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Leadership Development Ministries
LDM Class Schedule
Ohio District Church Directory
Ohio District Leadership
Spiritual Help
How To Become a Christian
The Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Have You Received Since You Believed?
The Gifts of the Holy Spirit
Become a Licensed Minister
Ohio District Constitution and By-Laws
PCG Beliefs
Ohio Pentecostal Church of God
Proclaiming Biblical Truth & Pentecostal Power
PCG History
It was a cold, wintry 30th day of December, 1919, when a group of dedicated individuals met in Chicago, Illinois. These men and women were destined to organize what is known today as the Pentecostal Church of God. Eli DePriest, one of those present, reported that after they had concluded the business, prayer was offered, and while they were praying, the building where they were assembled was actually shaken by the power of God! The objective of this group was to unite their resources for the purpose of spreading the Gospel. Cooperative evangelism was the strength of their effort. From this humble beginning emerged one of the leading Pentecostal denominations of our day—the Pentecostal Church of God. The church is part of the great Pentecostal revival that began around the turn of the 20th century.
TOPEKA, KANSAS, BETHEL BIBLE COLLEGE
The origin of modern Pentecostalism can be traced to Bethel Bible College, founded in October 1900 by Charles Fox Parham. The school was located in Topeka, Kansas in an elaborate unfinished mansion known as "Stone's Folly." In his monthly publication, The Apostolic Faith, Parham announced that anyone who prayed and diligently studied the Word was welcome to attend. Since this was a "faith school," no tuition was charged. Parham was the only instructor and the Bible the only textbook.
Before leaving for a speaking engagement in Kansas City, Parham assigned the student body the task of determining from their study of Scripture, the evidence of receiving the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. When Parham returned he was amazed to learn that the students had reached the conclusion: the indisputable proof of one receiving the Baptism in the Holy Spirit was speaking with other tongues.
This conclusion was of tremendous importance, for it marked the occasion when speaking in tongues was first considered to be the initial physical evidence of one being filled with the Holy Spirit.
On January 1, 1901 the first day of the 20th century, Agnes N. Ozman requested those present to lay hands on her and pray that she might receive the infilling of the Holy Spirit. When this was done, she began to speak in tongues, glorifying God.
According to the report she was so overwhelmed by this new experience of Pentecostal power she could not speak in the English language for three days. Miss Ozman's baptism inspired the other students to seek for a similar experience. One of the mansion's large upper rooms was converted into an area for prayer. The students, as well as others in the city, continued in intercessory prayer for three glorious days. Then on the night of January 3, 1901, many others, including Parham, received the mighty infilling of the Spirit.
After this glorious experience, Parham carried this Pentecostal message from Topeka, Kansas to: Kansas City, Missouri; Lawrence, Kansas; Nevada, Missouri; El Dorado Springs, Missouri; Galena, Kansas; Joplin, Missouri; and Orchard, Texas.
AZUSA STREET REVIVAL
In the fall of 1905, Parham moved his headquarters to Houston, Texas and once again established a short-term Bible school. William J. Seymour, a black holiness preacher from Louisiana, audited the classes taught by Parham. He believed the teaching but did not receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. Among the people from the Houston area who visited the services and received the Pentecostal experience was a lady, Miss Neely Terry, who was visiting from Los Angeles, California. When she returned home to the holiness mission she attended on Santa Fe Street, she suggested that they invite Seymour to preach for them with the possibility of becoming their pastor. The invitation was extended and Seymour accepted. Here he preached the Baptism in the Holy Spirit and declared that speaking in tongues was the initial evidence of the infilling of the Holy Spirit. This proved unacceptable to the church leadership. As a result Seymour moved his meetings to the home of Richard and Ruth Asbury, 214 North Bonnie Brae Street. Thus on April 9, 1906 the great Pentecostal revival of Los Angeles began.
The prayer services continued in the Asbury home. On the evening of April 9, 1906 Seymour and seven other men were waiting before the Lord when suddenly, as though hit by a bolt of lightning, they were knocked from their chairs to the floor. The seven men with Seymour began to speak in divers kinds of tongues magnifying God. The shouts were so fervent and loud that news spread quickly of the unusual events on Bonnie Brae Street. A few days later Seymour finally received the Holy Spirit. Soon huge crowds began to gather. Since the house could not begin to accommodate the people, the services were moved outside into the street with the front porch being used for the pulpit. The people came from everywhere. Many would fall under God's power as they neared the house. The whole city was stirred. They shouted until the foundation of the porch collapsed, without injuring anyone. During these days, many people who came because of curiosity were baptized in the Holy Spirit. The sick were healed and sinners were saved.
To further accommodate the crowds, an old dilapidated, two-story frame building at 312 Azusa Street in the industrial section of the city was secured. This building, originally built for an African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, had more recently been used as a livery stable, storage building and tenement house. In this humble Azusa Street mission, a continuous three-year revival occurred and became known around the world. Stanley H. Frodsham, in his book, With Signs Following, quotes an eye witness description of the scene:
"The news spread far and wide that Los Angeles was being visited with a rushing mighty wind from heaven. The how and why of it is to be found in the very opposite of those conditions that are usually thought necessary for a big revival. No instruments of music are used. None are needed. No choir. Bands of angels have been heard by some in the Spirit and there is heavenly singing that is inspired by the Holy Ghost. No collections are taken. No bills have been posted to advertise the meetings. No church organization is back of it. All who are in touch with God realize as soon as they enter the meeting that the Holy Ghost is the leader. One brother states that even before his train entered the city he felt the power of the revival.
"Travelers from afar wend their way to the headquarters at Azusa Street. There they find a two-story whitewashed store building. You would hardly expect heavenly visitations there unless you remember the stable at Bethlehem. But here they find a mighty Pentecostal revival going on from ten o'clock in the morning until about twelve o'clock at night. Pentecost has come to hundreds of hearts.
"As soon as it is announced that the altar is open for seekers for pardon, sanctification, the Baptism in the Holy Ghost, and healing for the body, people rise and flock to the altar. There is no urging. What kind of preaching is it that brings that? The simple declaring of the Word of God. There is such power in the preaching of the Word in the Spirit that people are shaken on the benches. Coming to the altar many fall prostrate under the power of God and often come out speaking in tongues. Sometimes the power falls on people and they are wrought upon by the Spirit during the giving of testimonies, or the preaching, and they receive the Holy Spirit. It is noticeably free from all nationalistic feeling. If a Mexican or a German cannot speak English, he gets up and speaks in his own tongue and feels quite at home, for the Spirit interprets through the face and the people say 'amen.' No instrument that God can use is rejected on account of color or dress or lack of education. That is why God has so built up the work.
"Seekers for healing are usually taken upstairs and prayed for in the prayer room. Many have been healed there. There is a large room upstairs that is used for Bible study. A brother fittingly describes it this way: 'Upstairs there is a long room furnished with chairs and three California redwood planks laid end to end on backless chairs. This is the Pentecostal upper room where sanctified souls seek the Pentecostal fullness and go out speaking in tongues.'"
Frank Bartleman, in his book Azusa Street, gives the following description of the mission and the services:
"Brother Seymour generally sat behind two empty shoe boxes, one on top of the other. He usually kept his head inside the top one during the meeting, in prayer. There was no pride there. The services ran almost continuously. Seeking souls could be found under the power almost any hour, night and day. The place was never closed nor empty. The people came to meet God. He was always there. Hence a continuous meeting. The meeting did not depend on the human leader. God's presence became more and more wonderful. In the old building, with its low rafters and bare floors, God took strong men and women to pieces, and put them together again, for His glory. It was a tremendous overhauling process. Pride and self-assertion, selfimportance and self-esteem, could not survive there. The religious ego preached its own funeral sermon quickly.
