A Doula's Wisdom: Interview with Sarah Thayer – MotherShould?
Where being on the fence about motherhood makes sense.
From the Editors: We recently interviewed Sarah Thayer, a certified and trained birth doula who is now a nursing student with plans to become a nurse midwife. With eleven years experience working with pregnant and laboring women, she offers us an observer's perspective on pregnancy over 35.
MS: Can you describe your role as a women's health care professional?
Sarah: I worked as a certified and trained birth doula from 2003 until 2014. I am also a licensed massage therapist and have been licensed in the state of Connecticut since 2004. In my massage practice I see both men and women but have specialized training in pregnancy massage. I have an undergraduate degree from Central Connecticut State University in sociology. I am a nursing student at Capital Community College in Hartford, CT and will graduate with an associates degree in nursing in 2017. Upon receiving my RN license, I intend to continue to graduate school to become a nurse midwife with a clinical doctorate degree.
As a birth doula I worked with women and their families to help them have their own best birth experience. Birth doula's do not provide clinical care, but rather help their clients during pregnancy, labor, birth, and the immediate postpartum to have a positive birth experience. This is different for every woman and family. This element made my job endlessly interesting.
Primarily I listen to women. I try to understand how I can best support each mother and family in a way that empowers her to make her own best choices. Because I am familiar with the policies of hospitals and different medical practices, I can give referrals, when asked, to providers and facilities that may be a good match for the goals of an expectant mother. There isn't a wrong way to have a baby, but knowing all of your options and picking the provider and place to birth that is in alignment with your goals is the first step to a positive birth experience.
The over all arc of my work with families includes informational support in pregnancy, connecting women and families to community resources, 24/7 on call availability from 37 weeks of pregnancy through birth, continuous labor support with guaranteed back up doula support in the event of emergency or illness, immediate postpartum support, and a postpartum follow up visit in the first 6 weeks after the birth.
MS: From our perspective, there seems to be some fear mongering when it comes to tests,for women having geriatric pregnancies. Can you share your perspective on that?
Sarah: We have the ability to know more about fetal development because of new genetic tests and advances in technology. I think it can be difficult for patients to navigate understanding what the tests are, what the purpose of them is, what the results mean and don't mean, and if they have to undergo all the screenings that they are sent for. For example, some screenings simply say that there may be an abnormality that may indicate that further testing is needed to see if there is, in fact, something not developing normally. Further testing could reveal everything is progressing perfectly fine, but more invasive tests, like amniocentesis, come with risks of their own like infection or miscarriage. It can be a roller coaster for women who feel anxious and frightened while waiting for results when, in fact, everything is fine.
It is true that there is a higher increase in fetal genetic abnormalities when a mother is over 35. It is also true that there are higher risks of miscarriage and other complications when a mother is over 35. I think that women need to soul search a little bit and make informed decisions about the purpose of testing. Is there a family history of congenital abnormalities that warrants exploration? Does the mother have a history of recurrent miscarriage that would indicate genetic testing? Is the woman thinking she may end a pregnancy that has markers of genetic abnormalities, or is that not a choice that she is considering? Is this a woman that finds comfort in more information rather than less? I think one of the problems is that the medical system doesn't always do a great job of educating patients about which tests are mandatory and which tests are optional and what the pros/cons of a test are. In general, the medical establishment functions in a "More is Better", mentality without the shared decision making between patients and providers which would empower patients to decide which tests are most valuable to this woman in this pregnancy. Again, this is where provider choice is extremely important. Pregnant women should never hesitate to leave a practice where she doesn't feel listened to or where she isn't given informed consent of every test or procedure that is entered into.
I think pregnancy can feel so overwhelming that women forget that they can ask questions or change providers at any time. Women should learn to ask "what is the benefit of x, what is the risk of x"? and "is there any reason why I can not do x?".
MS: If a woman is deciding /trying to get pregnant for the first time over 35, what health-related considerations do you advise?
Sarah: In my present roles as doula, massage therapist, and nursing student I am unable to give medical or health related advice. That said, my best non medical advice is to think about the type of care you want to receive, how you want to experience pregnancy, what kind of birth experience you think you want. Ask other women about their doctor and midwife recommendations. Women generally like to share their birth stories, so ask them! What did they like about a doctor, midwife, or hospital/birthcenter/home birth experience? Midwifery care is different from OB care. Hospitals that look very similar from the outside may have vastly different policies on the inside that impact patient satisfaction and health outcomes for mother and baby.
Living an active, healthy and balanced life is a great way to start a pregnancy. Common knowledge like being at a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet full of fruits, veggies, whole grains; these are great things to do for general well being. Everyone's experience of pregnancy is different. Some people just feel awful the whole time, while others glow and adore every aspect of pregnancy. Most of us fall somewhere in between with highs and lows across the full 40 weeks.
MS: In your role as a doula, did you find significant differences in pregnancies of women over 35 vs. those not over 35?
Sarah: There are differences between a pregnancy in your 20's and early 30's vs. over 35. Again, I am harping on the point of choosing the right provider again. Some providers view pregnancy as a normal physiological event that only requires intervention once there is a deviation from normal. Other providers see pregnancy as inherently risky that requires constant vigilance to avoid complications. Healthy women, age 35 and older often have normal boring pregnancies. Finding a provider who views pregnancy as a normal process is the first step to having lower interventions. Women over 35 are more likely to be offered higher level screenings that may not be necessary or helpful if the results are not something that you need.
MS: As a doula, nursing student, and mother yourself, what do you believe a woman should think about when deciding whether or not to have a baby when she reaches 35 + ?
Sarah: Deciding to have a baby is deeply personal. Pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood are nearly ubiquitous roles for American women in their 30's; so much so that my friends without children can be made to feel like outsiders as women. I wholly respect the decision to have or not have children. In my opinion there often isn't a 'perfect time' to have a baby. Physiologically, a woman's fertility does start to decline in her 30's and significantly declines at 40 and beyond. If a woman is 35 and knows she would like to have a baby but isn't ready or hasn't found the right partner, harvesting and storing eggs is an option, although a pricey one. There are better IVF outcomes with younger eggs than older ones. So if a woman has the means and wants some more time, this can be a decent option.
If you are 35 or older, you shouldn't let the whole 'geriatric' pregnancy label dissuade you. Consult with your MD or midwife about your plans to get pregnant and ask questions about how long it should take if you are coming off of hormonal contraception. There are ways to track ovulation to make sure your cycles are the appropriate length while also determining the best window for conception.
There are many things to consider when starting a family and every woman's priorities are different. Motherhood and parenthood is a rollercoaster that impacts every single area of who you are as a person. Once a new baby enter's a family their entire lives are totally changed. You learn to know yourself as a mother, your partner as a father/mother, and what was amazing and or horrible about your own childhood and parents. The desire to have children is great and biological. No one really knows what they are doing, but overwhelmingly we parents get a lot right and some wrong along the way.
MS: How can an older woman best prepare for pregnancy, birth, and/or motherhood?
Its really hard to prepare for something so unknown. My best advice is to have community. Read books, listen to the stories of women and mothers you aspire to be like, and attend childbirth classes that empower you to make your own best choice. Dream with your partner about how you will parent together and get through the big scary fears we all have, and go for it! My oldest child is 11 and there wasn't quite the deluge of information on the internet when I was pregnant and home with a newborn. I distinctly remember being at home with a 2 week old baby, pouring through a baby manual, and coming to the realization that no one really knows what the hell they are doing. As parents we are all winging it to some degree. There is something comforting about this because it allows you to let go and get in touch with your instincts. Since then I have had clients show me elaborate graphs generated from Apps that show the number of feedings, diaper changes, burps, etc over the course of a day, week, month. This would not have been helpful to me. Read encouraging things, and not frightening things. There is no shortage of internet advice, child raising books, or anecdotal information that will undermine the power of your presence and your expertise about what your own child needs. Once you have read the facts about something, make an informed decision, follow your gut, and don't look back.
My first baby what what we call a 'high needs baby' who wanted to be in arms and nurse constantly. I learned quickly to try my best to have a short memory, to not calculate how much sleep was accomplished or lost. Be in the moment. Try to find the joy in right now, or the hard in the moment with the knowledge that this too shall pass. In my mothering of older children now, I have to remind myself of the same lessons. Enjoy right now and let tomorrow worry about itself. That joyful/annoying stage is fleeting and will be different next week.
MS: Describe a doula's role and how a doula can be important to a geriatric pregnancy.
Sarah: A doula provides physical, emotional, and educational supports to women and their families during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. One of the things that can be a pro and con of a 'geriatric pregnancy' is that there is more life experience for expectant families. Older women who have careers and are used to being in charge of things can be really broadsided by how little control we actually have in pregnancy, birth, and the early days of mothering. Older women are used to be being competent and knowledgable about things, and suddenly they find themselves having no idea what to do. It is an uncomfortable yet completely normal part of the experience. Having an experienced doula to listen to you and normalize something that feels foreign can be very useful. Doulas are supportive of dads and partners too. Partners do not have to feel like the experience is solely riding on his shoulders. Birth is extremely intense for loved ones as well. They want to be helpful but often don't want to do the wrong thing. The doula is like your birth consultant. She knows what is most important to you and will help you achieve it. The doula will let your partner be at his or her best. The birth partner should be there to love you and experience this with you. The doula can remind the partner to eat, take breaks, show how to rub the laboring mom's back etc. Older couples often see the value in this type of service because it is like having expert comfort advice right at your finger tips. Doulas also have a knack for placing a cool cloth on your neck or feeding you ice chips without you needing to ask.
MS: Anything else you'd like to share with our readers?
Sarah: You have options. Just because you have been seeing the same OB/GYN for 20 years doesn't mean that they are the best fit for your care during pregnancy and birth. Your birth experience is something you will remember for your entire life. I have heard the most beautiful and appalling birth stories from elderly women who can recall very specific details about their births. Women remember.
Talk about your fears! Don't hide them and foster them without the care of others. If you are being kept awake at night because of fear of childbirth, talk to your care provider and get connected with people who can share their positive stories. Our bodies are structured to do this. Look around at all the people around us and know that a mother somewhere birthed that person. There would be far fewer people on the planet if childbirth were always as horrible and scary as the worst story you have heard.
Lastly, ignore the cultural hazing of pregnant women. People scare pregnant women. You will never hear more awful birth and death stories or parenting nightmares as when you are pregnant. Unfortunately, women who are hurting often don't have a place to share their pain about births that have gone wrong and a lot of that sharing lands at the feet of pregnant women. Its okay to not listen to that. More importantly, find positive and realistic stories rather than the worst case scenario tales.


