Jerry has over 54 years in the nursery business. Prior to working 12.5 years with John Holmlund Nursery he worked for McGill's Nursery for 41.5 years. Jerry not only has a wealth of nursery knowledge, but an infectious enthusiasm for the nursery business.
Jerry and his wife Shirley have one child and three grandchildren. When he has a free moment you can find him volunteering for the local Boy Scouts of America chapter where he has been a leader for the past 34 years.
Persida joined John Holmlund Nursery 15 years ago. While Persida wears a number of "hats" around the office, she and Jerry work with one another to coordinate shipping. Persida also works very closely with our Production Manager, Mike Reihs, in order to ensure that our administrative nursery needs run as smoothly as possible.
Persida and her husband Samuel have three beautiful daughters: Salim who is 9, Hidai who is 5, and Ana who is 3. During her time away from the Nursery you will find Persida in the loving care of her family, or tending to her garden, or volunteering with her local church.
Please join us in welcoming Shawn Lorenzen, our newest team member. Shawn comes to us with a long family history of farming and business. Both his father and grandfather were farmers in Nebraska where he grew up. Shawn spent ten years learning the basics of the nursery business with his father-in-law as a hobby, an experience that gave him enthusiasm for not only growing, but marketing plants.
Prior to joining John Holmlund Nursery, Shawn spent fifteen years in education teaching levels from 5th grade through college. He taught mainly in the classroom. With shifts in education moving toward online education, Shawn spent the past several years focusing on internet marketing with an emphasis on logic and business ethics. At the same time of transitioning from classroom to online education led Shawn into the fields of web design, publishing and bridging the various gaps of the digital divide.
Shawn spent three years pastoring a church in Damascus, Oregon as well as being an interim pastor in Hannover, Germany. Shawn really enjoys the time he spends with his wife and three children. His hobbies include woodworking, fishing, reading, gardening/farming, teaching classes at the local church, traveling and coaching baseball and soccer.
Shawn brings the same dedication to work that he has shown to family and community. That is why we feel he will be a tremendous asset to our nursery as well as to you in the upcoming years. Shawn likes to help others and is very good at solving problems. We have complete trust and confidence in his ability to serve you—our loyal customers. Please feel free to contact him and introduce yourself to him at your convenience.


text:
How to Bet on NASCAR
Camping World Truck Series driver Tyler Ankrum during the Lucas Oil 150 Truck Series
For motorsports fans, betting on NASCAR is a super popular option, with racetracks throughout the United States hosting events each week from February to November.
The three main series in NASCAR - Truck Series, Xfinity Series, and Cup Series - offer excellent betting options to motorsports fans. Every driver on the main NASCAR circuit harbors ambitions of winning the Cup Series Championship, the pinnacle of the sport.
The good news is that betting on NASCAR is relatively simple to come to terms with, so plug in your safety harness and read on to find out how to bet on this popular American motorsport.
How to Bet on NASCAR: The basics
NASCAR events are held at various venues, each with a unique track layout, distance, and features. The climate also plays a significant role in the outcome of a NASCAR event, so it's important to consider the weather forecast before tuning into an event.
All of these aspects play into a sportsbook's pricing of NASCAR odds, a driver's form, their history of racing at a particular track, and their pre-race preparations.
Suppose you bet on NASCAR at an American online sportsbook. In that case, the odds will be presented in the American format, with odds shown as a whole number, affixed with a plus or minus sign to indicate the favorite and underdog.
Now that we've run through the basics let's take a closer look at some of your NASCAR betting options with easy-to-understand examples.
NASCAR Betting Options
While most sports bettors turn their attention to sports like football, baseball, and basketball, the reality is that there are lots of NASCAR markets available to motorsport enthusiasts. So, when you're just starting, here are some of the best NASCAR betting options to consider:
Picking the race winner in NASCAR is undoubtedly the easiest way to place a bet. A sportsbook will set the odds for an upcoming race based on the form of the drivers, as well as track history and conditions. Therefore, it helps to have a rudimentary understanding of NASCAR before picking a winner. Here's an example of race winner odds that you might see before an upcoming NASCAR event:
Joey Logano +650
Ross Chastain +800
Chase Elliott +1,000
Denny Hamlin +1,200
William Byron +1,300
For the upcoming race, the sportsbook has picked Joey Logano as the favorite, as he has the shortest odds in the field. At +650, the odds indicate that a $100 winning bet on Logano would return a profit of $650, plus your stake back.
You don't have to bet in $100 increments and can adjust the odds accordingly. So, for instance, a $10 bet would return $65, and so on. If you're new to NASCAR, picking the winner of an upcoming race is undoubtedly the best way to get started with betting on this popular motorsport.
To spice things up, you can also place a head-to-head bet on NASCAR. Instead of backing a specific driver against the entire field, a head-to-head allows you to back your favorite competitor against another driver in the field. This is a great way to narrow the field and focus your attention on one particular battle out on the track. Here's an example of a NASCAR head-to-head bet:
Chase Briscoe (-140) vs. Alex Bowman (+145)
Chase Briscoe is the favorite in this head-to-head bet, as exemplified by his negative odds. His odds show us that we would need to place a $140 bet to return a profit of $100. In contrast, a winning $100 bet on Alex Bowman will return a profit of $145. If you're placing a NASCAR head-to-head bet, be sure to study form and qualification to ensure that you're not caught out.
Finish props
As a NASCAR fan, you might have a good feeling about a driver without being super confident that they will finish first in a race. In this situation, you can opt for a finish prop bet instead of choosing the outright race winner.
Like an each-way bet in golf, for instance, a finish prop enables you to select a racer to finish in the top 3, top 5, or top 10. Of course, the odds will be shorter than the outright winner market, but it can be an excellent way to back outsiders. Here's what the odds might look like:
Race props
While race props aren't available for every event on the calendar, sportsbooks will offer NASCAR race props to crank things up a notch for big events like the Daytona 500. Race props are bets that aren't tied to the race's outcome and refer to events that may or may not occur out on the track. Some NASCAR race prop bets might include:
Number of crashes recorded
Number of caution flags
Driver to hit the pit first
If you want to broaden your betting horizons, you can look long into the future when betting on NASCAR, as opposed to betting on an upcoming race. A typical futures bet in NASCAR offers you the chance to bet on the driver to win the Cup Series Championship.
These odds change significantly throughout the season, and it's always best to place a futures bet as early as possible if you want the shortest odds. Here's what a futures bet might look like in NASCAR:
NASCAR Cup Series Championship Winner:
Chase Elliott +400
Denny Hamlin +600
Kyle Busch +800
Martin Turex Jr. +1,000
Manufacturer bets
Unique to motorsport, you can bet on which manufacturer you think the winning racer will be driving. This is a great option if you're not sure which driver will triumph but you have a good feeling about the manufacturer's success in the field. NASCAR manufacturer odds might look something like this:
Chevrolet +120
Toyota +220
Ford +250
As you can see, there are many ways to bet on NASCAR events throughout the season, which is a great way to back your favorite drivers. But what about NASCAR betting tips? How can you develop a good NASCAR betting strategy? Let's take a look.
NASCAR Betting Tips
Picking a winner in any sport can be challenging, particularly if you don't have a strategy. You can use the following three NASCAR betting tips to pick weekly winners and avoid betting with your heart over your head.
Track suitability
If you're new to NASCAR, you must realize that sure drivers are better suited to specific tracks. Some perform better on superspeedways, while others have a better chance of winning on short-oval tracks. So, research and find out which track best suits your selection before placing a bet.
Momentum and form
As in all sports, drivers take momentum into each race. As such, it's common for NASCAR drivers to have streaks of form throughout the season, carding several Top 5s in a row, for instance. This is helpful to know when you're planning a finish prop bet, so it makes sense to study NASCAR form before placing a wager.
Driver motivation
It might surprise you to hear that not all NASCAR drivers race to win! Depending on where a driver currently ranks in the race for the playoffs, they might set out on a race with the objective of accumulating points instead of winning the race outfight. Staying on the track and completing the race can be enough sometimes, and it's less risky than going for the win.
Recap: How to Bet on NASCAR
NASCAR is super popular with motorsports fans in the United States and further afield. While the Daytona 500 draws the biggest crowds, races occur practically every week from February through November, meaning that you can build NASCAR bets throughout the year.
We hope you now have all the information you need to bet on NASCAR successfully, and we wish you luck as you pick your weekly winners on America's best-loved motorsport.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: CSS Responsive move div from right to underneath left and center I want my footer inner div wrappers to mov from right to underneath left and center when I use responsive media queries. However, when moving last element "Contact us" from right to left, it goes below but it does not center, and the previous div "follow us" is not position in the same line as "copyright".