"No subjects or sermons were announced ahead of time, and no special speakers for such an hour. No one knew what might be coming, what God would do. All was spontaneous, ordered of the Spirit. We wanted to hear from God, through whoever . . . He might speak. We had no respect of persons. The rich and educated were the same as the poor and ignorant, and found a much harder death to die. We only recognized God . . . .
"We were delivered right there from ecclesiastical hierarchism and abuse. We wanted God. When we first reached the meeting, we avoided as much as possible human contact and greeting. We wanted to meet God first. We got our head under some bench in the corner in prayer, and met men only in the Spirit, knowing them after the flesh no more. The meetings started themselves, spontaneously, in testimony, praise and worship."
From the Azusa Street revival the Pentecostal message spread swiftly across America and to many foreign countries. News of the California revival reached Chicago by the summer of 1906. John C. Sinclair is quoted as saying, "The saints at 328 West 63rd St. began to pray on the first of July, 1906 that God would baptize us in the Holy Ghost, as we had heard that the saints at Los Angeles had been baptized." It is reported that Sinclair was the first person in the Chicago area to receive this Baptism. On November 19, 1906 a Pentecostal revival began in his church and continued for a number of months.
For most of the first two decades of the twentieth century, with the exception of the Holiness-Pentecostal churches in the southeast, there was little formal organization. In fact, organization was bitterly opposed by many. As a result, many independent Pentecostal churches began to spring up in storefront buildings, schoolhouses, brush arbors, anywhere these ardent believers could find a place to meet. Their main goal was to spread the good news that God was still doing a mighty work among His people. There was very little order or control in the churches. Since the congregations tended to trust anyone who claimed to be Spirit-filled, they were often taken advantage of by shysters. Therefore, it soon became apparent that some form of cooperative fellowship was necessary in order for the infant Pentecostal Revival to survive and evangelize effectively.
CHICAGO ERA
On December 29 and 30, 1919 a small group of dedicated individuals met in Chicago, Illinois in an attempt to unite their efforts for evangelism. Among those present for this meeting were: John C. Sinclair, pastor of the Christian Apostolic Assembly, Chicago, Illinois; George C. Brinkman, who edited his own independent monthly paper, The Pentecostal Herald; J. A. Bell, an associate to Sinclair; Eli Jackson DePriest, an evangelist from Black Rock, Arkansas; Edward Matthews; Wilmer Artis; Thomas R. O'Reilly, an evangelist from Indianapolis, Indiana; R.E. McAlister, general secretary/treasurer of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada; Ida Tribbett, an evangelist from Sturgis, Michigan, who was also the first person ordained by the Pentecostal Assemblies of the USA; Elder W. C. Thompson, pastor of Chicago's Church of God in Christ; and Watson Emet Tubbs, an evangelist from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
At this organizational meeting the following officers were chosen: moderator, John C. Sinclair; secretary, George C. Brinkman; and treasurer, J. A. Bell. This newly-formed group also heartily accepted Brinkman's offer and adopted The Pentecostal Herald as the official organ of the fellowship.
At the 1921 convention Edward Matthews was elected chairman and W. W. Pelton, treasurer.
Due to growing dissatisfaction with the decisions and actions of the new leadership, a reorganization meeting was held on February 15, 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. J. D. Snowden was chosen as the temporary chairman for the meeting. New officers were elected and the name of the organization was changed from Pentecostal Assemblies of the USA to the Pentecostal Church of God. John B. Huffman was elected general chairman, George C. Brinkman, secretary and James Gillespie treasurer.
Although this new cooperative fellowship experienced growth during the Chicago era, the growth was hampered because the men in leadership positions were also involved in other activities. John B. Huffinan continued to pastor the church in Blytheville, Arkansas throughout his tenure as general chairman from 1922 to 1924, and Osborn V. Gilliland, who was elected general chairman in 1925, was not even present to call the 1926 convention to order.
However, during the 1926 convention, Rik Field, was elected general chairman in that convention and proved to be a valuable leader, giving stability to the national program. Historical records view him as a fresh breed of leadership and helped moved the General Office to Ottumwa, Iowa. During his five years as chairman (1926-1931), he traveled extensively and did much to promote fellowship and Bible holiness.
OTTUMWA ERA
In the 1927 convention A. D. McClure was elected general secretary and his wife general treasurer. Since the McClures had been pastoring in Ottumwa, Iowa since 1923, they chose to retain that position. The offices were moved to Ottumwa making their continued support possible. In 1927 The Pentecostal Messenger became the official paper of the church with A. D. McClure as the editor. In addition to his local pastoral ministry (1923-1949), McClure freely served as general secretary (1927-1931), editor of the "Messenger" (1927-1933) and general moderator (1931-1933).
Some progress was experienced during the Ottumwa era. One of the major accomplishments was the organization of districts.
KANSAS CITY ERA
After G. F. C. Fons was elected moderator in 1933, the General Offices were moved to Kansas City, Missouri. Frank Lindblade served as vice-moderator (1931-1935) and general secretary (1935-1937). He had considerable authority since McClure remained in Ottumwa pastoring a growing church. The new moderator elected in the 1933 convention, as well as the general superintendent elected in 1935, chose to continue their previous ministries in addition to serving in the General Office. (G. F. C. Fons pastored in Fort Smith, Arkansas; M. D. Townsend continued to serve as district superintendent in California.)
For a short period of time in 1938 and 1939, the General Offices were located in Fort Worth, Texas.
While in Kansas City, the General Offices were located in rented facilities on Troost St. and in the Schukert building. Later, for the first time in its history, the movement was able to purchase property (1101 Prospect Avenue) to house the General Headquarters.
According to The Pentecostal Messenger K. R. Camp, general secretary treasurer (1946-1955), commented concerning those years:
"For some two years the ground floor was used as the General Office and the upper floor as living quarters for both the general superintendent and the general secretary. In the year of 1943, printing equipment was purchased and the offices moved upstairs, the lower floor being used for the printing department. It was then that we first started to print our own literature. Our printing had been farmed out before, so this was a forward step.
"At this time, the office staff consisted of the general secretary with an elderly lady as his assistant and the printing department employed two full-time men and one part-time pressman."
The words "of America" were added in 1934 after it was discovered that another group was operating under the name Pentecostal Church of God. The 30's and 40's were decades of growth, although they were punctuated with times of severe financial difficulties.
Marion D. Townsend was the first man officially titled general superintendent serving from 1935 to 1937. During this time he continued in his position as the California district superintendent. When the convention insisted that the general superintendent move to the headquarters city, Townsend chose to remain in California.
Therefore, the 1937 convention elected Harold M. Collins as general superintendent. He served capably from 1937-1942. During his term the Pentecostal Church of God began publishing Sunday school literature.
In the 1942 convention J. W. May emerged as the general superintendent. His term (1942-1947) was a time of tremendous growth. May reported that during his tenure as general superintendent, "The number of districts doubled and the churches and ministers more than doubled."
When J. W. May resigned in 1947, H. T. Owens was elected to serve the Pentecostal Church of God as general superintendent. He served effectively from 1947 to 1949. During this time plans were made to move the General Offices to Joplin, Missouri.
