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Home | News | Uyghur
US House Speaker Appoints Uyghur Attorney Nury Turkel to Panel on Religious Freedom
Nury Turkel in a photo provided by USCIRF.
USCIRF
U.S. House of Representatives Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi has appointed Washington-based Uyghur attorney Nury Turkel to the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF).
Turkel will serve until May 14, 2022 as a commissioner on the bipartisan body, which has called for holding China accountable for human rights violations against Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), and succeeds Tibetan-American Dr. Tenzin Dorjee, according to a congressional record dated May 22.
"As an immigrant and a member of an oppressed ethnic group in China, I am thrilled and humbled to be appointed by Speaker Nancy Pelosi as a Commissioner on the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom," Turkel told RFA's Uyghur Service on Tuesday.
"I am profoundly grateful for the opportunity to contribute to USCIRF's important work to promote and protect religious freedom around the world."
The appointment comes ahead of a planned Wednesday vote by the House on the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020—a bill that would sanction Chinese government officials responsible for arbitrary incarceration, forced labor and other abuses in the XUAR, home to internment camps holding as many as 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslims.
The U.S. bill, which was passed unanimously by the Senate in mid-May, condemns the Chinese Communist Party for the three-year-old internment camp program and requires regular monitoring of the situation in the region by U.S. government bodies for the application of sanctions once signed into law by President Donald Trump.
Washington-based Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP), which Turkel co-founded in 2003 and whose board he chairs, welcomed Pelosi's appointment in a statement on Tuesday, calling USCIRF "a leading voice in the global fight to defend religious freedom."
"Speaker Pelosi's appointment of a Uyghur American to USCIRF sends an important message. Nury's work as a Commissioner will be a symbol of Uyghur Americans' whole-hearted embrace of democratic values and religious freedom for all," said UHRP executive director Omer Kanat.
"Nury has been an outstanding voice calling for global action to end the mass atrocities committed against Uyghurs in our homeland, East Turkistan," Kanat added, using the name preferred by Uyghurs for their homeland.
Bipartisan panel
Comprised of nine commissioners, USCIRF is an independent body that reviews violations of religious freedom internationally and makes policy recommendations to the White House, State Department, and Congress.
USCIRF commissioners are appointed by the U.S. President and the leadership of both political parties in the House and Senate.
Last month, in an annual report, USCIRF called for sanctions against entities deemed responsible for the persecution of Muslims in the XUAR and for China to be placed on a State Department blacklist of the world's worst abusers of religious freedoms.
It said behavior deemed to be signs of "religious extremism," such as wearing long beards and refusing alcohol, regularly lead to detention in the XUAR's camps, where former detainees have reported being subjected to torture, rape, sterilization, and other abuses.
Reported and translated by Alim Seytoff for RFA's Uyghur Service. Written in English by Joshua Lipes.
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Time to give up on Creating Change conference? Creating Change brings focus to marginalized narratives. Currently, the national pageant consists of 3 nights of preliminary competition, where all contestants compete in male interview, solo talent, evening gown, and production talent. Guatemala congressman expresses concern over Trump anti-immigrant rhetoric. Bill to ban physical conversion therapy treatments for minors killed in Va. Babs Siperstein, pioneering N. Metro pleads for full late-night surrender to Uber and Lyft.
The Miss Gay D. On June 25,the first pageant was held at Peek's Nashville saloon. November 17, at April 26, at ICE confirms 45 transgender women being held at Texas detention center. Confronting a childhood of sexual abuse in Kuwait. Strangely, straight men are not explicitly barred by pageant rules although contestants can be barred for any reason if "the entry of the contestant would not be in the best interest of the contest".
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Composers Anecdotes
Philip Glass: Composer and Taxi Driver
by Georg Predota	September 27th, 2015
Tags: Glass
September 27, 2015 By Interlude0 Comments
In order to pay rent, composers frequently take up secondary jobs. Borodin was a licensed chemist, Ives worked in the insurance industry, and the pioneer of minimalist music Philip Glass supported himself by working as a plumber, furniture mover and taxi driver. "I was careful," the composer explained, "to take a job that couldn't have any possible meaning for me." Even after Glass achieved fame and notoriety with his opera Einstein on the Beach in 1976, he still continued to ply his blue-collar trades. Called upon to install a dishwasher, "I suddenly heard a noise and looked up to find Robert Hughes, the art critic of Time magazine, staring at me in disbelief. 'But you're Philip Glass! What are you doing here?' It was obvious that I was installing his dishwasher and I told him I would soon be finished. 'But you are an artist,' he protested. I explained that I was an artist but that I was sometimes a plumber as well and that he should go away and let me finish."
Glass had started his career at the University of Chicago, studying mathematics and philosophy. As an aside, he took piano lessons and dabbled in composition. At age 20 he went to study composition at the Juilliard School of Music, and subsequently enrolled in a composer-in-residence scheme for two years in Pittsburgh. A Fulbright Scholarship saw Glass study with Nadia Boulanger in Paris, and he also dabbled in experimental theatre and worked on a film score with Ravi Shankar. After spending several months in northern India, Glass returned to New York City and attempted to jumpstart his compositional career with a musical style that emphasized repetitive structures. Since the general public and traditional performers were rather indifferent to his compositions, Glass mainly performed his music in art galleries and studio lofts. Since these kinds of avant-garde events didn't pay the rent, Glass turned to blue-collar employment to stay financially afloat.
Philip Glass: Einstein on the Beach
Glass got his taxi-driving license and drove his yellow taxicab through the 5 Boroughs at night. He gave up his previous plumbing job because swinging heavy wrenches all day made it rather difficult to play the piano in the evening. Within in a couple of weeks of driving his taxi, Glass knew the city inside out, and he used to pick up passengers from the Port Authority Terminal in New York. The city was buzzing with nervous and creative energy, and passengers left secure home environments behind to find opportunity in New York City. However, driving a taxi in New York City was a rather dangerous profession. Drug related robberies and daily violence were commonplace, but despite "moments of terror, the city represents a fantastic slice of life." Glass first performed his music in the concert hall in 1974, and slowly his career blossomed. Yet he kept driving his cab even after the breakout premiere of Einstein at the Beach. Gradually, more and more commissions trickled in, and slowly Glass realized that the taxi driver's license he had renewed as a precaution might not be needed. Glass understood that he had finally arrived as a composer when a woman tapped on the side of his cab and told him "you have the same name as a very famous composer."
More Anecdotes
Beethoven's Lairs
"Pasqualatihaus" Let's begin a tour of Beethoven's apartments!
An Unexpected Rossini Six string sonatas for 2 violins, cello and double-bass
Musical Puzzles by Women Composers Music of Gloria Coates, Rebecca Clarke, Elizabeth Vercoe and Elizabeth R. Austin
Napoleon Bonaparte and the runaway Prima Donna Napoleon and Angelica Catalani
A New Idea at the Piano
Chinese Musical Instruments: Bamboo
The Pianist's Solitude The pianist's life is, by necessity, lonely. Why?
Ten Tips for Productive Practice Does quantity matter more?
Clara Wieck-Schumann "I once believed that I possessed creative talent"
Some Advice to Young Musicians How to always love playing music wherever life takes them
Signor Alberti's Moving Bass Line You most probably came across this name before, do you know the background?
Stephen Hough's Rough Ideas Intelligent prose on musicians, concerts, arts and culture
Multi-Tasking Conductors—Commendable or Ineffective? From the perspective of orchestra musicians
The King of Instruments Discover why the organ is one of the most versatile instruments
Gregory Kunde: Taking His Time to Triumph "It's actually not about the singing. It's about the listening."
Christoph Friedrich Bach and Lucia Elisabeth Münchausen The quiet and harmonious couple
"Fantasy on a Chinese Poem" Áskell Másson's musical reflection on a short poem by Li Bai
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Each year our Super Dog Sunday™ judges find it difficult to make their selections when there are always many standouts that simply cannot all win. It's tough when there are bunches of great photos and decked out pictures to choose from. Rufio above is one that I expected to take away a prize last year, but the judges decisions are final. Thankfully, I'm not one of them; it's a tough job!
The rules, just in case you need to be bored.
Learn about our Platinum Sponsor, Nature's Logic, and the prizes.
Super Dog Sunday™ is a charity event. All proceeds go directly--and in full--to Petfinder Foundation. As co-sponsors as well as hosts, DogTipper and All Things Dog Blog are participating in donations as well as donating our time and effort to produce this event. Enjoy!


Well Truebies, here we are already-Season Finale night. The fate of nearly every character is seemingly up in the air after last week's penultimate season 5 episode.
Sookie, Jason and the fae concocted a plan to attack Russell before he had the chance to attack them. Unfortunately, it didn't go as planned. Jason played up his gullible, clueless nature and accidently on purpose led Russell and Steve right to the faerie club. The fae elder proved that she wasn't all that smart or tough when she left the faerie fortress to take on Russell and was eaten within minutes. Once he was full of fae blood, Russell could see into the mystical fae fortress and was prepared to launch himself on them.
