Halland, the core model process is a thinking tool that helps every person involved in a project, including the client or stockholders, to identify the most important (core!) pages in a website. This is a critical step to creating better content and design, and with the aim focused on providing a better user experience (UX) that helps you achieve your business goals more efficiently.
However, how can you identify a core page on your website?
Core content is the optimal information unit that fulfills a defined user task and at least one business goal at the same time.
If you think about this definition, you can easily understand that not every page in your website fits these criteria. Think about, for instance, a typical "about us" page. Even though your story may be interesting, it adds no real value to your users. They don't come to your website to know about you but to satisfy a need they have. Hardly ever is the about page useful in accomplishing the goal they have in mind.
Core content, instead, is all the pages that straightforwardly help your users accomplish the task that prompted them to visit your website. The same core page is critical to moving your visitors to the action you want them to take.
Once the core content has been identified, it is easier for everyone involved in the project to decide how to design the website and arrange the content to give core pages maximum visibility.
The business objectives encompass more than the primary goal of each company which is to generate a profit through a product or service. It includes even sub-objectives like, for instance, merely collecting contact information.
On the other hand, the user tasks deal with the reason why a visitor comes to your website. What information is he looking for? What is the problem he needs to solve? What does he want to get done?
Once these two factors are clear and well defined, the project will revolve around them, and they will determine how every part of the project will be developed. Everything, from the web architecture to the design, from the content creation to which visual elements will be added to the website, will all be planned, designed, and organized to help the users get their tasks done quickly and efficiently and to lead them towards the business objective.
Defining these two factors, the business objectives and the user tasks, and how to combine them, are a critical part of the project. It requires a lot of brainstorming that involves not only the web design agency team but also the client and sometimes even the stockholders. While this requires a lot of hard work the results are significant.
These two factors will allow the team to design every part of the web solution with the end user in mind. They will study the best and fastest way to reach the core pages, and once the user is there, the pages will be organized to get the task done efficiently.
Moreover, once the user has accomplished his tasks, the business objective will define where the designer wants the user to move next and what actions he wants him to take. In simple words, the web design team will create a pathway for the user that is both easy and useful to walk on and at the same time is highly effective for your business.
As you can see, the styles and graphics of your website are no longer the primary concern of the /design team. In the core model process, the main objective is to create a great user experience while all the graphic and visual elements are designed based on that objective.
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The core model process makes the end-user the central part of every project. Everything that will be displayed online is designed for the users' benefit.
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The core model process creates a win-win situation, which is the best scenario for every business. It has been observed that when the core model process is implemented, users spend more time on each relevant page and conversions increase. This is the natural consequence of making useful content readily available and user-friendly, which are primary factors in determining the success of an online business in the modern internet environment.
QPSoftware is a senior web agency in Shanghai, China and part of our mission is to always be ahead of the game. We have developed a personalized tried and true methodology that we apply to every project that we tackle.
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If you are in the process of creating or restyling a website, e-commerce, or mobile app, contact us for a free consultation, and we will explain how we can help you succeed online.


text:
The GSA bargains with Board of Governors' representatives to negotiate changes to salaries, benefits, and working conditions for Graduate Teaching Assistants, Graduate Research Assistants, and Graduate Research Assistant Fellowship holders.
Watch 2021-2022 VP Labour Jessica Grenke explain some of the most important features of the GSA Union.
University Human Resource Services has compiled a brand new document on key information for Academically-Employed Graduate Students (AEGS).
See the most recent Update on Collective Bargaining
GSA Labour Union - Know Your Rights - eClass for Academically-Employed Graduate Students
Q&A for Mitigating COVID-19 Risk on Campus
GSA Labour 101 Presentation - learn more about your rights and responsibilities under the Collective Agreement
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The following graduate students are covered under the Graduate Student Assistantship Collective Agreement...
All graduate students holding assistantships:
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Students who are funded through scholarships are not covered under the Graduate Student Assistantship Collective Agreement.
