text:
Craig Hill Training Services
Business, Management and ESL Trainer
Past Work History
Teaching Positions
Management Positions
Journalism Positions
Complete Writing History
Essays and Reports
Contemporary Management
Contemporary Management – Organisation Design and Open System Theory
Contemporary Management – Social Responsibility
Contemporary Management – Rational Persuasion Strategies
Contemporary Management – Controlling
Contemporary Management – Motivation
Contemporary Management – Life Cycle Assessment
Strategic Planning and Management
Strategic Planning and Management – Analysis and Strategy
Strategic Planning – Setting Objectives
Strategic Planning – Value Chain Analysis
Strategic Management – Strategy Execution Process
Human Resource Management – Performance Management Systems
Human Resource Management – Workplace Diversity
Human Resource Planning – Issues to Consider
Human Resource Development – Training Programs: Planning, Design, Delivery and Evaluation
Organisational Culture, Policy and Change
Cultural Analysis and Policy Analysis
TESOL – Cross-linguistic Influences
TESOL – Bilingualism
TESOL – Critical Period Hypothesis
TESOL – Teaching Grammar in China
TESOL – Teaching Writing: Letter of Complaint
TESOL – IELTS Speaking Test
TESOL – World Englishes
Critical Thinking: Media and Democracy
Report For Senator Andrew Bartlett – New Zealand Citizen Social Security
Click to Enrol
December 14, 1840 – Governor Gipps appoints the first Government Printer
Posted by Craig Hill ⋅ December 14, 2020 ⋅ Leave a comment
Filed Under Australia, George Gipps, George Howe, History
George Howe (Printer) With Governor George Gipps and Family
In the first two decades of British settlement in Australia, all government notices were printed on a portable wooden and iron printing press that had come to New South Wales on the First Fleet in 1788.
There were no experienced printers among the convicts until the convict transport ship "The Royal Admiral" brought George Howe to Australia's shores.
Howe was born in the West Indies but was well-educated in classical European literature, and he had extensive printing experience.
His original death sentence for shoplifting in England was commuted to transportation to New South Wales.
His skills in printing were immediately put to use for the publication of government documents.
In 1802 Howe issued the first book printed in Australia, "New South Wales General Standing Orders", which listed Government and General Orders issued between 1791 and 1802.
He was also permitted to commence Australia's first newspaper, which he printed from a shed at the back of Government House.
As the colony grew, so did the need for an official government printer.
In November 1840, Governor Gipps announced plans to establish a printing office which would be "under the exclusive orders and control of the Government".
The Government Printing Office was established, and John Kitchen was appointed as Government Printer on 14 December 1840.
Kitchen's staff included two free men as assistant printers, while another twenty convict men and boys became production staff.
Over the next decades, the Government Printing Office was responsible for printing official government documents, including parliamentary debates (Hansard), as well as postage stamps and railway tickets.
Its services also included bookbinding, Photo-lithographic and lithographic and Photo-mechanical printing.
The Government Printing Office remained in operation until it was finally abolished in July 1989.
About Craig Hill
General Manager at Craig Hill Training Services * Get an Australian diploma by studying in your own country * Get an Australian diploma using your overseas study and work experience * Diplomas can be used for work or study in Australia and other countries. * For more information go to www.craighill.net
View all posts by Craig Hill »
« December 14, 1503 – Physician, philosopher and seer, Nostradamus, is born
December 15, 1961 – Adolf Eichmann, 'Chief Executioner of the Third Reich', is sentenced to death for his war crimes »
writer@craighill.net
An archive of all my old posts
An archive of all my old posts Select Month January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 March 2020 March 2018 March 2017 February 2017 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 January 2011 December 2010 September 2010 August 2010 March 2010 January 2010 November 2009 July 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 December 2008 November 2008 October 2008 September 2008 August 2008 July 2008 June 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 November 2007 August 2007 July 2007 June 2007 March 2007 July 2006 June 2006 May 2006 April 2006 March 2006 February 2006 November 2005 August 2005 February 2003 May 2001 November 2000 July 1998 September 1977 August 1977
January 18, 1977 – Australia's worst rail disaster occurs at Granville, Sydney, killing 83
January 18, 1919 – Post-World War I peace conference began in Paris
January 17, 1877 – Birth of May Gibbs, English-Australian author and illustrator
January 17, 1966 – NBC greenlights "The Monkees"
RT @AustDems: "The Dutch government has resigned amid an escalating scandal over child benefits in which more than 20,000 families were wro… 2 hours ago
RT @ABC: THE GREATEST: Three-time heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali would have turned 79 today. A look back at his life and career:… 11 hours ago
RT @funder: In 72 hours when trump leaves office and Biden is sworn in, it'll be one of the most celebrated moments in human history. 11 hours ago
Perhaps Trump could sell a book of all his deleted tweets to his 85 million former followers to raise money for his legal defence. 1 day ago
RT @allareblessed: NY Attorney General Letitia James has 67 indictments on trump ready to be unsealed on January 21, 2021. I love New Yor… 1 day ago
Follow @CraigHill01
I also have a news site about China:
Recent Posts: China News
China in the News: January 17, 2021
January 16, 2015 – Death of Chinese singer Yao Beina
China looks to boost ties with Philippines ahead of Biden inauguration
AVIC building twin-seat version of top fighter jet
Hong Kong urged to curb numbers in public spaces due to COVID-19
Email Log In


Insurgency is a multiplayer tactical first-person shooter video game developed and published by New World Interactive.It was released on January 22, 2014 for PC.Take to the streets for intense close quarters combat, where a team's survival depends upon securing crucial strongholds and destroying enemy supply in this multiplayer and cooperative Source Engine based experience. The follow-up game to the award-winning Source mod, Insurgency is highly competitive and unforgivingly lethal, striking a balance between one-life gameplay and prolonged action.we provided Insurgency PC Game with pro account of mediafire(without ads, direct link) under 5 GB.Is this game is free and for Pc? Yes this game is free video game and for Computer. Please see below screenshots and system requirements to understand you, Can you able to play this game on pc? so after check out download , Install, play and Enjoy!.Now Check Out Below Download link ,download game and enjoy!.According to me Download >>Install>>Play>>Enjoy!.
Check given below minimum system requirements of Insurgency Full PC Game.
How to Download and Install Insurgency For PC?
First download Insurgency Download Game by click on download link.
Click on "insurgency" icon to play the game.