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The Brian Lara Cricket Academy is a multi-purpose stadium in Tarouba, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, that was completed and inaugurated in 2017.  It will be used mostly for cricket matches.  It is located in southern Trinidad, just outside the heart of the city of San Fernando, beside the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway, about two kilometres southeast of Trinidad and Tobago's former cricket ground at Guaracara Park, Pointe-a-Pierre.

Built to hold 15,000 people in a mix of fixed seating and grass banks it is named after former West Indies cricket captain Brian Lara, who until 17 October 2008 was the all-time leading run scorer in Test cricket, until he was surpassed by Sachin Tendulkar.

It was initially planned to host warm-up matches during the 2007 Cricket World Cup and serve as a cricket academy after the tournament.  However when it became apparent that the facility would not be completed in time for the tournament the warm-up matches were instead hosted at the Frank Worrell Field at UWI St Augustine.

The Caribbean Premier League chose the Brian Lara Cricket Academy as the host for the final matches of the 2017 tournament, the first high-profile matches at the ground. Subsequent to this the Government of Trinidad and Tobago further purchased the rights to hold the CPL finals from 2018 through to 2020 at the Brian Lara Cricket Academy.

Development
The Brian Lara Cricket Academy was commissioned in 2004 by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago through the state company UDeCOTT to provide a high class sporting venue for the 2007 Cricket World Cup. With Trinidad and Tobago receiving the Brown Package of matches and the use of the Queens Park Oval as the primary venue, the Brian Lara facility was earmarked to host warm-up matches. To be ready for the Cricket World Cup the facility had to be completed by February 2007 and game ready by March 2007.

Major design and construction problems kept pushing back the completion date as well as increasing the construction cost. Once it became apparent it would not be ready for the World Cup, matches were shifted to the grounds at UWI. The delays and costs have made the complex one of the more controversial infrastructure projects undertaken in Trinidad and Tobago. The initial cost was estimated to be TT$257 million, but with the cost overruns and the increase in prices of materials, in 2009 the estimated costs were TT$700 million and by the time the facility was eventually opened in 2017 the costs had exceeded TT$1billion.

Other sports

The Brian Lara Cricket Academy was meant to be a component of a larger complex situated on  of farm land in Tarouba, with a cost of TT$1.1 billion. It was designed by Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum, a US architectural firm. The complex was proposed to consist of:

 An aquatic centre with Olympic standard pools. This project was eventually moved and completed in Couva at the Ato Boldon Stadium.
 Olympic-sized velodrome, which was also constructed near the Ato Boldon Stadium in Couva.
 Indoor gymnasium.
 School for training of athletes.
 A large car park, new roads and other infrastructure works.

The completed stadium serves as a training facility for cricketers. It has four indoor cricket training pitches with computerised biometric technology to measure an athlete's performance, including two full-length run-up pitches for fast bowlers. Spectators have an unhindered view from every area of the stadium, including the concessionaires area. It also has areas specifically designed for the print, radio and television media.

The facility may also include a hotel in the future. It has been estimated to cost an additional TT$190 million.

Cricket matches
The first major cricket matches at the ground were several of the matches of the Caribbean Premier League in September 2017, including the final. The first first-class match was held in November 2017: in 2017-18 and 2018–19 the Trinidad and Tobago team played some of its home matches in the Regional Four Day Competition there, and some at Queen's Park Oval in Port of Spain.

References

External links
 Brian Lara Stadium at Cricinfo
 Brian Lara Stadium at CricketArchive

Stadium
Cricket grounds in Trinidad and Tobago
Multi-purpose stadiums in Trinidad and Tobago
Sports venues completed in 2008

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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HomeIndustryUnique Copiers quadruples its work with Belvoir
Unique Copiers quadruples its work with Belvoir
May 17, 2018 Industry, Tech and IT
Unique Copiers, based in Donnington, has quadrupled the work it does for Belvoir sales and lettings property specialists and will now take care of all copying needs at the branches in Stone, Stafford and Birmingham. The extension comes after Unique started working at the branch in Grosvenor House, Central Park, Telford, in October and bosses have been blown away by the service.
Adrian Casey, owner of Unique Copiers, said he was delighted by the new contracts.
"We saved the Telford Belvoir office 30 per cent of their copying costs on their previous contract, so they asked us to look at what we could do in other branches," he said. "This sort of saving makes a big difference to business as copying costs are one of the largest – and most important outgoings. We were able to supply the Birmingham branch with all their copying and printing needs with substantial cost savings over their previous supplier. The other two branches in Stafford and Stone have signed contracts with us due to very positive recommendation from the initial Telford branch success.
"We are not surprised to have been appointed in the other branches but to be quadrupling our service to them in just six months is a great reflection on how happy they are with Unique Copiers and what we provide to our valued customers."
Belvoir has a large number of branches nationally and Adrian Casey said it is good to work alongside another well established business which prides itself on being reliable. He is now looking into if he can save money at more of them. "People often do not realise there are savings to be made in copying contracts," he added.
Unique Copiers continues healthy growth
Kyocera named most reliable brand for colour copiers
Dynamic unveils catalogues and unique new showroom
"It is such a vital part of a business, especially one like a sales and lettings specialist and all the paperwork that comes with it, that people end up paying more than they need to. We will always try to save people money but we really pride ourselves on being a trustworthy and reliable company As business partners with global company Toshiba there is a lot we can offer."
edding celebrates its most successful year at London Stationery Show
Xerox is on the 100 Best Corporate Citizens list for 10th year

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Is There any Way to Open Another Fragment From OnClick on Recycler View When I Click On Photo To execute On Click Event of Recycler View  to Open Another Fragment I get This Error
java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'java.lang.String android.os.Bundle.getString(java.lang.String)' on a null object reference
holder.pics.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View view) {
        //Open Another Fragment
        Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
        bundle.putString("name", String.valueOf(jName));

        Kitdetail_Fragment jerseyFragment = new Kitdetail_Fragment();
        jerseyFragment.setArguments(bundle);

        AppCompatActivity activity = (AppCompatActivity) view.getContext();
        activity.getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.framelay, jerseyFragment).addToBackStack(null).commit();
    }
});

A: *

*Create interface in adapter class.

*Call interface from your main activity/fragment.

*From your fragment or activity class, navigate to your desire class.

By the way error show in this line.

bundle.putString("name", String.valueOf(jName));

Check value of jName.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Wyprawa dookoła Galii (fr. Le Tour de Gaule d'Astérix) – piąty album komiksu o przygodach Gala Asteriksa autorstwa René Goscinnego (scenariusz) i Alberta Uderzo (rysunki).

Komiks ukazywał się początkowo w odcinkach, na łamach francuskiego czasopisma Pilote, w 1963. Został wydany w formie albumu w 1965 r.

Pierwsze polskie wydanie (w tłumaczeniu Jolanty Sztuczyńskiej) pochodzi z 1992 r.

Fabuła
Lucjusz Asparagus, wysłannik Cezara, zjawia się w obozie Delirium, by użyć stacjonujących tam wojsk rzymskich do zaatakowania Galów. Gdy starcie zbrojne kończy się klęską, Asparagus nakazuje wzniesienie palisady wokół wioski.

Asteriks oświadcza Rzymianinowi, że palisada nie powstrzyma Galów. Zakłada się z Asparagusem, że nie tylko sforsuje barierę, ale także objedzie całą Galię, zgromadzi specjały kulinarne z każdego regionu i zorganizuje bankiet. Rzymianin przyjmuje wyzwanie, obiecując, że jeśli wyprawa dookoła Galii zakończy się sukcesem, zwinie oblężenie i zamelduje Cezarowi o swojej klęsce.

