I would like to give you some advices if you want to use e-mail for business on the Internet. The keystone to success is benevolent tone. Always it is necessary to watch the "written intonations" and not to give to the client even chance to suspect you in malevolence. Dispatch pleasant messages, and you will receive favourable answers. For this purpose it is necessary to adhere to following rules.
Do not specify. It is inadmissible that your instructions about that what actions the client can or should make, he perceived as instructions or orders. To avoid it, it is possible to use such words as "Please…, Be so kind…" And also to use a conditional inclination more often. Then your instructions will be perceived as friendly council or requests.
Do not row and do not shout. Do not send scandalous letters even if you have received the message which has caused in you anger. Try to re-read once again easy the letter, probably, its sender meant another at all that you have thought. Even if there are no doubts that someone tries to quarrel with you, at all do not support quarrel. From this rule there are no exceptions. And one more, the message typed by capital letters, is perceived by the addressee as LOUD SHOUT. Having sent such message, you, most likely, will hear SHOUT In the ANSWER.
Avoid sarcasm and humor in dialogue with the client. There is no guarantee that it will be correctly understood, especially if it is a question of the client from other country. Tone of the letter should correspond to relations with the addressee. If you are not assured – do not send.
Last rule which will allow you not to spoil the relation with the client. Before message sending imagine yourself on a place of the addressee, once again re-read the letter, check up it on presence of statements which can be misinterpreted. Imagine, as the addressee after letter perusal will feel. If you are not assured that the letter will make that impression which you want, try to communicate to this person personally, or by phone is better on the addressee.
Accurately formulate a theme. The letter theme should specify clearly in its maintenance and be expressed in a few words; strongly long theme can be cut off post programs of addressees. That for dialogue with the client it is not necessary to use a free mail box, even we will not speak.
Create the signature. The signature in the electronic letter is important enough element. And in itself this theme can deserve separate article. Here it would be desirable to lead only the basic recommendations to digital signature creation: – the signature should not exceed 70 symbols at length; – the signature should not exceed six lines; the signature should be framed from two parties horizontal to lines; the more in the signature information about you is better.
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And a final piece of advice – today the web technologies give you a really unique chance to choose what you require at the best terms which are available on the market. Funny, but most of the people don't use this chance. In real life it means that you must use all the tools of today to get the information that you need.
Search Google and other search engines. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and participate in the online discussion. All this will help you to create a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real chance to make a smart and nicely balanced decision.
And also sign up to the RSS feed on this blog, because we will everything possible to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of online business opportunities.


Stir the picante sauce, cranberry sauce, sugar, mustard and nutmeg in a 6-quart saucepot. Heat to a boil over medium-high heat and cook for 10 minutes. Add the pork to the saucepot and heat to a boil. Reduce the heat to low. Cover and cook for 2 hours or until the pork is fork-tender.
Remove the pork from the sauce and cool slightly. Shred the pork, using two forks. Return the pork to the sauce and heat through. Serve about 1/2 cup shredded pork in each roll. Top with lettuce and coleslaw.


An efficient web marketing campaign is important to the continued health associated with a business, so it is important that you know about the way to get the most from your marketing efforts. By using the proven techniques and strategies in this post, you will be able to market your internet business effectively.
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In the amazing pattern of things you get a B- for hard work. Exactly where you actually confused me was first in the specifics. You know, as the maxim goes, the devil is in the details... And it could not be much more correct here. Having said that, permit me reveal to you exactly what did work. The authoring is certainly quite engaging and this is most likely why I am taking an effort in order to comment. I do not really make it a regular habit of doing that. Second, whilst I can see a leaps in reasoning you come up with, I am not really sure of just how you seem to connect the ideas which in turn make your conclusion. For now I will, no doubt yield to your position however wish in the near future you actually connect the facts better.
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text:
Q: How to remove directories from PATH when deactivating a conda environment I have created an conda environment and in that environment I have installed a tool  called minibarcoder, which was developed by somebody else than me. https://github.com/asrivathsan/miniBarcoder
The tool is mostly a set of scripts (python or shell). To make it easy to use I moved all the scripts of the tool to the bin folder of the conda enviroment.
However, the miniBarcoder scripts in the bin folder depend on set of other scripts located in the folder scripts. I moved that folder as well to the bin folder.
The folder scripts contains some scripts, that I want to add to my $PATH variable when using the environment and when I close the environment I want to remove those scripts from the PATH variable when I deactivate the environment.
As instructed by the conda manual
(https://conda.io/docs/user-guide/tasks/manage-environments.html#macos-and-linux)
, I can add the scripts folder to my PATH using an environment file that is located in the folder:

/work/projects/nn9305k/src/anaconda/envs/minibarcoder/etc/conda/activate.d

the file env_vars.sh contains:
#!/bin/sh

#add scripts folder to PATH
export PATH=$PATH:/work/projects/nn9305k/src/anaconda/envs/minibarcoder/bin/scripts

When activating the environment it is the folder is added to the PATH variable.
Now my problem is how to remove this folder from the PATH variable when I deactivate the environment.
For that I create a file env_vars.sh in the folder:

/work/projects/nn9305k/src/anaconda/envs/minibarcoder/etc/conda/deactivate.d

I have tried the following:
    #!/bin/sh

#remove scripts from PATH
export PATH=$(echo ${PATH%:/work/projects/nn9305k/src/anaconda/envs/minibarcoder/bin/scripts

This does not remove the directory from the PATH variable, but when I run that command on the commandline, I do remove it from the PATH variable. Why is it not working in my env_vars.sh file.?
Any hints are welcome

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}
As robots are increasingly integrated into human-robot teams, it is pertinent to design human-robot systems that facilitate trust, communication and interdependent working. The irony of automation \cite{Bainbridge1983} is that without careful analysis of how autonomous systems (i.\,e.~ robots in this context) are introduced and their effect on the work and team, autonomy can reduce situational awareness, decrease attention \cite{Parasuraman2000}, and increase workload, leaving humans to work through tasks too nuanced for automation, in addition to supervision and validation of the autonomy's actions.

Having the human-in-the-loop to control, supervise, or even with a peer-to-peer relationship with the robotic system, offers a crucial advantage: the benefits of both agents' capabilities whilst mitigating their weaknesses through collaboration. In remotely-operated robotic systems, robots can keep humans from harm and share workload by conducting tasks remotely and autonomously. Humans can take over in abstract situations requiring contextual, imaginative or moral thinking. Both human-robot team members operate interdependently to solve problems, with work allocation changing dynamically depending on the task. Human operator personality traits, trust in the robot, self-trust, and understanding of the system all can play a role in establishing how the system will be used and relied upon \cite{DeVisser2018}.

This paper focuses on team-oriented human factors aspects of remotely operated Human-Initiative (HI) and Mixed-Initiative (MI) robotic systems, in terms of the operator's trust in the system, shared understanding between the robot and the operator, and the effect the Locus of Control (LoC) personality trait has on HRI. This is done through an empirical study in which human operators conducted a search and rescue navigation task via remotely controlling a realistically simulated mobile robot in either MI or HI control.

The MI and HI systems in our testbed allow for dynamic switching between different Levels of Autonomy (LoA) during task execution. Two different LoAs are used: teleoperation, with an operator manually controlling navigation via a joypad; and autonomy, where the robot autonomously navigates towards human-defined waypoints. In HI control, the human operator is solely responsible for switching LoA based on their judgement \cite{Chiou2016IROS_HI}. In MI control, both the operator and the robot's AI have the authority to initiate actions and switch LoA \cite{Chiou2021_arXiv}, meaning the robot is essentially a peer with equal authority. This makes designing HRI uniquely challenging, as transferring control authority fluidly requires communication, trust and shared understanding within the human-robot team.

This paper contributes evidence that MI robotic systems can be appropriately trusted by operators; trust and shared understanding increase over time; and efficient HRI within the MI system is correlated with an operator's familiarity with the system (i.e. understanding). Additionally, this paper contributes by reporting how LoC affects HRI both in MI and HI control. Evidence suggests that operators with average and high LoC are comfortable giving control of the task to the robot's AI.

\section{Related Work}

\subsection{Trust in Automation and Human-Robot Interaction}
\label{Section:trust_lit}
According to Chen and Barnes \cite{Chen2014}, the most relevant definition of trust is the one from Lee and See \cite{Lee2004}: Trust is \say{the attitude that an agent will help achieve an individual's goals in a situation characterized by uncertainty and vulnerability}.

Hoff and Bashir \cite{Hoff2015} propose three layers of human-automation trust: dispositional, situational, and learned trust. Schaefer et al. \cite{Schaefer2016} categorise factors that affect trust into three categories; human-related, automation-related (the robot in the current context), and environment-related. Hancock et al. \cite{Hancock2011} conducted a meta-analysis of the trust literature and concluded that robot performance-related factors, such as reliability and failure rate, have the largest influence on trust. They argue that more experimental studies on human-related factors are needed. Schaefer et al. \cite{Schaefer2016} meta-analysis on trust further confirms the importance of both automation and human performance-related factors.

Most recent HRI research suggests that individual differences in trust might stem from whether the robot is perceived as an advanced tool, a human-like teammate \cite{Matthews2020}, and/or by cultural differences \cite{Chien2020}. Robot errors are found to have a profound and lasting effect on trust \cite{Wright2020}. Yang et al. \cite{Yang2017} present a data-based model where trust is either exponentially increasing or decreasing based on the robot's reliability and initial user expectations.

