text:
My Journey Through Life and the Law
Written by: Beverley McLachlin
Narrated by: Beverley McLachlin
With warmth, honesty, and deep wisdom, McLachlin invites us into her legal and personal life - into the hopes and doubts, the triumphs and losses on and off the bench. Through it all, her constant faith in justice remained her true north. In an age of division and uncertainty, McLachlin's memoir is a reminder that justice and the rule of law remain our best hope for a progressive and bright future.
By Julia Lifchits on 2020-01-24
Great life story
This is a very personal look into an amazing woman's life. I particularly enjoyed that she read the audiobook herself, it gave it a very emotional and approachable touch. This is definitely good for those in the legal community and those outside of it- the focus is on the person, not the judge.
Lazy B
Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest
Written by: Sandra Day O'Connor, H. Alan Day
Narrated by: Sandra Day O'Connor
What was it in Sandra Day O'Connor's background and early life that helped make her the woman she is today - the first female justice of the US Supreme Court, and one of the most powerful women in America? In this beautiful, illuminating, and unusual book, Sandra Day O'Connor, with her brother, Alan, tells the story of the Day family and of growing up on the harsh yet beautiful land of the Lazy B Ranch in Arizona. Laced throughout these stories about three generations of the Day family, and everyday life on the Lazy B, are the lessons Sandra and Alan learned about the world.
Personal memoir
By Lilit on 2020-02-11
What I enjoyed about this is how personal of a story this is. However, this is most definitely more geared towards people who have read other books on the Justice O'Connor (e.g. First), as otherwise, a lot could be disjointed. I loved that she read the book herself, that added a great touch to the audible presentation. Amazing justice, great read.
The Life and Turbulent Times of Chief Justice John Roberts
Written by: Joan Biskupic
Narrated by: Jennywren Walker
An incisive biography of the Supreme Court's enigmatic chief justice, taking us inside the momentous legal decisions of his tenure so far.
Interesting snippets, lack of coherence
This book provides interesting insight into Robert's life in the law, but it lacks a personal approach to his life, which might be result of his rather private persona. There was rather little "red-thread" throughout the story, and I was particularly annoyed with the reading voice- it sounds like a robot.
A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery
Written by: Scott Kelly
Narrated by: Scott Kelly
A stunning memoir from the astronaut who spent a record-breaking year aboard the International Space Station - a candid account of his remarkable voyage, of the journeys off the planet that preceded it, and of his colorful formative years. A natural storyteller and modern-day hero, Kelly has a message of hope for the future that will inspire for generations to come. Here, in his personal story, we see the triumph of the human imagination, the strength of the human will, and the boundless wonder of the galaxy.
Love space-listen to this book.
This is a beautiful moving autobiography of a brilliant man- highly recommend this beauty of a story
Written by: Hillary Rodham Clinton
Narrated by: Hillary Rodham Clinton
For the first time, Hillary Rodham Clinton reveals what she was thinking and feeling during one of the most controversial and unpredictable presidential elections in history. Now free from the constraints of running, Hillary takes you inside the intense personal experience of becoming the first woman nominated for president by a major party in an election marked by rage, sexism, exhilarating highs and infuriating lows, stranger-than-fiction twists, Russian interference, and an opponent who broke all the rules. This is her most personal memoir yet.
Theirs always to side to a story!
By shelby on 2018-02-20
This is well-written and beautifully read. A great motivational book that shares Mrs. Clinton's thoughts on what happened and what should come next
Promise Me, Dad
A Year of Hope, Hardship, and Purpose
Written by: Joe Biden
Narrated by: Joe Biden
In November 2014, 13 members of the Biden family gathered on Nantucket for Thanksgiving, a tradition they had been celebrating for the past 40 years; it was the one constant in what had become a hectic, scrutinized, and overscheduled life. The Thanksgiving holiday was a much-needed respite, a time to connect, a time to reflect on what the year had brought, and what the future might hold. But this year felt different from all those that had come before.
Touching story
This is a touching memoir, very emotional because read by Joe Biden himself. Recommend to get an insight into his personal life- very motivating also.
The Brethren
Inside the Supreme Court
Written by: Bob Woodward, Scott Armstrong
The Brethren is the first detailed behind-the-scenes account of the Supreme Court in action. Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong have pierced its secrecy to give us an unprecedented view of the Chief and Associate Justices - maneuvering, arguing, politicking, compromising, and making decisions that affect every major area of American life.
Fascinating topic; but way too long
This book is an intricate study of one period of the US Supreme Court, with extensive insight into the thoughts of the judges. I enjoyed the book very much, however this particular story was too long for my liking- The last 5-6 hrs were hard to get through and the writing seemed little succinct at times.
My Own Words
Written by: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Mary Hartnett, Wendy W. Williams
Narrated by: Linda Lavin
The first book from Ruth Bader Ginsburg since becoming a Supreme Court Justice in 1993 - a witty, engaging, serious, and playful collection of writings and speeches from the woman who has had a powerful and enduring influence on law, women's rights, and popular culture. My Own Words is a selection of writings and speeches by Justice Ginsburg on wide-ranging topics, including gender equality, the workways of the Supreme Court, being Jewish, law and lawyers in opera, and more.
Understanidng RBG's role
By Anonymous User on 2020-10-18
In awe of RBG
This is a timeless piece on a grande dame. A lot to learn from this book.
And the Good News Is…
Lessons and Advice from the Bright Side
Written by: Dana Perino
Narrated by: Orlagh Cassidy
From her years as a presidential press secretary to her debates with colleagues on Fox News' The Five, Dana Perino reveals the lessons she's learned that have guided her through life, including stories from behind the scenes at the White House with President George W. Bush that the cameras never captured.
More personal annecdotes than anything else
This is not a bad book, just not at all what I expected. It is a lot more personal story rather than work-accomplishment/motivational (like for example Megyn Kelly's book). I was missing a clear thread in this story, it jumps in time and the chapters are too long for my liking. I did enjoy the advice Mrs. Perino included for young professionals. And she seems like a lovely person, all my comments are solely about this book and how it was written.
Settle for More
Written by: Megyn Kelly
Narrated by: Megyn Kelly
Anchor of the number-one news show on cable, The Kelly File, Fox News Channel's Megyn Kelly writes her much anticipated book, a revealing and surprising memoir detailing her rise as one of the most respected journalists working today. From the values and lessons that have shaped her career to her time at the center of the chaotic 2016 Republican presidential primary, this book offers an inside look at an uncompromising woman's journey to the top of the news business.
By Maureen light on 2020-11-22
Funny, real, a must listen
I was very positively surprised by this book. Though I didn't doubt Megyn Kelly had an eventful life, she proves here capable of an exuisite reflective and well-balanced self-interrogative quality. I like Megyn's humor- her reading her own book gives it a very personal touch.


ISOTEST 4S is indispensable in the area of passive corrosion protection. Non-destructive high voltage testing of the most diverse coatings and corrosion protection materials has proved itself again and again over long periods of time. The test, prescribed by many works' specifications and standards, has made a successful contribution, within the framework of quality control, to reducing stoppage times and avoiding interruptions to production and subsequent repair costs.
Coating thicknesses from a few hundred micrometres to several millimetres can be tested for pores, cracks or scarcely discernible transport damage by means of short high voltage impulses. The short action time of the impulses, which treats the material gently, makes it possible to test with reserves of energy, which, in turn, guarantees the stability of the selected test voltage even with dirty or damp surfaces.
Defective areas can be clearly distinguished, whether it be with externally or internally coated tubes, rubber coated containers, seams in plastic, fully sheathed fittings or machine parts... everywhere where non-conductive coatings are overlaid on conductive materials (e.g. metal, wet concrete) or where non-conductive coatings have an underlay of conductive materials (e.g. plastic seams in tubing or containers).
A large number of accessories are available for a wide range of applications. Test electrodes for the most diverse shapes of objects and coatings are complemented by components for the using of different earthing possibilities- including capacitance earthing to test fully coated components.


text:
Ray Vega Awarded the Ellen McCulloch-Lovell Award in Arts Education
Ray-Vega-vpr-bishop-20190416.jpg
Ray Vega
from the Vermont Arts Council:
The Vermont Art Council is pleased to announce the recipients of the 2020 Vermont Arts Awards recognizing outstanding individual and organizational contributions to the arts. Awards honor educators, artists, performers, advocates, administrators, volunteers, and scholars.
Ray Vega of South Burlington will receive the Ellen McCulloch-Lovell Award in Arts Education.
"We are honored to recognize these five extraordinary individuals," said Arts Council Executive Director Karen Mittelman. "Each one of them has been a trailblazer, in his or her own way. Their creativity moves, inspires, and stretches us – as Vermonters and as human beings."
This award is presented to individuals who have made a sustained contribution to learning in and through the arts and/or had a positive impact on the quality of education in Vermont. The award is named in honor of Ellen McCulloch-Lovell, former Executive Director of the Vermont Arts Council and President of Marlboro College. Recognition may be for work done on the local, statewide or national level, and is expected to focus on, but not be limited to activities related to pre-K through 12 education.
Vega is a three-time Grammy award winning jazz musician, bandleader, and a senior lecturer in jazz history and trumpet at the University of Vermont. He is perhaps best-known to Vermonters as the host of Vermont Public Radio's Friday Night Jazz program. In 2015, UVM honored Vega with the distinguished title of University Scholar for 2015-2016, making him the first creative artist in the university's history to receive the high honor. As an educator, Vega has been invited to conduct master classes in trumpet performance, jazz improvisation, brass performance techniques and Afro-Caribbean jazz for numerous schools and organizations in the United States and in other countries across the world.
Congratulations, Prof. Vega!
Vermont Arts Council - Vermont Arts Awards
Ray Vega website

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Original model - Paladins (Hi-Rez Studios).
Nevermind, no streched images anymore!
any one know how to rig this model?
@mrbluezcreen You know how to put a rig at a model into sfm in general or do you want to explain how to add it? If you are talking about the first one the rig is already inside the model files and it called rig_biped_mets. If you dont know how to add a rig in general right click on the model, go to the rig option another window will pop up find inside it 'rig_biped_mets' and select it, if you want to remove it later on go back to rigs option up top there is an option that says detach rig select remove all and the rig will be removed. Thats all hope with my answer i solved your problem.
this is an awesome render style. Did you render it in sfm? I loved it..
Yes, it is from SFM, but edited the poster in Photoscape.
Oct. 2, 2017, 3:36 p.m.
Oct. 8, 2017, 3:51 p.m.