text:
Commentary:Strengthening Community Based Seed Systems in West Africa—Example and Learnings From a McKnight Foundation-Funded Initiative in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger
Bettina Haussmann is the West Africa Liaison Scientist for the McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program, and is based at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany. Her past work at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Sahelian Centre, Niamey, Niger, resulted in a regionally coordinated strategy for pearl millet improvement in West Africa.
Example of success
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are major crops cultivated under rain-fed conditions in the dryland areas of West Africa. Since 2006, the McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) has been funding a project entitled "Sustaining Farmer-Managed Seed Initiatives for Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso." This project is presently in its third phase. It has been led (until December 2015) by Eva Weltzien from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Mali and implemented in cooperation with scientists from ICRISAT-Niger, the national programs in Mali (IER), Burkina Faso (INERA) and Niger (INRAN), and seven farmer organizations (two each in Mali and Burkina Faso, and three in Niger). The project aims to contribute to sustainable seed supply to small-scale farmers in the three mentioned West African countries, through farmer managed production of sorghum and pearl millet seed. In 2014, the McKnight Foundation commissioned a case study to describe the project background, context and outcomes, to assess specific CCRP contributions, to summarize lessons learned and to provide recommendations. Major findings of the case study are summarized below; many more details can be found in the full case study document.1
The case study revealed that the project has been very strategic by tying participatory variety development and evaluation to farmer managed seed production, and by involving farmer organizations as equal partners in research. The core of the success was the participatory development of varieties that are adapted to the local context and produce considerably higher yields under farmers' production conditions, while also maintaining a number of other preferred traits. Through very decentralized, participatory variety evaluation trials, farmers have gained contextualized knowledge of diverse varieties and can make informed decisions on the options available to them.
The availability of seed of these varieties has much improved during the course of the project due to strengthening of farmer led production of quality seed. The number of seed producers increased from year to year, as did the area used for seed production and the number of varieties being multiplied. By taking a "mini-packet'' approach for seed marketing to individual farmers, access to seed has also improved. In addition, there were several other pathways for seed distribution, including through government agencies, NGOs or private seed enterprises acting as partners of the farmer organizations. Impacts were reported by farmers in the following domains: (1) variety adoption and seed systems; (2) productivity, income and nutrition; and (3) knowledge, innovation and development capacities.
In summary, the project has convincingly demonstrated that farmer managed seed production is feasible, and can improve variety adoption and achieves development impacts. However, there are still challenges ahead with regard to the sustainability of the project. Besides some necessary improvements in the seed chain itself, concerns exist regarding risk management at the farmer organizations, and improving the material resource basis for the farmer organizations and the national research institutes. Moreover, the sustainability of this project depends also on external factors, including decisions that are taken at the policy level. These external factors should be addressed, which may imply research and capacity-building measures that go beyond the original focus of the project.
The case study suggests conducting a policy and a stakeholder analysis in order to identify entry points for a science-policy dialogue, and to establish multi-stakeholder platforms in order to facilitate the development of shared visions and coordinated action towards the integrated development of more sustainable, equitable and resilient seed systems.
In the seed chain, linkages where farmer organizations directly depend on other actors should be improved. Three critical junctions were identified: (1) provisioning of source seed; (2) seed certification; and (3) coordination of complementary dissemination pathways. It further needs to be emphasized that not only knowledge and capacity-building, but also a better material resource base and risk-reducing measures, may be necessary to make the farmer managed seed production more sustainable. In order to address the seed sector as a whole, the case study suggests conducting a policy and a stakeholder analysis in order to identify entry points for a science-policy dialogue, and to establish multi-stakeholder platforms in order to facilitate the development of shared visions and coordinated action towards the integrated development of more sustainable, equitable and resilient seed systems in the three countries (Christick et al. 2014).
From my involvement as a pearl millet breeder in the seed systems project in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, followed by my function as CCRP liaison scientist, the following additional thoughts come to my mind:
How to promote seed diversity
Smallholder farmers' production objectives, preferences and needs in West Africa are heterogeneous, therefore, these farmers need to be offered a range of variety options. Plant breeders should not strive to search for or promote just a single one-size-fits-all "best" variety—because such varieties actually do not exist in smallholder farming systems. Plant breeders aiming to serve smallholder farmers should rather strive to understand the heterogeneity of the production objectives, preferences and needs, and then strive to develop a basket of varietal options from which farmers can chose those varieties that fit best into the individual context. This would also include a move to a more systems-oriented breeding, where the different functions of a crop or cultivar in the production system are considered and improved/optimized.
"A paradigm shift is needed from considering farmers simply as beneficiaries and passive adopters to considering farmers as real partners who inform and advise the crop improvement process."
Such an approach actually includes a paradigm shift from promoting just a few "best-bet" varieties to promotion of functional diversity via the development of a portfolio of "best-fit" varieties (varieties that are specifically adapted to different contexts, functions and needs). To enable this, a paradigm shift is needed from considering farmers simply as beneficiaries and passive adopters to considering farmers as real partners who inform and advise the crop improvement process. This is necessary, because farmers know much better than researchers what they really need and what a good variety represents in a particular context. Working with the farmers (women and men) as partners also helps to develop and improve ownership, and can enhance speed of adoption of new varietal diversity. Developing a diverse set of specifically adapted varieties also means to get away from considering yield (potential) under high-input conditions as the main trait to be improved; there are many more diverse traits that are important for farmers and that need to be integrated into different varieties by breeders in order to serve the diversity of smallholder farmers well.
"Offering diversity to the diversity of farmers and enabling them to choose what fits best into their respective situation" has also been the approach that was followed in the above-mentioned, CCRP-funded project. Annual participatory variety evaluation trials with about 20 cultivars (which changed in each year as new varieties came out of the breeding pipeline) exposed farmers to newly available variety options for the target region on a regular basis. These were followed by validation trials involving between three to six farmer selected varieties. These again were complemented by the seed mini-packet approach where small quantities of seed, together with information of the respective varieties, were offered to farmers for testing at very affordable prices.
Farmer exchange visits were organized to support farmer-to-farmer learning about varietal diversity and seed production. Seed and input shops in target villages, seed fairs and mobile seed shops contributed to enhancing access of farmers to seed and information of various cultivars, even in remote villages. This was then combined with massive training of the partner farmer organizations in certified, quality seed production for their communities. Different farmer seed producers would produce quality seed of different cultivars, so that a diverse variety portfolio became available to the communities.
"By offering such a diverse variety of options and associated information and by conducting large-scale farmer managed on-farm validation trials, farmers can be enabled to choose varieties that fit best into their system. In doing so, varietal diversity at local levels can be maintained or even promoted."
On the breeding site, initial participatory diagnostics helped to identify and understand farmers' needs and preferences. Then, varieties revealing the priority traits were developed together with farmers, both women and men, to serve their respective needs best and, at the same time, develop ownership. Examples are varieties with resistance to Striga for areas infested by this parasitic weed; early varieties to provide food in the hungry period; late varieties that better serve marketing quality; varieties with specific adaptation to low plant available phosphorus in the soil or to flooding/water stagnation; varieties with high micro-nutrient (iron, zinc) content to serve infant nutrition; varieties suitable for beer brewing; dual-purpose varieties that serve both food and fodder (and thereby crop-livestock integration in agroecological production systems), etc. By offering such a diverse variety of options and associated information and by conducting large-scale farmer managed on-farm validation trials, farmers can be enabled to choose varieties that fit best into their system. In doing so, varietal diversity at local levels can be maintained or even promoted.
Role of public health institutions in promoting seed diversity
Public health institutions did not play an important role in the project, but I imagine that they could play a role in promoting specific, nutrient-rich cultivars and recipes that combine different crops (for example cereals, legumes and nutritious minor crops such as hibiscus, mango or Moringa) and/or specific varieties into nutritious end products, targeting specific use groups, for example small children or specific patients. By valuing specific crops and varieties as healthy food and possibly creating a local value chain and local markets, farmers can be encouraged to add these crops and varieties to their existing portfolio, for improving family nutrition and also for income generation purposes. The use of this diversity will thus prevent it from being lost. (A similar "use it or lose it" approach has been applied by the International Potato Center (CIP) to conserve Andean root and tuber crops.)
The central role of seed for resilience
Understanding the number and type of crops, the varieties farmers maintain and how seed of these is managed can help breeders to integrate new varieties in existing systems. Participatory diagnostics conducted in the project revealed, among other things, that farmers in one village maintain several cultivars (up to 15 or more) explicitly for different purposes, including for risk management, food and nutritional security, and income generation.
Learning from nature can help us understand naturally existing mechanisms to cope with unpredictably variable environmental conditions and to achieve some resilience. Haussmann et al. (2007)2 studied intra-varietal heterogeneity of flowering time in six pearl millet landraces from Niger. Genetic differences between the earliest and the latest full-sib family derived from the same landrace were 16 days at minimum and 39 days at maximum. The enormous intra-varietal heterogeneity in these Sahelian pearl millet landraces for flowering time likely reflects adaptive benefits of intra-population diversity, whereby only a portion of plants is at their most sensitive stage at any point in time. This diversity arose through natural and farmer selection over many generations, and is likely an important mechanism for adaptation to high inter-annual climate variability in the Sahel. Sahelian pearl millet breeders are thus faced with the question of how much intra-varietal heterogeneity is desirable—or necessary—to obtain improved and stable varieties that consistently out-yield local cultivars under extremely variable growing conditions. This may be in conflict with the common understanding that "improved" cultivars should be distinct, uniform and stable.
"Farmer-participatory dynamic gene pool management using broad-based populations and diverse selection environments can be useful in developing new diverse germplasm adapted to specific production constraints, including climate variability."
Furthermore, Haussmann et al. (2012)3 reviewed breeding strategies and required variety characteristics to enhance farmers' resilience in variable and changing climates. According to these authors, developing variety types with high degrees of heterozygosity and genetic heterogeneity for adaptation traits can help in achieving better individual and population buffering capacity. Traits that potentially enhance adaptive phenotypic plasticity or yield stability in variable climates include photoperiod-sensitive flowering, plastic tillering, flooding tolerance, seedling heat tolerance, and phosphorus efficiency. Some of these traits (for example, photoperiod sensitivity) had been removed from elite germplasm during the Green Revolution, thereby reducing the germplasm's ability to cope with unpredictably variable, marginal stress environments. But these traits are essential for stable performance, as in regions with a highly variable beginning of the rainy season and consequently variable planting dates, such as in West Africa. Farmer-participatory dynamic gene pool management using broad-based populations and diverse selection environments can be useful in developing new diverse germplasm adapted to specific production constraints, including climate variability. It also contributes to in situ management of genetic diversity. Larger-scale, on-farm participatory testing is required to enable assessments of varietal performance under evolving climatic variability, to provide perspective on needs and opportunities, and to enhance adoption. Strengthening seed systems will be required to achieve sustainable impacts regarding resilience.
There is a need for policy advocacy.
As mentioned above, resilient varieties that have a capacity for population buffering and stable yield in variable environments such as the Sahel require at least some genetic variation for adaptation traits, for example for flowering time. They thus cannot fulfill the common "distinct-uniform-stable" (DUS) criteria required for release of improved varieties in developed countries. But these DUS criteria are often also being promoted in regions where they are just not appropriate, in regions where uniformity also means vulnerability. Advocacy is therefore required to inform responsible authorities about the potential benefits of genetically heterogeneous, non-uniform cultivars, so that such types of varieties can also be released. Of course there will be an optimum heterogeneity, depending on the variability of the target environment, and heterogeneity for adaptation traits must not mean that the cultivar does not have an identity. Rather, a variety can be variable for flowering time but uniform for other plant traits such as panicle and grain characteristics.
"There is a need to recognize farmer-produced quality-declared seed and the so-called informal seed sector (which usually is not informal at all, but relies heavily on social rules established in a community) as important components of the overall system."
Another area where policy advocacy would be helpful is related to the right of farmers to produce and share seeds. There is a need to recognize farmer-produced quality-declared seed and the so-called informal seed sector (which usually is not informal at all, but relies heavily on social rules established in a community) as important components of the overall system. A protection of farmers' most popular, locally selected and maintained varieties should also be considered, for example in the form of a protected designation of origin (PDO).
"Farmers' rights as mentioned explicitly in the legally binding ITPGRFA, include the right to the protection of traditional knowledge; the right to participate in decision-making; the right to benefit-sharing; and the right to save, use, exchange and sell seed and propagating materials. However, the wording in the ITPGRFA is complex and does not provide a firm legal basis to farmers' rights in international law."
Christinck and Tvedt (2015)4 explore the relationship between the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (the UPOV Convention), farmers' rights as enshrined in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), and human rights, particularly the right to adequate food. These three legal frameworks have in common that they are all related to the issue of seed and to rules that concern access to seed. According to the authors, farmers' rights as mentioned explicitly in the legally binding ITPGRFA, include the right to the protection of traditional knowledge; the right to participate in decision-making; the right to benefit-sharing; and the right to save, use, exchange and sell seed and propagating materials. However, the wording in the ITPGRFA is complex and does not provide a firm legal basis to farmers' rights in international law. Also, the ITPGRFA does not establish a hierarchy between itself and other legal obligations of states. The UPOV variety protection convention renders illegal farmers' customary practices of storing, processing, sharing, exchanging, selling and using seed, as far as protected varieties are concerned. This creates a conflict. It is the responsibility of governments to implement obligations of different treaties in a harmonious manner in their national legislation. Therefore, state parties need to be supported to take concrete steps for the protection and promotion of farmers' rights, and balancing them against the breeders' variety protection rights as defined by the UPOV convention. The authors recommend that developing countries that have not yet joined UPOV should consider opting for alternative sui generis systems of plant variety protection that allow for more flexibility in meeting the obligations of different treaties, for balancing the interests of diverse actors, and for protecting and promoting farmers' rights, compared with the UPOV system. UPOV members may consider the diversity of agricultural conditions of their present and potential new members in the further development of rules and their interpretation, and consider allowing for more flexibility in designing national plant variety protection laws, with regard to exceptions for small-scale farmers and Indigenous people (from Christinck and Tvedt, 2015).
What large development agencies could do to promote community based seed systems
Development agencies, together with farmer organizations, form a collective infrastructure that could cooperate with plant breeders to support variety testing, understanding patterns of variety adaptation, and matching of varieties to specific farmer's contexts.
Development agencies, together with farmer organizations, form a collective infrastructure that could cooperate with plant breeders to support variety testing, understanding patterns of variety adaptation, and matching of varieties to specific farmer's contexts. They can also facilitate decentralized farmer based seed production, storage in community seed banks and commercialization/dissemination schemes. Monitoring and evaluation of these development activities would also thereby provide answers to researchers ("Development for Research", D4R approach), regarding adaptation and adoption constraints and opportunities observed for different variety options. This leads to the concept of farmer research networks (Nelson et al., under review)5. Farmer research networks are an approach under development within the McKnight Foundation CCRP and represent a strategy for matching diverse options (for example crops and varieties) and contexts in smallholder agriculture. In the context of the CCRP, farmer research networks would also aim at linking problem-solving research with action that could provide a context-specific evidence base for agroecological intensification, facilitate positive changes for farmers at scale as well as meet requirements of mutuality, reciprocity, co-creation, beneficiary ownership and local agency. The vision of farmer research networks is to transform the way that much of agricultural research and development is done to engage more (rural, but also peri-urban and urban) people in prioritization, observation, experimentation and utilization of agricultural research. This concept could also be applied in the strengthening of community based efforts to advance seed agrobiodiversity.
Ways to protect and strengthen community based seed systems and varietal diversity could include: promotion of farmer participatory development of varieties that are adapted to the local context and produce considerably higher yields under farmers' production conditions, while also maintaining a number of other preferred traits; conducting large-scale, decentralized, participatory variety evaluation trials in order to appropriately sample the heterogeneity of smallholder farmers and enable identification of cultivars that are adapted to specific farmers' contexts; citizen science approaches in evaluating existing variety diversity on a large scale (as in the Seeds for Needs initiative); large-scale training of farmer seed producers; development of public-private-producer/farmer partnerships in concert with the development of business models that include farmers as partners in order to create win-win situations for all; and farmer research networks that would help match a basket of varietal options to smallholder farmers' diverse contexts.
Barriers to success of community based seed systems include, among others, the challenges of risk management in seed production and marketing; problems of cash flow (especially in regions where there is a short rainy season and a long dry season such as in the Sahel); lack of farmers' credit access; and lack of appropriate seed storage facilities based on locally available materials.
"Working specifically with women farmers to cultivate and maintain local crop and varietal diversity could be an opportunity to (re-) link agriculture with nutrition, to enhance dietary diversity in rural families and to achieve desired nutritional outcomes and the reduction of malnutrition and hidden hunger."
Policy issues that should be tackled include the introduction of DUS criteria for variety release in areas where farmers actually need or want heterogeneous, highly plastic, adaptable cultivars to cope with unpredictable inter-annual climate variation, or where farmers want to maintain intra-varietal heterogeneity for food security purposes, e.g., during the hungry period; and lack of recognition of local seed systems and strategies to build on these and the associated social values instead of imposing models developed elsewhere.
Greatest potential for impact is always relative, but my preferred areas of investment would always be the regions with the most vulnerable and poor smallholder farmers, and regions in the centre of diversity for a particular crop. Working specifically with women farmers to cultivate and maintain local crop and varietal diversity could be an opportunity to (re-) link agriculture with nutrition, to enhance dietary diversity in rural families and to achieve desired nutritional outcomes and the reduction of malnutrition and hidden hunger.
1. Christinck A., M. Diarra & G. Horneber, 2014. Innovations in seed systems: lessons from the CCRP-funded project "Sustaining Farmer-Managed Seed Initiatives for Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso"; https://www.mcknight.org/system/asset/document/850/original/CCRP_SeedSystems_Nov2014.pdf
2. Haussmann B.I.G., S.S. Boureima, I.A. Kassari, K.H. Moumouni, and A. Boubacar. 2007. Two mechanisms of adaptation to climate variability in West African pearl millet landraces – a preliminary assessment. E-Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) Research. Vol. 3(1). Sorghum, millets and other cereals. http://ejournal.icrisat.org/.
3. Haussmann B.I.G., P.S.C. Traoré, H.F. Rattunde, E. Weltzien-Rattunde, K.vom Brocke and H.K. Parzies. 2012. Breeding strategies for Adaptation of Pearl Millet and Sorghum to Climate Variability in West Africa. (Review article). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 198:327–339. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2012.00526.x
4. A. Christinck and Tvedt. 2015. The UPOV convention, farmers' rights and human rights: An integrated assessment of potentially conflicting frameworks. https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2015-en-upov-convention.pdf
5. R. Nelson, R. Coe and B.I.G. Haussmann. Farmer Research Networks as a strategy for matching diverse options and contexts in smallholder agriculture. Experimental Agriculture, revised version is under review.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
TV Sports Schedule, June 1: Phillies-Nationals, 2011 Stanley Cup Finals
By Jordan Ruby Jun 1, 2011, 9:00am EDT
Share All sharing options for: TV Sports Schedule, June 1: Phillies-Nationals, 2011 Stanley Cup Finals
If you didn't have any plans for tonight before you started reading this sentence, now you do. Here are the best sports on television tonight, and where and when you can watch them. All times Eastern. Follow the links to learn more about each of the teams listed below. Let's get right into it.
MLB Baseball:
Phillies Vs. Nationals, 7, MASN: Where has that offense been all year? The Nationals beat up on the Phillies last night 10-2, behind two home runs from Danny Espinosa. But if this season has been a trend at all, then they might follow this incredible offensive performance up with a real stinker.
2011 Stanley Cup FInals:
Bruins Vs. Canucks, 8, NBC: And here we are. The Capitals didn't make it, so it isn't going to be quite as much fun as it could have been. But The Stanley Cup Finals are still one of the best and most entertaining events in all of sports.