JOPLIN ERA
M. F. Coughran served as general superintendent from 1949 to 1953. Coughran was a man of dynamic and effective leadership. During his tenure the General Office faced and conquered seemingly insurmountable financial difficulties. In 1951 the offices were moved to Joplin, Missouri, where they have remained to the present time. When Coughran resigned in 1953, practically all the indebtedness for the new headquarters located at 1601 Maiden Lane in Joplin had been eliminated.
In 1953 R. Dennis Heard was called upon to accept the responsibilities of general superintendent and served with distinction for 22 years. During this time the Pentecostal Church of God continued to grow and God opened new doors of opportunities and ministries.
By 1957 the facilities on Maiden Lane were considered inadequate for needed expansion, and a four-story office building located at 312-316 South Joplin was purchased. Later an adjacent building, located on Wall St., was secured for the expansion of the printing plant. The printing plant was again moved in 1972 to the five-story Newman Building located at 602 Main St., and the General Offices were moved to the new executive center at Third and Main in downtown Joplin. In addition, the organization built a 13-story retirement center— Messenger Towers.
In 1975 R. Dennis Heard asked not to be considered for another term, and Roy M. Chappell was elected and served with excellence for 12 years. During his tenure much time and effort were spent restructuring and placing the organization in a sound financial position. Property was purchased and a new headquarters facility was built at 50th and Pennsylvania. The administrative offices were dedicated at the 1985 General Convention. A new facility for Messenger Publishing House was constructed in 1987.
During General Superintendent Chappell's term the King's Men Fellowship, Senior Christian Fellowship, Home Missions and Evangelist ministries were established.
Also, in the fall of 1983 the decision was made to merge the denomination's two colleges, Southern Bible College in Houston, Texas and Evangelical Christian College in Fresno, California. The formation of a new nationally-sponsored learning center known as Messenger College, located in Joplin, Missouri, became the outgrowth of this merger. The campus was established directly across the street from the General Headquarters facility.
In 1987 Roy M. Chappell accepted a pastorate in California and the convention called on James D. Gee to assume the leadership as general superintendent. James D Gee served very capably until the 2001 General Convention. Among his significant accomplishments were the establishment of the office of the Business Manager and the improved financial position of the organization, including paying off the mortgage of the headquarters building and the purchase of the 8.2 acres adjoining the headquarters property. Most of the buildings on the Messenger College campus were constructed during his term. "Strategy 2000" and "Project Paraclete" were two of the significant initiatives of his administration.
In 2001 Reverend Phil L. Redding, Arkansas district secretary-treasurer was elected general superintendent/bishop (a new title), re-elected in 2003 and served until 2005. Action was taken at the 2003 General Convention that provided for several monumental changes. The title of the general superintendent/bishop was changed to General Bishop. A death benefit program was adopted to replace the insurance provision for ministers. A First Fruits (tithing) program replaced the 5% Church Participation program, and the Pentecostal Church of God updated her position concerning marriage, divorce, and remarriage, adopting a position paper on the subject.
In 2005 General Bishop Phil Redding announced that he was resigning from the office of general bishop. The organization suffered a severe financial setback, primarily through a building program instituted through the Home Missions department. Phil L. Redding presented a new structure to the 2005 General Convention and added that if the convention adopted this proposal he would go ahead and allow his name for consideration for the office of general bishop.
The convention did adopt the restructure by changing the name of the Executive Committee to General Council and placing the two corporate officers, the six assistant general bishops and one bishop of ethnicity on the council, but chose to elect Charles R. Mosier as general bishop. Reverend Mosier served as Michigan District superintendent on two separate occasions, as World Missions director from 1989 to 1999 and as the assistant general bishop for the Northeastern Division. Reverend Charles G. Scott, Pentecostal Church of God Stewardship Ministries director, was elected as the general secretary. The members of the new General Council, which included the six assistant general bishops, were C. W. Goforth, Thomas Branham, Leon McDowell, Jan Lake, Donald Johnson and Wayman C. Ming, Jr.
This action of restructure also placed the selection process of all departmental directors under the leadership of the General Board. The ministry directors who were elected by the General Board included: Loyd Naten, World Missions; C. Don Burke, Indian Missions; Reggie Powers, Youth Ministries; Pat Wilson, Home Missions; Billie Palumbo, Discipleship Ministries; and Barbara Mosier, Women's Ministries. The 2005 General Convention also placed a renewed emphasis on multi-cultural ministries, discipleship ministries, and stewardship ministries. In a gracious act of sacrificial giving, the 2005 convention raised over $350,000 toward the debt of the Home Missions Department.
Following several months of struggling with illness, General Bishop Mosier was promoted to glory on July 8, 2006. The General Board placed the guidance of the organization under the General Council until the 2007 General Convention. Although this was a circumstance the Pentecostal Church of God had never faced, God comforted and blessed during this difficult time.
During the 2007 General Convention in Joplin, Missouri, the convention removed the death benefit for its ministers because of the severe financial loss that had been realized. Only those already on gratis status or would attain gratis status by the end of 2007 retained the benefit—a financial commitment of approximately $1.5 million. The convention also gave over $150,000 toward the debt of the Home Missions Department. General Secretary Charles G. Scott was elected general bishop and Assistant General Bishop Wayman C. Ming, Jr. was elected as general secretary. This action created one of the youngest leadership teams of any major Pentecostal organization in America. The convention ended with tremendous harmony and unity.
The 2009 General Convention was also held in Joplin, Missouri with the theme, "We are PCG." During this historic 90th Year convocation, the convention made three significant contributions to the future of the Pentecostal Church of God: (1) adopting a reformed Minister's Study series; (2) providing a $60 per year/per minister increase to the Youth Ministries department by increasing the ministerial credential fee; and (3) allowing the General Board to explore the possible relocation of the International Headquarters to a larger metropolitan area. General Bishop Charles G. Scott and General Secretary Wayman C. Ming Jr. were re-elected for another term.
BEDFORD ERA
During the 2011 General Convention in Dallas, Texas, a monumental decision was made to relocate the International Headquarters of the Pentecostal Church of God and Messenger College to Bedford, Texas, which is part of the Dallas Metroplex area. This decision was made by the General Board and ratified by the General Convention. A "restoration and discipline" process for ministers and churches was added to the General Bylaws and the length of term for the General Bishop and General Secretary was increased from two years to four years after an initial two year term. The General Board was also afforded discretionary authority in all matters of policy, personnel, operations, and budgets between General Conventions for the welfare of the Pentecostal Church of God. General Bishop Charles G. Scott was elected for a four year term, and after General Secretary Wayman C. Ming Jr. stepped down from his position, World Missions Director Loyd L. Naten was elected as General Secretary.
Ohio PCG
270 Harding Street
Email: pastorisaacjr@gmail.com
Ohio District Bishop –
Pat Wilson (270) 871-5775
Ohio District Presbyter – Joe Turner
Ohio District Secretary/Treasurer –
Isaac Shelton, Jr. (419) 438-4218
Ohio District Home Missions Director –
Joseph Lemasters (740) 360-1951
Ohio District Youth Director –
Andrew Dent (740) 891-1771
Ohio District Women's Ministries Director –
Carolyn Wilson (765) 337-6477
Women's/Youth Secretary – Heidi Wells (740) 617-9744
Ohio District –
Sectional Presbyters:
Central/Northwest Section – Rodney Reynolds
Lake Erie Section –
Ray Hylton
Northeast Section –
Jim Comstock
Northern Section –
L.D. Roessler
Southeast Section –
Jon Rhinehart
Southwest Section –
James Maggard
District Discipleship Ministries Director –
Karen Rarey (419) 634-6132
District King's Men Director – Jason Jordan (740) 586-2587
Daily Verse
"My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations; Knowing this, that the trying of your faith worketh patience." — James 1:2-3 . Powered by BibleGateway.com.