Our literature survey found two studies on trust with control modes similar to HI control, but no studies similar to MI control. In Desai et al., \cite{Desai2012} operators were allowed to switch between fully autonomous and robot-assisted navigation. They found that the effect reduced reliability has on trust becomes less apparent over time. Additionally, when assistance reliability dropped, participants switched to autonomy. Once reliability improved, participants waited longer to switch back to autonomy compared to switching away from autonomy. Nam et al. \cite{Nam2020} proposed computational MDP models to predict an operator's trust levels towards a robotic swarm equipped with a suggestion system regarding LoA switching. They found that the formation shape of the swarm affected trust when task performance was not readily understandable.

In summary, although there is a body of literature on trust in autonomous systems, the field of HRI requires more studies that explore trust in scenarios where operators cooperatively perform tasks using remotely controlled variable-autonomy robotic systems. Often, trust in HRI is studied in tasks with a high level of abstraction or theoretical scenarios \cite{Matthews2020, Wright2020, Wang2016}; when using decision aids or recommendation robots \cite{Yang2017, Wang2016, Nam2020}; or by observing the robotic system conduct a task \cite{Soh2018}. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is a gap in the literature regarding the empirical investigation of trust in robotic systems where the LoA varies dynamically during task execution. This is especially true for MI robotic systems where the autonomous agent has a peer-to-peer relationship with the operator and can actively take control and change the LoA.

\subsection{Locus of Control}
\label{section:LoC_lit}
Locus of Control (LoC) is a personality trait and refers to the degree people believe that their actions and behaviours affect outcomes in events in their lives. Simply put, it is the degree of control people believe they have over events. It is usually divided into internal and external LoC. An internal LoC means that a person believes that outcomes and events in their life derive primarily from their own actions and efforts, as they see a causal relationship between their behaviour and rewards. In contrast, an external LoC means that a person believes the outcome of events is mostly affected by forces beyond their control, e.g. luck, fate, powerful others \cite{Rotter1966,Furnham1993}.

We hypothesise that due to its nature, LoC affects HRI and consequently performance in systems where the operator needs to cooperate with an autonomous agent to control a remote robot to achieve a task. Despite its potential importance, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is a lack of research considering the operator's LoC personality trait in human-robot teams. In this paper, we aim to address this gap in the literature by investigating the effect of LoC in HI and MI robotic systems.

Our literature survey found two studies in shared control telepresence robots. Takayama et al. \cite{Takayama2011} found that people with an internal LoC took longer to complete an obstacle course than people with an external LoC. Although not statistically significant, they also report evidence that autonomous assistance seemed to degrade performance for operators with a very high internal LoC. This might suggest that individuals with a high internal LoC have problems giving up control to an autonomous system. In Acharya et al. \cite{Acharya2018} average and high internal locus operators have the same level of performance. Additionally, the high internal LoC operators issued the most commands to the robot and had a high percentage of command conflicts. These results suggest this group may seek more control and grow frustrated with the robot's response.

These studies will be used to inform our discussion better. However, a direct comparison between our work and \cite{Takayama2011, Acharya2018} cannot be made. This is because our work uses MI and HI control and not shared control, meaning the operator interacts with the robotic system differently. In our MI and HI control implementation, the system has the capability to switch between different LoAs on-the-fly (i.\,e.~ teleoperation and autonomy). In contrast, in shared control, the robot moves according to a scheme for continuously blending control signals from both human and an autonomous agent. Additionally, we use a different LoC scale (i.e. the ICI) as it \cite{Takayama2011} uses the Rotter's scale \cite{Rotter1966} and \cite{Acharya2018} uses an abbreviated version of the LoC Questionnaire (LOCQ). However, all three scales are general measures of LoC.

\section{Mixed-Initiative and Human-Initiative Control Implementations}

In this paper, we assume a human-robot system that has two LoAs: \textit{teleoperation}, in which the human operator controls the robot manually with the joypad; and \textit{autonomy}, in which the operator clicks on a desired location on the map, and the robot's AI plans and executes a trajectory with the robot to that location. The human-robot system is able to switch between these two LoAs by using two different variable autonomy methods: either Human-Initiative (HI) or Mixed-Initiative (MI) control.

The HI control switcher used is detailed in \cite{Chiou2016IROS_HI}. The control switcher allows the operator to switch between different LoAs on-the-fly and at any time by pressing a joypad button. It is based on the ability and authority of a human operator to initiate LoA switches based on their own judgment to perform a task efficiently (e.g. improving task performance or overcoming difficult performance degrading situations). The robot's autonomous agent does not have any authority to switch LoAs.

In contrast, MI control is defined in \cite{jiang2015mixed} as \say{a collaboration strategy for human-robot teams where humans and robots opportunistically seize (relinquish) initiative from (to) each other as a mission is being executed...}. In the current context, MI control refers to the authority of both the robot's MI control switcher and the operator to initiate LoA switches at any moment. The MI control switcher used was proposed in \cite{Chiou2021_arXiv} and uses an expert-guided approach to initiate LoA switches. It assumes the existence of an AI task expert (i.e. a navigation planner in this paper) that given a navigational goal, can provide the expected/ideal task performance for the human-robot system in the absence of performance-degrading factors. The comparison between the system's run-time performance with the expected expert performance yields an online task effectiveness metric called "goal-directed motion error". In essence, this is the difference between the robot's current motion (i.\,e.~ linear velocity) and the motion of the robot required to achieve its goal (i.\,e.~ reach a target location) according to the expert planner. Hence, this metric expresses how effectively the system performs the navigation task, and the MI control switcher uses it to infer if a LoA switch is needed. In practice, the MI control switcher parameters were trained to use this error to initiate LoA switches based on what the human operators did to improve performance on data from previous experiments. For further details regarding the expert-guided MI control switcher, please refer to \cite{Chiou2021_arXiv}.

\section{Experimental Study}

A disaster response inspired experiment in which a remotely operated mobile robot had to navigate and look for a victim was conducted. The aim was, within the context of HI and MI control, to investigate: (i) how learning (i.\,e.~ skills acquisition) and training affects task performance; and (ii) the LoC, trust in the robot, self-trust, and shared understanding between the robot and the operator. The reader can refer to \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects} for further information on learning and training effects on task performance. In this paper we investigate (ii) from the perspective of the following hypotheses:

\textbf{H1:} Operators trust the MI and the HI robotic systems to assist them and contribute to the task.

\textbf{H2:} Trust in the variable autonomy robotic systems (i.\,e.~ both in HI and MI), will improve as the operators use the system more.

Additionally, the following exploratory (i.e. more general) hypotheses were investigated:

\textbf{EH1:} Trust in the robot, self-trust, and shared understanding affect HRI in terms of performance, perceived workload, use of autonomy LoA (i.e. how often it is used compared to teleoperation), and LoA switching.

\textbf{EH2:} Locus of control affects HRI in terms of use of the autonomy LoA, performance, levels of trust, and LoA switching.

\subsection{Apparatus and software}

  \begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
     \subfloat[\label{fig:ocu}]{%
       \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{figs/ocu.jpg}
     }
     \hfill
     \subfloat[\label{fig:secondary_task}]{%
       \includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{figs/secondary_example.jpg}
     }
     \caption{\textbf{\ref{fig:ocu}:} The experimental apparatus: the Operator Control Unit (OCU) composed of a laptop, a joypad, a mouse and a screen showing the GUI; and a laptop presenting the secondary task. \textbf{\ref{fig:secondary_task}:} A typical example of the secondary task \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects}.}
     \label{fig:ocu_and_secondary_image}
   \end{figure}

Gazebo, a high-fidelity robotic simulator, was used to simulate the environment and the robotic system (see Figs. \ref{fig:arena} and \ref{fig:gui}). The simulated Husky robot was equipped with a laser range finder and an RGB camera. The simulation was used to improve the repeatability of the experiment.

The software\footnote{The GitHub code repository for running the experiment in ROS is available under MIT license:
\url{https://github.com/uob-erl/fuzzy_mi_controller}} used was developed in Robot Operating System (ROS) and is described in more detail in \cite{Chiou2016IROS_HI,Chiou2021_arXiv}. The robot's autonomous navigation uses the framework and algorithms (i.e. Dijkstra's algorithm and the dynamic window approach) from ROS navigation stack \cite{Marder-Eppstein2010}.

The robot was controlled via an Operator Control Unit (OCU) (see Fig. \ref{fig:ocu}). The OCU was composed of a mouse and a joypad as input devices, a laptop running the software and a screen showing the Graphical User Interface (GUI) (see Fig. \ref{fig:gui}).

  \begin{figure}[thpb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{figs/gui.png}
	\caption{\textbf{Left:} video feed from the camera, the control mode in use and the status of the robot. \textbf{Right:} The map (as created by SLAM) showing the position of the robot, the current goal (blue arrow), the AI planned path (green line), the obstacles' laser reflections (red) and the walls (black). In the map participants had to navigate from point A to point B and then back again to point A \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects}.}
	\label{fig:gui}
\end{figure}

 \begin{figure}[thpb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{figs/gazebo2.jpg}
	\caption{The test arena used, simulating a disaster response scenario \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects}.}
	\label{fig:arena}
\end{figure}

The experiment's test arena was approximately $576 m^2$ (see Figs. \ref{fig:gui} and \ref{fig:arena}) and the training arena was approximately $72 m^2$. Both arenas had similar level of difficulty.

The software used to display the secondary task was OpenSesame \cite{Mathot2012OpenSesame}, while the images of the stimuli used were previously created and validated for mental rotation tasks in \cite{Ganis2015}.