This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 13 April 2019 by Linda Fone.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 5 December 2018 by Linda Fone.
Bishop in Europe's Christmas Message 2018: The Rt Reverend Dr Robert Innes.
Travelling over to London on the Eurostar in mid-November, I saw my first Christmas tree of the season. It was a giant silver variety placed prominently on the concourse of St. Pancras Station. And I was reminded that 'the Christmas season' starts earlier in the UK than in most of mainland Europe. And to be sure, this year, the Christmas spirit is sorely needed to boost flagging High Street revenues and give some cheer to those depressed by a seemingly endless Brexit.
Thinking about Christmas, I wondered what would happen if, instead of starting with Matthew, Luke or John we began instead with St. Paul. Paul has no nativity story like Matthew and Luke – indeed he doesn't tell us much about Jesus life at all. However, like St. John, Paul does have his own way of portraying the incarnation. We hear St. John's account of the incarnation at every 9 lessons and carols service, and it is the way he introduces his gospel.
Like St. John, St. Paul tells us that God became flesh in Jesus Christ. Christ became human. He entered human experience from within and dealt with the barrier that sin had erected between people and God. Where St. John in his prologue talks about people becoming 'children of God', St. Paul describes human beings as becoming a 'new creation'. But what Paul helps us to see particularly clearly is that the purpose of Christ's incarnation is reconciliation. And 'reconciliation' is a word that Paul repeats many times in this important chapter.
So let me be so bold as to suggest that the real, inner meaning of Christmas is reconciliation. Christmastime reminds us that God became human in Jesus to reconcile us to God. And at the same time, God commissioned those who follow Jesus to continue the ministry of reconciliation. In this way, says Paul, we act as ambassadors for God. Reconciliation is God's supreme Christmas gift to the world. And it is a gift meant for sharing.
Now we know that Christmastime does encourage a general sense of bonhomie and camaraderie amongst those of faith and those without. It may be the only time some of us get together with the neighbours or speak informally with those we don't much care for at work. Those small gestures are valuable in themselves. But they point to something much deeper.
'Reconciliation' is a deep and demanding idea. It is to do with bringing people back together again who have fallen out. It is concerned with restoring friendly relationships. Christ's incarnation first of all reminds a sinful and disobedient world that it has a problem with God, and that there is a relationship that needs to be repaired.
Then it challenges those of us who claim to follow Christ to be people of reconciliation ourselves. That is deeply uncomfortable. It means overcoming conflict, forgiving, accepting, welcoming and renewing broken relationships. Actually, this is so difficult that perhaps it is only with God's own help and inspiration that we can do it.
At the outset I mentioned Brexit. This is something which within Britain has divided young and old, one region from another, those with strong local allegiances from cosmopolitan folk who have learnt to feel at home anywhere. It has also threatened to divide Britain from its European neighbours. There is a major task ahead to reconcile across these differences. Christians could and should be at the heart of that task.
So this Christmas, I hope that the message of the birth of the Son of God, born to change hearts and minds, to bring people back to God and to empower people to be reconciled with each other is a message that will give us all comfort, encouragement and hope.
I wish each of you and your families a very happy Christmas.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 3 December 2018 by Linda Fone.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 1 December 2018 by Linda Fone.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 10 July 2018 by Linda Fone.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 8 July 2018 by Linda Fone.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie on 16 June 2018 by Linda Fone.
The Archbishop of Canterbury on Thy Kingdom Come.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie and tagged Archbishop, Thy Kingdom Come on 26 May 2018 by Linda Fone.
This entry was posted in Geen categorie and tagged Advent, appeal, Bishop in Europe on 23 April 2018 by Linda Fone.
Sunday 23rd April 2018, the Third Sunday of Easter.
The video link for this sermon – is for an extended version of this sermon that Peter preached in the United States on a previous occasion. It is longer – 40 minutes – but follows the same outline but with more or extended illustrations. Worth watching it to get the full flavour of this topic.
There is a "Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". Unsurprisingly, they poke fun at organized religion – Christianity, especially, because poking fun at Muslims is too scary.
They have no evidence of a Flying Spaghetti Monster because they feel we have no evidence for our faith.
In today's sermon, I would like to revisit Easter, since it is still fresh in our minds and be true the quote from 1 Peter 3:15 that I opened with.
You see, I would like to give you five reasons, five secular reasons, five 'evidences' of the bodily resurrection of Christ. It is the most important event in our faith. But, is there any way we can convincingly talk to them about real evidence from this faith of ours? I think there is.
I will tie one hand behind my back, figuratively speaking, by not relying on the Bible to tell us Jesus rose, but rather by using what a detective would call "evidence".
his deity, but not about his existence.
then and agreed that Donald Duck was not completely reliable.
But what about, say, Alexander the Great? The earliest history we have of him was written 350 after his death! Yes, and Julius Caesar? Anyone want to say, "He was a mythical figure!"? The first account we have of him was written 160 years after his death by Suetonius – He was the son of Jupiter and born of a virgin . To be sure, there were earlier writings about Julius Caesar or Alexander the Great, but we don't have them.
We do have Early, Eyewitness accounts about the life of Jesus.
Paul: writing in 1 Corinthians 15:3-5, where his words appear to contain an early Christian Creed, which can be dated to within 35 AD (only 2 years approximately after the death of Jesus).
had become his disciples did not abandon their discipleship, they reported that 3 days later he arose from the tomb alive. Accordingly, he could have possibly been the Messiah ….
So those are three non-Christian sources from the Jewish hierarchy, a Roman historian, and a Roman Governor.
There are dozens more like these.
He Lived – no doubt about it.
He died: No accounts suggest he didn't.
Nevertheless, there are plenty of modern writers suggesting Jesus did not die. Most often, they put forward fantastic ideas about him"fainting" on the Cross.
carry a heavy cross 700 meters to Golgotha, nailed to it, and hung there suffocating and bleeding for 3 hours; but then he fainted and revived.
This is explained in Muslim writings that actually Judas was crucified and Allah put Jesus' face on him so everyone would think that Jesus had been crucified.
So could it be true? Could He have fainted? I found my answer in an improbable place: The Journal of the American Medical Association (March 1986).
the impossibility of Jesus surviving the cross.
He died – no doubt about it.
Now don't forget, the Romans were expecting to crucify Barabbas; Matthew calls him a "notorious prisoner"; Mark and Luke record that he "took part in a riot".
In other words, here is someone with some military power and the will to use it, so the Roman Army wasn't going to let anything go wrong.
expecting. Send in the Marines!
After the crucifixion the Chief Priests, who had listened to Jesus' claim that he was going to return in 3 days, go to Pilate and ask for guards to ensure that nothing goes wrong.
In Matthew 27, Pilate says "You have a watch".
The word for "watch" is the Greek: kustodia . We know a kustodia was a group of 16 Roman soldiers on a constant rotation of duty.
Who were these guys? These are some very tough men: They had boot camp for 6 months – today's armed forces are about 3 months. The penalty for cowardice or disobeying orders was decimation; Decimation means that all the soldiers line up, and every 10 th soldier is beaten to death by his comrades.
The penalty for falling asleep on guard duty was stoning – so, these soldiers had a lot to lose.
"the guards shook for fear of him, and became like dead men". We might just as accurately read – "a miracle took him".
The Marines of their day, tasked to keep Jesus behind a 2 ton rock, were unable to keep Him there and, by their own admission, lost him due to a miracle.
and the 'Marines', helped by a 2-ton rock, couldn't keep him in the grave….
The easiest way for the authorities to disprove the Resurrection was to produce a body! But no one – on any side – ever claimed this.
"The earliest Jewish claim that the disciples had stolen Jesus' body (Matt. 28.15) shows that the body was in fact missingfrom the tomb . [When the disciples proclaimed], "He is risen from the dead!" [the Jews did not] point to his occupied tomb and to laugh them off as fanatics, but claimed that they had taken away Jesus' body.
Well, wasn't the risen Christ just a hallucination? This is also a criticism of the resurrection.
and everyone agrees the tomb was empty.
have one more bit of evidence to complete the package!
The Gospels are embarrassing. No one would write it that way if it didn't happen.
Gloriously, Paul controverted in his letter to the Galatians: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, meer, slaven of vrijen, mannen of vrouwen – u bent allen één in Christus Jezus ." Amen!
This is an awkward fact for someone like old Eliezer!
Roman soldiers first reported an empty tomb, but Mary Magdalene was the first to see the risen Christ = a Marketing disaster !
And where were the disciples? Peter showed cowardice and confusion, they had been dispersed, followers were walking home like those on the Emmaus road, and Thomas had left the scene entirely!
They should have been camping outside the tomb, singing praises, praying and waiting for Christ to appear and…. Well, no, they didn't. How embarrassing.
So a giant – gigantic, COLOSSAL – Christ and a talking Cross – that might sound more "god-ish", but it isn't true.
and no one would cast the heroes of a first century story as women, main characters as cowards, and followers as clueless.
I'd like to end now, if I may, by stating another thing most of you may know.
It is not careful and compelling rationalization, deep psychological analysis, or clever Bible exegesis that brings people to Christ.
It is necessary, but not sufficient. We need the work of the Holy Spirit and we – you and I – need to be examples of the Christian path, and we need to be ready to give an account of the hope we have Christ Jesus.
we thank You for the insights into Your Word and the blessing that that brings.
We pray for those who know You: that today may have been a blessing and that we may go out with a renewed confidence to our witness.
We pray for those who believe You, but haven't 'received' You: that this lesson's fellowship may awaken embers from ash.
And finally, we pray that by being your workmen and women our witness may water a mustard seed of faith in those searching for truth.
In the name of Christ Jesus, Amen.
This entry was posted in Sermon and tagged evidence, resurrection on 16 April 2018 by Linda Fone.