Codepen here
HTML
<!doctype html>

<title>Agency</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<link href="footer.css" rel="stylesheet" merdia="handheld">
<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>

Header

Footer

Copyright

Follow us:

 Twitter, Facebook, Youtube

 Contact

Contact Form would go here

CSS
 /*footer.css*/
 *{
 margin:0;
 padding:0;
 font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
}

body
{
 background-color:#DCDCDC;
}

.wrapper{
max-width:1200px;
width:100%;
margin:auto;
}

.header{
width:100%;
background-color:green;
height:20vh;
}

.footer{
width:100%;
background-color:orange;
font-size:1em;
overflow:hidden;
padding-bottom:3%;
clear:both;
padding-top:5%;
border-top:3px solid #0099FF;
color:black;
}

.copyright{
width:25%;
background-color:red;
float:left;
margin-left:10%;
}

.copyright p{

font-size:0.938em;
line-height: 2em;
}

.social{
width:20%;
background-color:yellow;
float:left;
margin-left:8%;
}

#contactfooter{
width:20%;
background-color:blue;
float:right;
margin-right:10%;
display:block;
}

#contactfooter h2, #contactfooter{
    font-size:1.250em;
    text-align: center;
}

/*---------MEDIA QUERIES----------*/

 @media (max-width:1020px){
.copyright{
    margin-left:25%;
    float:left;
  }
.social{
    float:right;
    margin-right:25%;
}

#contactfooter{
    float:left;
    width:30%;
    margin:auto; /*does not margin to the center of the footer wrapper.. why?*/
    /*margin-right:0%;
    margin-left:45%;*/

   }
 }

A: You do not need to change their margins for smaller screens, just fix their width.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ACD may refer to:

Brands and enterprises
 ACD (telecommunications company), carrier and Internet Service Provider, headquartered in Lansing, Michigan
 ACD Systems, a computer software manufacturer
 Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs), a chemistry software company

Organizations
 ACD San Marcial, a Spanish football team based in Lardero, La Rioja
 Adelaide College of Divinity, an Australian theological college
 Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Christengemeinden in Deutschland (Association of Christian Churches in Germany)
 Asia Cooperation Dialogue, an international organization
 Centre Right Alliance (Romania) (), a political alliance
 Australasian College of Dermatologists, a medical specialist college

People
 Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes

Science and healthcare
 ACD (gene), protein encoded by the ACD gene
 α-Cyclodextrin, a glucose polymer
 Alveolar capillary dysplasia, disorder of the lung
Anemia of chronic disease, form of anemia
 Aragonite compensation depth, a property of oceans
 Allergic contact dermatitis, form of contact dermatitis

Technology
 Activity-centered design, design based on how humans interact with technology
 Anti-collision device, on Indian railways
 Apple Cinema Display, a line of monitors
 Automatic call distributor, device that directs incoming phone calls
 Average call duration, average length of telephone calls

Other uses
 ACD (album), a 1989 album by Half Man Half Biscuit
 Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal, court ruling to defer the disposition of a defendant's case
 Antecedent-contained deletion in grammar
 Activity cycle diagram, a systems modelling paradigm
 Autoregressive conditional duration, a class of models used in financial econometrics
 Kyode language (ISO 639-3 code), a Guang language of Ghana
 Australian Cattle Dog, a breed of herding dog
 Alcides Fernández Airport, an airport in Acandí, Colombia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Miami Hurricanes 2020 football schedule released
Donald Trump just saying what people are thinking -- even liberals
By Dan Sweeney
Feb 15, 2016 | 1:00 PM
Happy President's Day! Would-be President Hillary Clinton was supposed to be in South Florida today, but she's off to Nevada to forestall an insurgent Bernie Sanders campaign. Instead, her husband Bill Clinton will be appearing in Riviera Beach. We'll have a full report later in the day. In the mean time, let's take a look at the other side of presidential politics and that amaze-balls Republican debate Saturday night in today's Power Lunch.
Donald Trump, explained: Among Donald Trump supporters, a constant refrain has been, "He says what everyone else is just thinking." This has been a source of some consternation among liberals, because in general, building a massive wall at the border, banning Muslim immigration and deporting 11 million immigrants already in the country illegally are not things that they are thinking. But if those left-leaning voters watched Saturday's debate, well, maybe they finally understood what all those Trump supporters were talking about.
Because another source of confusion among liberals is the oft-heard statement among Republicans that "George W. Bush kept us safe." To which all those voters who actively protested the Iraq War wonder, "What about 9/11? When 3,000 people die in a terrorist attack, do you get to just call, 'Mulligan'?"
So those people, so anti-Trump, so anti-Bush, perhaps finally understood what Trump supporters mean if they tuned in to the Republican debate Saturday and witnessed Trump saying that the former president certainly did not keep America safe, a statement greeted with jeers by the South Carolina audience.
That only scratches the surface of what was a vicious debate, the nastiest of the primaries thus far. Also, one of the most entertaining. I'd like to think those two are not related but, we are where we are. And, leftie readers, the next time your weird uncle says that Trump is just saying what everyone's thinking, now at least you understand.
The return of Bush the Elder: Ol' Dubya may not be too popular among our nation's liberals, but in South Carolina, Jeb Bush's older brother is "the most popular Republican alive," according to one member of Jeb's campaign staff. South Carolina's Republican vote includes a huge military bloc and an equally significant evangelical one -- both bases that still look at George W. Bush as a stalwart defender of our nation. And so, the man has come out of retirement to stump for brother Jeb. The polling since New Hampshire has seen John Kasich sky-rocketing in the Palmetto State, but there are still no polls out that are strictly post-debate, a debate that was pretty good for both Marco Rubio and Jeb, who fended off Donald Trump's attacks as well as he ever has.
Scalia out: Of course, a Republican primary debate -- heck, even the presidential race itself -- was not the biggest news to come out over the weekend. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia has gone to that great courtroom in the sky, where all decisions are 9-0 and strictly adhere to the exact wording of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme Court is set to hear cases on "abortion, affirmative action, the rights of religious objectors to the contraceptive mandate in the Affordable Care Act, and the president's powers on immigration and deportation," per our story on the fight over Scalia's successor, and all of those decisions could now be 4-4 splits. As far as the succession itself, we know that President Barack Obama intends to nominate someone, that he will not use a recess appointment to bypass Senate confirmation, and that Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell intends to grind this out as long as he can in the hopes that a Republican wins the White House in November. We've also got the names likely to be on Obama's short list for the nomination.
Reiding the riot act: Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid backs U.S. Rep. Patrick Murphy in the Democratic Senate primary in Florida. So it should come as no surprise that he's calling on U.S. Rep. Alan Grayson to drop out of the race after a New York Times report that Grayson has put his management of a hedge fund ahead of his duties as a congressman. Grayson has politely declined to drop out of the race. ... Actually, he said, "I resent the attack on my `morality,' and I question the morality and judgment of any elected official, much less one in my own party, who would sink so low as to engage in such a smear," because Grayson takes absolutely nothing lying down. And why should he? The polls so far have this as more or less a dead heat, and the election isn't until August.
Opening the floodgates: The Sun-Sentinel's Andy Reid reports that Gov. Rick Scott has asked for federal help to get water flowing out of the Everglades before it drowns all the animals. Allegedly, this is Florida's dry season, but it's the wettest winter in more than 80 years, and federal restrictions on how much water can flow between Lake Okeechobee and Everglades National Park have caused water to rise to nigh-unprecedented levels in the conservation areas of western Broward and Miami-Dade counties.
A simmering session: Rather than the fireworks of the 2015 session, it's all quiet on the Tallahassee front, writes the Orlando Sentinel's Gray Rohrer. But conservative legislation passing through the House has stalled in the Senate, including bills on gun rights, immigration, and fracking. Rohrer takes a look at those and other bills that could prove to be hotspots as the Legislature heads toward the finish line.
Permanent alimony could be temporary: Ending permanent alimony and requiring judges to assume that, all else being equal, a 50/50 split of child custody is in the best interests of the child are among the major changes to state alimony laws being considered this session. The Sun Sentinel Editorial Board approves, and points out the long history of failed alimony reform in the Legislature.
Conflict of what now? The man in charge of the House's education budget is state Rep. Erik Fresen, R-Miami. That budget includes $90 million for charter school maintenance and construction costs, while the Senate's budget includes no money for that. In his day job, Fresen pulls in $150,000 as a consultant for an architecture firm that specializes in building charter schools. In the wacky world of the Florida Legislature, this is not a conflict of interest. And as the Miami Herald reports, he's far from the only lawmaker with ties to the charters.
MEANWHILE IN THE TWITTERVERSE ...
Ben Rajadurai @brajadurai
.@realDonaldTrump even flip-flopped on hating @JebBush pic.twitter.com/zcY8uxpoIc
≥140 CHARACTER HOT TAKE: Hey, he's just flip-flopping what everybody's thinking.
Matt Caldwell @mattcaldwell_fl
AP News : 102 pythons caught as state snake hunt enters final weekend m.apnews.com/ap/db_268748/c…
≥140 CHARACTER HOT TAKE: They had it coming.
Julio Gonzalez, M.D. @juliogonzalezmd
On @foxandfriends this am: @TuckerCarlson interviewing @ByronYork over presidential politics. I've died and gone to heaven. #younggiants
≥140 CHARACTER HOT TAKE: If a conversation between Tucker Carlson and Byron York is heaven, I'll see you in hell.
As always, I'm @Daniel_Sweeney. Troll me there.
Newspaper Online
Copyright © 2020, South Florida Sun-Sentinel


The challenge lay in the integration of building-wide AV infrastructure without compromise. The centre brings together teaching and learning facilities, work spaces for entrepreneurs, and an early-stage incubator for start-up businesses.
Challenge: While the best-practice benchmark for 'embodied energy' of university buildings is 845 kilos of CO2 per square metre (kgCO2e/m²), the goal was set to 168 kgCO2e/m² for the Enterprise Centre .
Providing for catering and IT equipment, the power consumption specifications in the client brief made the project appear technically impossible. How can AV hardware built into a system contribute to the highly ambitious low carbon goals of the building?
Hardware lifecycle: worked with manufacturers to qualify hardware with the lowest power ratings, ISO ratings and which are fully recyclable. For example, laser projectors over lamp, which can be fully recycled. Optical projection screens offer seven times the contrast and twice as bright as standard screens.
Systemsthinking: we designed and built a bespoke system for active power management. The entire building operates on three states– Full Power, Typical Power and Full SwitchOff mode depending on prolonged non-usage. Furthermore, IP power distribution for each room provides two states– Standby and Full SwitchOff for users dependent on use and period (for e.g. holidays, off-peak hours and open days).
AV hardware units were sourced strictly on the basis of which can be returned and fully recycled at the end of product life. Highest possible ISO standards had to be maintained for all hardware sourced. Maximum possible sourcing hardware locally to cut footprint involved with transportation.
All our designs and schematics were approved for Passivhaus standards and achieved BREEAM 'Outstanding' rating (highest possible rating).
Download The Enterprise Centre Casebook.