I have, as of late, been doing a lot of thinking on the topic of forgiveness. There is a common idea in the world today that when a person is wronged he must simply "let go" and forgive the person who wronged them, regardless of the offenders actions or repentance. This idea of forgiveness has made its way into the Church. I cannot count the times I have been told to forgive so and so for something even when that person is still unrepentant over the wrong committed. I want to respond to this understanding of forgiveness by showing that: 1) God does not forgive this way and 2) God does not tell us to forgive this way.
It seems pretty basic that God forgives sinners based on condition. The most obvious one is the death of Christ. Christ had to die in order for God to forgive sinners. God did not, because he cannot, simply sweep sin under the proverbial rug. I think this condition will be without any objections. The next few conditions, however, might be.
Before I get into the next two conditions I want to make it very clear that I am a Reformed Christian who holds to all five solas of the Reformation. The reason I begin this way is because when I list the next two conditions for divine forgiveness, some might think I am going against the five solas. But to the contrary, I am in fact holding them up and putting them on display by affirming the next two conditions.
So what are these conditions? Simply put these conditions are faith and repentance. To my mind the Bible seems very clear that a sinner must repent and believe in Jesus Christ in order to be forgiven of sins. Luke 24 sets forth this idea, "Thus it is written, that the Christ should suffer and on the third day rise from the dead, and that repentance and forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem." Many more texts could be given to show that sinners must respond to the gospel in order for forgiveness to take place. After all, is this not the point of sola fide (through faith alone)? Indeed, we are justified through our faith alone.
Another qualification is in order. These two conditions, repentance and faith, are in no way meritorious. That is to say, the conditions do not in any way earn or merit forgiveness for the sinner. These conditions are gifts given by God to the sinner. However, these gifts are nevertheless conditions that the sinner meets to be forgiven. The sinner must exercise faith in Christ to be forgiven; the sinner must repent to be forgiven. Both of these are done by the sinner as preconditions (things that must happen before) for divine forgiveness.
With this short sketch of the conditional nature of divine forgiveness, we turn to a key text on personal forgiveness. Luke 17:3-4 speaks directly to the way Christians are to forgive. "Pay attention to yourselves! If your brother sins, rebuke him, and if he repents, forgive him, and if he sins against you seven times in the day, and turns to you seven times, saying, 'I repent,' you must forgive him." The first thing of note from this passage is that the Christian posture should always be a readiness to forgive. As people who have been forgiven so much, we ought to be quick and ready to forgive. However, this text also points that there is a precondition to personal forgiveness (actually it gives a few), namely repentance. In other words, in order for true biblical forgiveness to take place, the offending party must repent of the sin committed. If true repentance takes place, then the Christian is obligated to forgive.
However, based on the divine example and the words of Jesus, a Christian is not obligated to - and I would argue cannot - forgive unless the person who has wronged them repents of the offense. This seems to be the teaching of the Jesus and the example set forth by God himself.
I am in agreement with you, Josh. I have to wonder whether the type of forgiveness you're trying to address (can I call it "easy forgive-ism"?) is an old notion or one which is fairly new...? I mean, at first glance, it sounds like a very modern, psychologically-based position than one based on Biblical exegesis. It makes sense, doesn't it? Modern psychology sees forgiveness as mentally healthy, and therefore they believe it should take place whether or not the other party has repented or said they are sorry. I can't tell you how many times I've listened to radio talk shows like Dr. Laura (back when she was on the air, anyway) where she would advise someone to forgive their cruel stepfather from years ago or whatever even though he's not sorry and they're not talking. It's simply based on psychology rather than exegesis, that's what I'm really trying to say.
I tend to agree with you. I have not in anyway done the studying that needs to be done in order to know the roots of "easy forgive-ism," but I think modern pop psychology is a good canidate for it.
What do you think of my take on divine forgiveness being conditional?
Well of course it's conditional. What do I look like, an arminian?
Look, as far as I'm concerned, the only people who can consistently believe in unconditional divine forgiveness are Universalists, but they have problems of their own. Even arminian hypothetical universalists must still believe in a condition for forgiveness (namely, faith).
I am glad you brought up universalism. I was going to bring that up in my post, but I thought it was too tertiary to the point I was trying to make. I agree completely with you that unconditional forgiveness leads to universalism.
But is also can lead to hyper-Calvinism, particularly, the view that we are eternally justified. That is, all the elect have been justified from eternity. For them there are no conditions that need to be meet in order to be justified. What do you think?
I guess hyper-calvinism is the other end of that same spectrum, and I hadn't really considered it, but of course you're right about that.
Nothing with me is "of course." But thanks for the vote of confidence.
How "off" do you think the unconditional forgiveness view is? Are you thinking it is as off as oneness Pentecostals (non-Trinitarians) or say something like Arminianism? Just wondering what your thoughts are.
Josh, I'm reading and thinking more about this, so this is not a complete answer. My only question right now is how does Jesus statement, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do," fit in. He is clearly asking God to forgive an unrepentant people.
Great question. I really did not think how that verse would apply to this.
The first thing I would note is that the verse you quoted is a textual variant. This part of verse 34 is not in some of the best manuscripts. We could get into that more if you want. I tend to think this phrase is not in the original.
Second, if this is original, I am not sure that Jesus is actual asking the Father to forgive them. It could be that he is using hyperbole to make a point. I am not a huge fan of this take, but it is an option. Or it could be the case that forgiveness is different when a sin is done that they do not know they are committing. This again seems unlikely.
This verse causes problems in a few other areas of of theology as well. For example, the atonement. Did Jesus die for this sin they are committing? If so, can Jesus die for only some sins of a person? Can a person be forgiven by God apart from faith? These difficulties, on top of the textual evidence, lead me to think this phrase in not original.
I hope a gave us a few things to talk about.
Well, if you're asking whether I think the unconditional forgiveness view (not universalism) is heretical, I'd be hesitant to say so. I am known for crying "heresy" occasionally, but that's usually when the open theists slip into class and want to co-exist with me.
On matters such as this, I would consider someone who believes that we ought to unconditionally forgive others definitely in error. I'm not so prone, however, to declaring something like this heresy as I would if someone was screwing up on the essential nature of God Himself.
Look; when it comes right down to it, it's like you said: we should always be ready to forgive. After all, if the perfectly Holy One has nothing to hold against you or I, then how can we - sinful and wretched violators of His perfect law - expect to have anything we can hold against anyone else, regardless the severity of their sin.
But if I've done something horrible against you, it would be highly unusual and presumptuous (even sidestepping the careful argumentation you presented) for you to come up to me and say, "You know, Adam, even though you stole my Stray Cats LP from my house while I was sleeping, I want you to know that I forgive you."
It would especially not make any sense whatsoever if I a) denied taking the record, or b) wasn't sorry at all for wronging you.
A sin must be admitted to before it can be addressed; that's just real life, and as you've shown, it's the same way God expects to deal with our sins against Him.
I am always skeptical when people choose to exclude (or include for that matter) disputed parts in the middle of a theological discussion.
At any rate, what do we do with Stephens (undisputed) comment in Acts 6?
It is, in fact, this statement which prompts many to include the statement of Jesus from the cross. Either way, Stephen is making what appears to be a plea for God to forgive men who are arguably not repentant.
First point that needs to be made is that I have, for about 3 years now, thought that the verse in question is not original. I did not just throw it out because it did not fit my "theology." There is very little textual support for the phrase and no good textual support of it. If you would like to give some textual reasons why it should be thought of as original I am all ears.
Second, as with the words of Jesus, the words of Stephen present the same problems. Can God forgive a person for only some of their sins? On what basis can/does God do this? Can we be forgiven without faith? These difficulties seem to huge for a single verse to over turn the rest of the biblical witness. If you, or anyone, responds to these comments made here and the comments by me above, please wrestle with these difficulties. I genuinely want to know what others think of the difficulties I have raised with the interpretation given of these two similar passages.
So what do we do with Stephen's prayer? Well a few thoughts. The first and most obvious is Stephen said a prayer and God is not obligated to answer it. Stephen wanted them to be forgive, but because of the reasons given in the original post, God did not grant the prayer. We need to keep in mind that Acts is a historical work. It only recounts what did happen and not what should happen. In other words, Acts is not didactic teaching. All Stephens words show us is that Stephen said this prayer. It does not tell us that this was a good prayer and/or a prayer that we should prayer. Further, Acts does not in anyway lead us to think that this prayer should be the basis for our theology of forgiveness. Stephen wanted to die is a gracious and humble manner that would be a witness to the men killing him. He did that by these words. But I am not convinced that we ought to build our theology of forgiveness on this passage.
Last thing, once Jesus' words were brought up, I knew that someone would bring up this verse.
1) I agree with the essence of the post, we ought not to forgive a sin unless one repents of the sin, although we ought to have a spirit of forgiveness towards them (that is we don't hold grudges or are mad at them because they don't repent).
3) Josh Reiger - Jesus' plea to the Father on the cross is a plea from His human nature. We see in Mark 2 that Jesus has the power to forgive sins (in His divine nature). Thus, He could've done the same on the cross, but He doesn't. He pleas to God knowing that if they do not repent their sins cannot be forgiven.
4) Steve - Stephen in Acts 6, is the same thing, just as we would plea that God would forgive the sins of anyone/everyone/non-christians, so Stephen cries out to God here.
5) Remember Scripture interprets Scripture (Sola Scriptura). None of the passages (Christ on the cross, Stephen in Acts 6) are contrary to the rest of Scripture, including Luke 17. We must reconcile the two.
Thanks for the warning. But I can assure you that I will never remove the Word of God. I love the Word of God. It is the only source for life. The great thing is that the verse is questions is not the Word of God. Or at least, the textual evidence points in that direction. So, you can rest easy knowing that I will never become a liberal and I will never take away from God's Word.
So, Josh, what you are saying is that Stephen, who gave this great speech to the Jews so that they were enraged with his accurate portrayal of their spiritual condition, who then (as Scripture states) filled with the Holy Spirit saw the glory of God and Jesus his savior standing at God's right hand, who cries out to God "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit," is THEN bereft of the Holy Spirit so that he says "Lord, do not hold this sin against them," in contradistinction to EVERYTHING else found in Scripture?
Calvin, himself states that we "must always set Stephen before our eyes for an example." Stephen is calling out to God and pleading with him that he would not leave these men in their sins, but would have mercy and forgive them. Surely, no other manner of forgiveness is assumed than that they believe on the Lord Jesus Christ. And, because Saul was among them, we can be sure that God did hear his prayer (though we must be careful to assert that Stephen was anything more than apart of the means which God used in the conversion process of Saul).
ALL of the Bible is authoritative. Whatever conclusion you come to with regard to forgiveness, it MUST include the statement of Stephen. Come on, Josh, he was FULL OF THE HOLY SPIRIT!
As for the textual variant issue, I would like to point out that the reason many Bibles include the text, rather than just throw it out, is because the sentiment accords with what they find in Scripture (namely Acts 7). So, while there may be some discussion as to whether or not Jesus said those words from the Cross, it is included because they felt it was a biblical statement to make.
You said, "Surely, no other manner of forgiveness is assumed than that they believe on the Lord Jesus Christ."
If you think, as this seems to say, that the only way for forgiveness with God is believe (and repentance) then what is your problem with my post? This is the whole point of the post. Forgiveness only comes, on our part and Gods', when the offending person repents and believes. If you agree with this, why bring up Stephen?
You are correct: is someone sins against me and I go to them and they do not repent I cannot forgive them. Forgiveness must occur in the context of repentance.
Perhaps what was in the back of my mind was the concept that, among brothers, love is to cover a multitude of sin. I should not confront every wrong that brothers and sisters in Christ commit against me. God has forgiven them, and in the case of minor grievances that should be good enough for me. Obviously, it takes wisdom to discern what are and what are not love-coverable sins.
Finally, while my whole life is to be characterized by repentance (who says I don't like Luther?), we also must realize that my forgiveness by God is not conditioned upon repentance from a specific list of sins, but a general turning away from a life bent towards sinning. I should repent of my sins specifically, and ask for forgiveness of them specifically. But that is a far cry from saying that until I repent of a particular sin that God has not forgiven me for that particular sin. Isn't that Roman Catholic dogma?
Now, certainly, this was not what you were saying. But, then, we can conceive of a situation where God forgives me based on my general evangelical repentance and not on a specific act of repentance in response to a particular sin. Is it not possible then, among brothers and sisters, to do something akin to forgiveness by choosing to allow love to cover sin? I would be willing to state that this is not, per se, forgiveness. But what is it?
I guess what I am saying is that in certain cases, among brothers or sisters where the sin is minor, we can simply "let go" and (insert term here).
I think that the love covering over sins is a good thing to bring up. I am not sure how this all works out. I am not sure if forgiveness is what it is called. Maybe christian charity. Not letting the small sins damage the relationship. But if a "small" sin is done again and again, it may be the sign of a deeper issue that needs to be addressed for the relationship to be healthy. I think it is safe to say that wisdom is needed and we can mess up in making the call. But the fact remains, as we both have said, that biblical forgiveness must be proceeded by faith. The rest of the conversation is working out the sticky parts.
Have you read the book? What view does Jay Adams take on this?
I haven't read it yet, but I want to. He defends and explains practically your position.
To this: "a Christian is not obligated to - and I would argue cannot - forgive unless the person who has wronged them repents of the offense. This seems to be the teaching of the Jesus and the example set forth by God himself."