Asteriks wytycza trasę podróży i w towarzystwie Obeliksa wyrusza w drogę. Po piętach depczą im patrole rzymskie, zawiadomione przez Asparagusa o przedsięwzięciu Galów.

Trasa wyprawy

Nawiązania
 sceny z Marsylii są nawiązaniem do scen z filmów na podstawie sztuk teatralnych z tzw. trylogii marsylskiej Marcela Pagnola,
 prefekt Lugundum, Jeszczeprzydatniusz, jest karykaturą Petera Ustinova w roli Nerona z filmu Quo vadis (1951),

Uwagi
 jest to pierwszy komiks, w którym pojawia się piesek, nazwany później (w komiksie Asteriks i Kleopatra) Idefiksem.

Przypisy

Komiksy o Asteriksie


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Tag Archives: Nilesh Cabral
Goa recommences white water rafting from June 28
Goa Tourism Development Corporation (GTDC) has recommenced its popular white water rafting activity on the Mhadei river from June 28, 2018 all the way through September this year. There will be two rafting trips held each day with the first trip starting at 9:30 am and the second at 2:30 pm. Each trip will go on for 2.5 to 3.5 hours running 10 km each. This year, the white river rafting experience promises to be different. Goa Tourism has tied up with a top adventure sports video company in the country to capture the rafting experience through a personalised video, which would be shared via WhatsApp or Google Drive the same day. This comes along with a souvenir framed picture as well. There are also plans to offer a bus service for Rs 200 from Panjim and the Northern beaches twice daily to make the commute seamless. Speaking on the river rafting trend in Goa, Nilesh Cabral, Chairman, GTDC stated, "This year, we decided to associate with a top adventure sports video company to create personalised videos of our adventure enthusiasts braving along the Mhadei River, which can be taken home as a memorabilia. In future as well, we will continue to explore different tie-ups that would help us enhance the experience of our travellers." Ideal for beginners and children above the age of 10, the trip costs Rs 1,890 per person including 5% GST.
Goa in the list of top five Indian states in tourism
Goa has been ranked third in the list of top five states in tourism as per the 5th biennial Hotelivate State Ranking Survey for Tourism in association with the World Travel and Tourism Council-India Initiative (WTTC-II). While Delhi and Maharashtra occupy the top two places, Goa stands third followed by Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. The survey which looked at states from the hospitality industry's standpoint considered 11 parameters namely, state expenditure on tourism, number of tourist visits, number of branded hotel rooms, GSDP per capital, literacy, aircraft movement, ease of doing business, urbanization, road and rail network, marketing campaigns and some intangible aspects. Manohar Ajgaonkar, Minister for Tourism, Goa, said, "Goa Tourism is in the spotlight again for achieving success in various tourism parameters. It should be our endeavour to get to the top and work on improving in those parameters where we are lagging behind so as to attract more tourists to Goa." Nilesh Cabral, Chairman, Goa Tourism Development Corporation, said, "It has always been the endeavour of the Goa Tourism Development Corporation to work with various segments of tourism whether infrastructure, accommodation, tourism activities, tourism related development and so on."
Manohar Azgaonkar is the new Goa Tourism Minister
Goa has appointed a new tourism minister Manohar Azgaonkar. Under his leadership, Goa Tourism is planning to introduce new initiatives and infrastructure projects, promote the diverse cultures of the state and focus on improving all its products and services. Azgaonkar has travelled extensively and is set to infuse new concepts and ideas into the tourism sector here in Goa. In another development, Goa Tourism Development Corporation (GTDC) has re-appointed Nilesh Cabral as Chairman. He is the current MLA of Curchorem Taluka. Under his leadership, GTDC has taken huge strides and given a new dimension to Goa Tourism. In his previous stint as Chairman of GTDC, the corporation achieved several milestones i.e the GTDC became a profit making corporation, introduced new and attractive activities and initiatives, formed a (Special Purpose Vehicle) SPV cell to expedite tourism infrastructure projects, procured funding from Central Govt. schemes and has lined up new project for construction and commissioning in the next two to three years.
GTDC to adopt 100 per cent cashless transactions
Goa Tourism Development Corporation (GTDC) has brought all tourism business' under the ambit of cashless transactions. Whether hotel reservations, package tours, cruise rides or any other tourism service, GTDC has introduced systems that have facilitated cashless transactions, both on-line and off-line. Cashless facility is made possible by GTDC through online portal, booking of services and products through mobile app on iOS and android platform at GTDC residencies and restaurants through point-of-sale machines thus enabling a 360-degree approach to the new cashless system. GTDC is also working to introduce pay wallets and talks are underway with leading pay wallet providers so that pay wallets can be accepted as another mode of cashless payments. The Santa Monica Jetty also offers payments through credit cards and debit cards. Nilesh Cabral, Chairman of Goa Tourism Development Corporation said, "To further this process, the launch of the new e-commerce portal and mobile app in February this year has provided a fool-proof platform for e-business and cashless transactions also bringing other tourism stakeholders into the cashless circuit. Official records from the GTDC reveal that cashless transactions to the tune of Rs 2.5 lakh to Rs 3 lakh are executed daily for various services provided by the GTDC which is in addition to cashless transactions recorded on GTDC's e-commerce portal and mobile app." Gavin Dias, General Manager (Hotels), GTDC said, "All GTDC residencies are provided with point-of-sale (POS) machines to facilitate cashless payments and most tourists prefer to use this facility. It is encouraging to see tourists opting for cashless transactions." He pointed out that in addition to cashless business for GTDC's hotel accommodation, GTDC through the e-commerce portal has direct tie ups with more than 160 …
Goa to woo tourists from Croatia, Iceland and Israel
Indian Ambassadors to Croatia, Iceland and Israel have extended an invitation to Goa to promote its tourism products in their respective countries. Welcoming the initiatives for an exchange of tourism ties between Goa and Croatia, Iceland and Israel, Chairman of Goa Tourism Development Corporation (GTDC), Nilesh Cabral, spoke about Goa's new tourism initiatives recently launched by GTDC. He also impressed on Goa Tourism's efforts made to augment tourism infrastructure, safety measures and hygiene for tourists visiting Goa. Cabral said, "We would also like travel and tour operators from Croatia, Iceland and Israel to visit Goa to witness and experience the various tourism facets so that they go back and enthuse their nationals to visit this State. Goa is now a 365 day tourist destination. We have recently launched a new interactive Website and Mobile App which enables tourists to access information on Goa and plan their vacations accordingly at the click of a button." Representatives from the Travel and Tourism Association of Goa (TTAG) were also present for the interaction session where several suggestions and ideas were shared on promoting tourism and cultural ties between Goa and the three countries. Insights were also given into monsoon tourism and night life in Goa.
Goa's old Central Jail to be converted into museum
The Central Jail in Aguada, Goa's largest prison dating back to the Portuguese rule, is being converted into a jail museum. The project with a budget of Rs 25.8 crore aims at restoring its heritage. Since May 30, 2015, this prison no longer houses inmates who have now been shifted to the new jail at Colvale. Work for Goa Tourism Development Corporation's mega project to convert the old Central Jail into a museum is already underway and the Corporation has involved both the Goa Heritage Action Group (GHAG) and Goa's freedom fighters. A joint meeting and site inspection has been carried out where project plans were placed across the table and GTDC solicited views and suggestions from GHAG and the freedom fighters. Nilesh Cabral, Chairman, Goa Tourism Development Corporation said, "The old Central Jail is well known not only as a prison but for its history and heritage. Now a vacant structure, GTDC has requested the government to make it a tourist spot and the Corporation has started working on a project that will preserve the heritage structure and showcase Goa's freedom struggle."


