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Sharp conflicts at G8 finance ministers meeting
By Peter Schwarz
The meeting of finance ministers of leading industrial countries (G8) held last Friday and Saturday was characterised by sharp conflicts over economic policy, with especially pronounced and growing differences between Germany and the US. The meeting ended—as is the norm on such occasions—with a resolution designed to disguise the conflicts, while offering no means to resolve them. The meeting, held in the Italian town of Lecce, was part of the preparations for the summit of G8 heads of state and government due to take place next month in the Italian city of L'Aquila.
Superficially, the conflicts in Lecce centered on the issue of an "exit strategy", an end to the state programs of financial support and stimuli granted to banks and big businesses, which have led to an explosion of state debt.
In particular, Germany's Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück urged a rapid end to spiraling debt, stressing the danger that it will trigger inflation. He called for a speedy reduction of debt and declared that further stimulus programs were "neither necessary nor advisable". He was supported by the delegates from France and Italy, which currently chairs the G8.
Italy's Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti warned the big stimulus programs used to fight the recession may already be recreating the kind of financial speculation that was at the root of the economic crisis. Speculation had returned, especially in oil markets, he said, where prices have recently risen sharply, posing a threat to the recovery: "Instead of financing the real economy, the extra liquidity in the system has this tendency to fuel speculation."
He was sharply contradicted by US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. "We need to reinforce the improvement in global demand and continue to lay a foundation for a durable recovery. It is too early to shift toward policy restraint", he said. Geithner was backed by IMF director, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who said: "Before the exit strategy we have to exit the crisis." Strauss-Kahn stressed that the main focus for policymakers should be to continue combating the existing crisis.
In any event, the final declaration of the meeting made a noncommittal reference to an "exit strategy."
"We discussed the need to prepare appropriate strategies for unwinding the extraordinary policy measures taken to respond to the crisis once the recovery is assured," it stated, adding, however, that these strategies "may vary from country to country." It furthermore sought to avoid the problem by passing it to the IMF:"We asked the IMF to undertake the necessary analytical work to assist us with this process."
Behind the apparent technical conflicts over an "exit strategy" are fundamental political issues. Washington is using the privileged position of the dollar, its military strength and its residual global dominance to offload the full brunt of its crisis onto its rivals. This offloading is being carried out through massive borrowing by the Federal Reserve and the buildup of a huge federal budget deficit.
In the first place, such measures lead to a decline in the value of the dollar, which in turn boosts the euro and undermines the European, and especially German, export industries. The latest figures for German exports are catastrophic. In April, exports were 29 percent lower than in the same month the previous year—the most pronounced drop in the country's postwar history. The export federation BGA has estimated that the fall in German exports for 2009 will average 15 percent.
Industrial production in the Eurozone fell in April to its lowest level in 12 years. In Lecce, Finance Minister Steinbrück conceded that the way out of the economic crisis for Europe and Germany would be "much more shallow" than for the US. Should the dollar continue to decline in value, this could lead to a complete implosion of export industries and, in turn, further intensify the crisis in Europe.
Secondly, the massive American indebtedness has resulted in the US absorbing the bulk of international private capital as well as state investment, making credit more scarce and expensive in Europe and further placing Europe, and Germany at a competitive disadvantage.
For these reasons, German Chancellor Angela Merkel criticised the US at the beginning of June in an unusually fierce tone. In a speech to business representatives in Berlin, she openly attacked the policies of the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England accusing the US and British governments of investing billions in their financial markets before new rules could be introduced to regulate their activities. The aim of this policy, she said, was to ensure their continuing domination of world banking. (See: "What lies behind the tensions with the US?")
On this issue as well, i.e., more extensive regulation of finance markets, the G8 ministers were unable to arrive at a consensus. The US adamantly rejects any international control over the antics of Wall Street, while it basically gives the banks and finance houses a green light to resume their speculative ways. On the initiative of Italy, there was an agreement to "develop" global standards for finance markets ("Lecce Framework"), but no one anticipates any rapid emergence of a binding agreement on such standards.
Meeting in Beijing over the weekend, the Institute of International Finance (IIF), a federation of over 370 international finance institutes chaired by the head of Deutsche Bank, Josef Ackermann, warned that individual action by single governments would lead to a fragmentation of the global financial system.
"We are seeing governments taking measures that are leading to the fragmentation of the global financial system", IIF Managing Director Charles Dallara said. "The authorities of individual countries have often adopted these measures with little, if any, consultations with partner countries." Deutsche Bank CEO Ackermann warned: "The trends that have come to the foreground, if continued, could create a protectionist environment that will be damaging for all."