\subsection{Tasks and Performance Degradation Factors}

Participants had to conduct a primary navigation task and a cognitively demanding secondary task. In the primary task, participants had to navigate from point A in Fig. \ref{fig:gui} to point B (where a victim was located) and back to point A.

In the secondary task, taking place parallel to the primary task, participants were presented with a series of images, each showing a pair of 3D objects (see Fig. \ref{fig:secondary_task}). In some of the images, the objects were identical but rotated by 150 degrees. In the rest of the images, the objects were mirror-image objects with opposite chirality. The operator was required to verbally state whether or not the two objects were identical. The images were displayed on the screen of a laptop placed next to the OCU screen (Fig. \ref{fig:ocu}).

The secondary task represents situations in which the robot operators must interrupt their control of the robot while processing visual or spatial information (e.g. the exact location of a victim or hazard) and relay this information to the rescue team \cite{Murphy2004}.

The secondary task was used to degrade the operator's performance (i.e. teleoperation); artificially generated noise to the laser scanner range measurements was used to degrade autonomous navigation performance (i.e. autonomy). This noise was visible to the operator via the obstacle's laser reflections representation in the GUI (see Fig. \ref{fig:gui}).  In each experimental trial, each of these performance degrading situations occurred once each and at random times. These degrading factors appeared with the restriction that they would not overlap and provide a similar level of degradation in each trial. For every experimental trial, the artificial noise and the secondary task, once initiated, lasted for 30 seconds.

\subsection{Measuring trust, shared understanding and locus of control}
\label{Section:measuring_methods}

Trust and shared understanding were measured by a custom-made 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, with 1 on the scale denoting \say{strongly disagree} and 5 denoting \say{strongly agree}. The questionnaire consisted of 6 questions sub-grouped for measuring three different HRI related aspects. The term team refers to the human-robot team. The questionnaire follows:

\textbf{Q1:} I trusted the robot to do the right thing at the right time.

\textbf{Q2:} The robot's performance was an important contribution to the team's success.

\textbf{Q3:} I was confident in my ability to complete the task.

\textbf{Q4:} My performance was an important contribution to the success of the team.

\textbf{Q5:} I accurately perceived the robot's intentions.

\textbf{Q6:} The robot accurately perceived my intentions.

\textit{Trust in the robot} scale questions \textbf{Q1} and \textbf{Q2} measure the operator's trust and confidence in the robot's AI capabilities. These questions were previously validated in \cite{Hoffman2013}.

\textit{Operator's self-trust} scale questions \textbf{Q3} (used from \cite{Nikolaidis2017}) and \textbf{Q4} (adapted from \cite{Hoffman2013}) measure the operator's trust and confidence in their abilities.

\textit{Shared understanding} scale questions \textbf {Q5} and \textbf {Q6} measure how well the operator thinks the robot understands their intentions and how well the operator understands the robot's actions and intentions. Both questions were adapted from \cite{Hoffman2013}.

The Internal Control Index (ICI) has been used to measure LoC. ICI is a general measure of LoC based on Likert scale questions and was developed by Duttweiler \cite{Duttweiler1984}. The use of ICI in this study is based on three criteria: a) the ICI was developed to counteract some of the original I-E Scale issues \cite{Furnham1993, Duttweiler1984, Meyers1988}; b) it is known to be among the most reliable scales for measuring LoC \cite{Meyers1988, Maltby1996}; c) the ICI is a general measure of LoC with a single total score.

\subsection{Experimental Protocol}
A total of 20 participants took part, with 10 controlling the robot in HI, and the other 10 in MI. Participants were a random sample from the University's student and staff population (University of Birmingham ethical review no.~ERN 19-0199AP2). The participants' age was between 22-41 years old ($M = 30.4, SD = 4.8$), with 13 of them male and 7 female. Before the experiment, participants completed a custom-made 5-point Likert scale questionnaire assessing their level of experience in playing video games, operating robots, and/or related equipment. The number of experienced participants was balanced between the two conditions (i.\,e.~ between HI and MI). Additionally, participants completed the ICI LoC questionnaire.

Each operator underwent extensive standardised training \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects} of approximately 20-25 minutes before the experiment, conducted in a training arena that differed from the experiment arena. Each system and experimental aspect was introduced gradually, and participants were allowed to practice using them: i.\,e.~ the GUI, the different LoAs, how distances from obstacles in the virtual environment mapped to the robot's pose and movement, and the performance degrading factors. Participants practised using either the MI or HI capabilities to switch between LoAs depending on the experimental condition they were allocated. To ensure that all participants had attained a minimum skill level in controlling the robot, they were not allowed to proceed with the experimental trials until they had first demonstrated that they could complete a training obstacle course within a specific time limit, with no collisions, and while presented with the two performance degrading factors.

During the experiment, each group of participants performed 5 identical trials of the same tasks. At the end of the third trial (i.\,e.~ half way through the experiment), all participants had a 3-minute break to reduce the effect of fatigue. At the end of each trial, participants completed the trust and shared understanding questionnaire.

Participants were instructed to perform the primary task (controlling the robot in the navigation task) as quickly and safely (i.\,e.~ minimising collisions) as possible. Additionally, they were instructed that when presented with the secondary task, they should do it as quickly and as accurately as possible (i.\,e.~ to have as many correct answers as possible in the 30 second time limit). They were explicitly told that they should prioritise the secondary task over the primary task and should only perform the primary task if the workload allowed.

The participants could only acquire situation awareness (SA) via the GUI (see Fig. \ref{fig:gui}). When a LoA switch occurred from either the operator or the MI control switcher, the operators were alerted in three different ways: a) by an alarm sound identical to the one denoting autopilot disconnection in aircraft; b) by synthetic speech expressing the LoA the system switched to; c) by a GUI notification.

At the end of the experiment, participants completed a raw NASA-TLX task workload questionnaire \cite{Sharek2011}.

\section{Results and Statistical Analysis}

When comparing the data from the HI and MI conditions, these data were treated as between groups, i.\,e.~ independent samples, with pairwise comparisons conducted with Mann-Whitney U test. When analysing data between different trials of the same condition (i.\,e.~ HI or MI), the data were treated as within-subject/repeated measures. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for within-subject pairwise comparisons and the Spearman's rank for correlations. All tests were two-tailed. We consider a result to be statistically significant when it yields a $p$ value less than $0.05$. The trial number is abbreviated as \textit{t1} for the first trial, \textit{t2} for the second, and so on. For correlations, the metrics were averaged across trials, as is standard practice.

To facilitate some comparison with relevant literature that follows similar grouping \cite{Acharya2018}, the ICI scale was divided proportionally in three categories: operators with an ICI score of a) between $28-65$ have a high external LOC; b) between $66-102$ have an average LOC; c) between $103-140$ have high internal LOC. The minimum possible score of the scale is $28$ and the maximum possible score is $140$. In our sample of participants the lowest ICI score was $96$ and the highest $127$. Thus, all participants fell into the average LOC (4 participants) and high internal (16 participants) categories. The average ICI score of participants in MI and HI (see Table \ref{table:results}) did not show a statistical difference according to a Mann-Whitney U test. This means that our sample (i.e. participants) is equally distributed in terms of ICI between conditions (i.\,e.~ HI and MI). Factors that seem to impact LoC, such as social environment and family structure \cite{Twenge2004} are very hard to control and are outside of the scope of this paper.

The following metrics were analysed in conjunction with trust and LoC: primary task completion time (sec); secondary task number of correct answers; secondary task accuracy (i.\,e.~ the percentage of correct answers from the total responses given); the number of LoA switches; percentage of time spent in autonomy LoA; NASA-TLX score.

\textbf{Results H1:} The mean trust in the robot (i.e. \textbf{Q1} and \textbf{Q2}) across trials was \textit{$M = 4.39, SD = 0.67$} for HI and \textit{$M = 4.71, SD = 0.26$} for MI. The mean self-trust (i.e. \textbf{Q3} and \textbf{Q4}) across trials was \textit{$M = 4.44, SD = 0.56$} for HI and \textit{$M = 4.22, SD = 0.43$} for MI. The mean shared understanding (i.e. \textbf{Q5} and \textbf{Q6}) across trials was \textit{$M = 4.44, SD = 0.61$} for HI and \textit{$M = 4.59, SD = 0.28$} for MI. No statistically significant differences were found in self-trust, trust in robot and shared understanding between HI and MI.

 \textbf{Results H2:} In HI, no significant difference was found between t1 and t5 concerning trust in the robot, self-trust and shared understanding (see Fig. \ref{fig:trust} and Table \ref{table:results}). In contrast, in MI, trust in the robot (\textit{$Z = -2.21, p = .034$}), self-trust (\textit{$Z = -2.59, p = .01$}) and shared understanding (\textit{$Z = -2.56, p = .01$}) are significantly higher in t5 compared to t1 (see Table \ref{table:results}). As can be seen in Fig \ref{fig:trust} there is a clear increase of trust, self-trust, and shared understanding in MI over time.

  \begin{figure*}[t]
     \subfloat[\label{fig:trust_hi}]{%
       \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figs/trust_HI.png}
     }
     \hfill
     \subfloat[\label{fig:trust_mi}]{%
       \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figs/trust_mi.png}
     }
     \caption{Mean trust and shared understanding scores across trials for \textbf{\ref{fig:trust_hi}} Human-Initiative and  \textbf{\ref{fig:trust_mi}} Mixed-Initiative. The error bars indicate the standard error. The range of values in the y-axis in both graphs is [1,5] (i.e. a 5-point Likert scale).}
     \label{fig:trust}
   \end{figure*}

\textbf{Results EH1:} In MI, a significant negative correlation was found between shared understanding and operator-initiated LoA switches \textit{$(\rho = -.66, p < .038)$}. A significant negative correlation was found between shared understanding and primary task completion time \textit{$(\rho = -.72, p < .019)$}. No other correlation was found in MI between the trust metrics and any of the other metrics.