They are busy performing at clubs, coffee houses and festivals all over the northeast promoting their self-titled debut CD. They've opened for such notable musicians as Peter Rowan, Tony Trischka, Marah and many more. They've performed at the Philadelphia Folk Festival, World Cafe Live and appeared on the Gene Shay Folk Show on WXPN in Philadelphia. Their live shows are rowdy affairs that will put a smile on your face!


Showing respect, courtesy and by following these seven common sense manners of vaping etiquette, you can help prevent vaping from gaining a bad reputation.
The threat of accidental nicotine poisoning should be the main concern for those who vape around children. Please treat e Liquid like you do any medication.
Types of Vapes: How is each one different from the other?
There are many types of vapes on the market and the industry keeps creating new models. Find out what ecig is right for you by checking out this article.
There are many benefits of electronic cigarettes. No ash, smoker's breath and social stigmas. No more lighters, smelly clothes and dirty ashtrays.
What is an e cigarette? Electronic cigarettes have come along way from the first generation cig-a-like models. But the components are essentially the same.


text:
Q: last year occurrence from string I have strings like this:
ACB 01900 X1911D 1910 1955-2011 3424 2135 1934 foobar

I'm trying to get the last occurrence of a single year (from 1900 to 2050), so I need to extract only 1934 from that string.
I'm trying with:
 grep -P -o '\s(19|20)[0-9]{2}\s(?!\s(19|20)[0-9]{2}\s)'

or
grep -P -o '((19|20)[0-9]{2})(?!\s\1\s)'

But it matches: 1910 and 1934
Here's the Regex101 example:
https://regex101.com/r/UetMl0/3
https://regex101.com/r/UetMl0/4
Plus: how can I extract the year without the surrounding spaces without doing an extra grep to filter them?

A: I don't see a way to do this with grep because it doesn't let you output just one of the capture groups, only the whole match.
Wit perl I'd do something like
perl -lpe 'if (/^.*\b(19\d\d|20(?:0-4\d|50))\b/) { print $1 }'

Idea: Use ^.* (greedy) to consume as much of the string up front as possible, thus finding the last possible match. Use \b (word boundary) around the matched number to prevent matching 01900 or X1911D. Only print the first capture group ($1).
I tried to implement your requirement of 1900-2050; if that's too complicated, ((?:19|20)\d\d) will do (but also match e.g. 2099).

A: The regex to do your task using grep can be as follows:
\b(?:19\d{2}|20[0-4]\d|2050)\b(?!.*\b(?:19\d{2}|20[0-4]\d|2050)\b)

Details:

*

*\b - Word boundary.

*(?: - Start of a non-capturing group, needed as a container for
alternatives.

*

*19\d{2}| - The first alternative (1900 - 1999).

*20[0-4]\d| - The second alternative (2000 - 2049).

*2050 - The third alternative, just 2050.

*) - End of the non-capturing group.

*\b - Word boundary.

*(?! - Negative lookahead for:

*

*.* - A sequence of any chars, meaning actually "what follows
can occur anywhere further".

*\b(?:19\d{2}|20[0-4]\d|2050)\b - The same expression as before.

*) - End of the negative lookahead.

The word boundary anchors provide that you will not match numbers - parts
of longer words, e.g. X1911D.
The negative lookahead provides that you will match just the last
occurrence of the required year.
If you can use other tool than grep, supporting call to a previous
numbered group (?n), where n is the number of another capturing
group, the regex can be a bit simpler:
(\b(?:19\d{2}|20[0-4]\d|2050)\b)(?!.*(?1))

Details:

*

*(\b(?:19\d{2}|20[0-4]\d|2050)\b) - The regex like before, but
enclosed within a capturing group (it will be "called" later).

*(?!.*(?1)) - Negative lookahead for capturing group No 1,
located anywhere further.

This way you avoid writing the same expression again.
For a working example in regex101 see https://regex101.com/r/fvVnZl/1

A: You may use a PCRE regex without any groups to only return the last occurrence of a pattern you need if you prepend the pattern with ^.*\K, or, in your case, since you expect a whitespace boundary, ^(?:.*\s)?\K:
grep -Po '^(?:.*\s)?\K(?:19\d{2}|20(?:[0-4]\d|50))(?!\S)' file

See the regex demo.
Details

*

*^ - start of line

*(?:.*\s)? - an optional non-capturing group matching 1 or 0 occurrences of

*

*.* - any 0+ chars other than line break chars, as many as possible

*\s - a whitespace char

*\K - match reset operator discarding the text matched so far

*(?:19\d{2}|20(?:[0-4]\d|50)) - 19 and any two digits or 20 followed with either a digit from 0 to 4 and then any digit (00 to 49) or 50.

*(?!\S) - a whitespace or end of string.

See an online demo:
s="ACB 01900 X1911D 1910 1955-2011 3424 2135 1934 foobar"
grep -Po '^(?:.*\s)?\K(?:19\d{2}|20(?:[0-4]\d|50))(?!\S)' <<< "$s"
# => 1934

A: Have you ever heard this saying:
Some people, when confronted with a problem, think
"I know, I'll use regular expressions."   Now they have two problems.

Keep it simple - you're interested in finding a number between 2 numbers so just use a numeric comparison, not a regexp:
$ awk -v min=1900 -v max=2050 '{yr=""; for (i=1;i<=NF;i++) if ( ($i ~ /^[0-9]{4}$/) && ($i >= min) && ($i <= max) ) yr=$i; print yr}' file
1934

You didn't say what to do if no date within your range is present so the above outputs a blank line if that happens but is easily tweaked to do anything else.
To change the above script to find the first instead of the last date is trivial (move the print inside the if), to use different start or end dates in your range is trivial (change the min and/or max values), etc., etc. which is a strong indication that this is the right approach. Try changing any of those requirements with a regexp-based solution.


The St. Joseph Fun Days "Country Store" will be an exciting part of our celebration. There will be something for everyone in this year's Country Store! Handmade gifts available for purchase will range from afghans and stylish home decor to 18″ doll clothing and hair accessories. Look for homemade goodies that will be so tempting, you just have to take some home. There will be something for every buyer and every budget.
A Silent Auction will be sure to provide great items and experiences on which to bid! Kids will also have fun in the Country Store, as there will be a special area just for them with fun items and activities for purchase. Join us inside the school to see what the Country Store has to offer!
Bakers and crafters, we are looking for donations for the Country Store. If you are willing to donate one or more of your creations to our event, please contact Cathy Walz at cathycwalz@gmail.com or 319-290-1672.


text:
Funding for the arts: what's available?
Jul 13, 2020 | Consulting, COVID-19
Will the Prime Minister's targeted $250 million package of funding to support cultural and creative projects and initiatives save the industry?
The arts funding is aimed at kick starting the sector with funding preferencing commercial initiatives that generate jobs and are expected to have a positive economic impact. That is, this is an economic package as opposed to creative or cultural funding.
Seed Investment to Reactivate Productions and Tours
Productions, festivals and events – including theatre, dance, community and arts and culture gatherings.
Individuals are able to apply for funding.
The competitive grant is administered through the Restart Investment to Sustain and Expand (RISE) Fund and provides seed funding to substitute for the capital lost as a result of cancellations and rescheduling of events.
Grants range from $75,000 to $2 million.
Part of the funding has been earmarked for music recovery – recording and distribution, contemporary music touring, the development of safe venue infrastructure and protocols.
Show Starter Loans
Businesses able to generate jobs—including through the
synergy between arts and entertainment and travel, tourism and hospitality.
In a move to free up capital, the Government is providing a 100% guarantee for loans through financial institutions to assist arts and entertainment businesses to fund new
productions and events.
Lenders will provide facilities that only have to be drawn down if needed. Loan terms will be up
to five years, with an initial 12-month repayment deferral. That is, the amount drawn down will need to be paid back, but in the event the loan can't be repaid, the bank is protected.
The loans are part of the Government's existing Coronavirus Small and Medium Enterprises
(SME) Guarantee Scheme.
Local Screen Production
Local film and television productions
A Temporary Interruption Fund (TIF) for Screen Australia for local film and television producers to restart filming.
See Screen Australia's Funding and Support initiatives page
The fund commences from 1 July 2020 for 12 months.
Sector-Significant Organisations
Support significant Commonwealth-funded arts and culture organisations
Funding to support significant Commonwealth-funded arts and culture organisations facing threats to their viability due to COVID-19.
Outside of the funding package, SupportAct received $10m in funding for COVID-19 crisis relief grants. Crisis funding is accessible to:
musicians, crew and music workers who are unable to access Government benefits due to eligibility or other issues
music workers who have been able to access Government benefits but are still facing financial hardship; and to
those who are suffering financial hardship as a result of injury, ill-health or a mental health issue that is managed through a current Mental Health plan.
To be eligible, you will need to be a musician, crew or music worker, who:
is an Australian citizen, permanent resident or have a valid working visa
can prove they been working in the music industry for three years
can provide names and details of two professional referees
have household expenses greater than household income.
Other financial support is available through JobKeeper (including the self-employed) or JobSeeker.
For more details see The Office for the Arts COVID-19 update.
For many in this sector, the funding is helpful but the future will be determined by how quickly or otherwise the distancing measures are retracted. After all, most entertainment relies on a crowd.
2022: The year ahead
2021 was to be the year we returned to a post-COVID normal however the pandemic has fundamentally changed the way many of us operate in our personal and work lives. Here is some of what we can expect in 2022. 2022: The year ahead
Growing your business value
Over the next decade, as the baby boomer bubble of small and medium sized business owners roll through the system, Australia will experience one the largest transfers of business wealth in its history. Succession planning is more important than ever. Not just because of the transfer of wealth, but because of the polarising impact of high supply and low demand on the saleable value of a business.
Make sure your succession is a success
This article asks the important questions to start the succession planning process. It highlights the importance of having Professional Advisers during all stages – before, during, and after.
Insight helps Pumpnseal go from good, to great
There is a saying, that relationships in life, and business, support and connect people, and allow them to grow all aspects of their lives, and that has never been more so, than with the former owners of the highly successful WA company Pumpnseal Australia.
The top 8 reasons why staff leave
Australia is facing a shortage of skilled labour. When the supply of staff dry up the focus often turns to retention. But the first step is to understand why people you want to stay, choose to move on?