Meanwhile Jessica tries to rationalize with Bill but realized he drunk waaaaay too much of the Kool Aid and tried to manipulate him. She told him that she wants to give the greatest gift of all and turn Jason into a vampire. Bill sees right through her escape plan and then actually orders her to leave the compound and turn Jason within 24 hours. He even sent guards with her to make sure the job was done. Jason was a busy man last week as he concocted a plan with Jess to fool the guards into thinking she'd turned him. When Jess jumped in the grave with a dead looking Jason, the guards went to bury them and Jason sprung up and shot them. Jess then ran to Fangtasia where Pam was reluctant to help her until Jess offered up information on Eric's whereabouts. Pam then agreed to hide Jess while worrying that the Authority would come to punish Tara for murdering their Sheriff. Sure enough, Rosalyn, who was revealed to be the Sheriff's maker showed up to arrest the murderer who she sniffed out to be Tara. However, Pam confessed either because she felt compassion for Tara or because she hoped to get closer to Eric. Rosalyn also discovered Jessica and shipped her right back to her daddy to be punished for running off. Bill was furious at Jessica for not following his orders and slapped her literally across the room for her defiance.
Unfortunately, Pam won't find Eric at The Authority as he and Nora escaped. Eric finally got Nora to believe that humans aren't merely food and the two are trying to plan an assault on The Authority.
Elsewhere in The Authority compound Luna and Sam searched for Emma. They found other shifters being held captive and were ultimately discovered by Authority henchmen. Sam sacrificed himself to Russell in what is seemingly an attempt to get close to him and in turn, Emma.
Back at Merlotte's, Andy had his fans full when Mari the faerie showed up and told him he was the father of her baby. Andy tried to deny it but then Mari started going on and on about how Andy entered into a "light pact," and was bound to care for her and their fae offspring. Andy tried to explain that he involved with Holly but Mari doesn't care and alluded to some kind of vengeance for Andy's failure to comply. See what I mean? Faeries are bad news!
Over in Missippi, Alcide tried to convince his father to stop drinking and gambling his life away. A neighbor warned the Herveaux's about wayward, unsupervised baby vamps creating havoc throughout the area. Alcide is ready to go out and look for them but Jackson isn't interested. However, it seemed Alcide's lectures sunk in as when the baby vamps showed up, Jackson leapt in to fight.
So, what do you think will happen tonight? Will be rescued from The Authority's mind control before it's too late? And after tonight, what the heck are we going to do until next Summer?!!
In addition to books, we also sold a lot of music at Borders. It was my job to set up the new music displays each week and often the current popular music baffled me. Other than Lady GaGa, I can't think of a current artist who I really enjoy. I decided to find out what the BWOBNY crew likes to listen to and we'd love to hear from you as well.
Alan rocks out to the legendary Queen and AC/DC.
Albert enjoys the band NOFX, which he calls "a classic."
Jennifer P. kicks it up to Gaelic Storm, Nightwish, and Christina Perri.
Naomi likes to mix it up with Switchfoot, We Were Promised Jetpacks, and Of Monsters and Men but her favorites change depending on her mood.
Rachel, who often brought her favorite mix-tapes (CDs) to play in the store has many favorites including: Bright Eyes, Pickwick, The Black Keys, M. Ward, My Morning Jacket, Coheed and Cambria, Feist, Fleet Foxes, The Dear Hunter, and Kimbra.
Rebecca meanwhile taps her foot to the sounds of Christian rock band Mercy Me.
I'm obsessed with 80's bands especially Duran Duran, The Go-Go's and Berlin. I also love British rocker Robbie Williams.
What tunes are you guys interested in? Please share with us!
Labels: Alan Andrews, Albert, group post, Jenn N., jennifer p., music, NaomiRuth, rachelyons, Rebecca T.
Good Evening everyone! I'm sorry for the delay but without further adieu, here is your Laydown Lowdown for the week of August 21, 2012.
It's another week of broken hearts for Romance fans as there are no releases in the genre today.
Move on to Mystery though, you'll find "Not My Blood," by Barbara Cleverly, "Simple," by Kathleen George, and "The Survivor," by Gregg Hurwitz.
Step on over to Sci/Fi/Fantasy and you'll see "Hidden Things," by Doyce Testerman and "Wards of Faeries," by Terry Brooks.
Yield to the Young Adult section and you'll discover "The Rise of Nine," the latest in Pittacus Lore's "I Am Number Four," series as well as "The Raft," by S.A. Bodeen and "The Sweetest Spell," by Suzanne Selfors.
Happy Reading and remember to support your local bookstores whenever possible.
This, btw, is a lame excuse for a post since I am actually working or driving all day Tuesday and don't know how much I'll be on line after that. But I know you forgive me anyway. At least I hope so.
First off I've got A Breath of Eyre by Eve Marie Mont. This was on the new shelf at my local library and I simply cannot resist any book that is related to Jane Eyre, which is one of my top 10 favorite books of all time. I'm about a quarter of the way through this one already and I'm really curious to see how it plays out.
Then I have Redshirts by John Scalzi. I've never read anything by him, but a premise that plays with the longest running gag in sci-fi history? As a Trekkie girl I felt I had no choice but to check this one out.
Next up is Glass Boys by Nicole Lundrigan. We got an ARC of this book when we were asked to take part in a blog hop for the release in September so check back for my review of this one.
Shatter Me by Tahereh Mafi is going in the bag. I've already read it twice, but it's our book club book for the month, so Grammy T and I want to refresh our memory so we can add to the conversation.
Another book I've already read a good chunk of is Frozen by Mary Casanova. We got to meet her at BEA and she was super nice and explained how she stumbled across a local story that sparked the idea for the novel. Another one I'm itching to finish to see how everything comes together.
As I was poking around my bookshelf I came across Jacob Wonderbar and the Cosmic Space Kapow by Nathan Bransford. I can't believe I STILL haven't read this one! So that's coming along too.
And then I've got the series books that I bought, but haven't yet read and it's driving me crazy so I've got Spellbound by Rachel Hawkins, Timepiece by Myra McEntire, and Surrender by Elana Johnson.
Phew. I think that'll be enough to keep me busy. Oh! And don't forget that I've got to reread Shakespeare's Twelfth Night to brush up on for this coming semester.
So what are you reading on vacation? Anything I should add to my pile? All of the recommendations from the YA blog hop have been fantastic and a bunch of those are going on my TBR list for sure!
You're probably wondering who won our giveaway, aren't you?!
Well, I suppose we could tell you now.
And if you didn't win we still want to thank you for stopping by and letting us know what you have been reading and liking us on Facebook and stuff. And we still have our Wee Free Men giveaway going on so if you are looking for another good read you could hop yourself over HERE to enter that one!
Hello fellow truebies! We're down to the final four "Neubie the Truebie" posts here are Season 5 winds down to a close. Last week's episode, "Everybody Wants to Rule the World," (take a moment to sing the Tears for Fears classic in your head) was action packed. If you don't want spoilers than don't read any further!
Luna made a remarkable recovery and insisted she accompany Sam while he assists Andy find the shifter sniper. Andy is determined to do things more traditionally and orders Sam and Luna to stay out of it. Sam then teaches Luna one of his old trick and they turn into flies on the wall so they can overhear how the investigation is progressing. As Andy and Jason view the video the hate group posted online, they realize that the apparent leader is wearing cowboy boots-specifically, cowboy boots that Andy remembers Bud Dearborn receiving as a retirement present. The boys then head over to pay a visit to the former Sheriff.
Meanwhile, Sookie went to Bud Dearborn's house to see what he remembered about the night he discovered her parent's dead bodies. While she was there, she felt uneasy and couldn't help but hear Bud's thoughts. She learned that he told her everything he knew about her parents but that he was hiding something major and dangerous. Just when she is getting ready to leave, she was knocked unconscious by Bud's mistress.
Over at The Authority Headquarters, Eric ploted with Molly to escape and take Bill and Nora with them. Eric finally got a moment to talk to Bill alone and it seems Bill wasn't really faking he is torn between The Authority's teachings and his mainstreaming values. Eric encourages him to bust out with him and then think about things; Bill agreed. However, this being True Blood, life or the afterlife is never that simple. Eric, Molly, and a drugged Nora are waiting by the elevator and have just moments to leave The Authority compound before they'll be caught. They're waiting for Bill only when he finally showed up, he apparently has become a traitor and brought Salome and the other Authority members with him to bust Eric and Molly. Eric didn't even try to fight it, he just surrendered to the silvering at the episode's close.
Sookie awoke in a literal pig pen and found Hoyt, unconconcious and lying nearby. A short time later, Bud and his mistress arrive and his mistress finally identifies herself as Sweetie Des Arts. In "Dead as a Doornail," Sweetie is not only Merlotte's latest cook, she is also the shifter sniper. So, it was great to see a major plot point from the books match this otherwise book inconsistent season. Sweetie then told Sookie of her master plan, her group wants shifters and supes of all kinds to be eliminated. She plans of feeding Sookie and Hoyt to the pigs and film it for the hate groups website. Fortunately for Sookie, Sam and Luna had shifted into pigs and shifted back to human form to fight Sweetie and Bud at the same time that Jason and Andy showed up. Luna savagely attacks Sweetie before she is carted off by the Bon Temps Police Department and Luna and Sam enjoy a moment of happiness that the worst is over. (Unfortunately, their happiness will be really short-lived).
Alcide, after losing out on the pack master position and being abjured headed to Jackson to visit his father. His father is a much bigger mess than depicted in the books. He lives in a beat-up trailer and uses his disability checks to fuel his gambling addiction. In the books, Alcide's father Jackson Herveaux had overcome his gambling addiction by this point and was campaigning to be pack master himself. On the show, he seems to have no such aspirations as he told Alcide he is better off without the pack and that they are two of a kind.
Elsewhere, Alcide's former pack held a pack meeting. Luna's former mother in law is there with Emma in pup form. Russell took Steve to the meeting and told him all about his loves of weres. Steve commented that he never had a pet and Russell replied that was a shame and you can pretty much guess what happened next. Yup, Russell snatched poor little Emma away from her grandmother and gave his new love Steve his very first pet.
