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Conservation in the Spotlight: Leo Foundation – Lions, skilled predators of wild and domestic prey
**This article originally appeared on zoocrew.eu as part of our Conservation Awareness project. **
Lions in West-Africa behave differently than their conspecifics in the South and Eastern region of the continent. Findings proven by research projects supported by the Leo Foundation.
Leo Foundation
The Leo Foundation is a Dutch organization whose goal it is to save lions and other large carnivores in Africa and India through the funding of local projects and active participation of lion research through lion collaring operations and advice. The foundation was established in April 2008 and currently supports three research and conservation projects in Benin, Cameroon and Kenya and in addition supports regional activities for lion conservation in West Africa.
The main objectives of the conservation projects is to mitigate lion-livestock conflicts by improved boma construction (were the livestock is kept at night), consolation schemes for lost livestock by lion attacks and increased benefits for local communities from national parks. Objectives of the associated studies supported by the Leo foundation are to gain insight in the lion movements and home ranges, lion behaviour and the inevitable interactions with humans as lions and other wildlife lose more and more of their natural habitat to people. Knowing how lions use their habitat enables us to find adequate measures of protection against lion attacks.
The Leo Foundation also supports the protection of other large carnivores as well and as such investigate the interaction lions have with for example leopard, hyaena and cheetah.
Adaptations of a predator
Different habitat asks for different ways of living your life. Lions are no exception. West-African lions hunt in couples while lions in southern and east Africa more often catch prey when hunting in large(r) groups. Findings recorded from research funded by the Leo Foundation in collaboration with Leiden University amongst others showed that this behaviour is due to smaller prey species in West-Africa, plus different natural surroundings with more open grass savannas in Eastern Africa and more tree savannas in West-Africa. Prey as zebra's and wildebeest don't live in the West.
Lions primarily hunt on kob-antelope and wart hog, prey species that don't require large groups to hunt them down. Plus there won't be enough food for all lions to feed upon. However in many parks in West and central Africa lions are confronted with declining prey numbers. This is the case in national parks like Comoe NP in Ivory Coast, Yangkari Game reserve in North Nigeria and Waza NP in North Cameroon. In these parks lions switch to raiding livestock and often are then killed by livestock owners in retaliation. In a lion conservation project in Waza NP supported by the Leo Foundation, three research lions were killed during the past year. The lion population in Waza NP is now on the brink of extinction.
Studies in West-Africa
During the research supported by the Leo Foundation carcasses of prey species in parks in Tchad, Senegal, Benin and Cameroon were compared. Our findings agree with findings of biology students of Leiden who looked at lion faeces in Cameroon. By studying the hairs in the faeces, they also concluded that lions in West-Africa eat smaller prey species.
As natural prey become scarcer, lions have to leave their territory in search of food. This causes conflicts with local people. In the North of Cameroon male lions leave Waza National Park during the wet season in June and migrate/ travel along with cattle herds up to 40 kilometers away from their known territory. Lions kill about 2 to 6 percent of the cattle, which means income loss for the already poor cattle farmers. In retaliation of lions attacking cattle, people kill lions. Three of five retraceable GPS/radio-collared lions are killed by people. The cut-off collars were found near villages, hanging up a tree.
Amboseli National Park, Kenya
In Kenya, conflicts between animals and people are also a big issue. Here, the Leo Foundation is involved in a collaboration project with Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS) around Amboseli National Park. The Park is completely surrounded by Masai, a community of warriors. To become a man, it is tradition amongst the Masai to spear a lion. And, as in the Cameroonian study lions are killed in retaliation of attacking livestock. Thus, lions that appear near Masai settlements are killed more quickly than in Cameroon.
As lions are a huge tourist attraction, Kenyan government tries to keep lions to their assigned but restricted areas and lion populations up to the mark. Because if local people keep killing lions, the government looses a significant source of income.
With support of the Leo Foundation five lions have been GPS/radio-collared in Amboseli National Park between July 2007 and August 2008. We saw that the animals left the Park in November and December in 2007 and 2008. During this time, the researchers got reports of conflicts from the local people. The collars have an SMS function which enables researchers to alert local Masai that lions are in their vicinity. This tool is directly beneficial for Masai during ongoing research and provides researchers with a way of informing local people about lions in their awareness campaigns.
Human-lion conflict study
In the last years a study was performed in Cameroon to better control human-lion conflict with livestock owners. This study was coordinated by a local NGO (CEDC) who carried out case studies for compensation and conflict management with cattle owners in Benin, Niger, Guinee Conakry and Cameroon.
It is our intention to execute such a programme in Kenya through KWS that will focus on compensating Masai, in areas where Amboseli lions are proved to have caused damage, for losses due to predation by lions.
This article has been provided by: Marjolein Schoe and Hans de Iongh from the Leo Foundation
« Conservation in the Spotlight: IUCN – Wildlife in a Changing World
Conservation in the Spotlight: Gorilla Organization – help communities help gorillas »


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Deal Done – EnviroChemie Group acquires IWM
EnviroChemie Group, headquartered in Germany and a subsidiary of SKion Water GmbH, has acquired Dublin-based Industrial Water Management Ltd. (IWM) for an undisclosed sum.
Founded in 1976, EnviroChemie supplies sustainable system solutions worldwide for all the tasks involved in industrial water treatment and the treatment of process water, circulation water, cooling water, boiler water and wastewater.
IWM specializes in cooling tower, steam boiler and water hygiene services, including legionella control and water chemicals supply. With 30 employees, IWM generates an annual turnover of approximately €3m.
DWF Dublin (Ross Little, Head of Corporate) advised the shareholders and management of IWM on the legals, and Derek Dervan (Partner in Roberts Nathan) provided corporate finance and tax advice to the shareholders and management of IWM.
Roberts Nathan is a member of MGI Worldwide, a global accounting network of independent audit firms, tax firms and accountancy firms in over 80 countries, which allows us, through mutual assistance, to leverage the best professional service to clients worldwide. Importantly, it helps us to provide the highest level of personal attention for you and your business. For more information visit www.mgiworld.com/legal.
Copyright © 2022 Roberts Nathan

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1st Prize; Ann O' Donnell, Aglish – McDonalds Lee Travel Voucher for €500 .
2nd Prize; Tom Carey, Sweetfield Youghal – Castlemartyr Resort Hotel (1 night B&B + Dinner for 2 in the Bell Tower Restaurant).
5th Prize; Alan Healy; Oakhill Youghal – Bewleys Hotels One night mini break for 2 incl breakfast in a choice of (Newlands Cross,Dublin Airport or Leopardstown) *Not Incl Sat night.
6th Prize; Padjo Terry, Dermot Hurley Est, Youghal – Sheraton Hotel Athlone (1 night B&B for 2).
9th Prize; Pauline Neville, Pearse Square Youghal – Dinner for 4 at Clancy's Bar Youghal.


In episode 4 of 'Kingdom, Empire and Plus Ultra', Professor Allison Bigelow (University of Virginia) is in conversation with series host Dr Edward Collins on the topic of 'The Science of Colonial Silver: Rethinking the History of Mining and Metallurgy in the Early Americas'.
Allison Bigelow is Assistant Professor of colonial Latin American literature in the Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese and affiliate faculty in Latin American Studies at the University of Virginia. From 2012 until 2014, she was a National Endowment for the Humanities postdoctoral fellow at the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture at the College of William & Mary. Her current book project, Cultural Touchstones: Mining, Refining, and the Languages of Empire in the Early Americas, reflects her diverse research expertise, from her doctorate in English, to her postdoctoral fellowship at a history institute, and the fact that she is now part of the faculty of Romance Languages.
In episode 4 of History Hub's new podcast series – 'Kingdom, Empire and Plus Ultra: conversations on the history of Portugal and Spain, 1415-1898' – Professor Bigelow discusses the science of colonial silver with series host Dr Edward Collins.
This History Hub series is funded by UCD Seed Funding and supported by UCD School of History. Series editor is Mike Liffey (Real Smart Media).


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The 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (), is a Soviet heavy gun-howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in turn based on the 152-mm siege gun M1910, a pre-World War I design by Schneider. It was in production from 1937 to 1946. The ML-20 saw action in World War II, mainly as a corps / army level artillery piece of the Soviet Army. Captured guns were employed by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. Post World War II, the ML-20 saw combat in numerous conflicts during the mid to late twentieth century.

Description

The ML-20 was officially classified as howitzer-gun, i.e. an artillery system which combines characteristics of a howitzer and (to lesser extent) of a gun and therefore can be used in both roles. This universality was achieved by wide range of elevation angles and by using separate loading with 13 different propellant loads. The gun was fitted with both telescopic sight for direct fire and panoramic sight for an indirect one. For ballistic calculations and meteorological corrections a special mechanical device was developed. The device, called meteoballistic summator, consisted of a specialized slide rule and a pre-calculated table. After World War II similar devices were introduced for other types of guns.

The barrel was either monobloc or built-up. Some sources indicate that a third type—with loose liner—also existed. To soften recoil, a large slotted muzzle brake was fitted. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, with forced extraction of cartridge during opening. A safety lock prevented opening of the breechblock before the shot; if there was a need to remove a shell, the lock had to be disabled. To assist loading when the barrel was set to high elevation angle, the breech was equipped with cartridge holding mechanism. The gun was fired by pulling a trigger-cord.

The recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. Each held 22 litres of liquid. Pressure in the recuperator reached 45 Bar.

The carriage was of split trail type, with shield and balancing mechanism, leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires (some early production pieces received spoked wheels with solid tires from M1910/34). During transportation the barrel was usually retracted. The gun could also be towed with the barrel in its normal position, but in this case the transportation speed was limited, about 4–5 km/h (compared to 20 km/h with barrel pulled back). The gun could be set up for combat in 8–10 minutes. The carriage, designated 52-L-504A, was also used in the 122-mm gun model 1931/37 (A-19).

This gun was also mounted in two Soviet assault guns/tank destroyers employed during WWII. These are the SU-152 and ISU-152.

Development history
Among other artillery pieces the Red Army (RKKA) inherited from the Imperial Russian Army a 152-mm siege gun M1910, developed by Schneider. The gun was modernized twice in 1930s, resulting in the 152-mm gun M1910/30 and the 152-mm gun M1910/34. However, its mobility, maximum elevation and speed of traverse still needed improvement. In 1935–36 the No. 172 Plant in Motovilikha tried to continue the modernization works, but the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) insisted on more significant upgrade.