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foodfamilylifestylebeautysustainabilityhealthimmunity
Nature's First Aid Kit
Grow a garden of healing herbs
Renee Blackstone
Herbal medicines have been around since before the 12th century. Used to treat everything from insomnia to digestive dysfunction, herbs are accessible and easy to grow. Arm your natural first-aid arsenal with these gentle, healing herbs.
We know fresh herbs are wonderful flavouring agents for cooking, but did you know a herb garden can also serve as Mother Nature's first aid kit? Natural healing power Herbal medicine has been used by humans for thousands of years for everything from cuts and bruises to cancer, and is still a primary source of healing in most of the world. Herbal medicine in the form of pills, powders, tinctures, salves, and other solutions has also found a permanent spot in many North American medicine cabinets today. But you don't need to go farther than your herb garden to find a wide variety of healing substances that can take care of a number of minor ailments, from headaches and stomach upsets to cuts and scrapes. Plant an apothecary garden Most herbs should be in the garden or growing in pots by now, but there's still time to add a few for healing purposes. It's already well into the growing season, so your best bet for success is to buy herb plants at the nursery rather than starting them from seed. Most herbs are hardy survivors and thrive on benign neglect. Most need a sunny location and well-drained soil that's not too rich. They may also require regular watering if they're in pots or growing in a particularly hot and dry part of a garden. The key is not to kill with kindness by overfeeding or overwatering. Start your apothecary garden with a few basics, such as mint, lemon balm, lavender, rosemary, and, for a lively splash of colour, calendula—all are easy to grow and chock full of health-inspiring aromas and healing substances. Peppermint Mint—particularly its primary, spicy-sweet constituent, menthol—finds its way into many of our foods, medicines, and beauty aids. Like so many other flavourful culinary herbs, mint is a powerhouse of antioxidants and has many cosmetic and healing uses—breath mints, chewing gum, and toothpaste wouldn't be as refreshing without its flavour. You don't need a trip to the store to get some, however. Go natural and chew a sprig of freshly picked mint for a quick mouth freshener. Mint treats upset stomach or indigestion and eases headaches, as the menthol can help calm muscle spasms. Menthol is a natural decongestant that also helps loosen phlegm, and some people combine mint with tea to help relieve sore throat. Some claim that brewing a tea with mint leaves works as a great remedy for general pain. Just pour a cup of boiling water over 1 Tbsp (15 mL) chopped fresh mint leaves and steep to desired strength. In the garden Mint should be contained in some way or it will take over an entire herb bed. Either confine it to a pot or planter or sink it into the ground in a bottomless container, such as an old plastic bucket. Mint likes a moist soil and will thrive in partial shade. Lemon balm This fragrant herb—a member of the large mint family—is considered a mood-lifter, particularly in relieving restlessness and anxiety that may accompany menopause or symptoms of PMS. Fresh lemon balm leaves may be brewed into a mild, lemon-flavoured tea; drying the leaves takes away most of their scent. Drinking the tea may reduce indigestion, flatulence, and bloating, and could help speed the healing of cold sores. Steep for 10 to 15 minutes, let cool, then apply the liquid with organic cotton balls to the cold sore as often as you can until it disappears. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take lemon balm. In the garden Lemon balm is a perennial that prefers a fertile, moist soil. It will happily spread its seeds unless flowers are kept cut back. Lavender The slender purple flower stalks are beloved by bees, and its heady fragrance is a favourite in colognes, soaps, and sachets. The name lavender comes from the Latin word lavare, or "to wash," and it was used in baths to purify body and spirit. Modern research backs up that notion, indicating that inhaling lavender's scent has a calming effect. There's growing evidence to suggest aromatherapy with lavender improves sleep quality, lifts mood, and promotes relaxation in people with sleeping disorders. It may also reduce agitation in patients with dementia. In Germany, lavender flowers have been approved as a tea to treat insomnia, restlessness, and stomach irritations. Oral use in children is not recommended and could cause constipation, headache, and increased appetite in some people. Some may also be allergic to the herb. In the garden Lavender is a Mediterranean native that prefers a sunny, dry location. Rosemary This fragrant, woody herb is often used in aromatherapy to increase concentration and memory and to relieve stress. Although more studies are needed, it is thought that rosemary can also help relieve muscle pain and spasms, stimulate hair growth, and treat indigestion. A recent study indicates the aroma of rosemary could also increase memory speed in elderly adults. Unless there is an allergic reaction, rosemary is harmless for both adults and children when used as a food spice. However, rosemary leaves are rich in volatile oils, and consuming large quantities of the leaves can cause serious side effects, including spasms, coma, and fluid in the lungs. Pregnant women should avoid rosemary as a herbal remedy, as high doses of the herb increase the risk of miscarriage. People using prescription medications should consult a health care practitioner before using any amount of rosemary as a health remedy. In the garden Rosemary hails from the Mediterranean and grows well in a warm, sunny location. It will survive mild winters, but must be sheltered from extended freezing. Calendula Also known as pot marigold, the cheery orange and yellow petals of this plant have been used in herbal remedies since the 12th century. Calendula is not the same as the marigold plant that's often seen in flower beds, although its use as a landscape plant is now widespread as well. The petals are edible and add beauty and extra nutrition to salads. Calendula is high in flavonoids and has been used to treat internal problems such as stomach ulcers and menstrual pain, but there isn't enough scientific evidence to rate its effectiveness for these conditions. However, research suggests calendula does work topically for minor cuts, burns, and bruises. Although calendula is used in many commercial herbal preparations to treat skin problems, you can make a water-based compress at home by steeping 2 tsp (10 mL) calendula flowers in a cup of boiling water. Let cool, strain out the flowers, and use the compress for up to an hour to treat minor burns, cuts, scrapes, insect bites, and other skin irritations. Repeat up to four times a day until healed. Note that people who are allergic to plants in the daisy and aster family, including chrysanthemums and ragweed, may also have an allergy to calendula. In the garden Calendula is easy to grow, and if you let a few flower heads go to seed this season, you'll be rewarded with volunteers next year. Plant them in a sunny garden spot or in pots, but watch for aphids and other pests. Remove any pests as soon as you see them. Aloe vera It's called the "first aid plant," and for certain purposes, it deserves that name. Aloe vera has been used as a herbal remedy for thousands of years for both external and internal healing of conditions such as diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, and osteoarthritis. Today it's found in many commercially produced soaps, shampoos, and skin care remedies. The plant itself sits on many home windowsills as a soothing remedy for minor burns and scrapes, though it has not been found as effective in healing deep wounds. The part used to treat skin problems is the clear gel inside the thick, fleshy spiked leaves. Aloe vera's skin, meanwhile, has powerful laxative properties that can be toxic at high doses. As a result, the US Food and Drug Administration banned aloe-based laxatives in 2002 because of insufficient information regarding their safety. In the garden Aloe vera is a succulent plant that can be found growing wild in tropical and temperate regions. In Canada, it will not survive our winters and must be brought indoors when the weather gets cold. Like other succulent and cactus plants, aloe requires well-drained, sandy soil and bright light to prosper. Let the plant dry out completely before watering. During low-light seasons, aloe will go dormant and will require almost no watering. During the growing season, the plant will produce side shoots known as "pups," which should be cut and planted in fresh soil for further growth. Proceed with caution It's recommended that you consult a knowledgeable health care practitioner both to determine a specific dose to fit your needs and to learn of any possible side effects. Before you begin treatment with herbal first aid remedies, remember that certain substances can trigger side effects such as allergies. They can also interact with other herbs, supplements, and medications. As well, most oils extracted from herbs should only be used topically, not orally. Finally, the common medical wisdom is that pregnant women should avoid using herbal remedies, except with the supervision of a health care practitioner.
Renee Blackstone is a freelance journalist and a regular alive contributor.
10 Quick and Healthy Plant-Based Lunch Recipes
Make your mid-day meal veggie forward and filling
Michelle von Hahn
A Thread Runs through It
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Melissa Curman
The Tiny World Within
The essential yet invisible microbiome
Gillian Flower, ND
The Psychology of Wellness
Why motivation is only part of the story when it comes to resolutions
Daniela Ginta, MSc
Choose natural.
Experience wellness.
Be alive.
The information provided on this website is for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed practitioner or healthcare provider. The opinions expressed here are not necessarily those of Alive Publishing Group Inc., its affiliates, or parent company. Different views may appear in future articles or publications. Information on alive.com is copyrighted and must not be reprinted, duplicated, or transmitted without permission.
Copyright © 2023 Alive Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


