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Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, that are used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities by altering values of these quantities to compensate for effects of their self-interactions. But even if no infinities arose in loop diagrams in quantum field theory, it could be shown that it would be necessary to renormalize the mass and fields appearing in the original Lagrangian.

For example, an electron theory may begin by postulating an electron with an initial mass and charge. In quantum field theory a cloud of virtual particles, such as photons, positrons, and others surrounds and interacts with the initial electron. Accounting for the interactions of the surrounding particles (e.g. collisions at different energies) shows that the electron-system behaves as if it had a different mass and charge than initially postulated. Renormalization, in this example, mathematically replaces the initially postulated mass and charge of an electron with the experimentally observed mass and charge. Mathematics and experiments prove that positrons and more massive particles like protons exhibit precisely the same observed charge as the electron – even in the presence of much stronger interactions and more intense clouds of virtual particles.

Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when parameters describing large distance scales differ from parameters describing small distance scales.  Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in further infinities. When describing spacetime as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are not well-defined. To define them, or make them unambiguous, a continuum limit must carefully remove "construction scaffolding" of lattices at various scales. Renormalization procedures are based on the requirement that certain physical quantities (such as the mass and charge of an electron) equal observed (experimental) values. That is, the experimental value of the physical quantity yields practical applications, but due to their empirical nature the observed measurement represents areas of quantum field theory that require deeper derivation from theoretical bases.

Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics.

Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Nikolay Bogolyubov and Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through "effective" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each. Wilson clarified which variables of a system are crucial and which are redundant.

Renormalization is distinct from regularization, another technique to control infinities by assuming the existence of new unknown physics at new scales.

Self-interactions in classical physics

The problem of infinities first arose in the classical electrodynamics of point particles in the 19th and early 20th century.

The mass of a charged particle should include the mass–energy in its electrostatic field (electromagnetic mass). Assume that the particle is a charged spherical shell of radius . The mass–energy in the field is

which becomes infinite as . This implies that the point particle would have infinite inertia and thus cannot be accelerated. Incidentally, the value of  that makes  equal to the electron mass is called the classical electron radius, which (setting  and restoring factors of  and ) turns out to be

where  is the fine-structure constant, and  is the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron.

Renormalization: The total effective mass of a spherical charged particle includes the actual bare mass of the spherical shell (in addition to the mass mentioned above associated with its electric field). If the shell's bare mass is allowed to be negative, it might be possible to take a consistent point limit. This was called renormalization, and Lorentz and Abraham attempted to develop a classical theory of the electron this way. This early work was the inspiration for later attempts at regularization and renormalization in quantum field theory.

(See also regularization (physics) for an alternative way to remove infinities from this classical problem, assuming new physics exists at small scales.)

When calculating the electromagnetic interactions of charged particles, it is tempting to ignore the back-reaction of a particle's own field on itself. (Analogous to the back-EMF of circuit analysis.)  But this back-reaction is necessary to explain the friction on charged particles when they emit radiation. If the electron is assumed to be a point, the value of the back-reaction diverges, for the same reason that the mass diverges, because the field is inverse-square.

The Abraham–Lorentz theory had a noncausal "pre-acceleration". Sometimes an electron would start moving before the force is applied. This is a sign that the point limit is inconsistent.

The trouble was worse in classical field theory than in quantum field theory, because in quantum field theory a charged particle experiences Zitterbewegung due to interference with virtual particle–antiparticle pairs, thus effectively smearing out the charge over a region comparable to the Compton wavelength. In quantum electrodynamics at small coupling, the electromagnetic mass only diverges as the logarithm of the radius of the particle.

Divergences in quantum electrodynamics

When developing quantum electrodynamics in the 1930s, Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, Pascual Jordan, and Paul Dirac discovered that in perturbative  corrections  many integrals were divergent (see The problem of infinities).

One way of describing the perturbation theory corrections' divergences was discovered in 1947–49 by Hans Kramers, Hans Bethe,
Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, and systematized by Freeman Dyson in 1949. The divergences appear in radiative corrections  involving Feynman diagrams with closed loops of virtual particles in them.

While virtual particles obey conservation of energy and momentum, they can have any energy and momentum, even one that is not allowed by the relativistic energy–momentum relation for the observed mass of that particle (that is,  is not necessarily the squared mass of the particle in that process, e.g. for a photon it could be nonzero). Such a particle is called off-shell. When there is a loop, the momentum of the particles involved in the loop is not uniquely determined by the energies and momenta of incoming and outgoing particles. A variation in the energy of one particle in the loop can be balanced by an equal and opposite change in the energy of another particle in the loop, without affecting the incoming and outgoing particles. Thus many variations are possible. So to find the amplitude for the loop process, one must integrate over all possible combinations of energy and momentum that could travel around the loop.

These integrals are often divergent, that is, they give infinite answers.  The divergences that are significant are the "ultraviolet" (UV) ones. An ultraviolet divergence can be described as one that comes from
 the region in the integral where all particles in the loop have large energies and momenta,
 very short wavelengths and high-frequencies fluctuations of the fields, in the path integral for the field,
 very short proper-time between particle emission and absorption, if the loop is thought of as a sum over particle paths.

So these divergences are short-distance, short-time phenomena.

Shown in the pictures at the right margin, there are exactly three one-loop divergent loop diagrams in quantum electrodynamics:
(a) A photon creates a virtual electron–positron pair, which then annihilates. This is a vacuum polarization diagram.
(b) An electron quickly emits and reabsorbs a virtual photon, called a self-energy.
(c) An electron emits a photon, emits a second photon, and reabsorbs the first. This process is shown in the section below in figure 2, and it is called a vertex renormalization. The Feynman diagram for this is also called a "penguin diagram" due to its shape remotely resembling a penguin.

The three divergences correspond to the three parameters in the theory under consideration:
 The field normalization Z.
 The mass of the electron.
 The charge of the electron.

The second class of divergence called an infrared divergence, is due to massless particles, like the photon. Every process involving charged particles emits infinitely many coherent photons of infinite wavelength, and the amplitude for emitting any finite number of photons is zero. For photons, these divergences are well understood. For example, at the 1-loop order, the vertex function has both ultraviolet and infrared divergences. In contrast to the ultraviolet divergence, the infrared divergence does not require the renormalization of a parameter in the theory involved. The infrared divergence of the vertex diagram is removed by including a diagram similar to the vertex diagram with the following important difference: the photon connecting the two legs of the electron is cut and replaced by two on-shell (i.e. real) photons whose wavelengths tend to infinity; this diagram is equivalent to the bremsstrahlung process. This additional diagram must be included because there is no physical way to distinguish a zero-energy photon flowing through a loop as in the vertex diagram and zero-energy photons emitted through bremsstrahlung. From a mathematical point of view, the IR divergences can be regularized by assuming fractional differentiation w.r.t. a parameter, for example:

is well defined at  but is UV divergent; if we take the -th fractional derivative with respect to , we obtain the IR divergence

so we can cure IR divergences by turning them into UV divergences.

A loop divergence

The diagram in Figure 2 shows one of the several one-loop contributions to electron–electron scattering in QED. The electron on the left side of the diagram, represented by the solid line, starts out with 4-momentum  and ends up with 4-momentum . It emits a virtual photon carrying  to transfer energy and momentum to the other electron.  But in this diagram, before that happens, it emits another virtual photon carrying 4-momentum , and it reabsorbs this one after emitting the other virtual photon. Energy and momentum conservation do not determine the 4-momentum  uniquely, so all possibilities contribute equally and we must integrate.

This diagram's amplitude ends up with, among other things, a factor from the loop of

The various  factors in this expression are gamma matrices as in the covariant formulation of the Dirac equation; they have to do with the spin of the electron. The factors of  are the electric coupling constant, while the  provide a heuristic definition of the contour of integration around the poles in the space of momenta. The important part for our purposes is the dependency on  of the three big factors in the integrand, which are from the propagators of the two electron lines and the photon line in the loop.

This has a piece with two powers of  on top that dominates at large values of  (Pokorski 1987, p. 122):

This integral is divergent and infinite, unless we cut it off at finite energy and momentum in some way.

Similar loop divergences occur in other quantum field theories.

Renormalized and bare quantities
The solution was to realize that the quantities initially appearing in the theory's formulae (such as the formula for the Lagrangian), representing such things as the electron's electric charge and mass, as well as the normalizations of the quantum fields themselves, did not actually correspond to the physical constants measured in the laboratory.  As written, they were bare quantities that did not take into account the contribution of virtual-particle loop effects to the physical constants themselves.  Among other things, these effects would include the quantum counterpart of the electromagnetic back-reaction that so vexed classical theorists of electromagnetism.  In general, these effects would be just as divergent as the amplitudes under consideration in the first place; so finite measured quantities would, in general, imply divergent bare quantities.