Consequently, the design bureau of the plant developed two guns ML-15 and ML-20. While the former project was initiated by GAU, the latter started as private development; the team working on it was led by F. F. Petrov. Both guns used barrel and recoil system of the M1910/34. The ML-20 also inherited the wheels, suspension and trails from the older gun.

The ML-15 reached ground tests in April 1936, was returned for revision and was tested again in March 1937, this time successfully. The ML-20 went through ground tests in December 1936 and through army tests next year. After some defects (mostly in carriage) were eliminated, the ML-20 was recommended for production and on 22 September 1937 it was adopted as 152-mm howitzer-gun model 1937 ().

It is not clear why the ML-20 was preferred. The ML-15 was lighter (about 500 kg less in combat position, 600 kg in traveling position) and more mobile (maximum transportation speed 45 km/h). On the negative side, the ML-15 had a more complicated carriage (however, the final version of the ML-20 carriage incorporated some features of the ML-15). Some sources claim that the choice was made because of the economic factor—the ML-20 was more similar to the M1910/34, thus requiring fewer adjustments for production.

Production history
The gun was in production from 1937–1946. 6,884 guns were manufactured and about 4,000 ML-20S barrels were used in the SU-152 and ISU-152 self-propelled guns. The ML-20 was eventually replaced by the D-20 152 mm gun with identical ballistics, which entered production in 1956.

Smaller production rates toward the end of the war were caused by two reasons. First, most of the barrels produced in these years were ML-20S. Second, after the Soviets started to field heavy tanks such as the JS series that used the A-19 122mm gun, the plant was ordered to increase the production of the A-19 instead of the ML-20.

Organization and employment

Red Army
The ML-20 was originally intended for corps artillery. Together with the 122-mm gun A-19 it formed a so-called "corps duplex". In 1940–41 there were three types of corps artillery regiments:
With two battalions of ML-20 and one of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s).
With two battalions of ML-20 and two of either A-19 or 107-mm guns (a total of 24 ML-20s).
With three battalions of ML-20 (a total of 36 ML-20s).

Soon after the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa, the corps artillery was eliminated (as rifle corps themselves were eliminated). It was restored later in the war. The new corps artillery regiments were supposed to be armed with 122-mm guns or 152-mm howitzers, but some memoirs mention that the ML-20 was also used.

From 1943 the gun was employed by artillery regiments of armies. Such regiments had 18 ML-20s. Guard armies from early 1945 had artillery brigades with 36 ML-20s.

The ML-20 also used by artillery regiments (24 pieces) and brigades (36 pieces) of the Reserve of the Main Command.

It was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel, fortifications and key objects in the near rear. Heavy fragments of the OF-540 HE-Fragmentation shell were capable of piercing armour up to 20–30 mm thick, making a barrage dangerous to thinly armored vehicles and to some extent to heavier armoured ones as the fragments could damage chassis, sights or other elements; sometimes a close explosion caused damage inside a vehicle even though the armour remained intact. Direct hit of a shell often resulted in tearing away a turret of a medium tank or jamming it in case of a heavy tank.

The first combat use of the ML-20 was in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, in limited numbers. It also saw combat in the Winter War against the Mannerheim Line fortifications. The gun continued to be used throughout the World War II.

Excellent characteristics of the gun, including reliability and ease of maintenance, allowed it to remain in service with the Soviet Army for a long time after the war.

Other operators
In the early stage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union hundreds of ML-20 were captured by the Wehrmacht. The gun was adopted by Germans as 15.2 cm KH.433/1(r). From February 1943 Germans manufactured ammunition for the gun.

The Finnish Army captured 37 guns of the type in 1941–44 and received additional 27 from Germany. These guns were adopted as 152 H 37. A number of barrels were mated with carriages of A-19 to create 152 H 37-31. While the gun was generally liked, the Finnish Army didn't possess enough prime movers suitable for towing such a massive piece. As a result, some of the guns were assigned to coastal artillery. Two pieces were captured back by the Red Army. A number of these guns were modernized in 1988 and were in reserve until 2007 under the designation 152 H 88-37.

After the war the ML-20 was widely exported to Warsaw Pact allies and to many states in Asia and Africa (in some of those states the gun still remains in service). It was adopted by Egypt and Syria and saw action in Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2002 a TV documentary featured ML-20 employed by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces against the Taliban fighters; it seems likely that the guns were initially supplied to the Najibullah's regime.

Variants

The barrel was manufactured in two variants − monobloc or built-up. Some sources indicate that a third type – with loose liner – also existed.

Except the basic variant, the only variant to reach mass production was the ML-20S, developed for use in self-propelled guns, with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments.

ML-20 with bag loading – In 1937 the Main Artillery Department decided, for economic reasons, to modify medium caliber guns to use bag loading instead of cased loading. An experimental ML-20 piece was built in 1939; the trials were unsuccessful.
ML-20SM – Modified ML-20S with identical ballistics. muzzle brake was removed. The gun was mounted in the experimental ISU-152 model 1945, of which only one unit was built.

BL-20 – ML-20 with cast breech and wedge breechblock. Was developed by OKB-172 (sharashka of the NKVD) in 1946.
ML-20 with M-46-type carriage – ML-20 with a modified carriage, resembling in construction a carriage of the M-46 130 mm gun. In 1950 an experimental piece was built and tested.
152 H 88-37 – A Finnish modernization program
152 mm haubico-armata wz. 37/85 – A Polish modernization, tires from KrAZ-255B truck, new compressed air cylinder and automotive lighting increased the road speed of the towed gun from 20 to 50 km/h and allowed the gun to be towed on public roads.

Self-propelled mounts
SU-152 – utilizing KV-1s heavy tank chassis, in production from February to December 1943, 670 units built.
ISU-152 – utilizing IS-2 mod 1943 and 1944 heavy tank chassis, in production from November 1943 to 1946, 3,242 units built.
Object 704 (ISU-152 model 1945) – a single prototype utilizing parts from IS-3 heavy tank chassis.

Summary
The ML-20 was one of the most successful Soviet artillery pieces of World War II. Its characteristics positioned it between classical short-range howitzers and special long-range guns. Compared to the former, the ML-20 has better range (e.g. the German 15 cm sFH 18 had range of 13.3 km), which often allowed it to shell positions of enemy artillery while remaining immune to enemy fire. Its advantage over the latter was in weight and cost, and therefore in mobility and production rate. For example, the German 15 cm K 39 with range of 24.7 km weighed 12.2 tons and only 61 pieces were built; of the excellent 17 cm K 18 (23.4 t, 29.6 km) 338 pieces were manufactured; lighter 10.5 cm sK 18 (5.6 t, 19.1 km) was more common (2,135 pieces) but its 15 kg shell was much less powerful than a 44 kg shell of ML-20. German attempts to produce an analogue to the ML-20 were unsuccessful. The 15 cm sFH 40 was never produced due to construction defects; the 15 cm sFH 42 had insufficient range and only 46 pieces were built. In 1943 and 1944 Wehrmacht announced requirements for a 15 cm howitzer with a range of 18 km, but none reached production.

Of other guns with more or less similar characteristics, there were French 155 mm guns model 1917 and 1918 with longer range, but some 3.5 tons heavier (as was the US 155 mm Long Tom). The Czechoslovakian howitzer K4 (used by Germans as 15 cm sFH 37(t)) was about 2 tons lighter, but with range more than 2 km shorter and only 178 pieces were built. The Italian Cannone da 149/40 modello 35 had a range of 23.7 km but had a weight of 11 tons and less than 100 pieces were built. The British BL 5.5 inch (140 mm) Medium Gun probably had the closest characteristics; weight slightly over six tons and range of  with an  shell.

The main shortcomings of the ML-20 were its weight and limited mobility. As the experience of the ML-15 project suggests, the gun could be made somewhat lighter and more suitable for high-speed transportation. The use of a muzzle brake can be seen as a minor flaw: while softening the recoil and thus allowing the use of a lighter carriage, a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground, where they can raise dust, potentially revealing the gun position. But when the ML-20 was developed, muzzle brakes were already a common design element in artillery pieces of that class.

Ammunition

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Armour penetration table|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" | APHE shell BR-540
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996;"
! width="20%"   | Distance, m
! width="20%"   | Meet angle 60°, mm
! width="20%"   | Meet angle 90°, mm
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 500
| 105
| 125
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 1000
| 95
| 115
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 1500
| 85
| 105
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 2000
| 75
| 90
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" | APBC shell BR-540B
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
!  Distance, m
! Meet angle 60°, mm
! Meet angle 90°, mm
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 500
| 105
| 130
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 1000
| 100
| 120
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 1500
| 95
| 115
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 2000
| 85
| 105
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" | Naval semi-AP model 1915/28
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
!  Distance, m
!  Meet angle 60°, mm
!  Meet angle 90°, mm
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 100
| 110
| 136
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 500
| 104
| 128
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 1000
| 97
| 119
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 1500
| 91
| 111
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| 2000
| 85
| 105
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| colspan="3" | These data was obtained by Soviet methodology for armour penetration measurement (penetration probability of 75%).Values are not directly comparable with other methods for estimating penetration.
|}

UsersWorld War II

  – small number of captured German pieces used for evaluation
  – small number of captured German pieces used for evaluationPost-war'

  – ≈165

  – ≈25

  – 135
  – 154
  – ≈100

Surviving pieces

ML-20s are on display in a number of military museums. Among other places, the gun can be seen:
In the Central Armed Forces Museum and at the Poklonnaya Hill, Moscow, Russia.
In the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
In The Artillery Museum of Finland, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
In the IDF History Museum (Batey ha-Osef), Tel Aviv, Israel.
In Poznań Citadel, Poland.
In the Lubuskie Military Museum, Drzonów, Poland.
In the US Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland, United States.
At the Soviet War Memorial, Berlin, Germany.
In the National Military Museum, Romania, Bucharest.
In the Military Museum, Dej, Romania.
In the Arsenal Park resort, Orăștie, Romania.
In the Pivka Park of Military History, Slovenia