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Ursula Martius Franklin fonds, 2327 results 2327
J. Fraser Mustard fonds, 1637 results 1637
Helen Sawyer Hogg fonds, 1498 results 1498
Ian Hacking fonds, 1122 results 1122
John Tuzo Wilson fonds, 1042 results 1042
Harold Innis fonds, 1039 results 1039
Ernest Armstrong McCulloch fonds, 1023 results 1023
Thomas A. Wilson fonds, 1022 results 1022
Ernest Mastromatteo fonds, 1012 results 1012
Betty I. Roots fonds, 845 results 845
University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services, 51780 results 51780
Wilson, Daniel, Sir, 4 results 4
McLennan, John Cunningham, 4 results 4
Rosevear, Robert A., 3 results 3
van Ginkel, Blanche, 2 results 2
Goudge, Thomas Anderson, 2 results 2
Coxeter, Harold Scott Macdonald, 2 results 2
Wright, William James Turnbull, 2 results 2
Sirluck, Ernest, 2 results 2
Bissell, Claude Thomas, 14 results 14
Smith, Sidney Earle, 8 results 8
Evans, John Robert, 7 results 7
Connell, George Edward, 6 results 6
Ham, James M., 5 results 5
Sword, John H., 5 results 5
Innis, Harold Adams, 5 results 5
Falconer, Sir Robert Alexander, 4 results 4
University of Toronto. Faculty of Household Science, 4 results 4
Brett, George Sidney, 3 results 3
Textual records, 30259 results 30259
Photographs and art, 4994 results 4994
Audio, 549 results 549
Publications, 509 results 509
Objects, 251 results 251
Architectural plans, 232 results 232
Film and video, 229 results 229
Electronic records, 205 results 205
Maps, 100 results 100
Series, 2234 results 2234
Accession, 1726 results 1726
Fonds, 956 results 956
Subseries, 469 results 469
Sous-fonds, 65 results 65
University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
University of Toronto. Department of Behavioural Science fonds
Fonds contains 2 accessions from the Department of Behavioural Science. See accession-level description for details.
University of Toronto. Department of Behavioural Science
UTA 0033-A1986-0036
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Behavioural Science fonds
Administrative files of the chair of the Department of Behavioural Science, including correspondence, annual reports, working papers, proceedings of committees, personnel files, student papers, and press clippings.
1897; 1935-1974; predominant 1973-1974
Records from a research project by Dr. Robin Bagley, carried out at Sioux Lookout, Ontario between 1971 and 1974 as a part of the University of Toronto's Sioux Lookout Program. Included is financial data from the Department of Indian Affairs (1935-1966), summaries of Sioux Lookout reports (1952-1968), drafts of the research proposal and of the report, notes and computer generated report on the views of patients, maps, press clippings and publications..
University of Toronto. Department of Botany fonds
This fonds contains 6 accessions of records from the Department of Botany. See accession-level descriptions for more details.
University of Toronto. Department of Botany
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Botany fonds
Report, guest list, speeches, articles and photographs of the opening of the Botany Building (1932); list of donors to the Robert Boyd Thomson Portrait Fund, with plates, screen prints for and photoprints of the portrait (1941); four blueprints for the proposed greenhouse for the Botany Building (1935).
Correspondence and related award record sent to the Dean of Botany regarding the Isabella Moffat Gilchrist Prize (1973) and four photographs of Archibald Gilchrist and his Gilchrist Lillies (n.d. but pre-1936). Textual records relate to records in A82-0036 - see Box 14 File 'Isabella Moffat Gilchrist Prize'.
Administrative files of the Chair of the Department , predominantly Roy Franklin Cain's correspondence with senior university administrators, subject files relating to honours biology course, tenure, Society of Biologists, course notes and research notes.
1890s -1940s
This accession consists of approximately 2700 glass lantern slides used for teaching and publication in the Department of Botany. There are four distinct series: slides of plants arranged by plant family; slides of wilderness in Western Canada and North Western United States, including views of mountains, glaciers, settlements, infrastructure such as bridges, and vegetation; microscopes and views of plant specimens and vegetation taken from both original and published sources. Also in this accession are approximately 300 glass negatives of wild flowers. The photographer is amateur botanist R. S. Cassells and were used in Some Familiar Wild Flowers (1930) compiled by J.E. Jones. There are two index books listing illustrations. Their relationship to the slides remains unclear
Snapshots taken around the time of the opening of the Botany Building in 1932. There is one view of the procession and several views of professors and dignitaries visiting the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph and surrounding area. Identified is Professors A.C. Seward of the Botany School at Cambridge University who visited the University of Toronto for the opening. He was accompanied by Prof. A.P. Coleman, H.S. Jackson of Botany, J.E. Howitt of Guelph as well other botanists presumably from Guelph. There are also numerous views of "pot hole" formations at Elora taken presumably around the same time.
Records include staff meeting minutes (1952-2004), binders of "historic" information (1892-2000), and Faculty personnel files (1953-2002). The binders contain original correspondence, donor information, meeting minutes, sessional papers, newspaper clippings, and photographs.
University of Toronto. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry fonds
This fonds contains 1 accession.
A1993-0009: Contains files created in the Chairman's office and the General Office, include correspondence of the Chair of the department; departmental records relating to programmes, societies, women, research, university, graduate, undergraduate and faculty.
University of Toronto. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry fonds
Contains files created in the Chairman's office and the General Office, include correspondence of the Chair of the department; departmental records relating to programmes, societies, women, research, university, graduate, undergraduate and faculty.
University of Toronto. Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering fonds
This fonds from the Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering contains 6 accessions. See accession-level descriptions for details.
University of Toronto. Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering
University of Toronto. Department of Civil Engineering
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering fonds
Correspondence (1905-1919) of Peter Gillespie, Professor in and head (1924-1929) of the Department of Civil Engineering, and specialist in concrete and reinforced concrete; includes files relating to sewage sludge treatment (1914). Correspondence (1911-16) of Clarence Richard Young, who succeeded Gillespie as head; correspondence, notes, forms, and reports (1911-1927) relating to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering's Committee on Aptitude Tests (established in 1920) which he chaired
Correspondence, manuscripts, galley proofs, and book reviews relating to Elementary Problems in Steel and Timber by Clarence Richard Young and Carson F. Morrison; includes industrial tests, articles, photoprints, architectural drawings (blueprints and tracings), plans, and maps.
Records of the chairperson, Department of Civil Engineering, including departmental and other administrative correspondence, minutes of meetings, grants and scholarships, conference files, employment applications and personnel files.
Records from the office of the chair, Department of Civil Engineering: correspondence, including chair's day correspondence (1976-1980); minutes of meetings, financial records, committee activities, appointment and tenure procedures, and general staffing files.
Administrative records of the chairperson, Department of Civil Engineering; includes correspondence, minutes, notes, memoranda, and reports relating to routine administrative matters, to search committees for geotechnical staff and for the chair of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and applications for employment.
University of Toronto. Department of Surveying
Contains H.L. Macklin's 3rd year field book from Gull Lake Camp.
University of Toronto. Department of Computer Science fonds
This fonds contains 1 accessions belonging to the Department of Computer Science .
University of Toronto. Department of Computer Science
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Computer Science fonds
University of Toronto. Department of East Asian Studies fonds
This fonds contains 3 accessions of records from the Department of East Asian Studies. See accession-level descriptions for more details.
University of Toronto. Department of East Asian Studies
Part of University of Toronto. Department of East Asian Studies fonds
Records from the office of the chair of the Department of East Asian studies, consisting of correspondence, minutes of departmental meetings, applications for employment, matters relating to tenure, correspondence and petitions (students), and financial records.
University of Toronto. School of Chinese Studies
Documents and copies of documents concerning the establishment of the School of Chinese Studies and its precursors (1943, 1947-48); estimates (1944-48); correspondence, admission applications, enrolment forms and other documentation for graduate and undergraduate students in Chinese Studies (1936-1950); and draft theses in various areas of Chinese Studies (1938-1945).
Records from the office of the Chairperson, Department of East Asian Studies, consisting of correspondence, memoranda, minutes, drafts of reports, and publications in general administrative files, financial records (general accounts and budgets), applications for employment, student records (including applications and withdrawals), and course outlines; also photoprints relating to the Japanese and Korean programs.
Contains personnel files, course evaluations and various funds.
University of Toronto. Department of Economics fonds
This fonds contains 1 accession from the Department of Economics. See accession-level description for more details.
University of Toronto. Department of Economics
University of Toronto. Department of Economics. Economic History Workshops
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Economics fonds
Contains papers presented by academics and PhD students at the Economic History Workshops, and supporting administrative documents
UTA 0044-A1995-0015-A1995-0015/001
Contains administrative records and printouts from a floppy disk received as part of the records transfer. Also contains administrative records, memoranda (1987-1993), received from Prof. Munro via. Prof. Watson.
Workshop papers
Workshop papers were collected by Prof. A. Watson.
Workshop papers were collected by Prof. John Munro.
University of Toronto. The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) fonds
This fonds contains 4 accessions. See accession-level descriptions for details.
University of Toronto. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Toronto. Department of Electrical Engineering
Part of University of Toronto. The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) fonds
University of Toronto. The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE)
Contains graduated, lapsed and withdrawn PhD student files
Contains PhD student records from students who graduated, lapsed or withdrew from the Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering (1966-2010).
This accession of records from the The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering contains PhD Student Files for students who graduated, withdrew, or transferred out of the program in the 2010-2011 academic years
University of Toronto. Department of Engineering Drawing fonds
This fonds contains 1 accession. See accession-level description for details.
University of Toronto. Department of Engineering Drawing
Part of University of Toronto. Department of Engineering Drawing fonds
Records of the Department of Engineering Drawing, consisting of instructions and problems sets for 1st to 4th year courses in engineering problems and drawing (1936-1965); problems in mathematics for 1st and 2nd year students (1944-1963); course notes in mathematics taken by Professor William James Turnbull Wright from Professor Samuel Beatty during the summer of 1933 and the academic years 1934-1936; lantern slides, most of which belonged to Professors Roy Cockburn and C. H. C. Wright (1912-1946). Also included are records of the Department of Civil Engineering, consisting of a report on hydro-electric power on the Bow River by John Bow Challis (191-) and undergraduate project reports (1970) on the problems of parking on the University of Toronto campus.
Wright, William James Turnbull
University of Toronto. Department of English fonds
This fonds contains 7 accessions from the Department of English. See accession-level descriptions for details.
University of Toronto. Department of English
Part of University of Toronto. Department of English fonds
Minutes of the Department of English and the Combined Department of English (1919-1964); minutes of the Graduate Department of English and History (1914-1937).
Memoranda, completed forms, and notices relating to the compilation of class timetables for the Department of English; examination questions (1984); staff directory for the Department of English (1983-1984).
University of Toronto. Graduate Department of English
Minute books of the Graduate Department of English.
University of Toronto. Combined Department of English
General Course Curriculum Committee files maintained by Prof Christopher Love, Chairman.
Records from the Department of English including Council minutes (1971-2007), Graduate Council minutes (1967-1980), Advisory Committee minutes (1967-1974), Undergraduate Council minutes (1979-2009), and English Students' Union (ESU) Executive minutes (2000-2009).
Contains records from the Chair's Office of the Department of English. Includes Faculty personnel files, Annual General Meeting minutes, Writer-in-Residence records and correspondence, special lecture records, general correspondence, Awards information and correspondence with the Dean.
Contains PhD files for graduates, withdrawn, lapsed and terminated students in the Department of English.
University of Toronto. Department of Fine Art
Part of University of Toronto. Department of History of Art/Graduate Department of Art fonds
Positive microfiche reproductions of the field notebooks and trench reports associated with the excavations carried out at Kommos, Crete by the University of Toronto and the Royal Ontario Museum, under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Greece, during 1976 and 1977. Cassette copy of tape-recorded interviews with six village elders from Pitsidia, Greece, concerning early archaeological explorations in the area and the history of the area from approximately 1920 to the present (1977); conducted in conjunction with the Kommos Excavations in Crete by Joseph W. Shaw, Professor of Fine Art, in May and June, 1977; together with a transcript (34 p.) of the above interviews, translated into English by Maria Coutroubakis (June, 1977).
15 microfiche of the field notebooks and trench reports of the 1978 excavations of the University of Toronto at Kommos, Crete.


