Don Phillips served his national government as a Navy pilot, at the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and as a technical advisor to the US delegation during the CTBT negotiations (1994-96), before joining the CTBTO in 1999. In different senior management positions, he has been responsible for the installation, operation, certification and maintenance of the 337 facilities that comprise the International Monitoring System.
Q: The Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) was created in 1997 with only nine staff members. As former International Monitoring System (IMS), Director Gerardo Suarez described it, most members of that initial 1997 IMS team were new to the world of multilateral diplomacy – and new to each other, coming from nine different countries and quite diverse backgrounds as they did. Could you tell us a little more about those early days? When did you join?
The initial senior management team of the IMS Division came together in 1997. At that time I was still working for the United States on the installation of their 38 IMS facilities so I didn't arrive at the CTBTO until two years later in 1999. Some of the original senior managers worked together for up to nine years while others departed after five or six years.
The first IMS Director was Gerardo Suarez, a widely known seismic expert from Mexico. Canadian Peter Basham, was the IMS Division Coordinator for the initial five years; Joachim Schulze from Germany was the Chief of the Radionuclide Section; Sergio Barrientos from Chile was the Chief of the Seismic Section; Alberto Veloso from Brazil was the the Chief of the Infrasound Section; and Martin Lawrence from Australia was the Chief of the Hydroacoustic Section.
The initial senior management team of the IMS Division came together in 1997. The members of the team were experts from all over the world - from Australia, Brazil , Canada, Chile, Germany, Italy, Mexico and the United States.
There were other senior managers in the IMS Division that had expertise in specific fields that significantly enhanced the technical capabilities of the division: Doug Christie from Australia was one of the few infrasound experts in the world; Franca Padoani from Italy was a senior radionuclide expert and Holly Given, an American seismic expert who came to the PTS from Scripps Oceanographic Institute in San Diego. Joachim, Martin, Peter and Doug were technical representatives to their repective delegations during the CTBT negotiations in Geneva and thus I had already gotten to know them prior to arriving in Vienna.
Occasionally cultural differences created some interesting situations.
Did everyone come equipped with the skills to deal with different languages? Well, everyone certainly had the adequate language skills to communicate but occasionally cultural differences created some interesting situations.
Q: With regard to the Pioneering Decade of IMS build-up (1997-2006), in your opinion, what were the most challenging obstacles that had to be overcome?
We had—and continue to have—excellent technical people in this organization. So none of the technical challenges were insoluble; complicated maybe, but still soluble. Overall, we have solved the build-up phase very efficiently. Our standards are very high and we have built some of the best nuclear monitoring stations in the world.
Overall, we have solved the build-up phase very efficiently. Our standards are very high and we have built some of the best nuclear monitoring stations in the world.
Now, besides completing the remainder of the build-up we have to keep things moving. For that, the PTS have been restructured to adapt to the emerging technical needs. After all, there would be no sense in spending approximately $300 million dollars on the IMS network and then not sustaining the Signatory States' investment.
The challenges have been, and remain, daunting. Keep in mind that we have been involved in a globe-spanning construction project that has been going on for over ten years. Since UN affiliated international organizations are entitled to tax exemptions, we must solve legal issues associated with taxation and customs in each and every country. There are huge amounts of money involved and all of the necessary agreements must be in place. This is why the restructuring has created the new Logistics Support Unit whose job is exclusively logistics—to help solve these kinds of problems.
The challenges have been, and remain, daunting. Keep in mind that we have been involved in a globe-spanning construction project that has been going on for over ten years.
On the horizon looms the logistical challenge of sustainment. This will become a major issue as some stations are already eight to nine years old, and other pre-existing (i.e. seismic) ones are even older. All of these stations will eventually be in need of re-capitalization; equipment simply does not last forever, especially in this digital world we live in today. We must be able to deal with this inevitability.
This area is actually where we encountered the greatest difficulties. We had to build a worldwide monitoring network as prescribed by the Treaty. We're talking about 89 countries, and in some cases a country may have multiple institutions with which the PTS has to coordinate activities.