text:
FILE - In this July 14, 2018, file photo, a sign warns of a falling danger on the crest of Yucca Mountain during a congressional tour Saturday, July 14, 2018, near Mercury, Nev. Nevada's long crusade to block the creation of a national nuclear-waste dump at Yucca Mountain has pitted it against a bipartisan group of lawmakers across the country, but a band of presidential hopefuls are joining the early voting state's cause. (AP Photo/John Locher, File)
Presidential candidates join Nevada's nuclear waste fight
LAS VEGAS (AP) — Nevada's long crusade to block the creation of a national nuclear-waste dump at Yucca Mountain has pitted the state against a bipartisan group of lawmakers across the country, but a band of presidential hopefuls is joining the early voting state's cause. Nevada's senior senator,...
French Economy and Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire, right, his German counterpart Peter Altmaier, center, and European Commission Vice President Maros Sefcovic arrive for a meeting in Paris, Thursday, May 2, 2019. France and Germany unveiled details of a plan to create a leading electric battery industry in Europe, from extraction of raw materials to recycling.(AP Photo/Christophe Ena)
France, Germany plan to create leading battery industry
PARIS (AP) — France and Germany have unveiled details of a plan to create a leading electric battery industry in Europe, from the extraction of raw materials to recycling. French Economy minister Bruno Le Maire said about 5 billion euros ($5.6 billion) are to be invested in the Franco-German...
In this April 2, 2019, photo, pigs eat from a trough at the Las Vegas Livestock pig farm in Las Vegas. The farm feeds their pigs with food wast from Las Vegas casinos. (AP Photo/John Locher)
Donations, pigs part of Las Vegas' efforts to cut food waste
LAS VEGAS (AP) — At a farm outside Las Vegas, a herd of pigs feasts on lobster, sausage links and beef. In town, people at a community center sit for a dinner that may include sliders and truffle mac and cheese. The two meals have something in common: Both came from the kitchens of Sin City's...
FILE - In this March 14, 2019, file photo, families who crossed the nearby U.S.-Mexico border near McAllen, Texas are placed in a Border Patrol vehicle. U.S. border authorities say they've started to increase the biometric data they take from children 13 years of age and younger, including fingerprints, despite privacy concerns and government policy intended to restrict what can be collected from migrant youth. (AP Photo/Eric Gay, File)
Border Patrol expands fingerprinting of migrant children
HOUSTON (AP) — U.S. border authorities say they've started to increase the biometric data they take from children 13 years old and younger, including fingerprints, despite privacy concerns and government policy intended to restrict what can be collected from migrant youths. A Border Patrol official...
FILE - In this Jan. 25, 2018, file photo, an installation of a dome-shaped rooftop cover housing key equipment is near completion at Unit 3 reactor of the Fukushima Dai-ich nuclear power plant ahead of a fuel removal from its storage pool in Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture, northeast Japan. Japan has partially lifted an evacuation order in one of the two hometowns of the tsunami-wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant for the first time since the 2011 disaster. The action taken Wednesday, April 10, 2019, allows people to return about 40 percent of Okuma. The other hometown, Futaba, remains off-limits as are several other towns nearby.(AP Photo/Mari Yamaguchi, File)
Japan lifts evacuation in parts of Fukushima plant hometown
TOKYO (AP) — Japan partially lifted an evacuation order in one of the two hometowns of the tsunami-wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant on Wednesday for the first time since the 2011 disaster. Decontamination efforts have lowered radiation levels significantly in the area about 7 kilometers (4 miles)...
Larry Poell, who lives on top of a Superfund site in Mead, Neb., adjusts Wednesday, March 27, 2019, the overalls of his granddaughter, while visiting a flood relief shelter in Ashland. Poell said federal officials have always maintained that the contaminated plumes are stable, but he wonders if the floodwater caused them to shift. "I'm concerned about it, I think everybody's concerned about it," he said. (AP Photo/Nati Harnik)
EPA: No known toxic releases at flooded Superfund sites
MEAD, Neb. (AP) — Flooding in the Midwest temporarily cut off a Superfund site in Nebraska that stores radioactive waste and explosives, inundated another one storing toxic chemical waste in Missouri, and limited access to others, according to federal regulators. The Environmental Protection Agency...
Energy Secretary Rick Perry pauses while speaking during a House Appropriations subcommittee hearing on budget on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 26, 2019. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Perry defends plan for Nevada nuclear-waste storage site
WASHINGTON (AP) — Energy Secretary Rick Perry on Tuesday defended the Trump administration's plans to collect and store nuclear waste from around the country in a site northwest of Las Vegas, saying that the current system of scattered storage sites in dozens of states was unacceptable. Perry held...
California utility fined for its handling of nuke canisters
SAN ONOFRE, Calif. (AP) — The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is fining the Southern California Edison utility $116,000 for violations in its handling of nuclear canisters at the shuttered San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. The decision announced Monday in an online town hall meeting involves the...
FILE - The first load of nuclear waste arrives in this March 26, 1999 file photo, at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site in Carlsbad, N.M., from Los Alamos National Laboratory. Twenty years and more than 12,380 shipments later, tons of Cold War-era waste from decades of bomb-making and nuclear research across the U.S. have been stashed in the salt caverns that make up the underground facility. (AP Photo/Thomas Herbert)
US underground nuclear waste dump explained
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — It wasn't long after the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan and World War II ended that the United States began to realize it had to do something with the waste that was being generated by defense-related nuclear research and bomb-making that would continue through the Cold...
FILE - In this April 8, 1998, file photo, a worker drives a cart through a tunnel inside the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant No. 2, 150 feet below the surface near Carlsbad, N.M. Twenty years and more than 12,330 shipments later, tons of Cold War-era radioactive waste from decades of bomb-making and research have been stashed in the salt caverns that make up the underground facility and not without issues. (AP Photo/Eric Draper, File)
First-of-its-kind US nuclear waste dump marks 20 years
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — In a remote stretch of New Mexico desert, the U.S. government put in motion an experiment aimed at proving to the world that radioactive waste could be safely disposed of deep underground, rendering it less of a threat to the environment. Twenty years and more than 12,380...