Notes

References
Shirokorad A. B. – Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery – Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б. Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. — Мн.: Харвест, 2000., )
Shirokorad A. B. – The God of War of The Third Reich – M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. – Бог войны Третьего рейха. — М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., )
Ivanov A. – Artillery of the USSR in Second World War – SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. – Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., )
Kolomiets M. – The Battle of River Khalkhin-Gol – "Frontovaya Illustratsiya" magazine, no. 2, 2002 (М.Коломиец. – Бои у реки Халхин-Гол. – журнал «Фронтовая иллюстрация», №2, 2002)
 Shunkov V. N. – The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. – Оружие Красной Армии. — Мн.: Харвест, 1999.)
Zheltov I. G., Pavlov I. V., Pavlov M. V., Solyankin A. G. – Soviet Medium Self-propelled Artillery 1941–1945'' – M. Exprint, 2005 (Желтов И. Г., Павлов И. В., Павлов М. В., Солянкин А. Г. – Советские средние самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941—1945 гг. — М.: ООО Издательский центр «Экспринт», 2005. — 48 с. )
A chapter on ISU-152

External links

Finnish Army 1918–45: Heavy Howitzers at Jaegerplatoon.net
Weltkrieg.ru
152 H 88-37 at Mil.fi

World War II field artillery
World War II artillery of the Soviet Union
152 mm artillery
Howitzers of the Soviet Union
Motovilikha Plants products
World War II howitzers
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Dx Uses Cancer Cells' Electrical Properties to Measure Efficacy of Chemotherapy
Jul 24, 2019 | Christie Rizk
NEW YORK – Researchers at Rutgers University have developed a point-of-care diagnostic device that uses multifrequency impedance spectroscopy and supervised machine learning to measure the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on cancer cells. According to a new study published in Microsystems and Nanoengineering, the device rapidly assesses the sensitivity of tumor cells to the drugs they're exposed to without the need for staining or labeling the cells.
The impetus behind the device's design was to create a diagnostic that could assess the efficacy of a targeted anti-cancer therapeutic approach being developed by Joseph Bertino, a resident researcher at Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, professor at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and co-author of the study on the diagnostic device. Bertino and his team have developed and are testing a method that targets cancer cells by binding chemotherapy drugs to an antibody that targets matriptase, a membrane-bound protease expressed on the surface of certain tumor cells. In patients with cancers expressing matriptase, the conjugation of the matriptase-targeting antibody to the chemotherapeutic agent would target the drug more precisely to tumor cells and spare healthy cells.
In an email, Bertino noted that this approach would work for a high percentage of patients with solid tumors, as many of them express matriptase, and some B-cell malignancies.
"The way the device works is it takes tumor cells that have been treated or that have been mixed in with the antibody-coupled chemotherapeutic agent. And if the cells are expressing the matriptase they'll be sensitive to the drug — they will die. Otherwise the cell will remain alive," said Mehdi Javanmard, an associate professor at Rutgers' School of Engineering and the study's senior author. "And so, we use this impedance cytometer that works by measuring the electrical properties of the cells one by one to assess whether a cell is alive or dead, which tells us whether it's responded positively or not."
Javanmard noted that such a device could be useful in a number of contexts — whether in clinical trials to aid pharmaceutical companies in assessing the efficacies of therapies they are developing, or in the clinic to help a doctor rapidly assess whether a given patient is likely to respond to a therapy.
"You take the tumor cells obtained from a tumor biopsy, or even circulating tumor cells that have been isolated. You can mix them with the drug in advance, and if the cancer cells are drug resistant, then they will remain alive," he added. "If they're, not they'll be dead. And this device would be able to assess the degree of resistance or sensitivity to the drug."
The current gold standard for automated cell viability analysis is Beckman Coulter's Vi-Cell instrument, which uses the trypan blue dye exclusion method to perform its analysis, the researchers wrote in their study. But staining the cells limits the ability to perform any subsequent characterization or downstream molecular analysis on the cells and requires the use of optical instrumentation to assess cell viability. It also requires 0.5 to 1 mL of sample volume.
Other recent studies have shown that certain microfluidic techniques and optical coherence tomography (OCT) could also be used to track cell death. But although OCT is label free and can quantitatively track cell death, the researchers noted, it would also require the use of optical instrumentation, making it less compatible with the needs of point-of-care diagnosis.
Using a cell's electrical properties to assess its viability — as the device developed by Javanmard and his team does — obviates the need for labels, stains, and optical instruments, making this approach less expensive than currently available methods. And the use of multiple frequencies at once results in higher classification accuracy. Further, this device requires as little as 20 μL of sample volume.
The team also developed a machine-learning algorithm in order to essentially teach the device to make determinations of when a cell was alive or dead, and then trained the artificial intelligence on a labeled training data set. The data used for training consisted of features extracted from 100 percent live and 100 percent dead cells, based on data from the Beckman Coulter Vi-Cell instrument, with features from live cells labeled as 1 and features from dead cells labeled as 0.
To evaluate the robustness and accuracy of the classifier algorithm, the researchers then tested it using three different tumor cell test samples — one containing 90 percent live cells, one with 50 percent live cells, and the third with 82 percent live. They reported accuracy as high as 95.9 percent, a true-positive rate as high as 95 percent, and a true negative rate as high as 97 percent from their various experiments with phase changes at different frequencies.
The researchers are now planning to test the device using clinical samples in order to continue training the AI. "For training, you would probably want to focus on a given cancer type. So if you're working with lymphoma, for example, you would probably want to train [the AI] based on lymphoma cells, and then if you're going to look at breast cancer, then you would probably want to do a separate set for that," Javanmard said. "There's an interest in seeing whether you could train [the device] using all of these different [tumor] types and then just make it a generic one-size-fits-all tool, but that would probably be more challenging."
Javanmard also noted that tumor heterogeneity could make it harder for the device to determine cell viability but said that added rounds of supervised machine learning on patient samples would likely help to overcome this problem.
"We would take an array of tumor cells from tumor samples. In one case we would kill 100 percent of them, and in the other case we would want 100 percent of them to be alive. We would run them through the device to essentially train the machine learning classifier of what the drug-resistant cell and what the drug-sensitive cell look like," he added. "And so, we train the classifier using different features — cell diameter, cell volume, cell shape, cell dielectric properties in a different membrane. To handle the issue of heterogeneity when working with patient samples, we would need to really train the classifier with large datasets in advance."
There's still a lot of work for Javanmard and his colleagues to do in the development of the device, but they already have an idea of how they'd like to roll it out for use in the clinic once the classifier is fully trained. They envision releasing an intermediate version of the diagnostic and then what Javanmard called a "long-term version, down the road."
In the nearer term, a doctor using the device would take a tumor biopsy from a patient, disassociate the cells and resuspend them in fluid, treat those suspended cells with a chemotherapeutic agent, and then inject that mixture into the device cartridge. In their study, the researchers noted that there are various protocols and kits commercially available to dissociate cells from human tissues and tumors into suspension.
Once the cartridge is inserted into the device, the reader would analyze the viability of the cells after they've interacted with the chemotherapy, displaying the answer on a screen. "It would make an assessment of what percent of the cells are drug sensitive and what percent are drug-resistant — [whether] 80 percent of these cells are drug sensitive and 20 percent of them are resistant to the drug, or 95 percent are drug sensitive and 5 percent are drug resistant, so [the clinician can assess whether it's] likely that this patient will respond positively to the therapy," Javanmard said.
In the longer term, the team would like to develop a version of the device that would work with liquid biopsy samples, isolating circulating tumor cells, then mixing them with various drugs, and feeding them into the device to assess drug sensitivity and resistance. This would be less invasive for patients, Javanmard noted.
He added that eventually, he and his colleagues would also like to build a closed feedback system feature into the device so that a clinician would be able to test combination chemotherapy regimens or cycle through different chemotherapy drugs.
"Drug resistance is a big problem — one single chemotherapeutic agent may not be sufficient," he said. "But being able to cycle through and adaptably determine a combination of drugs would be optimal."
In order to get the device from the lab to the bench once the team is finished with its development, it has to identify commercial partners, build a diagnostic that would be ready for manufacture, perform a validation trial involving hundreds of patients, and then go to the US Food and Drug Administration for approval. And approvals can take years, assuming the FDA is convinced that the device is better than the standard of care and doesn't negatively affect patients. The group currently doesn't have any corporate partnerships that Javanmard could discuss.
Currently, he estimated that it'll probably be about three to five years before clinicians see the intermediate version of the device in their offices. Bertino also said that human trials on his targeted therapeutic approach are still a few years away.
Proteomics & Protein Research
cancer of unknown primary
Owners of California Mobile Phlebotomy Company Plead Guilty to $7.5M Fraud Scheme


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'The Barn' Pays Tribute to 80's Horror
by Rob Caprilozzi March 12, 2015
written by Rob Caprilozzi March 12, 2015
From writer-director Justin M. Seaman, THE BARN is a new film created to give fans of 1980s horror a bloody good time.
On Halloween night in 1989, best friends Sam and Josh are trying to enjoy what's left of their final All Hallow's Eve before graduating high school. However, diabolical trouble arises when they and their friends take a detour on the way to a rock concert. After finding an old abandoned barn and awakening the evil inside, it's up to Sam and Josh to find a way to protect the group by defeating the demonic creatures that lurk within THE BARN. The film stars Mitchell Musolino, Will Stout, Lexi Dripps, Cortland Woodard, Nikki Darling and Nickolaus Joshua.
"Being born in the 80's I've always found myself attracted to the nostalgia of horror films from that time period," says Seaman "There was nothing better than strolling among the aisles of the video store in search of a fun and entertaining monster flick."
Nevermore Production Films has gained attention through its successful series of promotional avenues, such as the retro-style poster by Sadist Art Design's Marc Schoenbach, an original film score provided by Rocky Gray (former member of the Grammy award- winning rock band Evanescence), and the contributions of Screen Junkies' Honest Trailers', Jon Bailey, who provides the voice-over track for the official trailer.
Additionally, the film's 1980's style marketing merchandise consists of action figures, T-shirts, a motion picture soundtrack featuring various artists from all over the world, and a board game with art provided by Horror Hound/Scream Factory artist Nathan Thomas Milliner.
THE BARN is scheduled to premiere in Pittsburgh in October of 2015.
+ eight = seventeen