text:
Massive Dirac Fermions and Hofstadter Butterfly in a van der Waals Heterostructure
B. Hunt1,*,
J. D. Sanchez-Yamagishi1,*,
A. F. Young1,*,
M. Yankowitz2,
B. J. LeRoy2,
P. Moon4,†,
M. Koshino4,
P. Jarillo-Herrero1,‡,
R. C. Ashoori1,‡
1Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
2Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
3Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
4Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
↵‡Corresponding author. E-mail: pjarillo{at}mit.edu (P.J.-H.); ashoori{at}mit.edu (R.C.A.)
↵† Present address: Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 130-722, Republic of Korea.
Science 21 Jun 2013:
B. Hunt
Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
J. D. Sanchez-Yamagishi
A. F. Young
M. Yankowitz
Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
B. J. LeRoy
Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
P. Moon
Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
M. Koshino
P. Jarillo-Herrero
For correspondence: pjarillo@mit.edu ashoori@mit.edu
R. C. Ashoori
Graphene, Gapped and Butterflied
The remarkable transport properties of graphene, such as the high electron mobility, make it a promising material for electronics. However, unlike semiconductors such as silicon, graphene's electronic structure lacks a band gap, and a transistor made out of graphene would not have an "off" state. Hunt et al. (p. 1427, published online 16 May; see the Perspective by Fuhrer) modulated the electronic properties of graphene by building a heterostructure consisting of a graphene flake resting on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which has the same honeycomb structure as graphene, but consists of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms instead of carbons. The natural mismatch between the graphene and hBN lattices led to a moire pattern with a large wavelength, causing the opening of a band gap, the formation of an elusive fractional quantum Hall state, and, at high magnetic fields, a fractal phenomenon in the electronic structure called the Hofstadter butterfly.
van der Waals heterostructures constitute a new class of artificial materials formed by stacking atomically thin planar crystals. We demonstrated band structure engineering in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of a monolayer graphene flake coupled to a rotationally aligned hexagonal boron nitride substrate. The spatially varying interlayer atomic registry results in both a local breaking of the carbon sublattice symmetry and a long-range moiré superlattice potential in the graphene. In our samples, this interplay between short- and long-wavelength effects resulted in a band structure described by isolated superlattice minibands and an unexpectedly large band gap at charge neutrality. This picture is confirmed by our observation of fractional quantum Hall states at ±53 filling and features associated with the Hofstadter butterfly at ultrahigh magnetic fields.
The ability to tailor the properties of electronic devices is one of the landmark achievements of modern technology and motivates a sizable fraction of modern research in condensed matter physics. Just as crystal structure can determine the electronic properties of a material, artificial periodic superstructures can be used to modify the electronic band structure of existing materials (1). The band structure of pristine graphene consists of linearly dispersing energy bands, which touch at two degenerate "Dirac points." This degeneracy is protected by the equivalence of the A and B triangular sublattices that make up the graphene honeycomb (2) and is responsible for graphene's semimetallic behavior. Theory suggests that the electronic properties of graphene can be tuned via external periodic potentials: Long-wavelength superlattices have been predicted to lead to the formation of additional gapless Dirac points at finite energy (3), whereas atomic-scale modulations, by breaking the A-B sublattice symmetry, may turn graphene from a semimetal into a semiconductor (4). Experimental efforts to make high-mobility functional devices based on band structure engineering, however, have been hindered by growth and nanofabrication limitations (5).
Recently, a new approach has become available through the use of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as a planar crystalline substrate. hBN is isostructural to graphene but has boron and nitrogen atoms on the A and B sublattices, leading to a large band gap (6). The weak interlayer van der Waals forces in both graphene and hBN permit the fabrication of multilayer heterostructures by sequential transfer of individual layers (7). During the transfer process, the angular alignment of the constituent crystals (θ) can in principle be controlled, but the graphene and hBN lattices retain their natural 1.8% mismatch (4). The frequency difference of the mismatched lattices leads to the formation of a moiré pattern with wavelength λ(θ) that can be much larger than the lattice constant (8, 9) (Fig. 1A).
Fig. 1 Insulating states and superlattice minibands in a graphene-hBN heterostructure.
(A) Schematic of the moiré pattern for graphene (gray) on hBN (red and blue), for zero misalignment angle and an exaggerated lattice mismatch of ~10%. The moiré unit cell is outlined in green. Regions of local quasi-epitaxial alignment lead to opposite signs of the sublattice asymmetry, m(r), in different regions (gray, carbon; red, boron; blue, nitrogen). (B) Low-temperature (T = 150 mK) conductivity near charge neutrality of four heterostructure devices (A1, A2, B1, and B2). The CNP offset V0 = 37, 37, 46, and 42 mV, respectively. Left inset: Measurement schematic. Right inset: False-color atomic force microscopy image. Scale bar, 3 μm. (C) Resistance over a larger gate range. Finite-density resistance peaks indicate full filling of the lowest superlattice miniband in two of the four measured devices (A1 and A2) within the experimentally accessible density range.
The effect of the moiré on the graphene electronic structure can be decomposed into two parts (10). The moiré pattern results in a λ-scale modulation of the graphene-hBN coupling, forming a smooth superlattice potential. More subtly, the moiré also modulates the local asymmetry between the graphene sublattices induced by the difference in potential between boron and nitrogen atoms in the hBN. The resulting A-B potential difference in the graphene, parameterized in Fig. 1A as m(r), oscillates across the superlattice unit cell (11), leading to nearly complete cancellation (10) upon spatial averaging. As we demonstrate, however, the absence of sublattice symmetry nonetheless has considerable experimental consequences for the electronic properties near the charge neutrality point.
We present measurements of four heterostructure devices consisting of a monolayer graphene flake on a 7-nm-thick hBN substrate (9), which itself sits on top of a graphite local gate (Fig. 1B). The proximal gate electrode serves both as an extremely flat substrate and to screen long-range potential fluctuations in the graphene (12), leading to high-quality devices with field-effect mobilities of ~100,000 cm2 V–1 s–1 and well-quantized quantum Hall plateaus at fields B < ~100 mT (9). In contrast to the majority of graphene devices—which, with few exceptions (12, 13), are semimetallic with zero-field minimum conductivity of ~2e2/h (where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant)—all four devices are strongly insulating near the overall charge neutrality point (CNP) (Fig. 1B). In addition, two devices show pronounced resistance peaks at finite density (Fig. 1C), situated symmetrically about the CNP. Notably, the devices showing additional resistance peaks also have the strongest insulating states.
We ascribe the satellite resistance peaks to the Bragg scattering of charge carriers by the superlattice when the lowest electron and hole minibands are fully occupied (8, 14–16). In graphene, as a consequence of the spin and valley degeneracies, full filling occurs at a density of four electrons per superlattice unit cell, n = 4n0, where 1/n0 = 3λ2/2 is the unit cell area (Fig. 1A). Using the density at which the peaks are observed for devices A1 and A2, we estimate λA1 = 11 to 13.5 nm and λA2 = 7.5 to 9.5 nm, where the error is dominated by uncertainty in the value of the hBN dielectric constant (9). Such large values of λ, not much smaller than the theoretical maximum of 14 nm, imply nearly perfect rotational alignment of the graphene and hBN, with θ < 2° for the two devices showing satellite peaks. Although we did not observe satellite peaks in devices B1 and B2, scanning tunneling topography measurements revealed moiré patterns with λB1 = 3.8 nm and λB2 = 3.5 nm (9), corresponding to close alignment with θ ≈ 4°.
The moiré pattern offers a unique opportunity to study the elementary problem of a charged quantum particle moving under the simultaneous influence of a periodic potential and a magnetic field (17–20) in the normally inaccessible regime of more than one magnetic flux quantum (ϕ0) per superlattice unit cell. In the absence of the superlattice, graphene is described at high fields by a set of discrete, highly degenerate Landau levels indexed by an integer N. The periodic potential splits the flat Landau level bands into "Hofstadter minibands" separated by a hierarchy of self-similar minigaps (18). Despite the intricate structure of the Hofstadter spectrum, the densities corresponding to the fractal minigaps follow simple linear trajectories as a function of magnetic field (21). Magnetoresistance data indeed show strong effects of the superlattice (Fig. 2A), including Landau fans originating from both the central and satellite zero-field resistance peaks. As recently demonstrated, the intersections between the central and satellite fans occur at ϕ = ϕ0/q (Fig. 2B), where ϕ is the magnetic flux per superlattice unit cell and q is a positive integer (15, 16). These intersections allow a second, independent method of measuring the unit cell area without reference to electrostatic parameters (9), giving λA1 = 12.9 ± 0.2 nm and λA2 = 9.2 ± 0.1 nm.
Fig. 2 Hofstadter butterfly.
(A) Two-terminal magnetoconductance of device A1 up to 45 T. (B) In Wannier's theory (21), energy gaps in the Hofstadter spectrum are confined to linear trajectories ϕ/ϕ0 = (n/n0 – s)/t, where s and t are integers denoting the superlattice miniband filling index (33) and quantized Hall conductance of the gapped state, respectively. Gray lines indicate gaps for –4 ≤ s ≤ 4, with colored overlays indicating features observed in (A). Black, gaps requiring no broken symmetry; blue, broken-symmetry states for the central Landau fan; red, broken-symmetry states belonging to superlattice (s ≠ 0) Landau fans. Gaps intersect at ϕ/ϕ0 = 1/q, where q is an integer (orange); ϕ = ϕ0 at 29 T. (C) Theoretical Hofstadter energy spectrum for the fully spin- and sublattice-split N = 0 Landau level (9, 34). Black points indicate regions of dense energy bands; intervening spectral gaps are color-coded to the associated two-terminal conductance G = 2 (red), 1 (purple), and 0 (gray) in units of e2/h. (D) Conductance traces within the N = 0 Landau level at B = 43 T (top) and B = 19 T (bottom). Shaded rectangles are color-coded to the expected two-terminal conductance from the Hofstadter model of (C). The emergence of Hofstadter minigaps, characterized by a nonmonotonic sequence of quantized conductance plateaus, is evident in the 43 T data, where ϕ > ϕ0. At 19 T, the quantum Hall sequence is the standard monotonic G = |ν|e2/h. Peaks between plateaus are due to diffusive transport in this wide–aspect ratio device.
The full development of the Hofstadter butterfly, however, is most obvious in the regime ϕ/ϕ0 > 1, which is challenging to access in monolayer graphene. Figure 2D shows the conductance within the N = 0 Landau level for two values of field corresponding to ϕ < ϕ0 and ϕ > ϕ0. At the higher field, the N = 0 Landau level is completely reconstructed, with a nonmonotonic sequence of conductance plateaus well-matched by tight binding calculations (9) of the Hofstadter butterfly spectrum in which phenomenological spin and sublattice symmetry-breaking terms have been included (Fig. 2C). The emergence of states with integer quantized conductance at noninteger filling of a single Landau level, severing the canonical relationship between quantized conductance and filling fraction, is the signature of the Hofstadter butterfly.
Equating the effect of the hBN substrate with that of a smooth superlattice potential explains many features of the experimental data, including the satellite resistance peaks and most features of the ultrahigh-B transport data. However, this fails to account for the insulating state observed at charge neutrality, which persists uninterrupted from B = 0 to 45 T. To further explore the properties of this state, we used a low-temperature capacitance bridge to measure the capacitance of the graphene to the proximal graphite back gate (9, 22). Capacitance measurements probe the thermodynamic density of states, ∂n/∂μ; for our parallel plate geometry, the measured capacitance Cmeas−1=Cgeom−1+(Ae2∂n/∂μ)−1, where Cgeom is the geometric capacitance and A is the sample area (23). Figure 3A shows magnetocapacitance data from a typical, semimetallic graphene-on-hBN device. The capacitance, and by extension the density of states, has a minimum at charge neutrality. As the field is increased, this minimum is replaced by a local maximum, signifying the formation of the zero-energy Landau level characteristic of massless Dirac fermions (24). Capacitance measurements of an insulating graphene device reveal very different behavior (Fig. 3B). No peak forms at the CNP at finite field, as can be seen from the dark vertical region centered at gate voltage Vg = 41 mV, indicating that the N = 0 Landau level is split into two finite-energy sublevels; in other words, a Landau level never forms at zero energy.
Fig. 3 Magnetocapacitance of semimetallic and insulating graphene devices.
(A) Capacitance of a typical semimetallic graphene device. The zero-energy Landau level forms at ~0.15 T, appearing as a local maximum at the CNP (Vg = 34.5 mV). (B) Capacitance of an insulating graphene device (B2) under similar conditions. In contrast to (A), the density of states is at a local minimum for all fields at charge neutrality (Vg = 44 mV). (C and D) Capacitance of device B2 at B = 2.0 T (C) and 13.5 T (D). Cyclotron gaps are shaded gray (ν = ±2 labeled) and broken-symmetry gaps are shaded green. (E) Fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states in the N = 0 Landau level. The incompressible features at
are of similar strength to the other FQH states.
As we increase the field further (Fig. 3C), additional minima in capacitance appear at all integer filling factors ν—including those not belonging to the standard monolayer graphene sequence—indicating the emergence of exchange-driven broken-symmetry states (25). Capacitance minima associated with fractional quantum Hall states appear (Fig. 3D) at all multiples of ⅓ for –2 < ν < 2. Notably, this sequence includes robust features at ν=±53 not observed in previous studies (26, 27) of semimetallic monolayer graphene. These states are thought to be described by a fully spin- and sublattice-polarized Laughlin wave function (28, 29); their absence in semimetallic graphene is attributed (26, 30) to the low energy cost of exciting charge carriers to the unoccupied, energetically equivalent sublattice. Our observation of the ±53 states suggests that sublattice symmetry is broken in our graphene-hBN heterostructures.
In the Dirac equation description of graphene, sublattice symmetry breaking can be parameterized by a mass. In our heterostructures, this mass term m(r) is expected to oscillate across the moiré unit cell (Fig. 1A). Notably, the low-density phenomenology of our insulating graphene at low fields (ϕ << ϕ0)—including the insulating gap, the absence of a zero-energy Landau level, and the observation of the ν=±53 states—can be captured by a Dirac equation with a spatially uniform global effective mass, m*. The resulting Hamiltonian describing physics in the vicinity of the K (K′) point isH^=vFσ⋅p+m*vF2σ^z=(±m*vF2vF(px−ipy)vF(px+ipy)∓m*vF2) (1)where vF is the Fermi velocity, p = (px, py) is the momentum in the graphene plane, σ = (σx, σy), and the Pauli matrices {σi} operate in the basis of the two sublattices. The resulting energy spectrum at zero magnetic field,E(p)=±vF2|p|2+(m*vF2)2 (2)features a band gap Δ=2m*vF2 at charge neutrality. In a quantizing magnetic field, the Landau level spectrum is given byEN=±2(ℏvF)2|N|/ℓB2+(m*vF2)2 (3)where ħ = h/2π and ℓB=ℏ/(eB) is the magnetic length (9). The mass term does not lift the Landau level degeneracy for |N| > 0; this is reflected in our data (Fig. 3C) by the observation of symmetry breaking in the higher Landau levels only at higher magnetic fields, presumably due to exchange interactions, as in semimetallic graphene (25). However, the splitting of the N = 0 Landau level into two sublattice-polarized branches at E0=±m*vF2 is consistent with the persistent gap at charge neutrality, as well as the observation of the ±53 fractional quantum Hall states.
The observation of band gaps in samples with long-wavelength moiré patterns is not likely to be coincidental. Naïvely, m(r) nearly vanishes upon spatial average, calling into question whether a mismatched hBN substrate can open a measurable gap. Indeed, predictions for how the global parameter m* depends on the microscopic structure of m(r) vary by several orders of magnitude depending on theoretical assumptions (4, 10, 31, 32). To quantitatively assess the connection between λ and m*, we measured the band gap using the temperature dependence of the charge-neutrality point conductvity (Fig. 4, A and B) and independently measured the width in gate voltage of the insulating state, which places an upper bound on the chemical potential difference across the band gap (9). Figure 4C shows a correlation between moiré wavelength and the measured gaps, which suggests that the interaction of the graphene flake with the closely aligned hBN substrate is responsible for the insulating behavior. Single-particle theories of graphene on hBN (10, 31) predict Δ ≈ 5 to 10 meV for zero misalignment angle, for which the gap is expected to be maximal. Our measured band gaps exceed these predictions even for nonzero twist. In addition, the discrepancy between the two methods for gap determination implies that Δ depends on chemical potential, suggesting that many-body interactions may play a role in enhancing Δ (32). However, quantitative comparison with the predicted power-law dependence of Δ(λ) will require more extensive data.
Fig. 4 Energy gaps of the zero-field insulator.
(A) Conductivity of the insulator device A1 at a series of temperatures. (B) Arrhenius plot of σCNP for all four devices. Lines are fits to the simply activated form σCNP(T) ∝ exp(–Δ/2T), giving ΔA1 = 321 K, ΔA2 = 268 K, ΔB1 = 194 K, and ΔB2 = 189 K. (C) Correlation of observed band gaps with moiré wavelength λ. Circles denote thermal activation gap (Fig. 2B); error bars are estimated from the uncertainty in the range of simply activated behavior. Inverted triangles denote width in gate voltage of the insulating state. λ is extracted from the period of the Hofstadter oscillations for A1 and A2, and from STM measurements for B1 and B2. Inset: Scanning tunneling topography image of B2 (scale bar, 5 nm). (D) Schematic band structure for semimetallic graphene, showing the linear dependence of energy E on two-dimensional wave vector k = |p|/ħ. (E) Schematic band structure for an insulating graphene-hBN heterostructure, showing the band gap and moiré minibands.
The ability to engineer a nonzero band mass in graphene has far-reaching implications for future experimental efforts. The possibility of an alignment-dependent mass may require a reinterpretation of experiments involving graphene-hBN heterostructures, even as it engenders new opportunities for the design of electronic devices. The gapped spectrum and the tunability of the associated effective mass provide a useful tool in nanoengineering based on electrostatic confinement, as well as a new design parameter in the study of many-body effects in monolayer graphene.
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1237240/DC1
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S18
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Acknowledgments: We acknowledge helpful discussions with C. Dean, H. Churchill, L. Levitov, and J. Song. B.H. and R.C.A. were funded by the Basic Energy Sciences Program, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), contract FG02-08ER46514, and by Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF2931. J.D.S.-Y. and P.J.-H. were primarily supported by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under grant DE-SC0001819. Early fabrication feasibility studies were supported by NSF Career Award DMR-0845287 and the ONR GATE MURI. M.Y. and B.J.L. were supported by NSF grant EECS-0925152. This work made use of the MRSEC Shared Experimental Facilities supported by NSF under grant DMR-0819762 and of Harvard's CNS, supported by NSF under grant ECS-0335765. Some measurements were performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which is supported by NSF Cooperative Agreement DMR-0654118, the State of Florida, and DOE. A.F.Y. acknowledges the support of the Pappalardo Fellowship in Physics. M.K. was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 24740193; P.M. was supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up (grant 23840004).
You are going to email the following Massive Dirac Fermions and Hofstadter Butterfly in a van der Waals Heterostructure
By B. Hunt, J. D. Sanchez-Yamagishi, A. F. Young, M. Yankowitz, B. J. LeRoy, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, P. Moon, M. Koshino, P. Jarillo-Herrero, R. C. Ashoori
Science 21 Jun 2013 : 1427-1430
A band gap is observed in a monolayer graphene–hexagonal boron nitride heterostructure. [Also see Perspective by Fuhrer]


