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Who has won 3 super bowl rings?
Who Has Won the Most Super Bowl Rings? – Have you ever wondered who has won the most Super Bowl rings? This is a question that many football fans ask and the answer might surprise you. With the NFL season in full swing and the Super Bowl fast approaching, it's an interesting time to take a look at some of the most successful players in the league and their impressive records.
One player stands out from the rest when it comes to Super Bowl rings – quarterback Tom Brady, who has won an incredible seven Super Bowl rings over the course of his career. But Brady isn't the only player who has won multiple Super Bowls. In fact, there are a number of players who have won three or more Super Bowl rings over the years.
So, who has won three Super Bowl rings? In this blog post, we'll take a look at some of the NFL players who have been the most successful when it comes to Super Bowl rings. We'll also look at the teams that have won the most Super Bowls and the players who have been part of those teams. Finally, we'll discuss the impact that winning multiple Super Bowl rings can have on a player's career and legacy. So, if you're wondering who has won three Super Bowl rings, read on to find out.
The Super Bowl is the pinnacle of football. It is the single most important game of the year, and it is the ultimate goal for any team to achieve. Winning a Super Bowl is a great honor, and those who have won three of them are a special breed.
Tom Brady is the most successful quarterback in NFL history. He has won six Super Bowl titles, more than any other player. He has also won three Super Bowl MVP awards, which is the most of any player. Brady has been on the New England Patriots since 2000 and has been a key factor in their success over the years. He is considered one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time and one of the most successful players in NFL history.
Joe Montana is another quarterback who has won multiple Super Bowls. He won four Super Bowls with the San Francisco 49ers and was named Super Bowl MVP three times. Montana also holds the record for most career passing yards and most career touchdown passes. He is considered one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time and one of the most successful players in NFL history.
Troy Aikman is a former quarterback of the Dallas Cowboys. He won three Super Bowls with the Cowboys and was named Super Bowl MVP once. Aikman was a key part of the Cowboys' success in the 1990s and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. He is considered one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time and one of the most successful players in NFL history.
Terry Bradshaw is a former quarterback of the Pittsburgh Steelers. He won four Super Bowls with the Steelers and was named Super Bowl MVP twice. Bradshaw was a key part of the Steelers' success in the 1970s and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989. He is considered one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time and one of the most successful players in NFL history.
Peyton Manning is another quarterback who has won multiple Super Bowls. He won two Super Bowls with the Indianapolis Colts and was named Super Bowl MVP once. Manning is considered one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time and one of the most successful players in NFL history.
These five players have won a combined 22 Super Bowl rings. They are all considered to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time and are all highly respected members of the NFL community. Winning three Super Bowls is an incredible accomplishment and a testament to the hard work and dedication these players have put into their careers.
Who has 6 Super Bowl rings?
The answer to the question of who has the most Super Bowl rings is a tie between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots. Both teams have won six Super Bowls, the most in NFL history. But when it comes to overall success, the Patriots have the edge over the Steelers, with 11 AFC championship appearances to their credit.
The Pittsburgh Steelers are one of the most successful franchises in NFL history, having won six Super Bowls since their founding in 1933. The Steelers have been to eight Super Bowls, the most of any team, and have won four conference championships. They have also made the playoffs in every season since 2002, a remarkable feat.
The New England Patriots have been one of the most dominant teams in the NFL since the turn of the century. The Patriots have won six Super Bowls, appeared in eleven AFC championship games, and have had a winning record in every season since 2001. The Patriots are one of the most successful franchises in NFL history and have been to a total of thirteen Super Bowls.
The Patriots have been led by the legendary quarterback Tom Brady, who has been the driving force behind their success. Brady has won four Super Bowls, three MVP awards, and eleven Pro Bowl selections. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time.
The Patriots have also had a number of other stars on their team, including Rob Gronkowski, Julian Edelman, and Wes Welker. All three of these players have been key contributors to the Patriots' success over the years.
The Steelers and Patriots have been the two most successful teams in the NFL over the past two decades, and they are both tied for the most Super Bowl wins in history with six apiece. While the Steelers are the most decorated franchise in NFL history, the Patriots have had the most success over the past two decades.
Both teams have had remarkable success in the playoffs and have been consistently competitive year after year. Both teams have had great players and coaches, and have made a habit of winning big games. It's no surprise that these two teams are tied for the most Super Bowl titles in NFL history.
The Steelers and Patriots have both been to the Super Bowl in recent years, and it will be interesting to see which team ends up on top when it is all said and done. It is a battle between two of the greatest franchises in NFL history, and the winner will be remembered for years to come. Whoever comes out on top will have earned their place in NFL history with six Super Bowl rings.
What NFL player has 9 Super Bowl rings?
When it comes to Super Bowl rings, there are few players who have achieved the impressive feat of having nine. These players all had one thing in common: they were members of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s. During this period, the Packers won three NFL Championships and the first two Super Bowls.
The most famous player with nine Super Bowl rings is quarterback Bart Starr, who was a member of the Packers for sixteen years. Starr was the team's starting quarterback for their first three NFL Championships and the first two Super Bowls. He was also the MVP of Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II.
In addition to Starr, there are eight other players who have nine Super Bowl rings. These players were all part of the Packers' championship teams during the 1960s and 1970s. They include Marv Fleming, Herb Adderley, Dave Robinson, Willie Davis, Jerry Kramer, Fuzzy Thurston, Forrest Gregg, and Ray Nitschke.
Marv Fleming
Marv Fleming was a tight end who played for the Packers from 1963 to 1969. During his time with the team, he was part of four championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. He also played in Super Bowls III and IV. Fleming was an integral part of the Packers' success during this period, as he was a reliable blocker and was able to make big catches when needed.
Herb Adderley
Herb Adderley was a cornerback for the Packers from 1961 to 1969. He was a part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Adderley was an excellent cover corner who had a knack for making big plays in big games. He was also a great punt returner and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 1980.
Dave Robinson was an outside linebacker who played for the Packers from 1963 to 1972. He was part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Robinson was an excellent run stopper and pass rusher, and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 2013.
Willie Davis
Willie Davis was a defensive end who played for the Packers from 1960 to 1969. He was part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Davis was an excellent pass rusher and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 1981.
Jerry Kramer
Jerry Kramer was an offensive guard who played for the Packers from 1958 to 1968. He was part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Kramer was an excellent run blocker and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 2018.
Fuzzy Thurston
Fuzzy Thurston was an offensive guard who played for the Packers from 1959 to 1967. He was part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Thurston was an excellent run blocker and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 2001.
Forrest Gregg
Forrest Gregg was an offensive tackle who played for the Packers from 1956 to 1970. He was part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Gregg was an excellent pass protector and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 1977.
Ray Nitschke
Ray Nitschke was a middle linebacker who played for the Packers from 1958 to 1972. He was part of five championship teams, including the first two Super Bowls. Nitschke was an excellent run stopper and was a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in 1978.
These nine players are all part of the same group of players who have won the most Super Bowl rings in NFL history. Each of these players played a major role in the success of the Green Bay Packers during their championship years, and they are all deserving of the honor of having nine Super Bowl rings.
The answer to this question is Bill Belichick, the head coach of the New England Patriots. Belichick has the most Super Bowl rings of any NFL coach, with eight total. He had a long career in the NFL before he ever met Tom Brady, and during that time, he earned two rings.
Belichick's Coaching Career
Belichick's coaching career began in 1975 when he was hired as an assistant coach for the Baltimore Colts. After a few years there, he moved to the Detroit Lions and then the Denver Broncos. In 1979, he joined the New York Giants, where he served as an assistant and defensive coordinator for 11 years. Belichick's defensive prowess earned him the title of defensive coordinator in 1985.
Belichick's Rise to Fame
Belichick's coaching career really took off when he joined the Patriots in 2000. During his first season, he led the team to an impressive 11-5 record and a playoff win. The following year, he guided the Patriots to their first Super Bowl win over the heavily favored St. Louis Rams. Belichick would go on to lead the Patriots to five more Super Bowl titles, as well as two losses.
Belichick's Eight Rings
Belichick earned his first two rings while with the Giants. The first was in 1986 when the Giants defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXI, and the second was in 1990 when the Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV. Belichick earned his other six rings while with the Patriots. He won three consecutive rings from 2001-2004, and then won two more in 2014 and 2016.
Bill Belichick is the only coach in NFL history to have won eight Super Bowl rings. He earned two of them during his time with the New York Giants, and the other six with the New England Patriots. Belichick's success as a head coach is unparalleled and a testament to his hard work and dedication to the game.
Who has 7 NFL Super Bowl rings?
The answer to the question of who has 7 NFL Super Bowl rings is Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr., more commonly known as Tom Brady. Brady is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He has the most Super Bowl rings with seven.
Brady's Super Bowl Wins
Tom Brady won six of his Super Bowl rings with the New England Patriots. He won the first three in 2001, 2002, and 2004. The fourth came in 2014, followed by two more in 2016 and 2018. Brady's seventh Super Bowl ring came with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Super Bowl LV in 2021.
Brady's Career
Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL draft. He quickly rose to stardom and became the face of the Patriots franchise. His accomplishments with the team include three NFL MVP awards, four Super Bowl MVP awards, and 14 Pro Bowl selections.
The Other Super Bowl Ring Winners
In addition to Brady, there are several other NFL players who have won multiple Super Bowl rings. These include defensive end Charles Haley (5), quarterbacks Terry Bradshaw and Joe Montana (4 each), and linebacker Mike Singletary (3).
Brady's Legacy
Tom Brady is widely considered to be the greatest quarterback in NFL history. He has achieved unparalleled success in the NFL, with seven Super Bowl rings, four Super Bowl MVP awards, and countless other accolades. Brady's legacy will continue to live on for generations to come.
Tom Brady has the most Super Bowl rings with seven. He won six in his time with the New England Patriots ('01, '02, '04, '14, '16, '18) and picked up his seventh last season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Super Bowl LV. Brady is an NFL legend and will be remembered as one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time.
Does any team have 7 Super Bowls?
The Super Bowl is the biggest event in American football and the most watched television event in the United States. Every year, millions of fans around the world tune in to watch the two best teams in the NFL battle it out on the grandest stage of them all.
But which teams have appeared in the most Super Bowls? The answer may surprise you. The Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos are all tied with eight Super Bowl appearances each, the most of any team. The San Francisco 49ers are not far behind with seven appearances, making them the only team to have seven Super Bowls.
The Pittsburgh Steelers: 8 Super Bowls
The Pittsburgh Steelers are the most successful franchise in the NFL, having won six Super Bowls and appeared in eight. The Steelers have won four Super Bowls since the turn of the century, including Super Bowl XLIII in 2008, when they defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27-23.
The Steelers have had a number of star players over the years, including Hall of Famers Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, and Mean Joe Greene. The franchise has also produced some of the greatest coaches of all-time, including Chuck Noll and Bill Cowher.
The Dallas Cowboys: 8 Super Bowls
The Dallas Cowboys are second only to the Steelers in terms of Super Bowl appearances, having made eight trips to the big game. The Cowboys have won five Super Bowls, including three in a row from 1992-1994. They also won Super Bowl XXVII in 1993, when they defeated the Buffalo Bills 52-17.
The Cowboys have had their share of star players over the years, including Hall of Famers Roger Staubach, Tony Dorsett, and Emmitt Smith. The Cowboys also have one of the most recognizable coaches in the NFL in former head coach Jimmy Johnson.
The Denver Broncos: 8 Super Bowls
The Denver Broncos are tied with the Steelers and Cowboys for the most Super Bowl appearances, having made eight trips to the big game. The Broncos have won three Super Bowls, including Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, when they defeated the Green Bay Packers 31-24.
The Broncos have had their fair share of star players over the years, including Hall of Famers John Elway, Shannon Sharpe, and Terrell Davis. The Broncos also have one of the greatest coaches in NFL history in Mike Shanahan.
The San Francisco 49ers: 7 Super Bowls
The San Francisco 49ers are the only team to have seven Super Bowls. The 49ers have won five Super Bowls, including four in the 1980s. They also won Super Bowl XXIX in 1995, when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 49-26.
The 49ers have had some of the greatest players in NFL history, including Hall of Famers Joe Montana, Jerry Rice, and Steve Young. The franchise also has one of the greatest coaches of all-time in Bill Walsh.
In conclusion, the Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers are the only teams to have appeared in seven or more Super Bowls. The Steelers have won the most Super Bowls with six, followed by the Cowboys and 49ers with five each. The Broncos have won three Super Bowls. All four teams have had their share of star players and coaches over the years, making them some of the most successful franchises in NFL history.
The quest to determine who has won three Super Bowl rings is a fascinating one. From quarterbacks to defensive linemen, each of these talented players have put in their hard work and dedication to become a champion. Among them, Tom Brady stands out as the only player to have achieved this remarkable feat. He has set an example for all athletes, showing that with determination and hard work, anything is possible. Though Brady's success has been impressive, he is not the only player to have won three Super Bowl rings and other players have also earned their place in the record books. As football continues to evolve, we can be sure that more players will join their ranks and add to the legacy of champions.
What players have 7 Super Bowl rings?
Seven championships
Tom Brady (quarterback) won Super Bowls XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI, and LIII with the New England Patriots after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018 seasons, respectively.
Who has 6 Super Bowl rings quarterback?
NFL quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl wins:
Tom Brady – 6. Joe Montana – 4. Terry Bradshaw – 4. Troy Aikman – 3.
Who is richest NFL player?
The list is loaded with quarterbacks, with Tom Brady recently taking over the top spot. Below are the 34 highest-paid players in NFL history, heading into the 2022 season and updated with the help of data from Spotrac.com.
Who all has 5 Super Bowl rings?
Tom Brady is the all-time leader with six Super Bowl victories, followed by retired defensive end Charles Hayley with five.
super bowl, Super Bowl MVP, super bowl rings
Greg Wilcox
Greg Wilcox is a sports journalist and writer at The London Varsity. He is a sports enthusiast with a particular interest in football, rugby and tennis. He has an extensive knowledge of the game and is known for his ability to provide in-depth analysis of the latest matches and tournaments. He has a unique writing style that is both engaging and informative, providing readers with a fresh perspective on the sports he covers. He has a knack for telling stories and bringing the game to life for the readers. He is also active on social media, providing regular updates and engaging with readers and followers.
What is the highest win in football history?
Can you get skinny from skating?
Can you wear a bra in wimbledon?
Is mlb losing popularity?