For example, the Treaty requires that we come up with legally binding Facility Agreements and, while these were being negotiated by the Legal Section, there had to be an official exchange of letters (with the Governments of the host countries) so we would have the basic legal structure in place to commence work on the stations. Sometimes it was as simple as a single fax; other times, it was full of intricacies. For example, some countries have said that they will not negotiate a Facility Agreement until the Treaty is ready to enter into force.
The process of reaching agreements with Palau was so complicated that it required two years and four separate trips to complete the negotiations. Proudly though, the infrasound station (IS39) located there was certified in September 2005 and now Palau is one of the newest States to ratify the Treaty, on 1 August 2007.
Another example of the challenges we encountered was with Palau. First, Palau was traditionally a tribal society with chiefs, in which all land was collectively owned (so that the entire society had to agree to having an IMS station on their common territory).
Second, Palau became an independent country only in 1994 and the new political system was installed on top of the old tribal system that was both multi-dimensional and inter-generational. Often you had older chiefs and younger government officials. Even though the entire population of the country only numbers about 20,000 people, the process of reaching agreements was so complicated that it required two years and four separate trips to complete the negotiations. Proudly though, the infrasound station (IS39) located there was certified in September 2005 and now Palau is one of the newest States to ratify the Treaty, on 1 August 2007.
One last point about administrative problems. In my opinion, the UN system is not particularly conducive to the workings of a worldwide construction company, which is largely what we have been for the last ten years.
Q: Which station build-ups to date were the most complicated and why?
In this regard, the auxiliary seismic stations have presented unique challenges. After these stations are formally certified as part of the IMS, the treaty prohibits the CTBTO from operating and maintaining these 120 auxiliary seismic stations except for transmitting data to the International Data Centre and authenticating the data.
The vast majority of auxiliary seismic stations already existed for national purposes but many of them required significant upgrades to meet the CTBTO's stringent requirements.
The vast majority of these stations already existed for national purposes but many of them required significant upgrades to meet the CTBTO's stringent requirements. In some cases, we had to construct or upgrade seismic arrays costing several hundreds of thousands of dollars. However, once officially certified, the operation and maintenance of all of the auxiliary stations is the sole responsibility of the host country.
Q: Which ones went smoothly?
Staying on the subject of auxiliary seismic stations, about 85 out of the 120 auxiliary seismic stations have a bilateral partner or "sponsor", such as an international consortium or national network. In these cases, things generally go smoothly between the PTS, its partner and the host country in terms of maintenance and benefits. The host country gets a state-of-the-art seismic station that can often be used for national purposes; the sponsor often gets the data from an upgraded station with real time communications; and the IMS gets the data it needs to help monitor for nuclear explosions. So we have a three-way-win situation.
In my opinion, the challenge on the horizon is those 30-35 auxiliary stations, some of them in developing countries, which have no bilateral "sponsor." It is inevitable that there will eventually be failures at a few of these stations and no funding will be available for the repair. Currently, the CTBTO Preparatory Commission has instructed the PTS to investigate failures at auxiliary seismic stations on a case-by-case basis and to work with the host country operators to help them resolve the problems. To date, this has been a successful approach to failures at certified auxiliary seismic stations.
Q: How much longer will it take to complete and certify the remaining stations? Which type will be the most challenging?
The situation is the following: Approximately 8-10% of the facilities remaining to be built cannot be constructed until the political environment improves and we start accelerating towards entry into force. There are some 30-35 stations that cannot be started for either political, environmental or resource reasons. For example, the stations intended for India and Pakistan cannot be started until these countries at least sign the treaty. We will just have to set aside this small, but very important number of the stations until the political climate changes. We have already seen a gradual shift back toward multilateralism, which will likely, in its turn, act as a boost for the non-proliferation regime.
Other stations have environmental issues; the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), is a world-renowned environmentally protected area. We have to be extremely careful—and we are—not to disturb the natural habitats and to maintain the ecological balance. The PTS abides by all national regulations, we use passive technologies, and we see ourselves as "friends of the environment." We always restore the area surrounding the station.
The Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), is a world-renowned environmentally protected area. We have to be extremely careful—and we are— not to disturb the natural habitats and to maintain the ecological balance.
Taking another example, let's look at the US protectorate of Midway Island. Midway is a former military base and now belongs to the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Here again, the island is an environmentally protected area. We have been told that the authorities have no problem in principle with our non-invasive IMS stations. We can adapt our circumstances to any environment.
Obviously, sovereign governments have the right to decide what is allowed on their territory. It's just that—to preclude an infrasound monitoring "hole" in the North Pacific—we must be able to use either Midway or Wake Island for an infrasound station.
However, the the Fish and Wildlife Service is concerned about precedent; if an exception is made for the CTBTO, then other organizations may want an exception, too. So exceptional care has to be exercised not to tip the environmental balance. In the case of Midway, the Fish and Wildlife Service has approved the construction of the radionuclide station (RN78) and is currently studying our proposal to install an infrasound (IS58) station on the island. Obviously, sovereign governments have the right to decide what is allowed on their territory . It's just that—to preclude an infrasound monitoring "hole" in the North Pacific—we must be able to use either Midway or Wake Island for an infrasound station.We also have environmental and difficult logistic issues at Wake Island for the construction of the infrasound station.
Q: How will the build-up of the IMS be affected by some Member States not paying their assessments in a timely manner?
For the most part, the IMS build-up phase is nearing completion. Now we have to sustain it. We already have the funding to complete approximately 90% of the IMS installations. However, if the money for sustainment is not forthcoming from the signatory States, we can't wrap these high-tech stations in cellophane! It's like trying to start a car after you've left it parked in the garage for five years. It probably won't start. We can postpone some things, such as recapitalization of stations, slow down training activities, etc. but eventually there will be a price to pay. Stations will begin to fail and the network will become degraded.
Sustainment of the network is a must. This would definitely be affected by delayed payments. It would lead to temporary station failures and, if continued, to a general "falling apart" of these high-tech facilities.
Sustainment of the network is a must. This would definitely be affected by delayed payment of assessed contributions. It would lead to temporary station failures and, if continued, to a general "falling apart" of these high-tech facilities. It is important that each and every country fully support the build-up and sustainment of the verification regime, and to pay their assessments on time and in full.
Additionally, it seems to me that, what I would call "friends of the treaty", such as foundations, could provide more financial support. There are lots of very wealthy individuals trying to support philanthropic activities. I believe that if some of these people were approached appropriately, they might be willing to provide support to CTBT-related activities.
Q: On the listing of IMS stations, there are some that carry the designation "TBD". Where are these stations and what does this acronym signify in terms of the build-up work?
"TBD" means "To be Determined". But, in reality, the locations for four such stations had already been designated for specific locations. However, when the State Signatory in question [Editor's Note: India] elected, during the final few days of the negotiations, not to sign the Treaty, those real sites had to be deleted from Annex 1 to the Protocol.
Q: The IMS Sections are going through a restructuring just now. Why is that? How will it change or improve their functioning?
This restructuring is a logical and necessary evolution. The first 7-8 years starting in 1997 were devoted exclusively to the build-up of the worldwide IMS network and the International Data Centre (IDC) and ran in parallel. Once stations began to be certified, starting in the year 2000, then data were being processed and delivered to Signatory States and there was an ever increasing interaction between the two divisions.
In 2002, the Executive Secretary asked me to become the first Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Coordinator to help oversee these inter-divisional activities. I can testify that this was, at times, a painful process for the two divisions to interact, adapt and coordinate rather than acting alone. The organization was experiencing growing pains as it matured and we simply needed a different structure. In 2005, the Hydroacoustic and Infrasound Sections were combined to create the Acoustics Section. With this minor restructuring in the IMS Division, Martin Lawrence (Australia) was freed up as a section chief and was able to take over as the O&M Coordinator. By that time, I had been promoted to the position of IMS Division Coordinator. Martin then held this position until he left the PTS in May 2006 and did a great job, both as Hydroacoustic Section Chief and as O&M Coordinator.