* GRAFs provide funding to graduate students to pursue their own research and are not defined in the Collective Agreement as being an employment relationship. While included in the Collective Agreement, GRAF stipends consist of solely an award component (not an award and salary component) and are not subject to the deduction of either income tax or union dues.
About the GSA as Labour Union
Under provincial legislation, the GSA is "the bargaining agent for academically-employed graduate students" and...
... is to act with "exclusive authority" in representing graduate student workers in negotiating a Collective Agreement (Post-Secondary Learning Act).
The GSA bargains with Board of Governors' representatives—primarily the Provost and Vice-President (Academic)—to negotiate changes to salaries, benefits, and working conditions for Graduate Teaching Assistants, Graduate Research Assistants, and Graduate Research Assistant Fellowship holders, who are otherwise known as Academically-Employed Graduate Students (AEGSs).
In October 2021, the GSA signed a service agreement with the Public Service Alliance of Canada (PSAC). This agreement grants us access to the extensive resources of the PSAC, including professional negotiators, researchers, outreach and education programs, and a well-established strike/lockout fund. The PSAC represents graduate students across Canada, and most notably, has signed service agreements with the three major graduate student unions of Alberta – University of Calgary, University of Lethbridge, and us. We look forward to working with the PSAC and our Alberta counterparts moving forward.
Pursuant to a vote of members of the bargaining unit, the GSA collects a union due. This due amounts to 1.0% of the salary portion of all AEGSs' stipends. Collected dues are held in the GSA Labour Union Fund and used solely to support the GSA's activities pursuant to the Labour Relations Code on behalf of AEGSs, including collective bargaining and representation of members of the bargaining unit.
See GSA Bylaw and Policy, Section Q: Collective Bargaining for details on this aspect of the work of the GSA.
30 April 2022 - 2021-2022 Vice-President Labour's Year in Review
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text:
The 64th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in northwest Pennsylvania and has been represented by R. Lee James since 2013.

District Profile
The 64th District encompasses parts of Crawford County and all of Venango County and includes the following areas:

Crawford County

Hydetown
Oil Creek Township
Rome Township
Steuben Township
 Titusville
Townville
Troy Township

Venango County

Representatives

Recent election results

References

External links

 District map from the United States Census Bureau
 Pennsylvania House Legislative District Maps from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.
 Population Data for District 64 from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.

Government of Butler County, Pennsylvania
Government of Venango County, Pennsylvania
64


Moodle in English: Self Enrol a user to a particular course, programatically.
At the moment I am able to enrol a user into a course using the following code.
The issue is that it enroles the user as MANUAL, but I need the user to be enroled as SELF ENROLMENT.
How can I achieve that? What function can I use?
Re: Self Enrol a user to a particular course, programatically.


text:
The Missing Lemur Link
Understanding lemurs: future directions in lemur c...
An Ancestral Step in the Evolution of Human Behaviour
Search within full text
Chapter references
Print publication year: 2016
Online publication date: May 2016
9 - Understanding lemurs: future directions in lemur cognition
from Part IV - Closing remarks
Ivan Norscia, Università degli Studi, Pisa, Elisabetta Palagi, Università degli Studi, Pisa
Foreword by Alison Jolly, Ian Tatterall
Afterword by Michael Huffman
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139060059.012
pp 247-279
When we started considering the idea to write this book on lemurs' behaviour in 2010 we thought of making reference to the relatively few experimental studies on lemur cognition in the introduction, mentioning them as a promising novel branch of investigation for strepsirrhines. But over the past few years the research on the subject has blossomed and many articles have been published on scientific journals, converting the lemur cognition domain in one of the most flourishing fields of investigation of primatology, anthropology and comparative psychology. We realised, then, that we could not dismiss cognitive studies with a couple of paragraphs in the introductory section and we decided to reserve the final chapter to the topic, which probably better than others points towards unexplored lemur potentials and future directions for a more comprehensive understanding of the primate world. In the following pages we try to provide the reader with the basic elements that we think are necessary to understand what is going on when lemurs are tested on cognitive tasks. We suggest that the reader uses this chapter for orientation, as a sort of compass to navigate through the different aspects of lemur cognition. If it is of interest, we invite the reader to consult the original papers to gather further details on the experimental apparatuses and procedures.