Wonderful insight! Not sure about this though: "We can see this in the Book of Daniel 9 where Daniel had to wage spiritual warfare for 21 days before he could see."
Do you mean chapter 10? In both 9 and 10 Daniel "mourned" and petitioned and then was given messages with insight from Gabriel.
This might be splitting hairs but I don't recognize Daniel's actions as spiritual warfare, but rather intercession. In chapter 10, he had a dream about a future war and hardship, then began mourning which lasted 3 weeks, and when Gabriel gets to him he mentions the spiritual battle he had been detained in, and in the first verse of chapter 11 we see Daniel now decides to support him and Michael in this battle. It seems he didn't know about this spiritual battle before Gabriel's mentioning it.
I need to correct myself here ^, it doesn't say this is Gabriel, and it appears 11:1 is still the same angel speaking.
But my point being it was Daniel's humility which caused God to grant him a message of explanation. We do get a look into spiritual warfare here though.


text:
Gimnastyka na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1936 została rozegrana w dniach 10 - 12 sierpnia w amfiteatrze Waldbühne. Rywalizacja odbyła się w gimnastyce sportowej. Tabelę medalową zawodów wygrali gospodarze igrzysk z dorobkiem sześciu złotych krążków.

Medaliści

Mężczyźni

Kobiety
Nie wszystkie zawody kobiet w gimnastyce sportowej zostały nagradzane medalami podczas tych letnich igrzysk olimpijskich, dlatego też nie wszystkie medale w zawodach kobiet wliczono w tabelę medalową - tylko w rywalizacji w wieloboju drużynowym kobiet przyznawano medale. Dodatkowo rywalizację indywidualną w wieloboju indywidualnym, ćwiczeniach na poręczach symetrycznych i asymetrycznych, ćwiczeniach na równoważni oraz skoku przez stół gimnastyczny wliczano jako części składowe do wieloboju drużynowego. Poniższa tabela przedstawia zawodniczki z pierwszych trzech miejsc w zawodach. Tabela medalowa poniżej dotyczy zatem tylko zawodów mężczyzn oraz zawodów w wieloboju drużynowym kobiet.

Klasyfikacja medalowa

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
Oficjalny raport z Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1936 w Berlinie, s. 837–875, digital.la84.org, [dostęp 2021-11-03].

Dyscypliny rozgrywane podczas Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1936
1936

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A modern twist on a classic style trainer; the Skechers 52330 is perfect. These men's sports trainers feature a combination of suede, nylon and mesh paneled uppers for extreme comfort. Walk in additional luxury comfort on the air cooled, memory foam cushioned insole to make you feel like you're walking on air. Run, walk or jog steady on your feet on the rubber traction sole with great flexibility. Mid high top for ankle support and seven eyelet lace up for a secure and comfortable fit. Maximum comfort on the shock absorbing outsole to allow enjoyable active sports.


On Sunday we took Arrow to Duboce Park for the blessing of the animals. Pastors from the self-described "radical" Lutheran church around the corner were there in honor of Saint Francis Day, who is also the namesake of our city. The beagle proceeded to eat mud after being blessed.
After a low-morale Monday, Dan took me to a new-ish pizza spot in the neighborhood, Delfina Pizzeria. Even after yummy figs and cheese, clam pie, and broccoli rabe calzone, I still felt like quitting my job. Wahh!
See many dishtowel aprons in the September Tie One On gallery.
2 - I love the chicken and bread salad at Zuni and came home immediately looked for the recipe. I found it and made it for friends a week later and it turned out delicious! I'll look for it to send to you too. What's your email? I couldn't find it on your site or in comments, etc.


text:
2013 f1 standings
Who won the f1 championship in 2014?
Who is the youngest f1 winner?
Which f1 team is most successful?
The nine most successful F1 teams of all time Ferrari – 16 titles. Title years: 1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008. Williams – 9 titles. McLaren – 8 titles. Lotus – 7 titles. Mercedes – 6 titles. Red Bull – 4 titles. Cooper – 2 titles. Brabham – 2 titles.
Why is f1 2013 not on steam?
F1 2013 now removed from Steam due to expired licence. to anyone wondering, if you bought the game before, you can still install it, reinstall it, and play it at any time. it was just removed from the store, that means that nobody else can buy it now. To be fair, it's 3 years old.
Why did Vettel leave Red Bull?
Sebastian Vettel left Red Bull in pursuit of a new challenge In an interview with F1-Insider, he said, "I was proud because I did a good job. But to be honest, I was also a little sad that he left. I would have loved to drive another season with him. A new challenge did arrive in the form of Scuderia Ferrari.
What happened to Williams f1?
End of an Era in Formula 1: Williams Family Leaving F1 after 43 Years in the Sport. The team announced in a press release on Thursday that this weekend's Italian Grand Prix at Monza will mark the final race for the Williams family in Formula 1 after 43 years and 739 Grands Prix.
You might be interested: How fast are f1 cars
Who won f1 2016?
Who most f1 titles?
Who is the oldest f1 driver 2020?
Drivers 2020 Daniel Ricciardo . Team: Renault F1 Team. Born: 1989-07-01 (age 31) Lando Norris. Team: McLaren. Born: 1999-11-13 (age 21) Sebastian Vettel . Team: Ferrari. Nicholas Latifi. Team: Williams. Kimi Raikkonen . Team: Alfa Romeo. Romain Grosjean . Team: Haas F1 Team. Pierre Gasly. Team: AlphaTauri. Sergio Perez . Team: Racing Point.
Who is the winningest f1 driver?
Why is Williams so bad f1?
Just gas, tires, Engine rental, and transportation costs that much in formula 1 , much less the chassis and it's development. With formula 1 budgets varying so wildly Williams is on the bottom end of the spectrum.
Do f1 teams make money?
Teams also receive bonuses for winning the constructors' championship, and for other competitive measures. Ferrari is the only team to receive an "LST" bonus, which stands for Long Standing Team, of $68 million for being with F1 since the get-go. The third revenue stream for F1 teams comes from the drivers themselves.
Why are there 2 drivers per f1 team?
It became mandated that a team have two competing drivers . Drivers in the same team , whilst fighting for a title of their own, would also become more careful about racing against themselves, since having two cars finish the race – ideally in points-scoring positions – would further bolster the team in the championship.
Work permit for f1 students
F1 bahrain stream


What type of loan do you require?
Business Brokers Limited trading as hmc.money acts as a lender and a credit broker. Where hmc.money acts as a credit broker we can introduce you to a limited number of lenders and we may receive a commission. Calls are recorded for training and monitoring purposes.


The "mild" in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can be a misnomer. Many people will experience only a short period of problems such as confusion, headache, dizziness, or fatigue and then go on to have a complete recovery. But some people with an mTBI will endure much more long-term problems. In these cases, the term "mild" may detract from the seriousness of these long-term effects, leaving these patients without an adequate treatment or follow-up plan.
These factors should be considered by ER staff as potential red flags for further follow-up and treatment.


Claire Savard, Piercing Portfolio - Skin Decision Inc.
Claire Savard joined the SD team in 2017 and manages our Halifax location. She has been piercing since 2008 and recently became a member of the Association of Professional Piercers (APP).
Claire loves to ensure her work matches each client's unique aesthetic. Her clients love her effervescent personality and know every visit with her is an uplifting and beautifying experience. Please view her piercing portfolio below!
Claire also offers cosmetic microblading, and can give you the eyebrows or freckles of your dreams! View her microblading portfolio here.


text:
CKLT-DT (channel 9) is a television station in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, part of the CTV Television Network. Owned and operated by network parent Bell Media, the station has studios on Brunswick Square in Saint John, and its transmitter is located near Whitaker Lake in Petersville. It also operates analogue rebroadcast transmitters in Woodstock and Boiestown.

CKLT-DT is part of the CTV Atlantic regional system in The Maritimes. Although separately licensed, the station (along with its two rebroadcasters) is considered a full-time satellite of CKCW-DT in Moncton. Master control and most internal operations are based at CKCW's studios on Halifax and George Streets in Moncton.

Its programming is the same as that of CTV Atlantic flagship CJCH-DT in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with commercials provided from Moncton.

History
CKLT signed on for the first time on September 21, 1969, owned by Moncton Broadcasting along with CKCW-TV. As part of a complex realignment of television affiliations in the Maritimes, Saint John's original station, CHSJ-TV (now CBAT-DT) set up a translator in Moncton, enabling CKCW-TV to switch to CTV. CHUM Limited bought CKCW-TV and CKLT-TV in 1972 and merged them into the Atlantic Television System (ATV) later that year. Along with the rest of the ATV stations, it was sold to Baton Broadcasting on February 26, 1997 (with CRTC approval given on August 28, 1997), enabling Baton to take control of CTV.

Transmitters

On July 30, 2019, Bell Media was granted permission to close down CKLT-TV-2 as part of Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2019–268. This transmitter will be shut down by December 3, 2021.