In HI, a strong negative correlation was found between self-trust and the NASA-TLX \textit{$(\rho = -0.79, p = 0.006)$}. No other correlation was found between trust in robot, shared understanding and any other metric.

\textbf{Results EH2:} In HI, a significant negative correlation \textit{$(\rho = -.67, p < .034)$} between ICI and trust in the robot was found. No significant correlation was found between ICI and other measured metrics.

In MI, no significant correlation was found between ICI and any of the metrics.

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\caption{Descriptive statistics and pairwise comparisons.}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
                                    &                                 &                               \\
\textbf{metric \& condition}        & \textbf{descriptive statistics} & \textbf{significance}         \\
\hline
\textbf{Mixed-Initiative:}          &                                 &                               \\
trust in robot t1                   & $M = 4.6 , SD = 0.32$           & \multirow{2}{*}{$p = 0.034$}  \\
trust in robot t5                   & $M = 4.9 , SD = 0.21$           &                               \\
\hline
self-trust t1~                      & $M = 3.75 , SD = 0.8$           & \multirow{2}{*}{$p = 0.01$}   \\
self-trust t5                       & $M = 4.5 , SD = 0.53$           &                               \\
\hline
shared understanding t1             & $M = 4.15 , SD = 0.47$          & \multirow{2}{*}{$p = 0.01$}   \\
shared understanding t5             & $M = 4.8 , SD = 0.35$           &                               \\
\hline
ICI                                 & $M = 111.3 , SD = 10.42$        &                               \\
\hline
\textbf{\textbf{Human-Initiative:}} &                                 &                               \\
trust in robot t1                   & $M = 4.35 , SD = 0.78$          & \multirow{2}{*}{$p > 0.05$}   \\
trust in robot t5                   & $M = 4.55 , SD = 0.21$          &                               \\
\hline
self-trust t1~ ~                    & $M = 4.15 , SD = 1.13$          & \multirow{2}{*}{$p > 0.05$}   \\
self-trust t5~~                     & $M = 4.7 , SD = 0.26$           &                               \\
\hline
shared understanding t1             & $M = 4.25 , SD = 1.11$          & \multirow{2}{*}{$p > 0.05$}   \\
shared understanding t5             & $M = 4.7 , SD = 0.53$           &                               \\
\hline
ICI                                 & $M = 108.7 , SD = 6.1$          &
\end{tabular}
\label{table:results}
\end{table}

\section{Discussion}

\subsection{Trust and shared understanding}
Regarding \textbf{H1}, the results show that operators trusted the robot's capabilities to contribute to the task both in HI and in MI, hence confirming \textbf{H1}. More specifically, in MI, the evidence shows strong levels of trust denoted by the high proportion of \say{strongly agree} responses, especially in t5. Additionally, operators had confidence in their ability to complete the tasks and had a good shared understanding with the robot, both in HI and in MI.

In HI, \textbf{H2} evidence suggests that trust in the robot, trust in self, and shared understanding did not change significantly over time, although some non-significant increase can be observed (see Fig. \ref{fig:trust_hi}). This might suggest that the standardised training has provided participants with a close to maximum trust and understanding they could have for the HI system in the context of this experiment. However, the lack of statistically significant evidence could also be because of the relatively small sample size.

In MI, and in contrast with HI, the evidence presented confirms \textbf{H2} and shows that trust and understanding of the system improved over time. This is important evidence pointing towards two directions: reliability of and familiarity with the system. First, in conjunction with the performance increase over time in \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects}, this gives evidence to support the reliability of the MI system in the context of this experiment, backed up by the trust model of Yang et al. \cite{Yang2017} which predicts that trust in a robot increases with robot reliability. Additionally, this further contributes to the current literature (see Section \ref{Section:trust_lit}) in showing that trust is mainly driven by performance (e.g. reliability). Secondly, this increase in trust and shared understanding may be related to the increased amount of HRI which occurs in MI compared with HI. The interaction in the MI condition is more complex and meaningful when compared to HI, as the robot's MI control capabilities are more actively involved and perceivable by the operator via the control-switching initiative. This in turn, could have led to increased familiarity with the system over time. An explanation can be found in \cite{Lee2004}: for trust to grow, humans must be familiar with the system's operations, methods, and constraints. By understanding the "three Ps" of a system \cite{Lee2004, Chancey2017b}; performance, process, and purpose; an operator can develop an appropriate level of trust in a system. Thirdly, a \say{dip} in trust was observed in t4 as three participants rated their trust lower in t4 compared to t3. However, in t5, trust increased again to the highest level across all trials. The authors predict this could have been due to a few negative interactions by chance in t4. The dip in trust was rapidly reconciled in t5.

Regarding \textbf{EH1} in MI, shared understanding was negatively correlated with both the number of operator-initiated LoA switches and the primary task completion time (shorter time means better performance). These results provide evidence that the more an operator understood the MI system, the less they initiated LoA switches and the better they performed. The above evidence explains and adds to the findings in \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects} in which the total number of LoA switches was decreasing over trials (i.e. time). Additionally, the performance improvement over time in \cite{Chiou2019_SMC_learning_effects} suggests that operators become more efficient in LoA switching as they use and understand the system more. Lastly, in MI, the lack of correlation with the use of autonomy LoA might suggest that trust mostly reflects the LoA switching capabilities of the MI control switcher, or the system as a whole, rather than explicitly the autonomy LoA. However, trust and the use of autonomy in both HI and MI conditions were relatively high across participants, and hence a bigger and more diverse sample is required to explore this further.

 Regarding \textbf{EH1} in HI, the negative correlation found between self-trust and the perceived workload (i.e. NASA-TLX) means that the more operators trusted themselves and were confident about operating the robot, the lower their perceived workload. This is possibly due to an absence of assistance from the robot in terms of LoA switching. This is further supported by the lack of evidence of such a correlation in MI, in which the robot's MI control switcher was actively helping with LoA switching and the operators with low self-trust did not experience an increase in workload. This could be because the robot takes some of the burden of control and/or psychologically the active AI role makes operators perceive their workload as less intensive, knowing that the robot's autonomous agent will take the initiative if they do not perform well. However, the causality can be the other way around as the self-perceived ability to use the robot's capabilities can be possibly influenced by workload.

\subsection{Locus of control}
The negative correlation in the HI condition between ICI and trust in the robot means operators with highly internal LoC trust the robot less. This differs in the MI condition, where no correlation was found. An explanation for this may be that individuals who score highly on internal LoC consider themselves solely responsible, negatively impacting how likely they are to trust somebody else to accomplish the task and transfer control and therefore, responsibility.

Additionally, an autonomous system that can take control as in MI, may be more likely to be perceived as an assistant or collaborator rather than a tool \cite{DeVisser2018}. In contrast, in HI control, the robot is more likely to be perceived as a tool, as it is unable to interact with the operator actively and must obey their instructions. With no way to experience the more "intelligent" side of the robot, allowing it to assess human performance and take control when necessary, an operator must actively decide to relinquish control. If the operator has a high internal LoC and no way to become familiar with the robot's reliability, they lack the ability to develop more trust in the robot. This is because trust is based upon familiarity with the robot's behaviour and this would only be possible through relinquishing control, which goes against their internal LoC.

The absence of correlation evidence between primary task performance and the LoC, both in HI and in MI, is in accordance with the findings of \cite{Acharya2018}, that performance between average and high internal LoC operators are indistinguishable. This makes sense as all of our participants fell into the category of having average or high internal locus of control. Hence, \textbf{EH2} in terms of performance cannot be confirmed in the current study. However, it cannot be rejected either due to the lack of high external LoC participants in our sample, requiring further investigation.

Our results did not find evidence of a correlation between ICI and the number of operator-initiated LoA switches in both MI and HI. This might suggest that LoC is not interacting with the number of commands (i.e. LoA switches in our case) the operators give to the robot. This is contrary to the increased shared control commands given to the robot in \cite{Acharya2018} by the high internal locus operators.

The lack of evidence of correlation both in MI and HI between ICI and the percentage of task time spent in autonomy LoA, in conjunction with the high percentage of time spent in autonomy LoA by the participants, \textit{$M = 79.9, SD = 19.56$} in HI and \textit{$M = 76.8, SD = 18.5$} in MI, might suggest that average and high internal individuals have no issues with giving control to the autonomous navigation in the context of this experiment. This does not agree with the suggestion made by Takayama et al. \cite{Takayama2011} that high internal individuals have problems giving control. However, as mentioned in the related work Section \ref{section:LoC_lit}, a direct comparison with \cite{Acharya2018, Takayama2011} cannot be made.

\subsection{Limitations, insights, and future challenges}

This study aimed to be a starting point towards investigating trust, shared understanding, and locus of control in dynamic variable autonomy systems such as HI and MI. Towards this end, in this section, we will provide insights, discuss how to overcome some of the limitations, and provide suggestions for future research.

First, although we consider the number of participants sufficient to capture some of the trends accurately (e.g. trust increasing in MI over time) it might have prevented us from finding others (e.g. slower increase in trust in HI). Additionally, correlation does not necessarily mean causation. Establishing causation in human factors research can be challenging. Future experiments should include a large number of participants from different age groups and explicitly control for trust, predisposition to robot use, and personality traits so causal relationships can be investigated.