PCG National
General Office
2705 Brown Trail
www.pcg.org
General Bishop
Wayman Ming, Jr.
(Elected in June 2017)
Dan Coleman
Virgil Kincaid
David Alvarez
Andy Hunt
National Youth Director
Randy Lawrence
Messenger College President
James Rayburn
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Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1821 - 1881, was a Russian writer whose works combine religious mysticism with profound psychological insight. Dostoyevsky's four great novels are Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1868-1869), The Possessed (1871), and The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880). Dostoyevsky is a major player in the Realm of Existentialism.
I did make a friend once, but I was already a tyrant at heart and wanted to be the absolute ruler of his mind. I wanted to instill in him contempt of all those around me; I demanded that he break with his world.
It is not the brains that matter most, but that which guides them---the character, the heart, generous qualities, progressive ideas.
I am called a psychologist; it's not true. I am only a realist in the highest sense--I depict all the depths of the human soul.


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Come for the space – Stay for the community.
At 36Squared, we have more to offer than beautiful loft space. We're building an inspired business-to-business community.
Our classic brick and timber structure motivates small businesses, entrepreneurs, and artisans alike. We cater to local start-ups and have an in-house incubator to help as you grow. When you join 36Squared, you're more than a tenant, you're a "partner" in the 36Squared community. Your success is our success!
For over 100 years, the building where 36Squared is located has played host to many thriving businesses and still evokes an image of a place where hard work and struggle lead to success. The rich history of our building still invokes a story of imagination, invention, innovation, and iteration. We continue to build on that narrative by re-imagining the potential for this classic building. Today, we're a collection of start-ups, small businesses, artisans, and local enterprises. By fostering an environment where these business can thrive and grow, we are extending that long line of success.
We hope that you'll come visit us and find the space that's right for your business.
36Squared is only 4 miles from downtown. We're conveniently located in the heart of the developing Bridgeport and McKinley Park neighborhoods. We are easily accessible from I-90/I-94 and I-55 and have ample gated parking.
Situated in the Central Manufacturing District (CMD), straddling the South Branch of the Chicago River, the CMD is the oldest industrial park in the country. In the early years, the CMD was host to many names linked to Chicago's history – names like Armour, Spiegel, Sears, and Swift, among others.
The rediscovered Central Manufacturing District is gaining traction and is already home to a number of growing and thriving businesses.
We provide an entrepreneurial environment that is safe, clean, and neighborly.
We strive to create a collaborative community where your small business can achieve its goals. Our in-house small business incubator provides support along the way as you grow your business.
We currently have a wide variety of tenant "partner" businesses from professional office services and web startups to artistic endeavors and light product and package assembly. We even have on-site storage facilities for seasonal businesses and special event production storage.
We're building an inspired business community here at 36Squared and we hope you join us. Whether you're looking for a private loft office, a shared work space, storage, or workshops and showrooms, we have a space that's right for you. We also host private events in our large venue spaces.
Reach out to us, we'll be happy to give you a tour.
At 36Squared, we strive to maintain a community of complementary businesses that work well alongside one another. When businesses treat each other like partners, it makes the whole community stronger. That's why we prefer to call our tenants "partners" in the 36Squared community. We have a selective screening process that welcomes businesses that are not disruptive to other "partners" in the building. Generally that means activities that are loud, fragrant, or dusty are not allowed.


As federal employees wait to see whether they will receive a pay raise next year, Republicans and Democrats both appear to be standing firm on proposals they want attached to a spending package needed to avert a partial government shutdown early next month.
Since February, the Trump administration has called for a pay freeze for all federal civilian employees in 2019, a plan the president cemented in August with the release of his 2019 alternative pay plan. Congress has begun to take steps to override Trump's proposal—the Senate approved an appropriations bill that would include a 1.9 percent across-the-board raise for civilian federal workers, and last month House negotiators suggested they would not fight against its inclusion in a final deal—but unrelated issues could jeopardize the provision, at least temporarily.
Lawmakers and Trump have until Dec. 7 to come to an agreement on a spending package that includes appropriations for the Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, State, Interior, Agriculture, Treasury, Commerce, Homeland Security and Justice departments, among other agencies, or about 300,000 federal employees will face furloughs in a partial government shutdown.
Trump has continued to insist on increased spending to build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, and on Saturday he suggested he might table any spending deal that does not meet that demand.
"We're talking about quite a big sum of money, about $5 billion. And I think, probably, if I were ever going to do a shutdown over border security—when you look at the caravan, when you look at the mess, when you look at the people coming in—this would be a very good time to do a shutdown," Trump said.
But Democrats too hope to get some of their priorities into the spending bill before the Dec. 7 deadline. Last week, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer suggested that a bipartisan bill designed to protect Special Counsel Robert Mueller from being fired could be attached to the package. On Sunday, Sen. Jeff Merkley, D-Ore., told MSNBC that he would consider voting against the appropriations measure if it does not include the special counsel measure.
Merkley stopped short of explicitly calling for a shutdown if Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell continued to block the Mueller protection bill from reaching the floor, although he hinted at how he might vote on such a bill.
Congress is out of town this week for the Thanksgiving holiday, leaving two weeks—and only eight legislative days—to work out a budget deal. Even if Congress doesn't include a pay raise at the end of the day, Trump is still required to finalize his plan for civilian employee compensation with a formal announcement before the end of the year.


The Cuan in Strangford Village.
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This incentive gets females together to talk about Mental Health Hygeine, a subject that needs more awareness and attention in our communities. The idea is to allow women to talk freely about their feelings of anxiety, depression and also focuses on strategies to cope and get help.
Gender specific risk factors for common mental disorders that disproportionately affect women include gender based violence, socioeconomic disadvantage, low income and income inequality, low or subordinate social status and rank and unremitting responsibility for the care of others.


Kids can be a handful when it comes to potty-training. Parents are so aware of the stress and the mess of training their kids how to hit the target. But kids are just kids. Making a mess is somewhat in their nature and parents just need to deal with it. However, parents might still have the upper hand in this. How about we tweak potty-training quite a bit? It's a common knowledge that kids are playful by nature. We can take this fact to our advantage and turn their potty into something fun. But how can we pull this off? Here's the new toilet target nightlight that will make potty-training to a whole new level.
We present to you, the Toddler Target. This amazing gadget will make potty-training a breeze. By illuminating a crosshair target on the right place, your toddler is able to aim his game right on spot. For sure, your kids will be delighted to hit the potty-training bullseye light without missing the target. The result is a mess-free toilet training for your little boys.
The Toddler Target is fully-adjustable so it can fit any toilet. It is made of durable and high quality materials that can withstand water and cleaning agents. Additionally, the product has heavy-duty batteries included which are easy to remove and replace when necessary. This potty-training bullseye light creates a brilliant glow that is highly visible day or night. You can tilt it up or down to mark the target on the toilet bowl. Overall, it provides your toddlers a fun way to use the toilet even without your supervision. Moreover, it keeps your bathroom floor mess-free so it will significantly save you from the hassles of cleaning.
Get your toilet target light today!


The First Year Film Series is kicking off the semester with Priscilla Queen of the Desert!
This Thursday, 6:30 pm, Kellen Auditorium. Popcorn will be served. Open to ALL students and guests, not just First Year. Bring a friend.