text:
Doug Kass on Donald Trump and the markets
The market had a solid first day in the Trump Era with all three major indices up solidly as the 45th president of the United States was sworn into office. I have no idea where the country and market go from here, as one would expect when the biggest outsider since Andrew Jackson is now commander-in-chief. But I guarantee the ride will not be boring.
It remains my view that volatility and risk are materially under-priced in today's markets. While animal spirits have taken over the markets, abetted by machines and algorithms that often create an artificial market setting by exaggerating market moves, I will remind all that there is a reason why they are called animal spirits and not human spirits. Animals, you see, are mostly a lot dumber than humans.
I am as bearish on stocks as I have been in months based on the following (and my portfolio reflects this):
- An Untested President Trump.
Regardless of one's political affiliation, it can be argued that, as a leader, Donald Trump is untested.His ability to understand, study and execute/implement far-reaching, complex and cohesive policy remains in question, particularly against a backdrop of deep-rooted animus between the Republican and Democratic parties.
- Will the President-Elect Really Come to the Rescue of the Middle Class and Fulfill His Campaign Promises?
Donald Trump ran on the notion that he will represent the Average Joe. After years of "Screwflation of the Middle Class," in which most Americans' disposable incomes had flat-lined with salaries unchanged while the costs of the necessities of life increased, the Republican candidate promised that he would represent them over the next four years. As noted below, in several bullet points, I remain a skeptic.
1. Will Donald Trump Be More Elitist Than Hillary Clinton?
Donald Trump's cabinet appointees are comprised principally of wealthy individuals who are not representative of our broader society.
The president-elect has argued that these appointees have been successful in private life and are good representatives to affect the change he has espoused. We shall see whether they feather the beds of their contemporaries or whether their policies "trickle down" to their constituents.
2. Campaign Promises Recanted?
The president-elect has made numerous extreme campaign promises to his supporters that he already has recanted in areas of immigration ("the wall"), a possible legal response to the Clinton Foundation and Hillary Clinton's emails, tariffs and trade and other core campaign principles.
3. Pay For Play -- Selling Access?
Donald Trump's two sons already have gotten into "pay for play" problems, something that the president-elect and the Republican opposition were critical of regarding the Clinton's. Trump should be avoiding these conflicts at all costs, but he is not. Thus far there have been other examples of selling access; the president-elect doesn't yet seem to understand the degree of scrutiny a person in his position is in. He needs an army of lawyers around him building a Chinese wall between his business and the presidency. Will this be fact and can he separate himself from his business empire in order to do good and follow the will of the people without conflict?
- Fiscal Policy Limitations.
The Fed's monetary largesse is no longer a factor or effective in catalyzing domestic economic growth. The baton pass from monetary stimulation to fiscal expansion is likely to be less smooth and probably will be implemented much later than the consensus expects. This applies to both the U.S. and Europe, as it is all now about politics and the ability to coordinate fiscal policy successfully. Will the president-elect get cooperation of a Republican-controlled Congress to embark upon aggressive fiscal stimulation while taking the budget deficit sky high? Is this a reasonable leap of faith by investors? There are also real issues as to timing and whether fiscal stimulation will be effective in a new administration. Fiscal policy efforts, such as the monetary expansion since 2009, may fail to trickle down to where they are needed most -- the middle class. In other words, fiscal policy may not be as effective in catalyzing growth as anticipated. As an example, the CEO of Cisco, which possesses a large overseas cash hoard, recently was asked what the company would do with a repatriation of its foreign profits. The answer he gave was that half would go to merger activity and the balance to share buybacks -- neither would add new jobs; indeed, the former probably will lead to lower net jobs.
- Lower Corporate Tax Rates Likely Will Not Produce a Hockey Stick Effect in Earnings Growth. Another example of market optimism is the excitement associated with the introduction of lower statutory corporate tax rates, which are currently at 35%. A rate of 20% to 25% seems to be the desire of the new administration. I have seen estimates that a new tax law will add as much as $15 a share to S&P 500 aggregate earnings. But, with the average S&P company only paying an effective tax rate of about 23%, how is the introduction of a lower statutory rate going to move the needle of S&P profits?
- Rising Rates May Not Be a Positive For the Markets. Another "fact" is the notion that rising interest rates are positive to our equity markets. But given the policy uncertainties (some listed above), is this belief fact-based? Interest rates are heading higher. While this helps a segment of our markets -- e.g., banks, which have an imbalance of rate-sensitive assets over rate-sensitive liabilities -- it hurts a broader swath of industry (utilities, telecoms and REITs). As I discussed in "Look Out Above! Rising Rates Pose Economic, Market Risks," a higher risk-free rate of return and cost of capital theoretically reduces the value of equities, produces competition to stocks from fixed-income instruments, likely will moderate buyback activity and, as discussed in the next bullet point, could raise the value of our currency, which will diminish the value of our exports and corporate profits.
- The U.S. Dollar Conundrum. Higher U.S. interest rates already are producing a rise in the value of the U.S. dollar, which could be unfriendly to growth as it reduces our import business. With 45% of S&P profits non-U.S. based, is a strong currency factually positive for U.S. equities?
On top of the (false) optimism associated with Trump's message of Making America Great Again through lower taxes, the repatriation of overseas cash, the elimination of burdensome and expensive regulation and other policies aimed at jump-starting domestic economic growth, the dominant investor today -- quant funds such as ones that employ volatility-trending and risk-parity strategies -- have likely exaggerated the climb in stocks since the election.
Is it Reagan's "Morning in America?" -- a metaphor for renewal. We all hope so, but I doubt if this will be the case this time.
There is little basis for comparing the conditions that existed when Reagan gained the presidency to the current state of things. Economic, labor market, demographic and other conditions three decades ago were dissimilar.
Of even greater consequence is the issue as to whether the basic assumptions that have led to the surprising market advance are based in reality.
I am doubtful and I continue to believe that Donald Trump will make volatility and uncertainty great again.
I would fade the "animal spirits" -- the prowl of which has been documented by Jim "El Capitan" Cramer -- as I am fearful of elevated stock prices in a post-fact investment world.
I would overweight gold and underweight stocks.