This restructuring is a logical and necessary evolution. The first 7-8 years starting in 1997 were devoted exclusively to the build-up of the worldwide IMS network and the International Data Centre (IDC) and ran in parallel.
In 2005, Working Group B, under the Chairmanship of Ola Dahlman (Sweden), commissioned a world renowned group of experts from different areas of expertise—industry, science, diplomacy, etc. This outstanding team was led by Ambassadors Starr and Rimdap (Australia and Nigeria, respectively). In April 2005 the team published a report that recommended restructuring the PTS along functional lines. According to this plan, one division (IDC) will be responsible for all operational functions while the other division (IMS) will handle all support functions for the PTS.
In April 2005 an expert team published a report that recommended restructuring the PTS along functional lines. According to this plan, one division (IDC) will be responsible for all operational functions while the other division (IMS) will handle all support functions for the PTS.
The final piece of this restructuring towards a classical operational/support organization will be the blending of what, until recently was called the Installation and Certification Group into the Engineering and Development Section in the IMS Division. This new section was officially created on 5 February 2008. In my opinion, this restructuring should further improve the day-to-day work of the PTS and should also provide for resource efficiencies of scale.
As we complete the build-up phase, the focus will turn more and more towards sustaining the Verification Regime. We are already hiring new types of professionals too (e.g. engineers) as the PTS evolves and matures.
Q: Another aspect is the CTBTOs mandatory human resource rotation policy. Do you find this policy good for overall operations? If so, why? If not, how might you adapt it?
In my personal view, rotation in an organization is "good". We need new ideas and talent. So, in principle, I'm a fan of service limitation, but there are many ways to go about it. Again, my personal approach is based on fair treatment for everyone and competence above all; a business management-type of decision making. I stand by my rule to "never accept an unqualified person just to fill a quota" or satisfy a regional distribution requirement. The single most important factor for hiring staff should always be competence.
Q: You have been responsible for the build-up of the IMS for many years. What would you say are the most significant occurrences during your "watch", occurrences that directly affect the IMS and its future?
My CTBTO "watch", which began in 1994, has coincided with a period of rising concern about nuclear proliferation. Non-proliferation worked fairly well during the 30 years from 1968 until 1998, but India and Pakistan both tested in 1998, other proliferation concerns arisen after 2001, and that, plus the announced nuclear test by North Korea in October 2006, put the NPT under increasing stress.
I personally believe that our sister organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), is doing a fine job and deserves a lot of credit for balancing its monitoring role with encouraging the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. I also believe that the CTBT's entry into force could be a turning point. After all, the CTBT is the "last barrier" to nuclear testing and further nuclear proliferation.
As long as the signatory States provide adequate funding for sustainment, I am certain that the PTS is capable of ensuring an effective monitoring network. Nobody has ever done anything like this before. It's unique in history.
Q: Speaking of IMS's future, how do you see its role evolving? For example, what about the notion of moving from build-up to sustainment mode?
As long as the signatory States provide adequate funding for sustainment, I am certain that the PTS is capable of ensuring an effective monitoring network. Oh, there will be the occasional minor catastrophe—lightning strikes, hydroacoustic cable breaks, flooding, contractual tangles—but I believe we will be successful. Nobody has ever done anything like this before. It's unique in history.


MEMOIRS OF AN ICE-CREAM LADY is a charming and humorous series of anecdotes and reflections by a single Chinese lady, who established and managed an ice-cream parlour selling top-end ice-cream on the small outlying Hong Kong island of Lamma. Here locals and some residents from overseas live in close contact, as observed and recorded here by Emily's unblinkered eye. Comments on the traditional Chinese attitudes to girls and unmarried women mingle with reflections on meddling neighbours, the odd habits of customers, the ingratitude of teenage girls and the antics of feisty ferry passengers. Petty quibbles find perspective from Emily's account of the impact on her neighbourhood of the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and her response to an earthquake disaster on the Chinese Mainland. Emily's perspective is quirky and unique, but unquestionably valid. Behind the amused and critical eye of a modern-day Mrs Gaskell is another object of concern – the writer herself: – what is her place in this world where her own values and emotions are so often at issue with most of those in her milieu?