Finally, over in Shreveport Pam and Tara are busy working and making snarky comments to each other when Pam spies a skeezy vampire who looked like some gothed out vampire-wannabe sitting in her chair, feeding on a human. Pam approaches the vampire and he informed her that he is now the Sheriff of Area 5 and that the monarchs have lifted the ban on feeding off humans in public. Pam tries to object and the greasy vamps kicks her across the club while ordering the other vamps to grab a human and drink up.
Only 3 episodes left in this season!! What do you guys think? What should we do about my man Bill? I suspect that the blood of Lilith isn't vampire blood at all. A friend told me she suspected it's faerie blood but I am leaning toward Elf blood at the moment. In Charlaine Harris' short story, "Two Blondes," Pam's drink is spiked with elf blood which affects vampires they way a very strong drink would. What are your thoughts?
Sorry for the delay with this post, storms in the area knocked out my internet again!
Unfortunately the summer is winding down but there is still plenty of time to hit the beach and savor a good book. When most people think of beach reads, they traditionally picture an epic romance or a guilty pleasure read. I polled the BWOBNY crew to see what books they tote with them.
Jess P. loves to pack fluffy reads such as the "Shopaholic' series by Sophie Kinsella or anything by chic-lit author Emily Giffin.
Naomi likes to bring a mix of fluff and substance to the Outer Banks, she enjoys filling her beach bag with middle-grade fantasy books and Bertrand Russel's philosophical works.
Rachel just got back from the beautiful beaches at Long Beach Island, where I'll be headed very soon and she read the middle-grade book, "Out of My Mind," by Sharon Draper and "11/22/63" by Stephen King. However she also took "The Fault in Our Stars," by John Green with her but felt it was "too depressing" for the beach.
Rebecca normally loads up her beach bag with fluffy reads from the YA or middle-grade section but this past summer she found herself bringing along a lot of high fantasy novels.
As for me, I like to bring something light and fun but is lengthy which requires a little more time to read than I normally have. This year, I'm bringing "A Discovery of Witches," by Deborah Harkness. I also always bring one Baby-Sitters Club book with me too. I pick between any one of the books where the girls visit Sea City: "Boy Crazy Stacey," "Mary-Ann and Too Many Boys," or "Sea City, Here We Come." I'm leaning towards the Mary Ann book this year.
What about you guys? What books are filing up your beach bags?


So far this year, Indian stocks are up 15%.
The S&P 500 is up less than 3%.
Yes, India's SENSEX would have earned you 5 times more than the S&P — and it's only May.
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Your webinar instructor, Chris Carolan, is a recognized expert in Elliott waves and other technical analysis tools — and a 30-year market veteran. Over 45 minutes, Chris will show you his 3 favorite tools to spot overseas opportunities. Recipient of Charles H. Dow Award, Carolan has written for Barron's and made guest appearances on CNBC.
On May 29, Carolan will walk you through his new forecasts for high-flying Indian stocks, the euro — plus at least two more "mystery" Asian and European markets, each with a big potential. You will learn to apply simple technical indicators to these markets — and to your favorite market, too.
This is a great – and free! – opportunity to learn from an expert. Don't miss it.
Just add your name to the guest list, today — and tune in on May 29.


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Edison Schools survive ... but what about education?
In early June, Edison Schools, with 75,000 students in 22 states, the for-profit education venture of Chris Whittle, gained a 40 million dollar contract, which helped it put off bankruptcy.
This drew headlines because Edison schools had been portrayed as a success and hyped as a model for schools in the future. Its "Success for All" curriculum was supposed to do what the public schools couldn't do: educate everyone.
But the results have not matched the hype. When California ranked San Francisco elementary schools last year, Edison Academy was in last place. The contract was terminated. In at least three states, when Edison asked for permission to expand to more grades, school boards turned them down and terminated some of their management contracts.
Of course, school success is especially difficult in big cities where many students come from poor families and have numerous problems. These big city school systems have above average numbers of students needing special services as well.
Edison Schools simply tried to avoid these problems, by taking fewer students from disadvantaged families. City school systems cannot avoid such problems, which demand more educational services, at a higher than average cost.
But Edison was not set up by Chris Whittle to improve school education: it was set up to make profits. Its stock price went as high as $39 a share each during the years when for-profit schools were being hyped.
Whittle's and his top executives received six figure salaries, plus thousands of stock options. At one point, Whittle gained 16 million dollars by selling shares of Edison. There couldn't be a better example of the way Wall Street makes money for a few wealthy individuals no matter whether they deliver a service or a profit to anyone else.
This was not Whittle's first education venture. He was the man who came up with the idea for Channel One, the television station aimed at students while they were in school, providing them with a small amount of news and a large amount of commercials.
Throughout his career, Whittle figured there was money to be made in the school system. He is hardly alone. A managing director of investment firm Lehman Brothers, said, "Wall Street is interested in any big-spending industry." She knew that America's public schools "are ripe for takeover by private management companies."
Public schools are already sources of profit for some private enterprise, such as book publishers. Coke and Pepsi battle a never-ending war over which corporation will supply vending machines in a number of big city school systems.
Neither Whittle nor his investors nor Wall Street has education in mind. They hope they can make a profit managing certain schools, schools they choose so they can ignore more expensive educational needs. It is not their concern that the children of the poor and the working class receive a miserable education from which they scarcely learn to read, let alone prepare themselves for any kind of decent paying job.
The public school system was established when working people fought to get education for their children. But establishing public schools doesn't end the quest for a good education. There's also the problem of what resources the schools have. And in a society split along class lines, the schools educating the wealthy get significantly more resources. And this is true, whether these schools are private schools or public schools in wealthy areas or magnet schools.
Educational success is split along the same class lines as is capitalist society. A better education will go to the children of the wealthy. An inferior education, if any, goes to the children of the poor and working class majority.
The current move to establish "for profit" schools doesn't challenge that reality. In fact, it adds to the problem, draining more resources out of education and putting them into profits.
Editorial: Suspending democratic rights in a "democracy"
Cooking the books: From GE to Enron
PG&E: the sweet profits of a "bankrupt" utility
"Poisoned workers and contaminated sites" – newspaper reports
France: The dead end of the ballot box
Slavery: A new report with an old political slant
Privatizing the TVA?
The Environmental "Protection" Agency: Who does it protect?
Blue Cross: "Profitization" - A National Trend
The "janitor insurance" scam
California: Who says there is no money for schools?!!


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Brexit group posts huge billboards of MPs' quotes around Dover
Statements from politicians including the Prime Minister and Jacob Rees-Mogg have been put on giant posters by pro-Remain group Led By Donkeys.
Giant posters featuring quotes from prominent Brexit politicians have been pasted onto billboards around Dover.
A pro-Remain group calling itself Led By Donkeys has claimed responsibility for the posters, the latest in a "public information campaign to remind the public of the statements and promises made to us by our MPs", according to a statement.
A pre-referendum quote on Brexit from now-Prime Minister Theresa May. (@bydonkeys)
A spokesperson for the group told the Press Association: "The news cycle is so fast nowadays, we forget what our leaders once said.
"If they want us to trust their judgment as we enter the choppy waters of Brexit it's right that we remind ourselves of their record."
The new posters include quotes from arch Brexiteer Jacob Rees-Mogg, Prime Minister Theresa May, former Brexit secretary Dominic Raab and International Trade Secretary Liam Fox.
A quote on Brexit from Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg. (@bydonkeys)
The group asked its Twitter followers to choose the quotes by posting them to the social network then turning the most-liked tweets.
The top-voted quote was a Jacob Rees-Mogg statement in 2011 which reads: "We could have two referendums. As it happens, it might make more sense to have the second referendum after the renegotiation is completed."
Also included is a line from a speech given by Theresa May shortly before the referendum in 2016, in which she asserted that "remaining in the European Union means we will be more secure from crime and terrorism".
A poster featuring a quote from former Brexit secretary Dominic Raab. (@bydonkeys)
The group has also installed posters in London and Essex, featuring Michael Gove's assertion that "the day after we vote to leave, we hold all the cards and we can choose the path we want" and David Cameron's tweet before the 2015 election asking voters to choose between "stability and strong Government with me or chaos with Ed Miliband".
The spokesperson said: "The idea – like most half-decent ideas – came in a chat down the pub.
"We were talking about whether Cameron would one day delete his 'chaos with Ed Miliband' tweet, and someone said: 'Let's turn it into a Tweet You Can't Delete.' It went from there."
A quote on Brexit from Environment Secretary Michael Gove.
Costs for the billboards are estimated to be in the region of £400, an amount paid for by the individuals involved themselves.
"Loads of people have been asking to contribute on Twitter but we haven't got our act together to set up a crowdfunder," the group said.
The next poster campaign will feature Boris Johnson, they added, referring to the former foreign secretary as "a treasure trove of hypocritical piffle".
17 January, 2019 11:02 Daily
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The National Weather Service in Honolulu has issued a Flash Flood Watch for all Hawaii Islands in effect from this evening through Sunday afternoon (March 25).
A developing area of low pressure south of the state will spread deep moisture and unstable conditions across the smaller islands. Periods of heavy rainfall and possible thunderstorms may result in flash flooding.
Heavy rain with thunderstorms and high winds are forecast through Saturday. Winter weather conditions, including high winds, are expected for the summit areas.
Department of Parks and Recreation reports all parks, including the Kalapana lava viewing area, will be closed Saturday.