Stonetek India, one of the leading Manufacturer, Exporter, Importer, Trader and Service Provider of this impeccable range of Calibration & Flaming Machine, incepted its operations in the year 2011. The offered range comprising the finest products like CNC Water Jet Cutting Machine, Block Cutter and much more, is widely praised and preferred in the market. Manufacturing of this range is done using the finest raw materials and advanced technology, by trusted vendors, following the guidelines and norms defined by the industry. This ensures the product's performance, service life, and user-friendly nature. In addition to this, the range priced reasonably provides the are authorized high level of satisfaction to have authorized distributor of Shengda and Yongda. We are importing our products from china.
The warehouse at Stonetek India, has been equipped with all the machines and equipment, necessary for the facilitation of attainment of a number of the firm's predefined goals and objectives. The facility spreading over a wide area, is highly spacious in nature. Its resistance to rain, fire and insect infestation, helps us preserve the products for a longer period of time. For reasons of managing operations of the firm, in the most efficient and effective possible manner, the facility has been compartmentalized. In addition, our ethical working habits, have helped us in the attainment of a huge client base.
Under the skilled and experienced guidance of Mr. Manan Shah and Mr. Hardik Patel, we have witnessed and experienced several heights of success. Their managerial skills and ability to understand market changes, have helped us reach greater heights of success, in just 3 years of our existence, in addition to this, they provide regular perks and benefits, for maximum employee satisfaction.
Quality is the prime focus of our organization, as we are extremely quality-conscious. All our products have been famed not only for their premium quality but also for their long service life and excellent performance. Owing to their high performance and great efficiency that our products offer, we have been able to maintain excellent client retention. Our organization ensures that all the products we procure have been tested as per the ISI standards and is easily availed by the patrons from market-leading vendors. Furthermore, we also provide the necessary packaging to all our products before transiting in order to ensure that they remain flawless.
We are assisted by a diligent and hardworking team of professionals, who works extremely hard to provide the best in class products to the clients. Each and every team member, working with us works round the clock to deliver the best ladders to our customers. Our employees have been recruited on the basis of their domain expertise, field experience, and relevant qualification. These team members are the backbone of our organization, which ensures a smooth and efficient operation of our business.
We are a leading organization committed to offering qualitative services. We offer maintenance and installation service. The offered services are rendered by our experts who are proficient in their work. Our offered services are highly demanded and applauded by our customers as it is highly reliable & execute as per the industrial standards.


Created and blessed with natural ingredients - sacred to the Element of Earth - this candle is burned to bring stability, prosperity, and to ground energy. Empowers those who are born under the astrological signs, Capricorn, Taurus, and Virgo.
Created and blessed with natural ingredients - sacred to the Element of Air - this candle is burned to attract positive energy, to aid concentration and to heighten intellect. Empowers those who are born under the astrological signs, Aquarius, Gemini, and Libra.
Created and blessed with natural ingredients - sacred to the Element of Fire - this candle is burned to bring protection, positive change, and fiery passion. Empowers those who are born under the astrological signs of Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius.
Created and blessed with natural ingredients - sacred to the Element of Water - this candle is burned to bring healing, happiness, and self-love. Empowers those who are born under the astrological signs, Pisces, Cancer, and Scorpio.
This exclusive set includes one Earth Magick Candle, one Air Magick Candle, one Fire Magick Candle, one Water Magick Candle and Firewolf's Nature Spirit Incense!
The Four Element Information Page.


Home » Agenda Producer » Teams » Why can't I see my new committee?
It is probably because you have not been attached to the new committee. Contact your administrator to get access to the new committee.
Important: In the committees with integration in Prepare, new committees are automatically created as soon as you have published for the new committee in your document management system. You should therefore not create a new committee in Prepare. You must therefore remember to be added to the committee and get the rights as the agenda producer, to be able to publish agendas in the new committee. As soon as you have the rights as the agenda producer, you will be able to see the new committee under "Import" in Prepare.


text:
<TITLE>Review for Pacific Heights (1990)</TITLE>
<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="/ramr.css">

Pacific Heights (1990)

reviewed by
Randy Parker

                             PACIFIC HEIGHTS
                       A film review by Randy Parker
                        Copyright 1996 Randy Parker

RATING:  **  (out of ****)

(Review written in 1990)

        With PACIFIC HEIGHTS, screenwriter Daniel Pyne has shot himself in
the foot by destroying a promising premise with two frustratingly idiotic
characters.  Melanie Griffith and Matthew Modine play a cute (but fatally
dumb) couple who buy a decrepit Victorian house in Pacific Heights and sink
all of their savings into restoring it.  However, the only way they can
afford their dream house, which is located in San Francisco's ritziest
neighborhood, is to rent out the rooms on the ground floor.  A devious con
man (Michael Keaton) maneuvers his way into one of the apartments and sets
into motion a fiendish plot to ruin their lives, their home, and their
credit rating.

        PACIFIC HEIGHTS blows its chance to be a stirring and compelling
psychological thriller.  Keaton, playing a frighteningly sinister
sociopath, holds up his end of the deal with a penetrating performance.
Guilty of excessively self-conscious direction, director John Schlesinger
lets the movie slip away from him.  He doesn't receive any help from Pyne's
hopelessly inept screenplay.  Griffith and ESPECIALLY Modine are so
excruciatingly stupid that you quickly lose all sympathy for them, even
though their predicament is tragic.  It gets to the point where you even
root against them.  The young couple makes one mistake after another and
blindly walks into traps that you can see from miles away.  If the
protagonists showed even a shred of intelligence, Keaton's scheme would
collapse like a house of straw in a tornado.  PACIFIC HEIGHTS is a
resounding disappointment.

---
Randy Parker
rparker@slip.net
http://www.shoestring.org

The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).

The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.

Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.

Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.

The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.

Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
La cuisine sarde est la cuisine traditionnelle de la Sardaigne. Variée et riche en saveurs, elle est modelée par l'insularité et la culture agricole et pastorale des Sardes. Originale et simple en même temps, elle s'est enrichie au cours de sa longue histoire des apports extérieurs au travers des contacts et échanges avec plusieurs cultures méditerranéennes. Les viandes rôties, le pain, les fromages et les vins sont ses fondamentaux. On trouve aussi des plats de la mer et de la terre, qu'ils viennent des fermiers, des bergers, des chasseurs, des pêcheurs ou de la récolte d'herbes sauvages. La cuisine sarde fait partie du régime méditerranéen inscrit au patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité.

Cuisine maritime

Il semblerait que le , une antique sauce de poisson très appréciée des romains provienne également de la Sardaigne. Les fouilles effectuées dans la zone du port de Cagliari témoignent du lien ininterrompu entre les antiques populations côtières avec la mer et la pêche.

On peut identifier sur l'île trois différentes traditions culinaires de la mer : une qui est certainement d'origine nuragique, phénicienne, puis romaine et qui est la plus ancienne ; une deuxième, issue de la République de Gênes et de la République de Pise, qui se rencontre dans tout le sud-ouest de l'île ; enfin la troisième, celle d'Alghero, avec des influences catalanes fortes et qui s'étend sur toute la côte d'Alghero aux bouches de Bonifacio. Dans les centres côtiers, et en particulier Cagliari, Carloforte, Oristano, Alghero, Santa Teresa Gallura, Olbia, les plats à base de poissons et de crustacés sont très nombreux, avec des recettes qui exaltent les qualités locales, comme les poutargues (), la laitance de thon rouge (), les anguilles, les langoustes, la salade de pieuvre, les moules, les spaghettis aux fruits de mer et le couscous aux palourdes ().

Cuisine pastorale et fermière

La cuisine de la campagne et des bergers s'appuie sur des ingrédients très simples et est très variée : elle change de village en village, non seulement dans le nom des plats, mais également dans les ingrédients. La semoule de blé dur () sarde produit un type de pâtes de qualité élevée qui se prêtent à être travaillées sous les formes les plus variées. Benedetto Croce, dans les notes sur une de ses traductions en italien d'un texte napolitain de 1600, le , explique comment à cette époque, en Campanie et plus particulièrement à Naples, les pâtes étaient appelées , ce qui confirme que la qualité des farines sardes était déjà connue et appréciée de longue date.

Hors-d'œuvre
Comme hors-d'œuvres () célèbres, il y a le jambon de cochon ou de sanglier comme ceux de Fonni, de Desulo et de Oliena. Ces jambons sont accompagnés de champignons, d'olives et de fromages, parmi lesquels le Pecorino sardo, frais ou affiné, ainsi que le  frais ou grillé (souvent servi avec du miel). À côté des différents jambons, on trouve plusieurs sortes de pancetta, de coppa et de salami de filet de porc (). Les saucisses et les charcuteries d'Irgoli ouvrent fréquemment le repas dans les zones internes de l'île, accompagnés de  (ou ), c'est-à-dire de lait de chèvre caillé.