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text:
Q: how to display hyperlinks in jqGrid I'm new to jQGrid. Is it possible to display hyperlinks in the columns of jqGrid? In our UI, we need to display Edit and Delete links next to each row of the table. is it possible with jqGrid?

A: Have a look at : this. There are two predefined format types which may be usefull for you - link and showlink.
Rio's solution should work too but using formatters is much better (in my oppinion)
Best regards

A: Yes it is. Send your JSON response back containing the link (from my example on jqgrid.com). For example:
{"page":"1","total":4,"records":"22","rows":[{"id":1,"cell":["Quantum of Solace","Marc Forster","2008","Daniel Craig","200]}]}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tibet is called the "Roof of the World", which has a magic attractive force for travelers for hundreds years. Many of our customers head to visit Potala Palace, Mount Everest, Jokhang Temple, Namtso Lake, Drepung Monastery, Sera Monastery, Tashihunpo Monastery, etc. Check our customers' Tibet travel photos and get inspired what to do here.


Before the revolution in primary and secondary schools, the law of God was an obligatory subject. Now times have changed, but people are eager to study this most important discipline on their own or in Sunday schools, helping them to touch the Holy Scriptures and the Tradition of the Church.
Were widely known for the publication of manuals on the Law of God, prepared by archpriest Seraphim Slobodsky, Alexander Vvedensky, Maxim Kozlov. Before you, dear reader, a completely new book. Its authors are representatives of two generations of the priestly dynasty of the Gumerovs: the father is a resident of the Sretensky monastery, the hieromonk Job, and his sons, priests Alexander and Paul. The authors hope that their book will help readers to enter the world of Orthodoxy, will awaken interest in learning the basics of the Christian faith.
Of all the sacred actions that are performed in the Orthodox Church, the most significant are Sacraments, in which the invisible grace of God, spiritual, uncreated energy is communicated to the believer in a visible way. It nourishes and heals our spiritual and bodily nature.
Sacraments have Divine origin, as established by Jesus Christ Himself. In each of them, a certain grace is given to the Christian, which is characteristic of this particular Sacrament. The seven sacraments through which the gifts of the Holy Spirit are communicated meet all the essential needs of our spiritual life.
From sins in confession, God Himself resolves us through a priest who witnesses the Sacrament and has the power from God to knit and solve human sins (see: Matthew 16:19; 18:18) The clergy received this authority in succession from the holy apostles.
You can often hear this statement: "As you, believers, everything is easy: I have sinned – repented, and God forgave everything". In the Pafnutievo-Borovsky Monastery there was a museum in Soviet times, and after examining the monastery and the museum by the visitors, the guide included a record with the song "Twelve robbers lived" performed by Chaliapin. Fyodor Ivanovich with his velvet bass deduced: "He threw his comrades, threw in the raids, Kudeyar himself went to God and people to serve in the monastery." After listening to the recording, the guide said something like: "Well, this is what the Church teaches: sin, steal, rob, then you can repent anyway." Such is the unexpected interpretation of the famous song. Is it so? Indeed, there are people who perceive the sacrament of confession in this way. It seems that such a "confession" will not bring benefit. Man will approach the Mystery not in salvation, but in judgment and condemnation. And formally, "having been confessed," he will not receive the resolution of sins from God. Not so simple. Sin, passion causes great harm to the soul. And even having repented, a person feels the consequences of his sin. As in a patient having had smallpox, scars remain on the body. It is not enough just to confess sin, you need to make an effort to overcome the inclination to sin in your soul. Of course, it's not easy to leave passion right away. But the repentant should not be a hypocrite: "I will repent – and I will continue to sin." A person must make every effort to take the path of correction and not return to sin, to ask God for help to fight passions: "Help me, Lord, for I am weak." The Christian must burn the bridges behind him that lead back to sinful life.