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Thinking Papers
Tall buildings past and present trends
The motivation to build tall has changed over time, as has the definition of 'tall', the materials we use and the designs that are possible.
The passion, obsession and necessity of building supertall and mega tall structures continues to challenge engineers and architects to reach new heights and 'go where no man has gone before'.
In this thinking piece, Professor Kourosh Kayvani, one of Australasia's leading structural engineers, discusses the key historic developments, technological advances, current trends and engineering considerations of high-rise buildings.
Where the tall building phenomena started
Vertical habitation isn't a new trend. It's one that has been driven by urbanisation and bustling, overpopulated cities for centuries. While the high-rise buildings that we know today became possible with the inventions of elevators, newer building materials and structural engineering systems, multi-storey construction dates back to the Roman Empire and vertical cities have been around for centuries.
A living example is the 16th century Yemeni city of Shibam with mud brick tower houses of five to eight stories high built to protect the occupants from Bedouin attacks.
Social, economic and technological developments in the latter parts of the 19th century created the environment for modern high-rise buildings to emerge in the North American cities of New York and Chicago.
Daring engineering feats of the 1800s
In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis built the first 'fall safe' hoisting system (the elevator) allowing vertical transportation of people and goods in multi-storey buildings. This invention made the construction of skyscrapers possible and as a result greatly altering the way modern cities were planned and constructed.
In 1885, the Home Insurance Building in Chicago (originally 10 stories and 42 m high) demonstrated the use of the first steel framed gravity system. It was the first tall building to be supported both internally and externally by a fireproof metal frame, which allowed for large windows at the ground level of high-rise buildings.
This set the trend for use of steel frame gravity systems in tall buildings as the loadbearing masonry system used to that date was very inefficient economically beyond 15 stories. This limitation is evidently demonstrated by Monadnock Building (1893) in Chicago which, at 17 stories high, was the tallest in the world at the time and was the first in use of a portal system for wind bracing. However, owing to its loadbearing masonry system, it had walls up to 1.8 m thick at the ground level that made the ratio of its "net-lettable-area" to its total built area simply too low to be economical.
In 1889, the Eiffel Tower doubled the height of the previously tallest Washington Monument, rising above 300 m with the use of pre-assembled iron components to create what has since become the iconic landmark of Paris. This new architectural concept at the time provided a great boost in general confidence in viability of tall metal structures.
The Ingalls Building (now called the Transit Building) built in 1903 in Cincinnati in the United States of America is considered to be the first "reinforced concrete skyscraper" (Condit, 1968). This 16-storey building was built by monolithically casting the columns, floors and walls in concrete of relatively low strength by modern standards (f'c < 20 MPa).
Cincinnati architectural firm Elzner & Anderson designed what was considered a daring engineering feat at the time (people feared the building would collapse under wind loads or its own weight), but the success of the building led to the team creating the tallest reinforced concrete structure.
From the 1950s through to the 1970s, great technological advancements took place that allowed architects and engineers to aspire to greater heights. Some of these advancements included high-strength bolts replacing hot-driven rivets, the emergence of glass-metal curtain wall facades, the use of electric arc welding in shop fabrication and the compressive strength of concrete catapulting from 40 MPa in the 1960s to 65 MPa in the 1970s (and eventually 100 MPa+ in the 1990s).
These technological advances, combined with a deeper understanding of structural behaviour and analysis under environmental loads (particularly wind loads), led to the emergence of supertall buildings being built in Chicago during the 1960s and 1970s. These supertall buildings were conceived by structural engineers as "tubular" schemes where the entire structure was designed as a cantilevered "tube" (John Hancock Centre, 1969) or a bundle of tubes (Willis Tower, 1974) resisting wind loads.
From 'tall' to 'supertall' and 'mega tall'
The increasing rate of urbanisation in recent decades has seen an accelerated trend in the construction of high-rise and tall buildings worldwide, particularly in the emerging economies of the world.
A fundamental economic driver for the growth of tall (particularly residential) buildings is the scarcity of land in the densely urbanised parts of the world. The competition for constructing the tallest building in a city, country, region or the world has acted as another driver for the growth of tall buildings worldwide. In the past two decades or so, the race for constructing the tallest has been extended to include the contest for constructing the most iconic and spectacular high-rise buildings often characterised by complex geometries and leaning/twisting forms.
Over the years, the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) has been recording data of tall building structures, showcasing how they continue to rise in height.
Below is a graph of the timeline and height of tall buildings, culminating at the 828 m-tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2008. (Click image to enlarge).
Source: Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
According to the CTBUH's annual review of tall buildings, 97 buildings taller than 200 m were completed in 2014, which is the most ever in a year, with 60% of completions being in China. 11 supertall buildings (more than 300 m high) were reached in 2010, 2011 and 2012. South America completed its first supertall building, the 300 m-tall Torre Costanera, and the tallest building completed in 2014 was the One World Trade Centre in New York at 541 m.
The definition of 'tall', however, has changed over time. According to the definition given by CTBUH, a 200 m+ building is 'tall', 300 m+ is 'supertall' and 600 m+ is 'mega tall'.
However, architectural and structural factors such the context of the building, location, and the slenderness of the building (i.e., its height-over-base ratio) would demand more flexible definitions. Skinny skyscrapers, for instance, aren't possible everywhere and this has more to do with the target market and location than engineering and design capabilities. An example of this is the super skinny tall buildings in New York City, where each apartment is a penthouse that occupies an entire floor of the building. Engineers consider tall buildings with a height-to-base ratio in excess of 1:10 or 1:12 to be slender or skinny.
While tall, skinny buildings present a number of design challenges, the developers of the property need to be able to fill it with tenants who are willing to pay for the special views that a penthouse-style, super tall and skinny building offers. Location and environmental factors also influence how slender the building can go. Wind engineering is, for example, a fundamental aspect in creating tall, skinny buildings.
As design philosophy evolved, architects started to use the structure to inspire the forms of the buildings they designed. Examples of this include Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong (which at the time of its construction set the record of the tallest building outside North America) and Gherkin in London, where architects and engineers took adaptable approaches to the diagonalised grid structures on the building facade to create structures of efficiency and elegance.
Caption: An example of a location that has a large number of super skinny tall buildings is New York City, where each apartment is a penthouse that occupies an entire floor of the building
The evolution of the form of tall buildings
The design and form of original supertall buildings used to be structurally-driven, such as the John Hancock Centre of 1969 that had exposed structural steel as part of the design.
Today, architects and designers have more form freedom than ever before. Advancement in design and construction techniques allows engineers to assist their architect colleagues to create buildings that would have been unimaginable a few decades ago.
While complex forms would often result in an increase in construction cost, a careful and sophisticated engineering approach is required to achieve the architectural vision without unnecessary cost overruns. Whether it is in the choice of the lateral load-resisting structure and/or floor systems, or in the approach for integrating the structure in the overall geometry and architecture of the building, the decisions made by the structural engineer have a profound impact on the cost, amenity, constructibility, and sustainability of tall buildings.
Caption: Exposed structural steel was part of the John Hancock Centre's design
Changes in locations, functions and materials of tall buildings
The locations of the tallest buildings in the world, as well as the function of the buildings and the materials used to construct these buildings, is rapidly changing. Only 20 years ago, 75% of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were located in North America and as of 2014, this figure is less than 25%, with the shift occurring predominantly to Asia and the Middle East.
Change in function of the 100 world tallest buildings
The function of tall buildings has also changed in a significant way over the past five years. In the past, the function of the 100 tallest buildings in the world moved away from the predominantly office buildings that have dominated the tallest lists for many decades to more residential and mixed-use functions. Growing populations and rapid urbanisation in developing countries explain why so many tall buildings are being developed for residential and mixed-use purposes instead of for commercial office use.
Determining the right structural materials and driving economic design
The structural materials used in high-rise buildings are typically one or a combination of (reinforced or pre-stressed) concrete, structural steel and composite systems.
Structural material systems for high-rise buildings should be chosen by carefully considering architectural, economical and site factors. The economic drivers vary by geography as the relative costs of material, labour, time and space vary from one location to another. Other factors to consider in choosing the structural material include:
local market preference/availability;
project size/height;
building form (regular vs complex);
design considerations (fire performance, dynamic performance,
adaptability, and the like);
site location/access; and speed of construction.
Preferences and the economic viability of the different structural materials that are used in tall buildings' construction are also changing. In 1970, 90% of the 100 world tallest buildings were all-steel buildings. Today, all-steel buildings account for less than 15% in favour of concrete or composite structures. The cost of the material, technological expertise and the way that tall buildings are being built all influence this change in material selection of tall buildings.
Driving economic design in the construction of high-rise buildings isn't the same all over the world. What is cost-effective in one country won't necessarily be cost-effective half way around the world. Materials, labour cost, the value of time and the value of space all need to be carefully weighed in order to drive economic design.
"Tall behaviour"
From a structural engineering point of view, as high-rise buildings get taller and more slender, their design becomes increasingly (and fundamentally) influenced by specific behavioural factors that are much less significant for shorter buildings.
These factors include the dynamic response of tall buildings to wind loads both in the ultimate and serviceability limit states, and the differential axial shortenings of the vertical elements of tall buildings under gravity load effects. As far as these factors are concerned, the absolute height of the building is not necessarily the best measure for "tall behaviour". In particular, the magnitude of the dynamic wind response is more significantly influenced by the overall slenderness of the building and the natural frequencies of its fundamental modes (i.e., the first two sway modes about the principal axes of the building and its first torsional mode) than its absolute height.
The overall slenderness of a tall building is usually defined by its "height-to-base ratio", being the height of the building divided by its narrowest plan dimension. Essentially, higher height-to-base ratios and lower natural frequencies increase the dynamic component of the response to wind. A building with a height-to-base ratio of more than around 5 and/or a fundamental natural frequency of less than approximately 0.2 Hz is expected to respond to wind loads in a significantly dynamic way (where building inertial effects are significant) or even in a potentially aero-elastic fashion (where building motion interacts with and influences the wind flow).
Wind engineering of high rise buildings
Wind loads affecting the design and construction of high-rise buildings are intrinsically dynamic and random in nature (in both time and space).
Wind speed can be described as a mean value upon which random fluctuations or gusts are superimposed. The wind loads arising from the mean and gust wind speeds are called Mean and Background components, respectively.
For slender tall buildings, there is a third component of wind load namely the resonant component that dominates the structural behaviour. The Resonant wind load is the result of the fluctuating frequency of wind effects (for example "vortex shedding" effects) matching the natural frequency of the building structure. This results in amplifying effects much the same as the amplifying effect resulting from a playground swing or a pendulum being pushed at the same time interval (i.e., frequency or period) as its natural swinging frequency or period.
When designing a building, the Mean, Background, and Resonant wind loads need to be considered:
Mean wind load: Steady drag and lift forces due to dynamic pressures arising from the mean wind speed.
Background wind load: Non-steady drag/lift forces due to additional dynamic pressures arising from gust wind speed.
Resonant wind load: Transient inertial forces generated by the dynamic responses of the structure to wind (both direct and interference effects), which is negligible for low-rise buildings but dominant in tall buildings.
Building type Mean wind load Background wind load Resonant wind load
Low rise Significant Very significant Negligible
High rise Significant Significant Small
Tall Significant Small Dominant
Wind has always been an important consideration when erecting tall buildings and it becomes more important and complex as the height increases.
Wind loading on tall buildings can have a direct impact on the serviceability of the building as well as the comfort of occupants, as they will be able to perceive building motion (acceleration) due to the Resonant component of wind if appropriate design measures aren't used to mitigate excessive building vibrations.
Controlling wind motion or acceleration to acceptable levels for human comfort is often a critical aspect of tall building design. As is the case with other resonant dynamic effects, increasing damping is often the most effective method in controlling wind motions. However, the issue is that a reliable level of damping in buildings is often quite limited (i.e. equal or less than 1% of critical damping). Therefore, additional dampers would often be required. A common approach is to add tuned mass dampers (TMDs) at or near the top of the tall building. A TMD acts essentially as a shock absorber, pushing the building against the force of the wind.
Seismic engineering of high rise buildings
The prime objective of seismic design is clearly to provide life safety. The common practice to achieve economic and safe design is to dissipate seismic energy in the structure during an earthquake by forming controlled and stable "damages" in the structure (in the so called "plastic hinges").
To ensure that damage is distributed rather uniformly among floors and that the gravity load path is not compromised, engineers often use what is called a "strong column/weak beam" design philosophy, which stipulates that the columns of a joint needs to be at least 20% stronger than the beams framing the same joint. While this philosophy provides life safety, the implication of widespread plastic hinges is extensive damage throughout the structure to the extent that the building might be damaged beyond repair due to an earthquake.
Christchurch's central business district saw the devastating impact that an earthquake can have on a city after the 6.3 magnitude earthquake of 22 February 2011 led to the death of 183 people in New Zealand's second-largest city.
The seismic forces generated by very large ground accelerations (peak of 1.8 g horizontal and 2.2 g vertical) caused widespread damage to buildings and infrastructure. While the majority of high-rise buildings performed satisfactorily in so far as providing safety to the public during and immediately after the earthquake, the extent of damage to many high-rise buildings were beyond repair. Originally the total cost to insurers for rebuilding was estimated at NZ billion, but this skyrocketed to NZ billion within two years.
The heavy financial cost of the Christchurch earthquake demonstrated the value that a "low-damage" design philosophy could have offered. At Aurecon, we are a world leader in low damage design solutions for buildings, aimed at reducing primary structural damage in bracing systems. By concentrating and dissipating seismic energy in predefined parts of the building, a low damage design philosophy creates a more resilient system that increases post event operability for owners and tenants. The additional capital cost of this investment can range from negligible to approximately 4% with a base isolation system. Downstream advantages include secure tenants, lower insurance premiums and fundamentally a safer built environment.
While base-isolation systems, such as friction pendulum bearings, have been in use for some time, we have developed innovative "rocking" and "sliding" frame systems in collaboration with major universities in New Zealand. For example, we have incorporated post-tensioned rocking walls in high-rise building designs to increase the natural period of the building (without damaging it) and thereby reduce how much force a building "feels" during an earthquake (see image below). The post-tensioning elements provide restoring forces to bring the building back to its position after the rocking motion caused by earthquake pulses.
A look into the future: Material, technology and sustainability
The global impact of buildings means that engineers and designers need to start creating more sustainable high-rise buildings. Currently, buildings account for 40% of global energy use, 15% of water use and 30% of the waste that is generated.
Although the drive to deliver good, functional and economical designs for high-rise buildings is not changing fundamentally, the focus on produce energy efficient and sustainable designs is expected to increase at an accelerating pace. Tall buildings are proportionally more material- and energy-hungry than lower rise buildings. In high-rise buildings the structure is a large portion of the overall cost and embodied energy, and hence, the structural engineer can significantly influence the overall sustainable design outcome.
Sustainable structural design goals can be achieved by addressing the following three objectives: reduce, reuse and recycle. Advanced analysis and design methodologies allow us to design increasingly more efficient structures (with just the required amount of material and no more). Also, new material technology is opening the way for the reduction of the embodied energy per unit of material (in terms of transport energy, sustainable supplies, and the like). The use of industrial by-products such as fly-ash, slag and silica fume as a cement substitute can drastically reduce the embodied energy of concrete.
"Reuse" is about adapting the use of a high-rise building while keeping the original structure. There are growing examples of adaptive reuse of high rise buildings globally. To achieve future reusability of high-rise buildings, an important design consideration is the provision of "planning flexibility". This can be achieved in the design phase by a generous choice of structural grid, live load allowances and the like (i.e. use longer spans and larger live loads that are more adaptable to future reuse). The emergence of building information modelling (BIM) as a repository of information for asset management (as-built drawings, mill certificates and the like) is also expected to facilitate future reuse opportunities. Future high-rise buildings are likely to be designed with more consideration given to the recyclability of structural components (beams, columns, etc.).
While the trend in the development of higher strength steel and concrete is not stopping, use of new material with superior performance (like fibre reinforced concrete) and/or superior sustainability (such as engineered timber) is gaining significant momentum. While timber buildings of taller than ten stories have already been achieved, there are significant research and development projects underway globally aiming to construct buildings as tall as 40 stories in steel-reinforced timber.
The other growing trend is in offsite fabrication of high-rise buildings. As labour costs escalate relative to material costs and as the construction safety and quality gain increasing attention, solutions involving prefabricated or manufactured structural components and building modules are gaining increasing popularity. There is a growing trend in construction of high-rise buildings from fully modular systems.