Second, due to the complex nature of HRI in MI, there is a need for an MI specialised framework of trust able to capture its multiple dimensions. For example, the current trust measurement does not explicitly differentiate between trust in the robot's autonomous navigational ability and trust in the robot's LoA switching capabilities in MI. Future work can tackle this by measuring trust based on momentary interactions (e.g. before and after an MI control switcher initiated changes) and investigating the impact of varying the robot's navigational reliability on the frequency of LoA switching. Additionally, multidimensional post hoc questionnaires measuring trust in the context of MI should be developed. Once such a framework is validated, it can lead to computational models of trust such as in \cite{Chen2018} which can inform the MI system's LoA switching policies. We consider this a major challenge for the field.

Third, there was no explicit effort to convey trust or make the MI system more transparent to the operator but only follow basic guidelines. Hence, transparency and other factors that affect trust were not explicitly controlled or taken into account. Extensive training mitigated some of these problems by explaining how the system works to the operators and providing them with a basic understanding of the MI algorithm. Future work should explicitly investigate and design interfaces that promote transparency in the MI context. This is a crucial step towards true human-robot teaming.

Lastly, similar to other related work, all participants had an average or high internal LoC. This perhaps limits the findings only to those users, excluding those with a high external LoC. A future study should aim to incorporate individuals with a larger variety of LoC, although this is difficult to control for. Another way this could be explored is by studying the LoC of real robot operators, the expectation being they would possess a high level of internal LoC, especially concerning the robot's control.

\section{Conclusion}

This paper presented an empirical investigation of HRI in MI and HI variable autonomy systems in terms of trust in the robot, self-trust, shared understanding between the robot and the operator, and the locus of control personality trait. The evidence presented supports the idea that operators learn to trust (i.e. trust increasing over time) the MI robotic system, and their understanding of the system improves over the course of several interactions in the context of this work. Furthermore, evidence was reported on how LoC affects HRI. Average and high internal LoC operators were found to be comfortable giving control to the robot's AI for conducting the navigation task.

Lastly, this work provided insights and highlighted research areas for advancing human factors and HRI w.r.t trust in variable autonomy robotic systems. Of particular importance is developing a framework for measuring the different dimensions of trust, towards computational models of trust, capable of informing MI LoA switching policies.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Periodontal disease is an infection of the tissue that strengthens tooth in human jaws. Gingiva is not entirely attached as it seems. There is a space in the shape of the letter V between the tooth and gums neck. Periodontal disease attacks the space above, which causes damage to the tooth holder apparatus. When it comes to tissue damage, this space or the sulcus becomes a pocket: Generally, the more severe the disease, the more profound is the pocket!
Periodontal disease was classified according to the severity of the disease. Two important stages of the disease are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis represents easy and reversible form of periodontal disease which invades the gingiva. Gingivitis can only lead to more severe destructive form of periodontal disease, which is called periodontitis.
Diabetes, hypertireosis, lupus, pemphigus, Addison's disease, malign diseases etc.
Steroids, some antiepileptic medications, anti-cancer chemotherapeutics, some calcium channels blockaders (anti-hypertensives), oral contraceptives, etc.
It is possible that periodontal disease exists but you don't have the signs listed above. This is one of the reasons why we need to make regular checks and see how important is the periodontal examination. Treatments methods depend on the stage of developing the disease and how the disease has progressed. Regular cleaning combined with deep cleaning and treatment of gums with tetracycline, may be necessary. Continued instructions given for home care, are essential for the maintenance of oral hygiene and prevention of recurrence of periodontitis. You should not lose teeth due to the periodontal disease. Careful brushing and cleaning between your teeth, a balanced diet and regular visits to the dentist enable a healthy smile.


text:
Home>Motorsport>MotoGP>Andrea Dovizioso, fracture and emergency operation ...
Andrea Dovizioso, fracture and emergency operation ...
The Ducati rider suffered a broken collarbone in a motocross race and underwent emergency surgery to be present at the start of the MotoGP tournament on July 19.
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The Italian Andrea Dovizioso, team driver Ducati de MotoGP, the left shoulder clavicle after suffering a fall during a motocross event in his country.
The 34-year-old from Forlimpopoli crashed during the first race of the regional motocross championship held at the cross-track Mount Coralli from Faenza, located in the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy.
Later, he was transferred to the local hospital, where the first X-rays suggested a fracture of the sternal clavicle of the left shoulder, forcing him to undergo immediate surgery.
"After suffering an accident during a motocross race in Faenza, Andrea Dovizioso has suffered an injury to his left clavicle. After consulting with Dr. Porcellini, Dovi decided to proceed with surgery in Modena to be fit in time for the start of the 2020 MotoGP season. ", confirmed the Ducati team on the social network Twitter.
In this way, Dovizioso will be conditioned to start the MotoGP World Championship, currently stopped by the coronavirus pandemic and which is scheduled to resume. 19 July with the Spanish Grand Prix en Jerez de la Frontera.
Andrea Dovizioso Ducati MotoGP
autoworld is the blog about news from the automotive industry, motorsport and the culture of the region. Director: Diego Durruti.
The X-Raid prepares to race again and also thinks about the Dakar
Lewis Hamilton on Bernie Ecclestone: "Makes Ignorant and Uneducated Comments"
Pechito López will start third in the 24 Hours of Daytona

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This chapter examines the economic and organizational factors underlying the formation, structure and functioning of multi-site nonprofit organizations. We characterize such organizations as associations in which the members are themselves organizations rather than individuals. Multi-site nonprofits are manifested in various forms including federations, franchises, membership associations, systems, leagues, decentralized corporations, and networks. Such organizational structures are seen as mechanisms for nonprofits to achieve efficient scale in promulgating their missions and services. Various growth scenarios are considered including expansion, imitation and affiliation, and agglomeration and networking of single cell organizations over time. The particular structures that these organizations assume are determined by a variety of factors including economies of scale and scope, transactions costs, principal–agent considerations, and inter-organizational externalities. In light of new technologies, the study of inter-organizational networks is seen as an important frontier of research on multi-site nonprofit organizations.


Ten years have passed since we ran our first Web usability studies in 1994. The Web is now 10,000 times bigger, technology has advanced, users have adapted, and designers know more about which designs actually work. What do these changes mean for Web usability guidelines?
To find out, we conducted a major new series of user research projects that tested how people use individual websites and the Web as a whole, and which design mistakes cause the most problems in today's environment. Nielsen will review 34 of his early guidelines and tell you which ones still hold and which are ready for modification. He'll also reveal data showing the percentage of user failures caused by different categories of design mistakes. Finally, he'll report on five design strategies that proved particularly successful in supporting the way people use websites.
In addition to illustrating his talk with many video clips showing user behavior from the Web 2004 project, Nielsen will answer the frequently asked questions: How many users scroll? How many users search?
There are three reason why problems are less severe than they used to be 10 years ago.
People tend to click on the plug-in icon instead of the actual link.


Look! VIF have updated their website - lots of exciting things to interact with.
This case study illustrates opportunities afforded by recent developments in technology for students to learn through this type of social practice without needing to attend campus or indeed even meet during their studies.
Good discussion points raised in this article.
Excellent post by Trisah, ETL523 201630 student - shows how digital citizenship means participation and involvement and shares how this can be done in a meaningful way.