References

External links
CTV Atlantic

KLT-DT
KLT-DT
Mass media in Saint John, New Brunswick
Television channels and stations established in 1969
1969 establishments in New Brunswick


text:
Belisana jimi är en spindelart som beskrevs av Huber 2005. Belisana jimi ingår i släktet Belisana och familjen dallerspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Externa länkar

Dallerspindlar
jimi


The cast of Wes Ball's The Maze Runner is almost entirely populated with teenagers, led by Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Ki Hong Lee and Will Poulter. But for the second part of the story, there will at least be one very important adult character in play. New reports have revealed that Aidan Gillen, best known for playing the duplicitous, conniving Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish on the hit HBO series Game of Thrones, is now joining The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials and will be playing the movie's villain.
This news comes to us from The Hollywood Reporter, which notes that the newcomer will be playing Janson – the character who is familiar to readers of James Dashner's YA trilogy as the main antagonist of the entire story. Much like his Game of Thrones persona, he also has a nickname – and, believe it or not, it's actually just as mean: he's also called "Rat-Man."
We only learned that The Maze Runner: Scorched Earth was happening this past Sunday (after the box office results came in), but now a few more details have been revealed about the project as well. Wes Ball, who made his directorial debut with the first movie, is set to return, as is Dylan O'Brien – who plays the lead character Thomas. It's remains unclear if other actors will be reprising their roles as well, but we will almost surely find out sooner rather than later. With a release date that is less than a year away, production is scheduled to begin at the end of next month, meaning that the actor deals will need to be in place in the next few weeks.
In the first Maze Runner, Thomas is introduced to us as he is being introduced to The Glade – a forested area populated by teenage boys and surrounded by a giant, shifting maze filled with cyborg monsters. Stuck with no memory of who he is or how he got to this strange place, Thomas makes it his mission to not only try and find a way out of incarceration, but also discover who is responsible for incarcerating him. Of course, this is easier said than done, not only because of the threats beyond the walls, but because of his fellow prisoners.
Aidan Gillen will be back for the next season of Game of Thrones, which will being airing in April 2015, and while that role seems to keep him pretty busy, he has found some time for feature work on the side. Most recently he worked with writer/director John Michael McDonagh on the drama Calvary, which came out earlier this year.
20th Century Fox loved how well The Maze Runner did with its September release date, and they're hoping to mirror their success by having The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials in theaters on September 18, 2015.


text:
<?php

namespace RayRutjes\Domain\Stub;

use RayRutjes\Domain\Identifier;
use RayRutjes\Domain\ValueObject\Identity\Uuid;

class IdentifierStub extends Uuid implements Identifier
{
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The roses smell so sweet at this time of the year.
We know that nouns are parts of speech that are fundamental to learning English and, simply put, nouns are the names of things. Similarly, verbs are parts of speech that describe some action. Both nouns and verbs are essential to complete a sentence and they are so versatile that they assume many forms. In fact, it is almost always true that a sentence has to have both a verb and a noun in it in order to make sense.
As is fairly common in English, several words appear in different parts of speech and are not rigidly compartmentalised. In fact, we have already been exposed to several peculiar characteristics of English such as homophones and idioms and also words that are adjectives formed from nouns and compound nouns formed from various combinations of words. Verbs and nouns can also be confusing!
You often come across certain words in sentences that stump you because you thought they were verbs, but it turns out that they actually were nouns! 'My LOVE for her is eternal' and 'I LOVE her' are good examples. LOVE in the first sentence is a noun and in the second sentence it is a verb. To check if a word in the sentence is a noun you could try using the words 'the', 'an' or 'a' before the word and see if it still makes sense. If it does, then it is a noun. To check if a word in the sentence is a verb you could try using the words 'I', or 'you' or any noun before the word and see if it still makes sense. If it does, then it is a verb. When we apply this test to the two sentences containing LOVE we see that it works.
English has many words which double as verbs and nouns and it is good to know more about them. The following quiz teaches you a little bit about such words.
"The roses SMELL so sweet at this time of the year." In this sentence SMELL is a VERB. Choose the sentence below in which SMELL is a NOUN.
The footballers smell awfully after a game.
As soon as I entered the house I was aware of the smell of the dog.
As soon as I went in I could smell the dog.
Would you say dogs smell more than cats?
"His heroic STRUGGLE bore fruit when his team won the match." In this sentence STRUGGLE is a NOUN. Choose the sentence below in which STRUGGLE is a VERB.
The adage 'life is full of struggle' is so very true in his case.
After a long and brutal struggle, the man won his battle in court.
His struggle with grammar was comical.
The couple had to struggle to make both ends meet.
"Light is able to travel in a VACUUM." In this sentence VACUUM is a NOUN. Choose the sentence below in which VACUUM is a VERB.
Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
The maid had to vacuum the house twice to clean the house thoroughly.
The vacuum cleaner broke down.
There is a vacuum between two layers of glass in a vacuum flask which ensures that hot liquids stay hot.
Now we move our search onto nouns.
"To PRODUCE rice you need paddy." In this sentence PRODUCE is a VERB. Choose the sentence below in which PRODUCE is a NOUN.
The farmer's produce is sold in the nearby market.
I want to know what ingredients you used to produce this yummy ice cream.
Can you produce the same level of performance every time?
I am going to produce the best comedy film of the year.
"The wicked mistress made the maid SLAVE for her everyday." In this sentence SLAVE is a VERB. Choose the sentence below in which SLAVE is a NOUN.
Managers were asked to ensure that the workers slave for 8 hours a day.
In the Roman times many women were asked to slave for Cleopatra.
The dog is a wonderful companion to a blind man as it can slave for him faithfully.
The maid was a slave who ran away from her wicked mistress.
"He slipped on the PEEL of a banana and fell down." In this sentence PEEL is a NOUN. Choose the sentence below in which PEEL is a VERB.
Monkeys peel bananas very easily.
Monkeys can eat a banana peel.
A banana peel is a favourite of the monkeys.
A monkey and the peel of a banana are made for each other.
"The PRESENT I gave her for her birthday was a board game." In this sentence PRESENT is a NOUN. Choose the sentence below in which PRESENT is a VERB.
The father, on his birthday, considered the son's excellent report card as a surprise present.
He was wondering what present to give his sister on her birthday.
I will present her with a board game on her birthday.
The boy stopped crying when he received a present.
"PLANT the seed in a pot and place it in the sun." In this sentence PLANT is a VERB. Choose the sentence below in which PLANT is a NOUN.
The thief wanted to steal the plant.
You need to plant poppy seeds to grow opium.
The murderer wanted to plant a fake clue to foll the police.
The Prime Minister was asked to plant a tree to mark his visit to the country.
"The cricket match I watched was a waste of time as it ended in a DRAW." In this sentence DRAW is a NOUN. Choose the sentence below in which DRAW is a VERB.
A Clint Eastwood film is always a good draw at the box office.
This match was the third consecutive draw in the series.
I took a draw on my cigarette and started coughing.
Can you draw the map for me please?
"I had to PARK the car a mile away from the venue." In this sentence PARK is a VERB. Choose the sentence below in which PARK is a NOUN.
Can you park the car in the basement please?
Bicycle owners park their bicycles in the cycle stand.
Formula 1 cars park only for a few seconds at the pit stop.
The biological park was close to the venue.


text:
Boeing 737 Plane With 143 On Board Skids Into St. Johns River In Jacksonville
By NPR
Updated Saturday at 3:20 a.m. ET.
A Boeing 737 aircraft arriving at the naval air station in Jacksonville, Fla., from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, skidded into the St. Johns River on Friday night.
All 136 passengers and seven flight crew members on board are alive and accounted for, officials at Naval Air Station Jacksonville said in a statement. Twenty-one adults were transported to local hospitals with minor injuries reported.
"Non-critical status is what we had of the 21 individuals transported [to local hospitals]," Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department spokesman Tom Francis said.
Officials did not immediately say what caused the plane to leave the runway.
During a news conference, Capt. Michael P. Connor, the commanding officer at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, said "the cause of the mishap has yet to be determined." He said the aircraft's passengers were a mix of civilians and military personnel.
"I think it is a miracle," Connor told reporters. "We could be talking about a different story."
After securing the passengers' safety, Connor said crews began working to contain any jet fuel leaks, according to the Associated Press.
The jet, which went off the runway at 9:40 p.m. ET, was in "shallow water" and "not submerged," the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office said on Twitter.
Navy security and emergency response personnel were on the scene, and an investigation into the accident is currently underway, according to the Navy's statement.
Connor said the National Transportation Safety Board is heading to Jacksonville to try to determine what went wrong.
Boeing also said it was investigating the incident.
"We are aware of an incident in Jacksonville, Fla. and are gathering information," the company said in a tweet.
Jacksonville Mayor Lenny Curry posted multiple updates on Twitter throughout the night. He said the White House called to help as the situation unfolded.
This is a developing story. Details may change as more information becomes available.