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Home » Anime News » Fruits Basket Anime Reboot Reminds Us Why It's The GOAT Slice Of Life
Fruits Basket Anime Reboot Reminds Us Why It's The GOAT Slice Of Life
BY Taylor Bauer February 25, 2020March 11, 2021
A lot of people fell in love with Fruits Basket last year over the course of a two-part first season. In 25 episodes, newcomers to the story of Tohru Honda discovered a deeply emotional and human story of forgiveness, acceptance, and friendship. For others, the wait for a Fruits Basket anime reboot seemed like a pipe dream. When the original anime aired in 2001, it covered 26 episodes and didn't even touch the entirety of the manga series' plot. On top of that, author Natsuki Takaya disliked the series and the creative choices of its director, Akitaro Daichi. The reboot is more than a chance to get things right. It's an introduction to one of the most well written slice of life stories to millions of new viewers.
Spoilers for the Fruits Basket manga and anime are below.
I've tried to keep any included spoilers to a minimum.
Keep reading with care.
Fruits Basket – The Manga and 2001 Anime Adaptation
Image Credit: Funimation
The 2001 Fruits Basket anime is beloved by many who first began watching japanese animated shows around the 2000s. The show all started with a manga series, which ran for 136 chapters in Hana to Yume from July 1998 to November 2006. The series' name refers to a popular game played by Japanese children. In the game, children sit in a circle while a leader names each person as a type of fruit. Unfortunately, when the series' main character plays as a child, she gets named "onigiri," or rice ball. It's a move of mockery, as the kids don't want her to get picked in the game at all. She immediately feels left out, and always wonders when she'll feel like she belongs.
I mean, with a back story like that, it can't get worse right? Well, Tohru's mom dies in a car crash when she reaches high school, and moves in with her grandfather. While her grandfather's house is being renovated, she feels like a burden, and decides to buy a tent. She lives outside until she finds the home of her classmate Yuki Sohma. Yuki lives in the house with his cousins Shigure and Kyo. What she then realizes while breaking up a fight between Yuki and Kyo is that these aren't normal boys; they're Zodiac animals. When touched by a human of the opposite sex, they transform into their animal form.
It's a pretty incredible story, and one that didn't get told in its entirety during the 2001 anime adaptation.
A Non-Spoiler Take on Why Tohru's Story is the GOAT Slice of Life Narrative
Between the characters Tohru meets, the growth of all central characters, and the darker yet realistic themes, Fruits Basket captures every element of a great story. The heartbreaking scenes and memorable moments for these characters easily apply to times in life where you've been down. The hope that Tohru finds in even the most slim spaces inspires everyone she meets. As we meet the Zodiacs, we slowly see how screwed up their lives are. Some get rejected by their families, others never find peace with who they are. Either way, most people Tohru meets, like her, feel down and out.
Enter Tohru: someone with just as much to feel dreadful about, yet still looking for the best in everything. It's overwhelming at times to see how impactful Tohru's presence is on the Zodiac characters. Not to mention, her best friends in school have tough backstories as well. Just when they needed something positive to look to in life, Tohru finds them. It's a great allegory for us to follow daily: be the reason today that someone makes it to tomorrow.
So, with a story that great, how could they botch the anime adaptation? Well, plenty of mistakes emerge throughout the development process.
The Original Anime's Mistakes – Why a Fruits Basket Anime Reboot was Necessary
Akitaro Daichi came on to direct a 26 episode Fruits Basket anime, but it was troubled from the start. Daichi decided to change a few central character's mannerisms to fit more with an anime style of storytelling. Not only that, but Daichi and author Takaya constantly ran into arguments. Everything from the cast's voices to the coloring and storytelling were wrong, in Takaya's eyes. By the end of the show, Takaya hated it all, but fans loved it. Multiple special editions released to the public, featuring everything from message cards, booklets, and CD soundtracks.
Why Funimation Decided to Pursue a Fruits Basket Anime Reboot
The original anime's troubled final product and incomplete story didn't matter. Fans loved the story of Tohru Honda. Well, 17 years later, Funimation announced a Fruits Basket anime reboot. The first season debuted in April 2019, and this version covers all 136 issues. Due to Takaya's disagreement with the staff and studio, TMS Entertainment took over. Director Yoshihide Ibata and composer Taku Kishimoto would work to bring character designer Masaru Shindou's images to life. To me, the animation of the new series is significantly better, but improvements in technology will do that.
Interestingly enough, the Japanese version features all new voice actors. For the English version, many of the 2001 cast are returning. Funimation is sharing the rights to the show with Crunchyroll. Crunchyroll has the Japanese voice version, with English subtitles, and Funimation has the English dubbed version.
When Will the Second Season Air?
The second season of Fruits Basket is set to kick off in April 2020. As a diehard fan of the first season, I'm glad we're not having to wait too long for more. If you don't watch much new anime, some seasons can go with years between each release. I think the story of Fruits Basket goes so deeply into the heart of what makes slice of life stories so touching. If readers want, I can dive into some themes of Fruits Basket in a separate post. This piece was simply to talk about the anime reboot with as few spoilers as possible.
If you're looking for shows to watch while you wait for season two, why not check out Shah's list of the best new anime of the decade for something you might have missed!
animeCrunchyrollFruits BasketFunimationSlice of LifeTohru Honda
Ultraman Anime Cast Announced for New Show
The upcoming Ultraman show is growing in popularity with anime and manga fans. Now, the Ultraman anime cast released not too long ago, and fans are excited to see who will play their favorite characters. […]
BY Taylor Bauer April 8, 2019
AnimeJapan 2019 Review Brings Great Fun And Excitement
Conventions exist to show off great content and excite fans. With conventions all over the world, "cons" as they are known grow every year. More and more people get out to these events for the […]
BY Taylor Bauer April 22, 2019
Shenmue the Animation Release Date Set for February