Showing 50 articles from October 29, 2014.
LOUISBURG -- Hotly contested races for the sheriff's office, General Assembly and a commissioner's seat have apparently enticed the public.
With about three days left in early voting -- and election day on Nov. 4 -- elections staff have been busy.
By Wednesday afternoon, 4,595 people had cast a ballot.
RALEIGH -- Election Day is Tuesday and while local, state and federal races will be decided, voters will also weigh in on a constitutional amendment.
An amendment to Article 1 Section 24 of the N.C. Constitution would allow criminal defendants to waive their right to a jury trial in most criminal cases.
Louisburg Elementary student Emily Valencia takes her turn in the pillory, a wooden structure with holes for the head and hands, a device used in Colonial times to subject an imprisoned offender to public abuse. It was a new display this year during the Colonial Hearth Day field trip that elementary students took to former educator Peggy McGhee's Franklinton farm.
Parked in all the right places!
LOUISBURG -- Franklin County residents are seeing ambulances in all the right places -- at least according to first responder officials.
Following the release of an EMS study in September, county Emergency Services leaders worked out a plan to relocate ambulance units across the county.
Franklin County residents will have a number of options to get their fright on this Friday.
All of the town's municipalities will celebrate Halloween with Trick or Treating from 6-8 p.m. on Oct. 31.
Beyond that, Franklinton will host its annual Halloween celebration downtown with a costume contest in front of Frugals, as well as an exhibit of a carved pumpkins contest in front of Franklinton Middle School.
LOUISBURG -- Danica Mercer is rambunctious, has an infectious laugh and a smile that is full of life.
There were plenty of times in the last three years, though, that her mother and family thought they would have to imagine life without her.
At birth, Mercer, three, was diagnosed with a sacral teratoma -- a rare tumor that develops at the coccyx (tailbone) of a fetus.
Boy, it's not been a good fall in Franklin County ... and if what I'm hearing on the proverbial grapevine is true, more bad tidings are a distinct possibility.
Late last week we learned that Youngsville has essentially lost its post office -- or, at least a big part of its post office.
The Youngsville facility has been "duoed" (the Postal Service's word) with Wake Forest, which essentially means that Youngsville will be offering only window service.
A better, safer Bickett Boulevard.
Who in their right mind could find fault with that?
Those who regularly travel that aging, five-lane bypass are forced to drive defensively although even that doesn't always prevent mishaps.
So, here we are: the last print edition of The Franklin Times before election night.
A whole lot of lives will change on Nov. 4.
Incumbents in a number of contested races, from Soil and Water, to County Commissioner, to the Senate and House, to the sheriff will learn whether they have a public job for the next two to four years.
If I told the average Franklin County consumer that someone was running a "buy one, get one" sale I would get their attention very quickly.
That is effectively what is happening between now and Election Day at the polling places.
While Franklin County generally has a better turnout than the state or nation, still less than half of the eligible electorate will cast votes in this year's election.
Remember the effort labeled as a Moral Monday movement?
Buses filled with people, and money from outside of North Carolina flowed into Raleigh in an attempt to get done, by disrupting the legislative process, that which special interests within the Democrat Party could not accomplish at the ballot box.
This country was founded on God, and the belief that He is our Lord and Savior. We founded this country to be free, but somewhere along the way we have lost touch from our foundation. We allowed freedom of speech, religion, among other things.
Hello, I am Spencer Dickerson of Boy Scout Troop 555 and I would like to tell you why you should vote. Voting is a privilege, and I think everybody above the age of 18 should vote. Some people do not appreciate that we get the right to vote and vote for the wrong reasons.
Everyone should volunteer to do community service. It makes everyone happy when there is no trash on roads, and when people volunteer to sell plates for the Shriner's fish fry or the Boy Scout spaghetti supper on election day.
LOUISBURG - John Wayne Griffin, Sr. died on October 28, 2014 at his home in Louisburg. He was the son of the late Grover and Glennie Griffin of Fayetteville and son-in-law of the late Staley and Lois Strickland of Louisburg. He was also preceded in death by three brothers: Neal, Robert, and Grover Griffin.
WARRENTON - Judy Pernell Rich, 70, of 1431 Alert Rd., died suddenly Monday morning at her home. She was born in Franklin County, daughter of the late Louis Jackson and Lillie Mae Pernell. She was preceded in death by a brother, Graham Pernell.
LOUISBURG - Funeral services for Mary T. "Boot" Wilson, 88, who died Monday, Oct. 27, 2014, will be held at 2 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 1, at Allen Chapel Baptist Church, with the Rev. Claude Dunston officiating. Burial will follow in the church cemetery.
TURNED AROUND. Bunn's Ashton Avery (with ball) twists for yardage during last Friday night's home loss against the South Granville Vikings.
BUNN -- Bunn's defense has experienced its share of issues this season, but that side of the ball wasn't why the Wildcats lost a crucial Northern Carolina Conference football game last Friday at home against South Granville.
Instead, BHS was done in by turnovers and special teams miscues, which added up to a 28-14 decision for the Vikings.
South Granville remained in the NCC mix with the win, improving to 6-3 overall and 2-1 in the league.
THINGS ARE LOOKING UP. Louisburg College's Max Blackmore (left) watches the flight of the ball during last Friday's home soccer decision.
LOUISBURG -- Louisburg College received a late-season reminder that -- even with the Hurricanes' lofty record -- few down-the-stretch games in Region X are ever easy, especially in the upcoming tournament.
Sunday at home, LC's regular season men's soccer finale went down to the wire as a pesky Spartanburg Methodist College club took the Hurricanes to overtime.
FRANKLINTON -- Opportunity awaited on both sidelines when Franklinton entertained Roanoke Rapids last Friday in a key Northern Carolina Conference football game.
For the homestanding Red Rams, the chance was there to get back into the NCC title race with a victory over the league-leading Jackets.
STEM -- Nothing was settled at halftime of Louisburg's crucial football matchup last Friday at Tar-Roanoke Athletic Conference rival Granville Central.
With second place in the TRAC at stake, the clubs were tied at the break -- but Louisburg soon took control on its way to securing a 56-31 road triumph.
ONE MORE TIME. Louisburg's Vanisha Wilshire (right) goes up for a kill during last Thursday's volleyball playoff contest against Pender HS.
LOUISBURG -- Last Thursday's meeting with Pender provided the tallest task of the season for the Louisburg High School volleyball squad.
The tradition-rich Patriots are led by 6-foot-5 senior standout Brianna Pittman, who has received offers from several Division I schools.
FIVE TAKES FLIGHT. Louisburg High School's Marcos Aguilar elevates to send a kick out of the box for the Warriors' during last Thursday's home soccer match versus Granville Central.
LOUISBURG -- Tar-Roanoke Athletic Conference boys soccer fans were treated to a bonus match last Thursday when Louisburg entertained Granville Central in a key league showdown.
Though the regular season had been completed -- and the squads ended in a tie for first place -- a play-in game was needed to determine seeding for the Class 1-A State Playoffs.
NEWPORT -- Bunn has gained a reputation as being a strong road club the past few seasons in the Class 2-A State Volleyball Playoffs.
BHS lived up to that billing last Thursday in the third round of the postseason at No. 1 seed Croatan, but it still wouldn't be enough.
LOUISBURG -- So much for the theory that it takes a long time to build a successful program on the collegiate level, regardless of the sport.
Louisburg College's cross country runners have been one-year wonders as the Hurricanes have dominated from the start against area competition under Coach Jay Koloseus.
LOUISBURG -- When going over her next-level soccer options, Nash Central High School alum Abigail Ross was looking for a school that would give her the opportunity to receive immediate playing time.
Louisburg College promised that chance to Ross, and that's exactly what has happened for the freshman goalkeeper.
Ross has played every minute of every match this fall for the Lady Hurricanes, who will carry an 11-4-1 overall mark into this weekend's Region X Tournament on the LC campus.
HENDERSON -- The Vance-Granville Community College women's volleyball team recently closed out the 2014 season.
In an Oct. 9 match at Central Carolina Community College, the Vanguards lost, three sets to none. Kara Reese of Henderson led the Vanguards in kills (four) and digs (14), while also making three blocks and seven points.
VGCC's Rachel Thomas of Louisburg contributed three kills, eight digs, three blocks and six points.
ROCKY MOUNT -- On Homecoming Weekend at Bishop Stadium, the Monarchs of Methodist University came back from 10 points down in the final two minutes to force overtime and eventually steal a 42-39 win from North Carolina Wesleyan College last Saturday in football action.
After forcing a turnover on downs on the Bishops' second OT possession, MU's Cody Ausherman booted home a 39-yard game-winning field goal, his fifth of the day, to secure the victory.
Pender's Brianna Pittman (right) tries to block a Haley Marshall tip during last Thursday evening's state playoff volleyball contest.
PERRY FAMILY GETS TOGETHER. Descendants of William Perry, one of the seven brothers who migrated to North Carolina from Virginia in the 1700's, met at Pine Ridge Baptist Church for their 18th Perry reunion on Saturday, Oct. 11. After lunch, a presentation was given on Theophilus Perry from the book "Widows by the Thousand." Perrys from Franklin County migrated to Texas before the War Between the States.
Tickets are now on sale for America's No. 1 cooking school program, the Taste of Home Cooking School, which is returning to The Centre at Halifax Community College in Weldon, NC on Tuesday, Nov. 18.
The event doors and Trade Expo open at 4 p.m. and the Cooking School starts at 6:30 p.m. Free gift bag filled with coupons,  samples and a cookbook with recipes from the show will be offered and there will be door prizes, including the recipes created that night.
The festivities of Halloween which are celebrated on Oct. 31 have been passed from border to border; from one country to another, where children as well as adults have enjoyed putting on costumes for fun or for other beliefs depending on the culture of the particular country.
Some people are even convinced that this holiday is not very safe, especially for children.
CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION! Emma Richardson recently celebrated her 100th Birthday. She is a resident of Green Hill Manor Apartments in Louisburg. In her honor, the residents held an appreciation luncheon. She is shown seated between her twin daughters, Vernice Harris and Bernice Richardson.
The United States Air Force Concert Band and three vocalists from the Singing Sergeants are hitting the road for a five-day community relations tour to North Carolina this November.
The opening concert on this tour is an appearance at the Seby B. Jones Performing Arts Center at Louisburg College at 7:30 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 8. Free tickets are available at the Jones PAC Box Office, Mondays through Fridays 1 to 5 p.m.
Oh, the tales the old Franklin County jail could tell!
Franklin County completed a new jail on East Nash Street in Louisburg in 1875, but it soon proved to be problematic. Living conditions and security in the facility were recurring problems.
The editor of The Franklin Times in March 1889 raised concerns about the condition of the building.
"The law requires (under a heavy penalty for neglect) that the apartments shall be kept clean and comfortable," he warned, "but if any one who was in the habit of living in comfortable quarters should be so unfortunate as to get into jail here, we do not believe that they could stand it very long."
CELEBRATING 60 YEARS! The Bunn High School Class of 1954 recently celebrated their 60th class reunion. Fifteen members of the remaining 25 attended. Pictured (standing, left to right) are Douglas Ray, Bobby Strickland, Betty Mullen, Billy Richardson, Merle Wagner, Tillie Hilvat, Mary Alford, Elaine Forehand, Barbara Tetterton, Larue Richards, Jimmy Taylor and Jean Cone. Seated are (left to right) J. D. Medlin, Wesley Privette and Harold Jones.
The United Way of Franklin County awarded more than $18,000 in grants that will help nearly 2,100 students.
Judges from Wake Electric went through 37 teacher applications to pick 15 winners.
A reception for the winners will take place at 6 p.m. Nov. 20 at Novozymes in Franklinton.
Above, members of the Bunn Middle School spelling bee team, with Principal Roosevelt Alston, right, event announcer, Dale Byrns, background, and United Way Board member Linda Frederickson, left, celebrate their victory with the Bee, named Henry after Dr. Holt, a former United Way board member and long-time Bee announcer.
LOUISBURG -- Commissioners got their first report on the interest surrounding a new county library in northern Franklin County and the response so far -- while promising -- is a bit slow.
The past two years, Franklin County has talked about spending as much as $134,000 for a new library in Centerville, but the issue has yet to be included in a county budget.
Aubrey Taylor grabs a seat next to a witch during Franklinton's Frankenfest on Main. Taylor is the niece of Diane Taylor Torrent, who had a booth at the event. Torrent is the author of "Franklin County: Images of America," a book available for sale and at local libraries.
SPRING HOPE -- Animal control officers arrested a man they allege has let his animals become a terror to the community for years.
Neighbors hope the most recent charge is the one that gets Cun Chang Lin to clean up his act.
Officers arrested Lin on Oct. 12, charging him with two counts of misdemeanor animal cruelty, five counts of animals running at large, two counts of misdemeanor injury to real property and unauthorized release of animals.
Franklin County native Wendell Tabb recently received the Distinguished Alumnus Award in Theatre from North Carolina Central University. Tabb was honored on Oct. 3 during the Theatre Department's black-tie gala, complete with red carpet for opening night of "Leap of Faith."
Tabb, who leads the Hillside High School award winning theatre program in Durham, "is recognized for his leadership, service and dedication to his craft," said NCCU Department of Theatre and Dance Chair Dr. Johnny B. Alston.
NASHVILLE -- The county seat of Franklin County's neighbor to the east was the scene of an ambush shooting Tuesday morning and authorities were still looking for the gunmen at press time Wednesday.
Two men were shot right outside the Nash County courthouse doors just after 11 a.m. Tuesday. The victims, Lamar Shonte Ricks and Donte'a Evans, were transported to Vidant Medical Center in Greenville. Their conditions were downgraded to critical Wednesday morning.
Name: Carvel Cooke Cheves Jr.