As a precaution, consider canceling or postponing outdoor activities.
Residents in flood-prone areas are advised to be on the alert for possible flooding conditions.
Motorists are advised to exercise caution while driving. Road closures may occur without notice.
Be on the alert for possible malfunction of traffic signals. Treat flashing traffic lights as a four-way stop.
Remember, if lightning threatens your area, the safest place to be is indoors.
Take measures to secure items around your property that may be affected by strong winds.
Complete all preparations before nightfall.
Campers and hikers should avoid low lying flood prone areas. People should stay away from streams, drainage ditches and low lying areas prone to flooding. The rainfall and runoff will cause hazardous driving conditions due to ponding, reduced visibility, and poor braking action. Excessive runoff may cause rockslides and mudslides in steep terrain.
High Wind Warning in effect until 6 a.m. Sunday (March 25) for Hawaii Island summits.
Warning, which is in effect until 6 AM HST Sunday.
Winds are coming from the west increasing to 60-80 mph with gusts up to 100 mph for Hawaii Island summits.
The strong winds can make driving difficult especially for high profile vehicles. Motorists should use caution while driving. The winds can also forcefully swing doors open or shut so use caution when opening or closing vehicle doors. Consider postponing driving or hiking to the summit until conditions improve. If camping near the summit, be sure tents are well secured.
A Winter Storm Watch is in effect from Saturday morning through late Saturday night (March 24) for Hawaii Island summits.
Heavy snow possible. Storm total accumulations in excess of 6 inches may occur on Hawaii Island summits above 12,500 feet.
Roads to the summit may rapidly become snow covered and slippery. Strong winds combined with heavy snow and poor visibilities may result in blizzard conditions at times.


text:
The 'impeach this' map has some issues
Mistaken Data / election
Philip Bump explains why the "impeach this" map is a bit dubious:
By now, this criticism of electoral maps is taught in elementary schools. Or, at least, it should be. Those red counties in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming, for example, are home to 1.6 million 2016 voters — fewer than half of the number of voters in Los Angeles County. Trump won 1 million votes in those states, beating Hillary Clinton by a 580,000-vote margin. In Los Angeles, Clinton beat Trump by 1.7 million votes.
As Alberto Cairo already went into, it's not so much that the map itself is incorrect. It's a bivariate map. It shows which counties voted more for one person versus another. It's more about the context of how the map is used. It's the visualization equivalent of pulling a quote out of context and people seeing what they want to see.
Red counties mostly stayed red
How Intentions Changed How People Read the Same Map (The Process #60)
Fixing the 'impeach this' map with a transition to a cartogram
How Much More Time We Spent at Home
We had to do more from home. Here's how much everything shifted by total minutes in a day.
Marrying Later, Staying Single Longer
Using a century of data, we watch the shift of marital status in the United States.
Income Increased
But not every group's median income increased by the same amount.


text:
by Dr. Lisle | Dec 18, 2020 | Origins, Refuting the Critics
Our critic this week is Phil Vischer who is the creator of VeggieTales. Phil apparently does not accept the history recorded in Genesis, and seems unaware of the science that confirms creation and the biblical timescale. He recently made some remarks on Twitter that are demonstrably false. Here are Phil's comments in purple text, with my response in black:
Phil: Interesting response from Ken Ham to our Evangelical History. It's a little odd that a man who has spent his life persuading Christians to reject mainstream science is complaining that I said he rejects mainstream science.
Lisle: I have known Ken Ham for many years and have never heard him say or seen him write anything that is contrary to any fact that has been established by the scientific method. So, I challenge Phil to produce some evidence to back up his accusation. Namely, can Phil produce one scientific fact (something that is testable, observable, and repeatable in the present, and hence follows the scientific method) that Ken Ham denies or persuades others to deny?
Could it be that Phil has been fooled by the secular rhetoric into believing that evolution and/or deep time are somehow "scientific" ideas? If so, then maybe he should spend a little more time learning from Ken Ham and AiG's team of Ph.D. scientists about the differences between operational science and stories about the past.
Phil: My response to him was to point out the video was about the differences between Fundamentalism and Neo-Evangelicalism, and that his particular strain of scientific theory (YEC) was never adopted by Neo-Ev leaders or institutions. It is a truly Fundamentalist development.
Lisle: The biblical timescale is certainly not a Fundamentalist development, as anyone who has studied history knows. The concept of a "young earth" (thousands, not billions of years old) has been held by believers for millennia. For example, the fact that God created the universe in six days and rested one day (and that this is reflected in our 7-day week) was written by God's own finger in stone at Mount Sinai (Exodus 20:8-11; Deuteronomy 9:10) and this happened around 1500 B.C. Throughout church history the biblical timescale was embraced by the overwhelming majority of Christians.
What Phil means by "Neo-Evangelical leaders or institutions" not accepting a "particular strain of scientific theory" isn't entirely clear to me. If we take the word "evangelical" in its classical sense of having a heavy emphasis on evangelism and the necessity of repentance and faith in Christ, then many evangelical leaders and institutions do indeed embrace the scientific evidence that confirms the literal history of Genesis. The scientific evidence for biblical creation and a global flood is absolutely overwhelming, such that there is no excuse for Christians to deny these Scriptural truths.
Phil: What's even more interesting is that of the 90 essays defining Fundamentalist belief in the 1910s, zero of them proposed a young earth.
Lisle: "The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth" is a collection of 90 essays written between 1910 and 1915, and is by multiple authors with multiple views. Some of them (such as James Orr) argued against the literal history of Genesis and openly embraced deep time and/or theistic evolution. This is hardly surprising since deep time and evolution were very fashionable in academia at the time (as they are today).
Nonetheless, the majority of authors who addressed the issue affirmed and argued that Genesis is literal history and denied evolution, in contradiction to Orr's view. A literal historical Genesis necessarily entails a young earth. However, the concept of deep time had become so entrenched in the church by 1910, that most scholars accepted it. Hence, many of those who defended a historical Genesis inconsistently also held to deep time, apparently unaware of the contradiction or the theological problem of death before sin. Most of the authors of The Fundamentals did not comment on the age of the earth; however, they argued strongly for the historicity of Genesis.
For example, in the first chapter of volume three, Dr. James M. Gray, who was Dean of Moody Bible Institute at the time, argued that "The inspiration of scripture includes the whole and every part of it."[1] That necessarily includes the history of Genesis. He states, "Furthermore, are not the historical books in some respects the most important in the Bible? Are they not the bases of its doctrine? Does not the doctrine of sin need for its starting point the record of the fall? … Thus without going further, we may say, with Dr. DeWitt of Princeton, that it is impossible to secure the religious infallibility of the Bible—which is all the objector regards as necessary—if we exclude Bible history from the sphere of its inspiration. But if we include Bible history at all, we must include the whole of it, for who is competent to separate its parts?"[2]
William Caven agrees, "When Christ makes reference to Old Testament narratives and records, He accepts them as authentic, as historically true. He does not give or suggest in any case a mythical or allegorical interpretation. The accounts of the creation, of the flood, of the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah, as well as many incidents and events of later occurrence, are taken as authentic."[3]
Phillip Mauro states, "It is useless to pretend that Darwin's theory might be true, and the Bible nevertheless entitled to respect. The Lord Jesus said to a learned man of His day, 'If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe if I tell you of heavenly things?' (John 3:12). If the Bible does not give us a truthful account of the events of the six days recorded in its first chapter, it is not to be trusted as to any of its statements." [emphasis added][4]
But surely none of these authors will explicitly confirm the biblical timescale of thousands of years, will they? Dr. George Bishop states, "'We open the first pages of the Bible,' says Vallotton, 'and we find there the recital of the creation of the world by the Word of God—of the fall of man, of his exile far from God, far from Paradise, and far from the tree of life. We open the last pages of the last of the 66 books dating 4,000 years later.'" [emphasis added].[5] Yes, Bishop, (quoting Vallotton) refers to the timespan between Creation and the New Testament books (written ~2000 years ago in the first century A.D.) as 4000 years. At minimum, this indicates that the 6000-year timescale was known at this time, even though it was unpopular.
The reasons for rejecting the historicity of Genesis are due to outside influences and not a proper exegetical reading of the text. This is explained by Professor J.J. Reeve, who states,
"They give more credence to the guesses of some so-called scholar, a clay tablet, a heathen king's boast, or a rude drawing in stone, than to the Scripture record. They feel instinctively that to accept the Bible statements would be the ruin of their hypothesis, and what they call their hard-won historical method. In this their instinct is true. The Bible and their hypothesis are irreconcilable. As their theory must not be interfered with, since it is identical with the truth itself, the Bible must stand aside in the interests of truth. For this reason they deny all historicity to Genesis 1-11, the stories of Creation, the Fall, the Flood, etc. No theory of naturalistic evolution can possibly admit the truth of these chapters." [emphasis added][6],[7]
More importantly, can the text of Scripture accommodate Darwinian evolution and/or deep time? The answer of course is no. None of the biblical authors treated the timescale of creation as anything other than six (literal) days, each comprised of one evening and one morning. This was unquestionably the dominant position of the church throughout its history.
Phil: RA Torrey, the editor of "The Fundamentals," was a "day-age" proponent. (Each day in Gen 1 represented a long period of history.)