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namespace BugBounty.database
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;

    public partial class Attachment
    {
        public Attachment()
        {
            this.Logs = new HashSet<Log>();
        }

        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string filepath { get; set; }
        public System.DateTimeOffset dateCreated { get; set; }
        public string name { get; set; }

        public virtual Bug Bug { get; set; }
        public virtual User User { get; set; }
        public virtual Note Notes { get; set; }
        public virtual ICollection<Log> Logs { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


La Jolla Aesthetic Center located in San Diego CA Jolla is pleased to offer the HydraFacial™ to San Diego, California. This facial treatment gives patients the results they've always wanted- skin that's glowing and most importantly, skin that's healthy.
Dr. Roy David, board certified Facial Plastic Surgeon and facelift specialist, has been in practice for over ten years you can learn more about Dr. David at his website http://www.sandiegoface.com. He establisted the Aesthetic Center of La Jolla to offer his patients cutting edge noninvasive treatments to slow down and reverse the effects of aging and sun damage on skin. New clients receive a complimentary evaluation and are offered comprehensive options to fit their needs. To learn more about aesthetic services offered at Dr. David's medspa you can visit them online at http://sandiegoface.com/non-surgical-procedures/.
The Aesthetic Center of La Jolla is located at 3252 Holiday Court, Suite 206, in La Jolla, CA 92037. Please call (858) 658-0990 for more information, or visit their website at http://sandiegoface.com/hydra-facial-san-diego/.
The HydraFacial™ was developed by Edge Systems Corporation, a worldwide leader in developing advanced aesthetic technologies. Located in Southern California, the company is known for its high quality, leading edge skincare products and systems. See http://www.edgeforlife.com or http://www.hydrafacial.com for more information.


SINGAPORE - Only a small minority of people want stray dogs, wild boars and monkeys to be culled, according to a first-of-its-kind survey of 600 Singaporeans by the Animal Concerns Research and Education Society (Acres).
When asked about each of the animals, less than 15 per cent of the respondents wanted them to be killed.
A substantial proportion - 31 to 44 per cent - said culling should not be allowed, and slightly more - 35 to 55 per cent - were on the fence.
Acres had approached consultancy firm Millward Brown to carry out the survey in January, to better understand Singaporeans' thoughts on animal protection. The firm did so pro bono.
A group of people were sent a link to the online survey form, and the results were compiled from those who completed the survey.
Other questions polled the people on their thoughts about shark's fin consumption, penalties on the trade and possession of endangered animals and the authorities' efforts on animal protection.
Acres executive director Louis Ng said the findings were very encouraging.
"While animals continue to be culled in Singapore due to public complaints, the findings show that the complaints are from a minority of Singaporeans," he said.
"We look forward to working closely with the Government on exploring and implementing alternative long-term humane solutions that will address both public and animal protection concerns."


Enriched with a photography background, Fuda has taken insights learned and developed a DAM system that works across all spectrums of a global company.
What companies/organizations have you worked for as a DAM professional? What was your role at each?
How do you describe digital asset management to others?
When DAM'ing is done right. It is the ability to have corporately controlled assets, wither photographic, line art, audio, video, document, software…etc. Available, to DAM members with an easy search function. In a perfect DAM world, the correct format/rendition is offered to the user of the DAM, based upon the users needs.
Digital Asset Management is also the protection of Rights Controlled assets, such as stock art, or model/freelance photo'g images with a limited use or time. Avoiding embarrassing, legal action that seems to be a growing element of stock agencies income due to use of a rights limited images by layout artist, who don't read the fine print because their busy making pretty pictures.
Digital workflow should now also be an element of the DAM or at less it is, with proper DAM software. In my view, having the digital workflow native to the DAM, eliminates the need for the purchase of separate workflow software that would need to be learned by parties that are already members of the DAM and will be familiar with its interface.
How did you learn DAM? Any recommended sources?
Cyberspace is wonderful place to learn all things. There are DAM blogs, boards, communities and videos to be found with a few keystrokes. The professional DAM community online is fantastic, lots of friendly people willing to offer opinion and advice 99.95% attitude free!
What's the most important thing for someone new to DAM to understand about DAM?
From an admin side; When speaking to your users, remember they are "users" not "digital interactive media programmers to the 5th level" Make your DAM as welcoming, simple and user friendly as possible.
For new users/members of my DAM; Relax, you can't break it or delete any assets and on top of that. Within, you will find the elements you need to complete your project so far ahead of deadline. There will be tons of time to surf for funny kitten pic's online.
If you weren't doing DAM as a career, what would you be doing?
Groping people as a TSA agent and/or playing poker professionally on a full time basics.
What is your ongoing greatest challenge with DAM?
There are two great challenges that seem to be never ending.
A. Making those that control the checkbook, understand the value of updating 7-year-old DAM software.
B. Making certain senior co-workers, and "senior" in this case is used for some in regards to age and others in regard to position. Understand that the DAM is a user-based system. It is the task of the DAM staff to help you understand how to use the DAM, not too shag images for you.
What is your vision for DAM? What will it look like in 5 years?
It will probably look like an Adobe product. It will be able to provide BIG sharp preview images, with lots of drag and drop interaction with other software or for downloading to a users machine, both PC/MAC.
What was your biggest mistake with regard to DAM?
A rough roll out, not as bad as ObamaCare, but lots of newbie mistakes, we though would be avoided be having a 3rd party implementer head up the initial install.
Internal IT was not involved till the late stages of install, and therefore felt slighted and acted accordingly when called upon for help.
Metadata fields designed by committee, resulting in development time being burned to make way too many fields that provided repeating data or data of no true value.
What was your biggest success with regard to DAM?
Making resources available to whole depts. with a quick visit to the DAM. Pre-DAM, to obtain even a single image file a work order had to launch with the Production Dept for a request to obtain copies of a project or images, that sent a production manager on a three-day quest through scatter servers folders or artist hard drives with no promise of finding the requested assets.
What more would you like to learn about DAM?
User interaction, many DAM folks love to tinker under the hood of their DAM and there is a need to understand the tech aspect of DAM software. But the purpose of a DAM is to make assets quickly and easily available to its users. The more we know about what and how users are doing in the DAM systems, the more effect the user interface can be designed, thus the more effect DAMs will be.
Would you like to be a DAM Guru Program featured DAM professional? Signup now (for free) or contact your DAM Guru Program manager.
You'll receive a link to provide more information about the help you need or the help you can provide. We'll take it from there. You can remove yourself from the program at any time, without any obligation or hassle. There is no charge for any DAM Guru Program service.