In analyzing the relationship between the US and Europe more than 80 years ago, Leon Trotsky concluded: "In the period of crisis the hegemony of the United States will operate more completely, more openly, and more ruthlessly than in the period of boom. The United States will seek to overcome and extricate herself from her difficulties and maladies primarily at the expense of Europe, regardless of whether this occurs in Asia, Canada, South America, Australia, or Europe itself, or whether this takes place peacefully or through war." ("The Third International after Lenin")
This analysis is being completely confirmed today. The world is once again hurtling toward economic and ultimately military war as the major powers scramble to carve out their shares of power in another re-division of the planet.
Italian ruling parties defeat far-right Lega in Emilia-Romagna elections
Trump ramps up tensions with UK after Huawei 5G decision
Oppose French unions' attempts to strangle the struggle against Macron!
French "Yellow Vests" rally for Julian Assange outside London's Belmarsh Prison
An interview with a "yellow vest" protester on the fight to free Julian Assange
Coronavirus provokes turbulence on global stock markets
Private equity firm to purchase the assets of the .ORG domain registry for $1 billion
At Davos, Spain's PSOE-Podemos government shows the banks its credentials
Sri Lankan president announces major tax concessions for foreign investors
Trump puts Europe in his sights for trade war

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It's not about getting high because it has nothing to do with the THC that provides the buzz when smoked.
What medicinal marijuana is about is the provided relief without chemical addiction. It's really that simple. For example, cannabis can be transitioned into oils used for cooking foods that can provide solace from chronic pain, seizures, glaucoma, mental illnesses, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Several editorial boards across the state have penned editorials in support of medicinal marijuana, including the Charleston Gazette-Mail when it published a piece a little more than a week ago featuring a headline that read, "Please Don't Let West Virginia Be Last in the Pot Line."
The editorial was short and sweet while stating a few facts that should make sense to people in a state suffering from a ravaging heroin epidemic that knows no boundaries when attacking each gender, every race, and all social levels no matter a person's age.
It stated: "Four more states — California, Nevada, Massachusetts, and Maine — decriminalized pot for recreational use. Along with four previous states that did likewise, nearly one-fourth of the U.S. population now lives where the mild narcotic can be smoked for fun.
Further, four other states — Florida, Arkansas, North Dakota, and Montana — legalized medical marijuana to ease suffering of cancer patients and other victims. That makes 29 states and the District of Columbia with medical pot.
All these places will reap large government revenue as cannabis is licensed and taxed. All these places will save more money that previously was wasted on arresting, prosecuting, and jailing users."
Instead, in West Virginia, Republican lawmakers proposed last winter legislation that would have increased the mandatory jail sentence from five to 15 years for transporting medicinal marijuana to the Mountain State. Del. Ryan Weld, who was recently elected to a Senate position, was a sponsor on that bill.
"I can fully appreciate and understand why we want to stop people from bringing heroin and cocaine and drugs that can kill you in one shot into our state," said Del. Bill Flanigan of Monongalia County on the House floor last March. Flanigan was a cancer patient at the time of the speech. "Why we needed to include a drug that is clearly being used for medical use in this bill and cost somebody five to 15 years of their life is beyond me."
Flanigan admitted to his fellow lawmakers that day that he had crossed a line and violated state law, but that's because medical marijuana also can provide an appetite for those enduring chemotherapy. That floor speech, said Ohio County's Del. Shawn Fluharty (D-3rd), may have awakened West Virginia after several years of delegates and senators dismissing the proposal as another chapter in the reefer madness mindset.
"When I traveled to Charleston for my first regular session as an elected delegate the attitude was to ignore it because of all of the preconceived beliefs about marijuana," he conceded. "But everyone in that room listened to every word Del. Flanigan said during his floor speech, and I think he changed a lot of minds. Whether it is part of leadership's agenda for the next regular session, who knows? But it should be.
"The facts are the facts, and I all I can do is hope that the people serving in the House and the Senate listen to them," he continued. "It's really a win-win because our state is No. 1 when it comes to overdose deaths and addiction, and medicinal marijuana also could help with the budget crisis we have in our state right now. When you're looking at a possible $300 million deficit, I would think everyone serving should be looking for a new way to generate revenue."
One would think, especially after Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin was forced two weeks ago to order yet another across-the-board budget cut to shave $60 million, but the way it works will control whether or not the conversation is even entertained beyond a burial of committee assignments. Fluharty, Flanigan, or any other delegates in the House can write it and get it sponsored in bipartisan fashion, but if the Speaker doesn't approve, it gets interred.
Pushkin gathered members of both parties as sponsors, including three Republicans and a pair of Democrats, but it is highly unlikely enough Senate and House members would support it right now. But medicinal marijuana?
For the future, let's hope so.