Lisle: James Orr, one of the contributors of "The Fundamentals" also held the day-age view. But his motivation for holding such a position is pure eisegesis – attempting to read the Bible in such a way as to accommodate elements of the secular origins story. Orr states, "But things, as in the case of astronomy, are now better understood, and few are disquieted in reading their Bibles because it is made certain that the world is immensely older than the 6,000 years which the older chronology gave it."[8] Notice that he refers to a 6000-year-old universe as the "older chronology." This confirms that it is not some modern development. It was the standard position of believers for millennia.
More significantly, the day-age view has been thoroughly refuted, and we have other articles elaborating on this in detail. Briefly, the Hebrew word translated "day" in Genesis 1 is yom. Its literal meaning is "day." In poetic sections of Scripture (which Genesis is not), the word can be used in a figurative sense when used as part of a phrase like "the day of the Lord." But the context of Genesis 1 disallows such a use because it is historical narrative and the days are defined in terms of earth rotations, each bounded by one evening and one morning, and following a sequence, "second day, third day", etc. To force the non-literal use of yom into this literal text is an error in hermeneutics called the unwarranted expansion of an expanded semantic field. Moreover, God explicitly tells us that the reason for our seven-day week is because God worked in six days and rested for one day (Exodus 20:8-11). This text uses the same words for "days" in our week as in the creation week, and in the plural form (yamim) which never refers to anything other than ordinary days.
There is a reason why every major English Bible translation translates each day of creation as day; that is what the word means! It has no other meaning in that context. If God had meant to say that He created in six ages, He would have said that. There are Hebrew words (e.g. olam, dor, 'et) that would express that. But God used the word for day because that's what He meant. The Lord does know how to use language.
Phil: YEC, as taught by Ham and others, was born out of interpretations of a "vision" one of the founders of Seventh Day Adventists claimed to have had, which was turned into a book called "A New Geology" by one of her followers in the 1920s.
Lisle: False. We've all heard the myth that Ellen G. White started a belief in a young earth, but anyone who has studied history knows that such an idea is absurd. That the Lord created heaven, earth, the sea and everything within them in six days was taught by Yahweh Himself, and was written by His own finger in stone (Exodus 20:11). The biblical timescale is affirmed by Jesus Christ in passages like Mark 10:6 where Christ states that God created human beings (male and female) from the beginning of creation, not billions of years later. Indeed, Adam and Eve were present on the first week of the universe.
Paul affirms in Romans 1:20 that people have seen evidence of God since creation, which would be impossible if human beings were not around for the first 13.8 billion years of time. Even Augustine (A.D. 354 – 430) stated, "Unbelievers are also deceived by false documents which ascribe to history many thousand years, although we can calculate from Sacred Scripture that not 6,000 years have passed since the creation of man."[9],[10] Clearly, "young earth" is not a new idea.
Phil: That book inspired the book "The Genesis Flood" in the 1960s, which birthed the modern YEC movement. Ken Ham read "The Genesis Flood" back in Australia as a youth, and has been spreading it ever since.
Lisle: Unfortunately, Phil doesn't know history. He refers to a book by George McCready Price that was published in 1923 entitled "The New Geology." But there were "Scriptural geologists" going back a century earlier who believed in a young earth and rightly understood geology in light of the global flood, as documented in Dr. Terry Mortenson's book The Great Turning Point which is based on Mortenson's doctoral dissertation, as well as his online presentation summarizing this. In reality, the Morris and Whitcomb book "The Genesis Flood" was based largely on Dr. Whitcomb's doctoral dissertation, which hermeneutically demonstrated the literal nature of Genesis, including creation and the flood. The evidence and arguments found within "The Genesis Flood" are based on science and Scripture. The book is a masterpiece of Christian scholarship, and it's a shame that Phil denigrates it rather than reading it.
Phil: It's a surprisingly young movement.
Lisle: So, we have seen that Phil's claim here is false. The understanding that the universe is thousands (not billions) of years of old has always been the majority position of the church until the mid-1700s, and is affirmed by Scripture itself, (e.g. Mark 10:9, Exodus 20:11).[11] There is no hint in Scripture of deep time, nor any indication in the Scriptures that believers of the time ever held to any other view than a literal Genesis in which God created in six literal days as the basis for our work week.
Phil: Though there are old claims of a young earth (Bishop Usher, 17th century), the specifics of an alternate science called YEC is a recent, distinctly American phenomenon.
Lisle: Demonstrably false. First of all, biblical creationists (those of us who understand that Genesis is literal history and accept its timescale) largely embrace all of operational science – not "alternate science." My Ph.D. is not in "alternate astrophysics." It is in astrophysics. I do physics, chemistry, mathematics, etc. the same way as my secular colleagues. There is no "alternate science" here. The difference is in our view of history. I embrace the recorded history of the Bible, whereas secularists largely reject that history and substitute their own speculations about the past. Hence, we will disagree on how and when a fossil formed (its history), but we all agree on the fossil's composition, mass, volume, density, etc. – its scientifically observable properties.
With regard to the specific scientific details that confirm recent creation (such as c-14 in fossils which demonstrates that they cannot be millions of years old), many of these discoveries are indeed recent. But that is true of the vast majority of discoveries in science! No one was doing quantum mechanics or the physics of relativity two hundred years ago. No one knew about black holes, quasars, or pulsars a hundred years ago. These are recent discoveries. Is that a basis for rejecting them? Does it make them "alternate science?" Clearly not. Phil's reasoning here makes absolutely no sense.
Phil: (Someday this will be the topic of another video that will make some people mad.)
Lisle: Actually, if Phil continues to promote false claims, I will be very happy to expose them. People can learn a lot by seeing the refutation of a critic's errors. And it bolsters our confidence in God's Word.
Phil: All Christians are Creationists, so in that sense Creationism is absolutely global.
Lisle: I wish that were so. By the standard definition of creation (that God created the original organisms supernaturally, and that they reproduce after their kind), many Christians reject creation in favor of theistic evolution. This of course undermines the Gospel, because the Gospel is predicated on the fact that death is the penalty for man's sin. However, in an evolutionist or old-earth view, death has always existed as a natural part of the world. In such a case, it is not an enemy that entered the world when Adam sinned. It could not be the result or penalty for sin if it already existed. In such a case, Christ's death on the cross would be meaningless.
Phil: The specific batch of beliefs that make up YEC are by far most widely accepted in North America, plus other countries affected by American Christian media.
Lisle: That may be true, but if so then it's also true of Christianity. The United States has been blessed with a Christian heritage. Christians are a small minority in most other nations. Is that a basis for rejecting Christianity? If not, then neither is it a basis for rejecting the literal history of Genesis.
I hope that these comments have been helpful. I realize how easy it is to become intimidated by secular scientists, and that there is temptation to read Scripture through the lens of secularist views on origins. But this is not honoring to the Lord. Let us encourage one another to have a higher view of Scripture, and to fear God rather than man. God really does understand how and when He created the universe. And we can trust His Word.
[1] Gray, J, The Fundamentals, Vol. 3, Chapter 1, p. 12
[2] Ibid, p. 12-13
[3] Caven, W., The Fundamentals, Vol. 4, Chapter 11, p .50
[4] Mauro, P., The Fundamentals, Vol 5, chapter 1 p. 27
[5] Bishop, G., The Fundamentals, Vol. 7, Chapter 3, p. 42
[6] Reeve, J.J., The Fundamentals, Vol. 3, Chapter 6, p. 105
[7] Reeve also states, "Falsehood will not do God's will; only truth can do that. Is there nothing in the story of creation, of the fall, the flood, the call and promise to Abraham, the life of Jacob and Joseph and the great work of Moses? If all these things are not true to fact or to life, then God has been an arch-deceiver and acts on the Jesuit maxim, 'The end justifies the means.'" p. 115-116.
[8] Orr, J, The Fundamentals, Vol. 4 Chapter 4, p. 100
[9] Augustine. The City of God, translated by G. G. Walsh and G. Monahan (1952), Book 12, Chapter 11, p. 263. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
[10] Nor will it do to assume that Augustine believed in millions/billions of years before man. He didn't. He believed that all the days of creation actually happened in one day. But despite that error, he unquestionably believed in a young earth and universe.
[11] The shift away from biblical thinking in geology largely begins with James Hutton (1726-1797) who argued (contrary to his contemporaries) that the rock layers had not been the result of recent creation and a global flood, but rather formed by gradual deposition over vast ages.


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text:
NVGRE: Network Virtualization Using Generic Routing Encapsulation
draft-sridharan-virtualization-nvgre-08
Versions: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 rfc7637            IPR declarations
Network Working Group                                      M. Sridharan
Internet Draft                                             A. Greenberg
Intended Category: Informational                       N. Venkataramiah
Expires: August 25, 2013                                        Y. Wang
K. Duda
I. Ganga
G. Lin
M. Pearson
P. Thaler
C. Tumuluri
draft-sridharan-virtualization-nvgre-02.txt
This memo provides information for the Internet Community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind; instead it relies on a
proposed standard. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
document authors. All rights reserved.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as
reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
Sridharan et al             Informational                      [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                  NVGRE                     February 2013
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
respect to this document.
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 24, 2013.
This document describes the usage of Generic Routing Encapsulation
(GRE) header for Network Virtualization (NVGRE) in multi-tenant
datacenters. Network Virtualization decouples virtual networks and
addresses from physical network infrastructure, providing isolation
and concurrency between multiple virtual networks on the same
physical network infrastructure. This document also introduces a
Network Virtualization framework to illustrate the use cases, but
the focus is on specifying the data plane aspect of NVGRE.