Paramount Auto by March 4.
Or, if you'd like to make a financial contribution they would be happy to buy some supplies on your behalf.
Connect with Brenda for more information.
Lent is that season of the year that the church has used to help us understand the journey of faith and Jesus' journey to the Cross and to resurrection. Here are the key dates for 2019.
As part of Lent this year we are encouraging you to read through the Gospel of Luke.


A member of Chamber Choir and Ukulele Club, Diana Arias is a senior and new student at Rancho Mirage High School. Coming from Yucca Valley, Diana moved down to Palm Desert with her family just weeks after school began in August.
Despite wanting to pursue her passion with makeup after high school, Diana says that singing is a skill she would like to keep for the rest of her life. She has dreams to pursue singing and theater acting as a side career to cosmetology. When asked what song she would like to be able to sing one day, she says, "Phantom of the Opera. I watched it growing up, and being able to sing something that advanced someday would be incredible." Along with big Broadway productions, Diana would also like to be able to sing for Disney. Lea Salonga, a Filipina performer and fellow soprano who provided the singing voices for Mulan and Jasmine in the classic Disney films, is one of Diana's biggest performance art inspirations. She hopes to be the voice of her own Disney princess one day.
Music aside, Diana has her sights set on makeup for a stable career. "It's a way for me to be creative and express myself," she says. Her inspiration on this front is Tati Westbrook, a popular YouTube makeup guru, who she views as "honest, kind, and talented." She hopes to pursue her cosmetology ambitions after high school at Makeup Directory, Ruby Makeup Academy, or Michael Vincent Academy.


Here's a couple of promo sheets for the new Sin City movie that let the pink flesh stay in the picture.
Perhaps some kind of marketing focus group taught Dimension films that black and white people on posters make a film seem old fashioned and unappealing.
Which does remind me. It's been a long time now since Sin City and the stereotypical audience of late teens, early 20-somethings who apparently have all the disposable income, they'd have been unlikely to have seen the first film on release.
Will the DVD have served as a really long, really long serving trailer? Will the lack of a 2 in the title hide the fact that this is part of a series anyway?
Thanks to Omelete for the pics.


Work is where you spend a lot of your time. So we've always believed that it should be meaningful—not a daily grind, done in isolation on an old desktop in a sea of cubicles. Even more, we believe that technology should make work better. It should make it easy not just to get things done, but to get things done with people who inspire you, at the times and in the places where you work best, and in a way that lets you make an impact, no matter what your job is, or what industry you're in.
Ten years ago, we started bringing Google's consumer technology—along with the features, controls and services businesses need—to work. We first brought search and then Gmail to businesses. Today we also offer the scale and reliability of Google's infrastructure to developers with Google Maps and Google Cloud Platform, and have extended into hardware with Android and Chromebooks. Along the way we've invested in what matters to our customers and partners—security, transparency, compliance and customer support. And our team, the breadth of our offerings, and our commitment to business customers have all increased substantially.
Work today is very different from 10 years ago. Cloud computing, once a new idea, is abundantly available, and collaboration is possible across offices, cities, countries and continents. Ideas can go from prototype to development to launch in a matter of days. Working from a computer, tablet or phone is no longer just a trend—it's a reality. And millions of companies, large and small, have turned to Google's products to help them launch, build and transform their businesses, and help their employees work the way they live. In other words, work is already better than it used to be.
But technology for the workplace isn't just about a better way of doing business. It's about empowering anyone, whether they're a developer with an idea in their basement or a baker with a better cupcake or a company with thousands of employees, to have an impact. We never set out to create a traditional "enterprise" business—we wanted to create a new way of doing work. So the time has come for our name to catch up with our ambition. As of today, what was called Google Enterprise is now, simply, Google for Work. When we use the tools that make our lives easier—Google Apps, Maps, Search, Chrome, Android, Cloud Platform and more—work gets better. And that's what we're working on—the best of Google, now for work.
Candlelight flickering on a stone wall covered in hieroglyphs. A proud queen brought low by the bite of a snake. Reeds rustling along a river, waiting to be turned into papyrus, or maybe a basket. The civilization of ancient Egypt stood for thousands of years and left behind a rich legacy of architecture, art, medicine, politics, culture and more. Today, it looms large in our imagination as the home of Cleopatra, Ptolemy, Tutankhamun, people who worshipped cats as gods and buried their embalmed dead in tombs filled with treasures and sustenance for the afterlife.
Now the Egypt of your imagination can be brought to life with new Street View imagery in Google Maps, and you can take a virtual walk among the stunning monuments and rich history of this ancient civilization.
Start where most tourists do: at the Pyramids of Giza, which rise from the vast expanse of the Sahara like man-made mountains. Just kilometers from the bustling, modern city of Cairo, the Pyramids have stood for nearly 5,000 years, a testament to the ingenuity and ambition of the ancient Egyptian people.
The Giza Necropolis is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world, and is home to the last standing wonder of the ancient world: the Great Pyramid. Built as a tomb and a symbol of eternity for the Pharoah Khufu, it stands 139 meters high (the height of the world's highest roller coaster!) and was the tallest man-made structure on Earth for 3,800 years. Look beyond it to the west, and you'll see the pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure, built by Khufu's son and grandson.
Now turn east to the Great Sphinx, the oldest and largest known monumental sculpture in the world. With the body of a lion and the head of a human, it measures a grand 73 meters long and 20 meters high. Literally translating to "Father of Dread," this mythical creature is believed to resemble Pharaoh Khafre, who was the ruler at the time of construction.
In addition to the Giza Necropolis, you can explore The Pyramid of Djoser, the ancient site of the world's very first Pyramid designed by the great Egyptian Architect Imhotep in the ancient burial ground of Saqqara.
Other sites you can check out on your virtual tour include: Abu Mena, one of the oldest sites of Christianity in Egypt—the church, baptistry, basilicas and monasteries; the Hanging Church, one of the oldest Coptic Churches in the world; the Cairo Citadel, a medieval Islamic fortification and historic site; and the Citadel of Qaitbay, a 15th-century defensive fortress on the Mediterranean coast.
If wandering through the imagery of these historical sites has piqued your interest in Egyptology, head over to the Google Cultural Institute, where you can explore the treasures of ancient Egypt through a series of drawings, historic photographs and artifacts from the famed sites.
The Pyramids of Giza have survived nearly five millennia and are the planet's oldest man-made wonder. Now their legacy—and the legacy of many other sites of ancient Egyptian culture—are preserved in a new way with panoramic and immersive Street View imagery. We hope you'll take a moment to step back in time and explore what was once known as the Gift of the Nile.
With videos of shivering people flooding social feeds around the world, it's safe to call this the summer of the Ice Bucket Challenge. And what a summer it was: we saw epic stunts, epic fails, quirky twists and a whole lot of celebrities. We learned a lot about the strange connections between famous people (Bill Gates knows Ryan Seacrest?). The IBC craze even resulted in a couple of marriage proposals. And it's all in the name of charity: on September 7, the ALS Foundation reported more than $110 million in Ice Bucket Challenge donations.
The meme hit another major milestone this week, too: Ice Bucket Challenge videos have been watched on YouTube more than a billion times. That, combined with the volume of uploads, makes it one of the biggest video memes in the history of the Internet. Yeah, it's that big.
As a charitable phenomenon, the Ice Bucket Challenge unprecedented in the history of YouTube. As a collaborative, participatory meme, it has a lot in common with last year's explosive Harlem Shake. But it's actually even bigger than Harlem Shake at its onset. In the first month after these memes took off, IBC has about double the uploads and three times as many views compared to the Harlem Shake.


text:
package com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.vehicle;

public interface VehicleFleetManagerFactory {

    public VehicleFleetManager createFleetManager();