Manipulative lemurs? Maybe
In her 1966 Science article, Alison Jolly observed that 'some prosimians, the social lemurs, have evolved the usual primate type of society and social learning without the capacity to manipulate objects as monkeys do. It thus seems likely that the rudiments of primate society preceded the growth of primate intelligence, made it possible, and determined its nature'.
As primatological studies have advanced, some evidence of tool manipulation ability, a possible precursor of tool use, has been found in lemurs (for a review see Fichtel and Kappeler, 2010; Schilling, 2013). Only few incidents of spontaneous object manipulation have been observed in the wild. The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis; Figure 9.1) is known for using the probing middle finger for tapping, and extracting nectar, kernels and insects embedded in trees or branches; it can also use the fourth finger for tasks requiring strength, scooping action and deep access (Lhota et al., 2008).
Origin and evolution of primate social organisation: a reconstruction
Biological Reviews
Tool use in Cebus: Its relation to object manipulation, the brain, and ecological adaptations
Suzanne Chevalier-Skolnikoff
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Published online: 04 February 2010
Primate tool use: Parsimonious explanations make better science
Elisabetta Visalberghi
Tool use implies sensorimotor skill: But differences in skills do not imply differences in intelligence
Euan M. Macphail
Spontaneous tool use and sensorimotor intelligence in Cebus compared with other monkeys and apes
Tools, terms, and telencephalons: Neural correlates of "complex' and "intelligent" behavior
Marc Bekoff
Piagetian stages and the anagenetic study of cognitive evolution
Timothy D. Johnston
Advanced sensorimotor intelligence in Cebus and Macaca
Gregory Charles Westergaard , Gene P. Sackett
Tool use, imitation, and insight: Apples, oranges, and conceptual pea soup
Dorothy M. Fragaszy
On the contents of capuchins' cognitive toolkit
James R. Anderson
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Ivan Norscia, Elisabetta Palagi
Online ISBN: 9781139060059
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Can CBD Dog Treats Help Your Dog In Pain And Stress?
Despite the resistance from powerful quarters, cannabis is becoming popular in some of the most advanced countries in the world including the US. For your information, cannabis is essentially a plant of the genus Cannabis and it yields tough fibers and recreational drugs. Hence, it has made inroads in health sector both for the human and the canines. CBD dog treats have thus become popular for treating the dogs in pain and stress.
CBD stands for Cannabidiol and it is an important phytocannabinoid (a type of cannabinoid that forms naturally in the cannabis plants and contains 40% of the plant extract). The onus to mention here that CBD is just one of the 113 cannabinoids that are found in cannabis. There are no known intoxicating effects of CBD as on date and it is known to control anxiety, stress, strain, and the disorderly thinking.
However, the therapeutic use of CBD contains an equal proportion of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol that yields intoxicating effects). It is important to mention here that the therapeutic use of CBD is beneficial to human beings and the canines too. Studies have shown that CBD doesn't have any effect on one's mind, mood, or other mental processes. So goes with the canines here. In fact, CBD helps pets to deal with their chronic pain and anxiety.
What is a CBD dog treat?
This is a very pertinent question here. Well, CBD dog treats are essentially CBD-rich biscuits for your dog. These biscuits are produced and sold in the US. It means such biscuits are full of nutrients necessary for your dog and at the same time, they have the medicinal value that helps your dog to relieve the pain and stress. The onus to mention that some of the eminent veterinarians in the US have endorsed the use of these teats for pets.
Safe diet: When you give something to your dog for eating, your primary concern revolves around the safety of your dog. That's why you buy dog treats from the market and do not allow your dog to eat the leftovers. You will be happy to know that CBD-rich treats are safe for your dog.
Affordable cure: The price of these treats is nominal compared to the cost of other drugs that you may have been using for some time for the dog.
Multipurpose uses: Feeding CBD-rich treats can effectively relieve your dog from a lot of pains like arthritis, cancer, seizures, and anxiety.