text:
The Helsinki Commission convenes public hearings on OSCE-related issues, which regularly include testimony from senior members of the U.S. Administration; foreign ministers of OSCE participating States; and high-level representatives from international organizations such as the United Nations.
The Iran Crisis: A Transatlantic Response
Commissioners Brownback, Smith, and Cardin held this hearing that focused on the deteriorating human rights situation in Iran, and how the U.S. and Europe together could help address this predicament. More specifically, under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran did everything in its power to crush dissent, resorting in every form of persecution, including execution. The relevance to the OSCE regarding the situation in Iran lies in the fact that Iran borders multiple OSCE participating states. Likewise, events in Iran, which is a rather large country, have a direct bearing on the broader Middle East and beyond.
Exploiting Americans on American Soil: Domestic Trafficking Exposed
This hearing includes statements by both Hon. Christopher Smith and Hon. Ben Cardin. The speakers for this hearing addressed a wide range of issues regarding Human trafficking. This hearing also focused specifically on the aspects of domestic trafficking, which is regarded by some to be a far more pervasive form of human trafficking.
The Future of Human Rights in Kosovo
This hearing, held by Sen. Sam Brownback and Rep. Chris Smith , stressed, among other things, that there was still a lot of work to be achieved regarding human rights in Kosovo, such as security and property issues. In particular, Brownback and Smith focused on the international community, including countries in the OSCE region. This hearing was held with increased diplomatic activity that may have led to consideration of Kosovo's status in 2005 in mind. Witnesses to this hearing included Soren Jessen-Petersen, Special Representative of the UN Secretary General and Head of the UN Mission in Kosovo, and Charles L. English, Director of the Office of South Central European Affairs at the U.S. Department of State.
Unregistered Religious Groups in Russia
This hearing focused the disfranchisement of religious minorities Russia. In several cases, authorities unfairly targeted religious groups with excessive force and threatened their right to worship. The hearing examined these cases and what the OSCE and U.S. have done in response. The witness John V. Hanford, III, Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom, gave testimony about specific measures the State Department has in place in Moscow for addressing this issue and what the administration of President Bush has done to respond directly to these violations.
Kyrgyzstan's Revolution: Causes and Consequences
Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) and others discussed the recent Kyrgyz revolution and the fall of the regime of President Askar Akaev. Protest movements in Georgia and Ukraine led up Akaev's fall. This hearing discussed the possible implications of such civil unrest were and the prospects for consolidating Kyrgyz democracy and other places to which revolutions may spread.
The Schneerson Collection and Historical Justice
This hearing examined Russia's failure to return the Schneerson Agudas Chabad collection of books to the Chabad community for 90 years, for study and use in preservation for the community. Consensus among the members of Congress and witnesses of the hearing was that the time has come for Russia to return these books to their rightful owners. The Chabad-Lubavitch movement has worked tirelessly toward this goal.
The Russian-Syrian Connection: Thwarting Democracy in the Middle East and the Greater OSCE Region
This hearing explored the destabilizing role that Syria and its support to terrorist organizations play in the security of surrounding countries, such as Iraq and Israel. The hearing examined the special relationship between Russia and Syria and this relationship's destabilizing effects on the region. The Commissioners and witnesses reviewed Russian arms sales to Syria and the Syrian support for Hezbollah, both of which are affecting the security of Israel and Lebanon.
Slovenia's Leadership of the OSCE
This hearing examined the challenges facing the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in 2005. New and emerging threats from external actors, including terrorist organizations and rogue regimes, have led the organization to take a greater look at its periphery and seek multilateral responses to issues ranging from terrorist financing to arms proliferation. Issues related to OSCE work were on the agenda of the recent Bush-Putin summit in Bratislava and could impact the organization's future activity. The testimony of His Excellency Dimitrij Rupel, Foreign Minister of Slovenia and this year's OSCE Chairman, presented an overview of the wide array of initiatives undertaken by the OSCE regarding issues like human trafficking, organized criminal activity and official corruption, anti-Semitism and other forms of intolerance, human rights violations in countries of Central Asia, and areas of tension or conflict in the Caucasus, the Balkans and elsewhere in the expansive OSCE region. Strategies for continuing to pursue these issues were discussed.
Advancing U.S. Interests through the OSCE
The OSCE has been a pioneer in defining an integrated approach to security, one in which human rights and economic well-being are as key to a nation's stability as are traditional military forces. It remains not only the largest trans-Atlantic organization, but the one with the broadest definition of security. The OSCE has also created the most innovative habits of dialogue and collective action of any multilateral organization in the world. The focus of the hearing will be how the OSCE can be used most effectively to highlight and advance the interests of the United States. Among the subjects to be covered will be objectives for the December (2004) meeting of Foreign Ministers in Sofia; recent high-impact security initiatives; expectations for the upcoming Human Dimension Implementation Meeting in Warsaw; and refining and strengthening the OSCE.
Advancing Democracy in Albania
Albania is expected to hold new parliamentary elections, and further reform is viewed as key to their success. The country has faced tremendous challenges in its democratic development since emerging from harsh communist rule and self-imposed isolation in the early 1990s. Despite highly polarized politics and splits within the Socialist camp in particular, there has been renewed progress. Albania, nevertheless, continues to face the difficult task, common to the region, of tackling organized crime and official corruption. The Albanian Government is making efforts, for example, to combat trafficking in persons, though it remains a source and a transit country for women and children who are sexually exploited or used as forced labor elsewhere in Europe. Meanwhile, Albania has maintained strong bilateral ties with the United States and cooperated with the international response to past regional conflicts. The country is a strong supporter of the war on terrorism and works within the framework of the Adriatic Charter, a U.S. initiative that includes Macedonia and Croatia, in laying the groundwork for further European and Euro-Atlantic integration.
Uzbekistan: Stifled Democracy, Human Rights in Decline
The hearing will examine democratization and human rights in Uzbekistan in light of the impending decision by the Department of State whether to certify Uzbekistan to continue receiving U.S. assistance. Uzbekistan, an OSCE participating State since 1992, has been closely cooperating with the United States in the campaign against international terrorism. There is a U.S. military base in Uzbekistan and Washington has stepped up assistance significantly since 2001. The agreement on Strategic Partnership and Cooperation was signed by President Bush and President Karimov in March 2002. However, Uzbekistan's human rights record has remained poor, impeding the further development of U.S.-Uzbek relations. Late last year, the State Department decertified Uzbekistan for aid under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program because it had not made progress toward ending police torture and other abuses.
This hearing focused on the human rights and democratization process in Uzbekistan. Despite Uzbekistan's signing of major agreements promising multi-party elections and other democratic reforms, Uzbekistan has not implemented policy that would move it in this direction. The hearing looked into what measures the U.S. could take within the OSCE to speed the democratization process in Uzbekistan.
Government Actions to combat anti-Semitism in the OSCE Region
The Berlin Declaration, issued at the conference, highlights commitments made by the 55 OSCE States and declares that "international developments or political issues, including those in Israel or elsewhere in the Middle East, never justify anti-Semitism." The action-oriented declaration also highlighted the commitment to monitor anti-Semitic crimes and hate crimes, including through collection and maintenance of statistics about such incidents. Helsinki Commission Members have spearheaded efforts to draw attention to anti-Semitism and related violence. These efforts helped create the momentum that moved the OSCE to convene this historic and high-level conference on anti-Semitism, attended by Secretary of State Colin Powell.
The Middle East: Would the Helsinki Process Apply?
This hearing, presided over by Commissioner Chris Smith, discussed the prospect of having an OSCE-like organization that would apply to the Middle East. While Rep. Smith acknowledges the argument that a mechanism like the OSCE for the Middle East would not be appropriate, due to the fact that it is a different region, and, of course, such a thing would be agreed upon at a different time, there is an argument to be made that the substantial gulf between the Soviet Union and the U.S. and the gulf that exists among many Middle Eastern countries is are analogous. In fact, a provision of the bilateral treaty between Israel and Jordan envisioned the possibility of creation of a Helsinki-like framework for the Middle East. Issues, however, are likely to arise, such as: To what extent are leaders from the Middle East willing to take ownership of such a process? Is Islam compatible with democratic governance? Would such a process be comprehensive? Which countries would or should be involved?
Human Rights in Putin's Russia
Since President Putin assumed office in 2000, human rights activists have charged that civil liberties and democratic development in Russia have been sacrificed to a "managed democracy" under the influence of both active and former officials of the security services. Putin's tenure in office has been characterized by the demise of independent national broadcast media, election manipulations and a "spy mania" that has led to espionage charges against several Russian scientists and environment activists. Nevertheless, Putin has rejected parliamentary initiatives that would have further restricted freedom of the press and assembly.
Northern Ireland Update: Implementation of the Cory Reports
This hearing, chaired by Rep. Chris Smith (NJ-04), was a continuation of an earlier hearing in March 2004 that focused on developing accountability and public confidence in the Police Service of Northern Ireland. This hearing reviewed a report by former Canadian Supreme Court Justice Peter Cory concerning the question of British state collusion in six murders in the Republic of Ireland and in Ulster. Justice Cory discussed the critical links between public confidence in the rule of law, government accountability, and the prospects for a peaceful future. Geraldine Finucane, the widow of murdered human rights attorney Patrick Finucane, was also a witness at this hearing.
Helsinki Commission Hearing Reviews Bulgaria's Leadership of the OSCE
His Excellency Solomon Passy, Foreign Minister of Bulgaria and Chair-in-Office of the OSCE testified in front of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, chaired by the Honorable Christopher Smith (NJ-04). Passy's testimony regarded the OSCE's program for 2004 under Bulgaria's leadership. Passy stated that implementations of OSCE commitments would top the agenda for Bulgaria's Chairmanship of the OSCE. The hearing covered the conflict in Chechnya; OSCE efforts to resolve the Transdniestrian conflict and "frozen conflicts" in the Caucasus; OSCE efforts to combat anti-Semitism and human trafficking; the situation in Central Asia; and promoting respect for human rights and democratic values throughout the OSCE region. Passy also spoke about Bulgaria's experience with its own transition to democracy and its ongoing human rights efforts.
The Bulgarian Leadership of the OSCE
This hearing, which Representative Christopher H. Smith presided over, focused on the Bulgarian Chairmanship of the OSCE, which had begun in for January 2004 and would continue for a year. The hearing specifically reviewed the OSCE's program for 2004 under Bulgaria's leadership. Solomon Passy, witness at the hearing, said that implementation of OSCE commitments would top the agenda for Bulgaria's OSCE Chairmanship. Specific issues that attendees discussed included the Chechnyan conflict, OSCE efforts to revoke the Transdniestrian conflict, work to resolve the "frozen conflicts" in the Caucasus, efforts to combat anti-Semitism and human trafficking, the situation in Central Asia, and promoting respect for human rights and democratic values throughout the OSCE region.
Property Restitution and Compensation in Post-Communist Europe: A Status Update
This briefing was the fourth hearing held by the Helsinki Commission held on restitution and compensation for property seized during the Second World War and in Communist-era Central and Eastern Europe. The goal of the briefing was to discuss developments since the CSCE's July 2002 hearing relating to the return of wrongfully confiscated properties in the region.
U.S. Policy Toward the OSCE
This hearing examined U.S. policy in a critical region of the world and Washington's relations with the OSCE--the largest regional organization encompassing all of Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States and Canada. Following the Cold War, the OSCE evolved into a singular instrument for advancing U.S. foreign policy goals in Eurasia, including the promotion of the principles of democracy, human rights and the rule of law. It remains the only pan-European forum for military-security negotiations. At the heart of OSCE is the explicit and implicit connection between security, democratic values and human rights. The hearing addressed specific human rights concerns, including the ongoing conflicts in Chechnya and the Caucasus, the deteriorating situation in Belarus, and the dismal human rights climate in Central Asia, as well as initiatives to fight human trafficking, combat anti-Semitism and related violence, and stem international crime and terrorism. The hearing took place as the United States prepared for the annual OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, which took place in Warsaw, Poland beginning in early October.
The Dutch Leadership of the OSCE
The United States Helsinki Commission held a hearing on the Dutch leadership of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) featuring the testimony of His Excellency Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Foreign Minister of The Netherlands and Chair-in-Office of the OSCE. The hearing reviewed the work of the OSCE under the Dutch Chairmanship. Specific issues discussed were the ongoing conflict in Chechnya, the deteriorating situation in Belarus, OSCE efforts to combat anti-Semitism and human trafficking, as well as promoting respect for human rights and democratic values in the participating States.
Missing Persons in Southeast Europe
Rep. Chris Smith (NJ-04) and Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell heard from people who had lost relatives in the former Yugoslavia (i.e. Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia) during the years of conflict in that region. This hearing specifically focused on Serbians who lost relatives in Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia. The panelists – Olgica Bozanic, Verica Tomanovic, Cedomir Maric, and Gordana Jaksic – represented not only themselves and their own families, but also organizations consisting of hundreds of families of the missing.
Arming Rogue Regimes: The Role of OSCE Participating States
The hearing will consider the efforts to curb the spread of deadly weapons and related militarily significant technology and equipment to dangerous regimes around the world. Rather than focus on the efforts by these regimes to acquire the material, we want to examine the capacity and willingness of participating States in the OSCE to be their source. The end of the Cold War left some states, especially those of the former Warsaw Pact, with huge stockpiles of military hardware, while economic downturns made their military industries and research institutes desperate for funds. The United States has encouraged these countries to maintain tight control over surplus equipment and convert the factories into industrial production. Still, several countries remain vulnerable to the lure of responding to the demand, even from rogue states and regimes, for weapons of mass destruction, delivery system, and small arms or light weapons.
Internally Displaced Persons In The Caucasus Region And Southeastern Anatolia
Rep. Chris Smith (NJ-04), other legislators, and witnesses discussed Internally Displaced Persons (or IDPs) in the north Caucasus region of the Russian Federation, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At the time of this hearing, this set of countries represented the greatest concentration of IDPs fleeing conflicts anywhere in the OSCE, which then consisted of 55 states. IDPs are not granted the same protections as refugees as stipulated under the U.N. Refugee Convention, although IDPs face similar problems, due to the fact that IDPs do not cross international borders.
U.S. Policy Toward the OSCE - 2003
The purpose of this hearing was to examine U.S. policy toward the 55-nation Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The Commission hearing focused on how the Administration has been using the OSCE to promote U.S. interests in the expansive OSCE region, particularly as a tool for advancing democracy. In addition the hearing touched on the anticipated OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Review. In light of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the hearing discussed the link between state repression and violence and the role of building democracy in U.S. national security interest. The witnesses and Commissioners discussed how the Helsinki Accords is based on mutual monitoring, not mutual evasion of difficult problems and how this concept can be effective tool for the U.S. foreign policy apparatus. In particular, the hearing covered situations in Central Asia and in authoritarian countries within the OSCE that are not putting forth meaningful reform.
The purpose of this hearing was to examine U.S. policy toward the 55-nation Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The Commission hearing focused on how the Administration has been using the OSCE to promote U.S. interests in the OSCE region, particularly as a tool for advancing democracy. The witnesses and Commissioners discussed how the Helsinki Accords is based on mutual monitoring, not mutual evasion of difficult problems and how this concept can be an effective tool for the U.S. foreign policy apparatus. In particular, the hearing covered situations in Central Asia where corruption threatens the development of democratic institutions.
The Republic of Georgia: Democracy, Human Rights and Security
This Commission hearing focused on democracy, human rights, and security in Georgia. The discussion reviewed the serious challenges that have been facing Georgia. In particular, the Commissioners and witnesses discussed the systematic rampant corruption which has impeded economic reforms. In addition, the Commission touched on concerning religious violence in Georgia. Since 1999, there have been many assaults against members of minority faiths, particularly the Jehovahs Witnesses.
Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe: the State of Affairs for American Claimants
This hearing examined property restitution and compensation efforts of the post-Communist governments of Central and Eastern Europe. In particular, this hearing examined their efforts in regards to the property of refugees who fled to the United States during World War II. Co-Chairman Smith reported on his efforts to personally raise concerns with officials of many countries regarding the need for nondiscriminatory laws that would be faithfully implemented. While Central and Eastern European governments have done much regarding restitution, the Helsinki Commission continued to receive a steady stream of letters from individuals and organized groups pleading for assistance in their struggles to recover stolen property.
Prospects for Ethnic Harmony in Kosovo
Hon. Christopher H. Smith, Co-Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, presided this hearing on the prospects for ethnic harmony in Kosovo. The hearing discussed the situation of human rights in Kosovo, focusing on minority ethnic rights following the release of an OSCE-UNHCR report which emphasized the need for progress in upholding minority rights and refugee returns. Congressman Smith was joined by very distinguished witnesses. Alush A. Gashi, from the political party of Kosovo's President Rugova (LDK) and Foreign Affairs Secretary; Rada Trajkovic, leader of the Serb coalition within the Parliament and leader among the Serb community in Kosovo ("Povratak"); Valerie Percival, projector Director for the International Crisis Group (ICG); His Excellency Nebojsa Covic, Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia, with the responsability of representing Belgrade in Kosovo and southern Serbia; and Daniel Serwer, Director of Balkans Initiative.
Escalating anti-Semitic Violence in Europe
While the anti-Semitism scourge lurks in the United States, the sharp escalation of violence against Jews in the OSCE region deserves attention. The most brutal incidents in recent months have occurred in France, Belgium and Germany. Violence has also been directed toward the Jewish community in the United Kingdom, Greece and Ukraine. OSCE participating States have pledged to unequivocally condemn anti-Semitism and take effective measures to protect individuals from anti-Semitic violence. Despite that commitment, attacks against Jews continue. Two Yeshiva students from New Jersey were assaulted in Germany. A mob attacked Jewish worshipers in a Ukraine synagogue. A gang attacked Jewish high school soccer players in France. Vandals vandalized several synagogues in Russia. A Marseille synagogue burned to the ground and synagogues elsewhere in the OSCE region have suffered firebomb attacks. Coupled with a resurgence of aggressive nationalism and an increase in neo-Nazi "skin head" activity, participating States throughout the OSCE region face the urgent challenge of stemming the tide of escalating anti-Semitic violence.
Developments in the Chechen Conflict
Since renewal of the Chechen war in late 1999, the conflict has been characterized by brutality and violations of human rights on both sides, especially on the part of the Russian military with its greater firepower. Hundreds of Chechens, especially males of military age, have been killed or have disappeared as a result of Russian military "sweeps." An estimated 150,000 – 200,000 civilians have been forced to relocate to neighboring refugee camps. Moscow contends that the war in Chechnya is an integral part of the war against international terrorism, and the U.S. Government has confirmed links between some insurgents in Chechnya and "various terrorist organizations and mujahidin." The U.S. Government has called upon Chechnya's leadership to "immediately and unconditionally cut all contacts with international terrorist groups," while calling for "accountability for human rights violations on all sides" and a political solution to the conflict.
International Cooperation In The War On Terrorism
Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Rep. Chris Smith, and witnesses discussed the OSCE's efforts to coordinate counter-terrorism activities among its 55 member states, along with the level that these states are fulfilling their commitments to comply in the fight against terrorist activities and organizations. More specifically, the hearing focused on the financial and diplomatic dimensions of the war on terrorism, along with the European Union's role in its efforts to fight terrorism in the OSCE region and the world over. This hearing took place with the recent U.S.-EU counter terrorism cooperation summit in mind.
Romani Human Rights: Old Problems, New Possibilities
This hearing discussed the mistreatment of the Romani, in particular the discrimination they face in Central and Eastern Europe. Witnesses commented on the exclusion of Romani from public facilities in several countries, which the governments justify as legal and legitimate public order measures. Witnesses also brought up articles in several European newspapers that explicitly described Roma children as less intelligent and more suited for "special" schools with limited academic resources. The hearing also discussed the use of a successful anti-discrimination program in Viden, Bulgaria as a model for other communities.
Romania's Chairmanship of the OSCE
This hearing discussed Romania's chairmanship of the OSCE, which began in January 2001. The hearing reviewed the OSCE's work in strengthening security, preventing conflict and managing crises in the OSCE region, as well as promoting respect for human rights and democratic values in the OSCE participating states under Romania's chairmanship.
This hearing examined U.S. policy toward the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The Commission remains keenly interested in the OSCE as a tool for promoting human rights and democratic development and advancing U.S. interests in the expansive OSCE region. The distinguished witnesses and Commissioners discussed ways in which to take advantage of the wide membership of the OSCE to put in place quite a number of improvements on the counterterrorism agenda, including getting more countries to sign the relevant Conventions on Antiterrorism and to increase particularly police involvement in the OSCE member states to counter terrorism.