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert is a 1994 Australian comedy-drama film written and directed by Stephan Elliott. The plot follows two drag queens played by Hugo Weaving and Guy Pearce and a transgender woman, played by Terence Stamp, as they journey across the Australian Outback from Sydney to Alice Springs in a tour bus that they have named "Priscilla", along the way encountering various groups and individuals.
Winner of Best Costume Design Oscar in 1994.
We are inviting designers across multiple disciplines to candidly talk about where design school fell short, how the real world caught them by surprise, and what they wish they had done differently.
We have no idea what they will say, but we've asked them not to hold back. This is your chance to get advice from professionals on how to make it through Parsons.
Each day has a different panel of designers, so attend both if possible.
Arnold Hall. 55th 13th St. Second Floor.


The DSArms Ultra-Light Enhanced Stock was designed with one simple purpose in mind, giving the end user a quality rugged stock that has all of the features and proven performance of the Mil-Spec M4 Stock turned into an Ultra-Light design utilizing Titanium and Aluminum materials.
This Ultra-Light Enhanced Stock weighs in at only 173.6 Grams compared to a traditional M4 Stock which weighs 206.4 Grams. That's more than ounce in weight savings!
The stock body is designed to fit any Mil-Spec buffer tube.
The stock body is made from high-impact glass filled reinforced polymer.
Slide Lock Pin is machined from DSArms HGTi High Grade Titanium.
Slide Lock Pin Nut is machined from DSArms HGTi High Grade Titanium and features a black finish.
Sling Swivel Screw is custom machined from DSArms HGTi High Grade Titanium and features a black finish.
Machined Billet 6061 Aluminum rear sling swivel with a Hardcoat Anodized MIL-A-8625F, Type III, Class 2 Finish.
This stock is 100% U.S. Made By DSArms!


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HomeBeijing warns it is 'seriously concerned' about US decision to suspend $500m WHO funding
Beijing warns it is 'seriously concerned' about US decision to suspend $500m WHO funding
Beijing warns it is 'seriously concerned' about US decision to suspend $500m WHO funding after Donald Trump accused the health body of 'accelerating the pandemic' by opposing his China travel ban
President Trump said Tuesday he will be freezing all funding from the US to the World Health Organization
He accused the WHO of 'severely mismanaging' the pandemic, singling out the call to oppose travel bans
China said it has 'serious concerns' about the decision, which will 'undermine cooperation against the virus'
US is the single largest contributor to the WHO, accounting for 15 per cent of funds over the last two years
Learn more about how to help people impacted by COVID
By By NIKKI SCHWAB,
(dailymail)—China has warned it has 'serious concerns' after Donald Trump suspended all US funding to the World Health Organization for what he called 'its role in severely mismanaging the spread of coronavirus'.
Zhao Lijian, a spokesman for Beijing's foreign ministry, said the global battle against the pandemic is at a 'critical moment' and that suspending funding will 'undermine international cooperation against the epidemic.'
His warning came after President Trump said the US with withhold some $500million in WHO funding while an investigation into its handling of the pandemic is carried out.
Trump singled out what he called the WHO's 'dangerous and costly decision' to argue against international travel bans to combat the pandemic.
While praising his own decision to limit travel to and from China on January 31 – a month after the first cases of the disease were reported – Trump added: 'Other nations and regions who followed WHO guidelines and kept their borders open to China, accelerated the pandemic all around the world.
'The decision of other major countries to keep travel open was one of the great tragedies and missed opportunities from the early days. The WHO's attack on travel restrictions put political correctness above lifesaving measures.'
The US is the largest single contributor to the WHO, paying in some $893million between 2018 and 2019 which made up around 15 per cent of the agency's total budget during that period.
President Trump announced Tuesday from the White House Rose Garden (pictured) that he was halting all US funding to the World Health Organization over its response to the coronavirus pandemic
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8219433/Donald-Trump-freezes-U-S-funding-World-Health-Organization.html#i-3fd57c251d08c781
The World Health Organization and its head Tedros Ghebreyesus (left), has come in for criticism over its handling of the pandemic, including accusations that it parroted Chinese government propaganda and was too quick to praise the regime (pictured right, Chinese leader Xi Jinping)
The coronavirus pandemic is believed to have been started at one of the wet markets (pictured) in Wuhan, China
Donald Trump credited his travel ban for saving an 'untold number of lives.' He spoke as the U.S. death toll passed 25,000, with the scale of death overwhelming hospitals, including the Wyckoff Hospital in Brooklyn, New York
So far in 2020 the US has agreed to pay some $57million in assessed contributions to the WHO – the largest single payment by a country.
The Trump administration has been fighting to reduce spending on foreign aid budgets including contributions to the WHO for at least three years, Foreign Policy reported, but had been repeatedly slapped down by Congress.
Announcing the move to suspend funding Tuesday, Trump suggested the WHO had been doing the bidding of China, where the coronavirus outbreak began before spreading to the United States.
Trump pointed to the funding disparities between the two countries, which both fund the WHO.
The president said while American taxpayers pay around $400 to $500 million annually to the WHO, China pays a 10th of that, at around $40 million a year.
China has described Trump's move to withhold funding as 'seriously concerning'.
Yet since last week Trump has blasted the WHO for being too China-centric, a point he continued to make Tuesday.
'The WHO pushed China's misinformation about the virus saying it was not communicable and there was no need for travel bans,' Trump said.
He said other countries who followed WHO's advice experienced 'great tragedies and missed opportunities from the early days.'
Meanwhile, he credited his decision to ban flights from China in late January with saving an 'untold number of lives.'
At the briefing, CNN's Kaitlan Collins brought up how Trump is punishing the WHO for praising China's transparency when he, too, praised China's transparency.
Several days before Trump decided to announce the partial travel ban, he praised China's effort on Twitter.
'China has been working very hard to contain the Coronavirus. The United States greatly appreciates their efforts and transparency,' Trump wrote on January 24. 'It will all work out well. In particular, on behalf of the American People, I want to thank President Xi!'
Trump sporadically praised China through February and March as well – while also occasionally calling coronavirus the 'China virus.'
On Tuesday when asked if he was being hypocritical, Trump answered, 'I'm always respectful of China,' before bringing up the amount of money he believed he brought in because of the trade war, brushing off the question.
Prseident Trump praised China's effort to combat the coronavirus in late January and through February and March. He's pointed to WHO praising China as a reason for pausing the organization's funding
Last week Trump teased that he might halt funds, but then walked back that threat when a reporter asked if that would be a smart move mid-global pandemic.
'I'm not saying I'm going to do it, but I'm going to look at it,' Trump said then.
But on Tuesday, he leaned in.
'For the time we will redirect global health and directly work with others. All of the aid that we send will be discussed … with very powerful and influential and smart groups, medically, politically and every other way,' Trump said. 'And we'll be discussing it with other countries and global health partners what we do with all that money that goes to WHO.'
'And maybe WHO will reform and maybe they won't,' Trump said.
The WHO generally doesn't support travel bans because it could lead countries to under-report cases of disease and destabilize economies, while a country is trying to fight an epidemic.
'Although travel restrictions may intuitively seem like the right thing to do, this is not something that WHO usually recommends,' said Tarik Jašarević, a WHO spokesperson, when discussing the China travel ban in late January, when Trump put the U.S. ban in place.
'This is because of the social disruption they cause and the intensive use of resources required,' Jašarević said.
Trump didn't say that he necessarily thought WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus should be replaced, as several Republican Senate allies of the president have called for.
'We're doing an investigation,' the president answered to a question about a Tedros ouster. 'I don't know the gentleman, but I know there's been problems.'
Democrats slammed Trump for the move, saying this was not the time to stop cash for health.
