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Street View Imagery Collect on ISS
Cyclone Intensity Measurements from the International Space Station (CIMISS)
Materials Testing – Earth Abundant Textured Thin Film Photovoltaics
GLASS AIS TransponderGlobal AIS on Space Station (GLASS)
MultiLab: Research Server for the ISS
Research Containing: Spaceflight
Transient gene and microRNA expression profile changes of confluent human fibroblast cells in spaceflight
by cfynanon 22 August 2016in Biology & Biotechnology No comment
Microgravity, or an altered gravity environment different from the 1 g of the Earth, has been shown to influence global gene expression patterns and protein levels in cultured cells. However, most of the reported studies that have been conducted in space or by using simulated microgravity on the ground have focused on the growth or differentiation of these cells. It has not been specifically addressed whether nonproliferating cultured cells will sense the presence of microgravity in space. In an experiment conducted onboard the International Space Station, confluent human fibroblast cells were fixed after being cultured in space for 3 and 14 d, respectively, to investigate changes in gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in these cells. Results of the experiment showed that on d 3, both the flown and ground cells were still proliferating slowly, as measured by the percentage of Ki-67(+) cells. Gene and miRNA expression data indicated activation of NF-kappaB and other growth-related pathways that involve hepatocyte growth factor and VEGF as well as the down-regulation of the Let-7 miRNA family. On d 14, when the cells were mostly nonproliferating, the gene and miRNA expression profile of the flight sample was indistinguishable from that of the ground sample. Comparison of gene and miRNA expressions in the d 3 samples, with respect to d 14, revealed that most of the changes observed on d 3 were related to cell growth for both the flown and ground cells. Analysis of cytoskeletal changes via immunohistochemistry staining of the cells with antibodies for alpha-tubulin and fibronectin showed no difference between the flown and ground samples. Taken together, our study suggests that in true nondividing human fibroblast cells in culture, microgravity experienced in space has little effect on gene and miRNA expression profiles.-Zhang, Y., Lu, T., Wong, M., Wang, X., Stodieck, L., Karouia, F., Story, M., Wu, H. Transient gene and microRNA expression profile changes of confluent human fibroblast cells in spaceflight.
Medication use by U.S. crewmembers on the International Space Station
The environment on the International Space Station (ISS) includes a variety of potential physiologic stressors, including low gravity, elevated exposure to radiation, confined living and working quarters, a heavy workload, and high public visibility. This retrospective study examined medication use during long-duration spaceflights (>30 d). Medication records from 24 crewmembers on 20 missions longer than 30 d over a 10 yr period were examined for trends in usage rates, efficacy, and indication, as well as adverse event quality, frequency, and severity. Results were compared with those from crewmembers on shorter space shuttle missions (>16 d) and other reports of medication use by healthy adults. The most frequently used medications on the ISS were for sleep problems, pain, congestion, or allergy. Medication use during spaceflight missions was similar to that noted on the Space Shuttle and in adult ambulatory medicine, except that usage of sleep aids was about 10 times higher during spaceflight missions. There were also 2 apparent treatment failures in cases of skin rash, raising questions about the efficacy or suitability of the treatments used. Many spaceflight-related medication uses (at least 10%) were linked to extravehicular activities, exercise protocols, or equipment and operationally driven schedule changes. It seems likely that alterations in spaceflight mission operations (schedule-shifting and lighting) or hardware (extravehicular activity suits and exercise equipment) could reduce the need for a sizable fraction of medication uses.
Chemical Potency and Degradation Products of Medications Stored Over 550 Earth Days at the International Space Station
by cfynanon 22 August 2016in Biology & Biotechnology, Physical Sciences
Medications degrade over time, and degradation is hastened by extreme storage conditions. Current procedures ensure that medications aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are restocked before their expiration dates, but resupply may not be possible on future long-duration exploration missions. For this reason, medications stored on the ISS were returned to Earth for analysis. This was an opportunistic, observational pilot-scale investigation to test the hypothesis that ISS-aging does not cause unusual degradation. Nine medications were analyzed for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and degradant amounts; results were compared to 2012 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements. The medications were two sleep aids, two antihistamines/decongestants, three pain relievers, an antidiarrheal, and an alertness medication. Because the samples were obtained opportunistically from unused medical supplies, each medication was available at only 1 time point and no control samples (samples aged for a similar period on Earth) were available. One medication met USP requirements 5 months after its expiration date. Four of the nine (44% of those tested) medications tested met USP requirements 8 months post expiration. Another three medications (33%) met USP guidelines 2-3 months before expiration. One compound, a dietary supplement used as a sleep aid, failed to meet USP requirements at 11 months post expiration. No unusual degradation products were identified. Limited, evidence-based extension of medication shelf-lives may be possible and would be useful in preparation for lengthy exploration missions. Only analysis of flight-aged samples compared to appropriately matched ground controls will permit determination of the spaceflight environment on medication stability.
Evolution of Russian Microgravity Countermeasures
INTRODUCTION: Countermeasures to prevent or partially offset the negative physiologic changes that are caused by the effects of microgravity play an important role in supporting the performance of crewmembers in flight and their safe return to Earth. Research conducted in Russia on the orbital stations Salyut and Mir, as well as simulation experiments on the ground, have demonstrated that changes that occur during extended spaceflight in various physiologic systems can be prevented or significantly decreased by using countermeasures. Hardware and techniques used on the ISS have been substantially improved to reflect the experience of previous extended missions on Russian orbital stations. Countermeasures used during early ISS missions consisted of the U.S. treadmill (TVIS), cycle ergometer (capital VE, Cyrilliccapital BE, Cyrillic-3), a set of resistance bands, a postural muscle loading suit (Penguin-3), electrical stimulator (Tonus-3), compression thigh cuffs (Braslet-capital EM, Cyrillic), a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) suit (Chibis), a lower body g-loading suit (Kentavr), and water/salt supplements. These countermeasures are described in this article.
Guidelines for Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Analysis of Trabecular Bone-Rich Regions in Mice: Improved Precision, Accuracy, and Sensitivity for Assessing Longitudinal Bone Changes
Trabecular bone is frequently studied in osteoporosis research because changes in trabecular bone are the most common cause of osteoporotic fractures. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis specific to trabecular bone-rich regions is crucial to longitudinal osteoporosis research. The purpose of this study is to define a novel method for accurately analyzing trabecular bone-rich regions in mice via DXA. This method will be utilized to analyze scans obtained from the International Space Station in an upcoming study of microgravity-induced bone loss. Thirty 12-week-old BALB/c mice were studied. The novel method was developed by preanalyzing trabecular bone-rich sites in the distal femur, proximal tibia, and lumbar vertebrae via high-resolution X-ray imaging followed by DXA and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses. The key DXA steps described by the novel method were (1) proper mouse positioning, (2) region of interest (ROI) sizing, and (3) ROI positioning. The precision of the new method was assessed by reliability tests and a 14-week longitudinal study. The bone mineral content (BMC) data from DXA was then compared to the BMC data from micro-CT to assess accuracy. Bone mineral density (BMD) intra-class correlation coefficients of the new method ranging from 0.743 to 0.945 and Levene's test showing that there was significantly lower variances of data generated by new method both verified its consistency. By new method, a Bland-Altman plot displayed good agreement between DXA BMC and micro-CT BMC for all sites and they were strongly correlated at the distal femur and proximal tibia (r=0.846, p<0.01; r=0.879, p<0.01, respectively). The results suggest that the novel method for site-specific analysis of trabecular bone-rich regions in mice via DXA yields more precise, accurate, and repeatable BMD measurements than the conventional method. Related URLs:
Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during International Space Station missions
Bone loss and renal stone risk are longstanding concerns for astronauts. Bone resorption brought on by spaceflight elevates urinary calcium and the risk of renal stone formation. Loss of bone calcium leads to concerns about fracture risk and increased long-term risk of osteoporosis. Bone metabolism involves many factors and is interconnected with muscle metabolism and diet. We report here bone biochemistry and renal stone risk data from astronauts on 4- to 6-month International Space Station missions. All had access to a type of resistive exercise countermeasure hardware, either the Advanced Resistance Exercise Device (ARED) or the Interim Resistance Exercise Device (iRED). A subset of the ARED group also tested the bisphosphonate alendronate as a potential anti-resorptive countermeasure (Bis+ARED). While some of the basic bone marker data have been published, we provide here a more comprehensive evaluation of bone biochemistry with a larger group of astronauts. Regardless of exercise, the risk of renal stone formation increased during spaceflight. A key factor in this increase was urine volume, which was lower during flight in all groups at all time points. Thus, the easiest way to mitigate renal stone risk is to increase fluid consumption. ARED use increased bone formation without changing bone resorption, and mitigated a drop in parathyroid hormone in iRED astronauts. Sclerostin, an osteocyte-derived negative regulator of bone formation, increased 10-15% in both groups of astronauts who used the ARED (p<0.06). IGF-1, which regulates bone growth and formation, increased during flight in all 3 groups (p<0.001). Our results are consistent with the growing body of literature showing that the hyper-resorptive state of bone that is brought on by spaceflight can be countered pharmacologically or mitigated through an exercise-induced increase in bone formation, with nutritional support. Key questions remain about the effect of exercise-induced alterations in bone metabolism on bone strength and fracture risk. Related URLs:
Magnesium and Space Flight
Magnesium is an essential nutrient for muscle, cardiovascular, and bone health on Earth, and during space flight. We sought to evaluate magnesium status in 43 astronauts (34 male, 9 female; 47 +/- 5 years old, mean +/- SD) before, during, and after 4-6-month space missions. We also studied individuals participating in a ground analog of space flight (head-down-tilt bed rest; n = 27 (17 male, 10 female), 35 +/- 7 years old). We evaluated serum concentration and 24-h urinary excretion of magnesium, along with estimates of tissue magnesium status from sublingual cells. Serum magnesium increased late in flight, while urinary magnesium excretion was higher over the course of 180-day space missions. Urinary magnesium increased during flight but decreased significantly at landing. Neither serum nor urinary magnesium changed during bed rest. For flight and bed rest, significant correlations existed between the area under the curve of serum and urinary magnesium and the change in total body bone mineral content. Tissue magnesium concentration was unchanged after flight and bed rest. Increased excretion of magnesium is likely partially from bone and partially from diet, but importantly, it does not come at the expense of muscle tissue stores. While further study is needed to better understand the implications of these findings for longer space exploration missions, magnesium homeostasis and tissue status seem well maintained during 4-6-month space missions.
Expression of p53-Regulated Proteins in Human Cultured Lymphoblastoid TSCE5 and WTK1 Cell Lines during Spaceflight
The aim of this study was to determine the biological effects of space radiations, microgravity, and the interaction of them on the expression of p53-regulated proteins. Space experiments were performed with two human cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines: one line (TSCE5) bears a wild-type p53 gene status, and another line (WTK1) bears a mutated p53 gene status. Under 1 gravity or microgravity conditions, the cells were grown in the cell biology experimental facility (CBEF) of the International Space Station for 8 days without experiencing the stress during launching and landing because the cells were frozen during these periods. Ground control samples were simultaneously cultured for 8 days in the CBEF on the ground for 8 days. After spaceflight, protein expression was analyzed using a PanoramaTM Ab MicroArray protein chips. It was found that p53-dependent up-regulated proteins in response to space radiations and space environment were MeCP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2), and Notch1 (Notch homolog 1), respectively. On the other hand, p53-dependent down-regulated proteins were TGF-β, TWEAKR (tumor necrosis fac- tor-like weak inducer of apoptosis receptor), phosho-Pyk2 (Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2), and 14-3-3θ/τ which were affected by microgravity, and DR4 (death receptor 4), PRMT1 (protein arginine methyltrans- ferase 1) and ROCK-2 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2) in response to space radi- ations. ROCK-2 was also suppressed in response to the space environment. The data provides the p53- dependent regulated proteins by exposure to space radiations and/or microgravity during spaceflight. Our expression data revealed proteins that might help to advance the basic space radiation biology.
Rapid Access:Dream Chaser® Space Traffic Management and Operations to Enable Near-Immediate Payload Access for Responsive Mission and Payload Support
by cfynanon 22 August 2016in Technology Development & Demonstration No comment
As research institutions all over the world are placing a higher value on space-based science, the need for rapid access to vehicles returning from space carrying experiments grows more important. One of the challenges of enhanced science utilization is rapid access to space vehicles post-flight, which is significantly enabled by effective space traffic management and integration of space operations into a mature commercial aviation system to achieve radically improved orbit to researcher timelines. Sierra Nevada Corporation's (SNC) Space Systems' Dream Chaser® reusable spacecraft is designed for multiple applications including cargo and/or crew resupply to the International Space Station and independent long duration science missions. The Dream Chaser is an optionally-piloted, reusable lifting-body spacecraft that lands horizontally on a runway, similar to the Space Shuttle. Unlike the Space Shuttle, the Dream Chaser design supports the unique capability of being able to land at many domestic and international commercial and public-use airports, and offers access to cargo and/or crew almost immediately thereafter. Though this capability presents a unique opportunity for researchers in the field of microgravity science, there are challenges when considering the current landscape of regulation, public risk, and autonomous flight. The potential opportunities associated with landing the Dream Chaser at public-use airports to enable globally convenient and rapid access to crew, cargo, and time critical microgravity experiments post-flight are identified and addressed in this paper.
http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2015-4582
Characteristics of local human skeleton responses to microgravity and drug treatment for osteoporosis in clinic
Analysis of the results of long term investigations of bones in cosmonauts on board Mir orbital sta tion(OS) and International Space Station (ISS) (n = 80) was performed. Theoretically predicted (evolution ary predefined) change in mass of different skeleton bones was found to be correlated (r = 0.904) with the position relative to Earth's gravity vector. Vector dependence of bone loss results from local specificity of expression of bone metabolism genes, which reflects mechanical prehistory of skeleton structures in the evo lution of Homo erectus. Genetic polymorphism is accountable for high individual variability of bone loss, which is attested by the dependence of bone loss rate on polymorphism of certain genetic markers of bone metabolism. The type of the orbital vehicle did not affect the individual specific stability of the bone loss ratio in different segments of the skeleton. This fact is considered as a phenotype fingerprint of local metabolism in the form of a locus specific spatial structure of distribution of non collagen proteins responsible for posi tion regulation of endosteal metabolism. Drug treatment of osteoporosis (n = 107) evidences that recovery rate depends on bone location; the most likely reason is different effectiveness of local osteotropic interven tion into areas of bustling resorption.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0362119714070184