COLLIER'S, THE NATIONAL WEEKLY (originally ONCE A WEEK, and also known as COLLIER'S WEEKLY) carried a popular mixture of news, photographs and engravings of current events and celebrities, fiction, articles, science and technology, and advertisements. In the first half of the twentieth century it was a major force in American popular culture. You can read more about this magazine in the COLLIER'S Profile pages. Also, a good short history of this magazine can be found at the eNewsstand project.


Mo Lotman is a creative talent who specializes in communications in a multitude of forms. He is an author (Harvard Square, an Illustrated History Since 1950), a voice actor with two decades of credits, and the publisher of The Technoskeptic, a magazine taking a critical look at the impact of technology on society.
He's also played music since he was six years old; performed as a singer, songwriter, keyboardist, actor, and improv comedian; and spent over a decade as a freelance graphic designer. That's to say nothing of stints as a trolley-driving Boston tour guide or a media transcriber in Paris.
Behind this eclectic mix of pursuits is a firm belief in living and promoting the created life as a whole: doing things that sustain our interest, give us a sense of fulfillment, and allow us to have maximum agency in our lives and our communities. Mo's unique perspective on the world and willingness to question convention have been the threads running through all of his endeavors. Underneath those questions is ultimately one modest aspiration: how do we make everything better?


To prepare for the worst, you first have to imagine it. And not everyone wants to do that. There's no right answer to: How much do you want to know?
You get a choice thanks to the city's Notify NYC. It's a program that allows you to get emergency notifications—disaster and public health alerts, emergency parking suspension, utility outages, subway disruptions, even military flyovers—by phone, email, text or tweet.
It's a top-down concept, one that MUG has previously expressed concern about in the past. And its fatal flaw is that it may not work well—or at all—during a crisis since it's predicated on phone and data networks continuing to function in that period.
We've also written a number of times, most recently in 2009, about the city's sluggish development of first responder communications. At that time, we reported that the city had finally made some progress. But as a recent NY Times editorial points out, "there is not yet a fully compatible system among police officers, firefighters and Port Authority forces."
A serious attack or other emergency will reveal exactly what does and does not work in the city's ability to communicate under those circumstances, both to civilians and among responders. That's not very reassuring. The city should make a clear, comprehensive emergency plan, well-tested and well-publicized, a top priority.
First responders may know what to do in an emergency. But what about the rest of us?
Climate-controlled museum galleries feel particularly great during New York's hot summers. The cool dry air, necessary for art conservation, does wonders as a respite from hot and humid weather. The summer invites excuses to spend the whole day within the big museums such as the Met or MoMA, enjoying the range of art on display, the museum cafes, shops, and even the outdoor spaces. The Met has its roof, where a handful of sculptures by Anthony Caro are on display, and MoMA features the popular sculpture garden. While new shows are fewer in number in the summer than in the high seasons of fall and spring, there's still plenty new to see. While I don't know which exhibitions will be hot, as they haven't opened yet, I can briefing describe the ones that sound cool.


text:
Local news after CBS World News 6 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Rick Koshko WCMY News
St. Rep. Tom Demmer of Dixon says the new state legislature needs to work on pandemic relief. As for the new House Speaker, Demmer says he looks forward to working with people on the other side of the aisle to improve government transparency and make sure people's voices are heard. Demmer is a Dixon Republican.…… read more »
Morris Republican St. Rep. David Welter has priorities he hopes the General Assembly focuses on in the new session. He says the state needs pandemic relief. And he says the financial problems aren't going away. The Illinois House selected a new speaker Wednesday. Emanuel Chris Welch, a Democrat, says he wants to work with the…… read more »
LaSalle County State's Attorney Todd Martin is organizing his department a little differently than past prosecutors. Instead of one first assistant, he has two deputy chiefs. One's in charge of violent crimes and the other is handling drug cases. Martin asked the county board yesterday to restore a salary line for one of the prosecutors.…… read more »
Part of the Oglesby electric rate study is done. City Commissioner Jason Curran thinks some businesses should get a rate cut. He says the city's profit margin in the small commercial category is 15.5%. The consultant recommends 12 to 20 percent. So he'd cut the rate by 15%. Curran says more business could get rate…… read more »
Coronavirus fatality count reaches 248 in county
A man in his 90's is the 248th person from LaSalle County to succumb to the coronavirus, according to the county health department. He was the only person added to the county's tally Thursday. Just a few weeks ago, the number of coronavirus deaths being counted every day routinely numbered four or more. For most…… read more »
Rick Koshko
Rick Koshko lived the first half of his life in southern Illinois, then moved to Ottawa early in his broadcasting career. His first thoughts of broadcasting as a career occurred to him at age five–when it was bed time and he realized the guy on the radio didn't have to go to bed yet. Some irony: for most of the time he's worked in radio, Rick has had to get up very early in the morning to be on the air, sometimes in addition to being up late at night like he wanted.
Rick is a graduate of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville's broadcasting program. He speaks Esperanto, likes astronomy (SkyCaramba), and makes a hobby of photography.


text:
Getting Connected and Embracing New Rules of Work
It's been a long time coming, but the Aeronautical Center will soon welcome the return of many who have been working remotely. Click for more…
Select Newsletter Vol.8 Issue 8 Vol.8 Issue 7 Vol.8 Issue 6 Vol.8 Issue 5 Vol.8 Issue 4 Vol.8 Issue 3 Vol.8 Issue 2 Vol.8 Issue 1 Vol.7 Issue 8
(Federal Holiday Observed)
(FTEs only)
AMC-1&2 Open House 2:00pm-3:30pm
Combined Federal Campaign ends
(Federal Holiday)
MMAC Weather
Southeast Oklahoma City weather forecast
MMAC Facility Status
Center Status Phone Line
DEIA Council
FAA Civil Aerospace
Medical Institute (CAMI)
FAA Flight Program
FAA Second Level
I Love My Job Part 1
Common Office Safety Issues
The Facilities Services Division (AMP-100) within the Office of Facility Management conducts annual safety walk through inspections around the grounds of the Aeronautical Center. Click for more…
Invest in Our Planet: Earth Day April 22, 2022
First held on April 22, 1970, Earth Day now includes a wide range of global events. Click for more…
MMAC Celebrates 75 Years
The Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center continues to impact every aspect of the nation's airspace system, even after 75 years of existence. Click for more…
Tamala Barnes Named as Director of AFN's Enterprise Services Center
Tamala Barnes has been appointed as Director of the Enterprise Services Center (ESC). She started her new leadership position on March 28. Click for more…
MMAC Town Hall Welcomes Dignitaries
The Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center held a Center-wide virtual Town Hall on the morning of March 22nd. Click for more…
Celebrating Women's History Month: Spotlight on Helen Davis
Women's History Month offers us the opportunity to celebrate the achievements and contributions from women to our National Airspace System. Click for more…
Owens Commemorates 'Rosie the Riveter' with Rose Garden
Nicole Owens leads the groundbreaking ceremony for the Central Oklahoma Rosie the Riveter Memorial Garden. Click for more…
MMAC Participates with Choctaw Nation in Emerging Aviation Technology Conference
In the first week of April, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (in collaboration with the North Central Texas Council of Governments and the University of North Texas) recently hosted the third Regional Emerging Aviation Technology Conference in Durant, Oklahoma. Click for more…
Aviation Related Scholarships and Grants
To carry out the mission of the Federal Aviation Administration successfully requires that our systems operate safely and securely. Click for more…
Dad and Daughter Approach Future with Confidence
This month, Kent Mitchell celebrates three decades of service working for the FAA. Click for more…
ESC and Academia Collaborate to Develop a Cybersecurity Workforce of the Future
The Enterprise Services Center (ESC) has been working with Academia to help cultivate cybersecurity talent. Click for more…
Black Coalition Hosts Successful Health and Wellness Webinar
A panel of medical professionals held a Zoom webinar for the National Black Coalition of Federal Aviation Employees (NBCFAE) on Wednesday, February 23rd in honor of Black History Month. Click for more…
Winners for State Aviation & Aerospace Art Contest Announced
Looking for that little something to give your career more meaning? Click for more…
Aero Oklahoma Day at State Capitol
The Aeronautical Center joined several other Aviation and Aerospace Industries, raising awareness and advocating at the Oklahoma State Capitol. Click for more…
Everyone Needs a Little PepTok
Dial up a medicinal dose of cheer from some well-qualified sources. Click for more…
Fifth Annual Human Systems Integration (HSI) Summit Scheduled for June 2022
The Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has scheduled the fifth annual Human Systems Integration (HSI) Summit for June 7, 2022. Click for more…
Communication Improves Between DOT and FAA Employees
As of March, employees within the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or those who have an @dot.gov email address can now chat and participate in online meetings without being a 'guest' using Microsoft Teams. Click for more…
STEM Outreach Activities Resume
After two years of being on hiatus for any science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) outreach activities, the Aeronautical Center is now able to resume with in-person outreach events. Click for more…