To make contact with reality, then, the formulae would have to be rewritten in terms of measurable, renormalized quantities.  The charge of the electron, say, would be defined in terms of a quantity measured at a specific kinematic renormalization point or subtraction point (which will generally have a characteristic energy, called the renormalization scale or simply the energy scale).  The parts of the Lagrangian left over, involving the remaining portions of the bare quantities, could then be reinterpreted as counterterms, involved in divergent diagrams exactly canceling out the troublesome divergences for other diagrams.

Renormalization in QED

For example, in the Lagrangian of QED

the fields and coupling constant are really bare quantities, hence the subscript  above. Conventionally the bare quantities are written so that the corresponding Lagrangian terms are multiples of the renormalized ones:

Gauge invariance, via a Ward–Takahashi identity, turns out to imply that we can renormalize the two terms of the covariant derivative piece

together (Pokorski 1987, p. 115), which is what happened to ; it is the same as .

A term in this Lagrangian, for example, the electron–photon interaction pictured in Figure 1, can then be written

The physical constant , the electron's charge, can then be defined in terms of some specific experiment:  we set the renormalization scale equal to the energy characteristic of this experiment, and the first term gives the interaction we see in the laboratory (up to small, finite corrections from loop diagrams, providing such exotica as the high-order corrections to the magnetic moment).  The rest is the counterterm.  If the theory is renormalizable (see below for more on this), as it is in QED, the divergent parts of loop diagrams can all be decomposed into pieces with three or fewer legs, with an algebraic form that can be canceled out by the second term (or by the similar counterterms that come from  and ).

The diagram with the  counterterm's interaction vertex placed as in Figure 3 cancels out the divergence from the loop in Figure 2.

Historically, the splitting of the "bare terms" into the original terms and counterterms came before the renormalization group insight due to Kenneth Wilson. According to such renormalization group insights, detailed in the next section, this splitting is unnatural and actually unphysical, as all scales of the problem enter in continuous systematic ways.

Running couplings
To minimize the contribution of loop diagrams to a given calculation (and therefore make it easier to extract results), one chooses a renormalization point close to the energies and momenta exchanged in the interaction. However, the renormalization point is not itself a physical quantity: the physical predictions of the theory, calculated to all orders, should in principle be independent of the choice of renormalization point, as long as it is within the domain of application of the theory. Changes in renormalization scale will simply affect how much of a result comes from Feynman diagrams without loops, and how much comes from the remaining finite parts of loop diagrams. One can exploit this fact to calculate the effective variation of physical constants with changes in scale. This variation is encoded by beta-functions, and the general theory of this kind of scale-dependence is known as the renormalization group.

Colloquially, particle physicists often speak of certain physical "constants" as varying with the energy of interaction, though in fact, it is the renormalization scale that is the independent quantity.  This running does, however, provide a convenient means of describing changes in the behavior of a field theory under changes in the energies involved in an interaction.  For example, since the coupling in quantum chromodynamics becomes small at large energy scales, the theory behaves more like a free theory as the energy exchanged in an interaction becomes large – a phenomenon  known as asymptotic freedom.  Choosing an increasing energy scale and using the renormalization group makes this clear from simple Feynman diagrams; were this not done, the prediction would be the same, but would arise from complicated high-order cancellations.

For example,

is ill-defined.

To eliminate the divergence, simply change lower limit of integral into  and :

Making sure , then

Regularization
Since the quantity  is ill-defined, in order to make this notion of canceling divergences precise, the divergences first have to be tamed mathematically using the theory of limits, in a process known as regularization (Weinberg, 1995).

An essentially arbitrary modification to the loop integrands, or regulator, can make them drop off faster at high energies and momenta, in such a manner that the integrals converge.  A regulator has a characteristic energy scale known as the cutoff; taking this cutoff to infinity (or, equivalently, the corresponding length/time scale to zero) recovers the original integrals.

With the regulator in place, and a finite value for the cutoff, divergent terms in the integrals then turn into finite but cutoff-dependent terms.  After canceling out these terms with the contributions from cutoff-dependent counterterms, the cutoff is taken to infinity and finite physical results recovered.  If physics on scales we can measure is independent of what happens at the very shortest distance and time scales, then it should be possible to get cutoff-independent results for calculations.

Many different types of regulator are used in quantum field theory calculations, each with its advantages and disadvantages.  One of the most popular in modern use is dimensional regularization, invented by Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman, which tames the integrals by carrying them into a space with a fictitious fractional number of dimensions.  Another is Pauli–Villars regularization, which adds fictitious particles to the theory with very large masses, such that loop integrands involving the massive particles cancel out the existing loops at large momenta.

Yet another regularization scheme is the lattice regularization, introduced by Kenneth Wilson, which pretends that hyper-cubical lattice constructs our spacetime with fixed grid size. This size is a natural cutoff for the maximal momentum that a particle could possess when propagating on the lattice. And after doing a calculation on several lattices with different grid size, the physical result is extrapolated to grid size 0, or our natural universe. This presupposes the existence of a scaling limit.

A rigorous mathematical approach to renormalization theory is the so-called causal perturbation theory, where ultraviolet divergences are avoided from the start in calculations by performing well-defined mathematical operations only within the framework of distribution theory. In this approach, divergences are replaced by ambiguity: corresponding to a divergent diagram is a term which now has a finite, but undetermined, coefficient. Other principles, such as gauge symmetry, must then be used to reduce or eliminate the ambiguity.

Zeta function regularization
Julian Schwinger discovered a relationship between zeta function regularization and renormalization, using the asymptotic relation:

as the regulator . Based on this, he considered using the values of  to get finite results. Although he reached inconsistent results, an improved formula studied by Hartle, J. Garcia, and based on the works by E. Elizalde includes the technique of the zeta regularization algorithm

where the Bs are the Bernoulli numbers and

So every  can be written as a linear combination of .

Or simply using Abel–Plana formula we have for every divergent integral:

valid when . Here the zeta function is Hurwitz zeta function and Beta is a positive real number.

The "geometric" analogy is given by, (if we use rectangle method) to evaluate the integral so:

Using Hurwitz zeta regularization plus the rectangle method with step h (not to be confused with the Planck constant).

The logarithmic divergent integral has the regularization

since for the Harmonic series  in the limit  we must recover the series

For multi-loop integrals that will depend on several variables  we can make a change of variables to polar coordinates and then replace the integral over the angles  by a sum so we have only a divergent integral, that will depend on the modulus  and then we can apply the zeta regularization algorithm, the main idea for multi-loop integrals is to replace the factor  after a change to hyperspherical coordinates  so the UV overlapping divergences are encoded in variable . In order to regularize these integrals one needs a regulator, for the case of multi-loop integrals, these regulator can be taken as

so the multi-loop integral will converge for big enough  using the Zeta regularization we can analytic continue the variable  to the physical limit where  and then regularize any UV integral, by replacing a divergent integral by a linear combination of divergent series, which can be regularized in terms of the negative values of the Riemann zeta function .

 Attitudes and interpretation
The early formulators of QED and other quantum field theories were, as a rule, dissatisfied with this state of affairs. It seemed illegitimate to do something tantamount to subtracting infinities from infinities to get finite answers.

Freeman Dyson argued that these infinities are of a basic nature and cannot be eliminated by any formal mathematical procedures, such as the renormalization method.

Dirac's criticism was the most persistent. As late as 1975, he was saying:

 Most physicists are very satisfied with the situation. They say: 'Quantum electrodynamics is a good theory and we do not have to worry about it any more.' I must say that I am very dissatisfied with the situation because this so-called 'good theory' does involve neglecting infinities which appear in its equations, ignoring them in an arbitrary way. This is just not sensible mathematics. Sensible mathematics involves disregarding a quantity when it is small – not neglecting it just because it is infinitely great and you do not want it!

Another important critic was Feynman. Despite his crucial role in the development of quantum electrodynamics, he wrote the following in 1985:

 The shell game that we play is technically called 'renormalization'. But no matter how clever the word, it is still what I would call a dippy process! Having to resort to such hocus-pocus has prevented us from proving that the theory of quantum electrodynamics is mathematically self-consistent. It's surprising that the theory still hasn't been proved self-consistent one way or the other by now; I suspect that renormalization is not mathematically legitimate.

Feynman was concerned that all field theories known in the 1960s had the property that the interactions become infinitely strong at short enough distance scales. This property called a Landau pole, made it plausible that quantum field theories were all inconsistent. In 1974, Gross, Politzer and Wilczek showed that another quantum field theory, quantum chromodynamics, does not have a Landau pole. Feynman, along with most others, accepted that QCD was a fully consistent theory.

The general unease was almost universal in texts up to the 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in the 1970s, however, inspired by work on the renormalization group and effective field theory, and despite the fact that Dirac and various others—all of whom belonged to the older generation—never withdrew their criticisms, attitudes began to change, especially among younger theorists. Kenneth G. Wilson and others demonstrated that the renormalization group is useful in statistical field theory applied to condensed matter physics, where it provides important insights into the behavior of phase transitions. In condensed matter physics, a physical short-distance regulator exists: matter ceases to be continuous on the scale of atoms. Short-distance divergences in condensed matter physics do not present a philosophical problem since the field theory is only an effective, smoothed-out representation of the behavior of matter anyway; there are no infinities since the cutoff is always finite, and it makes perfect sense that the bare quantities are cutoff-dependent.

If QFT holds all the way down past the Planck length (where it might yield to string theory, causal set theory or something different), then there may be no real problem with short-distance divergences in particle physics either; all field theories could simply be effective field theories. In a sense, this approach echoes the older attitude that the divergences in QFT speak of human ignorance about the workings of nature, but also acknowledges that this ignorance can be quantified and that the resulting effective theories remain useful.

Be that as it may, Salam's remark in 1972 seems still relevant

 Field-theoretic infinities – first encountered in Lorentz's computation of electron self-mass – have persisted in classical electrodynamics for seventy and in quantum electrodynamics for some thirty-five years. These long years of frustration have left in the subject a curious affection for the infinities and a passionate belief that they are an inevitable part of nature; so much so that even the suggestion of a hope that they may, after all, be circumvented — and finite values for the renormalization constants computed – is considered irrational. Compare Russell's postscript to the third volume of his autobiography  The Final Years, 1944–1969 (George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London 1969), p. 221:

 In the modern world, if communities are unhappy, it is often because they have ignorances, habits, beliefs, and passions, which are dearer to them than happiness or even life. I find many men in our dangerous age who seem to be in love with misery and death, and who grow angry when hopes are suggested to them. They think hope is irrational and that, in sitting down to lazy despair, they are merely facing facts.

In QFT, the value of a physical constant, in general, depends on the scale that one chooses as the renormalization point, and it becomes very interesting to examine the renormalization group running of physical constants under changes in the energy scale.  The coupling constants in the Standard Model of particle physics vary in different ways with increasing energy scale: the coupling of quantum chromodynamics and the weak isospin coupling of the electroweak force tend to decrease, and the weak hypercharge coupling of the electroweak force tends to increase.  At the colossal energy scale of 1015 GeV (far beyond the reach of our current particle accelerators), they all become approximately the same size (Grotz and Klapdor 1990, p. 254), a major motivation for speculations about grand unified theory.  Instead of being only a worrisome problem, renormalization has become an important theoretical tool for studying the behavior of field theories in different regimes.

If a theory featuring renormalization (e.g. QED) can only be sensibly interpreted as an effective field theory, i.e. as an approximation reflecting human ignorance about the workings of nature, then the problem remains of discovering a more accurate theory that does not have these renormalization problems.  As Lewis Ryder has put it, "In the Quantum Theory, these [classical] divergences do not disappear; on the contrary, they appear to get worse.  And despite the comparative success of renormalisation theory, the feeling remains that there ought to be a more satisfactory way of doing things."

 Renormalizability
From this philosophical reassessment, a new concept follows naturally: the notion of renormalizability.  Not all theories lend themselves to renormalization in the manner described above, with a finite supply of counterterms and all quantities becoming cutoff-independent at the end of the calculation.  If the Lagrangian contains combinations of field operators of high enough dimension in energy units, the counterterms required to cancel all divergences proliferate to infinite number, and, at first glance, the theory would seem to gain an infinite number of free parameters and therefore lose all predictive power, becoming scientifically worthless. Such theories are called nonrenormalizable.

The Standard Model of particle physics contains only renormalizable operators, but the interactions of general relativity become nonrenormalizable operators if one attempts to construct a field theory of quantum gravity in the most straightforward manner (treating the metric in the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian as a perturbation about the Minkowski metric), suggesting that perturbation theory is not satisfactory in application to quantum gravity.

However, in an effective field theory, "renormalizability" is, strictly speaking, a misnomer. In nonrenormalizable effective field theory, terms in the Lagrangian do multiply to infinity, but have coefficients suppressed by ever-more-extreme inverse powers of the energy cutoff.  If the cutoff is a real, physical quantity—that is, if the theory is only an effective description of physics up to some maximum energy or minimum distance scale—then these additional terms could represent real physical interactions.  Assuming that the dimensionless constants in the theory do not get too large, one can group calculations by inverse powers of the cutoff, and extract approximate predictions to finite order in the cutoff that still have a finite number of free parameters.  It can even be useful to renormalize these "nonrenormalizable" interactions.

Nonrenormalizable interactions in effective field theories rapidly become weaker as the energy scale becomes much smaller than the cutoff.  The classic example is the Fermi theory of the weak nuclear force, a nonrenormalizable effective theory whose cutoff is comparable to the mass of the W particle.  This fact may also provide a possible explanation for why almost all of the particle interactions we see are describable by renormalizable theories.  It may be that any others that may exist at the GUT or Planck scale simply become too weak to detect in the realm we can observe, with one exception: gravity, whose exceedingly weak interaction is magnified by the presence of the enormous masses of stars and planets.

 Renormalization schemes

In actual calculations, the counterterms introduced to cancel the divergences in Feynman diagram calculations beyond tree level must be fixed using a set of  renormalisation conditions.  The common renormalization schemes in use include:
 Minimal subtraction (MS) scheme and the related modified minimal subtraction (MS-bar) scheme
 On-shell scheme
Besides, there exists a "natural" definition of the renormalized coupling (combined with the photon propagator) as a propagator of dual free bosons, which does not explicitly require introducing the counterterms.

 Renormalization in statistical physics

History
A deeper understanding of the physical meaning and generalization of the
renormalization process, which goes beyond the dilatation group of conventional renormalizable theories,  came from condensed matter physics. Leo P. Kadanoff's paper in 1966 proposed the "block-spin" renormalization group. The blocking idea is a way to define the components of the theory at large distances as aggregates of components at shorter distances.

This approach covered the conceptual point and was given full computational substance in the extensive important contributions of Kenneth Wilson. The power of Wilson's ideas was demonstrated by a constructive iterative renormalization solution of a long-standing problem, the Kondo problem, in 1974,  as well as the preceding seminal developments of his new method in the theory of second-order phase transitions and critical phenomena in 1971. He was awarded the Nobel prize for these decisive contributions in 1982.

Principles
In more technical terms, let us assume that we have a theory described
by a certain function  of the state variables
 and a certain set of coupling constants
. This function may be a partition function,
an action, a Hamiltonian, etc. It must contain the
whole description of the physics of the system.

Now we consider a certain blocking transformation of the state
variables ,
the number of  must be lower than the number of
. Now let us try to rewrite the
function only in terms of the . If this is achievable by a
certain change in the parameters, , then the theory is said to berenormalizable.

The possible
macroscopic states of the system, at a large scale, are given by this
set of fixed points.

Renormalization group fixed points
The most important information in the RG flow is its fixed points'''. A fixed point is defined by the vanishing of the beta function associated to the flow.  Then, fixed points of the renormalization group are by definition scale invariant. In many cases of physical interest scale invariance enlarges to conformal invariance.  One then has a conformal field theory at the fixed point.

The ability of several theories to flow to the same fixed point leads to universality.

If these fixed points correspond to free field theory, the theory is said to exhibit quantum triviality.  Numerous fixed points appear in the study of lattice Higgs theories, but the nature of the quantum field theories associated with these remains an open question.

 See also
 History of quantum field theory
 Quantum triviality
 Zeno's paradoxes

 References

 Further reading

 General introduction
 DeDeo, Simon; Introduction to Renormalization (2017). Santa Fe Institute Complexity Explorer MOOC. Renormalization from a complex systems point of view, including Markov Chains, Cellular Automata, the real space Ising model, the Krohn-Rhodes Theorem, QED, and rate distortion theory.

 Baez, John; Renormalization Made Easy, (2005). A qualitative introduction to the subject.
 Blechman, Andrew E.; Renormalization: Our Greatly Misunderstood Friend, (2002). Summary of a lecture; has more information about specific regularization and divergence-subtraction schemes.

 Shirkov, Dmitry; Fifty Years of the Renormalization Group, C.E.R.N. Courrier 41(7) (2001). Full text available at : I.O.P Magazines.
 E. Elizalde; Zeta regularization techniques with Applications.

 Mainly: quantum field theory
N. N. Bogoliubov, D. V. Shirkov (1959): The Theory of Quantized Fields. New York, Interscience. The first text-book on the renormalization group theory.
 Ryder, Lewis H.; Quantum Field Theory  (Cambridge University Press, 1985),  Highly readable textbook, certainly the best introduction to relativistic Q.F.T. for particle physics.
 Zee, Anthony; Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, Princeton University Press (2003) . Another excellent textbook on Q.F.T.
 Weinberg, Steven; The Quantum Theory of Fields (3 volumes) Cambridge University Press (1995). A monumental treatise on Q.F.T. written by a leading expert, Nobel laureate 1979.
 Pokorski, Stefan; Gauge Field Theories, Cambridge University Press (1987) .
 't Hooft, Gerard; The Glorious Days of Physics – Renormalization of Gauge theories, lecture given at Erice (August/September 1998) by the Nobel laureate 1999 . Full text available at: hep-th/9812203.
 Rivasseau, Vincent; An introduction to renormalization, Poincaré Seminar (Paris, Oct. 12, 2002), published in : Duplantier, Bertrand; Rivasseau, Vincent (Eds.); Poincaré Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser (2003) . Full text available in PostScript.
 Rivasseau, Vincent; From perturbative to constructive renormalization, Princeton University Press (1991) . Full text available in PostScript and in PDF (draft version).
 Iagolnitzer, Daniel & Magnen, J.; Renormalization group analysis, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Kluwer Academic Publisher (1996). Full text available in PostScript and pdf here.
 Scharf, Günter; Finite quantum electrodynamics: The causal approach, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York (1995) .
 A. S. Švarc (Albert Schwarz), Математические основы квантовой теории поля, (Mathematical aspects of quantum field theory), Atomizdat, Moscow, 1975. 368 pp.

 Mainly: statistical physics
 A. N. Vasil'ev; The Field Theoretic Renormalization Group in Critical Behavior Theory and Stochastic Dynamics (Routledge Chapman & Hall 2004);
 Nigel Goldenfeld; Lectures on Phase Transitions and the Renormalization Group, Frontiers in Physics 85, Westview Press (June, 1992) . Covering the elementary aspects of the physics of phases transitions and the renormalization group, this popular book emphasizes understanding and clarity rather than technical manipulations.
 Zinn-Justin, Jean; Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena, Oxford University Press (4th edition – 2002) . A masterpiece on applications of renormalization methods to the calculation of critical exponents in statistical mechanics, following Wilson's ideas (Kenneth Wilson was  Nobel laureate 1982).
 Zinn-Justin, Jean; Phase Transitions & Renormalization Group: from Theory to Numbers, Poincaré Seminar (Paris, Oct. 12, 2002), published in : Duplantier, Bertrand; Rivasseau, Vincent (Eds.); Poincaré Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser (2003) . Full text available in PostScript .
 Domb, Cyril; The Critical Point: A Historical Introduction to the Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena, CRC Press (March, 1996) .
 Brown, Laurie M. (Ed.); Renormalization: From Lorentz to Landau (and Beyond), Springer-Verlag (New York-1993) .
 Cardy, John; Scaling and Renormalization in Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press (1996) .

 Miscellaneous
 Shirkov, Dmitry; The Bogoliubov Renormalization Group, JINR Communication E2-96-15 (1996). Full text available at: hep-th/9602024
 Zinn-Justin, Jean; Renormalization and renormalization group: From the discovery of UV divergences to the concept of effective field theories, in: de Witt-Morette C., Zuber J.-B. (eds), Proceedings of the NATO ASI on Quantum Field Theory: Perspective and Prospective, June 15–26, 1998, Les Houches, France, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI Series C 530, 375–388 (1999). Full text available in PostScript.
 Connes, Alain; Symétries Galoisiennes & Renormalisation, Poincaré Seminar (Paris, Oct. 12, 2002), published in : Duplantier, Bertrand; Rivasseau, Vincent (Eds.); Poincaré Seminar 2002'', Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser (2003) . French mathematician Alain Connes (Fields medallist 1982) describe the mathematical underlying structure (the Hopf algebra) of renormalization, and its link to the Riemann-Hilbert problem. Full text (in French) available at .

External links

Quantum field theory
Renormalization group
Mathematical physics


IITM Recruitment notification download for Project Fellow Electronics Indian Institute of Information Technology (IITM) jobs 2019 for central government electronics jobs in Kerala state, as applications are invited from the engineering graduates (or) postgraduates for the recruitment of Project Fellow Electronics vacancies. Selected candidate to work in Thiruvananthapuram.
Project Fellow Electronics: 1 Post.
First Class Bachelor of Engineering (BE) / Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) / Master of Technology (M.Tech) in Biomedical Engineering / Electronics / Computer Sciences from recognized university / institution with minimum 65% marks.
Pay Scale: Rs. 10,000 – 14,000/- Per month.
Applicants are required to send their bio-data and filled in application along with attested copies of documents related to educational qualification as mentioned in the notification to address given below.
Last date of submit for application: 3rd September, 2019.
IITM Recruitment of Project Fellow Electronics in Kerala September 2019 notification Click Here.
www.iiitmk.ac.in for Indian Institute of Information Technology job updates in Thiruvananthapuram.


text:
Lexie Readable Font
Font Name:Lexie Readable
Developer:K-Type
Category:Basic > Various
License:Free for personal use
Lexie Readable (formerly Lexia Readable) was designed with accessibility and legibility in mind, an attempt to capture the strength and clarity of Comic Sans without the comic book associations. Features like the non-symmetrical b and d, and the handwritten forms of a and g may help dyslexic readers. The fonts now include a full complement of Latin Extended-A characters and numerous subtle outline improvements.
The Lexie Readable family is designed for maximum legibility. K-Type has tried to capture the clarity and accessibility of Comic Sans without the American comic book associations and whimsical, childlike quality which are culturally inappropriate for many uses and may seem patronizing.
Lexie is an attempt to retain the strength, friendliness and legibility of Comic Sans, and even a slightly marker-drawn feel, whilst tidying up the comic book idiosyncrasies. It adds a hint of dignity, a sprinkling of refinement, and introduces elements of designer type to appeal to a contemporary audience.
Whilst Comic Sans has long been a preferred choice for infant typography from 'Baby on Board' stickers onward, its use risks undermining any serious message and appearing condescending to readers with greater visual maturity, issues that are particularly acute when applied to adolescent and adult literacy.
Typographical concerns from recent educational publications and discussions, and some highlighted by the British Dyslexia Association have been incorporated into the design of Lexie - the simpler, handwritten forms of a and g, the non-symmetry of letters such as b and d, good sized descenders and ascenders, generous spacing and excellent screen clarity.
LEXIE READABLE FONT CHARACTER MAP
Lexie Readable font contains 415 defined characters and 337 unique glyphs. The font contains characters from the following unicode character ranges: Basic Latin (93), Latin-1 Supplement (96), Latin Extended-A (128), Latin Extended-B (11), Spacing Modifier Letters (8), Greek and Coptic (1), Latin Extended Additional (22), General Punctuation (17), Currency Symbols (2), Letterlike Symbols (4), Number Forms (2), Mathematical Operators (12), Enclosed Alphanumerics (1), Geometric Shapes (1), Private Use Area (1), Alphabetic Presentation Forms (2), Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (1).
COMMENTS & QUESTIONS ABOUT LEXIE READABLE FONT
Lexie Readable is a basic, various font designed by K-Type. The font is licensed as Free for personal use. You can download and use the font free for personal projects. For commercial projects please refer to the license file in the package or contact the designer directly from k-type.com.
› LexieReadable_ReadMe.txt
› LexieReadable-Bold.ttf
› LexieReadable-Regular.ttf
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Dear Father. From the musical score of the motion picture Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Skybird, from the musical score of the motion picture, Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Skybird, from the musical score of the motion picture, Jonathan Livingston Seagull.
Skybird
Neil Diamond (A)
Neil Diamond (439 documents)
example document: Fool that I am. w & m Neil Diamond
Copyrights records by Diamond, Neil
Dear Father. From the musical score of the motion picture Jonathan Livingston Seagull.
Dear Father
example document: I'll be back someday. w & m Neil Diamond
Prologue. From the musical score of the motion picture Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Prologue. From the musical score of the motion picture Jonathan Livingston Seagull.
example document: Turn around
Where do you run? w & m Neil Diamond & Jaye Posner
Where do you run? w & m Neil Diamond & Jaye Posner.
Where do you run?
Neil Diamond & Jaye Posner (A)
example document: Solitary man
Jaye Posner
Sunday and me. w & m Neil Diamond
Sunday and me. w & m Neil Diamond.
Sunday and me.
example document: Memphis streets
If I never knew your name
If I never knew your name.
example document: Let the little boy sing
Hurting you don't come easy
Hurting you don't come easy.
example document: A Million miles away & 16 other titles
example document: Acapulco
Deep in the morning
Deep in the morning.
example document: God rest ye merry, gentlemen
Sweet Caroline (good times never seemed so good)
example document: I believe in happy endings
I am, I said
I am, I said.
Neil L. Diamond (A)
Neil L. Diamond
example document: I'll come running
Crunchy granola suite
Crunchy granola suite.
example document: I'm alive
I'm afraid. w & m Neil Diamond
I'm afraid. w & m Neil Diamond.
example document: Forever in blue jeans
'Til you've tried love. w & m Neil Diamond
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'Til you've tried love.
example document: I care enough to give the very best. w & m Neil Diamond & Richard Gottehrer
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But only in name. w & m Neil Diamond.
But only in name.
example document: I've been this way before
Blue destiny. w & m Neil Diamond
Blue destiny. w & m Neil Diamond.
Blue destiny.
example document: I'ma believer
Recipe for happiness. w & m Neil Diamond
Recipe for happiness. w & m Neil Diamond.
Recipe for happiness.
example document: Lonely lady number 17
A Fool all over again. w & m Neil Diamond
A Fool all over again. w & m Neil Diamond.
A Fool all over again.
example document: Child song
All I have is me. w & m Neil Diamond
All I have is me. w & m Neil Diamond.
All I have is me.
example document: The time is now
Runnin' free. w & m Neil Diamond
Runnin' free. w & m Neil Diamond.
Runnin' free.
example document: Childsong. w & m Neil Diamond, arr. for voice and piano with chord symbols. Prophet Music, Inc
It don't seem right. w & m Neil Diamond
It don't seem right. w & m Neil Diamond.
It don't seem right.
example document: A Million miles away. w & m Neil Diamond
But that was yesterday. w & m Neil Diamond
But that was yesterday. w & m Neil Diamond.
example document: Clown town. w & m Neil Diamond
Miss Lonely Hearts. w & m Neil Diamond
Miss Lonely Hearts. w & m Neil Diamond.
Miss Lonely Hearts.
example document: You don't bring me flowers
Santa, Santa. w & m Neil Diamond
Santa, Santa. w & m Neil Diamond.
Santa, Santa.
Cherry, cherry
Cherry, cherry.
New Matter: piano arr. & piano acc.
example document: A taste of roses
Cherry, Cherry. w, m, piano arr. & acc.: Neil Diamond
Cherry, Cherry. w, m, piano arr. & acc.: Neil Diamond.
example document: Do it for yourself
I'm glad you're here with me tonight
N00000047673 / 1977-11-11
I'm glad you're here with me tonight / artist: Neil Diamond, sound recordings: Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
New Matter: sound recordings.
Sony BMG Music Entertainment (PWH)
example document: The first Noel
Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (1480 documents)
example document: A chorus line
Copyrights records by Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
Sony BMG Music Entertainment (929 documents)
example document: Moonlight serenade
Copyrights records by Sony BMG Music Entertainment
Say no. w & m Neil Diamond, Carl D'Errico
Say no. w & m Neil Diamond, Carl D'Errico.
Neil Diamond, Carl D'Errico (A)
example document: The Story of my life
Carl D'Errico (35 documents)
example document: Love song for two
Copyrights records by D'Errico, Carl
Believe it. w & m Neil Diamond, Carl D'Errico
Believe it. w & m Neil Diamond, Carl D'Errico.
example document: Captain Sunshine
example document: This world wasn't meant for me. w & m Jean Thomas, Carl D'Errico, & Don Thomas


Awesome new subdivision with views of Lake Winnebago from nearly every lot! Prices range from $13,515 to $45,815 and most are .5 acre or more. Launch your boat the end of Fisherman's Road- enjoy fishing off the pier by joining Fishermans fishing club. Underground utilities, & sewer ($2550 hook-up fees). Seller is offering 0% financing to qualified purchasers. Benefits of the lake w/o the cost. Waste Available to Site = Laterals.
From Fond du Lac N on Hwy 151 about 6 miles; W. on Fishermans Road/(Willow Beach); R on Walleye Dr or Perch Ln into subdivision.


All server information, like staff lists, IP to servers, etc will be found here.
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Talk about anything, and everything here.
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Share your graphic mods here!
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text:
"Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur" is the new animated TV series based on Marvel Comics characters, produced by Disney Television Animation, Marvel Animation, Cinema Gypsy Productions and Flying Bark Productions, premiering February 10, 2023 on Disney Channel:
"...characters include Diamond White as 'Lunella Lafayette' /'Moon Girl', a gifted young girl who accidentally brings 'Devil Dinosaur' into present-day New York, Fred Tatasciore as 'Devil Dinosaur', a red 'Tyrannosauroid' accidentally brought to present-day New York City by Lunella...
"... Alfre Woodard as 'Mimi', Lunella's grandmother, Sasheer Zamata as 'Andria', Lunella's mother, Jermaine Fowler as 'James Jr.', Lunella's father, Gary Anthony Williams as 'Pops', Lunella's grandfather and Libe Barer as 'Casey', a manager and Lunella's best friend..."
Click the images to enlarge....
Posted by Michael Stevens on Saturday, January 14, 2023


text:
The Paleo Diet Moves From The Gym To The Doctor's Office : Shots - Health News The so-called paleo way of eating is moving into the doctor's office. But experts say no one can actually practice what some are calling "evolutionary medicine" because it's only a theory.
Health News From NPR
Treatments & Tests
Health Inc.
Policy-ish
The Paleo Diet Moves From The Gym To The Doctor's Office
June 2, 20126:42 AM ET
Eliza Barclay
Some physicians say the theory of "evolutionary medicine" can help guide the treatment of modern ailments like obesity. iStockphoto.com hide caption
Some physicians say the theory of "evolutionary medicine" can help guide the treatment of modern ailments like obesity.
By now the paleo diet and lifestyle has inched from the fringe a little closer to the mainstream, thanks to some very passionate followers sold on the notion that our Paleolithic hunter-gatherer ancestors avoided modern day ailments like obesity and diabetes because they ate what some consider an "ideal" diet of meat, fruit and vegetables.
Maybe you've met paleo dieters through CrossFit, or seen them organizing MeetUps online, and been amazed that they've managed to swear off sugar, dairy, grains and beans.
But the paleo way is now moving beyond the gym and Web to an entirely new space — the doctor's office. There the somewhat amorphous idea of "evolutionary medicine" is taking shape.
One of the founders of the paleo movement, Loren Cordain, a professor at Colorado State University with a doctorate in exercise science, is the author of a must-read book for paleo followers, The Paleo Diet. Recently, he co-founded the Paleo Physicians Network. Its goal: connect consumers with "medical professionals who practice Darwinian/Evolutionary Medicine." The network lists hundreds of them around the country (53 in California alone).
Except there's a small problem, according to one of the people who helped coin the term evolutionary medicine: No one actually practices evolutionary medicine because it's only a theory.
Randolph Nesse, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Michigan, might be called a father of evolutionary medicine. He co-authored an influential paper in 1991 called "The Dawn of Darwinian Medicine," which made a persuasive case for more research into how evolution by natural selection can help explain what makes us sick.
When Shots asked him about his thoughts on the Paleo Physicians Network, he said, "I don't like it much."
Nesse is all for basing studies on the theory of evolutionary medicine, but he says those studies haven't happened yet. "Doctors know very little about evolution so I would like to distance evolutionary medicine from any direct application in the clinic until we can do some real trials," says Nesse.
Lane Sebring, who has a clinic in Austin, Texas, is a physician in the Paleo Physicians Network who says he's been using evolutionary medicine for 12 years to treat diseases like diabetes, heart disease and depression.
"Modern medicine has failed many of my patients," Sebring tells Shots. "Instead, I talk to them about what kind of exercise and diet is best for human beings and that's about recognizing what genes can do."
Sebring and Cordain both say the early clinical trials of people on the paleo diet, though small, have shown promising results.
"I tell my patients that there are certain foods that the body is expecting; the foods we're genetically programmed for, like berries," says Sebring. "The body wants to repair and it wants to do better. When you go off the bad foods you stop insulting the body."
But the biggest challenge to turning more people on to evolutionary medicine and the paleo diet, according to Sebring, is that many patients can't handle the lifestyle changes.
That might be because the paleo diet will seem extremely restrictive to most modern humans. And it goes against the advice of legions of nutrition experts who say high-fiber, low-fat beans and whole grains should be part of a healthful diet.
Nesse, the evolutionary medicine theorist, says there's even an evolutionary flaw in the paleo diet.
"There's this tendency to want to find the normal human diet," Nesse says. "But every single diet you pick has an advantage of some sort. Humans have lived in all kinds of places and we have adapted to all kinds of diets."


Experts are worried Townsville's long-awaited economic resurgence has been washed out to sea by the city's historic flood disaster.
They fear the north Queensland city will lose not only tourists, but broader economic momentum as the clean-up slows down activity in the weeks and months ahead.
After a mining downturn, Townsville has struggled for years with high unemployment.
Townsville Chamber of Commerce chief executive Marie-Claude Brown was concerned industries like retail and hospitality will now take a hit.
"In the longer term, we're concerned that the money will shrink and the confidence we were starting to see could have been washed away with the flood," Ms Brown said.
"Certain things are going to be in high demand — carpenters, plumbers, plasters, painters — so that will have an immediate impact," Ms Brown said.
"But while the recovery is underway in Townsville, there's not a lot of discretionary dollars going around."
The economic toll from the flood is not known, however insurers have .
Authorities announced on Friday, 1500 homes and infrastructure in the state's north and north-west have had minor to severe damage.
"This is early days … I expect that number to rise significantly," Queensland Fire Emergency Services Commissioner Katarina Carroll said.
Looters are taking advantage of the situation, with police saying so far there has been 14 attempted break and enters since Sunday, despite 90 extra police being on the ground.
It has also been announced, Major-General Stuart Smith, the state's disaster recovery co-ordinator, has had his role extended to handle the flood recovery effort.
There is a low chance a cyclone could form off the north Queensland coast in the Coral Sea this weekend.
The Bureau of Meteorology said a low pressure system south-east of Cairns has formed from the monsoon trough that has dumped the unprecedented in the Townsville region.
Forecaster Sam Campbell said the low is not expected to make landfall, and will remain well off the coast until mid-next week.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison said relief payments have been increased to up to $75,000 for people in flooded areas.
"Our initial estimate will be $100 million but as we have seen in other disasters, the cost could be far greater," he said.
James Cook University economist Riccardo Welters said the city could actually receive an economic boost from the reconstruction effort.
"When the insurance money comes into town, that's money that comes from outside Townsville, and it'll be used to reconstruct the economy and that's going to be a massive influx of money," he said.
Mr Welters said tradies and retailers would be the biggest beneficiaries as long as the money was spent locally and companies could keep up with demand.
"If you can keep it locally, you get multiplier effects off that money, which will help rebuild the city," he said.
"The question is can Townsville provide that? As soon as there's a supply shortage, some of that money will go to construction businesses outside Townsville and that's good news for them but not for the Townsville economy."
The State Government and Townsville Mayor Jenny Hill have asked insurance companies to use local businesses as much as possible during any rebuilds.
Economic lobby group Townsville Enterprise chief executive Patricia O'Callaghan has encouraged tourists not to cancel their Easter booking in the region, particularly those heading to Magnetic Island.
"Support our community, particularly our small businesses through this tough economic time," she said.
"We are open for business. It's important to reinforce the value not only of the immediate recovery but not losing momentum on the long-term plan and key priorities for the region.
"On top of repair and recovery, building the pipeline of jobs has now become more important than ever."
There are also predictions there could be short-term pressure on the rental market as more residents become displaced.
, with that number expected to rise.
A State Housing Department spokesperson said they are processing more than 133 requests for emergency housing assistance and supporting people on an individual basis with accommodation options to meet their differing circumstances and needs.
"Since the flooding began, 67 people in need have been housed in short-term accommodation in Townsville such as hotels, motels and caravan parks," the spokesperson said.
"The remainder are currently staying with friends, family or in evacuation centres and the department is working to find suitable accommodation for them."
Real Estate Institute of Queensland's chair for Townsville Wayne Nicholson said before the floods, Townsville's rental market had vacancy rates of between three and four per cent, and some offices had even lower.
"Those vacancies will be picked up very quickly," he said.
"I think the council and even the State Government will be dealing with a short-term crisis when it comes to accommodating people."
The Government is assessing demand and has transferred families into emergency accommodation at hotels.
Eligibility requirements will be relaxed so flood victims can access help like bond loans and rental grants as they seek alternate accommodation.
Mr Nicholson said it was too soon to tell whether the value of flood-stricken houses would decrease.
"We had the Night of Noah back in '98, we've had Cyclone Althea in 1971, and I can remember vividly the houses were decimated," he said.
"People said, 'who would ever live here again'. Well, people are living there again and the prices out there are fairly significant."


text:
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Whatever happened to employee privacy?
20 | If you have a social media account or a cell phone or an internet connection, then you have no privacy. I'm pretty sure you can agree with me there. Do a search on Duck Duck Go or some other search engine for "Facebook scandal," "cell phone privacy scandal," or "data hacked" and you will no doubt agree with me. But have you ever considered your lack of privacy in the workplace? I'm going to share with you three stories and I want you to figure out whether or not they are true or false. Tune in to see if you can guess how far companies will go for the sake of efficiency.
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Over the past decade, Jim Stroud has built an expertise in sourcing and recruiting strategy, public speaking, lead generation, video production, podcasting, online research, competitive intelligence, online community management and training. He has consulted for such companies as Microsoft, Google, MCI, Siemens, Bernard Hodes Group and a host of startup companies. During his tenure with Randstad Sourceright, he alleviated the recruitment headaches of their clients worldwide as their Global Head of Sourcing and Recruiting Strategy. He now serves ClickIQ as its VP, Product Evangelist.
Hi, I'm Jim Stroud and this is my podcast.
If you have a social media account or a cell phone or an internet connection, then you have no privacy. I'm pretty sure you can agree with me there. Do a search on Duck Duck Go or some other search engine for "Facebook scandal," "cell phone privacy scandal," or "data hacked" and you will no doubt agree with me. But have you ever considered your lack of privacy in the workplace? I'm going to share with you three stories and I want you to figure out whether or not they are true or false. The first story begins after this special message…
{sponsor message: 12 DuckDuckGo Search Tips You Should Know to Boost Productivity}
A certain man is interviewing for a job for a rather progressive company. How progressive are they? Rather than relying solely on resumes, they use a complex algorithm to scan a candidate's social media accounts in order to discern their personality and cultural fit. Is this true or false?
This is true. Listen to a quote from The Wall Street Journal.
Nearly all Fortune 500 companies now use some form of automation — from robot avatars interviewing job candidates to computers weeding out potential employees by scanning keywords in resumes. And more and more companies are using artificial intelligence and machine learning tools to assess possible employees. DeepSense, based in San Francisco and India, helps hiring managers scan people's social media accounts to surface underlying personality traits. The company says it uses a scientifically based personality test, and it can be done with or without a potential candidate's knowledge. The practice is part of a general trend of some hiring companies to move away from assessing candidates based on their resumes and skills, towards making hiring decisions based on people's personalities.
Story #2
A factory worker wears a helmet for safety reasons but, the helmet does more than protect the head from physical injury. It reads the brainwaves of the worker for changes in their mood and informs management of whether or not that worker should take a break, be reassigned or fired. Is this true or false?
This is true. Listen to this quote from the South China Morning Post.
On the surface, the production lines at Hangzhou (Hang-Joe) Zhongheng (joe-hung) Electric look like any other. Workers outfitted in uniforms, staff lines producing sophisticated equipment for telecommunication and other industrial sectors. But there's one big difference – the workers wear caps to monitor their brainwaves, data that management then uses to adjust the pace of production and redesign workflows, according to the company. The company said it could increase the overall efficiency of the workers by manipulating the frequency and length of break times to reduce mental stress.
Hangzhou (Hang-Joe) Zhongheng (joe-hung) Electric is just one example of the large-scale application of brain surveillance devices to monitor people's emotions and other mental activities in the workplace, according to scientists and companies involved in the government-backed projects. Concealed in regular safety helmets or uniform hats, these lightweight, wireless sensors constantly monitor the wearer's brainwaves and stream the data to computers that use artificial intelligence algorithms to detect emotional spikes such as depression, anxiety or rage.
Amazon is a master of efficiency. So much so, they recently patented a pair of Googles that will help its workers maneuver through their gigantic warehouses. If you were wearing these goggles, not only would you be more efficient, but the company would be able to monitor your every step. Is this true or false?
This is true. Listen to this quote from The Telegraph.
Amazon has sparked privacy concerns after filing a patent for augmented reality goggles that track the movement of warehouse workers. According to the patent, the e-commerce giant is interested in developing augmented reality goggles that workers could use to navigate through Amazon's gigantic warehouses, guiding them to the right location. The patent, which was filed last year but made public on Thursday by the US Patents and Trademark Office, would mean the company could send orders to workers through visual cues. "In some embodiments […] the wearable computing device can be configured to provide worker instructions and/or visual indicators to a worker wearing the wearable computing device who is not moving or navigating through a fulfilment centre." However, the patent application also states that the device could detect where a person is at all times and when they have stopped moving.
I suppose on some level; we are used to the idea of companies monitoring our emails and web activity; but what about those enterprises that seem to go the extra mile? How far is too far, when it comes to companies monitoring you? How concerned are you about your privacy at the office? No, really, I want to know. Leave me a comment? I want to know your point of view.
If you love what you heard, hate what you heard or, don't know what you just heard, I want to know about it. You can reach me at my website – www.JimStroud.com. In addition to finding source material and related information for this podcast episode, you'll find other goodies that I hope will make you smile. Oh, before I go, please financially support this podcast with a little somethin'-somethin' in my virtual tip jar. (There's a link in the podcast description.) Your generosity encourages me to keep this podcast train chugging down the track. Whoot-whoot, whoot-whoot, whoot-whoot…
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Biometric Resumes are Coming Soon to an Interview Near You
Evergreen Podcasts Partners With the Jim Stroud Show
Alexa, Witness for the Defense
Would you take a pill to erase your worst memory?
So, robots are programming humans now?
Are Social Networking Sites Good for our Children?
Cyborgs Rising: The Trend of BioHacking Continues
Robots in the Operating Room are the Future and the Present of Healthcare
Posted on March 18, 2019 October 12, 2019 Author Jim StroudCategories podcast, The Jim Stroud Podcast
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text:
Nothing But a Man is an American 1970 novelization by Jim Thompson based on the film Nothing But a Man (1964).

Plot
Duff Anderson moves to a small town to work on the railroad. He marries Josie, much to the dislike of her preacher father, and they both re-locate to live in their own house and Duff lands a job in a mill and tries to unionize the workers.

References

Novels by Jim Thompson
1970 American novels
English-language novels
Novels based on films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mueller seeks immunity for 5 witnesses in Manafort case
The five individuals have indicated that they won't testify or provide other information
Mueller seeks immunity for 5 witnesses in Manafort case The five individuals have indicated that they won't testify or provide other information Check out this story on detroitnews.com: https://detne.ws/2Ldagor
Eric Tucker, Associated Press Published 10:27 p.m. ET July 17, 2018
In this March 8, 2018, file photo, Paul Manafort, left, President Donald Trump's former campaign chairman, walks with this wife Kathleen Manafort, as they arrive at the Alexandria Federal Courthouse in Alexandria, Va.(Photo: Jacquelyn Martin / AP)
Washington – The special counsel in the Russia investigation is seeking immunity for five potential witnesses in the upcoming trial of President Donald Trump's former campaign chairman, Paul Manafort.
The five individuals have indicated that they won't testify or provide other information "on the basis of their privilege against self-incrimination," Mueller's office told a federal judge in Virginia in a court filing Tuesday.
As a result, prosecutors are asking a judge to compel their testimony, under a condition of immunity, at Manafort's upcoming bank and tax fraud trial. They are requesting what is known as "use immunity," which would mean prosecutors could not use the witnesses' statements against them unless they were to make false statements.
Prosecutors did not name the potential witnesses because they have not been publicly identified as being involved in the case. Motions providing more information about them were filed under seal, and prosecutors asked a judge to leave the information that way unless and until the witnesses are called to testify.
The Manafort trial, the first arising from Mueller's investigation into potential coordination between Russia and the Trump campaign, is expected to start next week.
Also Tuesday, U.S. District Judge T.S. Ellis denied Manafort's request to move the trial from Alexandria, in the Washington, D.C., region, to the more sparsely populated southwestern Virginia city of Roanoke.
Manafort's lawyers said extensive pretrial news media coverage in the Washington region had interfered with Manafort's right to a fair trial. They also said potential jurors in the area were much more likely to have voted for Hillary Clinton than Trump in the 2016 election.
But Ellis rejected that argument Tuesday, saying media attention in the case would be the same in Alexandria "as it would be in Roanoke or Kansas City or Dallas."
He said there was no evidence that potential jurors in the region were politically biased, and that in any event, jurors' political leanings by themselves aren't evidence that they can't fairly consider a case.
"It would be inappropriate for courts to move trials around the country in cases of this sort until a district could be found where a defendant's political views were shared by at least as many persons in the district as those with contrary views," Ellis wrote.
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As Jesus continued on the Way (to the cross) a man ran up to him and threw himself down on his knees before him and asked him, "Good Teacher what must I do to inherit eternal life?" Jesus responded, "Why do you call me good? No one is Good except God. You know the commandments: Do not kill. Do not commit adultery. Do not steal. Do not give false witness. Do not defraud. Honor your father and mother." He answered Jesus, "Teacher! I have observed all of these for my whole life."
In the New Testament we find two kinds of people. Those who want to manage Jesus. And those wxho heed his invitation to come to him, take up the cross and follow him to Calvary. Which in today's terms means to live the baptismal life: which is the way of the cross; which is the way to eternal life.
We find no shortage of managers in this part of St. Mark's gospel. Last week we heard about a contingent of Pharisees who posed a trick question so that they could catch Jesus in an error. It concerned their rules about divorce, but Jesus knows when he is being played.
The Pharisee's asked about marriage between a man and a woman; but Jesus' answer is about another marriage. Israel's marriage to the LORD, the adultery she committed against him, and her divorce from the Glorious Husband who rescued her from an abusive relationship; who saved her, cleansed her wounds, made her whole, and loved her like no woman was ever loved before.
Following this fiasco we find the Lord's own disciples trying to manage him. People brought their children to Jesus so that he would bless them. So that with the Lord's touch they would be kept safe from the Evil One for their whole life long; and inherit eternal life. But the dim-witted disciples did not get it and turned them away.
To say the Lord was perturbed in the extreme is an understatement. Not because he shares the sloppy sentimental thinking that our godless culture does towards children. But because no child can survive sin, death or the devil without the divine touch of Holy Baptism. And so bring your children to Jesus today where at the font, and at the altar they will obtain the remission of sins, life, salvation and every blessing from God.
Still later we find two of the Lord's chief disciples, James and John, going for the gold. "Teacher," they said, "we want you to do for us whatever we ask … Grant us to sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your glory." Talk about managing Jesus!
But today St. Mark teaches us about an un-named man who also wants to manage Jesus. He wasn't only rich, however, but we learn from the other gospels he was Young and a Ruler – a very bad combination!
A snot-nosed kid with money and power, but lacking the great store of wisdom needed to sit in the city gate as he did where business was transacted, and court held to decide the fate of the people brought before him. The city gate where the rich paid bribes to tip the scales in their favor; leaving the poor and the innocent to pay heavy fines; that filled the pockets of greedy men: just like the one St. Mark teaches us about today.
You know the commandments: Do not kill. Do not commit adultery. Do not steal. Do not give false witness. Do not defraud. Honor your father and mother." But the man is unfazed.
A hard case if ever there was: But not too hard for Jesus!
St. Mark tells us that Jesus looked at him. What does this mean? It means that Jesus was making a full assessment of him. Jesus understood the depth of the corruption of his sin better than he did. Better than we do. Indeed, our Lutheran Confessions, under the article on Original Sin state that the corruption of our hearts, minds, intellects and wills is so complete that, apart from Sacred Scripture explaining it to us, we cannot know how hopeless we are before God. But Jesus saw right through him, and he sees through you, too.
But St. Mark doesn't stop there. He also writes: And looking at him, he loved him! Yes, Jesus loved him. And Jesus loves you also!
That is why instead of applauding the man he demolished his hope. Demolished it because nothing the man possessed: neither money, nor youth, nor power nor especially self-righteousness can help a man before God. But only one thing can: to sell all that we have, take up the cross and walk with Jesus to Calvary to die.
You are not good. Culture is not good. Your dog is not good. Indeed none of the things upon which you bestow the title good, are good, because "No one is good except God." Full stop. End of sentence.
Yes, God is good! Jesus is Good! And everyone who follows Jesus into baptismal death, and dies daily to self (1 Cor. 15:31) that person, too, is Good and will inherit eternal life. Amen.


text:
from pathlib import Path
from pytest import mark, fixture

from beyond.env import solarsystem as sol
from beyond.frames.lagrange import lagrange, LagrangeOrient
from beyond.io import ccsds
from beyond.dates import Date, timedelta
from beyond.propagators.keplernum import KeplerNum
from beyond.frames.orient import EME2000

@fixture
def gaia_oem():
    """Gaia Ephem in EME2000"""
    filepath = Path(__file__).parent.joinpath("data/gaia.oem")
    return ccsds.load(filepath.open())

@fixture
def gaia_opm(gaia_oem):
    """An orbit object extracted from the previous Ephem"""
    return gaia_oem[0]

@mark.parametrize("orient", ("synodic", "EME2000"))
@mark.parametrize("kind", list(range(1, 6)))
def test_solarsystem(gaia_opm, kind, orient, helper):

    if orient == "synodic":
        orient_obj = None
        frame_name = f"SunEarthLagrange"
    else:
        orient_obj = EME2000
        frame_name = "EME2000"

    f_earth = sol.get_frame("Earth")
    f_sun = sol.get_frame("Sun")
    fl = lagrange(f_sun, f_earth, kind, orientation=orient_obj)

    assert fl.name == f"SunEarthL{kind}"
    assert fl.center.name == f"SunEarthL{kind}"
    assert fl.center.body is None
    assert fl.orientation.name == frame_name

    if orient_obj is None:
        assert isinstance(fl.orientation, LagrangeOrient)
    else:
        assert fl.orientation == EME2000

    opm = gaia_opm.copy(frame=fl)
    opm2 = opm.copy(frame="EME2000")

    filepath = Path(__file__).parent.joinpath(f"data/L{kind}-{orient}.opm")
    ref = ccsds.load(filepath.open())

    helper.assert_orbit(opm, ref)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Such a beautiful sonnet... as time goes by from the time I read it in high school and I come back to reread it, I feel that due to experience.... I understand the sonnet with its deeper meaning even more than before. One of my favorite Shakespearean sonnets.