Halting funding for the World Health Organization during a world health crisis is as dangerous as it sounds. Their work is slowing the spread of COVID-19 and if that work is stopped no other organization can replace them. The world needs @WHO now more than ever.
— Bill Gates (@BillGates) April 15, 2020
Adeemsa qabsoo bilisummaa Oromoo keessatti warraaqsa dhalatanii galma hankaakan/hanqatan (1870 – 2020)
Qabsoon keenya roorroo bifa kamiyyuu Oromoo irraa kaasuu fi ittisuu dha.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Dozens Arrested in Drug Raid at Pa. Boeing Plant
PHILADELPHIA – More than three dozen people have been charged in a prescription drug sweep that included a raid on a Boeing plant near Philadelphia that makes military helicopters.
The arrests happened Thursday morning at the 5,400-employee plant in Ridley Park.
Federal authorities say 37 people are facing charges including illegal drug distribution and attempted drug possession. They say 36 of them are employees or former employees of the Boeing plant.
U.S. Attorney Zane Memeger says the arrests are the result of a four-year undercover investigation. He says Boeing contacted authorities to report "suspicions that drug activity was occurring on their property."
An official with Boeing's Military Aircraft division at the plant declined to comment. A message left for a defense unit spokesman was not immediately returned.


All old photographs, even those severe damaged, are real treasure for everyone of us because they captured some very significant facts from our life in the past, very often very distant one, so they can help us to refresh our memory about those facts. The old photographs as only one way to record those distant facts are so valuable treasure for us that's why we should care for them. Therefore, as soon we find or get any photos damaged in any way, badly taken or processed, we are supposed to apply the photo restoration techniques to them. Thanks to today's digital technology the photo restoration brings amazing results at very decent price and it is really worth to introduce it.
Therefore, please let us restore all your scratched, torn, stained or faded photographs to its original state. We promise to do our best to meet your expectations.
Here below are some examples of our photo restoration work we have done in historical order.
The first photograph has been restored recently for Mr Władysław Rychłowski from Poland. Next one was done for Mrs Karen F. from Nottinghamshire who left excellent feedback on eBay for doing her photo.


To notice, detect or discern, often used with "on".
Did you pick up on his nervousness?
pick up To lift; to grasp and raise.
pick up To collect an object, especially in passing.
pick up To clean up; to return to an organized state.
pick up To collect a passenger.
pick up To improve, increase, or speed up.
pick up To restart or resume.
pick up To learn, to grasp; to begin to understand.
pick up To point out (a person's behaviour, habits or actions),in a critical manner.
pick up To meet and seduce somebody for romantic purposes, especially in a social situation, sometimes used with "on".
pick up To answer a telephone. See pick up the phone.
pick up To pay for.
pick up become better; improve.
"pick up." Phrases.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2019. Web. 19 Apr. 2019. <https://www.phrases.com/phrase/pick-up_1057>.


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New Video Drop (Review): H1GHR MUSIC's - WOOGIE - "ROLLING STONES" (Feat. Car, the Garden)
Taking us back to the 70s with a vintage movie themed visual, H1GHR MUSIC producer Woogie, has released his new music video and single "Rolling Stones," which is from the upcoming EP, "Rewind My Tape part 1."
The video, featuring singer 'Car, the Garden' was uploaded to the H1GHR MUSIC YouTube channel on March 18. And even before you watch it... one look at the artwork released for the track, and you're immediately reminded of Rolling Stone Magazine, and if you're old enough to remember, the Rolling Stones rock band (both got their name from a 1950s song by Muddy Waters, titled Rollin' Stone).
And then, there's the 1972 remake by The Temptations (of a single from The Undisputed Truth) called "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone." But getting past the history and nostalgia of the title, the video begins with a man who looks like he could've been on the set of "That '70s Show," as he takes you further back in time, when he exits a home, and gets into his classic Oldsmobile Cutlass with a state of Washington license plate.
We see the line a Hobin Film, and then Woogie ("on and on") gives us that funky psychedelic early electric blues rock beat. 'Car, the Garden' adds his raspy vocals, and the song is awesome. Vibe with it. Purchase the single, and buy the album, which comes out on March 23. Check out the video below.
Baby I've been rollin, rollin. Baby I've been rollin, rollin.
Car electric blues funk H1GHR MUSIC khip-hop New Music On The Way New Video Drop Review rock Rolling Stones the Garden Woogie
Labels: Car electric blues funk H1GHR MUSIC khip-hop New Music On The Way New Video Drop Review rock Rolling Stones the Garden Woogie
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text:
Irij
"...the souls of our ancestors shine every morning from Iriy..." - "The book of Veles"
Ireland. Image courtesy Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC
"Éire",is Irish for "Ireland", the name of an island and a sovereign state. It evolved from the Old Irish word Ériu, which was the name of a Gaelic goddess. Ériu is generally believed to have been the matron goddess of Ireland, a goddess of sovereignty, or simply a goddess of the land.
There are two theories that try to explain the origin of this word.
The first one says that the name Ériu is derived from the name other people gave to the island of Ireland. The second one says that the name originated in Ireland and was the name by which the Irish called their own land. They both have their proponents.
Ireland, the western most land theory
The first theory, which was proposed in the 19th century, and for which we read that it "does not follow modern standards of etymology", derives the name from Scottish Gaelic. According to this etymology, the origin of "Ériu" comes from ì (island) + thairr (west) + fónn (land), which together give ì-iar-fhónn, or "western isle". This is similar in meaning to the Norse name for Irish people, "west men". If we look at the map of Northern Europe, we can see that indeed Ireland is the land lying directly westward, looking from Scotland and from the Baltic sea, from which both Northern Slavic, Baltic, Norse and Danish mariners would have come to Ireland. So Western Isle and West Men makes a lot of sense, but as we are told it "does not follow modern standards of etymology"...
Ireland, the fat, full, abundant land theory
The second theory, which apparently "follows the modern standards of etymology" says that the origin of "Ériu" comes from Proto-Goidelic "Īweriū" or "Īveriū" which comes from Proto-Celtic "Φīwerjon", which comes from from Proto-Indo-European "piHwerjon", which is related to "piHwer", which is supposed to mean "fat, full, abundant". This would suggest that the meaning of the word Ériu is "abundant land". The whole root chain here is reconstructed, meaning that we think the words in the chain might have existed, and might have the meanings we propose, and might have been related to each other, but we actually have no idea if this is true or not. On top of this, we don't know if the meaning "fat, full, abounding" is correct. Ireland is certainly not especially abundant compared to England or the rest of Europe. The land in Ireland is not in any way fatter or more fertile and more suited for agriculture, crop growth. In fact the opposite is the case which you can see from this map of land use in Europe.
You can see the distribution of the arable farmland (yellow), forest (dark green), pasture (light green), and tundra or bogs in the north (dark yellow). It is plain to see that Ireland does not deserve to be the only place named "fat, full, abundant land". The description of the quality of the Irish soil is best summarized on the web page called "Soils in Ireland" where the first sentence is "The general consensus is that Irish soil quality is good overall". So good, not great, not amazing. One thing that I would like you to note on the above picture is that Ireland is mostly light green, which is the color of pasture. The data found on the "Crops and Livestock Survey" for 2015 is (in thousands of hectares):
Area farmed 4,429.5
Total crops, fruit and horticulture 359.7
Total cattle and sheep production related land over 4,000
This means that most of the Irish agricultural land is used as pasture land. The reason why this is so is because the combination of the Irish climate which is wet and cold and the Irish soil which is acidic, makes Ireland best suited for growing grass, not agricultural crops. And hence Ireland is basically one huge grass field full of grazing cattle and sheep with few cold climate crops fields, forests and bogs strewn around.