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TAC – Welsh indie TV producers' statement on BBC Charter Review
Iestyn Garlick, Chair of Teledwyr Annibynnol Cymru (TAC), today commented on the publication of the Government White Paper on BBC Charter Review:
"TAC welcomes those measures which give to independent producers the opportunity to bid to make more BBC programmes. The Welsh indie sector has a strong track record and we are confident of being able to win more commissions and therefore enable the BBC to better reflect the stories, perspectives and people of Wales to the rest of the UK and beyond. We also welcome requirements for BBC Studios to operate on a level playing field, in order that our producers can compete in a fair market."
"We are glad to see the maintaining of Out of London production quotas, as well as ongoing commitment to the funding and Review of S4C."
"We are pleased that Alun Cairns and Guto Bebb have stood up for the creative sector in Wales and worked with DCMS to construct these proposals".


Silicon Graphics International and Intel recently announced plans to reach exascale levels of computational power within ten years. Exascale computing amounts to computers that are capable of delivering 1,000+ petaflops (One exaflop is 1000 petaflops) of computational horsepower to process quintillions of calculations. To put that in perspective, today's supercomputers are just now breaking into the level of single-digit petaflop performance, with the fastest supercomputer delivering 8.16 petaflops. It is capable of this thanks to many thousands of eight core CPUs, whereas other top 500 supercomputers are starting to utilize a CPU and GPU combination in order to achieve petaflop performance.
This partnering of Central Processing Unit (CPU) and GPU (or other accelerator) allows high performance supercomputers to achieve much higher performance than with CPUs alone. Intel CPUs power close to 80% of the top 500 Supercomputers; however, they have begun to realize that specialized accelerators are able to speed up highly parallel computing tasks. Specifically, Intel plans to combine Xeon processors with successors to their Knights Corner Many Integrated Core accelerator to reach exascale performance levels when combined with other data transfer and inter-core communication advancements. Knights Corner is an upcoming successor to the Knights Ferry and Larrabee processors.
Knights corner will be able to run x86 based software and features 50 cores based on a 22nm manufacturing process. Each core will run four threads at 1.2 GHz, have 8 MB of cache, and will be supported by 512 bit vector processing units. It's predecessor, Knights Ferry is based on 32 45nm cores and eight contained in a Xeon server and are capable of 7.4 teraflops. Their MIC chip is aimed directly at NVIDIA's CUDA and AMD's OpenCL graphics processors, and is claimed to offer performance in addition to ease of use as they are capable of running traditional x86 based software.
It looks like the CPU-only supercomputers will be seeing more competition from GPU and MIC accelerated supercomputers, and will eventually be replaced at the exascale level. AMD and NVIDIA are betting heavily on their OpenCL and CUDA programmable graphics cards while Intel is going with a chip capable of running less specialized but widely used x86 programmable chips. It remains to be seen which platform will be victorious; however, the increased competition should hasten the advancement of high performance computing power. You can read more about Intel's plan for Many Integrated Core accelerated supercomputing here.
Knights Corner is not exactly Larrabee but the idea behind both are very similar. A large number of GPGPUs are integrated with a CPU, Intel is using a Xeon core now as opposed to a Pentium; with the GPGPUs hooked up in a similar method to Larrabee's ring of Pentium cores. The design is proven as they have sold units of the previous generation Kights Ferry and offers a feature that a lot of programmers are going to appreciate; instead of needing to learn a new language like CUDA or OpenCL, standard x86 scalar code is used to program these chips. This architecture is also expected to scale very well, for as ARM recently pointed out only specific multithreaded applications continue to scale well as more cores are added. Drop by The Inquirer for more information.
They will likely be sold as PCIe card like the Knights Ferry card pictured above.
"CHIPMAKER Intel has announced its second generation hybrid core technology codenamed 'Knights Corner'.
Knights Corner is Intel's second chip in its Many Integrated Core (MIC) chip line and will feature Xeon X86 cores and more than 50 GPGPU cores loosely based on what was previously known as Larrabee. Knights Corner will be fabricated using Intel's 22nm tri-gate process node beginning in 2012, though the firm would not be drawn on the exact core count at this time."


The pumpkin oatmeal would make a great dish to share with your friends and family at a holiday party. Holiday parties are also a great time to craft, especially with kids. The DIY Ornament Party for the Kids post shows you how to entertain the kiddos while encouraging their creativity and confidence. Using the Bath Bomb Mold and Package, children can create ornaments by adding glitter, toys, ribbon, pom-poms and pipe cleaners.
The colors in the ornaments are so fun and festive! The Neon Embed Cold Process Soap Video has more bright and fun colors that really add some wow to the soap. Filmed in 2011, the video features the talented Kristy Schemrich. She shows you how to create colorful spheres and embeds that really pop against the white soap base. Topped off with plenty of glitter, the soap is a real show stopper.
While bright neon colors are a lot of fun, deeper richer tones look great as well. The Sculpting Mustache Wax has hues of rich brown, bright white and deep black to go with any color of mustache. Castor oil and vitamin E oil create a sticky texture that makes it easy to mold your facial hair, while olive oil and hazelnut oil help moisturize.
The colorful soap and mustache wax would be great to give away or sell at a local store. In order to start selling your products at a store, you need to ask. The Writing an Introduction Letter post explains how to talk to store owners and get your products in their stores. Persistence and a little patience is key.
Another great way to sell your soap is on Etsy. Learn how to sell your products in the Bramble Business Series: How to Set up an Etsy Shop Post. Jennifer with Bear Creek Soapworks LLC has beautiful soaps on her Etsy page. Her Pink Peppermint soap, fragranced with sweet and herbaceous Peppermint Essential Oil, 1st Distill is this week's Facebook Photo of the Week.
Jennifer's soap has swirls of rich red and white, which are classic and beautiful holiday colors. The soap is topped off with gold for a little sparkle. If you want some minty fresh soap, you'll love the Cool Yule Peppermint Loaf. The Pepperminty Bark Soap for the Holidays is scented with peppermint as well as Dark Rich Chocolate Fragrance Oil for a sweet kick.
Above (clockwise, top left) are Jennifer's Navajo Soap, Fresh Snow Soap, Blueberries and Cream Soap and Cranberry Fig Soap. A hanger gives Jennifer's Cranberry Fig soap an interesting and unique design. A hanger is used to create a tree in this Christmas Tree Swirl Cold Process Tutorial. It also adds a fun design in this Rose Garden Cold Process Soap Tutorial.
What pretty soaps! Congratulations Jennifer!


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Law & Compliance
How Legionella affects your Business
Our qualified risk assessors will carry out a detailed assessment of your premises, which will ensure compliance with the approved code of practice ACOP L8.
Failure to comply with the legal requirements surrounding Legionella can result in prosecution.
Legionella causes Legionnaires' Disease, a potentially fatal form of pneumonia. Failure to properly manage your water systems may risks your life or that of your staff or clients.
If the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 applies to your business premises, then you are required by law to commission a Legionella risk assessment on its hot and cold-water systems.
The risk assessment will provide:
Identification and assessment of the source of any risk of Legionella. A written scheme (course of action), to prevent, minimise and control the risk
Our aim when carrying out a Legionella risk assessment is to ensure you understand your water systems and the risks posed to staff and the public. Upon completion, we will provide advice on the best course of action to ensure the risk of Legionella proliferation is prevented or minimised.
Risk assessments are valid for twoyears but may need to be reviewed sooner if there are changes to the building, the water system or its use, signs that the current control measures are no longer adequate, or a case of Legionella/Legionellosis is associated with the system.
Whilst failure to comply to any part of the ACoP is not in itself an offence, that failure may be used in criminal proceedings in a court of law in contravention to HSWA 1974, COSHH 2002 and MHSWA 1999.
What is Legionnaires' Disease?
How do I book a Legionella Risk Assessment?
Domestic Property
Health And Safety & Code Of Conduct
All of our staff work to strict health and safety standards, to maintain staff and client health as well as providing the very best service level. Please click here to read the Legionella Control Association's recommended Code Of Conduct for service providers – a code we adhere to, or exceed, at every attendance.
Why you need a Legionella Risk Assessment
Under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 there is a legal requirement to carry out a Legionella risk assessment of your premises where the risk of exposure to Legionella bacteria from work activities or water systems is present.
AMES consultants will carry out a detailed assessment of your premises working closely with you whilst on-site to ensure all systems are covered and that any control measures in place comply with the regulations and are effective.
Speak to our specialist advisors today:
Guardian Hygiene Services Ltd
Lincoln Enterprise Park
Newark Road
LN5 9FP
enquiries@guardian-group.co.uk
© Guardian Hygiene Services Ltd 2021 | All rights reserved
Registered Office: Unit 11, Lincoln Enterprise Park, Newark Road, Lincoln, LN5 9FP