1. Introduction...................................................3
1.1. Terminology...............................................4
2. Conventions used in this document..............................4
3. Network Virtualization using GRE...............................4
3.1. NVGRE Endpoint............................................5
3.2. NVGRE frame format........................................5
4. NVGRE Deployment Consideration.................................8
4.1. Broadcast and Multicast Traffic...........................8
4.2. Unicast Traffic...........................................9
4.3. IP Fragmentation..........................................9
4.4. Address/Policy Management & Routing.......................9
4.5. Cross-subnet, Cross-premise Communication................10
4.6. Internet Connectivity....................................12
4.7. Management and Control Planes............................12
4.8. NVGRE-Aware Devices......................................12
4.9. Network Scalability with GRE.............................13
5. Security Considerations.......................................14
6. IANA Considerations...........................................14
7. References....................................................14
7.1. Normative References.....................................14
7.2. Informative References...................................14
8. Acknowledgments...............................................15
Conventional data center network designs cater to largely static
workloads and cause fragmentation of network and server capacity
[VL2, COST-CCR]. There are several issues that limit dynamic
allocation and consolidation of capacity. Layer-2 networks use Rapid
Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) which is designed to eliminate loops
by blocking redundant paths. These eliminated paths translate to
wasted capacity and a highly oversubscribed network. There are
alternative approaches such as TRILL that address this problem
[TRILL].
The network utilization inefficiencies are exacerbated by network
fragmentation due to the use of VLANs for broadcast isolation. VLANs
are used for traffic management and also as the mechanism for
providing security and performance isolation among services
belonging to different tenants. The Layer-2 network is carved into
smaller sized subnets typically one subnet per VLAN, with VLAN tags
configured on all the Layer-2 switches connected to server racks
that run a given tenant's services. The current VLAN limits
theoretically allow for 4K such subnets to be created. The size of
the broadcast domain is typically restricted due to the overhead of
broadcast traffic (e.g., ARP). The 4K VLAN limit is no longer
sufficient in a shared infrastructure servicing multiple tenants.
Data center operators must be able to achieve high utilization of
server and network capacity. In order to achieve efficiency it
should be possible to assign workloads that operate in a single
Layer-2 network to any server in any rack in the network. It should
also be possible to migrate workloads to any server anywhere in the
network while retaining the workload's addresses. This can be
achieved today by stretching VLANs however when workloads migrate
the network needs to be reconfigured which is typically error prone.
By decoupling the workload's location on the LAN from its network
address, the network administrator configures the network once and
not every time a service migrates. This decoupling enables any
server to become part of any server resource pool.
The following are key design objectives for next generation data
centers: a) location independent addressing, b) the ability to a
scale the number of logical Layer-2/Layer-3 networks irrespective of
the underlying physical topology or the number of concurrent VLANs,
c) preserving Layer-2 semantics for services and allowing them to
retain their addresses as they move within and across data centers,
and d) providing broadcast isolation as workloads move around
without burdening the network control plane.
Refer to [NVO3 Framework] or [NVO3 PA&S]
NVE: Network Virtualization Endpoint
2. Conventions used in this document
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].
In this document, these words will appear with that interpretation
only when in ALL CAPS. Lower case uses of these words are not to be
interpreted as carrying RFC-2119 significance.
3. Network Virtualization using GRE
This section describes Network Virtualization using GRE, NVGRE.
Network virtualization involves creating virtual Layer 2 and/or
Layer 3 topologies on top of an arbitrary physical Layer 2/Layer 3
network. Connectivity in the virtual topology is provided by
tunneling Ethernet frames in IP over the physical network. Virtual
broadcast domains are realized as multicast distribution trees. The
multicast distribution trees are analogous to the VLAN broadcast
domains. A virtual Layer 2 network can span multiple physical
subnets. Support for bi-directional IP unicast and multicast
connectivity is the only requirement from the underlying physical
network to support unicast communications within a virtual network.
If the operator chooses to support broadcast and multicast traffic
in the virtual topology the physical topology must support IP
multicast. The physical network, for example, can be a conventional
hierarchical 3-tier network, a full bisection bandwidth Clos
network, or a large Layer 2 network with or without TRILL support.
Every virtual Layer-2 network is associated with a 24 bit
identifier, called Virtual Subnet Identifier (VSID). A 24 bit VSID
allows up to 16 million virtual subnets in the same management
domain in contrast to only 4K achievable with VLANs. Each VSID
represents a virtual Layer-2 broadcast domain and routes can be
configured for communication between virtual subnets. The VSID can
be crafted in such a way that it uniquely identifies a specific
tenant's subnet. The VSID is carried in an outer header allowing
unique identification of the tenant's virtual subnet to various
devices in the network.
GRE is a proposed IETF standard [RFC 2784, RFC 2890] and provides a
way for encapsulating an arbitrary protocol over IP. NVGRE leverages
the GRE header to carry VSID information in each packet. The VSID
information in each packet can be used to build multi-tenanct-aware
tools for traffic analysis, traffic inspection, and monitoring.
The following sections detail the packet format for NVGRE, describe
the functions of a NVGRE endpoint, illustrate typical traffic flow
both within and across data centers, and discuss address, policy
management and deployment considerations.
3.1. NVGRE Endpoint
NVGRE endpoints are the ingress/egress points between the virtual
and the physical networks. Any physical server or network device can
be a NVGRE endpoint. One common deployment is for the endpoint to be
part of a hypervisor. The primary function of this endpoint is to
encapsulate/decapsulate Ethernet data frames to and from the GRE
tunnel, ensure Layer-2 semantics, and apply isolation policy scoped
on VSID. The endpoint can optionally participate in routing and
function as a gateway in the virtual topology. To encapsulate an
Ethernet frame, the endpoint needs to know the location information
for the destination address in the frame. This information can be
provisioned via a management plane, or obtained via a combination of
control plane distribution or data plane learning approaches. This
document assumes that the location information, including VSID, is
available to the NVGRE endpoint.
3.2. NVGRE frame format
GRE header format as specified in RFC 2784 and RFC 2890 is used for
communication between NVGRE endpoints. NVGRE leverages the Key
extension specified in RFC 2890 to carry the VSID. The packet format
for Layer-2 encapsulation in GRE is shown in Figure 1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Outer Ethernet Header:             |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                (Outer) Destination MAC Address                |
|(Outer)Destination MAC Address |  (Outer)Source MAC Address    |
|                  (Outer) Source MAC Address                   |
|Optional Ethertype=C-Tag 802.1Q| Outer VLAN Tag Information    |
|       Ethertype 0x0800        |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Outer IPv4 Header:
|Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
|         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
|  Time to Live | Protocol 0x2F |         Header Checksum       |
|                      (Outer) Source Address                   |
|                  (Outer) Destination Address                  |
GRE Header:
|0| |1|0| Reserved0       | Ver |   Protocol Type 0x6558        |
|               Virtual Subnet ID (VSID)        |   Reserved    |
Inner Ethernet Header
|                (Inner) Destination MAC Address                |
|(Inner)Destination MAC Address |  (Inner)Source MAC Address    |
|                  (Inner) Source MAC Address                   |
|Optional Ethertype=C-Tag 802.1Q| PCP |0| VID set to 0          |
(Continued on the next page)
Inner IPv4 Header:
|  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
|                       Source Address                          |
|                    Destination Address                        |
|                    Options                    |    Padding    |
|                      Original IP Payload                      |
|                                                               |
GRE Encapsulation Frame Format
The outer/delivery headers include the outer Ethernet header and the
outer IP header:
o The outer Ethernet header: The source Ethernet address in the
outer frame is set to the MAC address associated with the NVGRE
endpoint. The destination Ethernet address is set to the MAC address
of the nexthop IP address for the destination NVE. The destination
endpoint may or may not be on the same physical subnet. The outer
VLAN tag information is optional and can be used for traffic
management and broadcast scalability.
o The outer IP header: Both IPv4 and IPv6 can be used as the
delivery protocol for GRE. The IPv4 header is shown for illustrative
purposes. Henceforth the IP address in the outer frame is referred
to as the Provider Address (PA). There can be one or more PA address
associated with an NVGRE endpoint, with policy controlling the
choice of PA to use for a given CA.
The GRE header:
o The C (Checksum Present) and S (Sequence Number Present) bits in
the GRE header MUST be zero.
o The K bit (Key Present) in the GRE header MUST be one. The 32-bit
Key field in the GRE header is used to carry the Virtual Subnet ID
(VSID) and the optional FlowID:
- Virtual Subnet ID (VSID): The first 24 bits are used for VSID
as shown in Figure 1.
- FlowID: The last 8 bits of the Key field are (optional)
FlowID, which can be used to add per-flow entropy within the
same VSID, where the entire Key field (32-bit) is used for
ECMP purposes by switches or routers in the physical network
infrastructure. If a FlowID is not generated, the FlowID field
MUST be set to all zero.
o The protocol type field in the GRE header is set to 0x6558
(transparent Ethernet bridging) [ETHTYPES].
The inner headers (headers of the GRE payload):
o The inner Ethernet frame comprises of an inner Ethernet header
followed by the inner IP header, followed by the IP payload. The
inner frame could be any Ethernet data frame not just IP. Note that
the inner Ethernet frame's FCS is not encapsulated.
o Inner VLAN tag: The inner Ethernet header of NVGRE SHOULD NOT
contain inner VLAN Tag. When an NVE performs NVGRE encapsulation, it
SHOULD remove any existing VLAN Tag before encapsulating NVGRE
headers. If a VLAN-tagged frame arrives encapsulated in NVGRE, then
the decapsulating NVE SHOULD drop the frame.