Constance of Hungary (c. 1180 – 6 December 1240) was the second Queen consort of Ottokar I of Bohemia.
Constance was a daughter of Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch. Her older siblings included Emeric, King of Hungary, Margaret of Hungary and Andrew II of Hungary.
In 1199, Ottokar I divorced his first wife, Adelheid of Meissen, on grounds of consanguinity. He married Constance later in the same year. Together with Ottokar, she had nine children.
Constance is regularly noted as a co-donator with her husband in various documents of his reign. Her petitions to her husband for various donations are also recorded. She is considered to have sold the city Boleráz to her nephew Béla IV of Hungary. In 1247, Béla conferred said city to the nuns of Trnava. An epistle by which Constance supposedly grants freedom to the cities of Břeclav and Olomouc is considered a false document. The same epistle grants lands in Ostrovany to the monastery of St. Stephen of Hradište. Another epistle has Constance settling "honorable Teutonic men" (viros honestos Theutunicos) in the city of Hodonín and is also considered a forgery. In 1230, Ottokar I died and their son Wenceslaus succeeded him. Constance survived her husband by a decade.
In 1231, Pope Gregory IX set Constance and her dowry possessions under the protection of the Holy See. His letter to Constance clarifies said possessions to include the provinces of Břeclav (Brecyzlaviensem), Pribyslavice (Pribizlavensem), Dolni Kunice (Conowizensem), Godens (Godeninensem), Bzenec (Bisenzensem) and Budějovice (Budegewizensem). In 1232, Constance founded Cloister Porta Coeli near Tišnov and retired to it as a nun. She died within the Cloister.
Vratislav of Bohemia (c. 1200 – before 1209).
Agnes of Bohemia. Considered to have died young.
Wenceslaus I of Bohemia (c. 1205 – 23 September 1253).
Vladislaus, Margrave of Moravia (1207 – 10 February 1228).
Přemysl, Margrave of Moravia (1209 – 16 October 1239). Married Margaret of Andechs-Merano. His wife was a daughter of Otto I, Duke of Merania and Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy.
Božena (Wilhelmina) of Bohemia (1210 – 24 October 1281).
Agnes of Bohemia (20 January 1211 – 6 March 1282). Mother Superior of the Franciscan Poor Clares nuns of Prague. In 1989, Agnes was canonized as a saint by Pope John Paul II.
↑ Sara Ritchey, Holy Matter: Changing Perceptions of the Material World in Late Medieval Christianity, (Cornell University Press, 2014), 101.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Earenfight 2013, p. 175.
↑ Joan Mueller, A Companion to Clare of Assisi: Life, Writings, and Spirituality, (Brill, 2010), 130.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konstancia of Hungary.
Women's Biography: Constance of Hungary, contains several letters sent and received by Constance.
This page was last modified on 12 April 2016, at 23:02.


Third-party logistics companies such as Pineapple Express Delivery typically operate the same-day delivery services on behalf of legal cannabis producers and sellers. Orders must be placed by a certain time, and sometimes you can select a 2-hour window to receive it in. Otherwise, you should expect to receive your product sometime in the evening, and you will have to show a piece of government-issued photo ID at the door….
This entry was posted in Culture, Uncategorized and tagged Cannabis, Culture, News.


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Q: Oracle: get the last record which has same dates I am trying to build a query to get the latest record which could be used in MySQL, Oracle 10 and 12.
Scenario:
I have 4 tables - customer, address, loan, application
I wanted to join these 4 tables to get the customer name and address for an application.
customer, loan and application have 1 to 1 relationship
while customer and address has 1 to many relationship.
select count(c.name)
from application
left join loan on (loan.id = application.id)
inner join customer on (loan.cust_num = customer.id);

This gives 100 rows;
select count(c.name)
from application
left join loan on (loan.id = application.id)
inner join customer on (loan.cust_num = customer.id)
inner join address a1 on (loan.cust_num = address.cust_num)
inner join (
select max(date) as max_date, cust_num
from address
where address_type = 'studio'
group by cust_num
) a2
on a1.cust_num = a2.cust_num
and a1.date = a2.max_date;

This gives 200 records since in address for a date there are more than 1 records whose address_type is 'studio' for a customer.
How to get the latest record.
At the end I wanted address columns from address table and name from customer table for a application.
Thanks.

A: For code that works in both Oracle and MySQL, I would recommend a correlated subquery:
select count(c.name)
from application a join
     loan l
     on o.id = a.id join
     customer c
     on l.cust_num = c.id left join
     address ad
     on ad.cust_num = l.cust_num and
        ad.address_type = 'studio' and
        ad.date = (select max(ad2.date)
                   from address ad2
                   where ad2.cust_num  = ad.cust_num and
                         ad2.address_type = ad.address_type
                  );

If you are using MySQL 8+ or don't need MySQL, then you should go with row_number() as Tim suggests.
Note that I removed the left join.  The join to customer is using a field from loan, which turns the outer join into an inner join.  You might as well express the logic actually being implemented.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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'Captain Marvel' Receives Brand New Official Logo Design
by Mike Annerino on October 11, 2018
The first trailer for Captain Marvel featured plenty of awesome imagery, including the logo for the film, but now that logo has been re-designed to really make it pop off the screen.
During film production, any number of things can change in a second, even on a big-budget studio film. The journey to crafting the perfect film takes a long time whether it's having to make changes to a costume, shooting location, the script, or even cast members in some cases. Fans who watched "The Making Of" docs on the 2008 Iron Man DVD know what kind of huge changes can happen during production. Today, Marvel is still making changes to films even after releasing the trailer, like Captain Marvel, but in a much more subtle way.
Michael Giacchino Returning To Compose Score For 'Spider-Man: Far From Home'
Various films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe have gone through several logo re-designs before actually hitting theaters. The latest film to do this is the upcoming Captain Marvel, which is currently slated for release in March 2019, only a couple of months before the release of Avengers 4. Though it isn't a super insane departure from the original logo design, it's certainly effective. Check out the image below to see the new logo for yourself.
New Official Captain Marvel Logo from marvelstudios
Captain Marvel will be the studio's first period-piece origin film since 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger. As opposed to First Avenger's World War II setting, Captain Marvel will instead be leading her band of Kree warriors during the '90s, as made very apparent in the first teaser trailer. The film will also feature the studio's heaviest use of de-aging technology yet, as characters like Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) and Agent Phil Coulson (Clark Gregg) will be digitally altered to appear more like themselves from twenty years ago.
'Avengers 4' Toy Box Art Reveals Mysterious New Suits
After debuting in her solo film, Captain Marvel (Brie Larson) will then soon return to the MCU for Avengers 4, as teased in the post-credits scene for Avengers: Infinity War. We'll be sure to keep you updated on all news regarding Captain Marvel as more information becomes available. What are your thoughts on the new logo? What has you most excited about the film? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!
Here is the synopsis for Captain Marvel:
Directed by Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck, Captain Marvel stars Brie Larson, Samuel L. Jackson, Ben Mendelsohn, Djimon Hounsou, Lee Pace, Lashana Lynch, Gemma Chan, Algenis Perez Soto, Rune Temte, McKenna Grace, Clark Gregg, and Jude Law.
Captain Marvel will be released in theaters on March 8, 2019.
Mike Annerino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since AMQP is a network protocol, the producers, consumers and the broker can all reside on different machines.
The AMQP 0-9-1 Model has the following view of the world: messages are published by producers to exchanges, which are often compared to post offices or mailboxes. Exchanges then distribute message copies to queues using rules called bindings. Then AMQP brokers either deliver messages to consumers subscribed to queues, or consumers fetch/pull messages from queues on demand.
When publishing a message, producers may specify various message attributes (message meta-data). Some of this meta-data may be used by the broker, however, the rest of it is completely opaque to the broker and is only used by applications that receive the message.
In certain situations, for example, when a message cannot be routed, messages may be returned to producers, dropped, or, if the broker implements an extension, placed into a so-called "dead letter queue". Producers choose how to handle situations like this by publishing messages using certain parameters.
For example, when you declare a queue with the name of "search-indexing-online", the AMQP broker will bind it to the default exchange using "search-indexing-online" as the routing key. Therefore, a message published to the default exchange with the routing key "search-indexing-online" will be routed to the queue "search-indexing-online". In other words, the default exchange makes it seem like it is possible to deliver messages directly to queues, even though that is not technically what is happening.
Direct exchanges are often used to distribute tasks between multiple workers (instances of the same application) in a round robin manner. When doing so, it is important to understand that, in AMQP 0-9-1, messages are load balanced between consumers and not between queues.
It is possible to bind a queue to a headers exchange using more than one header for matching. In this case, the broker needs one more piece of information from the application developer, namely, should it consider messages with any of the headers matching, or all of them? This is what the "x-match" binding argument is for. When the "x-match" argument is set to "any", just one matching header value is sufficient. Alternatively, setting "x-match" to "all" mandates that all the values must match.
Headers exchanges can be looked upon as "direct exchanges on steroids". Because they route based on header values, they can be used as direct exchanges where the routing key does not have to be a string; it could be an integer or a hash (dictionary) for example.
With the "push API", applications have to indicate interest in consuming messages from a particular queue. When they do so, we say that they register a consumer or, simply put, subscribe to a queue. It is possible to have more than one consumer per queue or to register an exclusive consumer (excludes all other consumers from the queue while it is consuming).
AMQP messages also have a payload (the data that they carry), which AMQP brokers treat as an opaque byte array. The broker will not inspect or modify the payload. It is possible for messages to contain only attributes and no payload. It is common to use serialisation formats like JSON, Thrift, Protocol Buffers and MessagePack to serialize structured data in order to publish it as the message payload. AMQP peers typically use the "content-type" and "content-encoding" fields to communicate this information, but this is by convention only.
Messages may be published as persistent, which makes the AMQP broker persist them to disk. If the server is restarted the system ensures that received persistent messages are not lost. Simply publishing a message to a durable exchange or the fact that the queue(s) it is routed to are durable doesn't make a message persistent: it all depends on persistence mode of the message itself. Publishing messages as persistent affects performance (just like with data stores, durability comes at a certain cost in performance).
The operations above form logical pairs: exchange.declare and exchange.declare-ok, exchange.delete and exchange.delete-ok. These operations are "requests" (sent by clients) and "responses" (sent by brokers in response to the aforementioned "requests").
Not all AMQP methods have counterparts. Some (basic.publish being the most widely used one) do not have corresponding "response" methods and some others (basic.get, for example) have more than one possible "response".
Some applications need multiple connections to an AMQP broker. However, it is undesirable to keep many TCP connections open at the same time because doing so consumes system resources and makes it more difficult to configure firewalls. AMQP 0-9-1 connections are multiplexed with channels that can be thought of as "lightweight connections that share a single TCP connection".
To make it possible for a single broker to host multiple isolated "environments" (groups of users, exchanges, queues and so on), AMQP includes the concept of virtual hosts (vhosts). They are similar to virtual hosts used by many popular Web servers and provide completely isolated environments in which AMQP entities live. AMQP clients specify what vhosts they want to use during AMQP connection negotiation.


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Thu Earnings Watch: Intel, Coke, Danaher & Union Pacific...
Summary: Thu Earnings Watch: We take a preview of the likes of the tech chip-maker Intel [INTC], the consumer focused Coca-Cola [KO], the medical equipment & devices maker Danaher [DHR] & of course being fan of all things infra-industrials related, the rail company Union Pacific [UNP].
(These are solely the views & opinions of KVP, & do not constitute any trade or investment recommendations. By the time you synthesize this, things may have changed.)
INTC: $56.54 Last, $228 bn Mkt Cap, -11% YTD, P/E 11, 3Q Est. +$1.10 EPS, Rev $18.2bn
One of the darlings of the dot.com boom that is still going strong, Intel [INTC] as one of the world's largest chip makers at $230bn mkt cap, should be reporting after the US market close today.
The 12m consensus price target is c. $56.54, in-line with the stocks lvl of $53.50. The analyst price target range is $42 to $90. There are c. 30% buys in the name, vs. 25% sells with the balance being holds at 45%.
The name is c. -11% YTD, with a c. +24% jump from the Mar lows of $43.09.
The stock has not recovered to its pre +$60 lvl since the last earnings report.
Intel's 1yr earnings growth are expected to be -2.3% for 2021 (-0.9% for 2020 ).
For current quarter earnings, +$1.10 EPS is expected vs. revenues of $18.2bn.
As a tech name, it may come as a surprise to some that Intel has an indicative dividend yield of c. 2.5%, that has been growing at 6-7% on avg, over the last 5yrs.
Link to last quarterly report
KO: $49.99 Last, $215 bn Mkt Cap, -10% YTD, P/E 24, 3Q Est. +$0.465 EPS, Rev $8.4bn
The global brand Coca-Cola is one of the most well-known across the world. The $215bn mkt cap & soft drinks company – a long-term strategic holding of Warren Buffet, Berkshire owns just under 10% - is expected to have revenues of $8.4bn for the quarter.
Similar to a number of companies that have already reported, the uptick in economic activity in 3Q likely helped Coke in North America & Europe, with the emerging markets likely being a mixed bag to negative skew.
With US 10yrs rates at 0.81% & even 30yr bond yielding 1.62%, this blue chip's dividend of 3.38% that has been growing at just under 5% over the last 5yrs is notable. I.e. the div. on Coca-Cola is likely a lot safer than the c. 7-8% div. on energy etf XLE.
The 12m consensus price target is c. $54.70, in a +/- 10% range of the current c. $50 handle of the stock. The analyst price target range is $49 to $61. There are c. 83% buys in the name, vs. 0% sells & 17% holds.
Coke's 1yr earnings growth are expected to be +14% for 2021 (-14% for 2020 year).
For current quarter earnings, +$0.465 EPS is expected vs. revenues of $8.4bn.
Link to the 2Q Earnings Call
DHR: $226.55 Last, $160 bn Mkt Cap, +48% YTD, P/E 35, 3Q Est. +$1.363 EPS, Rev $5.5bn
New one for KVP, the $160bn Danaher is medical equipment & devices focused company (with also an industrials arm), that is almost up +100% from the lows of the Mar sell-off. From their website:
Danaher is a global science and technology innovator committed to helping customers solve complex challenges and improving quality of life around the world. Our trusted brands hold unparalleled leadership positions in diagnostics, life sciences, and environmental and applied solutions. With more than 20 operating companies, our globally diverse team of 59,000 associates is united by a shared purpose: to help realize life's potential
The 12m consensus price target is c. $220, in a +/- 10% range of the current $226 handle of the stock. The analyst price target range is $138 to $254. There are c. 87% buys in the name, vs. 4% sells & 9% holds.
The name is c. +48% YTD, with a c. +92% jump from the Mar lows of $119.20. The stock chart does not look bearish in anyway. Bulls central?
Danaher's 1yr erns growth are expected to be +18% for 2021 (+25%% for 2020 year).
Link to the 2Q Earnings Report
UPC: $199.48 Last, $135 bn Mkt Cap, +10% YTD, P/E 21, 3Q Est. +$2.052 EPS, Rev $4.9bn
As you know we've been talking about infra & industrial plays for a few quarters now, so we will be also be monitoring a lot more of these names around earnings season. Union Pacific [UNP] is a rail transportation business with a mkt cap of $135bn, which had sales of c. $22bn for last year.
The 12m consensus price target is c. $209, in a +/- 10% range of the current c. $200 handle of the stock. The analyst price target range is $138 to $254. There are c. 87% buys in the name, vs. 4% sells & 9% holds.
The name is c. +10% YTD, with a matching c. +92% jump (like Danaher) from the Mar lows of $103.97. The stock chart does not look bearish in anyway, as its pretty much a story of lower left to upper right. Bulls central?
UNP 1yr erns growth are expected to be +18% for 2021 (-5% for 2020 year).
Start-to-End = Gratitude + Integrity + Vision + Tenacity | Process > Outcome | Sizing > Idea
This is the way
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text:
Legal News/Opinions
The Commentary: Info & Deadlines
The Commentary
Campus News	 February 12, 2018 February 12, 2018
Student engagement survey: 90% of participants believe Cal Western was the right choice
By Sara Gold, Editor-in-Chief
Neils Schaumann, president and dean of California Western School of Law, spoke to students and faculty Jan. 25 to discuss Cal Western's results from the most recent Law Student Survey of Student Engagement (LSSSE).
A longitudinal study administered by the Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research since 2004, the LSSSE involves nearly 200 law schools across the United States, Canada, and Australia. Schools opt to participate in this study evaluating how well law schools advance their goals of promoting students' education, enrichment, wellbeing, and career opportunities.
In 2017, Cal Western was one of 77 participating law schools, and 55% of Cal Western students responded to the survey. Dean Schaumann presented the data by comparing Cal Western's results to those of two different comparison groups:
1. Other California law schools 2. Other independent law schools
Chapman University John Marshall (Chicago)
Loyola Law School (Los Angeles) South Texas
Santa Clara University Southwestern
Southwestern Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson University of California Hastings
University of California Hastings Western State
Cal Western shined across a wide gamut of areas, from career counseling and financial planning to pro bono legal work and student-faculty interactions.
Roughly 90% of Cal Western participants said that they were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the school's career counseling, compared to results ranging from 60-75% for the two comparison groups. Cal Western 3Ls rated job search support approximately twice as high as 3Ls at the other law schools.
Roughly 70% of Cal Western participants said that they were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with financial aid advising, compared to 55-65% of the comparison group respondents.
Over 80% of Cal Western participants said that the school provides academic support "quite a bit" or "very much," compared to 65-70% of the comparison group respondents.
About 30-40% of the comparison group respondents said that their law school "very much" helped them with their public speaking and legal research skills. Roughly 40% of Cal Western participants said the school "very much" aided with public speaking, and 50% said the same for legal research skills.
About 90% of Cal Western participants said that if they could start over again, they would "probably" or "definitely" still choose Cal Western, compared to about 75% of the comparison group respondents.
The data also revealed some areas for potential improvement. Notably, less than 30% of 1Ls reported socializing and relaxing for more than five hours weekly, compared to 44-47% of comparison group respondents. Only 14% of 2Ls and 17% of 3Ls reported being law journal members, compared to 27-37% of 2Ls and 3Ls at the other law schools.
Dean Schaumann also presented data demonstrating Cal Western's improvements based on the school's 2013, 2015, and 2017 LSSSE results. The data showed that in 2017, more students reported asking questions in class "often" or "very often" than in 2013. In addition, the percentage of students reporting positive relationships with peers, administrators, and faculty increased was higher in 2017 than in 2013. Ninety percent of Cal Western participants in 2017 said they would choose Cal Western again, a significant increase from 75% in 2013 and 2015.
"While Cal Western has struggled at times with the outside world's perception of the law school, from the students' point of view, the school is excellent and getting better all the time," said Dean Schaumann.
Events recap: Defamation play, CIP dodgeball, beach clean-up
Spotting the Issue: Confessions of a "Half-Blood" 1L (Pt. 2)
1/15: Bosnian Grill
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Not many people know where Allensworth, CA is. Of all the people I asked in Fresno only one had heard of it. Allensworth is a small town about 30 miles north of Bakersfield that according to the last census is home to 471 people. The town leadership says its closer to 800 because of seasonal farm workers but the census didn't bother or care to count them.
There are two Allensworths. The first can be found in Colonel Allensworth State Park, which memorializes the town founded in 1908 by Colonel Allen Allensworth, a black man. It was founded as the Tuskegee of the West and meant to be a town for African Americans run by and for African Americans. By 1910, it was being heralded across the country as an improbable success. It had a functional school, general stores, a church, and all the other indications of a thriving community. Many of the men in the town were employed by the railroad company while others worked the verdant fields in the otherwise dry desert brown Tulare County Its success was apparently too much to bear for the white farmers in surrounding towns, though. That the rail line was diverted and irrigation water refused was no accident. Both went to service and advance white owned farms nearby. Problems were further exacerbated when elevated levels of arsenic were found in the water in the 1960s. More and more residents moved away and the town fell into disrepair. In 1976 it became a California State Park making the town and its residents a part of history.
Barely a few miles up the road from the park exists modern-day Allensworth. You would be forgiven if upon arrival you thought the town and its 800 residents had been forgotten to history as well. The homes are primarily single or doublewide trailers planted haphazardly on sun-hardened lots. There are holes where walls and roofs should be and barely an AC unit in sight to help manage the 115-degree heat in the summer. "This isn't supposed to exist in America" many of us say. It's dusty and uncomfortable.
A group of us came to Allensworth on an environmental justice tour to learn the history of Allensworth and to see where things stand now. It's not great. We gathered at the elementary school to hear from local advocates and university researchers to be told the myriad problems that trouble the town. The arsenic is still in the water and so too are elecvated levels of lead and chromium II. Residents haven't been able to drink their water for years yet they are still charged for it. There aren't many jobs in Allensworth and the ones that are there don't pay well. Many don't have working septic systems and rely on outhouses to do their business. There's no natural gas either so it's not uncommon to see folks cooking their meals outside over wood or coal fires. Propane is the fuel of choice for those who can afford it.
Professors, researchers and non-profit leaders enumerated the problems in Allensworth to our small group including solutions that they hoped to install. The problem was that there was no money for the solutions. One researcher told us that with $10k they could fund potentially revolutionary research that would extract arsenic from the water supply, which would have far-reaching application for communities around the world.
San Francisco is barely 4 hours away from Allensworth. In one of the world's richest cities, 10k could be dropped at a bar on a Tuesday night without second thought. In Allensworth 10k is an impossible amount of money. The annual per capita income is $8,413. Median household income is $29,091. A venture capitalist could sneeze and solve half of the town's troubles.
American history is a tired record of repeated injustices perpetuated towards non-white people. When Allensworth was founded it was 97% black. Now it's 97% Latino which may or may not account for migrant laborers. The much maligned, alleged job-stealing Latino workers are certainly not living high off the hog. The mishmash of dirt and paved roads that make up the town betray as much. Parts of Allensworth look like a shantytown. There are a few houses that demonstrate wealth is to be found in Allensworth but their relative opulence makes the surrounding poverty so much more pronounced and painful. It's a reminder that wealth can and should be possible in a place like this but due to systems beyond the control of the community it simply isn't.
According to a 2016 report, the Central Valley generates more than $21 billion in revenue (though Chinese growers are biting into these profits), which obviously doesn't make it back to the communities of farmers who harvest the crop. There are more than a handful of farm owners who see the lion share of the profits and have encouraged short-term investments from Wall Street types who want to cash in on the dividends almonds supply.
Problem is that almonds demand incredible amounts of water to produce. For instance, it takes an entire gallon of water to produce a single almond. That's a shocking amount of water anywhere and is especially shocking in bone-dry Tulare County. It was reported by the SF Weekly one farmer in particular, Stewart Resnick, used more than 400,000 acre-feet of water to grow his mixture of almonds, pistachios, citrus, and other crop which represented two thirds the annual consumption of Los Angeles.
Despite all the water pumped into Tulare and its surrounding counties there is still little for the farm workers who live there. In a small community owned plot, locals have an experimental community garden in the works. Among other things, the garden grows leafy vegetables, watermelons, and okra. All crops are grown above ground to avoid contamination from the arsenic rich soil. Problem is that there aren't good reliable water sources for homes and even less for their gardens. Large plastic water cisterns were given to the community to help irrigate their crops yet they aren't wholly functional and making them so presents another obstacle in a queue of already too many.
Like every environmental justices issue, Allensworth is the product of choice. The choice systems and the individuals who create those systems to preferentializes the rich at the expense of the poor; that are willing to utilize racist policies to disembowel a community because of their skin color. Systems that make land and water management decisions that create short-term economic gains that jeopardize the land and community alike. That refuse to pay a living wage, provide benefits, or social services and then wonder why the people struggle.
If things don't change, the Central Valley's farming days are numbered. If it weren't for extensive and expensive irrigation infrastructure nothing would be able to grow. The sources of that water, the Sierra Nevadas, with its ancient Sequoias and water tables, no longer see the same rainfall as they once did. Nor is the snowpack as voluminous or long lasting as it once was. At some point the water there will dry up and so too will the Central Valley. For those outside the Valley it will be a sad footnote along with so many others. But for those in the Valley and the Valley itself it is the end of a story and a reminder of the devastating results of the hubris of men. The soil is rich there and the growing season is abnormally long but both these can be wiped away by shortsighted greed and a fundamental ignorance of what eco-systems need in order to be healthy.
Residents call Allensworth "the town that refuses to die." Despite the exhausting number of problems the town faces its residents remain proud and hopeful. Some wonder why the residents don't just pack up and move. But to where? The poverty that haunts Allensworth isn't dissimilar to the hourly wage-worker in Fresno, Bakersfield, or San Francisco. Nor would their departure signal a change to the environmental degradation in the Central Valley. No problem has ever been solved by running away from it. There are solutions to be had that empower communities and allow them to be self-sustaining but that would require systemic changes that gives more money and power back to the workers, and implementing ecologically minded practices that do no exhaust the land or the people who work it. They are changes that need to be made and fast otherwise the problems will grow to a magnitude we as a society are unable to address.
Karenna Gore and CEE's Herbalist in Residence, Poppy Jones, were joined by the Dogwood Alliance for a walk in the woods at NY City's Van Cortlandt Park this fall. Please enjoy Stories Happen in Forests' video, "Finding Faith in the Forest" giving you a window into their time together and a deep spiritual connection to the woods. The Dogwood Alliance is dedicated to reminding us how both magical & critical to our survival our Forests really are.
Join us and these heroic #ForestDefenders in building a powerful movement to protect our sacred forests. Learn more about their amazing work!
and how have we in turn, been changed by it?
Grandmother Maria Alice of The International Council of Thirteen Indigenous Grandmothers is sending a message of peace and awareness for what is going on in her home country of Brazil, and asks for your prayers at this crucial time. Her plea calls us all into a place of conscious choice.
We are facing a serious scenario that challenges the inner harmony of people, both personally and socially. The beliefs and convictions, and the physical, emotional and mental stability of people are in jeopardy. We are facing threats and counter-information. In the media there is no longer any control over the truth of what is being reported. What is going on is referred to as a "democratic process", but that is not what we are seeing or experiencing. There is a violent power connected with international groups' interests and greed, which is creating an obscure atmosphere intended to manipulate our choice. Most simple people are confused, frightened and disoriented believing in false news and in false promises.
At this point we are challenged to make a choice and this choice will define the future of our nation and our people, impacting our children and nature. It will even influence the whole world. We need to be really aware. We cannot act under pressure or impulse. We must meditate seriously within ourselves, within the inner temple of our hearts. Do we want weapons? Do we want torture? Do we want inequality? Will we condone racial persecution? Or do we want peace and freedom? Is it possible that guns, torture and brutality can serve to bring us peace? I think history has already proved to us that the answer is NO. The more weapons, the more suffering, the more hate, the more revenge, the greater the consequences for everyone. Why should we believe in the illusion that a weapon gives us power when we can believe in the power of love of a brother and sisterhood?
Freedom teaches us the responsibility of our choice. If we are free and we choose evil, we will reap the fruit of this action. If we choose weapons, one day we will be hit by them. If we choose the destruction of the Amazon, we will be responsible for the drought all over the planet, not to mention the extinction of thousands of animal lives and plant species that hold great medicinal power. If we choose to withdraw the right of the indigenous peoples to their lands, we will be annihilating the guardians of life and the natural richness of our planet; furthermore, we will be diminishing our roots and our ancestry.
When our choice affects the collective, then our responsibility is even greater. We must step with calmness and maturity, for if we act impulsively we can fail. The question is, do we choose peace or violence? In this moment we are being confronted with such a choice. Such is the gravity of our situation. If we choose to be neutral we are also deceiving ourselves. Neutrality here is an illusion. The one who thinks he is being neutral is also responsible for the result of the collective choice.
This choice seems political, but it is not. A deeper and more decisive choice is at hand. Are we going to choose to be human or are we going to negate our humanness? If we are human, we need to embrace our diversity, those who are most alike and those who are different. Everyone has the same right. Therefore, if our choice affects the rights and freedom of the other, our rights and freedom will also be affected.
My awareness as a mother, grandmother and great-grandmother, teaches me to act with love and respect for all creation. We are all different, yet in all of us there is a longing for good, a longing for peace. Sometimes the disappointments that we go through in life create calluses in our feelings, and that may create reactive behaviors. We become rigid and disconnected from the original longing of our heart. But if we are calm, and if we learn to deepen the yearning for the child that dwells in each of us, surely we will find the choice for peace, happiness, freedom and respect for the beauty of nature and all of life.
I invite all of you to unite now around this great alliance for good, for brother and sisterhood, for the respect of our lives, with all its differences, and be a pillar and an instrument for love.
MAY ALL BECOME AWAKENED IN PEACE AWARENESS!!!


As Aziz Ansari Starts His Comeback, Why Are We So Eager to Forgive Him?
The Swaddle Team discusses coercion, likeability and the low bar for apologies.
Plus, why are we even surprised by Louis C.K.'s douchebaggery anymore?
Hook-up culture might liberate women but it also poses risks when definitions of consent vary.
Or at least better PR advice.
The Times Lit Fest is playing you.
#MeToo Is Taking Down Predators. But Innocent Parties Are Going Down With Them.
Small-fry projects and colleagues struggle to shake off guilt-by-association.
Hostile social environments, institutional apathy, and a failing legal system keep people in abusive situations.
Don't shut up -- just bone up.
Can Facebook Groups Really Serve As Therapy For People Looking For Support?
Plus, Maangchi, the Korean cooking YouTube star you should watch.
Interestingly, older respondents were more hopeful.
Should Priyanka Chopra Have Worn That Marchesa Dress?
#MeToo makes us question the clothes on our backs, the movies on our TV.
#MeToo Calls for People to #BelieveHer; But 39% of Survey Respondents Believe Some Accusations are Unwarranted.
Does unwarranted mean false? Or does it just mean ambiguous?
Empowerment and unity were prevailing emotions, but self-reflection also stirred up complicated feelings.
Plus, archaeologists find a 2,400 year old shipwreck at the bottom of the Black Sea.
Fear for reputation, of reprisal, keeps women from accessing institutional support.
#MeToo Is Making Us Realize We're All Complicit. Now What?
You've probably witnessed harassment, and it's time to start speaking up.


Notes: Born in the Eighth District of Baltimore County, Md., February 15, 1827; son of Micajah Merryman, Jr. Educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, graduating from there about 1847; pupil of Dr. S. Chew; M.D., University of Maryland, 1850; practiced at Baltimore; Vaccine Physician,1850-56; Attending Physician, Baltimore General Dispensary, 1858-65; arrested in 1862 and confined in Fort McHenry for three weeks by the United States authorities; shortly after removed to his native county, settling for practice at Black Run, near Cockeysville; retired in 1882 and spent two years in Europe; since 1895 has resided at Atlantic City; unmarried. See list of 1853.
Notes: Confined to Fort McHenry as political prisoner. Residence: 134 W. Fayette St.


Each Infant + Toddler Bag is packaged in a durable carrying tote and includes a step-by-step activity guide and contents to complement each theme: The Colors Bag develops a toddler's understanding of color and the ability to sort or categorize objects according to their size and color. The kit also focuses on naming objects and developing language.
This kit contains a Dr. Seuss fish bowl color sorting manipulative toy. This kit also contains three board books about color, an exclusive activity card, and a clear, durable tote bag.


Three European honey bees on an opium poppy.
When the gardens at Oak Spring reach full bloom in the summer, thousands of pollinators visit our flowers, some working even into the night. While some plants use wind or water to transfer pollen needed for fertilization, approximately 90% of the world's plants rely on animals to aid in pollination. Pollinators include both vertebrates and invertebrate groups, numbering over 200,000 species total. This diverse group is responsible for our agricultural staples, including the flowers our gardeners grow at Oak Spring.
Since 2006, one of the most beloved pollinators, the European honey bee, has garnered concern for its epidemic Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which has raised widespread alarm about the future of U.S. agriculture.
European honey bees arrived in North America during European colonization in the 17th century, and have been raised and domesticated here ever since. Today, honey bees are often used in large-scale planting or monocultures because those plant systems have a high frequency of blooms during a short period of time. As honey bees live in colonies, farmers can transport hives onto the sites of blooming plants, so that the bees are used in rotation.
Most native pollinators, however, are solitary insects that cannot be moved in large numbers. Many native bee species, like the mason bee, build their nests in undisturbed patches of mud or grasses. As the dependence on mobile bees increases, the native habitats for native bees are decreasing in large-scale planting.
While Colony Collapse Disorder is a definite threat to honey production, honey bee pollination in the U.S. has always been supplemented by the work of native bees, who carried out 100% of pollination before European honey bees arrived. Native bees are skilled pollinators of fruit, and are responsible for 90% of the pollination of watermelons. They are instrumental in the production of apples and tomatoes, and they can pollinate twice as many blueberries than honey bees. Native bees are also friendlier to humans, as they do not swarm and rarely sting.
Unfortunately, the stressors proposed to have caused the decline of honey bees, like pesticides, viruses, and nutritional deficiencies, are also affecting native bees. Oak Spring's head gardener Randy Embrey says honey bees continue to dominate conservation efforts, while native pollinators are exempt from the discussion.
Support small-scale agriculture. Small farms produce a variety of plants, providing pollen and nectar for solitary bees and other native pollinators throughout the growing season.
Plant your own garden with plants that bloom all season. Plants like coneflowers and milkweeds bloom throughout the summer, while asters and Russian sage bloom into the fall. Leave bare patches of weeds or mud to accommodate the nests of native bees.
Reduce your pesticide use. While dandelions, clover, and other flowering 'weeds' are considered unattractive in lawns, they are an important food source for pollinators.


text:
Q: Why do I need to wait a few moments before sending serial data on my AVR? I have an AVR (ATMega644) connected to a Raspberry PI via serial connection. The AVR is powered with 5V and the AVR=>RPI Tx line is using a 1k8/3k3 voltage divider to get a 3v3 level.
If the 10ms wait (XXX in the code) is not present (according to the data sheet I do not have to wait at all) I receive this nonsense (python repr() of the received data):
 '\x00\xaa\x8a\x8a\xea\n'
 '\xe9\xf5%\xc5E\xd5\xa4\xfcBYE WORLD\r\n'

When the 10ms delay is there I receive this:
'\x00HELLO WORLD\r\n'
'BYE WORLD\r\n'

This is pretty much fine. I'd like to know why there's a \0 before the very first actual data byte ('H') though. I never send one for sure!
However, my main question is why the delay between initializing and sending data is necessary.
Notes: My F_CPU value is correct and so are the fuses. I also tried using a lower baudrate (4800) and a different chip.
This is the code I'm using:
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include <util/setbaud.h>

inline void uart_putc(char c)
{
    loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSR0A, UDRE0);
    UDR0 = c;
}

inline void uart_puts(const char *s)
{
    while (*s) {
        uart_putc(*s++);
    }
}

int main()
{
    // we don't need/use any interrupts
    cli();

    // -DF_CPU=18432000L -DBAUD=19200 used when compiling
    UBRR0H = UBRRH_VALUE;
    UBRR0L = UBRRL_VALUE;
    // 8 data bits
    UCSR0C |= (1 << UCSZ00) | (1 << UCSZ01);
    // enable transmitter
    UCSR0B |= (1 << TXEN0);

    _delay_ms(10);  // XXX
    uart_puts("HELLO WORLD\r\n");
    _delay_ms(250);
    uart_puts("BYE WORLD\r\n");

    // do nothing
    while (1)
        ;

    return 0;
}

A: Basically what you do in
// enable transmitter
UCSR0B |= (1 << TXEN0);

_delay_ms(10);  // XXX

is inserting 10ms of stop bits (1). This helps your receiver to synchronize with the data stream (which conveniently starts with a start bit 0). Until then the AVR pin is high impedance and filling your input buffer with garbage to which your receiver is trying to synchronize.
Every time the receiver reads 10 bits that fit the frame (start-bit 0, 8 data bits, stop-bit 1) the data bits are pushed in the input buffer. Only when the frame doesn't match, bits get discarded until it does find a matching 10 bit string.
This also explains the importance for using start and stop bits in asynchronous transmission.  This also explains why using 1.5 or 2 stop bits improves speed of synchronization; the probability of received data accidentally fitting the frame for a single byte decreased.

A: I am not aware of your specific hardware or of how your software handles exceptions, but if your circuit is transitioning from an undefined to a defined state you need to give the system time to deal with the states which arrive at 'the boundary' as signals appear to be valid as they settle down, but are not. Using a USB2serial interface probably ensures that the converter output is always defaulted to a legal state whenever illegal input is received so there is no "wakeup time" - see below. .
Longer: If your serial line is active,idle and operating as defined it will be in a defined state - high for a system with positive logic and low for a system with negative logic. Systems which connect with TTL (nominally 0/+5V) or system voltage levels (0/3 or 0/3.3 or 0/5 or whatever) usually are positive logic. RS232 inverts this logic and an idle state is usually low. If connecting at TTL levels the level is what the level is - send 3V3 and you see 3V3 etc. If you the sender to changes to high impedance when disabled the receiver has to 'decide' what it should do wit the input.  It is usual to pull the input up to +V with a resistor or equivalent which is large enough (ie low enough load) that it has zero effect on normal operation. Under disabled conditions it sets the input to "idle". If you use USB to RS@32  or USB to logic level serial interfaces they usually look after such niceties. If you connect directly then YOU must decide what happens during disabled state and if you do not do so then Murphy will.
If your software is semi-Murphy proof and you receive a long low signal (illegal) the software may reject it. Less MP (Murphy Proof) software may instead gibber.
If you transition from illegal to legal input (after say a data send enablement) the levels as the circuit stabilises may appear as signal.
If your circuit has time constants involving capacitors that charge to a proper DC level during operation they may be at ground when you first receive data. As they charge to the correct value a 1 or 0 may tend to be interpreted incorrectly. Usually the bias will be one way or the other so eg 1's may become 0's but 0's are OK.
But if there are runs of all 1 or all 0, during system stabilisation these may be more affected by the charging capacitors or whatever.
In your case the hex
AA 8A 8A EA
=  1010 1010, 1000 1010, 1000 1010, 1110 1010
are probably meant to be "ELLO"
= $45 $4C $4C $4F
= 0100 0101,  0100 1100, 0100 1100, 0100 1111
It's not clear that one is caused by incorrect decoding of the other BUT it probably is.


text:
namespace InfluxData.Net.InfluxDb.Models.Responses
{
    public class User
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// User name.
        /// </summary>
        public string Name { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Whether or not the user is an administrator.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsAdmin { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Gun reform activists are calling for an all out ban of assult weapons while some gun owners contest that they have the right to own one.
How many lives is an AR-15 worth? One? Two? 17? The answer is zero. Yet in 2018 in one of the more progressive societies in the world, this number is still up for debate.
Owning a gun is nowhere near as important as protecting citizens, especially children, from gun violence. Automatic and semi-automatic rifles have no place in a private citizen's hands and should be banned.
An AR-15, the weapon of choice for Parkland HS gunman Nikolas Cruz, is a semi-automatic rifle which means that each time a shooter pulls the trigger a shot is fired without having to reload. Bump stocks can be bought and attached to semi-automatic rifles so that they operate as fully automatic rifles. When the trigger of an automatic rifle is held down, a continuous spray of bullets is released as seen in the Las Vegas concert shooting.
In 1996 after a shooting in Tasmania that resulted in 35 deaths, Australia passed the National Firearms Act, banning all semi-automatic rifles and shotguns. The act required those attempting to buy a gun to undergo a strict background check, wait 28 days and provide a "justifiable reason" for owning a gun. Since the passage of the act, there have been zero mass shootings in Australia.
Legislation such as Australia's would not be as effective in America. For the U.S. to address mass shootings like Australia has, it would need to stop treating mental healthcare as a privilege rather than a right. Throughout this debate, many have said that the issue is not with guns, it is with mental health, when in fact, there is an issue with both. Under the current healthcare system, mental healthcare is expensive and difficult to access.
Reforming mental health so that it is more easily accessible would mean that those who are mentally ill and pose a threat to society can be treated and prevented from accessing weapons. However, there will always be those who slip through the cracks, like Cruz and there should be safety nets to ensure that there is no way they can access automatic and semi-automatic weapons.
The first important step is making background checks stricter. Ninety-four percent of American adults support stricter background checks, according to an October 2017 poll conducted by Quinnipiac University. Currently, when purchasing a gun in a licensed gun store, the buyer must undergo an instant background check. The information of the buyer is checked via the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) by the FBI. People who have been barred from buying a gun such as the dangerously mentally ill and felons will appear in the system. However, the system is often not updated, allowing those who have not yet been entered in the system to purchase a gun. In addition, guns sold at gun shows, online and by unlicensed private collectors do not require background checks.
The system must be updated as frequently as possible and background checks must be required for all gun sales. While Congress debates these updates to the NICS system, citizens and students should demand that mandatory waiting periods and gun safety classes be added to any legislation.
Florida has recently passed a new age restriction law, and while many states have started moving toward this, the country needs sweeping national legislation.The legal age to purchase a gun must be raised to 25. Federal law permits 18-year-olds to purchase rifles and 21-year-olds to purchase handguns. However, an unlicensed dealer may sell handguns to an 18-year-old. According to a November 2011 report by the Department of Justice, almost 50 percent of gun violence is perpetrated by those under 25. Until around the mid-20s the human brain is still developing with the prefrontal cortexa??the part of the brain responsible for reasoninga??maturing last.
Students can no longer stand idly by while children are killed in school. The government owes it to the thousands of victims of gun violence to create new policies which will reduce rather than increase the number of guns in civilian hands.
Following the Marjory Stoneman Douglas HS shooting, the gun control debate is once again dominating the nation's discourse immediately following the tragedy, but this time it has remained in the headlines. The MSDHS shooting was a heartbreaking tragedy that calls for immediate action to combat gun violence that is plaguing society. However, banning assault weapons, such as the AR-15, is not the solution.
The Colt AR-15 that the alleged shooter Nicolas Cruz used, is a semi-automatic military style assault rifle. It is also the most popular type of assault rifle in the U.S. While it is difficult to pinpoint the exact number of owned AR-15s in the country, the National Shooting Sports Foundation estimates between five and 10 million AR-15s are owned in the U.S. The weapon is popular among small game hunters for its versatility and accuracy.
While the current background check system can always be improved, anyone who passes the extensive check is deemed capable of handling a firearm and there is no reason to stop them from obtaining a weapon. Such an act would be a clear infringement on their second amendment rights.
Most of the focus in the recent gun control debate has been on the weapon itself. The real problem is how to keep weapons out of the hands of people who are dangerous to themselves and others. The Parkland shooter exhibited several warning signs. As an orphan who lost both his step parents, Cruz lacked a consistent support system. He also suffered from depression, was expelled for bringing a knife to school and had an abusive and violent history. All of the various adults and agencies who flagged Cruz's behavior need to act on that knowledge so people like him never have access to a weapon of any kind.
Another issue with a narrow focus on a weapon's ban is that like anything else, if the AR-15 is banned from the regulated market it will emerge on the black market. This is what fueled the illegal alcohol trade during prohibition and the current illegal drug trade. The effects of illegal gun trade are already evident in cities like Chicago, which has some of the stiffest gun regulations in the country and one of nation's highest gun homicide rates. The death toll as a result of gun violence was around 25 per 100,000 residents in 2016. If regulation is increased to the extreme degree of banning firearms, this market will grow and more weapons will be in the hands of criminals.
There is no perfect system in place in any state in the U.S. for gun control. However, a combination of various policies can create a positive compromise. For example in New York the AR-15 is legal, while attachments and variations to the weapon such as adjusted stocks, muzzles and pistol handles are prohibited. New York has the fourth lowest gun death rate per 100,000. In Hawaii, a 21-year-old gun owner must acquire a permit from the county, go through a criminal background check and a mental screening that includes drug or alcohol addiction and psychiatric diagnosis. Hawaii's firearm death rate is three times lower than the national average (3.6 to 11.1 according to the CDC).
Banning the AR-15 is like putting a band-aid on a broken arm. The problem with gun violence goes beyond the weapons themselves. To stop gun violence the country needs to invest more money in mental health screenings and continue the discussion that started at MSDHS and translate it into lasting legislative action.


YMCA of Lethbridge is taking action by offering a YMCA Teen Summer Membership for free to teens age 13-17. YMCA of Lethbridge encourages youth to get active and meet new friends in a safe and welcoming community. The YMCA Teen Summer Membership is available beginning June 1 and is valid until August 31, 2017 at the YMCA of Lethbridge location. To sign-up, teens can visit the YMCA.


We all know Toke knows how to throw a good party! Well the media personality turned 34 few days ago and hosted her friends, family and colleague's to an exquisite dinner party to mark her big day.
In attendance were celebrities like Banky W, Bovi, Chigurl, Swanky Jerry, 2baba amongst others.
Check out the Dinner Party in Pictures.


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valium treatment
Long-Term Use and Severe Addiction of Valium
Edited by Editorial Staff
Physical and Psychological Effects
Addiction and Withdrawal
Valium Abuse and the Family
Valium Addiction Symptoms
How Long Does Valium Stay in Your System?
Duration of Valium Withdrawal
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side-effects
What Are the Long-Term Risk of Valium Addiction?
When taken as directed, Valium is typically more helpful than it is harmful. When people abuse this drug over the long-term, they can develop:
Persistent drowsiness
Blood in urine or stool
According to the New England Journal of Medicine, this product was once promoted as a "wonder drug"that could safely relieve a wide range of problems, from clinical anxiety to job stress, menopausal symptoms, and marital conflicts; however, the potential health hazards of Valium " including the potential for abuse and addiction " are now more apparent to the public. Diazepam, which is sold under the trade name Valium, is a prescription drug that is used to treat anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, and restless leg syndrome. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration classifies Valium as a Schedule IV narcotic, meaning that it is less addictive than drugs like heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine. However, the widespread availability of Valium, and the pleasant calming effects that it produces, have made diazepam a common drug of abuse. Long-term use of diazepam can lead to chemical dependency and, eventually, to severe addiction. Understanding the health complications of Valium addiction may encourage nonmedical users of this drug to reach out for help.
The central nervous system is continuously transmitting electrical signals through the brain and nerves to control our movements and influence our reactions to the world around us. When these electrical signals become overactive, abnormal movements such as tremors, seizures, or convulsions can occur. Psychologically, this abnormal activity can make individuals feel anxious or restless, or prevent them from sleeping.
Valium, a drug from the benzodiazepine family, has powerful effects on the central nervous system, suppressing these abnormal electrical signals in the brain and nerves.
When taken as directed, Valium is usually more helpful than harmful. However, long-term use or abuse of this medication can interfere with normal functions of the central nervous system, causing symptoms such as:
Constant drowsiness
Confusion and forgetfulness
Stomach problems
Blood in stool or urine
Nightmares or hallucinations
Impaired judgment
Ironically, many of the symptoms of long-term Valium abuse, such as anxiety and sleeplessness, are the same concerns that the medication was prescribed to treat. If overuse of the drug continues, these symptoms are likely to get worse. Users may experience dangerous, even fatal, seizures, along with extreme anxiety, agitation, memory loss, and exhaustion. As a long-acting benzodiazepine, Valium remains in the system longer than short-acting drugs in the same family, such as alprazolam (Xanax) or lorazepam (Ativan). This means that Valium can have a lingering effect on the body and brain, and that the symptoms of long-term abuse or addiction may be more severe.
However, many patients end up taking Valium for months or even years, and eventually find it very difficult to function without this medication.
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, clinical studies have not confirmed the effectiveness or safety of Valium when the drug is taken for more than four months.Valium and other benzodiazepines are usually recommended for short-term use because of their potential for abuse and rebound side effects.
Chemical dependency and addiction are two of the most serious effects of Valium on the brain. Once the central nervous system has adjusted to the use of diazepam to regulate electrical activity, the user may need higher doses of the drug to achieve the same positive effects. This response is known as tolerance, and it can eventually lead to dependency. According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research at the University of Maryland, tolerance usually occurs within six months after the user has started taking Valium. In some users, tolerance and dependency evolve into addiction, a chronic and compulsive need for the substance in spite of its negative effects on one's health. Individuals looking for signs of Valium addiction should be alert to the following changes in their loved ones:
Becoming obsessed with getting Valium or taking the medication
Hoarding pills in order to take larger doses or to prepare for a "rainy day"
Visiting multiple doctors, forging prescriptions, or accidentally losing prescriptions in order to get more medication
Borrowing or stealing money
Taking prescription drugs from family members or friends
Neglecting former friends or favorite hobbies
Having problems at work or school because of Valium use
Severe Valium addiction affects the body as well as the brain. In chemical dependency, the brain and/or body need diazepam in order to perform their daily functions. Quitting Valium, or cutting back on the dose too quickly, can result in benzodiazepine withdrawal, an unpleasant and potentially dangerous condition. Without Valium, addicted users may feel agitated, restless, or anxious. They can experience physical as well as psychological symptoms, including:
Even though withdrawal symptoms can be distressing, quitting Valium too quickly can be even more dangerous. Long-term users who suddenly stop taking Valium are at risk of seizures. A slow, physician-monitored reduction in the dose of Valium, known as medical detox, can help prevent seizure activity and other unpleasant or dangerous symptoms of withdrawal.
More on Long-Term Effects
Permanent Effects from Drug Use
In addition to its effects on the individual, Valium abuse threatens the health and stability of relationships and families.
For someone struggling with addiction, getting and using the drug become compulsive activities that take precedence over anything else. Even when job performance, financial status, and the quality of close relationships begin to suffer, an addicted person is incapable of quitting. One of the primary symptoms of addiction is the inability to remain abstinent from the drug, no matter what the consequences for one's health or welfare may be.
Counseling the family members of an individual with Valium addiction is one of the top priorities of substance abuse treatment. Family members need education about the disease of addiction, as well as advice on establishing a healthy home environment that supports sobriety. In households where someone is a long-term Valium user, there may be problems with communication, difficulty setting limits on behavior, and a loss of trust between spouses or partners.
The children of parents with Valium addiction may end up assuming a caretaking role, providing emotional support for parents with anxiety disorders and substance abuse issues. These children can be taught to take a more age-appropriate role within the family, while adults receive education and counseling on the parenting role. Professional rehab programs offer a structured environment for recovery from Valium addiction, as well as a support network for addicted individuals and their loved ones.
In spite of growing public awareness of the potential dangers of long-term Valium use and addiction, this drug continues to be one of the most popular tranquilizers in the US. JAMA Psychiatry notes that in 2008, over 5 percent of American adults ages 18-80 used Valium or other benzodiazepines, a number that increased with age. Benzodiazepine use was twice as common in females as males. Long-term use of Valium was more common in older adults than in younger generations; however, people of all ages have succumbed to Valium addiction, including teens, parents, and grandparents.
Comprehensive recovery programs for Valium abuse must address the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of the individual.
People who suffer from Valium addiction may need concurrent treatment for anxiety disorders, chronic pain, insomnia, or other conditions that the drug was prescribed to treat. Although recovering from Valium addiction can be challenging, the rewards of building a new life on a more stable foundation are well worth the effort.
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Chevron Royalwoods Apartments by Chevron Builders and Realtors [P] Ltd is an excellent choice for those seeking to set themselves in Thiruvananthapuram's fastest highly-sought after residential areas. Airy surroundings with verdant greenery makes Royalwoods the most desirable place for a quiet suburban life. The project consists of 41 units and 12 floors.
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Residents have easy access to public facilities such as schools, colleges, hospitals, recreational areas and parks.


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The DE OFCCP Week in Review (WIR) is a simple, fast and direct summary of relevant happenings in the OFCCP regulatory environment, authored by experts John C. Fox, Candee Chambers and Jennifer Polcer. In today's edition, they discuss:
Monday, April 22, 2019: Supreme Court to Rule Whether "Sex" Discrimination Prohibition also Prohibits Sexual Orientation Discrimination
The U.S. Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari to hear three cases involving the interpretation of sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"). Granting certiorari means that at least four of the justices determined that the circumstances described in the petition are sufficient to warrant the Court's review.
Questions Presented
Whether the prohibition in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), against employment discrimination "because of…sex" encompasses discrimination based on an individual's sexual orientation.
The Court consolidated the following two cases and will allow one hour of oral argument.
ALTITUDE EXPRESS, INC., ET AL. V. ZARDA, MELISSA, ET AL. 883 F. 3d 100, Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit 2018
Decided 2/26/18
The case involves the late Donald Zarda, a New York skydiving instructor who claimed he was fired from his job because he told a client he was gay. Lambda Legal filed a friend-of-the-court brief in support of Zarda' s estate and argued the case before the Second Circuit.
The Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that Title VII prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation. The employer appealed.
BOSTOCK, GERALD L. V. CLAYTON COUNTY, GA. 883 F.3d 100, Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit 2018
Decided 05/10/18
The case involves Gerald Bostock, a gay man who claimed his former employer, Respondent Clayton County, Georgia, fired him because of his sexual orientation. He asserts that, after the County learned of his sexual orientation, his participation in a gay recreational softball league, and his promotion of volunteer opportunities with the County to league members, the County falsely accused him of mismanaging public funds as a pretext for terminating his employment because of his sexual orientation.
The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals held that Title VII permits discrimination based on sexual orientation. The employee appealed.
Whether Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people based on (1) their status as transgender or (2) sex stereotyping under Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U. S. 228 (1989).
R.G. & G.R. HARRIS FUNERAL HOMES V. EEOC, ET AL. Court of Appeals, 6th Circuit
The case involved a transgender female employee who claimed that she was terminated from her position as a funeral director after she informed her employer that she would be transitioning from a biological male to a female. At the district court level, the court dismissed the claim, finding that Title VII does not expressly protect against discrimination on the basis of gender identity and specifically transgender status.
However, on appeal, the Sixth Circuit reversed and held that because Title VII protects against such things as sex stereotyping, and because transgender discrimination is in fact based on non-conformance of an individual's gender identity and their appearance (with what otherwise goes along with the norms of their biological sex) then therefore transgender discrimination is in fact discrimination on the basis of sex.
Current Legal Landscape
Source: "Supreme Court Can Settle Split on LGBT Bias in the Workplace"; Bloomberg Law
To see interactive equality maps by each state, visit the Movement Advancement Project.
Bandaid or Permanent Fix?
As the U.S. Supreme Court looks to help provide some clarity and consistency with the various interpretations by the federal District Courts, The House of Representatives proposed the latest of over 40 years of failed federal Legislative efforts to make SO and GI discrimination unlawful under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Equality Act (H.R. 5) seeks to amend existing civil rights law, including Title VII, to explicitly make unlawful, discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
Thursday, April 25, 2019: EEO-1 Pay Data – Back On!
Judge Tanya S. Chutkan of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ordered that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") collect EE0-1 Component 2 (pay and hours worked data) for calendar years 2017 and 2018 (and impliedly 2020 pay and hours worked data to be collected in 2021). However, Judge Chutkan went on to give the EEOC the option to collect 2019 data in lieu of 2017 data, which would be due during the 2020 EEO-1 reporting period. Here is the full transcript of Judge Chutkan's oral Order, including the below passage recording the Judge's dissatisfaction with the EEOC's, OMB's and the US Department of Justice's handling of this issue:
"…it is important not to lose track of the fact that the Government is in this position because of its own actions, including the Government's unlawful stay, the Agency's failure to engage in a review during the stay, EEOC's failure to prepare any type of contingency plan for Component 2 data collection, and the incorrect and incomplete information regarding timing for compliance provided by the Government to the Plaintiffs and to the Court."
Important Deadlines Judge Chutkan Ordered, and other dates the EEOC has advised the Court it is following:
EEOC must state on its website that 2018 Component 2 data is due no later than September 30, 2019
EEOC must "alert filers" of its intent to gather either 2017 or 2019 pay data UNLESS it has not decided, in which case, the deadline moves to May 3, 2019
EEOC to inform the Court if it plans to gather 2019 data instead of 2017 data
EEOC to inform the Court of its collection progress (and every 21 days from this date on)
Employers: EEO-1 Component 1 data due
EEOC has previously indicated its intention to open its EEO-1 Component 2 reporting portal
Employers: EEO-1 Component 2 (pay data) 2018 due "last" day
Employers: EEO-1 Component 2 (pay data) 2017 due (unless 2019 data selected – see May 3rd deadline)
Note: Judge Chutkan also, however, ordered the EEOC to keep its Component 2 reporting portal open until the usual number of employers which file EEO-1 Surveys report their Component 2 data
Expiration of the revised EEO-1 form including Component 2 (barring further interruptions of the approval or extension)
Need the backstory?
View the information as previously reported:
OFCCP Week In Review: April 1, 2019
What Could Stop Reporting?
OMB could appeal and seek/obtain a Stay of Judge Chutkan's Order; or
OMB does not appeal, Judge Chutkan's Order becomes a Final Order now subject to legal challenge, and one or more employer groups sue successfully to stop the reporting
Note: The next few weeks could prove eventful. Expect many new developments and updates weekly.
DEAM19 – Gain access to the full conference details, check out what's on the agenda, and register to attend!
Compliance Spotlight
As an advocate for individuals with disabilities and strong ties to the community itself, OFCCP Director Craig Leen will chat with Haley Moss, recognized as Florida's first practicing lawyer with autism, in our inaugural DE Talk.
Ask your compliance questions for John Fox & Candee Chambers in advance!
THIS COLUMN IS MEANT TO ASSIST IN A GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE CURRENT LAW AND PRACTICE RELATING TO OFCCP. IT IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS LEGAL ADVICE. COMPANIES OR INDIVIDUALS WITH PARTICULAR QUESTIONS SHOULD SEEK ADVICE OF COUNSEL.
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John C. Fox
John C. Fox, Esq. is President and Partner at Fox, Wang & Morgan P.C. where he represents companies and tries cases in state and federal courts throughout the United States. Mr. Fox has extensive trial experience, having spent more than 300 days in trial. Mr. Fox was also lead trial counsel in the first of the six wage-hour class actions known to have been tried in California and was lead trial counsel in what are believed to have been the two largest disability law suits in the United States. He is an across-the-board employment lawyer representing management nationwide. Full Bio »