In his report to the 19th CPC National Congress, China's President Xi Jinping proposed some new thoughts, new ideas and new paths for China's economy, and laid out a set of clear goals for future development which indicate that China has entered a new era. At the same time he committed China to building a community of shared future for mankind. The dream of the Chinese people is closely connected with the dreams of the people of other countries; the Chinese dream can be realized only in a peaceful international environment and under a stable international order.
China's rapid development over the last four decades is an unquestionable achievement. At the beginning of reform and opening-up in 1978, per capita GDP in China was only 155 U.S. dollars. However, by 2016, after 38 years of rapid growth, that figure had grown to 8100 U.S. dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 9.6%. In 1978, 81% of Chinese lived in rural areas and 84% fell below the international poverty line. However, more than 700 million Chinese have been lifted out of poverty over the past 40 years; about 70% of all those raised out of poverty in the whole world come from China, indicating China's great contribution to the cause of world poverty reduction.
China's total economy accounted for 2.3% of the world total in1978 in nominal dollar. By 2016 this figure had reached 14.9%. China's foreign trade grew from 20.6 billion U.S. dollars in 1979 to 3.69 trillion U.S. dollars in 2016, making China the world's leading trading power.
The world economy has fallen into a development slough since the financial crisis. Even though it has also suffered, China's economy has maintained a relatively high growth rate and helped the world economy to gain a foothold out of the crisis. China has been consistently driving growth in the world economy for several years now.
China surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in 2010, ending a GDP-ranking of the U.S. as No. 1 and Japan as No.2 since 1968. China is also the only country in the world that has not experienced systemic financial and economic crisis since the 1980s.
More importantly, the Chinese government is vigorously promoting supply-side reform and accelerating the removal of overcapacity, making remarkable progress in the transformation and upgrading of enterprises.
Starting from the supply and production sides, structural reform can encourage positive changes in the relationship of supply and demand by improving the quality and efficiency of the supply system and expanding effective and medium-to-high-end supply.
With the rapid increase in China's economic strength, China's development model and experience are attracting growing attention from other countries.
The world economy has undergone great changes and been confronted with various imbalances since the financial crisis. Firstly, the world economic structure is imbalanced. Although the U.S. dollar is no longer the only dominant international currency compared to the Bretton Woods era, it still dominates the world economy, and over 40% of the transactions in international trade are settled with the U.S. dollar, which accounts for almost 63% of foreign exchange reserves and 87% of foreign exchange market transactions. This situation does not reflect the latest situation in world economic development, and therefore it is detrimental to the global economic balance and potential for growth. In particular, it fails to reflect the interests of the new economies.
Secondly, global infrastructure is imbalanced. In contrast to the developed countries, infrastructure in severely lacking in the vast majority of developing countries, which not only hinders the development of their own economic potential but also drags the recovery of the global economy. Nevertheless, we should also be aware that this is mostly caused by the harsh restrictions the international financial institutions impose on their investments in these areas.
Finally, sustainable global economic development in different regions is also imbalanced. Due to the imbalanced development of the world economy, the economic structure of some countries is tied to environmental destruction, destabilizing the foundations of human civilization. Sustainable development depends on technology innovation, but for the vast number of developing countries, especially African countries, technological innovation is hampered by shortages of talent and capital, so that it is more difficult to achieve green development.
China has accumulated rich experience concerning all the above issues. The Western model of development is no longer the only one favored by all the countries, and more and more people are casting their eye towards the East.
Therefore, the Chinese leaders proposed the development of a common future shared by all in contrast to the current international situation. This derives from a summary of the profound experience of China's economy through 40 years of rapid development, and from a new viewpoint and new plan proposed for the development of a new international order, conforming to the expectations of the international community.
One of China's conclusions is that the people's interests should always be placed before everything else. In this 19th CPC National Congress report, President Xi sets forth a new goal that we will realize basic modernization by 2035, 15 years ahead of the previous planned goal. By 2050, the 100th anniversary of the founding of PRC, through socialist modernization and realizing the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation, we will develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.
To solve the problems confronting the world at this moment, we must first solve the current imbalance in development between countries. At present, a trend has been evolving towards anti-globalization and conservatism, mainly provoked by the fact that globalization is being driven by transnational corporations, which is not beneficial to all and is even causing some to lose more than they gain.
This is not caused by a fundamental flaw in globalization, but by a deviation from the sound development model. The most important thing for us now is to reset the correct course. Building a community of shared future for all, as proposed by General Secretary Xi, is undoubtedly key to solving this problem.
The Belt and Road Initiative is a concrete plan to develop a shared future for all. Since the day it was first proposed, this initiative has been widely welcomed by countries around the world and achieved remarkable successes.
The Belt and Road Initiative has taken a positive step in tying its effort to the "Juncker Plan" by Europe, the "Path of Light" by Kazakhstan, the "Eurasian Economic Union" by Russia, the "Global Maritime Fulcrum" by Indonesia, the "Project Mausam" by India, the "Eurasian Initiative" by South Korea, and other countries' developmental strategies. It has become a leading strategy for bilateral and multilateral cooperation. In the year since it first opened its doors, the AIIB has provided 1.7 billion U.S. dollars in loans to nine projects in seven developing countries in Asia.
The Silk Road Fund has participated in investment and financing for major national projects in Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Italy and other countries. China has provided more than 100 billion U.S. dollars in various multilateral or bilateral capacity cooperation funds. China Development Bank, the Export-Import Bank of China and 11 China-funded commercial banks have provided hundreds of billions of dollars of credit financing and set up nearly one hundred primary branches for countries alongside the routes, .
As the world's largest developing country, China's development challenges are still heavy and it will inevitably face various difficulties and dangers along the way. However, the development problems encountered by China are the same problems encountered by other countries, especially the vast majority of developing countries, and they can learn from China's experience.
The concept of a community of shared future for mankind proposed by China's President Xi not only conforms to China's own development, it also complies with the development needs of other countries. At the same time, it has not only learned experiences of western modernization, but has also adapted and surpassed them, thus providing the future of global development and global governance with an alternative solution.


Four Lips One Stick: Cherokee has a special evening in store for her good friend Jada. Shes got her trainer coming by to give them a personal workout. While the girls wait for him to arrive, Cherokee busts out the fondue. Lots of strawberrys with some white chocolate to go with it. Thats not the only kind of white chocolate they had coming. Johnnys no fool, he jumped at the chance to bang these two huge Bootys. Took charge of the situation, and gave them the workout of their lives!


Malysz in Standard Levels - Bike or Die!
41sec is possible. but is very very very hard.
is MALYSZ means Adam MALYSZ?
I would've got 40.42 but I leaned forward at the last second and the flag ended up between my wheels and I pivoted around it and missed it.


Some business ideas are born out of necessity – others through passion. The revitalization of the Corning Opera House Cultural Center (COHCC) in Corning, Iowa was inspired by both. COHCC was originally built in 1902 and served as an opera house until 1935.
There was a need, Heaton says. The small, rural community (population: 1,400), "lacked a large facility for weddings, banquets, meetings and conventions." In turn, Heaton quit her teaching job and joined COHCC's board of directors, playing an integral role in the cultural center's revitalization.
Heaton admits, "As a teacher, I didn't know a lot about business." But a serendipitous Facebook ad changed that. Early in 2017, Heaton saw a Facebook ad about SCORE and Sam's Club's American Small Business Championship (ASBC), and decided to apply. She was selected as one of two finalists for the state of Iowa. Heaton says that the symposium she attended for ASBC finalists "was great for networking and connecting with other people." Moreover, the experience introduced her to SCORE's services.
That mentor, Sherry Bonelli from the SCORE East Central Iowa chapter, was in a different part of the state, but that wasn't a problem. Heaton and Bonelli corresponded via email and phone about how to advance COHCC's goals.
"Sherry also suggested [adding] call-to-action buttons and building upon our reviews and incorporating those into our website and Facebook headers," she adds.
Working with SCORE has increased COHCC's web traffic and doubled the cultural center's rentals, says Heaton. She explains that COHCC has become a multi-purpose facility, hosting musical events, business meetings, conferences, backstage tours, and more.
COHCC is the 2018 SCORE Award winner for Outstanding Community Impact Business, presented by MassMutual.