I've been coming to Scilly on camping holidays since I was a child and made the move full time to the islands in 2004.
I have a PhD on seabirds and have been involved in counting them in Scilly since the nationwide survey of Seabird 2000.
Each year I have a summer contract to track the fortunes of our internationally important seabirds, to see where and how many eggs they lay and how many chicks they fledge from them.
My job as Seabird Ecologist for the Trust allows me restricted access to some of the more remote rocks and islands which is a real privilege.
At the Trust we are working in collaboration with other conservation bodies to make sure we do the best we can to protect our seabirds and maintain or enhance the habitat available to them across the islands.
In particular I have been involved from the start in the Seabird Recovery Project to remove invasive rats from St Agnes and Gugh. It has been fabulous to monitor the increasing success of the burrow nesting Manx shearwaters and storm petrels there since rat-free status was achieved and to support the community in their efforts to keep it that way.


I do like a quirky book. I was going to say I like a quirky book now and again, which is true, because I couldn't read them constantly as their quirkiness would seem less special then. Wow, that was a bit long and complicated, sorry. Back to my point, I like a good quirky book and when I received an email from a new publishing house, Humpty Dumpty Publishing, asking me if I would like to try their first book 'Topsy Turvy Tales' I agreed in an instant and before long a lovely cloth bound book arrived in the post.
Charlotte Boulay-Goldsmith's collection of 'Topsy Turvy Tales' do just what they promise on the tin, well on the book cover. Here are four unusual almost fairy tales 'Quest for the Head', 'The Girl With Liquid Eyes', 'Chester the Oyster' and 'The Man with the Stolen Heart', told in verse and wonderfully illustrated by Laura Hyde. Each one is rather short and so I don't want to give their stories away that said I do think their titles probably sum them up rather well enough anyway.
What was lovely is that the first time I heard the tales was when The Beard read them aloud to me at bedtime, spoken they worked wonderfully but I must say it is with the illustrations that the tales come alive all the more and why I have put both author and illustrator in the title of my post because I think they are equally marvellous and work wonderfully as a whole.
It really is a wonderfully collaborative collection.
So if you fancy something quirky (and do go and see the publishers website for even more quirky gifts, I want that Humpty Dumpty on a wall bag) for yourself or as a special little gift (I nearly mentioned a gift for C********, I have seen season treats in the shop this week, eek) for someone who likes a twisted, or should that be topsy turvy, tale then you couldn't go wrong with this I don't think. With its images and the lovely cloth bound feel it really is an object of joy as well as a book, I wouldn't mind seeing more hardbacks come out in this style. I look forward to what Humpty Dumpty decides to publish next – not something I expected to be saying.


I have way too much stuff to do over the next couple of weeks. The end of the semester looms and the work is piling up, but I can still find some time for TAY. Oh and I'm also in the process of uploading my Spacemon series to yet another site. It's hard to even know if it's even getting new readers or not... But as long as I enjoy it it's worth it.
What's something that you put a lot of work into all the time even though it sometimes feels like you get very little in return? Discuss below or Talk Amongst Yourselves about whatever you like!


text:
Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling
Pallavi B. Mungse, Govindachetty Saravanan, Maiko Nishibori, Jan Subrt, Nitin K. Labhsetwar
Functional Materials Science
Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is the tendency of releasing gaseous oxygen of an oxygen carrier upon heating, which is the key property for the efficient and cleaner combustion of solid fuels for their wide exploitation for thermal power applications. The solvent-free, improved synthesis method was developed for the synthesis of pure bixbyite, FeMnO3 (Ia3-, a=b=c=0.94 nm) as a low-cost, oxygen carrier by exposing of the abundantly available precursors (Fe3O4 and MnO) under inert- or reduction- atmosphere followed by air at 900°C. The bixbyite FeMnO3 showed the enhanced, stable multi-cycle CLOU performance than that of the physical mixture and it is converted into FeMn2O4 after the complete exhaustion of reactive oxygen under CLOU conditions. FeMnO3 showed the uniform elemental distribution of Fe, Mn and O, which facilitate the regeneration in air upon heating for multi-cycle performance. 3.2 wt.% of reactive oxygen can be obtained compared to the mass of FeMnO3 which is almost equal to the theoretical value under CLOU conditions. The lattice of FeMnO3 is altered linearly above 100°C with the increase of temperature, however; without the decomposition of the bixbyite phase and it was reinstated virtually upon cooling in air.
Pure and Applied Chemistry
https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1127
10.1515/pac-2016-1127
Dive into the research topics of 'Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Manganese Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Iron Engineering & Materials Science 75%
Oxides Engineering & Materials Science 72%
Oxygen Engineering & Materials Science 68%
Oxide Chemical Compounds 45%
Dioxygen Chemical Compounds 41%
Mungse, P. B., Saravanan, G., Nishibori, M., Subrt, J., & Labhsetwar, N. K. (2017). Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 89(4), 511-521. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1127
Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling. / Mungse, Pallavi B.; Saravanan, Govindachetty; Nishibori, Maiko; Subrt, Jan; Labhsetwar, Nitin K.
In: Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 89, No. 4, 01.04.2017, p. 511-521.
Mungse, PB, Saravanan, G, Nishibori, M, Subrt, J & Labhsetwar, NK 2017, 'Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling', Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 511-521. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1127
Mungse PB, Saravanan G, Nishibori M, Subrt J, Labhsetwar NK. Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2017 Apr 1;89(4):511-521. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1127
Mungse, Pallavi B. ; Saravanan, Govindachetty ; Nishibori, Maiko ; Subrt, Jan ; Labhsetwar, Nitin K. / Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling. In: Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2017 ; Vol. 89, No. 4. pp. 511-521.
@article{994ba5b7ecb3429888b9ca45e1411c7a,
title = "Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling",
abstract = "Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is the tendency of releasing gaseous oxygen of an oxygen carrier upon heating, which is the key property for the efficient and cleaner combustion of solid fuels for their wide exploitation for thermal power applications. The solvent-free, improved synthesis method was developed for the synthesis of pure bixbyite, FeMnO3 (Ia3-, a=b=c=0.94 nm) as a low-cost, oxygen carrier by exposing of the abundantly available precursors (Fe3O4 and MnO) under inert- or reduction- atmosphere followed by air at 900°C. The bixbyite FeMnO3 showed the enhanced, stable multi-cycle CLOU performance than that of the physical mixture and it is converted into FeMn2O4 after the complete exhaustion of reactive oxygen under CLOU conditions. FeMnO3 showed the uniform elemental distribution of Fe, Mn and O, which facilitate the regeneration in air upon heating for multi-cycle performance. 3.2 wt.% of reactive oxygen can be obtained compared to the mass of FeMnO3 which is almost equal to the theoretical value under CLOU conditions. The lattice of FeMnO3 is altered linearly above 100°C with the increase of temperature, however; without the decomposition of the bixbyite phase and it was reinstated virtually upon cooling in air.",
author = "Mungse, {Pallavi B.} and Govindachetty Saravanan and Maiko Nishibori and Jan Subrt and Labhsetwar, {Nitin K.}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 IUPAC & De Gruyter.",
doi = "10.1515/pac-2016-1127",
journal = "Pure and Applied Chemistry",
publisher = "IUPAC Secretariat",
T1 - Solvent-free, improved synthesis of pure bixbyite phase of iron and manganese mixed oxides as low-cost, potential oxygen carrier for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling
AU - Mungse, Pallavi B.
AU - Saravanan, Govindachetty
AU - Nishibori, Maiko
AU - Subrt, Jan
AU - Labhsetwar, Nitin K.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 IUPAC & De Gruyter.
N2 - Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is the tendency of releasing gaseous oxygen of an oxygen carrier upon heating, which is the key property for the efficient and cleaner combustion of solid fuels for their wide exploitation for thermal power applications. The solvent-free, improved synthesis method was developed for the synthesis of pure bixbyite, FeMnO3 (Ia3-, a=b=c=0.94 nm) as a low-cost, oxygen carrier by exposing of the abundantly available precursors (Fe3O4 and MnO) under inert- or reduction- atmosphere followed by air at 900°C. The bixbyite FeMnO3 showed the enhanced, stable multi-cycle CLOU performance than that of the physical mixture and it is converted into FeMn2O4 after the complete exhaustion of reactive oxygen under CLOU conditions. FeMnO3 showed the uniform elemental distribution of Fe, Mn and O, which facilitate the regeneration in air upon heating for multi-cycle performance. 3.2 wt.% of reactive oxygen can be obtained compared to the mass of FeMnO3 which is almost equal to the theoretical value under CLOU conditions. The lattice of FeMnO3 is altered linearly above 100°C with the increase of temperature, however; without the decomposition of the bixbyite phase and it was reinstated virtually upon cooling in air.
AB - Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is the tendency of releasing gaseous oxygen of an oxygen carrier upon heating, which is the key property for the efficient and cleaner combustion of solid fuels for their wide exploitation for thermal power applications. The solvent-free, improved synthesis method was developed for the synthesis of pure bixbyite, FeMnO3 (Ia3-, a=b=c=0.94 nm) as a low-cost, oxygen carrier by exposing of the abundantly available precursors (Fe3O4 and MnO) under inert- or reduction- atmosphere followed by air at 900°C. The bixbyite FeMnO3 showed the enhanced, stable multi-cycle CLOU performance than that of the physical mixture and it is converted into FeMn2O4 after the complete exhaustion of reactive oxygen under CLOU conditions. FeMnO3 showed the uniform elemental distribution of Fe, Mn and O, which facilitate the regeneration in air upon heating for multi-cycle performance. 3.2 wt.% of reactive oxygen can be obtained compared to the mass of FeMnO3 which is almost equal to the theoretical value under CLOU conditions. The lattice of FeMnO3 is altered linearly above 100°C with the increase of temperature, however; without the decomposition of the bixbyite phase and it was reinstated virtually upon cooling in air.
U2 - 10.1515/pac-2016-1127
DO - 10.1515/pac-2016-1127
JO - Pure and Applied Chemistry
JF - Pure and Applied Chemistry