Anyway :)
One of the proponents of this modern scientific "fat, full, abundant land" theory is John Koch. In his work "Celts, Britons, and Gaels—Names, Peoples, and Identities" he provides a detailed discussion on the subject, which is intended to prove the theory. Here is what he says:
"...The Irish as 'them' are first recorded as Latin derived from Greek Iernoi Īernī. Later, is recorded more correctly as Iouernoi Īuernī. The first occurrence of Īernī probably goes back to a Coastal Itinerary of Marseille of the sixth century BC. In both instances, the name of the people Īuernī is derived from the place-name found in classical sources as Īueriō. Īueriō is none other than the Primitive Irish forerunner of Old Irish Ériu, Modern Éire. The etymological sense of the word is 'the Fat' or 'Fertile Country'. Ériu, genitive Érenn, corresponds to Welsh Iwerydd 'Irish Sea, Atlantic' and Iwerddon 'Ireland'. The ancient Celtic forms behind these are the nstem nominative *Īweriū, genitive *Īwerionos. In the Antonine Itinerary, a Latin source of the early 3rd century AD, we find Insula Clota in Hiverione. Dative Īveriōne implies nominative Īveriō 'Ireland', thus directly reflecting the Primitive Irish nom. *Īweriū. Thus the Indo-European preform would have been *piHwerjōn 'The Fertile Land'. I proposed that the ethnonym Īuernī proves that Irish—or the Celtic language that was to become Irish was spoken in Ireland already at the time that the Greeks first heard of the place in the 6th century BC. More recently, Patrick Sims-Williams has doubted this conclusion. Instead, he argues that Īueriō and Īuernī could have been names in use by Celtic speaking peoples on the European mainland for an Ireland that was not yet itself Celtic speaking. I do not think that this alternative is plausible, for the following reasons. Not only were Īueriō and Īuernī in use in what was Ireland's Final Bronze Age or Dowris II and not only are they Celtic names, but they have also survived in the Irish language of literate, historical times. Īuernī, the name that the Greeks borrowed, survives as Old or Middle Irish Érainn, a name which not only exists in Irish, but exists in no other Celtic language except Irish. In medieval Irish literature Érainn is used for tribal and dynastic groups in Munster and elsewhere. The groups in question are marginal within historical times, but credited with having ruled the prestigious royal site of Tara in remote antiquity; so the name is stratified deeply within Irish-language Irish tradition itself and occurs nowhere else in the Celtic world. Furthermore, the place-name Ériu has, as a byform, a common noun Old Irish íriu, meaning 'earth, land'. There is no corresponding word from Brittonic or Continental Celtic. In other words, Ériu is explicable has having arisen out of the semantics of Irish in particular, rather than Celtic in general. Furthermore, names derived from the same root as Ériu have survived prominently as submerged eponyms in the Irish origin legends of Lebar Gabála and related texts. These include the prominent Milesian invaders Iär and Íth. The latter's name simply means 'fat'. The connection of the name Iär to Éire and Érainn is not at all apparent within the literate period. But *Īueros, the pre-form of Iär, would have been an obvious eponym for Īueriō in the Primitive Irish of prehistoric times... Īueriō was known to mean the 'Fat Land', which was no longer so for the writers of Lebar Gabála...."
Convinced? Lets have a look at the highlighted parts.
"...Ériu, genitive Érenn, corresponds to Welsh Iwerydd 'Irish Sea, Atlantic' and Iwerddon 'Ireland'..."
If you are in Wales and you look directly westward, what you see on a clear day is: Ireland. So Ireland is the land in the west. And after Ireland, further west is the Atlantic ocean, the western sea. Or maybe the Irish sea and Atlantic got their name from Ireland.
"....Īueriō was known to mean the 'Fat Land', which was no longer so for the writers of Lebar Gabála.... "
Ok, this is strange. Īueriō is a word with an unknown meaning and so we proposed that it means "Fat Land" based on a completely derived etymology linking it to the derived PIE root "piHwer" which is supposed to mean "fat, full, abundant". Now it is " known to mean Fat Land"? The old Irish "íriu" which was supposed to have been derived from Īueriō, means "land, earth, soil; the earth, the world". Not "fat, full, abundant land". And if the meaning "fat, full, abundant land" was not known to the users of the word "íriu" in the Irish annals, maybe it is because this word never actually meant "fat, full, abundant land" but just "land, earth, soil; the earth, the world"....
But this part is the most interesting.
"...Érainn, a name which not only exists in Irish, but exists in no other Celtic language except Irish....Furthermore, the place-name Ériu has, as a byform, a common noun Old Irish íriu, meaning 'earth, land'. There is no corresponding word from Brittonic or Continental Celtic. In other words, Ériu is explicable has having arisen out of the semantics of Irish in particular, rather than Celtic in general..."
Maybe the word "íriu" doesn't exist in other Celtic languages, but it exists in Slavic languages.
Iriy, Irij or Vyriy (Russian: ирий, ирей, вырий) is a mythical place in Slavic mythology where birds fly for the winter and souls go after death, sometimes identified with paradise. The term was first mentioned in the writings of Vladimir II Monomakh. During the Christianization of Kievan Rus', people were able to imagine heaven and hell based on the idea of Iriy. By the way Viriy is just v + iriy = in, into + iriy. Question: where do the souls of the dead people go? V Iriy = Into Iriy.
I know what you will say. This Slavic Iriy can be any place and surely the words similarity is a coincidence. But there is more. Slavic mythology tells us more about Iriy in the story about Jarilo:
"Up until the 19th century in Russia, Belarus and Serbia, folk festivals called Jarilo were celebrated in late spring or early summer. Early researchers of Slavic mythology recognized in them relics of pagan ceremonies in honor of an eponymous spring deity. In Northern Croatia and Southern Slovenia, especially Bela krajina, similar spring festivals were called Jurjevo, nominally dedicated to St. George, and fairly similar to the Jarilo festivals of other Slavic nations.
All of these spring festivals were basically alike: processions of villagers would go around for a walk in the country or through villages on this day. Something or someone was identified to be Jarilo or Juraj: a doll made of straw, a man or a child adorned with green branches, or a girl dressed like a man, riding on a horse. Certain songs were sung which alluded to Juraj/Jarilo's return from a distant land across the sea, the return of spring into the world, blessings, fertility and abundance to come.
Jarilo was a son of the supreme Slavic god of thunder, Perun, his lost, missing, tenth son, born on the last night of February, the festival of Velja Noć (Great Night), the pagan Slavic celebration of the New Year. On the same night, however, Jarilo was stolen from his father and taken to the world of the dead, where he was adopted and raised by Veles, Perun's enemy, Slavic god of the underworld and cattle. The Slavs believed the underworld to be an ever-green world of eternal spring and wet, grassy plains, where Jarilo grew up guarding the cattle of his stepfather. In the mythical geography of ancient Slavs, the land of the dead was assumed to lie across the sea, where migrating birds would fly every winter. This land of the dead was by Slavs known as Iriy, Irij or Vyriy (Russian: ирий, ирей, вырий).
With the advent of spring, Jarilo returned from the underworld, that is, bringing spring and fertility to the land. Spring festivals of Jurjevo/Jarilo that survived in later folklore celebrated his return."
So...Wet, ever green land of eternal spring, full of cattle which lies across the sea and is called Iriy...