}


Sit back and relax in our modern and boutique style hotel lobby.
Enjoy a hot breakfast in our Modern Breakfast Room!
Enjoy your stay in our two queen beds, balcony, partial ocean view guest room with a 37-inch flat screen HD TV.
Enjoy your stay in our king bed, sofa bed, balcony, partial ocean view guest room with a 37-inch flat screen HD TV.
Enjoy your stay in our standard two queen guest room.
Bring the whole family to Newport Beach, and stay in our beautiful standard double queen guest room.


text:
RetailRetailRetail
TravelTravelTravel
RestaurantsRestaurantsRestaurants
RetailersRetailersRetailers
AutomotiveAutomotiveAutomotive
What Macy's Warning Revealed About State of Retail and the Consumer In 2023
American Eagle On a Tear Following Surprise 'Record Performance'
The fashion label has been a bright spot in the retail world.
Jena Greene
American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) - Get Free Report has long been a favorite clothing brand among teens and young adults. It's been ranked as a top retailer among teens in surveys for years. And it uses some pretty crafty methods to maintain its staying power.
Take, for example, American Eagle's 2021 Snapchat (SNAP) - Get Free Report marketing campaign. Snapchat users, who skew largely between the ages of 15-25, could use augmented reality lenses to try on American Eagle jeans (and post about them on social media), all from the comfort of their home.
American Eagle also partnered with social media sensations and hit TV show stars like Addison Rae and Jenna Ortega on the platform, where users could see stars in American Eagle jeans and connect over fashion.
"We're having so much fun and so much success from Snapchat right now," American Eagle's Chief Marketing Officer Craig Brommers said.
Repeating Your Successes Is Hard to Do
What makes American Eagle so unique is its staying power. The brand was ranked the top most popular spot for denim sales in 2007 and still ranks as a top teen brand 15 years later.
Part of its recipe for success has been a forward-thinking diversification. American Eagle launched Aerie, a body-inclusive loungewear brand targeted at mostly females in 2006 and now regularly vies with Victoria's Secret (VSCO) - Get Free Report for the top bra sales spot in malls and retail plazas around the U.S. (in 2021, Aerie was the #2 spot, behind only Victoria's Secret).
Not bad for a subsidiary brand with fewer than one-third of the locations that Victoria Secret has. (Aerie has 356 stores, compared to Victoria's Secret's 1,350.) Many analysts credit Aerie's success with two factors: it's backed by an already strong brand in American Eagle and its body-inclusive business model, which was considered counter-culture at the time.
American Eagle Just Had Bumper Earnings...And an Even Better Holiday
But American Eagle's story doesn't stop here.
"Following record performance last year, we achieved our second highest holiday sales period in company history," American Eagle CEO Jay Schottenstein said.
For reference, in its most recent quarter, which ended in October, American Eagle saw $1.24 billion in revenue and beat earnings-per-share estimates by 89%.
And its upcoming earnings may look even rosier, as it just had its second-best holiday sales in company history.
American Eagle's logistics firm, Quiet, said it would be adding 2% to its revenue expectations for the upcoming quarter, which is expected to be released in March. It also added it expects gross margins to come in on the higher side, around 33%.
This news remains a bright spot amid a batch of brick-and-mortar retailers bracing for muted earnings following the holiday season. Both lululemon LULU and Macy's (M) - Get Free Report were down yesterday following reports that profits may clock in lower than expected.
⭐Smarts: Is Tesla Stock A Buy, Hold, Or Sell?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


From a corporate website to an e-commerce website, a web app, or a landing page, everything in between, we'll help you create it.
Improve your website strategy and functions.
We optimize a website and implement changes defined by a new website strategy (UX and/or SEO). Then we test these changes and create a website report.
Adapt to the changes you want for your business.
We plan and carry out this delicate operation, that allows to maintain — or even increase a website's organic traffic, its indexing and main features.
Perfectly meet your business needs.
We define a strategy to structure the website, its contents and functions, and create the design. We'll then develop it post client approval.
Users may not notice a smooth working, easy to use website, but they will never forget a good User Experience.
Check where your website's user experience can be improved.
By using empirical methods, we carry out user-centric enhancements to a website. It allows to boost the website conversions, by enhancing the UX.
Design from scratch or re-design your website.
After a research on the best user experience for a particular client, we design the user interface, including wireframes for websites, web apps and apps.
With a Conversion Rate Optimization we analyze user's behaviour and monitor habits in order to define the best way to guide users to the conversion.
Make sure your website appears on the first page of Google search results by structuring your page in a SEO friendly way.
Discover the current SEO state of your website.
We check: errors, accessibility, compatibility, standard, search, usability and others, to manually produce a document and guide that will help to identify issues and propose solutions based on the latest SEO techniques.
Improve search engine ranking and visibility.
We implement a process to optimize elements on a website, including content, HTML source code and meta-titles. It can be done during the website development (better) or after an SEO audit.
We create a website's content plan, based on SEO trends and strategy, including an editorial calendar with articles' headings (H1, H2 etc). We then proceed to write the articles (additional cost) or guide clients in their production.
Let us know where are you stuck and how we can help you. We're looking forward to working with you.


First piece of the year, hope everyone had a great new years!
Oh yeah, How to make a picture like this brother?
Been away from DA for a while, but it's awesome to see you're still doing amazing things.
This guy in particular caught my fancy. Keep it up!
Exelente trabajo... saludos desde venezuelaaa!!!!
Just thought you'd like to know your work can be found here: [link] I stumbled upon it today.
Oh my god... I would pay anything to have this on a t-shirt! You have no idea how amazing this is... Awesome stuff.
loves. The colors are gewd.
Great work! I LOVE IT!!!
I sincerely bow to him and ask for his blessing. AHHHH-YEEE-MAAAA-LEEEYA-VOX!
May he smile kindly on all your future works!
Thank you guy... I love your first drawing. actually it's quite crazy how much i love your ART !
god, I would love to see your workflow. Do you have podcasts or a tutorial of any kind?
waaah! you have the coolest designs!!!
no prob. your designs inspire me!
I really could use a visit from this guy! :] Haha!
Really nice and crazy design, dude!
Yeah I wish he'd visit me more often too!
holy crap this is awesoooome. happy new year!


Generation Z as they are popularly called are fearless because they belong to the smartphone era. They have never known of a time without Wi-fi and social media and they can't imagine their lives without either.
They use social media to their advantage and a way to connect and voice out opinions. Gone are the days when private lives were private. It's a generation that proudly broadcasts their lives online.
The internet is full of stories of how social media is an evil and only has negatives listed, but it's not completely true. Here are a few pros that will enrich the life of a teenager.
Although they are glued to their screens most of the time, social media can make teens more informed. Scrolling through their feeds is all it takes to know what is happening around them. Teens can form their own opinions early in life as they hear both sides of any story.
All though this means teens don't interact face-to-face in the real world, they can develop their social skills on platforms. They keep in touch with old friends and connect with different like-minded people.
In the constant need to outdo everyone, creativity levels of a teen will increase. Platforms like reddit, tumblr and Facebook make it easy to read other people's thoughts and learn new insights.
Social media makes a teen feel good. Although teens get obsessed with the number of likes, comments and shares, they draw good vibes and feel nice about themselves when they get approval online, in turn increasing their self-confidence.


Fast, seamless delivery to multiple delivery systems such as click and collect, home delivery or third party collection points is a key consumer service expectation.
Working from design and installation through to servicing and maintenance, we offer retail and ecommerce businesses of all sizes, best fit warehouse software and automation solutions.
Ensure the controlled flow of goods throughout every stage of your warehouse from goods in, putaway, picking, packing and goods out.
Remove the need for human intervention and improve the speed and efficiency of products moving within your warehouse with our smart sortation solutions.
Sort, count, measure and verify the size and shape of any product within a conveyor system easily and efficiently with automated scanning.
Reduce cost and complexity of labelling, with adaptable and intelligent automated labelling solutions. Our systems can cater for a variety of labelling options.
Improve customer experience by ensuring perfect fit packaging for each product, as well as dramatically reducing packing times and space.
Reduce packing times by up to 50%, decrease packing space and save on storage. Our automated boxing solutions will help reduce hidden costs in your operation.
Technology has given us some excellent options for automated warehouse picking, increasing accuracy, productivity and flexibility.


Welcome to Northeastern New York CPCU Society Chapter, Inc. | Northeastern New York CPCU Society Chapter, Inc.
January 26. Check out Events for more information.
Tom Reis, Senior Vice President for JLT Re will present "A Practical Understanding of Reinsurance Markest and Principles". See Events for more information.
Date: Thursday, December 13, Wolferts Roost Country Club, Albany. Open bar: Courtesy of XS Brokers. We will also be collecting new hats, gloves, and scarves for the Capital City Rescue Mission.


WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The top regulatory official for the Federal Reserve suggested Wednesday that regulators could consider lowering capital requirements for foreign banks operating in the U.S.
Randal Quarles, the Fed's vice chair for supervision, said he wanted the central bank to review its current rules for foreign banks, particularly the levels of capital it requires global banks to hold internally to guard against failures of U.S. operations.
Speaking before Harvard Law School, Quarles specifically said he wanted the Fed to review the level of Total Loss-Absorbing Capital (TLAC) it requires foreign banks to hold internally.
He also suggested the U.S. could streamline its rules regarding the resolution of failing foreign banks, in acknowledgment of protective steps taken by other regulators – a move that could encourage other countries to ease their own restrictions on global banks operating within their borders.
"Willingness by the United States to reconsider its calibration may prompt other jurisdictions to do the same, which could better the prospects of successful resolution for both foreign G-SIBs operating in the United States, and for U.S. G-SIBs operating abroad," he said, according to prepared remarks.
While considering easing requirements, Quarles said he continues to believe the U.S. requirement that foreign banks must create capitalized intermediate holding companies to cover any significant U.S. operations is an appropriate approach.
But he added that the overarching goal is to establish a regulatory balance that maximizes the chances that if a large global bank were to collapse, its home regulator would be able to direct its dissolution without a haphazard reaction from other regulators scrambling to seize assets under their jurisdiction.
"Any such balance is likely to be improvable with experience, reflection, and debate. We are interested in views from the firms and the public on how the regimes can be improved," he said.