Instant relief: Your dog has a natural cannabinoid called anandamide. It is a fatty acid neurotransmitter. However, CBD is more powerful than anandamide when it comes to giving an effective relief to your dog. One dose of CBS can give relief to your dog for more than 4 hours.
All those put together indicates that when you buy CBD-rich dog treats for your pet, you actually do a favor to your pet. Believe it or not, some of your friends are using these treats for their pets too for some time.


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Images From Hubble Space Telescope
Filed Under: Photo Galleries
NASA Studies Starburst Galaxy NGC 3310IN SPACE - SEPTEMBER 7: (FILE PHOTO) In this image released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the galaxy NGC 3310, a starburst galaxy that is forming clusters of new stars at a prodigious rate, is shown taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Septemer 7, 2001 while in space. Nasa plans to replace the Hubble telescope with the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and plans to deorbit the Hubble telescope sometime in 2010. According to Anne Kinney, division director of astronomy and physics at NASA headquarters, NASA states August 1, 2003 that it is firmly committed to the new JWST, a deep-space observatory due for launch in 2011 on a European Ariane 5 rocket. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble Captures Image Of An Unusual Cloud Of DustIN SPACE: (FILE IMAGE) This image, from the Hubble Space Telescope, shows a cluster of stars called N30B reflecting light on a cloud of dust. The cluster of stars is located inside the Large Magellanic Cloud 160,000 light-years away. The image was released by NASA on December 5, 2002 and is a composite of images from 1998 and 2001. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Chandra Uncovers Two Black Holes In Same GalaxyIN SPACE - NOVEMBER 19: An optical and x-ray observation of the galaxy NGC6240 is shown in this handout image from the NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray observatory on November 19, 2002. The new x-ray observations of the galaxy have revealed two super-massive black holes at the center of the galaxy. The black holes will eventually merge in a cataclysmic event that will cause warps or gravitational waves in space. (Photo by NASA/CXC/MPE/S.Komossa/Getty Images)
Fast-Moving, Star-Sized Black Hole Tracked By HubbleIN SPACE - UNDATED: (FILE IMAGE) This undated artist's interpretation of the star-sized black hole GRO J1655-40, currently traveling in our solar system at 250,000 miles per hour, was released on November 18, 2002. According to astronomers using data from the Hubble Space telescope this black hole, also known as a "microquasar," is assimilating material from a its companion star. (Photo by FAECIASP/NASA/ Conicet of Argentina/Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Sends Image Of Ghostly NebulaIN SPACE - NOVEMBER 7: The Hubble Space Telescope took this image of a dying star named "NGC 6369" on November 7, 2002. The star, also known as the "Little Ghost Nebula," is 2000 to 5000 light years from earth and is similar in mass to our Sun. The ghostly halo surrounding the star is caused by the shedding of the stars outer layers during the final stages of its life cycle. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Crab Nebula Pictured In Spectacular CompositeIN SPACE - (UNDATED PHOTO) A composite image of the Crab Nebula showing X-ray (blue), and optical (red) images superimposed is shown in this undated photo. Multiple observations made over several months with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope captured the spectacle of matter and antimatter propelled to nearly the speed of light by the Crab pulsar, a rapidly rotating neutron star the size of Manhattan. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Crab Nebula Pictured In Spectacular CompositeIN SPACE - (UNDATED PHOTO) Multiple images of the Crab Nebula made over a span of several months are shown in this undated photo. The images, made over several months with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, provide moving pictures of matter and antimatter propelled to nearly the speed of light by the Crab pulsar, a rapidly rotating neutron star the size of Manhattan. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Fragments Of An Exploded StarUNDATED PHOTO: An image of a Cas A supernova reveals the remnants of a section of the upper rim of the youngest known supervova identified in our Milky Way galaxy. Dozens of tiny clumps near the top of the image are actually small fragments of the star and each clump is approximately ten times larger than the diameter of our solar system. The varying colors of the supernova are caused by glowing atoms. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Space Shuttle Atlantis To Repair Hubble Space TelescopeFLORIDA - MAY 12: In this tightly cropped handout image provided by NASA, the NASA space shuttle Atlantis is seen in silhouette during solar transit, May 12, 2009, from Florida. This image was made before Atlantis and the crew of STS-125 had grappled the Hubble Space Telescope. (Photo by Thierry Legault/NASA via Getty Images)