This is a typical picture from Ireland. What do you see on it? Ever green land of eternal spring, full of cattle, which lies across the sea. Is there better description of Éire, Ireland?
I have been living in Ireland for past 21 years. It snowed properly once. And we had one proper summer month. The rest of the time it was a perpetual wet spring.
So is Īueriō, Iriu, Éire Slavic Iriy? I believe so, because believe or not there is actually no other place in Europe that fits the description. It is Ireland's unique position in the north of Europe and in the middle of the Golf stream that gives it unique climate ideal for growing grass and which makes it a paradise for cattle herders.
And this is why the ancient Irish society was based around cattle. Cattle was wealth, cattle was currency, cattle was what people fought for. Even the main Irish heroic myth, "Táin Bó Cúailnge" is a description of a cattle raid...
Now interestingly the god that stole Jarilo, the young sun, and who took him to the land of the dead, Iriy, was called Veles, but who was also known as Volos. In Serbian, the word Vo, Vol means bull. So Volos would actually be "Cattle god". A very good name for a good that rules over Iriy, Īueriō, Iriu, Éire...Funnily enough in Irish the word for cattle is Bó which in Serbian means to stab, like with a horn. There is a whole cluster of words based on this root in Serbian and Irish. But not just the words for cattle are the same in Serbian and Irish. Serbians from Bosnia managed to preserve ancient bull fighting described in "Táin Bó Cúailnge".
Bull fighting, Bosnia
I wrote about the common Irish and Serbian words and customs related to cattle in my post "Bó - Vo"
The obsession with cattle and viewing cattle as the main source of wealth was also the same in Serbian and Irish society. In Serbian language one of the old words for cattle was "blago" which literally means "treasure, wealth". So a green land, where grass never stops growing, ideal for growing cattle, must have looked like paradise for cattle herders. And guess what. The word for paradise in Slavic languages is "Raj" (pronounced ray), which is very very similar to the word for otherworld "Iriy". As a matter of fact we can get the word Iriy (which has no known etymology) from Je Raj (pronounced ye ray) meaning "is paradise".
Slavic word "raj" meaning paradise comes from the Proto Slavic: "rajь" - paradise. This is an ancient word because the cognates include
Avestan, Old Persian: "rāy" - paradise, wealth and
Sanskrit: रयि (rayi) - rich, property, goods, possessions, treasure, wealth, house, stuff, materials
Proto-Italic: "reis" - thing, matter. Originally, the noun was a "regular" i-stem, and would have been *rēj- before vowels (genitive *rējes, dative *rējei etc.), and *rēi before consonants and word-finally (nominative *rēis, perhaps originally disyllabic). In the former, -j- was regularly lost, while in the latter the diphthong was shortened before another consonant, due to Osthoff's law.
Apparently these are the only descendants of the Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís meaning "wealth, goods"
If for our ancestors "raj" paradise was a place of wealth, and the greatest wealth was cattle, then the land of cattle was indeed a paradise "je raj" = "iriy".
Was that paradise Īueriō, Iriu, Éire? Was the original meaning of the word "land rich in cattle" rather than "fat land"?
There are two worlds, the world of the living and the world of the dead. The sun spends the day in the world of the living and the night in the world of the dead.
And there are two gates that stand on the border between these two worlds: the eastern gate and the western gate.
Every morning the eastern gate is opened by Danica, the day star, which is in the morning called Zornjača, the morning star, and the sun comes from the world of the dead into the world of the living.
And every evening the sun goes from the world of the living into the world of the dead through the western gate, which is then closed behind him by Danica, the day star, which is in the evening called Večernjača, the evening star.
The souls of the dead follow sun to the western gate, which is where the entrance into the land of the dead is.
And there they enter Iriy, the ever green land of eternal spring, full of cattle, raj, paradise. And every morning, when the eastern gate of the world of the dead is opened, they smile on us...
Labels: Éire, Irish. Gaelic, Iriu, Īueriō, Jarilo, linguistics, serbian, slavic, Slavic mythology, Volos
MC 8 May 2016 at 10:52
Fascinating as always. But in what period do you think these two-way contacts took place - if indeed they did and all the similarities you have chronicled on your website are not coincidental?
oldeuropeanculture 8 May 2016 at 12:45
Well we have a common R1 heritage. What people like to call common Indoeuropean heritage. This accounts for a lot of it. Then we have the influence of I2 and I1 people, the old Europeans. But then we have many circular migrations from Balkans to Ireland and back over last at least 6000 years. Two trading routes, the amber road (Balkan - Baltic by land and then to Ireland by sea) and the old Mediterranean - Atlantic sea route, have been in use since at least Neolithic. These two trading routes brought people in contact many times and allowed them to exchange ideas, goods and beliefs. But these routes were also used for migration. And people, families, clans, tribes moved up and down these trade routes many times over last 6000 years, settling in far flung places, mixing and intermarrying with natives and forming mixed cultures...This is why we have such a mess of circular cultural influences which are not always easy to decipher. This is one of those cases. Old Slavic legends mention the arrival of the people from the west, the Father Or with his sons. They married the daughters of the Russians (Scythians). This is obviously a story about the arrival of Celts into Central and Eastern Europe and the formation of the Central European Slavs. Who were these west men? Irish? We know that late bronze age, early Iron age was caracterised by some catastrophic climate changes in the north western Europe. Is this what forced the west men to migrate south east? Did they bring with them the memory of the old country, the paradise lost? Iriy? Or did Scythians, or Saratians when they arrived to Ireland bring with them the Je Ray (is paradise) and then the word spread eastward and eventually became Iriy? I don't know really. I just want to point the finger at this and hopefully others, smarter than me and with more knowledge than me, will figure it out :)
Hey do you still read your blog? I came here when I was searching for the link between the name of the St. George in Dutch, St.- Joris and the identical Lithuanian name Joris, they are even pronounced the same. I've looked up St. George in other European languages, but they are all a variant of George and Joris is the most divergent of all of them. The Lithuanian name Joris is said to mean green and the name of an ancient Lithuanian God of spring. You wrote:
" In Northern Croatia and Southern Slovenia, especially Bela krajina, similar spring festivals were called Jurjevo, nominally dedicated to St. George, and fairly similar to the Jarilo festivals of other Slavic nations.
All of these spring festivals were basically alike: processions of villagers would go around for a walk in the country or through villages on this day. Something or someone was identified to be Jarilo or Juraj: a doll made of straw, a man or a child adorned with green branches, or a girl dressed like a man, riding on a horse. Certain songs were sung which alluded to Juraj/Jarilo's return from a distant land across the sea, the return of spring into the world, blessings, fertility and abundance to come."
This seems that here St-George is the Christanised version of an old Spring deity, called Joris in Lithuanian and that this Spring deity is somehow related to Eire,"Īveriū". Somehow in Dutch we didn't bother to also Christianise the name and kept the old pagan name. How this deity end up in the Low Countries, I have no idea, but you normally go through the Low countries if you go from the Slavic lands to Ireland or vice versa.
oldeuropeanculture 11 November 2016 at 15:38
Thank you very much for this. It is very interesting. I agree with you that St George is just Christianised Jarilo, the young sun, the one who fertilizes the young earth, the essence of male virility, reproductive power of nature...But also destructive power of nature...Have you ever wondered where name Ares comes from? In Serbian jara, the root of the name Jarilo means both green, young, early, but also blazing heat, rage...Both characteristics of young males....
Michael 18 March 2019 at 07:30
Curing = Smoking
Ram and Bull
mmmmmmmm
New material on Bullaun stones


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