4. o For illustrative purposes IPv4 headers are shown as the inner IP
headers but IPv6 headers may be used. Henceforth the IP address
contained in the inner frame is referred to as the Customer Address
(CA).NVGRE Deployment Consideration
4.1. Broadcast and Multicast Traffic
The following discussion applies if the network operator chooses to
support broadcast and multicast traffic. Each virtual subnet is
assigned an administratively scoped multicast address to carry
broadcast and multicast traffic. All traffic originating from within
a VSID is encapsulated and sent to the assigned multicast address.
As an example, the addresses can be derived from a administratively
scoped multicast address as specified in RFC 2365 for IPv4
(organization Local Scope 239.192.0.0/14), or an Organization-Local
scope multicast address for IPv6 as specified in RFC 4291. This
provides a wide range of address choices. Purely from an efficiency
standpoint for every multicast address that a tenant uses the
network operator may configure a corresponding multicast address in
the PA space. To support broadcast and multicast traffic in the
virtual topology the physical topology must support IP multicast.
Depending on the hardware capabilities of the physical network
devices multiple virtual broadcast domains may be assigned the same
physical IP multicast address. For interoperability reasons, a
future version of this draft will specify a standard way to map VSID
to IP multicast address.
4.2. Unicast Traffic
The NVGRE endpoint encapsulates a Layer-2 packet in GRE using the
source PA associated with the endpoint with the destination PA
corresponding to the location of the destination endpoint. As
outlined earlier there can be one or more PAs associated with an
endpoint and policy will control which ones get used for
communication. The encapsulated GRE packet is bridged and routed
normally by the physical network to the destination. Bridging uses
the outer Ethernet encapsulation for scope on the LAN. The only
assumption is bi-directional IP connectivity from the underlying
physical network. On the destination the NVGRE endpoint decapsulates
the GRE packet to recover the original Layer-2 frame. Traffic flows
similarly on the reverse path.
4.3. IP Fragmentation
RFC 2003 section 5.1 specifies mechanisms for handling fragmentation
when encapsulating IP within IP. The subset of mechanisms NVGRE
selects are intended to ensure that NVGRE encapsulated frames are
not fragmented after encapsulation en-route to the destination NVGRE
endpoint, and that traffic sources can leverage Path MTU discovery.
A future version of this draft will clarify the details around
setting the DF bit on the outer IP header as well as maintaining per
destination NVGRE endpoint MTU soft state so that ICMP Datagram Too
Big messages can be exploited. Fragmentation behavior when tunneling
non-IP Ethernet frames in GRE will also be specified in a future
4.4. Address/Policy Management & Routing
Address acquisition is beyond the scope of this document and can be
obtained statically, dynamically or using stateless address auto-
configuration. CA and PA space can be either IPv4 or IPv6. In fact
the address families don't have to match, for example, CA can be
IPv4 while PA is IPv6 and vice versa. The isolation policies MUST be
explicitly configured in the NVGRE endpoint. A typical policy table
entry consists of CA, MAC address, VSID and optionally, the specific
PA if more than one PA is associated with the NVGRE endpoint. If
there are multiple virtual subnets, explicit routing information
MUST be configured along with a default gateway for cross-subnet
communication. Routing between virtual subnets can be optionally
handled by the NVGRE endpoint acting as a gateway. If
broadcast/multicast support is required the NVGRE endpoints MUST
participate in IGMP/MLD for all subscribed multicast groups.
4.5. Cross-subnet, Cross-premise Communication
One application of this framework is that it provides a seamless
path for enterprises looking to expand their virtual machine hosting
capabilities into public clouds. Enterprises can bring their entire
IP subnet(s) and isolation policies, thus making the transition to
or from the cloud simpler. It is possible to move portions of a IP
subnet to the cloud however that requires additional configuration
on the enterprise network and is not discussed in this document.
Enterprises can continue to use existing communications models like
site-to-site VPN to secure their traffic.
A VPN gateway is used to establish a secure site-to-site tunnel over
the Internet and all the enterprise services running in virtual
machines in the cloud use the VPN gateway to communicate back to the
enterprise. For simplicity we use a VPN GW configured as a VM shown
in Figure 2 to illustrate cross-subnet, cross-premise communication.
Sridharan et al             Informational                     [Page 10]
+-----------------------+        +-----------------------+
|       Server 1        |        |       Server 2        |
| +--------+ +--------+ |        | +-------------------+ |
| | VM1    | | VM2    | |        | |    VPN Gateway    | |
| | IP=CA1 | | IP=CA2 | |        | | Internal  External| |
| |        | |        | |        | |  IP=CAg   IP=GAdc | |
|       Hypervisor      |        |     | Hypervisor| ^   |
+-----------------------+        +-------------------:---+
| IP=PA1                   | IP=PA4    | :
|                          |           | :
|     +-------------------------+      | : VPN
+-----|     Layer 3 Network     |------+ : Tunnel
+-------------------------+        :
|                     :
+-----------------------------------------------:--+
|                                               :  |
|                     Internet                  :  |
|                     v
|   +-------------------+
|   |    VPN Gateway    |
|---|                   |
IP=GAcorp| External IP=GAcorp|
+-----------------------+
|  Corp Layer 3 Network |
|      (In CA Space)    |
+---------------------------+
|       Server X            |
| +----------+ +----------+ |
| | Corp VMe | | Corp VM2 | |
| |  IP=CAe  | | IP=CAE2  | |
|         Hypervisor        |
Cross-Subnet, Cross-Premise Communication
The flow here is similar to the unicast traffic flow between VMs,
the key difference in this case the packet needs to be sent to a VPN
gateway before it gets forwarded to the destination. As part of
routing configuration in the CA space, a VPN gateway is provisioned
per-tenant for communication back to the enterprise. The example
illustrates an outbound connection between VM1 inside the datacenter
and VMe inside the enterprise network. The outbound packet from CA1
to CAe when it hits the hypervisor on Server 1 matches the default
gateway rule as CAe is not part of the tenant virtual network in the
datacenter. The packet is encapsulated and sent to the PA of tenant
VPN gateway (PA4) running as a VM on Server 2. The packet is
decapsulated on Server 2 and delivered to the VM gateway. The
gateway in turn validates and sends the packet on the site-to-site
tunnel back to the enterprise network. As the communication here is
external to the datacenter the PA address for the VPN tunnel is
globally routable. The outer header of this packet is sourced from
GAdc destined to GAcorp. This packet is routed through the internet
to the enterprise VPN gateway which is the other end of the site-to-
site tunnel at which point the VPN decapsulates the packet and sends
it inside the enterprise where the CAe is routable on the network.
The reverse path is similar once the packet hits the enterprise VPN
gateway.
4.6. Internet Connectivity
To enable connectivity to the Internet, an Internet gateway is
needed that bridges the virtualized CA space to the public Internet
address space. The gateway performs translation between the
virtualized world and the Internet, for example, the NVGRE endpoint
can be part of a load balancer or a NAT. Section 4 has more
discussions around building GRE gateways.
4.7. Management and Control Planes
There are several protocols that can manage and distribute policy;
however this document does not recommend any one mechanism.
Implementations SHOULD choose a mechanism that meets their scale
4.8. NVGRE-Aware Devices
One example of a typical deployment consists of virtualized servers
deployed across multiple racks connected by one or more layers of
Layer-2 switches which in turn may be connected to a layer 3 routing
domain. Even though routing in the physical infrastructure will work
without any modification with GRE, devices that perform specialized
processing in the network need to be able to parse GRE to get access
to tenant specific information. Devices that understand and parse
the VSID can provide rich multi-tenancy aware services inside the
data center. As outlined earlier it is imperative to exploit
multiple paths inside the network through techniques such as Equal
Cost Multipath (ECMP). The Key field may provide additional entropy
to the switches to exploit path diversity inside the network. One
such example could be to use the upper 8 bits of the Key field to
add flow based entropy and tag all the packets from a flow with an
entropy label. A diverse ecosystem play is expected to emerge as
more and more devices become multitenancy aware. In the interim,
without requiring any hardware upgrades, there are alternatives to
exploit path diversity with GRE by associating multiple PAs with
NVGRE endpoints with policy controlling the choice of PA to be used.
It is expected that communication can span multiple data centers and
also cross the virtual to physical boundary. Typical scenarios that
require virtual-to-physical communication includes access to storage
and databases. Scenarios demanding lossless Ethernet functionality
may not be amenable to NVGRE as traffic is carried over an IP
network. NVGRE endpoints mediate between the network virtualized and
non-network virtualized environments. This functionality can be
incorporated into Top of Rack switches, storage appliances, load
balancers, routers etc. or built as a stand-alone appliance.
It is imperative to consider the impact of any solution on host
performance. Today's server operating systems employ sophisticated
acceleration techniques such as checksum offload, Large Send Offload
(LSO), Receive Segment Coalescing (RSC), Receive Side Scaling (RSS),
Virtual Machine Queue (VMQ) etc. These technologies should become
GRE aware. IPsec Security Associations (SA) can be offloaded to the
NIC so that computationally expensive cryptographic operations are
performed at line rate in the NIC hardware. These SAs are based on
the IP addresses of the endpoints. As each packet on the wire gets
translated, the NVGRE endpoint SHOULD intercept the offload requests
and do the appropriate address translation. This will ensure that
IPsec continues to be usable with network virtualization while
taking advantage of hardware offload capabilities for improved
4.9. Network Scalability with GRE
One of the key benefits of using GRE is the IP address scalability
and in turn MAC address table scalability that can be achieved.