Chrysler recently announced that they are recalling the 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee for flaws related to the software and electrical wiring of the vehicles. Specifically, the recall affects the 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee vehicles that were manufactured between January and August 2013. The recall affects just under 92,000 potential Jeep Lemon vehicles.
What is the Jeep recall for?
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) stated that the recall is the result of problems with loose alternator ground wires. The loose wires can result in the random illumination of instrument cluster warning lights, loss of the anti-lock brake system (ABS) and loss of the electronic stability control (ESC) function. These flaws can pose serious safety concerns by reducing the driver's ability to control the vehicle without any warnings on the dashboard display of the problem.
What do I do if my car is part of the recall?
Chrysler announced that they will be informing affected Jeep consumers this month about the recall.
If you own or lease one of the recall Jeep vehicles, you are urged to drive carefully and take your vehicle into your local authorized Jeep or Chrysler dealership that will update the software and repair the wires free of charge.
Is my vehicle a lemon if I have experienced problems with my ABS, ESC or with the illumination of the cluster warning lights?
If you own or lease a 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee and you have experienced problems any of these problems, you may be driving a Jeep lemon or a Chrysler lemon and you may be entitled to a refund, replacement car or cash compensation.
If you have experienced any of these problems with your potential Jeep Lemon, call a lemon law lawyer of the Lemon Law Experts who will provide you with a free lemon law consultation.
How much will the consultation cost me?
Our lemon law lawyers will not charge you for the consultation. Feel free to call the Lemon Law Experts of Consumer Law Experts who will provide you with a free and confidential case evaluation.
If you are driving a potential Jeep Lemon or Chrysler Lemon and have experienced problems with your anti-lock brake system or the electronic stability control, call the Jeep Lemon Law Experts today for a free and confidential case evaluation. Our attorneys are standing by to help answer questions you may have regarding this recall. They will be able to tell you if you have a valid lemon law claim against Chrysler. Call us today at (877) 885-5366 to speak directly with one of our lemon law lawyers.


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var db = mongoose.connect("mongodb://123.57.143.189:27017/zfpx");

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text:
EMI footprint characterization of medical devices (ESR1)
This task is about developing a generic approach to quantify the impact of a medical device on an environment in terms of EMI. Both contributions and reactions, subsequent to being placed in an environment, are addressed. The novel concept of "EMI footprint" comprises a set of characteristic curves obtained from stand-alone measurements on a device. It is combined with a statistical approach making it possible to combine the extra reactions a device can have with a system. Evaluating this footprint allows us to characterize beforehand EM environments for diverse scenarios. TUe will lead this task. During secondments, ESR1 will assess the EMI-footprint of imaging devices (MRI and X-Ray) at PHC while working together with ESR2, ESR3 and ESR4 on a complete risk identification. Scalability aspects of the EMI-footprint will be tested within the CIMA hospital.
Characterization of medical electromagnetic environments for the use of new digital communication systems (DCS) (ESR2)
This task is about characterizing EMI in scenarios where new digital communication systems (DCS) (including IoT) are being deployed together with medical devices. Standard testing procedures only measure the EMI frequency spectrum, which is not enough to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the performance degradation caused by multiple interferences. Hence, such EMI risks cannot be properly estimated. Figure of Merit (FoM) for DCS will be evaluated in the time domain. The resulting evaluation is based on statistical metric figures that meaningfully link a DCS to its reconfigurable environment. UPC will lead for this task. During secondments, ESR2 will measure "Figure of Merit for DCS" with novel time-domain EMI measurements in two types of medical environment: imaging systems (PHC) and in transportation with driver-monitoring systems (FIC). In PHC, ESR2 will work together with ESR1, ESR3 and ESR4 on a complete risk identification.
Application of system thinking and system safety to EMI risk assessment of medical applications (ESR3)
The ESR will study the application of the recently proposed and revolutionary hazard-and-risk-analysis methods STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) and STPA (System-Theoretic Process Analysis) to the EMI risk analysis of medical applications. Starting from the concepts out of Systems Thinking and Systems Theory, STAMP. STPA reformulate safety as a system-control problem rather than simply component-failure problems. However, so far, EMI robustness has not been looked at with STAMP/STPA. Therefore, the aim of this ESR is to integrate EMI into these techniques and apply this to two case-studies from different medical-application domains during secondments. The results of the STAMP/STPA analysis will be compared to those obtained with the classic hazard-and-risk-analysis methods (FTA, FMEA). KUL will lead for this task, the integration of EMI into the STAMP/STPA will be applied to integrated medical imaging systems (MRI and X-ray) in PHC where ESR1, ESR2, and ESR4 will work together on a complete risk identification. A second application will be performed on wearable body sensors in PLUX.
Risk-Based EMI-Aware Design of Complex Systems (ESR4)
This task develops an EMI-aware design process starting from the risk and hazard analyses of the medical system-under-development in its operational electromagnetic environment. The system and environment are divided into tangible items at lower subsystem levels (i.e., use of zoning), which are transferred to the design process by means of an EMI risk-management plan (EMI-RMP). Based upon the EMI-RMP, the most effective EMC measures will be chosen and implemented. The EMI-RMP borrows state-of-the-art configuration management from system engineering to establish and maintain the system's performance throughout its full life-cycle, including future upgrades or modifications. Finally, the EMI-RMP will be used as the input for an EMI-aware verification and validation process. The EMI-RMP will be logged and reviewed and if needed checked by an independent authority. UT will lead this task. Two EMI-RMPs will be developed for two real-life medical environments during secondment for the case of imaging systems (X-Ray) in PHC, where ESR4 will work closely with ESR 1, ESR2 and ESR 3 on a complete risk identification. The case of wearable body sensors will be addressed at PLUX.
Optimal Digital Communication Systems in electromagnetically noisy medical environments (ESR 5)
This task develops a methodology to select the best possible DCS and its optimal scheme in harsh medical electromagnetic environments. An important type of EMI in medical scenarios is broadband impulsive noise disturbances that propagate as radiated signals, affecting digital communication receivers as in-band interferences. Procedures and algorithms will be proposed to improve the electromagnetic immunity of medical devices through the appropriate selection and configuration of their DCS, for a diverse operational electromagnetic environment. Real-time observation of the communication channel allows an adaptive approach in the selection of an EMI-resilient DCS. UPC will lead this task. Because of the complementarity of their approach, ESR5 and ESR6 will work together during both their secondments. In KUL, ESR5 will reinforce the process of definition and design of algorithms for selection of the appropriate DCS and improve the immunity, while a secondment in PMC will be necessary to test such algorithms on cold-plasma healing devices.
EMI- Resilient Sensor and Communication Networks for complex medical systems-of-systems (ESR 6)
Many technological innovations in medical applications will rely on distributed sensors and (wireless) communication networks. This brings major safety and reliability challenges as there will be more reliance on the (wireless) interconnections to operate reliably for all scenarios, and this over the system's entire life-cycle. As such, it is necessary to guarantee the connectivity's robustness, taking into account a combination of stresses, including EMI disturbances, environmental conditions, aging, etc. For complex distributed sensor and communication networks, this can only be achieved by a holistic approach that covers at the same time the software, middleware and hardware layers. Therefore, this ESR-project aims to develop novel software, middleware and hardware techniques to obtain fault-tolerant and/or fault-operation behaviour for the overall system-of-systems. KUL will lead this task. Because of the complementarity of their approach, ESR5 and ESR6 will work together during their secondments. ESR6 will investigate in UPC techniques developed for systems-of-systems types of structure. A study test case will be made with cold-plasma healing devices (PMC).
Behavioural EMI Risk-based testing of medical devices (ESR7)
In an EMI risk-based approach, medical devices would need to be tested before deployment, while taking into account the environment in which they will be placed. It is, however, often not possible to recreate complex in-situ scenarios involving, for instance, large equipment from other manufacturers. This approach will consist of establishing equivalent reconfigurable simple structures that reproduce key couplings, as seen from the device under test while deployed. It makes it possible to test diverse, identified risks of couplings and interactions before deployment. The validation of the risk assessment would be made possible for diverse scenarios. TUe will lead this task. An equivalent risk-based EMI testing within the integrated imagining system of PHC will be tested at UMCU (ESR7 will work closely with ESR11 in a common secondment). A second case will be investigated at FIC with an on-board bio-sensing platform of wearable bio-sensing devices.
Improvement of digital communication systems immunity tests to include complex electromagnetic disturbances (ESR8)
This task will define new tests to evaluate the immunity of digital communication systems in the presence of complex electromagnetic disturbances. Current medical devices work and communicate inside an increasingly complex electromagnetic environment that includes, besides the traditional disturbances, multiple or cumulative interference sources, and impulsive noise. To protect these medical systems, it is necessary to test beyond the conventional standards to evaluate properly the effect of electromagnetic interferences on digital communication systems. This task focuses on the definition of new immunity-testing procedures that consider at the same time multiple, cumulative and impulsive interference sources. UPC will lead this task. A first secondment at FIC will make it possible to verify, adjust and validate the new immunity-testing procedures within a driver-monitoring system. And PLUX on wearables sensor platforms (2nd secondment).
Development of EMI sensors (ESR9)
This task will build sensors that can continuously monitor the real EMI disturbances that a medical device encounters during its operational life. First, the bit error rate (BER) of one or multiple communication channels will be tracked to estimate the EMI. Second, the amplitude of harmonics will be monitored in the frequency domain. Initially, these options will be assessed based on simulations, after which they will be validated in practice. The sensors will be fabricated and validated as stand-alone sensors. After that they will be integrated into a system to validate their final effectiveness. KUL will lead this task, extra knowledge will be gained, and a first prototype will be tested, during a first secondment at UT. A second secondment will allow further intensive testing on wearables sensor platforms in PLUX.
Risk management in collaborative medical system development (ESR10)
This task is about identifying extra system-specific tests to be performed in addition to the existing and formalized EMI characterization of single systems, before integration. System-of-system integration, such as integrating MRI and PET, typically takes place at the site of the clinical researchers. The system needs to be certified (e.g., CE), which includes an EMC assessment and underlying proof. Due to the collaborative way of working and on-site installation, testing can take place only at the component level or in-situ. It is known that in-situ measurements are cumbersome and often not unreliable, therefore a better method for assessing EMC performance and managing EMC risk has to be developed. PHC will lead this task. In a first secondment at UMCU, performances in terms of EMI on an integrated system-of-system will be investigated (in close collaboration with ESR11). Time-domain evaluation techniques will be explored in KUL (in close collaboration with ESR6) in another secondment. A last secondment is planned at UT to combine solutions with an EMI risk-management plan (EMI-RMP) (in close collaboration with ESR4).
Evidence for quantitative correlation(s) between different room test environments at different hierarchy levels of system integration (ESR11)
This task is about the study of the correlation between EMC test results in an open environment versus EMC test results in a full reflective environment and versus EMC test results in representative use clinical settings (lead test bay, outpatient clinic, etc.). EMC test results are studied at the Unit, Subsystem and System level and the results will be key for the risk-based approach process with inputs in the following documents: EMC risk management, EMC Risk Control and EMC Compliance lines. The correlations will, in a second stage, be expanded to predict EMC emission levels of configuration permutations with the individual unit and subsystem test results. PHC will lead this task. During a first secondment, EMC tests in representative clinical settings will be performed at UMCU (in close collaboration with ESR10). A second secondment at TUe will make it possible to link EMC test results in a full reflective environment with uncertainty values (in close collaboration with ESR12). In a last secondment EMC tests will be performed in a hospital environment (CIMA) and proposed equivalences between environments will be evaluated.
EMI from connected, autonomous and electrical vehicles on Driver Monitoring Systems (ESR12)
Modern driver-monitoring systems require measuring the real-time physiological parameters of drivers to assess their physical and attention state. Those monitoring systems are very important in autonomous vehicles when returning the human driving functionalities. The measurement of such signals represents a challenge in a crowded electromagnetic scenario such as a modern vehicle. Connected vehicles use many wireless technologies: LTE, Bluetooth, NFC, 4G and 5G, etc. Meanwhile hybrid /electric vehicles are a new challenge regarding EMI due to the generation of low-frequency disturbances. Both types of interference can simultaneously affect the correct operation of the new driver-monitoring systems. This task is about evaluating the effect of the cumulative EMI in the monitoring systems and defining the tests to check the correct operation and to ensure the reliability of the future automotive ADAS. FIC will lead this task. During a first secondment at TUe it will be possible to link the cumulative EMI in the monitoring system with a full reflective environment and with its uncertainty values (in close collaboration with ESR12). Tests to characterize adequately cumulative EMI in the monitoring systems will be further investigated in a second secondment in EUF (in close collaboration with ESR13).
EMI Risk assessment in Medical Device Innovation Process - from design to production (ESR13)
Adapting wearable technology into a medical device takes a long certification process, which is highly demanding for an SME, due to a lack of intrinsic design and production methodologies to mititate EMI. This task is about developing new process guidelines to include EMI management in product design, prototyping and production in wireless wearable sensor technologies, which facilitate compliance with quality and safety, improving the time-to-market. An example from PLUX will be selected to follow a complete innovation process, to implement novel mechanisms improving EMI risk, quality and development time. Knowledge on base sensing principles used in the medical devices industry to study the production process will be applied. In a later stage, contents will be produced in the format of tutorials that will guide developers of new clinical applications through the EMI assessment of new wireless wearable medical devices. PLUX will lead this task. During a first secondment at FCT, appropriate EM-mitigation design techniques for bio-sending devices will be investigated and listed. These EMI mitigation design techniques will be validated during tests at EUF (in close collaboration with ESR12).
Towards standardized EMC assurance case patterns for the certification of medical equipment (ESR14)
In the end, both the EMC and Medical Directives require the manufacturer to clearly document all steps taken and decisions made to guarantee and check the conformity of the product in the so-called Technical Documentation. The purpose of the Technical Documentation is to make it possible for an external independent, external assessor or for the final user to (i) reproduce the whole reasoning followed by the manufacturer, (ii) assess the conformity of the product as well as (iii) get an overview of all (design) measures that were needed to get to that conformance or any assumptions that there might concerning the use or installation of the product. Unfortunately, there is no standardized way to write down the Technical Documentation. As a result, Technical Documentation can look very different, making it quite difficult to interpret and follow them. Looking outside of the field of EMC, standardized notations to structure and present arguments are available. More specifically, different types of graphical notations have been developed for safety assurance cases for safety critical systems, such as the Goal Structuring Notation (GSN), the Claims-Arguments-Evidence (CAE) notation and very recently the Structured Assurance Case Metamodel (SACM) language. In this task, the use of these graphical notations for documenting the overall EMC assessment of medical equipment is explored in depth, leading to a set of EMC assurance case patterns or templates. KUL will lead this task. During the first secondment an EMC Assurance case will be developed for a collaborative MRI system (PHC) and during the second secondment on an on-board sensing platform (FIC).