Why do we repent if the Lord already knows all our sins? Yes, he knows, but he expects repentance from us, recognition and correction. God is our Heavenly Father, and our relationship with Him must be viewed as a relationship between a parent and children. Let's give an example. The child was guilty in front of his father, for example, he took something without demand. The father knows perfectly well who did this, but waits for the son to come and ask for forgiveness. And of course, he expects the son to promise not to do so again.
Confession, of course, must be private, not common. By common confession is meant practice when a priest reads a list of possible sins, and then simply covers the confessor with a stole. Thank God, there are very few temples where they do it. The common confession became almost a universal occurrence in the Soviet times, when there were very few temples in operation and on Sundays, public holidays, as well as fasting, they were overwhelmed with worshipers. It was impossible to worship anyone. Making confessions after evening service was not allowed either. Of course, such a confession is an abnormal phenomenon.
The word confession itself means that a Christian has come to tell, confess, tell about your sins. A priest in prayer before confession reads: "This is your servant, by word be resolved. " Man himself is allowed from his sins by the words and receive forgiveness from God. Of course, sometimes it is very difficult, ashamed to open our sinful wounds, but this is how we get rid of our sinful skills, overcoming shame, pulling them out like a weed from our soul. Without confession, without cleansing from sins, it is impossible to fight passions. First you need to see the passion, pull out, and then do everything so that they do not grow back in our soul. Not seeing your sins is a sign of spiritual illness. Why did the devotees see their sins countless like the sand of the sea? It's simple. They were approaching the source of light — God, and they began to notice such secret places of their soul that we simply see. They observed their soul in its true state. A fairly well-known example: let's say the room is dirty and not cleaned, but now it is night and everything is hidden by the gloom: everything seems to be more or less normal. But then the first ray of the sun dawned in the window, lit part of the room – and we began to notice the mess; further more. When the sun shines brightly on the whole room, we see what a mess it is. The closer to God, the fuller the vision of sins.
Confession is not an account of spiritual life and is not a conversation with a priest. This is exposing oneself, without self-justification and self-pity. Only then will we get satisfaction and relief and move away from the lectern easily, like on wings. The Lord already knows all the circumstances that led us to sin. It is absolutely unacceptable to tell in confession what kind of people pushed us to sin. They will answer for themselves, but we must answer only for ourselves. Husband, brother or matchmaker served our fall – it does not matter, we need to understand what is to blame ourselves. Holy righteous John of Kronstadt says: it will be easy for those who are used to repenting and giving an answer for their lives to be answered at the Last Judgment of God.
Do not postpone the confession for later. It is not known how much time the Lord gave us to repent. Each confession must be taken as the last, for no one knows what day and time God will call us to Himself.
Sins should not be ashamed to confess; we should be ashamed to commit them. Many people think that a priest, especially an acquaintance, will condemn them, they want to appear at a confession better than they are, to justify themselves. Meanwhile, any father, who more or less often professes, cannot be surprised by anything, and you can hardly tell him something new and unusual. For the confessor, on the contrary, it is a great consolation when he sees sincerely repentant, even if in grave sins. It means that he knowingly stands at the lectern, accepting the repentance of those who come to confession.
In confession, the repentant is not only given the forgiveness of sins, but also the grace and help of God is given to fight against sin. Confession should be frequent and, if possible, with the same priest. A rare confession (several times a year) leads to heartfelt petrification. People stop noticing their sins, forget their deeds. Conscience is easily reconciled with the so-called petty, everyday sins: "Well, what's wrong? It feels good. I do not kill, do not steal. " Conversely, the frequent confession makes the soul, conscience worry, wakes her from drowsiness. Sins cannot be tolerated. Starting to fight even with some sinful habit, you feel how it becomes easier to breathe both spiritually and physically.
People who confess rarely or formally sometimes sometimes stop seeing their sins. Any priest knows this well. A person comes to confession and says: "I am not sinned by anything" or: "I am sinful to everyone" (which is actually the same thing).
All this happens, of course, from spiritual laziness, unwillingness to conduct at least some work on your soul. The books "To the Help of the Repentant" by St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov), "The Experience of Building Confessions" by Archimandrite John (Krestyankin) and others can help prepare for confession, in detail, without having missed anything. Confessions can be disturbed by excitement and forgetfulness, so it is quite possible to write down your sins on a piece of paper and read them to a priest.