NVGRE endpoint can use one PA to represent multiple CAs. This lowers
the burden on the MAC address table sizes at the Top of Rack
switches. One obvious benefit is in the context of server
virtualization which has increased the demands on the network
infrastructure. By embedding a NVGRE endpoint in a hypervisor it is
possible to scale significantly. This framework allows for location
information to be preconfigured inside a NVGRE endpoint allowing
broadcast ARP traffic to be proxied locally. This approach can scale
to large sized virtual subnets. These virtual subnets can be spread
across multiple layer-3 physical subnets. It allows workloads to be
moved around without imposing a huge burden on the network control
plane. By eliminating most broadcast traffic and converting others
to multicast the routers and switches can function more efficiently
by building efficient multicast trees. By using server and network
capacity efficiently it is possible to drive down the cost of
building and managing data centers.
This proposal extends the Layer-2 subnet across the data center and
increases the scope for spoofing attacks. Mitigations of such
attacks are possible with authentication/encryption using IPsec or
any other IP based mechanism. The control plane for policy
distribution is expected to be secured by using any of the existing
security protocols. Further management traffic can be isolated in a
separate subnet/VLAN.
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
[ETHTYPES] ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/ethernet-
[VL2] A. Greenberg et al, "VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center
Network", Proc. SIGCOMM 2009.
[COST-CCR] A. Greenberg et al, "The Cost of a Cloud: Research
Problems in the Data Center", ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review.
8. Acknowledgments
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
Murari Sridharan
1 Microsoft Way
Email: muraris@microsoft.com
Kenneth Duda
5470 Great America Pkwy
kduda@aristanetworks.com
Ilango Ganga
2200 Mission College Blvd.
M/S: SC12-325
Santa Clara, CA - 95054
Email: ilango.s.ganga@intel.com
Albert Greenberg
Email: albert@microsoft.com
Geng Lin
One Dell Way
Email: geng_lin@dell.com
8000 Foothills Blvd.
Email: mark.pearson@hp.com
Patricia Thaler
3151 Zanker Road
Email: pthaler@broadcom.com
Chait Tumuluri
Emulex Corporation
3333 Susan Street
Email: chait@emulex.com
Narasimhan Venkataramiah
Email: narave@microsoft.com
Yu-Shun Wang
Email: yushwang@microsoft.com


text:
Dubai's Washmen raises $6.2 million Series B for its app-based dry cleaning and laundry service
Posted on July 8, 2019 - Like & Follow Us Follow @MENAbytes
Washmen, a Dubai-based dry cleaning and laundry service has raised $6.2 million in its Series B round, the startup announced today in a statement to MENAbytes. The round was led by AddVenture, a global VC based in Russia, which happens to be a returning investor and has prev. invested in Dubai-based ServiceMarket as well. The round was also joined by Germany-based leading consumer goods company Henkel, Lebanon's Cedar Mundi Ventures and B&Y Partners and UAE's Clara Ventures. This round takes total investment raised so far by Washmen to $7.8 million.
Founded in 2015 by Rami Shaar and Jad Halaoui, Washmen had originally started with an asset-light model connecting customers with logistics partners and existing laundromats, but now fully owns the supply chain after launch of its own 30,000 square feet laundry and dry cleaning facility last month.
Rami Shaar, the co-founder and CEO of Washmen, said, "We have traveled to 17 countries in search of what it takes to clean the items in your closet in the right way: from machines to processes and products. Our new facility, equipped with our proprietary tech, will allow us to clean up to 25,000 items a day when we are at peak utilization."
Washmen allows users to order laundry or dry cleaning services through its mobile app (for Android or iOS) by selecting pick up and drop off times. The turnaround time is 48 hours but users also have the option of requesting next day delivery by paying 50 percent premium on the charges.
The statement by Washmen notes that its strategy to vertically integrate across the supply chain was gradual over the last 4 years which helped them improve unit economics and customer retention. The startup claims to have become the largest retail laundry and dry clean operator in the UAE.
Max Medvedev, Managing Partner at AddVenture that has invested in other on-demand laundry and dry cleaning services across the world, said, "Vertical integration is a must because it ensures the best quality of cleaning and it improves gross margins to a level that we haven't seen anywhere in the world in this industry. They are truly innovators in this space, developing new hardware and software for dry cleaning facility and disrupting the traditional thinking about the cleaning process."
Henkel, the German consumer goods company that has joined as a strategic investor (through its VC arm Henkel Ventures) and will contribute its experience in laundry detergents which include Persil in MENA.
Thomas Schuffenhauer, Director New Business Laundry & Home Care at Henkel, commenting on the investment, said, "We see a clear trend of consumers outsourcing more and more tasks as part of their lifestyle. Understanding this shift in consumer behavior and accompanying it with a high-quality service offering is part of our consumer-centric approach. We are very happy to have found an innovative and dynamic partner in Washmen, driving its disruptive business model in the region."
Washmen will use the investment to solidify the operations in UAE and expand its technology development office in Beirut.
Bassel Attieh, Chairman and Managing Partner of Cedar Mundi Ventures, the Lebanese VC that joined the rounded, said, "Washmen track-record and development model are strong. Digital technology is an integral part of it, leveraging premium tech talent pool and entrepreneurial ecosystem of Lebanon for regional scale. We are glad to come aboard to advise and further accelerate Washmen expansion plans."
Related Items:Beirut, Dubai, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates
Dubai-based crypto exchange BitOasis raises $30 million Series B to accelerate growth
Invygo raises $1.9 million to grow its car subscription platform in UAE & Saudi
Baraka raises $4 million seed, launches investment app to connect retail investors in Middle East with US markets
Two Minutes with a VC: Kenza Lahlou of Morocco's Outlierz Ventures
Tunisia secures $175 million (in loans) from World Bank to invest in startups and digitization of social security and education systems


Get ready for your next wilderness trek or scouting trip with the Field & Stream 40L External Frame Hiking Pack. Customize your fit with the adjustable shoulder straps, frame length, back pad, sternum strap and hip belt for ultimate comfort during your hike. This pack features a bevy of organizational features, including a front panel pocket, four external pockets, two hip belt accessory pockets and bottom half-moon opening with a daisy chain.


text:
University of Zurich Faculty of Business, Economics and Informatics Studies General Credit Transfer Minor Mobility
Semester Enrollment
Nicola Wenning, Dean's Office
Prior Studies
Mobility Semester
Faculty-External UZH
ETH Modules
Military Leadership Program
Minor Mobility
Mobility in a Minor Program
As a general principle, the minor program at Bachelor's level must be completed at UZH. In exceptional cases, however, and provided approval has been obtained from the examination delegate, it is possible to take a Bachelor's minor program at another Swiss university. It is not possible to do so at Master's level.
Degree and credit transfer
The external minor program that you wish to take must meet the following requirements:
It must be worth 30 ECTS credits
It must be offered at Bachelor's level
It must not be on offer at UZH or very similar to a minor program offered by UZH
It must have a legal basis (program regulations)
When submitting a petition for approval of an external minor program, you must provide evidence that these requirements have been met. There is no entitlement to complete a minor program at a different university.
If the requirements listed above have been met, you may submit a petition to the examination delegate for permission to complete an external minor program. When doing so, you must adhere to the following procedure:
Clarify with the other university whether it is possible for you to enroll in the minor program.
Submit a petition in writing to the examination delegate after the assessment level has been passed at UZH, including documents providing evidence that the requirements have been met.
You will then receive an official decision. If the decision is positive, you will be enrolled in the minor program titled "Minor completed at another university."
You must submit the necessary documentation when registering for your degree (see the next point).
It is important to remember that the regulations of the other university (concerning deadlines for booking modules, failed attempts and repeats, etc.) will apply when you are completing an external minor program.
Students register for graduation in line with the guidelines and deadlines set by the Faculty of Business, Economics and Informatics.
In order for credit earned from the external minor program to be transferred to the UZH degree, the other university must issue a confirmation of degree with an overall grade, showing that the requirements of the study program have been met.
The confirmation of degree must be submitted by the registration deadline and must be included in the registration for graduation.
Degree deadlines


India's new rules for foreign e-commerce platforms may be designed to protect local companies from Amazon.com and Walmart Inc., but consumers are likely to suffer the collateral damage.
Amazon.com rapidly is adding delivery stations across the country to better handle the rising number of orders it receives, and a big one landed on Centennial's porch last month.
Is Amazon Moving Into a Former Ohio Mall Site?
Almost every indicator points to an Amazon fulfillment center, or something like it, at an old Ohio mall near Akron.
Amazon.com has nearly 200 warehouses, a fleet of trucks and airplanes, and even its own delivery drones — yet the company has determined that is not enough to satiate its booming demand.
ROCKFORD, Ill. — Cargo business is poised to maintain its upward trajectory at Rockford's airport, which has positioned itself as a spoke in the airfreight network that Amazon is building so it can deliver its products without relying solely on traditional shippers such as UPS and FedEx.
Additional permit applications filed this week show continued work to add an Amazon Delivery Center to the company's growing Oklahoma City, Okla., presence.
Amazon.com Inc.'s call for entrepreneurs to help expand its package-delivery network is a cry for help.
Amazon.com's ever-expanding retail empire is going to need more workers and vehicles to get millions of packages to shoppers' doors. To do so, the web retailer is encouraging people to start their own delivery businesses.
A vague mention of Amazon.com Inc.'s interest in any sector might be enough to send investors into a tizzy, but the top executive of U.S. Xpress Enterprises Inc. is unfazed.