Hubble Space Telescope Produces Final ImagesIN SPACE - MAY 4: In this handout image provided by NASA, a colourful cloud of gas and dust, a nebula named Knockout 4-55 (or K 4-55), is photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope on May 4, 2009 in Space. The nebula has an eye that appears to be looking right back at Hubble. It is the penultimate images the camera will take before NASA plans to send the shuttle Atlantis into space to make upgrades and repairs to Hubble, when astronauts will replace the telescope's camera with the Wide Field Camera 3. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)
Hubble Space Telescope Shows Photo Of New PlanetIN SPACE - UNDATED: In this handout provided by NASA, a visible-light image from the Hubble Space Telescope shows a red ring of dust and debris that surrounds the star Fomalhaut and the newly discovered planet, Fomalhaut b, orbiting its parent star. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)
Scientists Capture Deep Space Image Of Early UniverseIN SPACE - DECEMBER 11: This image of galaxies in the farthest reaches of deep space was released by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) on December 11, 2002. An international group of scientists captured this image in a weeklong exposure with the European Southern Observatory's 27-foot (8.2-meter) Very Large Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope. (Photo by ESO/Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Shows Destructing GalaxiesIN SPACE, UNDATED PHOTO: NASA's Hubble space telescope shows a grouping of galaxies engaging in a slow dance of destruction that will last for billions of years. The tightly packed galaxies are are beginning to rip stars from reach other and distort their shapes. (Photo by NASA/ Getty Images)
Hubble Captures Image Of Small, Young GalaxyIN SPACE - VARIOUS DATES: This image, released by NASA on December 19, 2002, shows the young, forming galaxy POX 186 and is a composite of three images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in March and June, 2000. The 900 light-year wide galaxy is very small in galactic terms and is made up of only 10 million young stars. POX 189 lies in the constellation Virgo and is 68 million light years from earth. (Photo by NASA/CSC/STSci/Michael Corbin/Getty Images)
Hubble Photo Shows Andromeda GalaxyIN SPACE - MAY 8: This NASA photo released May 8, 2003 was made from 250 separate exposures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope from December 2, 2002 to January 11, 2003 and shows the nearest neighboring spiral galaxy, Andromeda. According to NASA, this is the deepest visible-light image ever taken of the sky and shows approximately 300,000 stars in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble Captures Light Echo From Star OutburstIN SPACE - VARIOUS DATES: These images from the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys, showing "the reverberation of light through space caused by an unusual stellar outburst" starting on May 20, 2002, were released by NASA on March 26, 2003. The outburst came from the red super-giant star called V838 Monocerotis. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble Observes An Evaporating PlanetARTIST'S IMPRESSION - MARCH 12: This handout image from the European Space Agency shows an artist's impression of the hydrogen atmosphere of transiting planet HD 209458b streaming off of the planet as it orbits close to its parent star on March 12, 2003. According to the ESA the Hubble Space Telescope made observations of the planet, which is described as a "hot Jupiter" because the gas giant is similar to Jupiter in our solar system and because orbits precariously close to its parent star. (Photo by Alfred Vidal-Madjar/ESA/NASA/Getty Images)
Chandra And Hubble Capture Galactic Gas Blown By Super WindsIN SPACE - FEBRUARY 25: This NASA composite image of galaxy NGC 3079 was created by combining images from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory on February 25, 2003. Large filaments of gas blown out from the center of the galaxy by "super winds" from either a black hole or an exploding star, are visible in the Chandra image (blue) superimposed over the Hubble optical spectrum image (red and green). (Photo by NASA/CXC/U. North Carolina/G. Cecil/Getty Images)