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text:
\section{Characterization of Multivariate Mutual Information}
\section{Algorithm for Brute Force Analysis of a Query Made by an Individual User to Find the Desired Message Index}
\input{Algorithms/1}
\section{Algorithm for Brute Force Analysis of Queries Made by Multiple Users to Find the Desired Message Index}
\input{Algorithms/2}
\section{Characterization of Multivariate Mutual Information}
To characterize $I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};\p{A}{1}{1:N};W_{1})$, we apply the following: From Theorem 2 of \cite{yeung_new_1991}, the upper bound for mutual information utilizing three random variables ($X$, $Y$, and $Z$) is
\begin{equation}\IEEEnonumber
    I(X;Y;Z) \leq \min\{ I(X;Y),I(X;Z),I(Y;Z)\}
\end{equation}
This identity stems from using mutual information in the form $I(X;Y)$. The upper bound of interaction information can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\IEEEnonumber
    H(W_{1}) \leq \min\{ I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};\p{A}{1}{1:N}),I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};W_{1}),I(\p{A}{1}{1:N};W_{1})\}
\end{equation}
By definition, $I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};W_{1})$ and $I(\p{A}{1}{1:N};W_{1})$ must be maximized in order to achieve capacity, thus obtaining:
\begin{equation}\IEEEnonumber
     H(W_{1}) \leq  I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};\p{A}{1}{1:N})
\end{equation}