Spot A Encastrer Led. spot led a encastrer 15w. kit 1 spot encastrer click fixe led inspire led int gr e blanc leroy merlin. kit 1 spot encastrer extraflat fixe led inspire led int gr e blanc leroy merlin. spot led blanc encastrable 7w 230v. kit 3 spots encastrer clane orientable led inspire gu10 aluminium leroy merlin. spotled spot encastr extra plat blanc ou alu bross 6 5w led dimmable. kit 1 spot encastrer fueva fixe led eglo led int gr e blanc leroy merlin. spot led encastrer pour plafond sd1063. spot led encastrer sd1018. spot led orientable solim encastrer luminaire. [Annuaire-discount.com].


text:
Hairspray the Musical - PLOT SYNOPSIS
Hairspray - PLOT SYNOPSIS
It is June 1962 in Baltimore. Tracy Turnblad, an overweight high school student, wakes up ("Good Morning Baltimore") and goes to school, where she receives a warning for "inappropriate hair height". After school, Tracy rushes home with her best friend, Penny, to catch the local teenage dance show, The Corny Collins Show ("The Nicest Kids in Town"). Edna, Tracy's shy and overweight mother, is ironing and complains about the noise of the music coming from the television, while Penny's mother, Prudy, complains about it being race music. After an announcement that auditions for a place on the show will be held due to the fact that Brenda (one of the Corny Collins Council Members) has taken a leave of absence from the show for "9 months", Tracy begs her mother for permission to audition. Edna, fearing that Tracy will be laughed at due to her weight, refuses. Penny and Amber (the main dancer on The Corny Collins Show) have similar arguments with their mothers ("Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now").
After gaining permission and support from her father, Wilbur, Tracy auditions for the show and bumps into a teenage heartthrob, Link Larkin, which leads into a dream sequence ("I Can Hear the Bells"). Velma Von Tussle, the racist producer of The Corny Collins Show, rejects Tracy from the audition because of her size ("(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs"), as well as refusing a black girl, Little Inez. Back at school, Tracy is sent to detention for her "monumental hair-don't". There she meets black dancer Seaweed J. Stubbs (the son of the hostess of "Negro Day" on The Corny Collins Show, Motormouth Maybelle), who teaches her several dance moves. She uses the new dance steps at the Sophomore Hop the following day to introduce herself to Corny Collins ("The Madison"). When Corny sees how well Tracy can dance, he gives her a place on the show ("The Nicest Kids in Town" (Reprise)). During the broadcast, Link, following Corny's suggestion, sings "It Takes Two" to Tracy, much to Amber's dismay. After the show, Mr Spritzer, the show's worrisome sponsor, appeals to Velma over Tracy's appointment to the Council. Velma, threatening to fire Corny from the show, is eventually left distraught and determines to ruin Tracy ("Velma's Revenge").
At the Turnblad house, Edna is receiving calls from fans who saw Tracy on the show. A call comes in from Mr Pinky, the owner of a plus-size dress shop, for an endorsement. Tracy pleads with her mother to come with her and to act as her agent although Edna has not left their apartment in years. Finally making it outside, Edna is given a huge makeover ("Welcome to the '60s") and Tracy becomes the spokes-girl for the shop. At school, signs of Tracy's fame are evident in the schoolyard, with graffiti on the walls and Shelly, another Council Member sporting Tracy's signature hairdo. During a game of dodge ball, a jealous Amber knocks Tracy out, and Link rushes to her side. Penny and Seaweed, who have developed a liking for each other, rush to fetch the school nurse, only to find her out sick. Seaweed, suggesting that some fun would make Tracy feel better, invites all of them to his mother's record shop for a platter party ("Run and Tell That"). At the shop, Tracy rallies everyone to march against the station on the following day's Mother-Daughter Day, as blacks are not allowed on the show except for the monthly Negro Day. Before they start, Motormouth Maybelle convinces the initially reluctant Edna and Wilbur to march as well. Link declined to participate for the sake of his contract with the show. During the protest, led by Motormouth, Velma calls the police and fights break out. When the police arrive on the scene, almost everyone is arrested ("Big, Blonde and Beautiful").
After the march, most of the women are locked up in a women's penitentiary ("The Big Dollhouse"). Because of Velma's dirty tactics, the governor pardons and releases her and Amber. Wilbur bails out the remaining people, excluding Tracy who is forced to remain in jail through another one of Velma's manipulations. Tracy is alone and wishes that Link could be with her ("Good Morning Baltimore (Reprise)"). Back at the Har-De-Har Hut (Wilbur's joke shop), Wilbur and Edna are left destitute because of the money it cost them to bail everyone out and with Tracy still in prison. Edna sympathizes with her daughter's dream – she had dreamt of making her "own line of queen-sized dress patterns". Edna and Wilbur reminisce about their past and how they can never be parted from each other ("(You're) Timeless to Me"). During the night, Link sneaks into the jail where he finds Tracy in solitary confinement. As Link and Tracy reunite, Penny's mother, Prudy, punishes Penny for "going to jail without her permission" and ties her up in her bedroom where Seaweed comes to her rescue. Both couples declare their love for one another ("Without Love"). After escaping from their respective prisons, the couples seek refuge at Motormouth Maybelle's Record Shop. Tracy thinks that it is unfair that after all of their hard work, The Corny Collins Show is still segregated. They devise a plan to help integrate the show, and Motormouth remembers their long fight for equality ("I Know Where I've Been").
On the day of the Miss Teenage Hairspray competition, Corny Collins starts the show with a song ("(It's) Hairspray"). Amber shows off her talents in a bid to get more votes from the viewers ("Cooties"). Just as the results are about to be announced, Tracy stuns Amber as she makes her entrance in a magenta dress without any petticoat underneath, taking over the stage, and is joined by Link, Penny, Seaweed, Edna, Wilbur, Little Inez, Corny, and Motormouth. Tracy is declared the winner of the competition. Amber and Velma protest the results, claiming that it is all wrong. Little Inez then tries to take the crown by force when Amber refuses to hand it over, but Tracy stops her, claiming that her heart is set on something more important, which is Link and her future. She then proclaims the Corny Collins show is "now and forevermore" racially integrated, to much applause. When all is announced, Mr. Spritzer runs onstage thrilled with the public's response to the telecast and announces that the governor has pardoned Tracy and gave her a full college scholarship and he offers Link a recording contract and Velma the position of vice president of Ultra Glow – beauty products for women of colour, much to the latter's chagrin. Prudy arrives at the station and, seeing how happy Penny is with Seaweed, accepts her daughter for who she is. At the height of the moment, the company invites Amber and Velma to join the celebration. With the station in joyous celebration, Tracy and Link cement their love with a kiss ("You Can't Stop the Beat").
Album Songs: Hairspray LIVE! Songs with Lyrics
Synopsis to Hairspray LIVE! Plot


text:
#ifndef ISCSI_IOCTL_H
#define	ISCSI_IOCTL_H

#ifdef ICL_KERNEL_PROXY
#include <sys/socket.h>
#endif

#define	ISCSI_PATH		"/dev/iscsi"
#define	ISCSI_MAX_DATA_SEGMENT_LENGTH	(128 * 1024)

#define	ISCSI_NAME_LEN		224	/* 223 bytes, by RFC 3720, + '\0' */
#define	ISCSI_ADDR_LEN		47	/* INET6_ADDRSTRLEN + '\0' */
#define	ISCSI_ALIAS_LEN		256	/* XXX: Where did it come from? */
#define	ISCSI_SECRET_LEN	17	/* 16 + '\0' */
#define	ISCSI_REASON_LEN	64

#define	ISCSI_DIGEST_NONE	0
#define	ISCSI_DIGEST_CRC32C	1

/*
 * Session configuration, set when adding the session.
 */
struct iscsi_session_conf {
	char 		isc_initiator[ISCSI_NAME_LEN];
	char		isc_initiator_addr[ISCSI_ADDR_LEN];
	char		isc_initiator_alias[ISCSI_ALIAS_LEN];
	char 		isc_target[ISCSI_NAME_LEN];
	char		isc_target_addr[ISCSI_ADDR_LEN];
	char		isc_user[ISCSI_NAME_LEN];
	char		isc_secret[ISCSI_SECRET_LEN];
	char		isc_mutual_user[ISCSI_NAME_LEN];
	char		isc_mutual_secret[ISCSI_SECRET_LEN];
	int		isc_discovery;
	int		isc_header_digest;
	int		isc_data_digest;
	int		isc_iser;
	int		isc_spare[4];
};

/*
 * Session state, negotiated by iscsid(8) and queried by iscsictl(8).
 */
struct iscsi_session_state {
	struct iscsi_session_conf	iss_conf;
	unsigned int	iss_id;
	char		iss_target_alias[ISCSI_ALIAS_LEN];
	int		iss_header_digest;
	int		iss_data_digest;
	int		iss_max_data_segment_length;
	int		iss_immediate_data;
	int		iss_connected;
	char		iss_reason[ISCSI_REASON_LEN];
	int		iss_spare[4];
};