Hubble Take Close-up Image Of M27IN SPACE - FEBRUARY 11: This image from the Hubble Space Telescope shows the "Dumbbell Nebula" or M27 on February 11, 2003. The nebula, which lies 1,200 light-years away, was formed when an old star shed its outer layers. Charles Messier discovered the Dumbbell Nebula in 1764. (Photo by NASA/Hubble Heritage Team/Getty Images)
Hubble Peers At Quasar With Blinders OnIN SPACE - JANUARY 10: This image of the quasar 3C 273 was released by NASA on January 10, 2003. The image was created by the Hubble Space Telescope using a coronagraph camera, which blocks light from the center of the quasar allowing astronomers to glimpse the quasar's surrounding galaxy which is usually obscured by intense light. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Astronomers Find Radio-Jets In An Unusual PlaceIN SPACE - JANUARY 8: This composite image shows a giant radio-emitting jet shooting out from the spiral galaxy 0313-192 on January 8, 2003. The image of the red streaks coming from the center of the galaxy was captured by the Vary Large Array (VLA) radio telescope was superimposed on a true color image of the galaxy captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. Astronomers are puzzled by the radio-jets because they believed spiral galaxies were incapable of producing this type of radiation. (Photo by NASA /Getty Images)
Hubble Uses Natural Lens To Magnify Distant GalaxiesIN SPACE - JANUARY 7: This deep-space image was created using a gravitational lens created by a cluster of galaxies on January 7, 2003. The Hubble Space Telescope made a 13-hour exposure through a tight cluster of galaxies called Abell 1689 located 2.2 billion light-years away. The galaxies seen through the cluster are 13 billion light-years away and are magnified by gravity from Abell 1689. (Photo by NASA/STScI/ACS/ESA/Getty Images)
Image Of Planet-Forming Dust Captured By HubbleIN SPACE - JANUARY 7: This image is a computer generated interpretation of a new Hubble Space Telescope image of a cloud of dust around a young star 320 light-years from Earth on January 7, 2003. The Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys captured the image of the star called HD 141569A. According to NASA, it is the "clearest view yet" of planet forming dust around a star. This image shows what the star would look like if we were directly above. (Photo by NASA/ESA/Getty Images)
XSP: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera ImagesIN SAPCE - UNDATED: This handout image of the giant, active galaxy NGC 1275, obtained August 21, 2008 was taken using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope?s Advanced Camera for Surveys in July and August 2006. It provides amazing detail and resolution of fragile filamentary structures, which show up as a reddish lacy structure surrounding the central bright galaxy. These filaments are cool despite being surrounded by gas that is around 55 million ?C. They are suspended in a magnetic field which maintains their structure and demonstrates how energy from the supermassive black hole hosted at the centre of the galaxy is transferred to the surrounding gas. (Photo by NASA/ESA via Getty Images)
Pluto No Longer Classified As A PlanetIN SPACE - This undated image taken by the Hubble telescope shows Pluto and its moons: Charon, Nix, and Hydra.The International Astronomical Union announced on August 24, 2006 that it no longer considers Pluto a planet, a status it has held since its discovery in 1930. The announcement reduces the solar system from nine planets to eight. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)
Hubble Space Telescope Releases The Largest Picture Of Crab NebulaIN SPACE - DECEMBER 1: In this handout from NASA, the mosaic image, one of the largest ever taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope of the Crab Nebula, shows six-light-year-wide expanding remnant of a star's supernova explosion as released December 2, 2005. Japanese and Chinese astronomers witnessed this violent event nearly 1,000 years ago in 1054, together with, possibly, Native Americans. The orange filaments are the remains of the star and consist mostly of hydrogen. The rapidly spinning neutron star embedded in the center of the nebula is the dynamo powering the nebula's eerie interior bluish glow. The blue light comes from electrons whirling at nearly the speed of light around magnetic field lines from the neutron star. The neutron star, the crushed ultra-dense core of the exploded star, ejects twin beams of radiation that appear to pulse 30 times a second due to the neutron star's rotation. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)(Credit: NASA via Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Captures New Star Cluster392007 01: This image recorded by the Hubble telescope on July 10, 2001 shows two clusters of stars, called NGC 1850, located in a neighboring galaxy called the Large Magellanic Cloud. The photo''s centerpiece is a young, "globular-like" star cluster - a type of object unknown in our own Milky Way Galaxy. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Space Shuttle Columbia Work on the Hubble Space Telescope403971 01: Astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, payload commander, waves at a crewmate inside Space Shuttle Columbia's crew cabin during a brief break in work on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the cargo bay of the shuttle during the STS-109 mission's third space walk, March 6, 2002. The primary purpose of the extravehicular activity (EVA) of astronauts Grunsfeld and Richard M. Linnehan was to replace the Power Control Unit on the giant telescope. (Photo by Getty Images)
Hubble Space Telescope Repair402108 05: Astronauts James H. Newman and Michael J. Massimino participate in the first science instrument upgrade of the fourth Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission March 7, 2002 during the Space Shuttle Columbia's fourth day of extravehicular activity (EVA) in space. Astronauts Newman and Massimino and the rest of their crew are in space to try and upgrade some components of the Hubble Space Telescope. (Photo courtesy NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble Space Telescope Repair402108 01: Astronaut James H. Newman moves while working in the Space Shuttle Columbia's cargo bay March 5, 2002 during an extravehicular activity (EVA) in space. Astronaut Newman and the rest of his crew are in space to try and upgrade some components of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Part of the giant telescope's base, latched down in the payload bay, can be seen behind Newman. (Photo courtesy NASA/ Getty Images)
Hubble Space TelescopeUNDATED FILE PHOTO: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope being refurbished during the STS 61 flight in this undated file photo. The Hubble Space Telescope suffered a system failure over the weekend that will leave it unable to transmit any pictures to Earth until the next, much-delayed, space shuttle mission, the space agency said on Monday, Nov. 15, 1999. (Courtesy of NASA)
Latest Hubble imageThis group of four galaxies, as photographed by the Hubble telescope, known as the Hickson Compact Group 87 (HCG 87), has been performing an intricate dance orchestrated by the mutual gravitational forces acting between them over a time span of hundreds of millions of years. These galaxies are so close to one another that gravitational forces disrupt their structure and alter their evolution. (courtesy of NASA)
Hubble Space Telescope photo of spiral galaxy NGC 4414The majestic spiral galaxy NGC 4414 as photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. (Photo by NASA)
Hubble Space Telescope photo of nebula NGC 3603In this stunning picture of the giant galactic nebula NGC 3603, the crisp resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope captures various stages of the life cycle of stars in one single view. (Photo by NASA)
Hubble Space Telescope401816 02: The Hubble Space Telescope is backdropped against black space as the Space Shuttle Columbia, with a crew of seven astronauts on board, eases closer March 3, 2002 in order to latch its 50-foot-long robotic arm onto a fixture on the giant telescope. As Columbia flew 350 miles above the Pacific Ocean southwest of Mexico, with astronaut Nancy J. Currie, mission specialist, in control of the arm and astronaut Scott D. Altman, mission commander, at the controls of the shuttle, the crew went on to capture the Hubble. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)The Space Telescope Science Institute, which tells the Hubble telescope what to explore in outer space, is moving to the redeveloped Rotunda in Roland Park. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Shows Globular Star Cluster391238 01: This photo shows a view from the Hubble Telescope released June 27, 2001 of the globular cluster M22. The giant space telescope uncovered tantalizing clues to what could be a strange and unexpected population of wandering, planet-sized objects. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)