\section{Introduction}
The area of Private Information Retrieval (PIR) focuses on obtaining information from various databases while protecting user privacy. The goal of PIR is to maintain privacy while retrieving the largest amount of information possible while downloading the minimum quantity of irrelevant information necessary in order to obfuscate the desired message index. In the classical PIR setting \cite{chor_private_1998}, there are multiple non-communicating and replicated databases that contain the same messages from which a user may download a particular message of interest. When multiple identical databases are present, a user can download different segments of the desired message from different databases and then patch them into a complete message, thus hiding its intent for all databases. For this purpose, the user prepares a query for each database, such that the queries do not reveal the user's intent. From the perspective of information theory, the goal of query design is to maximize retrieval efficiency. Our motivation behind studying this problem in PIR stems from the problem of privacy-preserving information retrieval with a single database. We use capacity to determine how efficient we can create a PIR scheme in terms of the ratio of desired information bits to the total quantity of information amassed by a single user.

There has been considerable progress on topics that involve databases trying various strategies to compromise privacy, such as databases sharing information with other databases to compromise the privacy of a user, known as colluding databases \cite{sun_capacity_2018}. When up to $T$ of the $N$ databases are colluding, the setting is known as "T-private PIR" (TPIR). If all databases are colluding, then capacity for a single user is equivalent to the setting when accessing a single database, which is a major issue encountered in PIR. What has not been considered by \cite{sun_capacity_2016-1} is the presence of multiple users working together to obfuscate the message index while accessing information. This is known as "single-server multi-user PIR" (SSMUPIR), for which there is little prior work \cite{li_single-server_2018-1}. This solution can be expanded to solve other problems, such as systems with multiple databases. While \cite{li_single-server_2018-1} has successfully proven the feasibility for a multi-user setting, the maximum retrieval rate has yet to be found. There has been prior work for single-server PIR in \cite{kushilevitz_replication_1997} and becomes feasible when communication complexity satisfies a particular threshold. However, there has not yet been any systematic research on how a retrieval scheme can be designed for an individual user to interact with multiple users and an arbitrary number of databases while maintaining privacy.

\IEEEpubidadjcol

This paper aims to solve the capacity of both the single database problem and the multi-database problems. Our solution considers the unifying setting with an arbitrary number of databases because many real-world applications create collusion across networked databases. When instantiated to the little-studied single database setting, our novel approach derives from the observation that a setting with one database and multiple users can be mapped as a mirrored version of \cite{sun_capacity_2017}. This approach allows us to design a retrieval scheme and analyze maximum retrieval efficiency. We refer to the setting of multiple users accessing multiple databases as multi-user PIR (MUPIR). Our setting for introducing MUPIR stems from the basis for network coding in \cite{ahlswede_network_2000} to improve throughput via creating multiple channels. In our setting, we create more channels by increasing the number of users that can interact with a fixed set of databases. We focus on the problem created by databases examining queries made by a single user and determine that potential information sources, users and databases, should be treated as separate random variables. Along this line, \cite{yeung_new_1991} demonstrates how three random variables could be used for characterizing capacity, which could be useful for creating an extension of the work presented by \cite{sun_capacity_2017}. A query must be made in order to move information from a database to a user, which contains a linear combination of bits from multiple sources of information.

The ensuing paper is organized as follows. Section II defines the problem of interest. Section III presents the capacity of MUPIR, followed by a scheme that achieves this capacity. Section IV formally proves the capacity of MUPIR, and Section V demonstrates that the proposed scheme for MUPIR reaches the derived capacity. Concluding remarks are included in Section VI.

 \textit{Notation: To represent the set of answers $\left \{A^{[\theta]}_{1},\cdots,A^{[\theta]}_{U}\right \}$, $\theta$ being the desired message index and $U$ as the number of users, we use $A_{1:U}^{[\theta]}$. For $\left \{A^{[1]}_{1:U},\cdots,A^{[K]}_{1:U}\right \}$, the notation $ A^{[1:K]}_{1:U}$ is applied. To represent ${Q^{[\theta]}_{1:S}}$, we employ the compact form $\textstyle \sum{Q}$. For any positive integer $A$, we denote an index set using $[A]=\left \{1,2,\cdots,A \right \}$. We utilize the notation Q $\sim$ A to indicate Q and A are identically distributed. Let $[U] \setminus u = [U']$, so that $u \notin [U']$.}

\section{Problem Formulation}
Consider a network of $U$ users who seek to access messages contained in $N$ databases. It is assumed that all of the $N$ databases contain the same $K$ messages $W_{k}$, $\forall{k} \in [K]$. Each message $W_{\theta}$ is made of $L$ bits, which can be downloaded bit by bit and then patched together to reconstruct the original message. A user seeks to retrieve message $W_{\theta}$ by having a user generate a total of $S$ queries for message $\theta$, denoted as $\p{Q}{\theta}{s}$, sent to all $S=N+U-1$ sources. Each source answers the original user with $A^{[\theta]}_{s}$, $\forall{s} \in [S]$, and allows for the desired message $W_{\theta}$ to be obtainable from a set of $D$ bits. The scheme utilized to retrieve information, $Q(s,\theta)$, generates $\p{Q}{\theta}{s}$. When query $\p{Q}{\theta}{s}$ is sent to user $u$, then the query is forwarded to a single, arbitrary database $n$. Answer $\p{A}{\theta}{s}$ is returned to user $u$, who returns the answer to the original user. If query $\p{Q}{\theta}{s}$ is sent to database $n$, then $\p{A}{\theta}{s}$ is directly returned to the original user.