Entrées

Comme ailleurs en Italie, en entrée (primo), on sert la plupart du temps des pâtes. Par exemple, les  sont des petits gnocchis de semoule de blé dur que l'on parfume traditionnellement avec du safran. Ils sont d'habitude accommodés « à la campidanaise », c'est-à-dire avec une sauce aux saucisses, mais on trouve parmi les recettes typiques la variante avec , au fromage fondu et au safran. Les  sont connus également sous le nom de ciciones du côté de Sassari ou de  du côté de Nuoro. Les Italiens les nomment .

La  est en revanche une sorte de pâtes de semoule de blé dur préparées en petits grumeaux. Elle est par exemple utilisée pour accompagner des tellines (arselle) ou simplement servie à la sauce tomate. On l'utilise aussi pour réaliser des soupes au bouillon de viande.

En dehors des pâtes, il y a par exemple la , un plat réalisé à partir de pâte feuilletée farcie de viande d'agneau ou d'anguilles, de pommes de terre et de tomates séchées. C'est une spécialité d'Assemini et, sous des formes différentes, d'Oschiri, Berchidda, Pattada et de Cuglieri.

Plats de résistance

Les plats de résistance () consistent en de la viande rôtie, bouillie, en sauce ou en des abats. Le ,  ou  est un classique de la cuisine sarde. Il s'agit d'un cochon de lait d'environ  ou de vingt jours, rôti lentement à la broche ou sur une grille et aromatisé avec du myrte ou du romarin.

L'agneau de Sardaigne est réputé pour sa saveur et son arôme délicat ainsi que pour sa haute digestibilité. La  ou  consiste en des intestins de chevreau ou d'agneau enlacés et cuisinés à la broche ou à la poêle avec des pois () ou d'autres accompagnements.

La  ou  désigne des abats (coratella) d'agneau ou de chevreau cuits à la broche ou à la casserole avec des pois ou des artichauts. La  est une daube ou ragoût au vin.

Desserts

Les desserts sardes frappent le visiteur par leur aspect coloré et comportent beaucoup de spécialités pâtissières. Comme les autres produits de la gastronomie sarde, ils varient fortement d'une région à l'autre. Les  ou , typiques du Logudoro et de la Barbagia, sont des tartelettes garnies d'une fine couche de fromage frais aromatisé au citron. Une variante répandue utilise de la ricotta et prend alors le nom de  en sarde ou de  en italien.

Le , dessert hivernal de la Barbagia, est préparé avec de la , c'est-à-dire du sirop de raisin. Les  sont un double disque de pâte brisée fourré de  ou de miel cuit. Elles se trouvent principalement du côté de Goceano et de Ozieri. Les  sont des macarons préparés à partir d'amandes douces (environ ) et d'amandes amères (environ ), de sucre, d'albumine et de zeste de citron.

Le nougat de Tonara, Pattada, Ozieri et d'Orgosolo a une couleur d'ivoire, car il est préparé avec du miel du maquis méditerranéen.

Pain

Comme dans tout le bassin méditerranéen, le pain représente un aliment de base. En Sardaigne, le travail de la farine de blé représente une tradition millénaire, depuis l'époque punique puis romaine. L'île a été ainsi considérée comme un « grenier » d'abord par Carthage puis par Rome.

Le  est un pain formé de disques très fins et très croquants obtenus au moyen d'une double cuisson au four à bois. Le  en est une variante, chauffée au four avec de l'huile et du sel, ou mouillée et enroulée. Le  est produit principalement à Ogliastra. Il se prépare de la même façon que le , mais il est beaucoup plus épais. Le  est un type de pain décoré, autrefois produit pour les grandes occasions.

Vin

En Sardaigne, les vignobles sont omniprésents, des plaines du Campidano et des plaines côtières aux collines et aux plateaux internes. La composition particulière du sol et le climat ensoleillé permettent des productions de qualité élevée. La longue tradition viticole remonte au passé nuragique sans l'interruption due à l'interdiction de l'islam de consommer du vin où, au contraire, les productions augmentèrent pendant la période bysantine et à l'époque des judicats.

De nos jours, on trouve dans l'île  IGT, 19 dénominations DOC et une dénomination DOCG. Parmi les cépages connus, on peut citer le vernaccia, le grenache (), le malvoisie (), le carignan (), le rolle () et le muscat ().

Fromage

Avec une population ovine de plus de trois millions de têtes en 2015, la Sardaigne est une terre de bergers. On élève une espèce autochtone, la brebis sarde, dont une des caractéristiques principales est la production élevée de lait (jusqu'à  par an).

En Sardaigne, selon le mode de production, on peut produire trois dénominations protégées : le Pecorino Romano, le Pecorino sardo et le Fiore sardo, ce dernier provenant de la zone de Gavoi. Ils sont produits avec du lait entier cru de brebis. La Sardaigne offre actuellement la plus vaste production de pecorino d'Europe. Ce fromage de brebis est exporté et apprécié un peu partout, en particulier en France et en Amérique du Nord. Le produit est parfois victime de contrefaçons, en particulier en Amérique, où il est vendu sous le nom  sans avoir jamais vu l'île.

On y retrouve également le  ( signifie « fromage pourri » en langue sarde), connu pour être infesté par des larves vivantes. Le  est considéré comme le fromage le plus dangereux du monde selon le Livre Guinness des records.

Denrées alimentaires reconnues AOP et IGP
Les denrées suivantes sont reconnues appellation d'origine protégée et indication géographique protégée :
 , IGP (agneau)
 , AOP (artichaut épineux)
 , AOP (fromage)
 , AOP (fromage)
 , AOP (huile d'olive)
 , AOP (safran)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


These portable SPF 30+ sunscreen packets are great to carry in your purse, wallet, survival (first aid) kit, glove box, or even your pocket. They provide great protection from the sun at any time. You get 100 individual packs with 1.5 grams in each pack.


It seemed like collecting herbs was the fastest way to make money. Therefore, Gu Xijiu decided to be a herb collector to get rich.
Immediately after she made the decision, she started to plan for it. She secretly prepared the tools for collecting herbs such as a silver knife, golden hammer, anti-poison gloves, anti-malarial pills and so on.
On that evening itself, when the sun just set, Gu Xijiu was lying on her bed to study the book given to her by the Firmament Stone Bracelet to learn about making medicine. Just then, there were firecrackers bursting with noise outside along with the sound of a crowd of cheers.
Gu Xijiu called her servant and asked why there were celebrations. It was only then that she knew that the second young master was back and the firecrackers were used to welcome him. The servant then asked if Gu Xijiu wanted to go and join the crowds.
Gu Xijiu smiled, but her body language showed that she was too lazy. She replied, "What is so good about joining the crowd?" She then turned and walked back to her room.
All her servants looked at each other with confusion. They felt that Gu Xijiu had changed so much compared to before. Whenever the second young master would come back home, she used to run out happily to welcome him.
Thanks to the memories of the original owner, Gu Xijiu could still remember things about this second young master. His name was Gu Tianchao. He was the son of Leng Xiangyu and the elder brother of Gu Tianqing. But more importantly, he was the only remaining son of the Gu family.
The first son, Gu Tiannuo, was the son of Luo Xinglan and the elder brother of Gu Xijiu. Unfortunately, after Luo Xinglan's death from her own hands, Gu Tiannuo ran away from home as he was unable to face the misery that came with her passing. He entered into the most ferocious dark forest and had never come back. It is thought that he might have been eaten by beasts lingering inside the forest which is why General Gu had never found his body. As such, Gu Tianchao had become the one and only son of the family.
Gu Tianchao was known to be a genius. He had received a lot of attention from those who surrounded him, and General Gu had taught him all his skill without any reservations. He was also sent to the Jiuxing clan to develop his skills further which gave him the status as a 'disciple' of the clan.
It was not easy to join this clan. One had to be at least level four and would be required to pass examinations of the heart and mind, observations, physical fitness, along with other indicators. Only the elites could join, and therefore when Gu Tianchao was selected, General Gu celebrated his success for three days.
Disciples could only return to their hometown once a year, so, there would always be a grand celebration every time Gu Tianchao returned.
Ever since Gu Tiannuo disappeared, Gu Tianchao became the eldest child in the family. He inherited many characteristics from Leng Xiangyu and became someone who had deep thoughts coupled with good socializing skills. He treated all his sisters very nicely aside from Gu Xijiu.
Before he joined the clan, he often bullied this ugly sister with the help of his other sisters and felt ashamed of Gu Xijiu. There was once when he had secretly pushed Gu Xijiu into a pond and she almost drowned and died.
Upon his first return from his discipleship, he brought a big bag of presents to give to every family member. Even the servant who groomed his horse got a small present. He intentionally did not get one for Gu Xijiu.
Gu Xijiu was only six years old at the time and had very low self-esteem from all the bullying. She always hid in a corner and looked at her sisters who surrounded their brother. Everyone just isolated her and showed no love to her.


Bollywood Movie Raanjhanaa Banned in Pakistan!
If you still follow Bollywood movies strictly, you must be amused to know that the recently released movie "Raanjhanaa" starring Sonam Kapoor, Dhanush and Abhay Deol has been banned in Pakistan and will not be making its way to the Pakistani Cinemas.
The censor board did not clear this movie because of its controversial story. The board recommended that the movie's storyline could offend the majority Muslim population in the country and a law and order situation could arise in response.
The movie is ruling the Indian box office for its uniqueness and acting been done by the actors. While the music is enjoying to be a hit on chartbusters, even the Pakistani audience is appreciating the movie so far.
Pakistan's censor board has always been extra careful towards the airing of Bollywood movies that are based on sensitive issues that can raise violence within the country.