Leaving a child at a nursery, crèche, pre-school or day care centre for the first time can be a daunting experience for a parent. While the small child's tears may soon turn to laughter as they play with new toys and meet new friends, the parent may sit at home or at work checking their phone and worrying that their child is not being well looked after.
This is a reality for an increasing number of parents as more and more children participate in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings, partly due to the extension of legal entitlements to a place, free access, and subsidised parental fees or provision. This increased participation has led to governments, as well as parents, taking a keen interest in the quality of provision, because quality is key to ensuring benefits for young children, particularly those with disadvantaged backgrounds. In high quality learning environments, children develop a good basis for social, basic literacy and numeracy skills which are important for future educational success.
An essential part of making sure that all children receive high quality early childhood education and care is to monitor the providers of this care. Understanding whether provisions meet the regulations and standards, how staff are performing, and how children are developing can inform policy makers and identify where improvements are needed. This information also informs parents about the level of quality provided, allowing them to make informed decisions about their choice of provision.
Service and staff quality: These are the most commonly monitored areas, and are usually monitored through inspections or self-evaluations. Monitoring of these aspects is often mandatory and mainly focuses on regulatory aspects such as staff-child ratios, group size and staff qualifications or curriculum implementation.
Child development and outcomes: These are mostly monitored through observations rather than tests as used in primary and secondary schools. Monitoring children's early development has a broad, holistic focus, concentrating on language and literacy skills, as well as socio-emotional, motor and health development.
Staff and child interaction: Interest is growing in monitoring process quality to ensure the quality of interaction between staff and children, to improve staff practices and identify staff training needs.
In addition, we found that early childhood monitoring is frequently aligned with the primary school monitoring system, which allows a more continuous early childhood development experience, and because tools used in monitoring practices are usually decided at the local level, actual practices differ between regions or even provisions. Lastly, results of monitoring quality, at least for aggregated results, are often shared with the general public, resulting in more transparency.
Clarify the purposes for monitoring: This ensures all people involved are "on the same path" in terms of objectives and consequences.
Develop a coherent monitoring framework for different settings: This ensures an even level of quality and can contribute to better transitions for children moving between different settings.
Link monitoring of staff quality to professional development: Training as a result of staff evaluation can lead to quality improvements and better staff practices for child development. Don't allow monitoring efforts to go to waste!
Do not underestimate the demands of monitoring on staff: Keep in mind that monitoring requires time and increases staff members' workload and stress.
Value the voices of staff, parents and children: Different points of view are important in understanding how quality and performance is perceived, and may provide some valuable insights into the strengths and challenges of the system.
"Knowledge is power" is an often-used phrase, but when it comes to making sure that children have the best start in life, it is a phrase that rings true. Through knowing which systems are working well and what makes them work well, governments can ensure that high quality childcare is provided, and parents can be empowered to make informed decisions that will help put them at ease when leaving their child for the first time.