Our objective is to retrieve a message $W_{\theta}$ from a database and other users without revealing the value of the message index, $\theta$, while obtaining the message at the maximum possible rate. We define rate as a ratio $R=L/D$, where $L$ is the length of the intended message $W_{\theta}$, and $D$ is total number of downloaded bits. In order for a single user to hide the message index from $U-1$ users and $N$ databases, all queries generated by $Q(s,\theta)$ must be identical in structure for the same sets of $K$ distinct messages. This leaves us to readapt the privacy constraint defined by [5, eq. (8)] as
\begin{equation}\label{privacy}
    (Q^{[1]}_{s},A^{[1]}_{s},W_{1:K})\sim (Q^{[k]}_{s},A^{[k]}_{s},W_{1:K}),\forall{s} \in [S], k \in [K].
\end{equation}
Additionally, to maintain privacy, each query $Q_{s}^{[\theta]}$, $\forall{s} \in [S]$ must be independent of the desired message index, $\theta$. We express this by evaluating the mutual information, $I(\cdot ; \cdot)$, between $Q_{1:S}^{[k]}$ and $W_{1:K}$, ensuring there is no definite overlap between the queries and messages. We formally express this as defined in [2, eq. (3)]:
\begin{equation}\label{independence}
    I(Q_{1:S}^{[k]};W_{1:K})=0,\quad\forall{k} \in [K].
\end{equation}
To represent the size of message $W_{\theta}$ in terms of bits, we use the binary entropy function $H(W_{\theta})$. We express the size of $W_{\theta}$ related to the size of other messages by using index $k$ in the form
\begin{equation}
    H(W_{\theta})=H(W_{k})=L,\quad\forall{k}\in [K].
\end{equation}
The purpose of finding capacity in PIR is to find the maximum rate of retrieval, which focuses on obtain the largest possible message by downloading the smallest amount of bits while satisfying the criterion for privacy. The total size (in bits) of all $K$ messages can be equivalently represented as
\begin{equation}
    \sum_{k=1}^{K}H(W_{k})=KH(W_{\theta})=H(W_{1:K}).
\end{equation}
 The total quantity of downloaded information by a central user from $S$ sources is defined as $D=SH(\p{A}{k}{1})$. Alternatively, for desired message $W_{\theta}$, $D=SH(\p{A}{\theta}{1})$ is downloaded. We are not concerned with the upload cost for sending queries, so we do not directly take into account the magnitude of $H(\p{Q}{\theta}{s})$. In order to decode the quantity information withheld in an answer, a user must have knowledge of all queries. Thus, we must evaluate the entropy of downloaded information in the form $H(\p{A}{\theta}{s}|\textstyle \sum{Q})$. We adapt the definition of rate in \cite{sun_capacity_2016-1}:
\begin{equation}\label{rate}
    R \triangleq \frac{L}{D} = \frac{H(W_{\theta})}{SH(A^{[\theta]}_{1}|\textstyle \sum{Q})}
\end{equation}
We use the general notation $C_{\text{MUPIR}}$ to represent capacity in a multi-user and a multi-database setting. The relation between rate and capacity can be expressed as $R \leq C_{\text{MUPIR}}$, since it is not possible to achieve a more efficient rate than the capacity. In order to design an efficient retrieval scheme, \cite{sun_capacity_2017} states the following three principles, the first two of which are imposed to ensure user privacy, while the third principle is used to improve efficiency for retrieving information.\footnote{Each enumerated item corresponds to arrows indicating different steps of generating queries.}
\textit{\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=2.5em]
    \item[$(1)$]Queries to each information source obtain forced symmetry
    \item[$(2)$]Message symmetry is enforced within all answers and queries
    \item[$(3)$]Side information of undesired messages is exploited to retrieve new desired information
\end{itemize}}
Based upon these principles, we next analyze capacity and design retrieval algorithms for databases to address capacity-achieving solutions for classical PIR in order to evaluate the computational cost of thwarting our scheme. Our designs are developed for two scenarios: One is when the databases honestly respond to queries but do not analyze the queries, and the other is when databases can analyze and cross-reference queries from multiple users to determine the user's desired message index. In order to determine our scheme's usefulness, we must determine the computational cost associated with analyzing the query schemes. Evaluating Algorithms 1 and 2 of Appendices A and B, it is feasible to compute the desired message index with a computational complexity of $O(n^2)$. Due to the similarities between Algorithms 1 and 2, $n$ would have to correspond to the length of each query sent to a database. If a database does have the option to cross-reference queries, then the remaining set of $U-1$ would be forced to replicate all contents stored in a database to guarantee privacy. Given the scope of our problem, we do not take into consideration the efficiency of replicating all $K$ messages across all $U-1$ users.

\section{Main Results}
\subsection{PIR Capacity for Independent Databases}
We start with the first case assuming that users cannot collude and the databases are non-communicating. Under such assumptions, there has not been a great deal of research performed with multi-user PIR settings, specifically addressing multi-user and multi-database settings. We find that users can collude together against an arbitrary number of databases while satisfying the defined privacy constraints. Our main result on the user privacy-preserving capacity is given by Theorem 1.
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Our capacity for MUPIR applies to settings with $N$ non-curious or computationally-limited databases and $U$ trustworthy users. We characterize $S=N+U-1$ sources of information to have the capacity:
\begin{equation}\label{onencap}
    C_{\text{MUPIR}} =\bigg(1+\frac{1}{S}+\cdots+\frac{1}{S^{K-1}}\bigg)^{-1}
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}
Our theorem is similar in design to the theorem for classical PIR proposed in \cite{sun_capacity_2017}, however, our novel approach focuses on adding on additional users treated like databases in order to increase retrieval rate.

\subsection{Proposed Retrieval Scheme}
A functional system with multiple users and a single database can be generated by mirroring the classical PIR problem in \cite{sun_capacity_2017} and adopting the necessary privacy constraints. Our solution focuses on the SSMUPIR setting and its extension, the MUPIR setting. The fundamental process behind our scheme is as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Generate a query scheme with other users to access information from an arbitrary number of databases
    \item Send queries to the database(s) and other users
    \item Receive and combine answers from the database(s) and other users
\end{enumerate}
A visual model of the mirrored scheme we create is shown in Fig. 1.
\begin{figure}[ht]\label{new}
    \centering

    \includegraphics[trim={0.0cm 0.7cm 0.1cm 4.2cm},clip,width=3.0in]{UPIR.pdf}
    \caption{A visual depiction of a user attempting PIR with two other users and a database.}
\end{figure} The upper bound for capacity in a setting with a single user is achieved by a scheme utilized in \cite{sun_capacity_2017}. Calling function $Q(s,\theta)$ results in "$k$-sums," generated by the equation $\sum^{K}_{k=1}(S-1)^{k-1}\binom{K}{k}$.
There are also two other options for the $U-1$ users that are considered: In some contexts, all $U-1$ users must replicate all contents stored within a select database in order for a central user to preserve privacy from other users. This is necessary when a database cross-references queries made by multiple users and wants to see if there are any colluding users and reveal a potential desired message index. If a database is computationally bounded and cannot analyze queries made by all users, then there is no need for $U-1$ users to replicate the entirety of the database with their own means of storage. Our scheme would have to be limited in application to settings with databases that cannot afford to cross-reference queries from all users.
We create another example in Fig. \ref{demo} while assuming the three defined principles are followed. Consider a simple PIR setting with a single database $(N=1)$ and two users $(U=2)$. Our scheme begins by having an arbitrary user (U1) request a portion of a desired message bit of $W_1$ from the database DB1, which in this case is $a_1$. The first principle (1) is applied to result in the other user (U2) to request bit $a_2$. Applying the next principle (2) results in bits $b_1$ and $b_2$ being requested by each respective source. Principle (3) is responsible for bits $b_1$ and $b_2$ being utilized as side information and compressed in each users' queries to allow for efficiency. By randomly requesting each bit from a message to create an equal probability of all message indices being desired, privacy is preserved.
\input{Tables/Example1.tex}

\noindent In this setting, a message of size $L=4$ bits is recovered from a set of $D=6$ downloaded bits. Thus, a rate of $R=\frac{L}{D}=\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}$ is achieved and satisfies the capacity in Theorem 1. To prove that rate increases, we move forward by formally proving the relationship with $N$ databases and $U$ users with capacity.

\section{Proving Capacity}
For the original setting of SSMUPIR, our solution stems from setting $N=1$ and $S=U$ in eqn. \ref{onencap},  yielding the capacity for SSMUPIR. We formally prove the capacities of SSMUPIR and MUPIR by finding the quantity of desired information, $H(W_{\theta})$ and the cardinality of $Q(s,\theta)$. We apply this to the definition of rate in (\ref{rate}) in order to find capacity.

\noindent\textit{Lemma 1:} {$\forall{S} \in \mathbb{N}_{>0}$ and $\theta \in [K]$, message $W_{\theta}$ can be successfully retrieved while maintaining privacy from all sources and achieve $R\leq(1+\frac{1}{S}+\cdots+\frac{1}{S^{K-1}})^{-1}$.}
\begin{IEEEproof}
For simplicity, let $\theta=1$ and $K=1$, to obtain message $W_{1}$. Building off the previous Lemma, we characterize the capacity of MUPIR with respect to preserving privacy from other users, utilizing the function $I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};W_{1})$. Similar to the the setting for SSMUPIR, the identity for $H(\p{A}{1}{n}|\textstyle \sum{Q}) \neq H(\p{A}{1}{u}|\textstyle \sum{Q})$ applies to settings where both $U$ and $N$ are greater than 1, which is characterized by $I(\p{A}{1}{1:U};\p{A}{1}{1:N};W_{1})$ for solving capacity.\footnote{A brief overview of how we utilize multivariate mutual information is included in Appendix C.} We evaluate the upper bound of mutual information to be:
\input{Lemmas/3.tex}
\end{IEEEproof}

\section{Achievability of the Proposed Scheme}

\noindent\textit{Lemma 2:} {$\forall{\theta} \in [K]$, and $s \in [S]$, the structure of $Q(u,\theta)$ achieves the cardinality $|Q(s,\theta)|=S^{K-1}+\frac{1}{S-1}(S^{K-1})$ in a single database setting. The deterministic function can be extended to utilize settings where $N>1$ by generating $(N+U-2)^{k-1}$ instances for each $k$-sum.}

\begin{IEEEproof}
\input{Lemmas/5.tex}
\end{IEEEproof}

With the length of the desired message and cardinality of downloaded information known, we can determine the information-theoretic rate.\

\noindent\textit{Lemma 3:} {The rate achieved is equal to the capacity, $C_{\text{MUPIR}}=(1+\frac{1}{S}+\cdots+\frac{1}{S^{K-1}})^{-1}$.}
\begin{IEEEproof}
Assuming the cardinality of $Q(s,\theta)$ presented in Lemma 5 is correct, the result can applied to the definition of rate to find that the scheme is capacity-achieving.
\input{Lemmas/6.tex}
\end{IEEEproof}
\section{Conclusion}
Our adaptation of the original scheme presented in \cite{sun_capacity_2017} shows that there is a great deal of potential for undermining systems of colluding databases by introducing other users as potential sources of information. We are not surprised that the capacity of the three possible scenarios in focus is identical. Intuitively, we would expect there to be a lower capacity in other scenarios where there are malicious users or databases having knowledge of user collusion. We have successfully contributed to the field of PIR by 1) finding the upper bound of capacity for settings with multiple users in a single database setting, 2) characterized the capacity for a user for settings with a user interacting with other users alongside multiple databases, and 3) creating a PIR scheme that can be utilized in all of these settings. However, this scheme is only guaranteed to protect privacy if the database analyzes queries made by a single user at a time due to computational costs. If the database in question cross-references all queries made by all users, then privacy is at risk of being compromised. By solving this issue, a breakthrough can be made in PIR for securing privacy against many networked databases.

\input{appendix.tex}

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv