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Will the Tech Crash Draw Talent To Big Cos, Away From Venture-Backed Firms?
The market for tech talent has not shrunk as much as the equity markets. People with the right skills are still in high demand - and remote or hybrid work has made it easier for both firms and employees to make arrangements closer to what they want.
The difference may be that those more inclined to seek security - such as slightly older employees with families - are likely to find the relative stability of big tech if not comforting, at least less anxiety-producing. But those still wanting to make a difference are likely to still find startups more attractive. JL
Christopher Mims reports in the Wall Street Journal, image Smunch:
The downturn doesn't mean demand is evaporating. Demand for workers with the right skills has been so high that laid-off workers are likely to land on their feet, as disaffected ones vote with theirs. Postings for software developers were 125% higher when compared with a prepandemic baseline figure. (But) the giants offer safe ports for workers seeking shelter from the storm. The ability to work and hire anywhere could reinforce the flight toward the relative safety of big tech companies, (though) remote work can push employees away from big tech companies as well as toward them. Talented engineers are still entertaining multiple offers, and seek to have an impact, which is easier at a startup.
The battle for tech talent is entering a new phase—and the winners are likely to be the world's biggest tech companies.
Apple, Amazon, AMZN 1.99%▲ Microsoft, Google and Facebook FB 1.82%▲ parent Meta Platforms have spent years battling for engineers and other skilled workers with each other and the rest of the tech landscape—including legions of cash-drunk startups dangling stock that might someday spell megawealth. Now, as the tech industry is hit by tumbling stock prices and recalibrated financial projections, companies large and small are slowing their hiring and even laying off workers. Even given these challenges, though, the giants now offer safe ports for workers seeking shelter from the gathering storm.
The ingredients of that storm are: Rising interest rates leading investors to panic and sell their shares in growth-over-profits tech companies. A similar rout in cryptocurrency. Institutional investors freezing their later-stage investments in risky startups, leading many to pause efforts to raise more money, or accept lower valuations. At the same time, privacy changes by Apple and challenges to the world economy brought on by China's Covid-19 lockdowns and the war in Ukraine are causing revenue growth at bellwethers like Meta and Snap to drop, further spooking investors.
As these gale-force economic winds kick up, big tech companies have a number of advantages: They have amassed record piles of cash, and deploying those resources to attract talent is one of the ways they plan to win the current downturn. On Wednesday, The Wall Street Journal reported Apple is boosting pay for its workers, and has plans for more cash bonuses. Last week, Microsoft Chief Executive Satya Nadella announced the company would nearly double its global budget for merit-based salary raises.
Around the time markets peaked late last year, other big tech companies committed to spending on talent in ways that could have a significant impact in the current climate. In February, Amazon announced it would double its cash pay cap for employees. And Google parent Alphabet GOOG 2.14%▲ late last year unveiled a new program to allow it to award cash bonuses of almost any size and for almost any reason.
The outcome of all this could be that, as in economic downturns past, the biggest companies come out stronger than before. And that's because in tech, more than in any other industry aside from perhaps entertainment, it's human capital—the knowledge and skills of the workers who build the castles of code and hardware on which this industry runs—that matters most.
A softening labor market
The past few weeks have been tough for employees at some tech companies, small and large.
Klarna Bank, which specializes in buy-now-pay-later services, on Monday notified its workforce of 7,000 that 10% would be laid off. That came days after the Journal reported the Softbank-funded startup was seeking additional funding at a valuation a third lower than it was a year ago. Fellow fintech company Robinhood Markets last month said it would cut a similar share of its full-time staffers.
Even tech giants that have pledged to continue hiring have said they will do so at a reduced pace. On Thursday Microsoft announced it would slow hiring in its software group. Uber Technologies' CEO, Dara Khosrowshahi, and rival Lyft's president, John Zimmer, both have said that hiring at their companies will slow. Meta declared a hiring freeze for some teams, and smaller social-media rivals Twitter and Snap followed suit with similar hit-the-brakes memos. The list goes on.
Altogether, it's a sudden cool-down for what has been a red-hot market for tech talent.
But the downturn doesn't mean demand is evaporating, at least so far, say recruiters and in-the-trenches tech CEOs still battling for talent. Demand for workers with the right skills has for the past year been so high that laid-off workers are likely to land on their feet, and disaffected ones are likely to vote with theirs. In other words, both groups will quickly find employment at another company.
Any softening of demand for software engineers, product managers, designers, marketers, and salespeople is likely to mean the companies that are still hiring will have an easier time finding candidates, says Shauna Swerland, a 28-year veteran of the tech industry and CEO of Fuel Talent, a Seattle recruiting firm. But it isn't as if demand for these candidates will evaporate entirely, she adds, given that the appetite for tech talent before the recent gloom was "incredibly insane, and not sustainable."
"With these announcements of layoffs and hiring freezes, I have been digging around for any small signal flashing red on my labor-market dashboard, but there really hasn't been," says AnnElizabeth Konkel, an economist at job-search site Indeed. "Any time a worker is laid off it's a difficult experience, but the silver lining is that it is still a very tight labor market."
As of May 13, postings on Indeed for software developers were 125% higher when compared with a prepandemic baseline figure from February of 2020. Postings for all jobs, not just tech ones, in the San Francisco Bay Area have also been holding steady at around 36% above the same baseline.
The perception created by the recent announcements about tech jobs will help big tech companies hire better employees, says Matt Hulett, a startup-turnaround specialist who has headed more than a half-dozen companies, and has been an executive in the tech industry since before the first dot-com crash in 2000. It could also help them fill some of the backlog of open positions they have maintained of late. Until tech-company share prices and revenue projections began tanking early this year, Mr. Hulett says had never seen a labor market like that of 2021, even during the most frenzied days of Web 1.0.
Flight to safety
Several factors could drive workers into the arms of big tech companies in the coming months or, should the U.S. enter a recession, years.
In the short term, companies' announcing they are tapping the brakes on hiring has a psychological effect on employees and job seekers, says Ms. Swerland. This kind of news can make those who are already employed by a "safe" company more likely to stay, and free agents more likely to accept any given offer, she adds.
Daniel Zhao, an economist at Glassdoor, the company-ratings website, says that about 76% of full- and part-time employees at U.S. tech companies said in May they had a positive view of the business outlook for their employer, according to his polling. Though seemingly high, that number is the lowest it has been since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020.
"In these times, some talent is attracted to the safety of [big tech companies]," says Anshu Sharma, CEO of data-privacy startup Skyflow and a former vice president at business-software giant Salesforce.
A 2009 retrospective on how the 2000 dot-com crash affected workers in Silicon Valley, written by economists at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, may hold lessons on what happens during a downturn like the one we're experiencing now.
It took a full year for layoffs in Silicon Valley to begin after the dot-com crash, but by 2008, more than 85,000 jobs had evaporated, out of a total of about a half million. Paradoxically, during that period of job losses, for most high-tech industries, the concentration of jobs in Silicon Valley actually increased when compared with the rest of the U.S. At the same time, wages for high-tech jobs in the area grew significantly faster than those of all jobs in the rest of the country, rising to $132,351 in 2008, from $97,344 in 2001.
In other words, even in a period of actual job losses in the heart of America's high-tech industry, companies continued to pursue talent, and to win it in bidding wars against rivals elsewhere in the U.S.
One big difference between the first dot-com bust and today is the rise of remote work. The ability to work—and hire—anywhere could reinforce the flight toward the relative safety of big tech companies in the coming months, says Mr. Hulett. In the before-times, switching jobs to a company like Amazon would mean uprooting one's family and abandoning one's local support network to move to Seattle or one of the company's satellite offices. But big tech's (admittedly uneven) embrace of remote work means that companies with deep pockets can find and poach talent, wherever they can find it.
Two-way disruption
Not everything about the current economic situation in the U.S. will encourage workers to join big tech companies. For example, remote work can push employees away from big tech companies as well as toward them. People in dual-income households that no longer have to uproot one spouse for the sake of another's job have more flexibility. And the most talented engineers are still entertaining multiple offers, and are sometimes seeking to have an impact, something that's easier at a startup.
For most tech workers, though, the future could look significantly different than the recent past, in which their compensation was being bid to stratospheric new heights. As basic economics sinks its teeth into both companies and employees, says Mr. Hulett, "big tech giants will certainly get their pick of the litter on talent, and they're certainly not going to pay as much as they've been paying.


Carrello Per Scale Bricoman Con SGABELLO COLOMBO ACCIAIO 3 GRADINI PESO 6 05 Kg PORTATA 150 Kg E 10026669 HR PRO V01 2015 11 16 132805 Original 1500x2500px Carrello Per Scale Bricoman is one of pictures thet are related with the picture before in the collection gallery. If you would like to see the Carrello Per Scale Bricoman Con SGABELLO COLOMBO ACCIAIO 3 GRADINI PESO 6 05 Kg PORTATA 150 Kg E 10026669 HR PRO V01 2015 11 16 132805 Original 1500x2500px Carrello Per Scale Bricoman in High Resolution [HD Resolution] version, please press the right click on picures/image then choose "Save as Image" option, and done. You will get Carrello Per Scale Bricoman Con SGABELLO COLOMBO ACCIAIO 3 GRADINI PESO 6 05 Kg PORTATA 150 Kg E 10026669 HR PRO V01 2015 11 16 132805 Original 1500x2500px Carrello Per Scale Bricoman pictures that you want. The exactly dimension of Carrello Per Scale Bricoman Con SGABELLO COLOMBO ACCIAIO 3 GRADINI PESO 6 05 Kg PORTATA 150 Kg E 10026669 HR PRO V01 2015 11 16 132805 Original 1500x2500px Carrello Per Scale Bricoman was 1500x2500 pixels. You can also look for some pictures by collection on below this picture. Find the other picture or article about Idee Di Carrello Per Scale Bricoman Image Gallery here. We hope it can help you to get information of the picture.


Ryan Lowe's Bury make the short journey to the Moss Rose this afternoon, as Macclesfield Town get ready for another epic battle in our fight to ascend up the League Two table.
After last weekend's harsh 1 - 0 reversal at Cambridge, Danny and Neil will be going all out to secure our second victory of the season and we need you right behind us every step of the way.
The vociferous support you have provided us with over the last few weeks in particular has been nothing short of phenomenal and we need you to stand with us again today as we fight for the points on offer.
Previewing the match yesterday, here are the thoughts of Joint Assistant Manager Neil Howarth.
The Silkmen were buoyed by the return of Ryan Lloyd in midweek and he is in contention to play some part in the game after recovering from an achilles injury. Elliott Durrell is also close to a return, whilst Danny Whitaker and Callum Evans should return to the fold within the coming weeks.
Bury are currently tenth in League Two, after accumulating 23 points from their opening sixteen games.
They come in to the clash after suffering a 1 - 0 defeat at Port Vale last week - former Shaker Tom Pope scoring the only goal of the game in the 51st minute.
Bury have contested eight League Two fixtures away from Gigg Lane this season and have tasted victory at Swindon Town and Colchester United.
The spoils have been shared at Northampton and Crewe, whilst defeats have been suffered at MK Dons, Lincoln, Crawley and Port Vale.
The last time that The Shakers visited Moss Rose for a competitive fixture was back in February 2011. A brace from Ryan Lowe helped the visitors claim a 4 - 2 victory that day - despite goals from Ross Draper and Tyrone Barnett.
Today we will be remembering all those lost in conflict as part of the 1918 Armistice anniversary. Please arrive at the ground early and if at all possible, your donations to the Royal British Legion would be greatly appreciated.
Finally, skipper David Fitzpatrick will be taking your questions in the McIlroy Suite after the game. David will be making his way over around 17:30, so make sure you stay behind after the game to hear his thoughts.
The Silkmen fell to a 4-1 home defeat to promotion hopefuls Bury in what proved to be a difficult afternoon at the Moss Rose.
Neil Danns inspired the visitors to victory with his first half brace setting the tone for the rest of the game.
Bury had the better of the early exchanges and hit the underside of the crossbar in the first minute, before two goals in four minutes made things difficult for the Silkmen.
The first came after Rhys Taylor was unable to deal with a cross, and he was only able to palm the ball into the path of Neil Danns who tapped the ball into the empty net.
Danns then scored his and Bury's second moments later with a stunning strike from outside the box as he found the far corner and gave Taylor little chance in the Macclesfield goal.
The Silkmen fought back and almost pulled a goal back when Peter Vincenti lost his marker in the Bury box; but his header was straight at Joe Murphy in the visitors' goal.
Ben Stephens then did pull one back for Macc as he lifted the ball over the onrushing Taylor after being played through on goal.
More Silkmen pressure ensued, with Harry Smith and Ben Stephens having chances to level the score, but they were unable to pull the Silkmen level.
Bury then restored their two-goal lead just before half time as Jay O'Shea curled a free kick into the far corner.
The Silkmen came out fighting in the second half and created a host of early opportunities with Stephens, Smith and Scott Wilson all coming close for Macc.
Wilson came the closest as he connected with a cross from the right-hand side, but he couldn't connect cleanly with the ball and scooped the ball over the bar from close range.
Stephens then came close once more, but his shot lacked the power to trouble Murphy.
Bury then extended their lead through Nicky Maynard as he diverted the ball past Taylor from close range following a cross from the left-hand side.
On a brighter note, Ryan Lloyd made his long-awaited comeback from injury off the bench for Macc, but his introduction could not help the Silkmen overturn the deficit in what was a disappointing afternoon.


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IHLNA Contacts
Magnolia Project
Nene Fest
Nene Fest 5K & Fun Run
Nene History
Nene Watch
Neneland
All about Indianhead Acres and Lehigh Acres in Tallahassee
Street Names-What do They Mean?
When Mr. Stead developed Indianhead Acres, his wife worked with Mr. Cash, a librarian at the old State Library to give the streets authentic Seminole names. First of all, Nene means "trail". Beginning with Jim Lee Road they originally wanted to name it Humpin Nene, meaning First Trail.
Hokolin Nene…………………..Second Trail
Toochin Nene…………………. Third Trail
Ostin Nene………………………Fourth Trail
Chowkeebin Nene…………….Fifth Trail
Apakin Nene……………………Sixth Trail
Kolopakin Nene……………….Seventh Trail
Chinnapakin Nene…………….Eighth Trail
Ostipakin Nene………………..Ninth Trail
Atapha Nene…………………..Dogwood Trail
Heechee Nene…………………Tobacco Trail
Chuli Nene…………………….. Pine Trail
Chocksaka Nene……………..Bridle Trail
Wekewa Nene…………………Spring Trail
Hasosaw……………………….. East Trail
Wahalaw……………………….. North-South Trail
Atchena Nene………………… Cedar Trail
Ohbah Nene……………………Owl Trail
The Old Farmhouse – Where is it Now?
Many years ago, in the late 1940's a barn and an old farmhouse sat on a hill that is now the site of Pier 1 Imports store. The land going as far back as Jim Lee Road, approximately 480 acres, was owned by Mr. and Mrs. John Stead. The land was previously known as Indianhead Plantation. Mr. Stead moved the house to a different location, before slowly leveling the hill. The farmhouse was later accidentally burned down by a transient.
The Great Land Sale
In 1947 Mr. John Stead offered to sell to the City of Tallahassee the property from St. Augustine Road to the Old Perry Road (US-27) for one dollar for the purpose of building a school and stadium. At the time, the City Council said that this area was too far out of town to ever be developed and turned down the offer. Just a short time later, the county approached the Steads and purchased the land where Hartsfield School now stands.
Mr. Koucky built about 200 of the homes in Indianhead Acres. Starting in the early 1950's working his crew and making the streets, Indian artifacts were forever turning up. Once when working at the south end of Wahalaw Nene, he came across three Indian mounds. He called F.S.U. to come investigate. They were discovered to be "ceremonial mounds".
Indianhead Airport
Airplanes landing here in Indianhead Acres? Not the big commercial airplanes, like at the airport, but there was at one time a landing strip right here in our neighborhood! Small planes would take off and land all the time. The landing strip was located in a field between Chowkeebin Nene and St. Augustine Road, just north of Wahalaw Nene.
Indianhead Acres Lake
Mr. Koucky remembers seeing an old photograph of people getting water from the head of the stream between East and West Indianhead Drives. He said many years ago people would come out here from town to get their water, then carry it all the way back. The land where Optimist Park resides used to be completely under water. A dam was situated just north of Hokolin Nene with a huge pipe running under the road, thus forming the lake. In the late 1950's during a heavy storm, debris clogged the vent pipe causing the main flow pipe to collapse, thus flooding the homes in the low lying areas south of the dam. Instead of fixing the dam and re-creating the lake, the county just filled in the now drained lake and turned it into a park. There are still people living in Indianhead Acres that can remember seeing small sailboats and canoes on the lake, with people sitting around on the bank and fishing .
NOTE: The above information was composed by a local resident of Indian Head Acres, Mark Hannum.
Indianhead in 1957
The Florida Department of Transportation has historical aerial photographs online. Check out the 1957 aerials of Indianhead.
About the Hood
2018 Sustainable Neighborhood of the Year Award
Indianhead Lehigh Neighborhood was honored to receive the first Sustainable Neighborhood of the Year Award, sponsored by Sustainable Tallahassee.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Access Statistics for John Fender
AGGREGATE DEMAND MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN AN INTERTEMPORAL MACROECONOMIC MODEL WITH IMPERFECT COMPETITION 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 411
Corruption and Transparency in a Growth Model 1 2 3 439 3 4 10 945
Democratic Errors 0 0 0 52 0 1 9 94
Democratic Errors 0 0 0 46 0 0 3 150
Disinflation in an Open-Economy Staggered-Wage DGE Model: Exchange-Rate Pegging, Booms and the Role of Preannouncement 0 0 1 96 2 6 10 422
Educational Policy and Skill Heterogeneity with Credit Market Imperfections 0 0 0 111 0 0 3 393
Educational Policy in a Credit Constrained Economy with Skill Heterogeneity 0 0 0 151 0 0 2 546
FIXED OF FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES? 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 275
Information Aggregation, Growth and Franchise Extension with Applications to Female Enfranchisement and Inequality 0 0 0 30 2 3 6 94
Money- and Exchange-Rate-Based Disinflation in a Redux Model with Staggered Wage Setting 0 1 1 45 0 1 2 160
On the (Non)Equivalence of Money- and Exchange-Rate-Based Disinflation 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 18
Public Sector Capital and the Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy 0 0 2 106 1 5 18 425
Tariffs and Exchange Rate Dynamics Redux 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 235
The Reform of Local Taxation in the United Kingdom in the Light of The Balance of Funding Review Report 0 0 1 78 0 0 5 253
The Transition from Central Planning: An Intertemporal Macroeconomic Model 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 123
Towards a General Theory of the Stock Market 0 0 1 53 1 1 12 83
Total Working Papers 1 4 10 1,208 10 26 96 4,627
A Macro Model of Queuing and Resale in a Transition Economy 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 15
A Small Open Economy with Staggered Wage Setting and Intertemporal Optimization: The Basic Analytics 0 1 1 63 0 1 6 162
A Theory of Credit Ceilings in a Model of Debt and Renegotiation 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 356
A further contribution towards explaining why disinflation through currency pegging may cause a boom 0 0 1 23 0 1 8 178
A general equilibrium model of crime and punishment 1 1 3 214 2 4 13 528
Bargaining and Wage Resistance in an Open Macroeconomic Model 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 72
Bargaining and shift length 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 27
Central Control of Local Expenditure: Feasible Changes in the UK Controls on Local Government Expenditure 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 12
Corruption and Transparency in a Growth Model 0 0 2 99 1 2 15 280
Devaluation in a neo-Keynesian temporary equilibrium 0 0 0 8 0 0 2 36
Educational Policy in a Credit Constrained Economy with Skill Heterogeneity 0 0 0 65 0 0 2 256
Fiscal Policies in an Intertemporal Disequilibrium Macroeconomic Model 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 74
Fiscal Policy in a Two Good Open Economy [Expansionary Fiscal Policy and the Exchange Rate: A Review] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 318
Fiscal Policy in an Imperfectly Competitive Macroeconomy with Nominally Rigid Unemployment Benefit 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 167
Information Cascades and Revolutionary Regime Transitions 0 0 0 0 1 7 14 176
Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies in an Open Macroeconomic Model with Unemployment and Rational Expectations 0 0 0 17 0 0 5 75
Monetary policies in an intertemporal macroeconomic model with imperfect competition 0 0 2 19 0 0 3 55
Oil in a Dynamic Two Good Model 0 0 0 17 0 0 4 58
On Risk Aversion and Investment: A Theoretical Approach 0 0 2 60 0 0 4 178
On the desirability of insulation: a counterexample 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 39
Open economy macroeconomics under imperfect competition A two-country model 0 0 2 64 0 0 2 124
Public Sector Capital and the Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy 0 0 1 3 1 3 9 46
Recent Books on Business Cycles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
Sectoral and Macroeconomic Effects in a Two Good Open Economy with an Intermediate Input 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35
Self employment, education and credit constraints: A model of interdependent credit rationing decisions 0 0 1 47 0 1 3 126
Should central government seek to control the level of local authority expenditures 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 174
Tariffs and Employment: An Intertemporal Approach 0 1 1 42 0 1 5 188
Tariffs and exchange rate dynamics redux 1 1 3 72 1 3 10 186
The Macroeconomic Consequences of Anticipated Price Reform 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 37
The economic evolution of democracy 0 0 0 54 0 2 3 195
Wage Bargaining in a Macroeconomic Model with Rationing 0 0 1 11 0 1 3 67
Total Journal Articles 2 4 20 896 8 28 138 4,270


Pretty much editnext-sheet/editprev-sheet, but for board layouts. Scrolls through visible copper layers based on what is used. Will work with any amount of copper layers (up to 16 of course) with no extra configuration. Top, bottom, and all also display respective place, name, docu layers as well. The ULP should be pretty easy to edit to change this behavior.
Anpassung von align2 an die neue Auflösung von Eagle 6.x. Benutzt jetzt mic2u, mm2u, usw.
A small modification of find-single-ended-wire.ulp. If you have a board containing a number of vias connecting polygons on different layers find-single-ended-wire would flag these, which can be irritating if you have a large number of them. find-sew skips these, unless you start it with the \'via\' parameter.
A newer version of my module duplicate ULP that includes duplication of routing (except for power and GND nets). This is still in the initial development stage, but still useful for duplicating some modules.
Generates FPGA setup files from an Eagle board design. Currently generates VHDL port list from the pins of a specified part. Also generates the pin mapping for a Lattice Semiconductor .lpf file. Results must be edited for signaling types, but automatically generates a correct net name - pin mapping. May be extended for Verilog or Xilinx/Altera.
ULP to rename signals that start with a specific suffix. Example: rename GND1, GND2, ... with suffix GN into GND.
Place the mark on various board, schematic, and package objects via the context menu.
***v1.1 Update: Fixed bug where layers wouldn\'t scroll correctly if a layer was visible but not used, a.k.a. nothing had been placed on the layer yet.*** Pretty much editnext-sheet/editprev-sheet, but for board layouts. Scrolls through visible copper layers based on what is used. Will work with any amount of copper layers (up to 16 of course) with no extra configuration. Top, bottom, and all also display respective place, name, docu layers as well. The ULP should be pretty easy to edit to change this behavior.


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Austria Vienna-Roma 2-4: "Danube Storm"
· AS Roma Corner
Vienna is conquered, the Danube today is red and yellow.
Despite several players missing in defense Roma dominates at the Ernst Happel stadium. But it did not start too well, in fact we're down by a goal after one minute. But an immediate reaction followed, drawn from our usual "Dzeko on Fire" with a brace that put down the Vienna side. It ended 2-4 with the other two goals scored by De Rossi and Nainggolan.
Roma rebuilt the team a lot in defense so much so that the young Marchizza in Cork tells us that he was summoned by Spalletti to reach the first team in Vienna. As soon as the Youth League match at Turner's Cross Stadium is over, the young defender flies back to Rome at night to depart again the next morning to Vienna.
@OfficialASRoma
The Austrians aren't so much a team to fear, we still can't believe Roma have conceded 5 goals in the two matches played. In addition, while leading 1-4 we were still able to concede another in the dying seconds, team concentration to be reviewed.
Positive notes: the return of Rudiger playing 90 minutes and the good performance of Leandro Paredes, he might become a great player when it will begin to make more passes in a vertical rather than horizontal.
With this victory and the tie between Astra and Plzen we are now top of the group. Now it would be crazy not to win the group. Seen how's Manchester Utd doing recently, Roma have an obligation to try to reach the final of the Europa League.
But now they need major audits, more tests to come, starting with Bologna Sunday.
Other positive note: The big night of the Roma Youth team in Cork, our flags and chants, and the final embrace with players in the stands.
An unexpected victory in some ways, the game was heading towards a 1-1 draw after the penalty miss by Cork, when in the last five minutes two goals on the break by our guys; the place went mad and our boys wild ride to embrace us all.
It fills us with pride the appreciation of these guys for the support received. One day some of them may have them to wear the shirt of the first team on a permanent basis. But to do this they shall remain down to earth and work hard.
Best wishes to the team and to Alberto De Rossi for the rest of the season. Forza Roma!
Stefano Sale @AS Roma Club Dublin Ireland™
Tagged: as roma corner, austria vienna-roma
20 Jan, 03.59 Monthly review
09 Nov, 10.52 Monthly review
07 Oct, 11.28 September review
03 Sep, 01.29 August review
27 May, 02.51 Roma-Feyenoord


Are you in Southern California? Here is your chance to check us out in person. We'll be attending the Southern California [GNU]Linux Expo January 21-24, 2016 at the Pasadena Convention Center. We'll be bringing along a sizeable portion of our online catalog and showing off the latest in free software tech. From 100% free routers, wifi cards, and computers to privacy enhancing hardware.
As the first-of-the-year [GNU]Linux and Free Software expo in North America, SCALE 14x expects to host more than 100 exhibitors this year, along with nearly 130 sessions, tutorials, and special events.
Register now with coupon code THINK for 40% off and don't forget to book a hotel room if you need one!
Are you giving your loved ones tech gifts that control them, or enabling there freedom?
Electronics are popular gifts, but people often overlook the restrictions that manufacturers slip under the wrapping paper. From remote deletion of files to harsh rules about copying and sharing, some gifts take more than they give. The good news is that there are ethical companies making better devices that your loved ones can enjoy with freedom and privacy.
Check out the Free Software Foundation's giving guide to smarter gifts and get a 5% - 7% promotional discount.
We're looking to hire a web developer with Drupal and Ubercart experience. The primary job will entail upgrading our site from Drupal 6 to Drupal 7. If your experienced with the LAMP stack, SSL, Apache, Ubercart, Drupal, etc send us your resume.
We're preferably looking for someone in New Jersey in/near the Flemington, NJ 08822 area. Experience with theming and a thorough ability to diagnose migration issues is essential to the project.
If you think this position is right for you email us your resume in PDF or ODT to jobs at thinkpenguin.com for consideration with compensation requirements, current location, and where you found this job posting. Please send us a brief introductory letter as well. No recruiters please.
Future web development work is readily available if we find the right candidate. We plan to make an attempt at overhauling the site upon successful completion of the upgrade to Drupal 7.
Europe is going to kill free software! Have you contacted your state's rep?
(in regards to the United States) We got confirmation today from one of the largest router manufacturer that they have begun locking router firmware down due to recent FCC rule changes. This is exactly what the Save Wifi campaign participants had been arguing would happen for the past several months. Despite the FCC unequivocally denying that this was there intention it was irrelevant to the outcome and response of manufacturers to the new rules. The competitiveness of the market and costs of compliance means the only real solution for manufactures to comply is the lock down of there router's firmware. The TP-Link rep went on to say that all future routers would be locked down as a direct result of the rule changes.
These rules are bad and already hindering user freedom. The FCC has pulled a fast one and we need to fight back. This is a major security and privacy threat which will lead to even buggier and more insecure wireless hardware. A legal campaign to end this nonsense will require significantly more funding and criticism. Unfortunately the major players on fighting this are burning out. Christopher Waid, of ThinkPenguin, Dave Taht, of BufferBloat, Eric Schultz, Josh Gay of the FSF, and others just don't have the time or resources to keep fighting this. Don't let this be the end.
The Save Wifi campaign needs major financial help if we're going to put an end to this. Please donate to the effort at: https://funds.gofundme.com/dashboard/save_wifi_round_2 . Please see www.SaveWIfi.org for updates.
The FCC comment period is over. The FCC has now responded to our communities criticisms and concerns. Unfortunately the answer was to essentially ignore our concerns and say they care. Eric (a participant in the Save Wifi coalition) has written a detailed post here.
Despite this loss the Save Wifi coalition is not dead. We will be working to renew our efforts after the new year. Hopefully with a little bit of fund raising, re-grouping, and further attacks on these disturbing changes we'll be in more of a position to get a proper resolution to the problem.
For those looking to get what may be one of the last 100% free software wireless routers please check out our router here. We also have another new wireless routing device that's been designed to protect users privacy by routing traffic connected to it through a privacy friendly VPN provider.
For more information on the US rules read this comprehensive blog post on the issue by one of the Save Wifi coalition participants. It is the most detailed, accurate, and thorough explanation of our concerns.
On the tail of the FCC Canada and Europe are attempting to force new rules on manufacturers that will require them to lock down our computing devices. Everything with a modern wireless chip in it is likely to be affected. No longer will you be able to run the operating system of your choice- or even determine if there is a rogue software running on it. Even installing third party software could become an issue if the manufacturer or government doesn't authorize it. With these rules the government is treading on dangerous ground and compromising our security, privacy, and freedom. By locking up devices only the manufacturer, foreign and domestic government(s), and criminal organizations will be in a position to load third party software onto the devices we own. These entities have repeatedly shown a willingness to comprise all of our security and it needs to stop.
The US has also passed rules which are compromising our ability to provide users systems under which the users are in control. There is an open comment period to tell the FCC (United States) why they shouldn't pass a new set of proposed rules which will take these restrictions even farther. The initial period to say "no thanks" to the FCC is open until October 9th. After which there is a 'reply' comment period that is open until November 9, 2015.
Our 100% free/libre user-owned and controlled routers are still available. However the time to buy may be running out. And remember these rules aren't just going to stop users from buying freedom respecting routers. They'll likely hinder *all* devices with a wifi chip in them from running free software- or even just third party operating systems.
For more information on the US rules read this comprehensive blog post on the issue by one of the Save Wifi coalition participants.
Can't make it to Boston? Come join us in celebrating the Free Software Foundation's 30th birthday in Columbus, Ohio. The event will be held alongside the Ohio [GNU]/Linux Fest. ThinkPenguin will be sponsoring the party!
Ohio [GNU]/Linux Fest will be held October 2nd and 3rd, 9:00AM - 8:00PM at the Greater Columbus Convention Center, E-Pod Rooms, 400 North High Street Columbus, OH 43215.
On October 3rd at 8:00PM the FSF 30th Birthday party at the Hyatt Regency Columbus, Franklin Ballrooms, 350 North High Street Columbus, OH 43215 will begin.
There will be two full days of Free Software talks to be concluded with a celebration of the accomplishments of the Free Software Foundation 30th year. Live video stream of Richard Stallman's address will be enjoyed after 8PM in the Hyatt Franklin Ballrooms as well as birthday cake!
Law enforcement fearmongering has given a New Hampshire library cold feet about running a Tor relay—even though the software helps support privacy and intellectual freedom.
Kilton Library's Board of Trustees will vote on September 15 whether to bring the relay back online.
For most getting starting with Free Software is difficult. The lack of clear, concise, and easy to follow guides and documentation is creating stumbling blocks on their road to success. While the documentation that does exist is good for seasoned veterans it often is beyond the reach of new users. We want to make that road to success easier for new users by helping to remove these stumbling blocks, creating an easier path for them. As such we're proud to announce this partnership and will be offering treats to those who make a meaningful contribution.
Will you help fund this ambitious project?
Will you help us save wifi? The FCC is attempting to force new rules on manufacturers that will require everybody to lock down computing devices. Anything with a modern wireless chip is likely to be affected (software defined radio). This includes routers, cell phones, computers, bluetooth adapters, and similar devices. This means that users won't be able to install free software operating systems such as GNU/Linux or other third party firmwares/operating systems without the cooperation of the manufacturer. An unlikely event in most scenarios as manufacturers tend not to want to support devices longer than the period in which they're marketing / selling them. Users security, privacy, and freedom will be severely compromised.
Third-Party Access Control: What prevents third parties from loading non-US versions of the software/firmware on the device? Describe in detail how the device is protected from "flashing" and the installation of third-party firmware such as DD-WRT.
If you want to help save wifi by sending a comment to the FCC please visit the campaign site at www.savewifi.org for instructions on how to proceed.
For more information about all the technical details (in a less technical format) check out the prpl.works blog post (a great detailed, accurate, and lengthy write up on the situation).
It's back: Ohio LinuxFest 2015!
The thirteenth annual Ohio LinuxFest will be held October 2-3, 2015, at the Greater Columbus Convention Center in downtown Columbus, Ohio. Hosting authoritative speakers and a large expo, the Ohio LinuxFest welcomes all Free and Open Source Software professionals, enthusiasts, and everyone interested in learning more about Free and Open Source Software.
The Ohio LinuxFest is a grassroots conference for the GNU/Linux/Open Source Software/Free Software community that started in 2003 as a large inter-LUG (Linux User Group) meeting and has grown steadily since. It is a place for the community to gather and share information about GNU/Linux and Open Source Software.
A large expo area adjacent to the conference rooms will feature exhibits as well as a large .org section from non-profit Open Source/Free Software projects. Come visit us @ our booth and see what we have to offer. This is the perfect opportunity to see a bit of our catalog up close. We'll be bringing laptops, desktops, and lots of accessories. We'll also be giving away some awesome swag. Free tux's for everyone!
Unfortunately the majority of companies and products on the market do little more than give users the illusion of security and privacy. There are more snake oils salesmen peddling fraudulent products like anti-virus and proprietary encryption software than there are actual solutions. Even otherwise good sources of information can easily lead one to believe security is just an add on or click away. Unfortunately this is far from the truth. Security and privacy are hard problems to solve and adding software doesn't magically fix it.
Come learn more about what it takes to secure your computer and protect your privacy. Adam Leibson will be giving a talk at PorcFest (Lancaster, New Hampshire) on Tuesday, June 23rd at 5PM on GnuPG and email encryption. Join us in the Expo Lounge (which is site #93) then. Don't forget to bring a laptop if you have one. We'll be helping people setup GnuPG. The talk will also include a discussion on why security can't be bolted on and how proprietary operating systems get in the way of genuine computer security (even when using the recommended free software, that is free as in freedom, not price).


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Indofin
Indofin Bio
Indofin, together since 2002, is a skapunkreggae powertrio from Austin TX. From these very modest beginnings and years spent at what seemed like futile efforts, Indofin has certainly come a long way, becoming one of the defining bands of the central Texas scene. They managed to play showcases during SXSW from 2003-2008 and 2010, and even earned a spot on TX dates of Vans Warped Tour Kevin Says Stage in 2007. Since the release of their selftitled debut album in the spring of 2005, the band has played over 350 shows in over 50 US cities across 25 states, as well as doing extensive regional touring around their homestate TX. Indofin has always maintained a strong DIY work ethic, booking five of their own tours, and they have never had a label, an agent, or manager. They have been fortunate enough to share the stage with many of the nation's touring acts including Voodoo GlowSkulls, Badfish Sublime Tribute, The Expendables, Outlaw Nation, The Stingers, The Supervillains, and many more. Despite playing with bands of every imaginable category, the band continues to stick out like a sore thumb in the central TX live music scene, refusing to confine their music to the boundaries of any particular genre. Stripped down now to 3 of the 5 original members, the band is taking their sound in a fresh new direction for the next record, but fans will still be able to experience the raw energy and intensity that Indofin puts into every live performance. Most recently, the band was included on the Revival Stage of the Wakarusa Camping and Music Festival in 2010, sharing the stage with such well- renowned acts as Fishbone, Rebelution, SlightlyStoopid, and Dweezil Zappa.
Currently, this eclectic group of misunderstood punker sluts has been making preparations to release their second full length album "2 x Broken", which they plan to put out independently July 2010. In the last few years, the band has endured numerous obstacles(carjackings, stolen equipment, drug & alcohol addiction etc.) and they often learned the hard way many of the cruel realities of the music industry, yet their uncompromising dedication to their craft remains stronger than ever. But rest assured, Indofin has no intention of disappearing or leaving, so be sure to check out a show if you get the chance; you won't regret it and it might even change your life.
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No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way
License(s)
First-person Shooter, Stealth
Microsoft Windows and Macintosh
Lithtech Jupiter
Retail Minimum Specifications
Operating System(s)
Microsoft Windows and macOS
No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way (abbreviated NOLF2) is a computer game developed by Monolith Productions, and published by Sierra Entertainment. It was released on September 30, 2002. It is the second game in the No One Lives Forever series, an official sequel to the 2000 game The Operative: No One Lives Forever.
The story follows super-spy Cate Archer as she once again takes up arms against the international criminal organization H.A.R.M. This second game features even more exotic locales, such as a ninja village, a secret submarine base, and a trailer park in Ohio during a tornado. A whole new range of outlandish gadgets and weapons are also introduced, including a blowtorch disguised as a can of hair spray and a robotic bomb disguised as an adorable kitten. An interquel to the game, entitled Contract J.A.C.K. was released in 2003.
3.1 UNITY
3.2 H.A.R.M
4 Technical details
5 Source code
As in the first game, missions can be completed by pure action, by using pure stealth, by using gadgets, or a combination of all methods. In many cases, the missions are more open ended. While the original game contained several missions that required you not to be detected or to avoid setting off alarms, the sequel contained only a few objectives that required complete stealth (i.e. do not set off any alarms while in the proximity of a certain objective.) However, to counter this, NOLF2 utilizes re-spawning enemies more often than the original to encourage the player to complete the missions in a surreptitious manner.
A year after the first No One Lives Forever, tensions are rising between United States and Soviet Union over the tiny, but strategic Isle of Khios. Jones, now the sole Commander of U.N.I.T.Y. (after Smithy was discovered to be a H.A.R.M. spy in the first No One Lives Forever), is taking a vacation and leaves Temporary Director Lawrie in charge.
Cate is sent on a mission to infiltrate a secret meeting taking place in Japan. Her job is to photograph the Director (who now operates H.A.R.M.). After completing her mission, she is stabbed by the ninja woman Isako, and left for dead. Fortunately, she returns to England and is restored back to health by Dr. Otto Shenker, now working as the staff physician for U.N.I.T.Y. After she is back to full health, the U.S. military advisers inform her and Lawrie of the Soviets' plan for the small of island of Khios. We also learn that Volkov (from the first game) is still alive, though immobilized in a full-body cast and confined to a wheelchair.
Cate is then sent in to Soviet Union to discover the details of its plot. After discovering that the Soviets and H.A.R.M. plan to turn the island into the world's first Communist vacation spot with a five-star hotel, she then travels to Akron, Ohio, where Melvin Blitzny (a vacuum salesman who in the first game was groomed by H.A.R.M. to replace U.N.I.T.Y agent Tom Goodman) lived in order to recover information about Project: Omega. After doing so, Cate escapes a tornado while dodging ninjas before getting caught in a trailer home and having a swordfight in the middle of the tornado with Isako.
Cate then goes to India with Magnus Armstrong, where she is tasked with applying for and being offered a job with H.A.R.M. so that she can get access to their vaults. It is in India where Cate and Magnus run into one of H.A.R.M.'s most deadly operatives, Pierre, a midget mime who rides a unicycle under a heavy black cloak. After dispatching the Mime King, while riding on a tricycle piloted by Magnus Armstrong, Cate is sent to Antarctica to explore a base there and try to determine just what H.A.R.M. is up to. It is here that she learns the true intent of Project: Omega - turning soldiers into cyborg-like fighting machines - and where the first test case is found, an ex-Army officer who believes Cate is his daughter. Sadly, it is determined that the only way to kill these enemies is with an antidote that boils their blood, killing them almost instantly.
After discovering the abomination in Antarctica, Cate finds out H.A.R.M. is sending in more of these cyborg-like men to destroy their headquarters in India. She immediately returns to Calcutta to try and warn everyone, but it is too late. The machines are already attacking and all Cate can do is try to get everyone to safety.
After returning to UNITY, the headquarters are attacked by the Mime King and it is up to Cate to protect the entire building. After doing so, she is sent to an undersea base to rescue a captured Magnus. After rescuing him, she escapes via the Director's private deck, but is captured by a H.A.R.M. submarine on her way back up to the surface. Upon awakening, Cate discovers that she is in H.A.R.M.'s secret volcano lair, from which she must recover the plans for Project: Omega, defeat Volkov, and escape alive.
Once she escapes from the secret volcano lair, Cate is back on a plane and traveling to Khios itself, where she is aiming to stop Project: Omega once and for all. Unfortunately for her, the island is overrun by H.A.R.M. and Soviet troops with Super Soldiers. Cate successfully repels the invasion and Project: Omega is put to a stop once and for all. Meanwhile, the first test case, Lt. Anders, has escaped the H.A.R.M. submarine; as he walks up on shore in Khios, he destroys a missile sent by the U.S. to destroy the island.
It is unknown whether the franchise will be continued, and several plot threads were left unresolved in NOLF2.
UNITY[edit | edit source]
Cate Archer (voiced by Jen Taylor): After the events from the first game, Cate is recognized as one of U.N.I.T.Y.'s top agents.
Bruno Lawrie: (voiced by John Patrick Lowrie): A veteran U.N.I.T.Y. agent who has been appointed to Temporary Director.
Magnus Armstrong (voiced by Andre Sogliuzzo): An aggressive Scottish man in a kilt and a former H.A.R.M. operative, who assists Cate in infiltrating and stopping HARM's latest plot.
Isaac Barnes (voiced by David Scully): An official from an unnamed American agency who works alongside U.N.I.T.Y.
Morgan Hawkins (voiced by Ken Boynton): A U.S. general who is working alongside Barnes and U.N.I.T.Y., though he seems more eager to provoke a war with Communist Russia.
Dr. Otto Schenker (voiced by Jeff Steitzer): Largely operates as a medical practitioner at U.N.I.T.Y, though he does develop a serum to destroy H.A.R.M.'s super soldiers.
Santa (voiced by Ken Boynton): An inventor who creates gadgets for U.N.I.T.Y. He never appears in person throughout the game, but instead contacts Cate through robotic birds, often relaying information and news on the current situation when she is in the field.
Kamal Khubchani (voiced by Ken Boynton): A disillusioned H.A.R.M operative and friend of Armstrong, who assists Cate to infiltrate H.A.R.M.'s India HQ.
Misha (voiced by Ken Boynton): A pilot who accompanies Cate and Armstrong in the levels based in Siberia.
Mr. Jones (voiced by Nigel Neale) – The Director of U.N.I.T.Y. who leaves for vacation at the beginning of the game, leaving Bruno in charge, and returns during the credit sequence.
Isamu Hatori – An agent that appears only in the first mission where he meets Cate in a village that is filled with hostile ninja.
Yamata – Another agent that is killed by Isako at the end of the first mission while waiting for Cate to return to the extraction point.
H.A.R.M[edit | edit source]
The Director (voiced by John Armstrong): The director of H.A.R.M. whose quite camp and is often seen arguing on the phone with his mother (voiced by Deena Burke).
Dimitri Volkov (voiced by Jock Blaney): The series nemesis, Volkov is now covered in full body plaster cast and confined to a wheelchair.
Isako (voiced by Jen Taylor): A female ninja who is indebted to the Director for saving her life, and who is sent reluctantly to assassinate Cate in several missions.
Pierre aka 'The Mime King' (voiced by John Armstrong): One of the world's deadliest assassins, he is the head of a crime syndicate which is made up of Mimes.(voiced by Ken Boynton and Gary Schwartz). He is hired by Volkov to kill Cate.
Anoop Banerjee (voiced by Ken Boynton): Chief of Security at H.A.R.M.'s India HQ, he hires Cate after she destroys the headquarters of the Evil Alliance, H.A.R.M.'s rivals in Calcutta.
Lt. Joseph Anders (voiced by Gary Schwartz): A soldier who is transformed into a cybernetic super soldier in a H.A.R.M. experiment and loses control and goes rogue. He also confuses Cate for his daughter, Abigail.
Balaji Malpani (voiced by Ken Boynton): Is in charge of creating H.A.R.M.'s passwords.
Terrence Sloggins (as Terrence Sloggins|himself): A guard who is easy to identify as he looks different to the other H.A.R.M. operatives with a thinner build and with blonde hair. He appears slow and dopey, often looking in the wrong direction when the attention is elsewhere and has one line of dialogue in the game, which he delivers poorly. Towards the end of the game, the actor who plays the Director of H.A.R.M. is heard complaining over the phone to his agent about Sloggins performance.
Nicholai Zhukov: A Soviet general who committed crimes against humanity and war crimes and who is working alongside H.A.R.M. A memo recovered from H.A.R.M's secret Antarctica Lab where they were creating super soldiers, the Director expresses interest in using Zhukov as a test subject. Zhukov is assassinated by Cate in Siberia.
Dr. Karl Kussman: An important unseen character who was responsible for creating H.A.R.M's super soldiers.
Technical details[edit | edit source]
No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy In H.A.R.M.'s Way ran on a then-new game engine, Lithtech Jupiter. This engine introduced a number of enhancements over NOLF's Lithtech 1.0 engine, including higher quality graphics, facial animation, pixel-shaded water, and a rudimentary implementation of ragdoll physics.
Source code[edit | edit source]
The source code for the game engine was released by Monolith Productions and Sierra Entertainment as part of the No One Lives Forever 2 Toolkit for "allowing you to create your own levels, models, music, sounds, and more, for MonoLith's FPS."[1] It is available for download.[2] Visual C++ 6.0 is needed for compilation.
Reception[edit | edit source]
NOLF 2 won several awards, including Game of the Year from GameSpy.[3] It also received a nomination for the prestigious Excellence in Writing Game Developers Choice Award, but lost to Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell.[4]
↑ Sierra has released the No One Lives Forever 2 Toolkit
↑ No One Lives Forever 2 Toolkit
↑ GameSpy's PC Overall Game of the Year. GameSpy.
↑ 8th annual Game Developers Choice Awards
Official website (archived version)
No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way at the Internet Movie Database
Retrieved from "https://gamicus.gamepedia.com/No_One_Lives_Forever_2:_A_Spy_in_H.A.R.M.%27s_Way?oldid=744323"
Lithtech Jupiter video games
Articles with unlisted engines
Articles that use obsolete spec variables
GameInfobox articles without an image


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Three Robust Scale Estimators to Judge Unreplicated Experiments - ASQ
Three Robust Scale Estimators to Judge Unreplicated Experiments
Results from unreplicated experiments can be evaluated by testing of standardized single degree of freedom contrasts with a robust estimator of their standard error constructed from the same contrasts. This paper presents constants to calculate three estimators, and critical values to test the contrasts. The constants and the critical values depend on the number of contrasts. The paper covers all contrast numbers in the range from 7 to 127. It is proposed to make the choice between the estimators according to the resolution of the design.
Keywords: Design of Experiments, Half-Normal Plots, Standard Error
by Eric D. Schoen and Enrico A. A. Kaul, TNO Institute of Applied Physics, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
Results from unreplicated experiments are commonly evaluated by making half-normal or normal plots of absolute valued single degree of freedom contrasts. Half-normal plotting was introduced by Daniel (1959). He plotted absolute valued contrasts from two-level experiments against expected quantiles of the half-normal distribution. If the experimental error is normal and if there are only a few active contrasts, then most will come from a normal distribution with zero mean and the same unknown variance. Inactive contrasts will then roughly lay on a straight line through the origin in the plot. Those not compatible with this line are designated active. Thus half-normal plots will separate the few active contrasts from the inactive ones.
Daniel (1976) pointed out that plotting signed contrasts against expected quantiles of the normal distribution will also separate active from inactive contrasts. Because such plots are more capable of detecting anomalies in the data, Daniel (1976) recommends full normal plots.
The subjectivity as to which contrasts deviate from the straight line is a well-known problem with (half-)normal plotting. To overcome this problem, various robust estimators of the contrasts' standard errors have been developed; see Haaland and O'Connell (1995) for an overview. Haaland and O'Connell define a family of estimators constructed from the ordered absolute values of the contrasts, by the following common elements. First, an initial estimate of the standard error is calculated as a quantile of the full set of ordered absolute valued contrasts, multiplied by a consistency constant determined from the normal distribution. Second, potential active contrasts are stripped from the others by retaining only those smaller than a constant times the initial estimate. Third, a scalar function of the remaining contrasts is multiplied with a simulated consistency constant to give the final estimate of the standard error. Based on simulation results for 15 contrasts, Haaland and O'Connell recommend three estimators according to a priori ideas on the likely number of active contrasts (1–3, 4–6, and 7–8, respectively). One of the three recommended estimators is based on the median of the full set and the root mean square of the retained set of contrasts. This so-called adaptive standard error (ASE) was originally proposed by Dong (1993). The other two estimators are based on the median or the 0.45 quantile of the full set, respectively, and the median of the retained contrasts; these are pseudo standard errors (Lenth (1989)), and the two versions will be designated PSE(50) and PSE(45), respectively. In general, the ASE is less robust against contamination with active contrasts than the PSE(50), because it uses all the contrasts below the cut-off point. The PSE(50) is obviously less robust than the PSE(45).
Haaland and O'Connell suggest judging ratios of the contrasts and the estimated standard error against critical values determined by simulation. Their paper has consistency constants to calculate ASE and PSE(50), and critical values to test with the PSE(50), each for experiments with 7, 11, 15, 17, 23, and 31 contrasts. The present paper extends the results to all contrast numbers in the range from 7 to 127, and all three estimators. It also offers a guideline for choosing among the estimators. The tables in this paper show the results for contrasts from 7 to 96, 112, 120, 124, and 127. The remaining results can be obtained from the authors.
The extension of the Haaland and O'Connell results to all contrast numbers in the chosen range is motivated by the great variety of possible designs. Two-level designs with randomization restrictions, for example, have their 2n – 1 contrasts divided over sets of different precision. Specifically, split-plot and strip-block arrangements (Box and Jones (1992)) result in a division over two and three sets of contrasts, respectively, while an extension of the latter arrangement (Miller (1997)) has a division into four sets of contrasts. The contrast numbers of at least one of the sets will not equal 2n – 1. Further, the Plackett-Burman designs have contrast numbers equalling 4p – 1, p being an integer ranging from 2 up to 25. Haaland and O'Connell do not cover contrast numbers 19 and 27, or any number above 31.
Finally, when factors other than two-level ones are included, the total number of contrasts may equal neither 2n – 1 nor 4p – 1. More specifically, Box and Draper (1987) and Draper et al. (1994) illustrate the break down of results from central composite and Box-Behnken experiments, respectively, into single degree of freedom contrasts.
We extend the Haaland and O'Connell results to a wider range because it is not uncommon to have experiments with larger numbers of contrasts than 31. The Box-Behnken design of Draper et al. (1994), for example, has 46 runs. Schoen (1997) used a 128-run two-level split-split-plot experiment to investigate the effect of 11 factors on properties of Dutch cheeses.
The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows. First, we define the estimators used and present the method of calculating the required constants. Subsequently, we present consistency constants and critical values for testing of the contrasts with Type I errors of 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively. Further, we propose a guideline for choosing among the three estimators. A practical example concludes the paper.
Read Full Article (PDF, 118 KB)
http://asq.org/pub/jqt/past/vol32_issue3/276.html


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45: Reindeer/Caribou
May 24, 2020 February 9, 2021
Time for another animal spotlight here, this week being the reindeer!! And caribou… we'll get on to that. Reindeer are pretty amazing animals, being one of the core reason people managed to survive in the Arctic in the past. We will be looking at their history, their natural history and how they were used in a more recent attempt to help people survive in the Arctic. Also, we'll touch on Santa as I guess it's unavoidable… but these animals are so much more than just Christmas!!
Svalbard reindeer are shorter and fluffier than other sub species (Picture: Niels Elgaard Larsen/Wikimedia Commons/ CC BY-SA 4.0)
History and lifestyle
Reindeer can be found across the Arctic from Alaska and Canada to Greenland, Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia. Reindeer and caribou are the same species of animal, but we tend to call the ones in Northern America caribou and the ones in Eurasia reindeer. Here I'll just be using 'reindeer'.
To start with the basics, reindeer vary in size, with the subspecies in Svalbard being short and fluffy, and forest reindeer in Finland being quite tall, but on average females are around 160-200cm weighing 80-120kg, and males 180-215cm weighing 90-210kg. Both females and males grow antlers which drop off each year, but whilst the males use them for the rut in spring and then lose them, the ladies keep their antlers throughout winter. Yes folks, that means that Rudolph and friends are ladies. You can roughly age a reindeer by the number of tines (pointy bits) on their antlers, with one tine being roughly equivalent to one year of life.
Reindeer have existed as a species for over 600,000 years, through Ice Ages and massive changes in human culture too. Part of their secret to survival is that they are largely migratory animals. This allows them to find more food when resources dwindle in one area, making them more flexible in the face of environmental change. They also have been known to migrate up mountains or to the coast where it is cooler and windier in summer to get away from insects like mosquitoes and botflies. These tiny horrors can really disturb the reindeer, burrowing into their skin and noses to plant eggs and just generally irritating them, so it's understandable the reindeer would favour low-insect areas. In fact they can stress the reindeer out so much that it has caused some females to abort their calves. North American caribou are known to do some of the longest migrations, these being around 5000km (3,100miles) each year.
They also have some pretty cool physical adaptations. Reindeer have hollow hairs making their fur extra warm, and their noses are specially shaped to decrease their nostrils surface area and so decreasing the amount of cold air entering the body in winter. Their do after all live in some of the coldest parts of the globes which in the depths of winter can reach -50oC and below (-58F). Another adaptation to these wintery conditions is their digestions. In winter food is often of very poor quality, and reindeer have to dig through snow to reach it on the ground below. This means they need to squeeze every last bit of energy out of each mouthful to survive. Luckily they are ruminants, having a four chambered stomach like a cow. This means that the food they eat is essentially digested multiple times allowing more nutrition to be absorbed from it. Finally the reindeer also have special eyes, being able to see UV light. This allows them to see things like fur and urine which may normally largely blend in with their white surroundings.
Reindeer migrations can involves thousands of the animals (Picture: ArneEide/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0)
Semi-domesticated and wild
Not all reindeer are wild. There are many wild populations around the world, but there are also many semi-domesticated populations. This means that the reindeer are owned by people and interact with them to some degree, but still roam out in the open rather than being kept within fenced fields like sheep or cattle. These semi-domesticated reindeer are owned in many parts of the world by indigenous reindeer herders, this being the Saami in Northern Europe, and the Evenki, Nenets and Dolgan people in Russia, Northern China and Mongolia, to name but a few. Reindeer are one of the few animals that can survive year round in the Arctic, and so have been a vital source of food for people living in this difficult area throughout history, first starting with hunting and then later many groups starting to herd them. They are mainly used for food as well as their warm furs, though their antlers, bones and sinews can be used for various things too.
Some reindeer within a herd are specially chosen to be fully domesticated. These ones will be used to pull sleds and milked, and are kept near to house rather than allowed to roam free. Because of their migratory lifestyle, reindeer herders must often be mobile too, either moving constantly throughout the year in homes that can be deconstructed and carried with them, or by having specific summer and winter camps along the migration route which they move between so they can keep an eye on their animals.
Whilst the reindeer give people food, the herders in return can try to protect them from predators like wolves, lynx and wolverines, and in some areas during really bad winter conditions herders are also providing supplementary food for the reindeer to help them survive the difficult season.
Reindeer herding has been done by many groups across the Arctic, usually indigenous peoples. It continues today for some as an important expression of culture and as their livelihood. (Picture: Mats Andersson/Flickr/CC BY 2.0)
North America has a bit of a different relationship between people and caribou. Herds across Canada are wild, and in Alaska they all used to be wild with indigenous groups like the Inupĩaq hunting them for food. In the late 1800s commercial whale hunting has decimated the whale populations, as well as hunting and trapping commercially for furs severely reducing other marine and terrestrial life. This left the Alaskan Natives without major and essential sources of food.
Unfortunately most didn't care about the plight of the Alaskan Natives, but one who did was Captain Healy, a former slave from Georgia who had escaped and joined a merchant vessel eventually rising to rank of captain. He heard that many of the Natives were starving due to food shortages, yet whilst on his travels he had seen the success of reindeer herders in Siberia, so suggested that these semi-domesticated reindeer be transported to Alaska to be raised by the Natives. Between 1888 and 1892, 151 reindeer were brought across along with some herders to teach the Alaskan Natives how to herd. Due to cultural clashes the Siberian herders returned home, after which Saami herders from Northern Europe were brought over to teach. The reindeer herding took off a little more this time, with their meat and pulling power being sought after with the discovery of gold in the town of Nome in Alaska.
By the 1930s there were 640,000 semi domesticated reindeer in Alaska, yet by the 50s this had dropped to 50,000 due to heavy predation, poor winter conditions, loss of semi-domesticated animals to wild herds and lack of attention from the herders. Today there are only 20,000 semi domesticated reindeer left (these ones being called reindeer despite being in North American as their ancestors came from Siberia and Europe. Confusing, yes). In the long term perhaps not a glowing success then, but it may have helped to partially deal with the food shortages in the late 1800s. Nowadays many whale and otter populations have bounced back, and many Alaskan Natives no longer rely on subsistence hunting for food.
Saami reindeer herders from Europe on arrival in the Alaskan village of Bethel in 1903 (left). They were hired to teach the local population how to herd reindeer. On the right the Saami herders on the boat journey across to North America.
Right, the Santa's flying reindeer thing. So the source of this story is filled with suggestions, confusions and myths, but general consensus points towards the following:
During the days which led up to the winter solstice Shamans in Central Asia would collect the fly agaric mushroom, this being the red and white spotty mushroom. Supposedly they would specially wear red and white clothes and black boots whilst doing this. Then, they would got to a yurt and enter through the smoke hole in the roof. The shaman would perform a ritual which involved consuming part of the mushroom and sharing it with others present. Side note- this is a poisonous mushroom so DO NOT eat it, but if prepared in a certain way it has psychoactive properties which can and were/are consumed.
Here it is thought that either as the shaman left, people thought flying reindeer must have been getting him to and from the yurt as reindeer were the main draught animal in the area, or that the hallucinations from the drugs gave people the feeling that they were flying in a "spiritual sleigh" which they thought to be pulled by reindeer or horses. These are all pretty anecdotal but are thought to be some of the roots of the reindeer and Santa tradition, with the red and white clothes later popularised by Coca-cola adverts to coming down the chimney to flying reindeer pulling a sleigh.
Connected to this is the story that reindeer eat fly agaric mushrooms and their urine is collected. This urine is then drunk to get the psychoactive effects of the mushroom without the poison, either by just literally collecting urine in a bucket or by collecting snow on which the reindeer have peed. That one has relatively credible sources of being true.
The fly agaric mushroom. DO NOT EAT!!! (Picture: Holger Krisp/Wikimedia Commons/ CC BY 3.0)
Though reindeer are usually just associated with Christmas, they are actually incredible and hugely important animals in their own right, being responsible for the survival of people in the Arctic for thousands of years and being incredibly ancient and adaptable creatures themselves. Not only that but let's be honest, they are pretty cute…
A shameless self-plug. Here's an article I wrote about reindeer and climate which I've linked to before in this plog: https://theconversation.com/mass-starvation-of-reindeer-linked-to-climate-change-and-habitat-loss-121452
A great BBC documentary about the lives of Nenet reindeer herders in Siberia. Very interesting, very important watch, and gives a great idea of the relationship with reindeer, people and their environment:
Music: kongano.com
Cover image: Author
44: Succession- from rock to forest
46: Ozone- is it good or bad, and is it still a hole?
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