Liz's journey into wine was not one that was planned or conventional in any way. A long time Portlander, she spent 14 years in the shoe industry as a buyer and business partner. Life, being unpredictable, found her in need of a new journey and she found an opportunity to fuel her curiosity and love of wine by working in a tasting room in the Willamette Valley. There her fascination with wine intensified and she is absorbing as much knowledge as she can with all things wine related. Currently she holds a level 2 certification through WSET and continues to seek ways to add to her wine education.
A lover of music, dogs, poetry, nature, human connections, fresh food and wine; she is thrilled to be part of Oui! Wine Bar + Restaurant. She is also a yogini at heart and just completed her 200hr Yoga teaching certificate. She loves nothing more than to break down the nature of consciousness while enjoying a glass of bright and brut bubbles!


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A newly refurbished property in a sought after location with superbly present accommodation comprising kitchen/ dining room, living room, family room, utility room, four bedrooms, ensuite shower room and bathroom. Outside benefits from off street parking for several vehicles and secluded rear garden.
ENTRANCE HALL Double glazed obscured windows to side, wooden effect flooring, doors to family room, living room, kitchen/dining room, stairs to first floor, radiator, W/C with low level w/c, wash hand basin with mixer tap, heated ladder towel rail, obscured double glazed window to side.
KITCHEN Range of wall and base units with contrasting worksurfaces, inset 1.5 bowl sink with mixer tap and drainer, four ring electric hob with extractor fan over, integrated dishwasher, space for American style fridge freezer, built in wine cooler, wooden effect flooring, double glazed window to rear, downlighting.
UTILITY ROOM Base units with contrasting worksurfaces, inset sink and drainer with mixer tap, space and plumbing for washing machine, double glazed window to side, radiator, door to side, wooden effect flooring, floor stand-in boiler.
LIVING ROOM Television point with HDMI cabling, double glazed window to front, radiator, down lighting.
FAMILY ROOM Television point with HDMI cabling and telephone point, double glazed window to front and side, radiator, down lighting.
LANDING Loft access, Storage wardrobe with slatted shelving, doors to all bedrooms and bathroom.
ENSUITE Shower cubicle with drencher shower and hand held shower attachment, heated ladder towel rail, vanity unit, inset wash hand basin with mixer tap, low level w/c, obscured double glazed window to front, extractor fan.
BEDROOM TWO Double glazed window to front, built in wardrobes with automatic lighting, hanging rails and shelving, radiator.
BEDROOM THREE Radiator, double glazed window to rear, built in wardrobe with automatic light, hanging rail and shelving.
BEDROOM FOUR Double glazed window to rear, built in wardrobe with automatic light, hanging rail and shelving, radiator.
BATHROOM Fitted suite comprising panel bath with mixer tap and drencher shower over with hand held shower attachment, low level w/c, wash hand basin with mixer tap and cupboard under, obscured double glazed window to rear, extractor fan.
FRONT GARDEN Large gravelled driveway providing parking for several vehicles, access to the rear garden, paved path to front door.
REAR GARDEN Mostly laid to lawn with patio seating area, enclosed by panel fencing.


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Q: php best way to retrieve multiple xml file performance caching I'm a bit confused on how to this in a performance optic.
I will try to describe as much possible the process of my page.
First of all my page is showing content that users of my website are posting. New content is added every seconds, but i only show like 20 or 50 content per page.
Now is where i need some help :
For every content i show, i need to retrieve the online status of the user who posted that content. This online status is not the online status of the user on my website but his online status in an online software. To retrieve this status i can download a json file stored on the webserver of that software.
I said before i'm showing 20 content per page, so i would need to download 20 json file. Well no, i can concatenate the user_id when i'm calling the json file. So in 1 json file i can get the 20 status.
Anyway, i think for the performance of my server it is not good to download a json file everytime someone visit my page. Because this page can be visited by a lot of people at the same time.
I guess i have to do something with caching but i'm new into. It would be glad if someone could explain me how to implement this, i mean the process and maybe the main php function to use.
Thanks a lot!