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No matter what you do, no matter who you are, take notice that tomorrow is on the way. No matter your profession, social standing or belief, take notice that change is bound to happen and happen again. This tends to shine the light on the review of the Obaship at Ibadan, as His Excellency, the Governor of Oyo State, Senator Abiola Ajimobi, stated during the crowing of 33 Obas at Ibadan on August 27, 2017. Ajimobi said: "Today's innovations are tomorrow's traditions." There is no area of life, immune to innovation.
Interestingly, Ibadan is made up of 11 local government areas, more than the whole of Bayelsa State, which has just eight local government areas. Traditional administration of the ancient city is very unique, commencing from the Mogajis and Baales, who function as family heads to the Olubadan who is the paramount ruler, ruling with the Oluban-in-Council.
Notable stakeholders are already calling for calm, including influential Ibadan elders and those outside the state like Afenifere and Yoruba Council of Elders. The two leading pan-Yoruba socio-cultural and political organisations have weighed in on the matter calling for dialogue and mutual understanding in the resolution of the issues arising from the reforms.
The Central Council of Ibadan Indigenes (CCII) has also stepped in to douse any tension and acrimony the reform could bring. CCII has already brokered a peace meeting between Senator Ladoja and Governor Ajimobi which is hoped will settle the matter even though the Mogajis have called on Olubadan and Ladoja to boycott the meeting.
In the same vein, the Oyo Patriotic Front led by Mr. Jare Adepoju has cautioned the state governor to be careful about any deal with Senator Ladoja because of past peace resolutions which the former Governor has breached.
"The peace move by the CCII to resolve the imbroglio in Ibadan and other parts of Oyo State is commendable. However, we want to caution Governor Ajimobi not to get carried away. He should remember that his gestures in the past were repaid ungraciously," the group advised.
The coming days will see if the ancient city of Ibadan is pulled back to allowed to benefit from the drive of an innovative and courageous governor.
. Awotola writes from Lagos.


text:
Previous eps.
Episodes 1 – 2
Seems aster is a type of purple flower.
Why am I so worried that Shiki has uploaded her consciousness into cyberspace? I think Voyager (or was it a different Chris?) put that idea there…
Why does Saikawa's VR look like a TV set…?
Ah, Saikawa's lecture is accompanied by a Moe shirt. That psychedelic episode from earlier, where Saikawa runs up the walls, is starting to make more sense now..but only a little.
…15 is F because hexadecimals start at 0. I knew that already.
That is one psychedelic drink…it changes colours every time I look at it.
The doctor's limbs were cut off to get rid of the prints…? Update: So why were the feet removed? To get rid of evidence, right? What evidence?
(TW: suicide, death) Death is a sort of freedom. That's what some people think…like people with tinnitus, which I've heard commit suicide because they mentally can't handle the sound of it.
I think someone else's comment is affecting my judgement of this episode. Namely, that a woman couldn't have given birth and raised a child for 15 years without staining stuff and causing people to notice.
You can't shake hands! Not in this time of COVID-19! Not underwater! (I'm kidding about that first one, as you can probably tell.)
I don't know why, but that framed purple sunset has made a bit of an impression on me…
Augh, so it was a romance between a girl and her uncle…blegh (?) (Now that I've been given more time to react to that, I don't know what to think about that, really.)
I bet there's someone who's going to wax metaphorical about how love is a chain that binds you to this earth…blah blah blah…
University libraries (for the most part) are huge! This one is no different. No one ever goes in there to read books for fun, though…only geniuses do that…*thinks about what I said about the portrayal of genius pissing me off*
Saikawa's new shirt is eggplant (nasu…or nasubi, but you never see the "bi").
Should a formerly pregnant lady be smoking…?
Sometimes I forget Japan still has the death penalty…
Hmm…I got this feeling. When women characters are written by men, they seem enigmatic or one-dimensional, but you don't get that feeling from men written by women. Maybe it's the double standard…?
Genius is something to be feared, praised…coveted and turned into a financial product at educational institutions and yet we lose a whole bunch of skills when we go into the workplace, out of underuse…*continues to grumble*
Is a genius like Saikawa capable of love? I mean, Shiki was…
Is that yellow block theft of evidence…?
There's a toy bear on the couch near Moe.
What is free, though…aside from a swimming anime and the lack of money? Is being under rules "free"?
LOL, I just realised Saikawa is using a Mac of some sort. It's probably a Mac produced closer to 2015, because I remember seeing Mac monitors like those in school art rooms…and because when you google "1996 Mac" (1996 is when the source novel came out), you get a blocky ol' thing for a monitor.
LOL, Saikawa was a 3rd wheel all along.
Why is the shirt an eggplant? In the age of emojis, the eggplant has a distinctly…sexual meaning…LOL.
This anime…it says a lot, but I feel like there were a few holes in the explanations. That said, it is a rare breed because it is (sort of?) the thing I've been looking for all along, in that it actually required my old IT knowledge to solve. The CGI is some good stuff though.
What are your thoughts on The Perfect Insider, now that I'm done with it?
anime, AniTwitWatches, Everything Becomes F, Subete ga F ni Naru, The Perfect Insider
Ode to Anime Studios – David Production
Why I Blog For Myself
2 thoughts on "#AniTwitWatches Round 6: The Perfect Insider 10 – 11"
Pingback: Must-read Monthly Monday (Jul. '20 ed.) – The Animanga Spellbook
Jon Spencer says:
Height discrepancy.
Irrelevant comment. She was isolated, there was nobody to notice, that's the whole point.
Yes? This was not a secret, the show was pretty upfront about that. I actually prefer that story to the mystery half. It's a lot more interesting.
…but I feel like there were a few holes in the explanations.
Like what? Everything is explained by show's end. This has zero lose ends unless you really want to know where Shiki went, but that's hardly relevant to the rest of the show.


High season is considered to be June, July and August. The cheapest month to fly to London is May.
Planning on booking flights to London? You have to consider the exact location you are travelling to since the airports are located in different areas of London. The London City Airport (LCA), located in Borough of Newham, is preferable for short haul flights to central London since it's the closest to the centre however Heathrow Airport is good for reaching most locations too due to its wide connectivity.
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In case you want to rent a carpark and have it waiting for you as you arrive at Heathrow Airport, you must book this in advance. You get to choose from the numerous parking options available depending on the duration. The parking packages include Heathrow meet and greet, short stay, business, long stay and the rest.
The cheapest airline ticket to London from United Kingdom in the last 72 hours was £21 return on the route Belfast to London. The most popular route is Edinburgh to London and the cheapest ticket found on this route in the last 72 hours was £111 return.
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If I'm ready to explore straight from the airport, what fun activities can I engage in?
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text:
HomeOpinionPhil Parkes: We must not take a step back against the lesser sides after our unlikely run
Phil Parkes: We must not take a step back against the lesser sides after our unlikely run
I really hope we can kick on against sides around or below us
November 22, 2020 Phil Parkes Opinion 0
It's great to be talking about positives for a change. When you look at the results – a draw away at Spurs and against Man City – I'd have taken that before the season started.
It was a shame about the Liverpool result because to have got a point at Anfield would have been a real bonus.
When you look at the goals for and against with Man City in recent seasons, it doesn't make for good reading as a West Ham fan.
And we could have won that game in all honesty. We probably just needed a bit of luck to keep a clean sheet and it would have been a great three points.
The biggest disappointment of the Man City game was Antonio's injury. He is going to be a big loss.
West Ham aren't a one-man side but it's still a huge loss for us because we haven't got anyone who can do what he does.
I've never seen someone who gives that amount of effort every game. He's become a real fan favourite.
It's up to Haller to fill the void after Antonio was the one keeping him out of the side.
Haller is the most expensive signing in our history but it just shows that just because you're the most expensive that you aren't guaranteed a starting place.
Now we are going to see if he's got the bottle and if he wants to prove to West Ham fans and the rest of the world that he was worth the money we paid for him.
Now is the time to show what he can really do. You never know it might turn out to be the making of him.
Sometimes you can't get a game and then someone's misfortune can be your good fortune.
Hopefully he puts in some good performances and scores some goals because that will really boost his confidence.
Heading into these November and December games off the back of some good results against good sides, I really hope we can kick on against sides around or below us.
We should be confident from the results we've had. Even losing 2-1 to Liverpool, we left Anfield really disappointed – that just shows how confident we are at the moment.
The Spurs game would've given the players so much belief that we aren't a bad side and can make things happen.
I just hope we don't spend the next two months knocking the ball around and getting sucker punched by other sides and lose or draw games.
We have to have a go at them – like we did against Wolves and Leicester. We need to get a goal and then keep going. That's the way we need to play right now. We have got the players to give most sides a really good game. It's just a shame the fans aren't there to enjoy the start we've had.
I was speaking to Alan Devonshire recently. His Maidenhead United side has had a great start but he was saying how tough it's been without the fans.
At his level, it's the fans who help pay the way for the club. They really are the lifeline.
He was saying it's just soulless with no atmosphere and it's just like being on the training ground.
It'll be even worse for West Ham with players used to playing in front of 60,000 fans.
It makes you feel good when you have got the crowd behind you and you are a playing well. It's a win-win situation.You feel like you want to go out and play all the time. This all makes a huge change to recent seasons where we have been towards the bottom, battling relegation and wondering where are points are coming from. If we can keep picking up points who knows what we can achieve this season.
Michail Antonio
Phil Parkes
Sabastien Haller
Pub Talk: How do you feel about our games between now and Christmas? What have you made of Haller's performances?
Bouncing off the furniture like kangaroos on caffeine..
Spurs will only ever be the team that stole Martin Peters from us
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The World Cup winner left for White Hart Lane, and a few others have followed
Why aren't West Ham signing stars hidden in the dark?
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