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Disney+ debuts sneak peek at the new original series from NatGeo 'The Right Stuff'
National Geographic is getting ready to release its first scripted series for Disney+!
On Saturday, as part of its [email protected] panel for its upcoming original series The Right Stuff, Disney+ released a sneak peek from the service's first scripted series from National Geographic. Premiering this fall, The Right Stuff tells the incredible story of America's first astronauts, the Mercury Seven, during the early days of the U.S. Space Program.
The [email protected] panel was moderated by former NASA Astronaut Dr. Mae Jemison. It also featured cast members Patrick J. Adams ("Major John Glenn"), Jake McDorman ("Lieutenant Commander Alan Shepard"), Colin O'Donoghue ("Captain Gordon Cooper"), Michael Trotter ("Gus Grissom"), Aaron Staton ("Wally Schirra"), Micah Stock ("Deke Slayton"), James Lafferty ("Scott Carpenter"), Nora Zehetner ("Annie Glenn"), Shannon Lucio ("Louise Shepard"), Eloise Mumford ("Trudy Cooper"), Eric Ladin ("Chris Kraft"), and Patrick Fischler ("Bob Gilruth"). As well as Showrunner and Executive Producer Mark Lafferty, and Executive Producer Jennifer Davisson.
Click here to watch the full panel.
Based on the iconic bestseller by Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff starts at the height of the Cold War in 1959, the Soviet Union dominates the space race, and America fears it is a nation in decline.
Newly-formed NASA has the monumental task of sending a man into space, and its engineers estimate they need decades to accomplish the feat. They are given two years. Dubbed Project Mercury, the program recruits and trains just seven astronauts from a handful of the military's best pilots.
Within days of being presented to the world, the Mercury Seven become instant celebrities, forged into heroes before they achieve a single heroic act. At a time when many wondered if America's glory days were behind it, The Right Stuff is an aspirational story about how ordinary human beings can achieve the extraordinary. As much about who we are today as it is about historic achievements, the series evokes the wonder of this singular era, when the free world looked towards a new horizon of hope as we first stepped off the bounds of our only home to venture into the vast unknown.
There is pressure for this series to be a stand out as its predecessors have brought home many accolades over the years. The book won a National Book Award and at the 1984 Oscars the film adaptation directed by Philip Kaufman, was nominated for 8 Oscars and took home 4 including those for Best Sound Mixing, Best Original Music Score, Best Film Editing, and Best Sound Editing.
The Right Stuff premieres this fall on Disney+ and is produced by Leonardo DiCaprio's Appian Way and Warner Horizon Scripted Television.
disney plus, national geographic
Superman dons a black cape in the 'Snyder-Cut' of 'Justice League'
The 25 best date night movies streaming on Netflix in 2020


Great recap and congratulations! I would totally lose count of the number of laps. I lose count of the laps around Pantry Park all the time and the number of hills when I'm doing hill training. I heard that the World Masters Championship is taking place in Toronto in 2020. It will be so cool when you participate in it (I'm already assuming you will be :)!
You are amazing Cathy! Good for you for stepping (running) outside of your comfort zone.
Thanks so much Nancy! That means a lot!
Thanks Nancy! The more comments by friends and family I see the more I realize the scope of the accomplishment. It feels good.


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Home BREAKING NEWS Adiyta Roy Kapoor Wants To Experiment With Different Genres
Adiyta Roy Kapoor Wants To Experiment With Different Genres
Bollywood actor Aditya Roy Kapoor, who will next be seen in "OK Jaanu", says he wants to experiment with various roles and even genres of films.
Aditya, who has mostly played a lover boy in movies like "Aashiqui 2", "Dawaat-e-ishq" and "Fitoor", told the media here: I would love to experiment with different genres of films. I know that right now I have the image of a romantic hero, but I want to do an action and comedy… I am open to it."
Talking about "OK Jaanu", in which he is paired with Shraddha Kapoor, Aditya said: "When it comes to 'Ok Jaanu', I think though I've played lover in my earlier films, none of them were a light- hearted romantic film like this. So I think people will get to see a different side."
Staring his career as a video jockey on a youth channel, Aditya made his debut in Bollywood with the multi-starrer "London Dreams" in 2009. He got his first big break as a lead actor in 2013 with "Aashiqui 2". After a superhit film like "Aashiqui 2", the actor is coming up with only one film in a year. Why is he keeping a slow pace?
"I think I have to say yes to more scripts, maybe. I think I am too choosy about my scripts and always look for a perfect one."
Directed by Shaad Ali, "Ok Jaanu" will release Jan. 13.
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'Big part of our desire for the future' says Priyanka Chopra...
Disney+Hotstar and Ajay Devgn present The Great Indian Murder
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Sheer, multi-use Akt Therapy Skincare Lip Balm & Face Stick protects skin from UV damage, and works to nourish and heal skin. Rich moisturizing cocoa butter and coconut oil create a tropical lightly scented base. Repairing avocado and soothing calendula keep cheeks and lips nourished in the sun!
Daily use for sun, sport, and surf!
The Akt Therapy Skincare Lip Balm & Face stick is all natural, non-toxic, and nothing but pure protection.


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Habenaria monogyne är en orkidéart som beskrevs av Rudolf Schlechter. Habenaria monogyne ingår i släktet Habenaria och familjen orkidéer.

Artens utbredningsområde är Samoa. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Orkidéer
monogyne


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$2 Million "Adjustment" for That Modern Silicon Valley Mansion
Having been priced at $29.8 million earlier this year and now touting nine Feng Shui selling points, including that the "grounded nature of the home will allow the owner to expand their income," the list price for modern new Atherton mansion at 96 Ridge View Drive has just officially... Read More »
Menlo Park House of Light Fetches $5.5 Million
Designed by the late modernist architect John Thodos and built on a wooded Menlo Park lot eight years ago, the award-winning "House of Light" at 625 Hobart Street, which first hit the market in 2016 priced at $8.5 million, has sold for $5,537,500 or roughly $1,099 per square foot.... Read More »
Modern Silicon Valley Mansion Priced at $29.8 Million
Having been unofficially on the market as an unfinished spec home without a published price since 2016, the new modern Atherton mansion which sits on a 1.6-acre parcel at 96 Ridge View Drive and offers views to the skyline of San Francisco is now construction complete and officially on... Read More »
Designer Glen Park Home Fetches 9.5 Percent over Its 2014 Price
As we wrote three weeks ago: Designed by architect Strachan Forgan and built for himself in 2007, the 1,850-square-foot Glen Park home at 1223 Bosworth Street was featured on the American Institute of Architects (AIA) tour of homes back in 2009. While the modern home – which is outfitted... Read More »
Modern Glen Park Home Listed Below 2014 Price Now in Contract
Designed by architect Strachan Forgan and built for himself in 2007, the 1,850-square-foot Glen Park home at 1223 Bosworth Street was featured on the American Institute of Architects (AIA) tour of homes back in 2009. While the modern home – which is outfitted with a double height living room, a... Read More »
New Plans for Redevelopment of This Historic Polk Street Site
As originally envisioned by Natoma Architects and formally proposed back in 2014, a modern six-story addition was to rise up to 85 feet in height atop the historic two-story building at 1033 Polk Street, with cantilevered balconies and a total of nine (9) new condos over 1,875 square feet... Read More »
Plans to Raze an $11 Million Fixer for a Fashionable Mansion to Rise
Purchased as an oceanfront "fixer" for $11 million in April of 2015, plans to demolish the existing 4,600-square-foot home at 178 Sea Cliff Avenue are in the works. And as envisioned, a modern 10,400-square-foot mansion, which includes a 2,000-square-foot basement garage, will rise up to 30 feet in height... Read More »
Modern Mansion Will Rise but Penthouse Could Get Cut
San Francisco's Board of Appeals has upheld the approval of a permit to start demolishing the existing 3,835-square-foot home at 255 Sea Cliff Avenue in order to make way for a modern mansion to rise. But the fate of the mansion's previously approved design remains in flux. While a... Read More »
Approved Plans for Modern Mansion Rankles its Neighbors
Purchased as a meticulously maintained Sea Cliff home for $3.15 million in March of 2012, plans to raze the 3,835-square-foot house at 255 Sea Cliff Avenue soon emerged as did plans for a modern 6,100-square-foot home designed by Butler Armsden Architects to rise up to four stories in height... Read More »
Menlo Park House of Light Reduced Another Million
Designed by the late modernist architect John Thodos and built on a wooded Menlo Park lot seven years ago, the award-winning "House of Light" at 625 Hobart Street hit the market early last year priced at $8.5 million or roughly $1,690 per square foot. Reduced to $6.8 million at... Read More »