/*
 * For use with iscsid(8).
 */

struct iscsi_daemon_request {
	unsigned int			idr_session_id;
	struct iscsi_session_conf	idr_conf;
	uint8_t				idr_isid[6];
	uint16_t			idr_tsih;
	uint16_t			idr_spare_cid;
	int				idr_spare[4];
};

struct iscsi_daemon_handoff {
	unsigned int			idh_session_id;
	int				idh_socket;
	char				idh_target_alias[ISCSI_ALIAS_LEN];
	uint8_t				idh_spare_isid[6];
	uint16_t			idh_tsih;
	uint16_t			idh_spare_cid;
	uint32_t			idh_statsn;
	int				idh_header_digest;
	int				idh_data_digest;
	int				idh_initial_r2t;
	int				idh_immediate_data;
	size_t				idh_max_data_segment_length;
	size_t				idh_max_burst_length;
	size_t				idh_first_burst_length;
	int				idh_spare[4];
};

struct iscsi_daemon_fail {
	unsigned int			idf_session_id;
	char				idf_reason[ISCSI_REASON_LEN];
	int				idf_spare[4];
};

#define	ISCSIDWAIT	_IOR('I', 0x01, struct iscsi_daemon_request)
#define	ISCSIDHANDOFF	_IOW('I', 0x02, struct iscsi_daemon_handoff)
#define	ISCSIDFAIL	_IOW('I', 0x03, struct iscsi_daemon_fail)

#ifdef ICL_KERNEL_PROXY

/*
 * When ICL_KERNEL_PROXY is not defined, the iscsid(8) is responsible
 * for creating the socket, connecting, and performing Login Phase using
 * the socket in the usual userspace way, and then passing the socket
 * file descriptor to the kernel part using ISCSIDHANDOFF.
 *
 * When ICL_KERNEL_PROXY is defined, the iscsid(8) creates the session
 * using ISCSICONNECT, performs Login Phase using ISCSISEND/ISCSIRECEIVE
 * instead of read(2)/write(2), and then calls ISCSIDHANDOFF with
 * idh_socket set to 0.
 *
 * The purpose of ICL_KERNEL_PROXY is to workaround the fact that,
 * at this time, it's not possible to do iWARP (RDMA) in userspace.
 */

struct iscsi_daemon_connect {
	int				idc_session_id;
	int				idc_iser;
	int				idc_domain;
	int				idc_socktype;
	int				idc_protocol;
	struct sockaddr			*idc_from_addr;
	socklen_t			idc_from_addrlen;
	struct sockaddr			*idc_to_addr;
	socklen_t			idc_to_addrlen;
	int				idc_spare[4];
};

struct iscsi_daemon_send {
	int				ids_session_id;
	void				*ids_bhs;
	size_t				ids_spare;
	void				*ids_spare2;
	size_t				ids_data_segment_len;
	void				*ids_data_segment;
	int				ids_spare3[4];
};

struct iscsi_daemon_receive {
	int				idr_session_id;
	void				*idr_bhs;
	size_t				idr_spare;
	void				*idr_spare2;
	size_t				idr_data_segment_len;
	void				*idr_data_segment;
	int				idr_spare3[4];
};

#define	ISCSIDCONNECT	_IOWR('I', 0x04, struct iscsi_daemon_connect)
#define	ISCSIDSEND	_IOWR('I', 0x05, struct iscsi_daemon_send)
#define	ISCSIDRECEIVE	_IOWR('I', 0x06, struct iscsi_daemon_receive)

#endif /* ICL_KERNEL_PROXY */

/*
 * For use with iscsictl(8).
 */

struct iscsi_session_add {
	struct iscsi_session_conf	isa_conf;
	int				isa_spare[4];
};

struct iscsi_session_remove {
	unsigned int			isr_session_id;
	struct iscsi_session_conf	isr_conf;
	int				isr_spare[4];
};

struct iscsi_session_list {
	unsigned int			isl_nentries;
	struct iscsi_session_state	*isl_pstates;
	int				isl_spare[4];
};

struct iscsi_session_modify {
	unsigned int			ism_session_id;
	struct iscsi_session_conf	ism_conf;
	int				ism_spare[4];
};

#define	ISCSISADD	_IOW('I', 0x11, struct iscsi_session_add)
#define	ISCSISREMOVE	_IOW('I', 0x12, struct iscsi_session_remove)
#define	ISCSISLIST	_IOWR('I', 0x13, struct iscsi_session_list)
#define	ISCSISMODIFY	_IOWR('I', 0x14, struct iscsi_session_modify)

#endif /* !ISCSI_IOCTL_H */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Griffin Books was thrilled to welcome Eddie Izzard to the shop on Sunday 29th July. First queuers arrived several hours before the signing began at 3pm and around 200 people braved the rain to meet him and get a signed book.
Bookshop owner Mel Griffin said, "We would like to thank Eddie Izzard for taking the time out of his busy filming schedule to come and see us, Richard Parry for making the connections and everyone who queued in the wet weather to attend. We're still buzzing from it!"
To find out more about our upcoming events, head over to our events page!


Volunteering abroad as a high school student is one of the best things you can do for yourself, your career, and the world.
Instead of spending the summer sitting at home, you can gain international experience and work on sustainable volunteering projects designed around the United Nations sustainability goals.
You'll be part of making a difference in communities around the world. You'll improve your resume and gain valuable skills that can't be taught in a classroom.
Not sure where you should volunteer during your summer vacation or which project is best for you? Here are five incredible volunteer abroad programs that are perfect for teens.
Travel to Southeast Asia and volunteer in Cambodia on sustainable community development projects in the small town of Kampong Cham. During your time in the country, you'll get involved with conversational English lessons, plastic cleanups, and help to maintain food gardens.
You'll also get to explore Cambodia with a GVI staff member, as part of a structured teen itinerary. You might explore the capital city of Phnom Penh, or travel to important historical sites and ancient Buddhist temples. You'll certainly eat your weight in delicious Cambodian food.
By the end of your program, you'll help make progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goal (UN SDGs) of reducing inequalities by improving access to education and healthy food sources.
You'll also earn your Institute of Leadership & Management (ILM) Youth Leadership Certificate.
Want to conquer one of the world's seven wonders while making a positive impact? Sign up for our high school volunteer program in Peru and cross the most iconic Incan site off your bucket list.
You'll stay in the vibrant city of Cusco and work closely with the local Quechua community. During your trip, you'll help the community prepare for the demand on natural resources as tourist numbers to the surrounding area rise.
Your project work will consist of helping to protect the natural springs, assisting with reforestation, helping to maintain the ancient Inca terraces, and building houses for the community.
Once you're done with your project work, you'll get the opportunity to go on Peruvian adventures with a GVI staff member. You might Trek Machu Picchu, visit the massive Inca fortress of Ollantaytambo, or marvel at the famous Temple of the Sun and Sacsayhuaman – the former capital of the Incan empire.
For a unique teen volunteer abroad program, journey to Ghana. Lined with palm trees, tropical rainforests and a bustling metropolis, it's the perfect destination for adventure-seekers.
While exploring the town of Elmina, you'll work on projects contributing toward the UN SDGs for good health and well-being, quality education and gender equality.
A typical day of the high school volunteer program includes working with local organizations to improve awareness of preventative healthcare practices, gender equality, and access to education.
During your downtime, you'll travel with a GVI staff member. You might go to the beautiful Kakum National Park, or visit the Elmina Castle and learn about the legacy of the transatlantic slave trade.
You'll also have the opportunity to travel into the capital city of Accra. Here you can shop at the local markets, dine on the local cuisine and visit some important historical sites.
Can't decide where to go? Want to find out what a volunteer trip abroad is like from someone who has done it?
Do your parents have a bazillion questions about safety, accommodation, flights, etc? GVI has been running volunteering trips for over 20 years and has a thorough pre, during and post-departure procedure to ensure you're safe every step of the way.
Hop onto a call with a member of our team and get all the answers you need to start planning your volunteer abroad trip!


text:
Becky Oldani Promoted to Director of Food & Beverage at the JW Marriott Grand Rapids
JW Marriott Grand Rapids is pleased to announce the promotion of Becky Oldani from general manager of Ruth's Chris Steak House Grand Rapids to director of food & beverage for the hotel. A nine-year AHC+Hospitality veteran with experience working at Amway Grand Plaza and the Courtyard by Marriott Grand Rapids, Oldani will now oversee day-to-day operations of the JW Marriott Grand Rapids' three signature food and beverage outlets: six.one.six, Mixology Lounge and jdek.
"With experience working at multiple AHC+Hospitality managed hotels and restaurants, Becky is the ideal candidate for this role," said Nick Remes, general manager, JW Marriott Grand Rapids. "As we both step into new leadership positions, I am excited to work alongside Becky and elevate the hotel's dining experiences to their fullest potential."
Oldani began her career at the Amway Grand Plaza as a concierge in 2009 before transitioning to a guest care manager role at the Courtyard by Marriott Grand Rapids. She began her practice in the food and beverage space in 2011 as assistant general manager of the newly opened Ruth's Chris Steak House Grand Rapids before being promoted to general manager. During her tenure, Oldani was awarded Ruth's Chris Leadership Team of the Year, and increased restaurant revenue by $1 million and profitability by 22 percent.
"On the heels of six.one.six's re-concept, I'm excited to work with the hotel's creative food and beverage team and continue bringing new flavors and experiences to Grand Rapids' thriving culinary scene," said Oldani.
A graduate of Ferris State University, Oldani received a Bachelor of Science in hotel and restaurant management and is an active member of the Grand Rapids community. In her spare time, Oldani volunteers at Kids Food Basket and instills strength and leadership skills in the hospitality industry as a member of Women in Lodging.
Tags: JW Marriott Grand Rapids


Atelier Kampot showcases Kampot pepper in a bistro cuisine that emphasizes its quality. Atelier's kitchen proposes a variety of fresh seafood, fish and meats, all locally sourced.
Our 1945 shophouse is also a showroom for our original Kampot pepper brand. An exquisite culinary adventure around the region's flagship products!