Gamma-Ray Burst From Chandra X-Ray Observatory392439 04: An image of NASA''s Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope shows a halo of hot gas surrounding spiral galaxy NGC 4631 that is similar to the Milky Way galaxy, June 19, 2001. The orange color in the middle of the image represents ultraviolet radiation as observed by UIT, tracing massive stars in the galaxy. (Photo Courtesy of NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble''s Panoramic Portrait of a Vast Star-Forming Region392439 05: An image from NASA''s Hubble Space Telescope of a vast, sculpted landscape of gas and dust where thousands of stars are being born, July 26, 2001. The star-forming region, called the 30 Doradus Nebula, has the largest cluster of massive stars within the closest 25 galaxies. (Photo Courtesy of NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Celebrates 15th AnniversarySPACE - APRIL 25: In this composite handout image released from the Hubble Space Telescope the Whirlpool Galaxy and Eagle Nebula (L) are seen , April 25, 2005 released for the Hubble's 15th anniversary. Nasa's Space Telescope has obited the Earth for 15 years and has taken more than 700,000 images of the comos. These images are two of the sharpest images Hubble has ever produced, taken with the newest camera. (Photo by Hubble Space Telescope/Nasa via Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Celebrates 15th AnniversarySPACE - APRIL 25: In this handout image released from the Hubble Space Telescope the Eagle Nebula is seen, April 25, 2005. Released for the Hubble's 15th anniversary. Nasa's Space Telescope has orbited the Earth for 15 years and has taken more than 700,000 images of the cosmos. This image is one of the sharpest images Hubble has ever produced, taken with the newest camera.(Photo by Hubble Space Telescope/Nasa via Getty Images)
Hubble Telescope Celebrates 15th AnniversarySPACE - APRIL 25: In this handout image released from the Hubble Space Telescope the Whirlpool Galaxy is seen , April 25, 2005 released for the Hubble 15th anniversary. Nasa's Space Telescope has obited the Earth for 15 years and has taken more than 700,000 images of the comos. This image is one of the sharpest images Hubble has ever produced, taken with the newest camera. (Photo by Hubble Space Telescope/Nasa via Getty Images)
The Sharpest View Of Mars Ever Taken From EarthThe Sharpest View Of Mars Ever Taken From Earth Was Obtained By The Recently Refurbished Nasa Hubble Space Telescope (Hst). This Stunning Portrait Was Taken With The Hst Wide Field Planetary Camera-2 (Wfpc2) On March 10, 1997, Just Before Mars Opposition, When The Red Planet Made One Of Its Closest Passes To The Earth (About 60 Million Miles Or 100 Million Km) (Photo By Nasa/Getty Images)(Credit: Nasa/Getty Images)
Pushing The Limits Of Its Powerful Vision Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope Has Uncovered Th404441 01: Pushing The Limits Of Its Powerful Vision, Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope Has Uncovered The Oldest Burned-Out Stars In Our Milky Way Galaxy. These Extremely Old, Dim Stars Provide A Completely Independent Reading Of The Universe's Age Without Relying On Measurements Of The Universe's Expansion. The Ancient White Dwarf Stars, As Seen By Hubble, Turn Out To Be 12 To 13 Billion Years Old. Because Earlier Hubble Observations Show That The First Stars Formed Less Than 1 Billion Years After The Universe's Birth In The Big Bang, Finding The Oldest Stars Puts Astronomers Well Within Arm's Reach Of Calculating The Absolute Age Of The Universe. (Photo By Getty Images)
Hubble Captures Image Of Dying StarUNDATED: This NASA image shows ladder-like structures within a dying star. This new image, taken with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, reveals startling new details of one of the most unusual nebulae known in our Milky Way. Cataloged as HD 44179, this nebula is more commonly called the "Red Rectangle" because of its unique shape and color as seen with ground-based telescopes. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)
Hubble Reveals Oldest Seen galaxiesIN SPACE: In this NASA handout, a view of deepest view of the visible universe ever achieved are seen in a Hubble Telescope composite photograph released March 9, 2004. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) photograph is a composite of a million one-second exposures and reveals galaxies from the time shortly after the big bang. (Photo by NASA/Getty Images)
Hubble''s Panoramic Portrait of a Vast Star-Forming Region392439 06: An image from the Hubble telescope of compact galaxies known as Stephan''s Quintet, July 19, 2001. At least two of the galaxies have been involved in high-speed collisions which have ripped stars and gas from neighboring galaxies and caused the development of more than 100 star clusters and several dwarf galaxies. (Photo Courtesy of NASA/Getty Images)
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