A: The easiest way to implement this would be sort of a read through cache. Meaning you check first if the cache (probably memcached) has current data, otherwise you read through and do a request and then cache the result. With memcached you can set the data to expire (maybe 1-5 minutes) before your code will attempt to read it from the source again.
You will need to take into account network issues into how you implement this. You will need to make sure your request times out rather quickly, or users could be waiting for a long time for the page to load (if data is not coming from the cache)
A more robust solution, would allow the online status to be checked asynchronously. When the page is loaded, you would pull data from the cache, if its missing, you would trigger a job to get the status and update the cache. You would have ajax code on the client side which will update the online status after the page is loaded (and hopefully after the job completes in the background). Those statuses that are available when the page loads would show correctly, and those that are pending would show some sort of "checking" status.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A generously sized t-shirt in delicious 100% cotton jersey. Perfect for lounging, bed or even fabulous with a pair of jeans. Kip & Co feels so good you'll want to wear it all day and night!
Relaxed, generous fit. Size 14 fits up to 16-18.


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Ryan Jansen
Development Officer, Special Events
Cricket Tournament for CMH!
The TriCity Ravens Cricket Club, the Hamilton Steelers Cricket Club and cancer patient LD Persaud are raising funds for Cambridge Memorial Hospital Foundation!
We invite you to the Inaugural 3-Stroke Softball Cricket Tournament where we will be raising funds for the Diagnostic Imaging Department to help purchase lifesaving equipment.
On Sunday September 17th, 2022 at North Dumfries Conservation Area.
12 PM start time.
Entrance fee per team of 9 players: minimum $50 donation per team.
For additional information or to register contact: LD Persaud at [email protected]
If you cannot attend the event but would like to make a donation to it, please click here. In the comments leave a note that says "Cricket Event" so we can monitor the total event revenue!
Virtual Chat: Spotlight MRI with Dr. Winnie Lee
Join our Spotlight MRI Virtual Chat with Interim Chief of Staff and Chief of Diagnostic Imaging, Dr. Winnie Lee as we learn about the Diagnostic Imaging Department and the new MRI coming to CMH.
Our community is growing and a new MRI will better serve our patients close to home. Diagnostic imaging is at the core of patient care. Extensively trained, skilled medical doctors, use MRI and other high-tech equipment to diagnose disease, illnesses and injuries. It is fundamental to care and touches all we do.
During this 1 hour session, we will:
Learn about the new MRI machine and our $5 million fundraising goal
Understand the benefits of a new MRI for our community
Get to know Dr. Winnie Lee and learn about the Diagnostic Imaging Department at CMH
Take community questions
This is a free event and will take place Tuesday, September 13th at 7:00 pm on Zoom.
Click here to learn more about the new MRI prior to our Virtual Chat.
Beer Store Fundraiser- Bring back your empties!
July 4- August 28 2022
Are those long-weekend empties still sitting in the garage? Bring them to any Cambridge Beer Store to support CMH!
The Beer Store has informed us that our organization has been selected by a collection of employees at their retail stores as a charity of choice. From July 4th – August 28th, 2022, the Beer Store will be raising funds through empty bottle returns along with monetary donations.
This will be the third year the Beer Store has contributed to the CMH Foundation and in that time, they have already raised over $50, 000 to go towards life saving equipment.
We would like to thank the Beer Store, and their customers for their continued support and generosity. "Cheers to you!"
If you would like to contribute, you can do so at any of the following locations between July 4th to August 28th.
The following retail stores will be participating in this extremely generous endeavour:
-200 Franklin Blvd
-140 Chopin Street
-130 Cedar Street
-150 Holiday Inn Drive
If you've got some summer empties laying around, please consider donating the proceeds back to CMH this month!
Be a Donor Bouquet
May 1 and May 2 delivery.
Support CMH with a beautiful arrangement through Intricate Arrangements! Send some love to someone special, or bring home a bouquet for yourself and embrace the Spring weather.
In celebration of April's organ donation month, these bouquets will spread awareness for the joy of this unique gift to a person's life! Partial proceeds from each bouquet will be donated to Cambridge Memorial Hospital.
Due to supply issues throughout the industry flowers are subject to change but will always keep to the feel and look of the original bouquet.
Local delivery is included.
Summer Solstice Sip & Taste
Celebrate summer with delicious wine and food in support of Cambridge Memorial Hospital at the luxurious Roseville Estate (2283 Roseville Rd, Cambridge)
Join us on Thursday, June 23rd between 5:00 pm- 8:30 pm and let loose, relax and enjoy all summer has to offer.
With live music, lawn games and a fantastic auction, this event will have something for everyone.
Summer Solstice Sip & Taste is an exclusive event with a limited number of tickets for purchase and is sure to sell out quickly.
Your Sip & Taste experience will be led by a sommelier from Lakeview Winery.
Tickets are available for $150 per person and include four food stations, wine pairings and a welcome beverage.
Mingling begins at 5:00 pm with food and wine pairings at 6:00 pm.
Additional bar beverages will be available via credit/debit.
This event will be fully outdoors (weather pending) with lots of shade/rain coverage available.
*Please note tax receipts will not be available for tickets to this event*
Ticket sales close on Monday, June 20th, 10 am.
Sponsorship Guide
CMH Champions Staff Golf
Join us for the CMH Staff 9 & Dine Golf Tournament!
Unwind and enjoy an evening of golf, prizes, dinner and drinks with fellow CMH Staff, Friends, Family and Volunteers.
Each team must have at least 1 CMH Staff member or CMH Volunteer.
Register as a single golfer and be placed on a team, or register together as a group.
Beaverdale Golf Course (1171 Kossuth Rd, Cambridge, ON N3H 4R6)
4:00 pm shotgun start
Registration opens at 3 pm with a shot gun start at 4 pm.
Please arrive no later than 3:45 pm to find your cart.
Your registration fee covers: 9 holes, golf cart rental, BBQ dinner, 1 drink ticket, club rental and a welcome gift.
No holds! Your payment is your registration.
*If you would like to golf with certain individuals, but are not paying together, please email Alexandra Wolosinecky at [email protected] your name, and the names of those you would like to golf with. Please note that this is not a hold. Your teammates will only be added to your group once they have paid.*
Club rentals are available at no cost but must be booked in advance.
Email [email protected] for details and bookings.
Virtual Chat: Women in Medical Leadership
Join us in celebration of International Women's Day as we speak with three very talented female physicians who are part of the CMH Team.
Moderated by Dr. Sharon Bal, Family Medicine Physician and co-lead of the WW Pandemic Response Triad for Ontario Health West Region. Dr. Bal is also co-chair of the COVID-19 Health Sector Control Group for Waterloo Region. Joining Dr. Bal, is Dr. Kristin Wadsworth, Chief of Obstetrics and Gynecology CMH and Dr. Mekalai Kumanan, Chief of Family Medicine CMH.
Learn about their departments and their journey in the world of medicine.
This is a free event and will take place Monday, March 7th 2022 at 7:00pm on Zoom.
Virtual Chat: Patrick Gaskin, President & Chief Executive Officer of CMH.
Give and Grow- BigYellowBag
Support our BigYellowBag fundraising and save $5 from your bag, with an additional $10 donated to CMH Foundation!
Your unique discount code is CMHF22 use this when ordering.
The Elora Singers: Radiant Dawn- A Festival of Carols
December 18th- January 7th
This concert series is free for all CMH Staff & Donors.
The Elora Singers, an all-professional Grammy- and JUNO-nominated chamber choir was founded in 1980 and is the ensemble-in-residence of the Elora Festival for three weeks each summer. Through regular concert series, recordings, and touring, The Elora Singers has established a reputation as one of the finest chamber choirs in Canada. With twelve releases on the NAXOS label, The Elora Singers is known for its rich, warm sound and clarity of texture. The choir is renowned for its diverse styles, for its commitment to Canadian repertoire, and for its diverse collaborations with other Canadian and international artists. Recent and upcoming collaborations include the State Choir LATVIJA, Festival of the Sound, Swiss Piano Trio, Natalie MacMaster and Steven Page. A new recording featuring new works by Barbara Croall (Giishkaapkag) and Reena Esmail (This Love between Us) will be released in 2020.