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Coates v. Newhall Land Farming, Inc.
Hass v. Rhodyco Prods.
In other words, although a decedent cannot release or waive a subsequent wrongful death claim by the…
Eriksson v. Nunnink
[Citation.]" (Madison v. Superior Court, supra, 203 Cal.App.3d at p. 597, 250 Cal.Rptr. 299 ; see Ruiz v.…
Full title:NORMA COATES et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. NEWHALL LAND FARMING…
Court:Court of Appeal of California, Second District, Division Three
Date published: Apr 14, 1987
191 Cal.App.3d 1 (Cal. Ct. App. 1987)
236 Cal. Rptr. 181
Court of Appeal of California, Second District, Division Three
discussing waiver in context of summary judgment motion
Summary of this case from Celador Intern. Ltd. v. Walt Disney Co.
Docket No. B019112.
Appeal from Superior Court of Los Angeles County, No. C500713, Robert H. O'Brien, Judge.
Harold Greenberg and Michael J. Kelly for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Shield Smith and Douglas Fee for Defendants and Respondents.
LUI, J. —
Charles Coates (Coates) was fatally injured while riding a dirtbike in a park owned and operated by respondents. His heirs sued for wrongful death, alleging that respondents had negligently designed and maintained the trail on which Coates had been riding, causing Coates's death. The trial court granted respondents' motion for summary judgment, based on a contract Coates had signed before he was injured.
We conclude that a decedent's preinjury contractual assumption of risk eliminates the possibility of tortious conduct by a potential defendant, and thus precludes a wrongful death action, if (1) the contract is not against public policy and (2) the risk encountered by the decedent is inherent in the activity in which the decedent was engaged, or the type of risk the parties contemplated when they executed the contract.
In this case, the "release" which Coates voluntarily signed before entering the park is not contrary to public policy under Tunkl v. Regents of University of California (1963) 60 Cal.2d 92 [ 32 Cal.Rptr. 33, 383 F.2d 441, 6 A.L.R.3d 693], which permits private, voluntary transactions in which one party assumes a risk which would normally fall on the other party. In addition, the only reasonable inference from the facts alleged in appellants' complaint is that the risk Coates encountered is a risk normally inherent in riding a dirtbike in an outdoor park, and the type of risk the parties contemplated.
In Tunkl, the court concluded that public policy opposes assumption of the risk by a patient entering a hospital; in that context, unlike the situation in this appeal, assumption of the risk is involuntary, due to the essential nature of hospital services.
We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Respondents owned a recreational park which included a trail used for offroad motorcycle (dirtbike) riding by the public. Coates was legally in the park, having paid the required admission fee. Before entering the park, Coates had signed a "general release." While using the dirtbike trail, Coates was fatally injured.
At the top of the document, printed in bold red letters, were the words: "SINCE ALL MOTORBIKE RIDING IS DANGEROUS WE REQUIRE ALL RIDERS AND VISITORS TO ASSUME ALL RISK BY SIGNING THIS GENERAL RELEASE." At the bottom of the document, the words "MOTORCYCLING IS DANGEROUS" appeared in even larger red print.
The release provided in pertinent part: "[T]he Undersigned, for himself and personal representatives, assigns, heirs and next of kin . . .: [¶] 1. Hereby Releases, Waives, Discharges and Covenants Not To Sue the . . . Park Owner . . . [his] officers and employees, all for purposes herein referred to as Releasees, from all liability to the Undersigned, his personal representatives, assigns, heirs and next of kin for all loss or damage and any claim or demands therefor, on account of injury to the person or property or resulting in death of the Undersigned, whether caused by the negligence of Releasees or otherwise while the Undersigned is upon the Park premises. . . . [¶] [T]he Undersigned warrants the following statements are true and correct and understands that the Releasees have relied on them in entering into the foregoing Release . . . and in giving the Undersigned permission to enter the . . . Park: [¶] 1. No oral representations, statements or inducements apart from the foregoing written agreement have been made. [¶] 2. The undersigned . . . [ is] fully aware of the risks and hazards inherent in entering upon said premises or in participating in any events held in or upon said premises and hereby elect[ s] voluntarily to enter upon said premises, knowing the present condition and knowing that said condition may become more hazardous and dangerous . . . [ and] voluntarily assume[s] all risks of loss, damage, or injury that may be sustained by [ him] . . . while in or upon said premises. . . . [¶] 5. HE HAS READ AND VOLUNTARILY SIGNS THIS RELEASE AND WAIVER OF ALL LIABILITY AND INDEMNITY AGREEMENT." (Italics added.)
Coates's heirs sued for wrongful death. Their first amended complaint alleged that the fatal injury had been directly caused by respondents' negligence in designing, building, and maintaining the park, and by respondents' breach of an express warranty that the park was safe for its intended use. Respondents generally denied the allegations of the complaint, and alleged as affirmative defenses assumption of the risk and contributory negligence.
A year later, after interrogatories had been answered by both sides, respondents moved for summary judgment. After a hearing, the trial court granted the motion, holding that "the release does preclude the wrongful death action as it would preclude any action by the decedent."
A timely notice of appeal was filed.
CONTENTIONS ON APPEAL
Appellants' essential contentions may be summarized as follows:
1. Under Earley v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co. (1917) 176 Cal. 79 [ 167 P. 513], a cause of action for wrongful death cannot be destroyed by a release given by a decedent while he was alive.
2. Whether Coates knowingly assumed the specific risk that resulted in his death is a triable issue of fact.
3. Respondents refused to answer depositions and interrogatories regarding prior accidents and fatalities in the park, which would have established that respondents had notice of the dangerous condition of their property, supporting an action based on recklessness.
DISCUSSION I Review of a Grant of a Motion for Summary Judgment Where the Effect of a Release Is Disputed
Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (c), provides that a motion for summary judgment "shall be granted if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."
(1) On appeal, "[t]he reviewing court must determine upon a de novo examination of the affidavits whether there was no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law." ( D'Aquisto v. Campbell Industries (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 1208, 1212 [ 209 Cal.Rptr. 108] .)
In this case, the facts are undisputed. Therefore, our task is to determine whether, as a matter of law a "release" signed prior to a fatal injury can bar a subsequent wrongful death action and, if so, whether the particular "release" in this case was valid.
II Coates's Assumption of Risk Before Injury Bars His Heirs' Wrongful Death Action
A. Unlike the Releases in Earley and Robison, the "Release" in This Case Was an Express Assumption of Risk, Eliminating the Possibility of Tortious Conduct
Appellants contend that the "release" signed by Coates before he was injured cannot bar their action for wrongful death under Code of Civil Procedure section 377 They note that the damages they suffered are independent from any damages suffered by Coates, and did not accrue until the death of Coates, who had no statutory authority to waive their action.
This appears to be a case of first impression. While there have been California decisions indirectly acknowledging that a decedent's assumption of the risk implied by conduct may bar a wrongful death action (see, e.g., Johnson v. Nicholson (1958) 159 Cal.App.2d 395, 410-411 [ 324 P.2d 307]; Barnett v. Garrison (1949) 93 Cal.App.2d 553, 557 [ 209 P.2d 426]), we are aware of no prior California cases that deal directly with the issue of a decedent's express, contractual assumption of risk before injury as a bar to a wrongful death action.
Respondents cite Herbert v. Superior Court (1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 718 [ 215 Cal.Rptr. 477] to support the contention that heirs, in general, are bound by a decedent's premortem contractual agreements. However, the decision in Herbert was based on reasoning not applicable in this case. First, the court noted that spouses have mutual obligations of care and support, and occupy a fiduciary relationship to each other, and concluded that a decedent's premortem contractual agreement to arbitrate medical malpractice claims therefore should be binding on his spouse who was a member of his group health plan. Next, the court considered the Code of Civil Procedure sections governing contractual arbitration proceedings, and found evidence of a legislative intent that a patient who signs an arbitration agreement may bind his heirs who are not members of his health plan.
The holding in Herbert cannot be extended beyond the area of premortem agreements to arbitrate medical malpractice claims without articulating comparable supporting policies.
Another case dealing with the effect of a decedent's premortem actions on his heirs' claims is Rovegno v. San Jose K. of C. Hall Assn. (1930) 108 Cal.App. 591 [ 291 P. 848]. Although similar to this appeal, Rovegno can be distinguished. There, appellant's son drowned in a swimming pool owned by respondents. Appellant sued for wrongful death, alleging that respondents had been negligent in failing to provide lifeguards at the pool. Respondents' motion for a nonsuit was granted. On appeal, respondents argued that the decedent had assumed the risk of drowning because, as a member, he was bound by a rule of the Knights of Columbus, mailed to the members and posted at the pool, which provided: "`Bathers using [the] pool do so at their own risk.'" ( Id., at pp. 597-598.)
The court rejected this argument, noting that respondents had not based their motion for a nonsuit on these grounds. The court also observed, "This action is based upon alleged negligence, while the last suggested defense . . . arises from contract. Even though it might have been available against the decedent had he lived and brought suit for damages on account of personal injuries, it cannot operate to defeat his mother's independent statutory right of action. . . ." ( Id., 108 Cal.App. at p. 598, italics added, citing Earley v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co., supra, 176 Cal. 79.)
In our view, the decedent's assumption of risk in Rovegno is more properly characterized as implied by conduct (i.e., by swimming without a lifeguard present after reading the warning sign) rather than arising from an express contract. Further, we find that the court's conclusion — that a decedent may never contractually bar his heirs' wrongful death action — was based on a misinterpretation of the rule in Earley which, in our view, applies only to true contractual releases of liability and not to contractual assumption of risk before injury. (See Discussion, part II-A, post.)
To support their contention, appellants cite Earley v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co., supra, 176 Cal. 79, and Robison v. Leigh (1957) 153 Cal.App.2d 730 [ 315 P.2d 42]. However, both Earley and Robison are factually and conceptually quite different from this appeal. In both those cases, a party renounced a vested right to sue by signing a release after a wrongful, negligent act had caused an injury.
In this case, Coates signed a contract before he was injured. (See fn. 2, ante, at p. 4.) In the first half of the contract, he expressly waived liability for injuries or death which might result from respondents' ordinary negligence in the future. In the second half, he expressly assumed all risk of injury from dangers inherent in dirtbike riding on respondents' premises. Both of these agreements differ significantly from the agreements in Earley and Robison in terms of the incentives given to potential defendants.
(2) By an advance waiver of liability, a potential plaintiff promises not to exercise the right to sue for harm caused in the future by the wrongful behavior of a potential defendant, eliminating a remedy for wrongdoing. By an express assumption of risk, the potential plaintiff agrees not to expect the potential defendant to act carefully, thus eliminating the potential defendant's duty of care, and acknowledging the possibility of negligent wrongdoing. Both agreements permit behavior that normally would be actionable as tortious, although an express assumption of risk goes further, more clearly authorizing this behavior.
Behavior which is authorized is not wrongful and, logically, cannot be the basis of a wrongful death action. (3) "In its most basic sense, assumption of risk means that the plaintiff, in advance, has given his express consent to relieve the defendant of an obligation of conduct toward him, and to take his chances of injury from a known risk arising from what the defendant is to do or leave undone. [Fn. omitted.] . . . The result is that the defendant is relieved of legal duty to the plaintiff; and being under no duty, he cannot be charged with negligence." (Prosser Keeton, Torts (5th ed. 1984) § 68, pp. 480-481, italics in original.) Therefore, if Coates validly assumed the risk of injury which resulted in his death, then we must affirm the judgment below.
"If the defendant seeks to use the agreement to escape responsibility for the consequences of his negligence, then it must so provide, clearly and unequivocally, as by using the word `negligence' itself." ( Id., at p. 484, fn. omitted. See also Celli v. Sports Car Club, Inc. (1972) 29 Cal.App.3d 511, 518, 519 [ 105 Cal.Rptr. 904].) In this case the word "negligence" appears in the "release" Coates signed.
B. Coates Validly Assumed the Risk Which Caused His Fatal Injury; the Contract He Signed Is Not Against Public Policy, and the Risk He Encountered Is a Risk the Contract Was Intended to Cover
(4) "A plaintiff who by contract or otherwise expressly agrees to accept a risk of harm arising from the defendant's negligent . . . conduct cannot recover for such harm, unless the agreement is invalid as contrary to public policy." (Rest.2d Torts, § 496B.)
"[N]o public policy opposes private, voluntary transactions in which one party, for a consideration, agrees to shoulder a risk which the law would otherwise have placed upon the other party. . . ." ( Tunkl v. Regents of University of California, supra, 60 Cal. 2d at p. 101.) (5) Clearly, the recreational park/dirtbike rider contract is a private, voluntary transaction. As the court recently observed in evaluating an agreement much like the one in this case, "by no means other than a most strained construction could the exculpatory instrument in issue involve the public interest. . . ." ( McAtee v. Newhall Land Farming Co. (1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 1031, 1034 [ 216 Cal.Rptr. 465]; see also Okura v. United States Cycling Federation (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d 1462, 1466-1468 [ 231 Cal.Rptr. 429].)
Appellants rgue that the contract Coates signed states only that "MOTORCYCLING IS DANGEROUS," and that it is a triable issue of fact whether Coates had sufficient knowledge of the particular risk which resulted in his death. (6) However, knowledge of a particular risk is unnecessary when there is an express agreement to assume all risk; by express agreement a "plaintiff may undertake to assume all of the risks of a particular . . . situation, whether they are known or unknown to him." (Rest.2d Torts, § 496D, com. a, italics added; Prosser Keeton, Torts, supra, § 68, p. 482.) (7) Further, the agreement which Coates signed before he entered the park affirmed that Coates knew the present condition of the park and assumed all risks of injury that he might sustain while in the park. Finally, even if Coates was visiting the park for the first time, as appellants allege, "neither knowledge of the danger involved, nor appreciation of the magnitude of the risk, requires the clairvoyance to foresee the exact accident and injury which in fact occurred." ( Sperling v. Hatch (1970) 10 Cal.App.3d 54, 61 [ 88 Cal.Rptr. 704].) Implicit in the knowledge that "motorcycling is dangerous" is the knowledge that riding over rough, uneven terrain in an outdoor park poses a risk of injury from a fall.
The irst amended complaint fails to reveal the particular risk Coates encountered, alleging simply that Coates "was fatally injured while using [respondents'] trail." We note that the original complaint alleged that Coates "fell from [a] progressively steepening slope, over [a] hidden cliff, and to his death."
The cases cited by appellants are distinguishable from this case, since they involved implied assumption of risk, where knowledge and appreciation of danger must be established.
Like Coates, the appellant in McAtee, supra, 169 Cal.App.3d 1031, rode over a cliff-like area and was injured. By finding that the release in that case barred appellant's suit, the court implicitly found that this type of accident falls within the risks assumed by motorcycle riders when they expressly assume "all risks." However, the question whether such a release would bar a wrongful death action was not decided, because McAtee survived and sued for his own injuries. (See also Okura v. United States Cycling Federation, supra, 186 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1464-1465, 1468-1469 [finding that risk of falling when bicycle hit loose debris while crossing railroad tracks on race course was type of risk assumed by bicycle race participant when he signed preincident release, despite lack of opportunity to inspect course before race].)
Arnold v. Shawano County Agr. Soc. (1983) 111 Wis.2d 203 [ 330 N.W.2d 773], cited by appellants at oral argument as persuasive authority, can be distinguished. There, a race car driver suffered severe brain damage when, during rescue operations, fire extinguishing chemicals were sprayed on his burning vehicle while he was still inside. He sued the sponsor of the race, who moved for summary judgment based on an exculpatory contract much like the one in this appeal.
The Wisconsin Supreme Court concluded, "While it would be reasonable to assume that this exculpatory contract was intended to preclude liability for such things as negligent maintenance of the track or the negligent driving of another driver participant, we cannot conclude that this contract was meant to cover negligent rescue operations. We believe that an issue of material fact exists as to whether the risk of negligent rescue operations was within the contemplation of the parties at the time the exculpatory contract was executed." (330 N.W.2d at p. 778.)
Conversely, in this case the only reasonable inference is that the risk of injury from a fall while riding over uneven terrain was exactly the type of risk the parties contemplated when the contract was executed. Although the scope of a release and the intention of the parties is sometimes a question of fact, here, where the terms of the contract are not ambiguous, the intention of the parties can be ascertained from the writing alone, as a matter of law. (See Civ. Code, § 1639)
By contractually agreeing to assume all the risks of dirtbike riding on respondents' premises, Coates consented to certain acts or omissions by respondents which would otherwise be negligent. (See 4 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (8th ed. 1974) Torts, § 161, p. 2451.) Just as appellants' wrongful death recovery would be reduced if Coates's actions were contributorily negligent (see Hasson v. Ford Motor Co. (1977) 19 Cal.3d 530, 552 [ 138 Cal.Rptr. 705, 564 P.2d 857, 99 A.L.R.3d 158]) and barred if respondents' actions were justified (see Nakashima v. Takase (1935) 8 Cal.App.2d 35, 38 [ 46 P.2d 1020]), so is it destroyed by Coates's contractual consent.
III Any Disputed Fact Which Relates to Recklessness Is Not a Material Fact in an Action Based on Negligence
Appellants argue that respondents "refused to provide [appellants] with any information [during discovery] regarding prior accidents and fatalities which users of the . . . [p]ark have suffered," and that this information would have established that respondents had notice of the dangerous condition of their property, supporting an action based on recklessness.
Because appellants declined to accept the trial court's offer to grant a continuance so that appellants could conduct more discovery, or file a motion to compel discovery, this issue is not properly before this court.
(8) Furthermore, because appellants' amended complaint charged respondents with negligence, any disputed fact which relates to recklessness is not a material fact, and does not prevent a summary judgment.
The judgment is affirmed.
Klein, P.J., and Arabian, J., concurred.
Appellants' petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied July 1, 1987.
In Coates, the decedent's release provided defendant with a complete defense to the action itself (as opposed to a simple waiver of a future right to sue) whereas in Scroggs it did nothing more than purport to release a right which decedent did not own, a result which Scroggs properly refused to sanction.
Summary of this case from Madison v. Superior Court
In Coates, the decedent executed a release expressly assuming the risk of injury and waiving liability for injuries or death resulting from Newhall's ordinary negligence.
Summary of this case from Scroggs v. Coast Community College Dist