text:
Sant'Eufemia è un dipinto, tempera a colla su tela (171x78 cm), di Andrea Mantegna, firmato e datato 1454 e conservato nel Museo nazionale di Capodimonte a Napoli.

Descrizione e stile
La più antica notizia esistente sul dipinto è la sua appartenenza alla collezione del cardinale Stefano Borgia all'inizio dell'Ottocento.

La santa a grandezza naturale è posta entro un arco monumentale sul quale si trova scritto il suo nome a lettere dorate e sono appese ghirlande di frutta e foglie di derivazione squarcionesca. Essa è colta in un'espressione di grande semplicità, con i tratti del volto rischiarati della luce che ne restituiscono la bellezza terrena. Eufemia è corredata dei simboli del martirio: la palma in mano, il coltello nel petto, il leone che morde la mano destra.

L'impostazione è simile all'Assunzione della Vergine della cappella Ovetari, con la visione scorciata dal basso e il saldo rigore prospettico della cornice architettonica.

Su un cartiglio alla base si trova la firma dell'artista: OPVS ANDREAE MANTEGNAE / MCCCCLIIII.

Bibliografia
Tatjana Pauli, Mantegna, serie Art Book, Leonardo Arte, Milano 2001. ISBN 9788883101878

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Dipinti di Andrea Mantegna
Dipinti su sant'Eufemia di Calcedonia
Dipinti nel Museo nazionale di Capodimonte


text:
Skip Metro Suite bypasses the Windows 8 Start screen
By Nick Peers
One of the most annoying things about Windows 8 is the new Start screen. It's provoked a marmite-like response, but Microsoft has made it clear that it's here to stay. That in itself doesn't make it the end of the world, but the need to have to click the Desktop tile or press [Win] + [D] after logging on in order to access the classic desktop we all know and love is.
Fear not, however, as the good folk of WinAero.com have come up with a solution that works both now and in the future. The fix? Skip Metro Suite 1.0.0.
Skip Metro Suite's primary function is to get you to the classic desktop after you log on to Windows 8. Perhaps wisely, considering Microsoft's tough action on anyone trying to bypass or ditch the Start screen, Skip Metro Suite doesn't appear to do anything remotely clever or naughty to achieve this aim. Instead, once installed, you reboot, log on to Windows and the Start screen briefly appears before giving way to the classic desktop.
It's not as elegant as not having to see the Start screen at all when you log on, but it's workable and likely to keep working beyond the RTM and Release Preview builds it's been tested with (we used it with the RTM build with no issues at all).
Skip Metro Suite also offers some bonus functionality too: fed up with rolling your mouse to the top left or right-hand corners of the screen? No problems, just open the Skip Metro Suite configuration pane, then tick "Disable Top-Left Corner (Switcher)" and "Disable Charms Bar" to switch those hot spots off. Better still, you can still access both the task switcher and charms bar with the appropriate keyboard shortcuts, namely [Win] + [Tab] and [Win] + [C] respectively.
Both features work without having to reboot your computer, can be switched off as easily as they were switched on and make Skip Metro Suite that little bit more essential for old-school users frothing at the mouth every time they're presented with the Start screen.
Skip Metro Suite 1.0.0 is a freeware download for PCs running Windows 8 Release Preview or Windows 8 RTM.
44 Responses to Skip Metro Suite bypasses the Windows 8 Start screen
UK government launches tech help scheme for small businesses