Our Braeside Personal Injury Solicitors concentrate on assisting hurt individuals. Our focus is on supplying an individual, professional and friendly service to make sure that our customers receive all the settlement they are due, when they are due it, in a stress free and cost effective manner.
Whether your injury is the outcome of an accident on the road, or at work, or assaulted by a canine, or as a result of being a victim of a crime or an accident in a public place, e.g. a shopping centre, then we can help you.
If you have been hurt in an automobile mishap in Braeside 3195, and whether you were the motorist, passenger, pedestrian, motorcyclist or bicyclist in the accident you have a right to claim compensation for your injuries, even if it was partly your own fault. Payment is paid by the Insurance coverage if the negligent party was driving a Victorian registered car (or an unknown vehicle).
Your right to compensation is qualified by the Motor Vehicle (Third Party Insurance Act. You might have been injured whilst driving, as a passenger, or when a pedestrian. As long as your injury was triggered, in whole or part, by the neglect of another individual in the control of a motor vehicle, you have a legitimate claim, even if your injury was partly your very own fault.
It is crucial that you seek legal guidance as quickly as possible after suffering an accident to guarantee that your claim is safeguarded. We are professionals in Roadway Accident Settlement claims and will make sure you get each and every single dollar and entitlements you are entitled to.
If you have been injured due to a danger on another person's property or due to another person's breach of task of care, you need to right away seek legal advice to safeguard your rights. You ought to not respond to any offer of settlement without very first looking for legal advice. We are professionals in public liability compensation claims and will make certain you get each and every single dollar and entitlements you are entitled to.
Workers Compensation Claim Lawyers. If you have actually been hurt at work in Braeside you might be entitled to claim workers' settlement. A worker is entitled to settlement for an injury suffered in the course of employment under the provisions of the Workers' Compensation & Injury Management Act.
The workers' compensation system is very complicated and there are many risks that have to be avoided. There are also strict constraint periods that apply to your capability to pursue common law damages. It is very important that you seek legal recommendations as quickly as possible after suffering an injury at work to ensure that your claim is protected.
Victim of Criminal Activity Payment Claim Lawyers If you have been hurt physically or mentally as a result of the commission of a criminal offence, such as an assault, then you may be able to declare criminal injuries compensation. You might have the ability to claim even if the offender has not been charged or convicted of an offense.
Future medical expenditures excluding Medicare and personal health benefits. (Any award for future medical costs will not be paid instantly. The award will be readily available to meet medical expenses as and when they are incurred so long as the costs are declared within Ten Years from the date of the award.).
If you have actually been injured as a result of a criminal offense in Braeside you must instantly report the offense to the police and you should seek legal recommendations to guarantee that your rights are safeguarded. We are specialists Victim of Crime Settlement claims and will make certain you get every single dollar and entitlements you are entitled to.


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Q: Using the Mean Value Theorem, prove this inequality. Using the Mean Value Theorem, prove that
$|\cos^2(b)-\cos^2(a)|\gt \frac{1}{4}|b-a| $
for all $a,b \in (\frac{\pi}{4},\frac{\pi}{3})$
So far, I have
Let $f(x)=\cos^2(x)$
Then $f(x)$  is continuous and differentiable on all $x\in \mathbb{R}$ so it is continuous and differentiable on $x\in (\frac{\pi}{4},\frac{\pi}{3})$.
Applying the Mean Value Theorem to $f(x)$, we have:
$\frac{\cos^2(b)-\cos^2(a)}{b-a}= -2\cos(x)\sin(x)$
$\frac{\cos^2(b)-\cos^2(a)}{b-a}= -\sin(2x)$
$|\cos^2(b)-\cos^2(a)| = -\sin(2x)|b-a|$
Now I do not know how to go from here, as on the interval $(\frac{\pi}{4},\frac{\pi}{3})$, $-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\lt-\sin(2x)\lt -1$.
Or am I making a mistake?

A: You have forgotten the absolute value signs and in the interval $$\frac{\pi}{4}<x<\frac{\pi}{3}$$ is $$|\sin(2x)|$$ greater than $$\frac{1}{4}$$
$$|\sin(2x)|$$ has the lowest value $$|\sin(\frac{2\pi}{3})|>\frac{1}{4}$$


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Home / Sec5G
Sec5G: Securing 5G for Mission Critical Services
OneSource, Consultoria Informáica Lda. https://www.onesource.pt
Experiment description
The 5G standards provided by 3GPP already bring support for mission critical communications, with support for low latency flows, dynamic allocation of resources, resource isolation and push-to-video. However, despite such features, diverse applications, known as Application Functions (AFs) in the 3GPP Service Based Architecture (SBA), need to communicate their specialized requirements to the 5G Core (5GC) when employed in mission critical services.
With Sec5G, OneSource aims at validating the concept of employing NEF as the entry point for Public Protection and Disaster Recovery (PPDR) services in the 5GC, enabling the adjustment of 5G networks to the requirements of such services. While NEF can enable the wider adoption of 5G by providing a set of functionalities allowing a dynamic configuration of the network, performance, security and reliability are of utmost importance for PPDR missions. In this context, Sec5G had two major goals: to assess the performance of OneSource's implementation of NEF, and to validate an enhanced security framework for 5G Network Functions (NFs), in particular, to provide protection against malicious behaviors (e.g., DDoS attacks, signaling storms, etc.). This security framework includes an Applicational Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (App IDPS) that performs security analysis of NFs, or in this particular case of NEF.
General architecture of the Sec5G platform
NEF is deployed in the 5G core to expose standardized APIs for other services, commonly referred as AFs in the 5G terminology. Platform servers, which support management of PPDR resources in mission critical services, act as an AF and request to NEF the appropriate QoS configurations for the different flows that are associated with the PPDR terminals (e.g. mobile phones), and this request is relayed to the Policy Control Function (PCF) via NEF. The PCF will then assess this request and perform the necessary steps in the Session Management Function (SMF) to re-configure the network. For instance, specific settings are requested for critical types of data, e.g. panic buttons and biosensors that must be prioritized for safety of PPDR personnel, or audio and video flows that must ensure low latency for a real-time full situational awareness picture.
Architecture of the Sec5G App IDPS
While the aforementioned 5GC architecture is defined by 3GPP standards and effectively works in most scenarios, it does not consider the possibility of malicious users and misconfigurations that can lead to problems. Sec5G addresses the security requirements in mission critical services with App IDPS, which performs security analysis and takes measures to block attacks.
A two-phase approach for the experiment was followed. The first phase aimed solely at validating NEF as an entry point for critical communications (represented as AFs), its integration with other NFs and its raw performance with limited resources. The second phase included an additional security layer, enabling a secure NEF through App IDPS and actively blocking API attacks from malicious AFs. It also demonstrated the impact of attacks in terms of performance, both having and not having the additional security layer of App IDPS.
The setup and steps for both phases of the experiment are described below.
For the validation of NEF, tests were carried out using 3 AF VNFs, 1 NEF VNF and 1 VNF for dummy 5GC components (e.g. PCF, NRF, BSF, etc.).
Functional tests were performed to assess functionality and standard compliance.
Performance tests were done to evaluate how NEF performs under heavy load and limited resources. Load was added gradually to ensure that the highest number of processed requests/second is achieved.
There was a mapping of 1:1 for VNFs and virtual machines, and each machine had 1 vCPU (@ 2.40 GHz) and 1024MB of RAM.
To evaluate the security layer provided by App IDPS, the setup consisted of 2 AF VNFs, 1 NEF VNF, 1 VNF for dummy 5GC components and 1 VNF for App IDPS.
Several functional tests were performed using different types of attacks, allowing the system to detect and prevent the malicious usage of NEF resources.
Multiple attack types were considered: Denial of Service (DoS), Parameter Attacks (where requests are correctly formed but repeatedly contain invalid values), Malformed Requests and Lack of Rate Limiting (similar to DoS, but at a lower scale and considering multiple simultaneous requests to the same API routes).
Performance tests intended to evaluate how attacks affect the performance of NEF, both with and without the addition of App IDPS. Moreover, the footprint of App IDPS in the VNF of NEF was measured.
With the gradual addition of load (3 stages, one for each AF VNF running up to 100 instances of the service), the results show NEF processing up to 150 requests/second. However, one needs to take into account that NEF was using a single vCPU, and performance can greatly be improved with multiple vCPUs in parallel. Moreover, NEF is a highly scalable component with a pretty much stateless interface. This means that multiple instances of NEF can be deployed, and load balancing strategies can be used to share the load among them.
CPU Usage for NEF Performance Tests
The second perspective, depicted in the results below, aimed at evaluating how NEF performance is impacted by security. A first set of tests took the malicious AF, as well as another AF with legitimate requests, and had the malicious AF randomly attacking NEF with multiple parallel processes while the legitimate AF aimed at sending 1 request/second without impact in its perceived latency. In this case, the App IDPS security was not enabled. A second set of tests was a replica of the first set, but this time with App IDPS security fully enabled.
CPU Usage for NEF Security Tests (Security Disabled)
CPU Usage for NEF Security Tests (Security Enabled)
From the results depicted above, and thus considering the CPU Usage for NEF with/without App IDPS security enabled, we see that without security there are very high CPU usage fluctuations caused by the constant and undeterred attacks against NEF. Although these were not enough to affect the performance perceived by the legitimate AF (results not depicted for the sake of simplicity), in a best-case scenario illegitimate traffic would be using resources and incurring additional costs without revenue. Also, one may also postulate that with higher number of attacks the CPU resources would be scarce and would lead to a very noticeable impact in the legitimate AFs. Unfortunately, the resources available for our experiment did not allow this to be proven or disproven. On the other hand, if we consider the results obtained with the App IDPS security fully enabled, we see that attacks are quickly mitigated, and performance is barely affected by them. This allows for a simple conclusion: adding App IDPS security adds a slight increase on CPU usage baseline, but it also prevents that large chunks of resources are used by illegitimate traffic. It is thus beneficial to add App IDPS from both the performance and security perspectives.
During the experiment, many valuable lessons were learnt, and further validation and enhancements were achieved for both NEF and App IDPS. Moreover, the results depicted in the previous section allow us to draw important conclusions regarding the goals of the experiment. The first conclusion is that OneSource has developed a scalable, reliable and 3GPP-compliant NEF. This NEF has the potential to be used in Mission Critical Services, and it is already being integrated in PPDR networks for the first 5G deployment trials. The second conclusion is that securing NEF is not only important for the obvious reasons, but also to maintain performance and avoid disruption of service to the users. Finally, we also concluded that security is an essential part of NEF and should be further enhanced to cope with the demanding challenges that any exposed service is deemed to face nowadays.