The first confession is a special event in the lives of children. She can determine for a long time not only the attitude towards confession, but also the direction of his spiritual life. Parents should prepare the child for it all previous years, living in the grace-filled experience of the Church. If they were able to cultivate piety in a child, they could prepare him for the first confession so that this day would be a holiday for him.
In a child, thinking is primarily visual-figurative, and not conceptual. His idea of God is formed gradually, in the image of his relationship with his parents. He hears a prayer every day: "Our Father …" – "Our Father …" The Lord himself in the parable of the prodigal son uses this comparison. As the father embraces the son who returned to him, so God accepts the penitent with great joy. If relationships in a family are built on love, then it is not difficult to explain to a son or daughter why you need to love your Heavenly Parent. For children, it's as natural as loving parents. The child should talk about Divine love as often as possible. The thought of a loving God causes him a sense of repentance and a desire not to repeat bad actions. Of course, by the age of seven, children already know that there is a paradise, that there will be a trial once, but the motives for their behavior are not determined by this. It is absolutely unacceptable to frighten children and say that God will punish. This can completely distort the child's perception of God. He will have a feeling of fear in his soul. Later such a person may lose faith.
In preparation for confession, it is important to give the child a sense that he is already old enough and can himself evaluate his actions. The conversation should not resemble a lesson that he must remember. No need to restrain his freedom. He can sincerely repent only of what he recognizes as a wrong and bad deed. Then desire and determination to be corrected are born. After the confession, the child should feel relief, similar to what he feels when parents forgive their children with trust and love.
Children at the age of seven are often shy. Parents should begin conversations about confession long before this event. Then the child will gradually get used and will wait with some excitement, but without timidity. Every time you need to talk with him about it very calmly, emphasizing that he is already big and can do a lot on his own.
The first participation of a child in the sacrament of repentance is not the general confession of an adult who has been burdened with many sins over the decades. At the age of seven, children do only the first experiences, they pass the first lessons in the school of repentance, in which they will learn all their life. Therefore, it is not so much the fullness of the confession that is important, but the correct attitude of the child. Parents should help him realize that there may be a danger to his spiritual development, which can take root and acquire the power of skill. Such dangerous sins are: slyness, lies, self-conceit, boastfulness, selfishness, disrespect for elders, envy, greed, laziness. In overcoming harmful, sinful habits, parents must show wisdom, patience and perseverance. They should not suggest sins and not point directly to the unkind habits formed in the child's soul, but convincingly show their harm. Only such repentance, which is accomplished with the participation of conscience, bears fruit. Parents should look for reasons for the appearance of sinful skills in the child's soul. Most often, they themselves infect the child with their passions. Until they defeated them in themselves, the correction will not give noticeable results.
When preparing for confession, it is important not only to help the child see his sins, but also to encourage him to acquire those virtues without which it is impossible to have a full spiritual life. Such virtues are: attention to one's inner state, obedience, skill of prayer. Children can see God as their Heavenly Parent. Therefore, it is easy for them to explain that prayer is communion with Him. A child needs communication with his father and mother, as well as a prayer appeal to God.
After confession, parents should not ask the child about her; one should show the fullness of affection and warmth so that the joy of this great event be imprinted in the child's soul as deeply as possible.


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Parede (llamada oficialmente A Parede de Delle) es una aldea española situada en la parroquia de Ferreiros, del municipio de Paradela, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Demografía

Referencias

Localidades de Paradela
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Lovely 4 finished levels single family, 14 years old brick front, meticulously maintained by owners, 2 car garage, freshly painted, new carpet. Kitchen: granite countertop, solid wood cabinet, stainless steel appliances. Good location: 3 minute drive from Route 29 & 28, and I-66. New roof, finished basement with private entrance access featuring in-law suite w/full bath, wet bar. Master suite on 4th level: Jacuzzi, double vanity. Cozy deck ready for your summer entertainment/BBQ. House overlooks a beautiful view of peaceful creek.