Effective population size characterizes the genetic variability in a population and is a parameter of paramount importance in population genetics. Kingman's coalescent process enables inference of past population dynamics directly from molecular sequence data, and researchers have developed a number of flexible coalescent-based models for Bayesian nonparametric estimation of the effective population size as a function of time. A major goal of demographic reconstruction is understanding the association between the effective population size and potential explanatory factors. Building upon Bayesian nonparametric coalescent-based approaches, we introduce a flexible framework that incorporates time-varying covariates through Gaussian Markov random fields. To approximate the posterior distribution, we adapt efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms designed for highly structured Gaussian models. Incorporating covariates into the demographic inference framework enables the modeling of associations between the effective population size and covariates while accounting for uncertainty in population histories. Furthermore, it can lead to more precise estimates of population dynamics. We apply our model to four examples. We reconstruct the demographic history of raccoon rabies in North America and find a significant association with the spatiotemporal spread of the outbreak. Next, we examine the effective population size trajectory of the DENV-4 virus in Puerto Rico along with viral isolate count data and find similar cyclic patterns. We compare the population history of the HIV-1 CRF02_AG clade in Cameroon with HIV incidence and prevalence data and find that the effective population size is more reflective of incidence rate. Finally, we explore the hypothesis that the population dynamics of musk ox during the Late Quaternary period were related to climate change.


text:
Volume 20, Number 9—September 2014
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus from Waterfowl, South Korea, 2014
Technical Appendix
Article & Appendix
Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H3N1), Belgium
Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A Virus, Cambodia
Immunity and Susceptibility to Influenza A(H3) Viruses
More articles on Influenza
To the Editor: To date, 18 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and 11 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been identified in influenza A viruses (1–4). Influenza A viruses containing HA subtypes 1–16 circulate in aquatic birds (1,2), whereas those harboring HA subtypes 17 and 18 are found in bats (3,4).
On January 18, 2014, the government of South Korea reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in breeding ducks in the southern part of Jeollabuk-Do Province (5). More than 12 million poultry have since been culled, but the spread of the virus continues in duck and chicken farms. We report the genetic characterization of this virus.
On February 15, 2014, a total of 200 fecal samples were collected from waterfowl in the Pungse River in Chungnam Province, which is geographically close to Jeollabuk-Do Province. All samples were inoculated into hens' eggs, and influenza A viruses were confirmed by PCR by using influenza A–specific nucleoprotein (NP) primers. We obtained 1 isolate, A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8), and sequenced the full regions of all 8 genes as described (6). These sequences were deposited into GenBank under accession nos. KJ511809–KJ511816.
We conducted a BLAST search (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, http://platform.gisaid.org/epi3/frontend#4ead5c) to identify the closest gene sequences to those of A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) (Table). Sequences for polymerase basic (PB) 2 (99% homology), HA (97% homology), and NP (99% homology) genes were closely related to those of A/wild duck/Shandong/628/2011 (H5N1). Sequences for PB1 (99% homology), polymerase acidic subunit (PA) (98% homology), matrix (M) (99% homology), and nonstructural (NS) (99% homology) genes were closely related to those of A/duck/Jiangsu/1-15/2011 (H4N2). Sequences for the NA (98% homology) gene were closely related to that of A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). Phylogenic analysis showed that all 8 genes of A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) belonged to the Eurasian lineage, and that the HA gene clustered with clade 2.3.4 (Technical Appendix Figure 1).
We further analyzed the amino acid sequences of the virus isolate (online Technical Appendix Table 1). Positions 138 and 160 of the HA protein (H3 numbering) contained an alanine (A) residue, which was previously found to be related to enhanced binding to the human influenza receptor (7). The connecting peptide of HA contained an insertion of 4 basic amino acids (arginine-arginine-arginine-lysine), which is the same as in the HA of A/duck/Korea/Buan2/2014 (H5N8), an isolate from a duck farm in South Korea (GenBank accession no. KJ413839.1–KJ413846.1). Aspartic acid was found in M1 at position 30 and alanine at position 215; this combination has been connected with increased virulence in mice (8). The NS1 sequence contained serine at position 42, which is related to the enhanced pathogenicity in mice, but a truncation of the amino acids at positions 218–230 that has been linked with reduced pathogenicity in mice (9) was not identified. Asparagine was identified at position 31 of M2, which is the same in M2 of A/duck/Korea/Buan2/2014 (H5N8) and confers resistance to amantadine and rimantadine (10).
Because all 8 genes of A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) are closely related to those of the A/duck/Korea/Buan2/2014 (H5N8) isolate that was obtained from a duck farm, it is likely that A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) originated from infected waterfowl that had visited poultry on an infected farm (Technical Appendix Figure 1). Our laboratory has studied the feces of wild birds in Chungnam Province since 2009, surveying >20,000 fecal samples from wild birds in this area each year, but we had not previously isolated avian influenza A(H5N8) virus from any samples.
The genetic analysis of the A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) isolate indicates that this novel strain may have been created by the reassortment of PB2, HA, and NP segments from H5N1-like avian influenza virus; PB1, PA, M, and NS segments from H4N2-like avian influenza virus; and NA segments from H5N8-like avian influenza virus (Technical Appendix Figure 2). Most genes of the virus we isolated are related to those of avian influenza viruses isolated in China, but the HA gene of A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) showed only 97% homology to the closest HA gene in GenBank, which indicates that this gene may have been created in poultry in South Korea. To our knowledge, no outbreak of this virus in poultry farms in China has been reported, and we found no previous reports in the literature that migratory birds could carry the virus. Taken together, our data suggest that A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) may have been reassorted in a duck farm in South Korea.
We thank the scientific editor from Editage who edited this manuscript.
This work was funded by a Basic Science Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A2A2A 01002533).
Keun Bon Ku1, Eun Hye Park1, Jung Yum1, Ji An Kim, Seung Kyoo Oh, and Sang Heui Seo
Author affiliations: Chungnam National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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World Organisation for Animal Health. Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Korea (Rep. of). Information received on 18/01/2014 from Dr TaeYung Kim, Director General, Livestock Policy Bureau, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, Sejong-Si, Korea (Rep. of) [cited 2014 Mar 5]. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=14668
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Wang W, Lu B, Zhou H, Suguitan AL Jr, Cheng X, Subbarao K, Glycosylation at 158N of the hemagglutinin protein and receptor binding specificity synergistically affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a live attenuated H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 vaccine virus in ferrets. J Virol. 2010;84:6570–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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Jiao P, Tian G, Li Y, Deng G, Jiang Y, Liu C, A single amino-acid substitution in the NS1 protein changes the pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice. J Virol. 2008;82:1146–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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Table. Nucleotide homology of genes of influenza virus strain A/waterfowl/Korea/S005/2014 (H5N8) to the closest related influenza virus strains
1These authors equally contributed to this article.
More Letter Articles
Table of Contents – Volume 20, Number 9—September 2014
Sang Heui Seo, Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung Dong, YuseongGu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
Page created: August 18, 2014
Page updated: August 18, 2014
Page reviewed: August 18, 2014
September 2014expand
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus from Waterfowl, South Korea, 2014expand
Ku K, Park E, Yum J, Kim J, Oh S, Seo S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus from Waterfowl, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(9):1587-1588. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140390
Ku K, Park E, Yum J, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus from Waterfowl, South Korea, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2014;20(9):1587-1588. doi:10.3201/eid2009.140390.
Ku, K., Park, E., Yum, J., Kim, J., Oh, S., & Seo, S. (2014). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus from Waterfowl, South Korea, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(9), 1587-1588. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140390.


sasxxitaga had the most liked content!
sasxxitaga replied to PotworekAlice's topic in Introduce Yourself!
The last drawing... the shoes are inspired by Naruto?
Hello! I'm Rain. I'm a crazy fan of Naruto series!
sasxxitaga replied to rain123's topic in Introduce Yourself!
Let me make it clear already that I really really dislike (a.k.a hate) Sakura. Welcome to the forum!
Congratulations on your graduation! And please don't give up. There are many unexplored days ahead of you and something good shall happen. Trust me on this.
I started it, then dropped it after the first few chapters because I didn't like it.
Hohoho my fellow Golden Change fan! Looking forward to meet ya!
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sasxxitaga replied to psysmith's topic in Introduce Yourself!
Or go for Golden Change for beaaautiful art and first class humour.
sasxxitaga replied to sleepy nyl's topic in Introduce Yourself!
Another FIL fan! Nice to meet another person for whom manga > anime. *high 5* Welcome to the forums and hope to see you around here! Have a nice time!
As much as I would hate to admit, it wasn't really Barney's fault.
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I used to be extremely jealous of Wendy after watching the 2003 Peter Pan movie. Welcome to the forum, Peter Pan!
Well he gives Kaneki vibes because of the one eye thing but I don't think he looks like him.