Adobe Acres Unit 4-C Subdivision in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, as the same is shown and designated on the plat thereof, filed in the Office of the County Clerk of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, on June 29, 1962. In Plat Boos C5. folio 122.
The property may be located at 2009 Barboa Court SW, Albuquerque, NM 87105.
The sale shall commence at 4:45 p.m. on March 5, 2015, at the front entrance to the Second Judicial District Court House, at 400 Lomas NW, Albuquerque, NM 87102. The property will be sold "As Is" to the highest bidder for cash. The property will be sold subject to any and all unpaid taxes and to any liens and assessments not otherwise foreclosed upon herein. Interested bidders should undertake to make their own determination as to the status of title.
NOTICE IS FURTHER GIVEN that the proceeds of sale will be applied as follows: first, to all costs and expenses of sale, including the Special Master's fee and costs; second, to the judgment awarded to Plaintiff in the amount of: Count I $51,101.88, plus interest from June 19, 2014, at the rate of 4.50% per annum AND Count II $$2,445.10, plus interest from June 19, 2014, at the rate of 13.24% per annum; plus attorney fees including gross receipts tax in the amount of $1,965.00; plus costs incurred by Plaintiff in the amount of $468.81, and unpaid taxes of $421.91; plus interest from January 16, 2015, at the rate of 8.75% per annum; third, in such manner as the Court may determine by order entered after the sale.


text:
Keizer, znany również jako Rozelsky Lie A Jen (ur. 6 czerwca 1987 r. w Paramaribo) - holenderski raper pochodzący z Surinam. Jego najbardziej znanymi utworami są "Mama Sorry", "Keizer, Koning, Admiraal" i "Hoe ze loopt". Aktualnie wydaje płyty w ramach kontraktu z wytwórnią Nindo.

Życiorys

Kariera
Keizer zaczął słuchać rapu w wieku 15 lat. Pierwszymi raperami, z którymi się zetknął byli 2Pac oraz The Notorious B.I.G. Jego debiutancki singiel nosił nazwę "Hit Em Up". Po jego stworzeniu postanowił kontynuować karierę pisząc teksty. W 2004 roku Keizer razem z BombeBoyem, LLoydStarem oraz jego siostrzeńcem o pseudonimie Roots założyli grupę raperską zwaną Blackside. Nagrali dwa klipy - Je Voelt't i The Anthem. Grupa ta oficjalnie nadal istnieje, lecz nie wydaje żadnych utworów. Keizer brał również udział w Rap Battle w 2005 i 2006 roku, w których wygrał. Keizer wygrał również w Summerjam (MC-Battle) podczas tournée w Leiden.

Blacklabel Music i Deepsound Music
W 2008 roku postanowił rozpocząć karierę solisty. Wkrótce po tym udało mu się podpisać kontrakt z wytwórnią Blacklabel Music razem z Nino. Po sześciu miesiącach od podpisania kontraktu, Keizer odszedł z wytwórni, ponieważ ta poświęcała mu za mało czasu. Zaraz po tym wydarzeniu, Keizer podpisał kontrakt z Deepsound Music. Dzięki wytwórni stworzył swój pierwszy mixtape zatytułowany Straategisch. Jednakże Keizer popadł w konflikt z wytwórnią, przez co po raz kolejny zerwał kontrakt.

Nindo
W 2009 roku Keizer podpisał kontrakt z wytwórnią Nindo. Od tamtej pory zajął się pracą nad webtapem pt. De Oorzaak deel II oraz albumem Karma, który zostanie wydany w III kwartale 2013 roku.
Webtape jest darmowym zbiorem całej twórczości Keizer'a. Każdą z jego piosenek, można było pobrać oddzielne na specjalnie stworzonej do tego stronie. Keizer nagrał również trzy videotapy - "Keizer, Koning, Admiraal", "Hoe ze Loopt" i "#NietHaten". Również w tym roku wygrał State Award, 101 Barz za najlepszą sesję oraz MTF Awards za najlepszą twórczość w danym roku. Ali-B i Kaizer nagrali wspólny utwór, który trafił na holenderską listę Top 50.

Wyróżnienia, nagrody i nominacje

Dyskografia

Mixtape: Straategisch

 Keizer - Salute
 Keizer - Billy The Kid
 Keizer - Lastig
 Keizer - Nice
 Keizer - Kapsones
 Keizer - Wie Is De Baas
 Keizer - Ze Kennen Me Niet
 Keizer - Hoe Ze Doet
 Keizer - Mama Sorry (akoestisch)
 Keizer - Straategisch
 Keizer - Laat maar zitten feat. Leo & Negativ (bonus)

Webtape: De Oorzaak deel II
 Keizer - Keizer, Koning, Admiraal
 Keizer - Baas Baby
 Keizer ft. Negativ - Dieper dan je man
 Keizer ft. Spanker - Niets op mij
 Keizer ft. Gio - Hoe ze loopt
 Keizer ft. Mr Polska & Je Broer - Wie ben jij
 Keizer - Karma is een bitch
 Keizer ft. Broertje - Money Cash Fame
 Keizer - Nooit Vergeten
 Keizer ft. Ibra - Ik heb je

Linki zewnętrzne
 Oficjalna strona wytwórni Nindo
 Oficjalny kanał Youtube wytwórni Nindo

Holenderscy raperzy
Urodzeni w 1987
Ludzie urodzeni w Paramaribo


"Purple is the color of royalty"
Thank You so much for your visit and comment on mothers love!! i went back and forth with the crop and had originally tried it the way you suggested but it just took something away from the photo so i went with the full image. MUCH to My surprise it won image of the week on NAPP. I like it when people like you comment and say what they think would make the image better or what they like or don't like about it!! That helps me to become a better photographer!! Have a wonderful week !!!
Relocated Gringo, travel photographer, graphic designer, text editor.


This is a placeholder page for Michele Oneal, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Michele Oneal.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Michele Oneal. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Michele Oneal. We created this page automatically in hopes Michele Oneal would find it. If you are not Michele Oneal, but are an alumni of Julian High School Julian, CA, register on this site for free now.


text:
Shoppers of the World
Nothing beats a good shopping session.
mall of africa
Street shopping in Istanbul
The World is flooded with shoppers who love to spend, bargain, explore and indulge. In fact, for some, retail therapy is the best excuse to take a trip. With the exception of the usual London, Paris and New York's of the world, here are some other amazing shopping destinations for you to consider!
Mecca of the Middle East
Dubai is one of the best cities in the Middle East for shoppers, so when The Dubai shopping festival comes around, it's the perfect reason to plan a holiday. Now running for 19 years, the annual month-long Festival held in January is a mecca for big bargains on electronics, fashion, jewelry and more. See the city come to life with a packed calendar of glamorous fashion shows and giveaways, firework displays, street performances, jugglers, live musicians and magicians. Enjoy all the bells and whistles that magnify an already electric atmosphere. Not to mention, of course, the great deals and jaw-dropping discounts at over 6 000 shops and 70 malls across the emirate! Make the most of it by booking a package tour to include stays at luxury handpicked hotels, escapades through lofty skyscrapers, manmade architectural wonders, desert safaris, theme parks, luxury cruises, beaches and more!
The Dubai Mall is the world's largest shopping mall (based on total square metres) and houses over 1 200 retail outlets, 160 food and beverage outlets and the world's largest candy store, Candylicious.
www.visitdubaishoppingfestival.com
Bargain Hunters Brace Yourselves
The Great Singapore Sale
Known to local Singaporeans as the GSS, this annual sale season is a true highlight for any shopaholic. Bargain hunters flock to hit the stores and have more than enough time to, as the sale runs for a full two months (June – August). Major malls extend their opening hours till midnight and retailers offer steep discounts, sometimes up to 70 percent off their original prices! You'll find great deals on everything, from fashion, watches and jewelry, to electronics, toys, spa treatments, hotel stays and visits to local attractions. The entire island is transformed into a shopping paradise, as even shops in the suburban areas join in. Destinations to keep an eye out for include the glitzy Orchard Road belt, with its stellar line-up of designer brands, fast fashion labels and massive malls. And, don't forget about the smaller but no less exclusive shops in Chinatown, Kampong Glam and Little India, as well as, the independent shops of Haji Lane in Kampong Glam precinct.
The very first GSS in 1994 saw a record number of 664 000 visitors attending. The great success prompted organisers to hold the event annually.
www.greatsingaporesale.com.sg
Istanbul Shopping Festival
Immerse yourself in the lively spirit of Istanbul by visiting the city during this mega shopping event. Although relatively new on the block, the ISF (going into its sixth year running) has certainly caught the attention of shoppers, foodies, fun-lovers, and bargain-hunters across the globe. Get there in June to take advantage of the '40 days and 40 nights' of substantial mark-downs, where foreign tourists will be more than flattered by 'tax-free' shopping in both the modern shopping malls as well as famed traditional shopping districts such as the Egyptian Spice Market, Grand Bazaar, and Sapphire Bazaar. Shops are open 24/7, so take your time. Besides spices, leathers, textiles, artifacts and antiques, why not shop for a little culture too, as all the historic sites take part in the festival by closing their doors later than usual. Here, the mystery of the East meets the dynamic energy of the West to provide a haven of choice in which shoppers of the world will spin with delight.
The Grand Bazaar is the biggest old covered bazaar in the world spanning sixty streets with over 3 000 shops. So prepare to get lost; it's part of the fun!
www.istshopfest.com
Hey Big Spender!
For the locals, here are two must-see hot spots to satisfy any born shopper:
Sandton City's Diamond Walk
The bling-filled new Diamond Walk in Sandton City opened just last year and is dedicated to luxury retail, boasting a stellar list of the world's most wanted brands, from Prada, D&G, Giorgio Armani and Burberry to Jimmy Choo, Louis Vuitton and Gucci! (And, for anything else, there's Mastercard)
Placed perfectly between Joburg and Pretoria in the heart of Waterfall, Midrand, a first class cutting edge shopping experience is about to open its doors (April 2016). The mammoth (116 000 m²) shopping centre set to be larger than Cape Town's V&A Waterfront and rival Sandton City in size and stature also offers broadband Wi-Fi coverage throughout!
Tented Adventures at Pilanesberg Game Reserve & Pretoriuskop, Kruger National Park
Best-kept Secrets
Five-star boutique Clico gets a makeover
Kruger Park House – a stone's throw from Kruger