On March 1, 2018, Diabetes Care published a study that compared the prognosis among young patients with Type 1 diabetes from different ethnic groups. The study, led by Maria Jose Redondo et. al. for the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium, involved over 900 participants (631 whites, 216 Hispanics, and 80 African Americans) under the age of 19. The research team aggregated demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical data from medical records and interviews with patients and parents for three years after diagnosis.
The purpose of the study was not to prove that disparities in outcomes exist between whites and ethnic minorities, since this fact is already well-established. Rather, it was to more closely identify baseline characteristics, early outcomes, treatments, and other cardiovascular risk factors.
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Hispanics also had a significantly higher percentile of BMI at the time of diagnosis compared to whites (64% vs 43%). They, too, presented at a more advanced stage of puberty and were more likely to be positive for GAD65 and insulin autoantibodies. There was a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and worse insulin-dose trajectory than whites. However, in the case of Hispanics, disparities were not significant after socioeconomic considerations.
According to researchers, the study "underscore[s] the importance of integrating race/ethnicity in predictive models for outcomes of interest to guide efforts to improve population health management." Poorer early trajectory, for instance, could increase risk of long-term complications. Clinicians should be aware of such risk factors and screen as needed. The team emphasized the urgent need for more research focused on the etiology of racial differences in factors that predict poor diabetes outcomes.
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