Lipstick is Leo by Kylie Cosmetics.
The second of the series is to wear tweed in a gothic/punk/badass style. The last will show a different surprise element, which shall be posted this Friday.
Coat from an indie boutique in Italy.
Lovin' those combat boots Nancy!
Come back on Friday to see the finale!


On a scale from one to ten, how many thousand donkeys does Chibnall's script writing/show running blow?
I was so stoked Whitaker was cast, but I feel Chibnall is so far out of his depth that he is only going to ruin Doctor Who for a lot of fans, and possibly sour people on a woman doctor. It would be a shame if she went a single season like Eccleston because the scripts were so heavy handed and preachy and lacking in any type of depth and subtlety. They just seem so poorly thought out or realized, just a keystone cops routine with a TARDIS.
I enjoyed the first couple of eps. Haven't seen the most recent yet.
It feels a lot like classic Who to me.
Doesn't have the complexity (yet - give it time) of davies Who, nor the dark fairytale charm of Moffat's Who - but i find it entertaining. And I love her as the Doctor.
The plots seem a touch thin - but the way she is written is pretty good I think.
I might be spending too much time on r/gallifrey, but I find his writing doesn't grasp the complexity of the doctor. A lot of people there say there is a lot of early doctor in his portrayal of her.
One of the things that bugs me is how preachy and expository he writes her. freshman english comp: Show, don't tell.
The first two were ok, 5-6/10 the Rosa Parks episode was about a 4, and the latest spider one was a 2.
My biggest complaint is that they threw everything out for no reason other than new boss, we're going to do things my way. Got rid of things that worked and tried to redo it in one fell swoop.
I've been enjoying it. I actually think they've been getting better. I'm not sure how "preachy and expository" could be applied more to this incarnation than any other. Or any other perennial fault of the show, really. The only thing they've thrown out, for now at least, are the old villains. And while I don't think I could ever tire of the Daleks, I think the Cybermen were overused. And I found every addition to Weeping Angels lore made them less interesting.
I'm not sure the new ones are all that great so far (especially the flying sheets and their useless robot guards), but at least they are new.
And the show didn't throw out the running through corridors.
I liked "Demons of the Punjab" a lot. Especially the scene where the Doctor realizes that she put the remains of a decimated race through a still.
I loved it. Dad was a child of the Raj so I grew up on tales of India - and of the horrors of Partition too.
Hearing the Doctor set out the numbers and the scale of it - and seeing that conflict play out on such an intimate level was strange - I could imagine Dad, a kid with this happening around him. He saw some really disturbing stuff in the run up to the family leaving India.
A Dalek that I was not afraid of but just felt sorry for the poor guy who had to say the lines!!


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Category Archives: Articles
NSCC ASPIRE ISSUE #2 – NSCC and SCA2018 Social Media Pages
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Follow us for the latest happenings at NSCC.
SCA2018 Facebook Page
Follow us for the latest updates and news for our upcoming SupercomputingAsia 2018 conference.
Posted on January 9, 2018 by Barry Lo
NSCC ASPIRE ISSUE #2 – Supercomputing Asia Bags Two Prizes At MPAS Awards 2017 and a IDA Silver Design Award!
Supercomputing Asia wins Science Trade Media of the Year Award at MPAS awards 2017.
Professor Tan Tin Wee, Chief Executive, NSCC with Dr. John Gustafson.
Asian Scientist Magazine team and partners.
The Supercomputing Asia team was recognised with two awards at the Media Publishers Association Singapore (MPAS) Awards and Media Ball 2017 while its flagship publication, Asian Scientist Magazine was conferred four awards, jointly sweeping up all awards for education, science and technology categories!
Held at Fullerton Hotel Singapore on 26 September 2017, the annual MPAS Awards honours outstanding media publishers in Singapore, acknowledging the significant accomplishments, exceptional talents and best practices of Singapore's magazine publishing industry.
With over 200 entries from 50 publishers members submitted this year, vying for the accolades, Mr. Oliver Burlot, the elected president of MPAS is proud to share about how dynamic and healthy the publishing scene is.
Produced in partnership with the National Supercomputing Centre (NSCC) Singapore, Supercomputing Asia launched its inaugural issue in January 2017, focusing on Asia's rapid rise in the arena of high performance computing. It seeks to serve as a single stop resource for both milestones as well as trends within the supercomputing community in the region.
Clinching the Science Trade Media Of The Year and Technology Trade Media Of The Year prizes, Dr. Rebecca Tan, editor-in-chief of Supercomputing Asia comments, "We hope that our win will help to highlight the importance of supercomputing to the research enterprise and help make it accessible to a wider audience".
Supercomputing Asia Issue #1 was also awarded in June 2017, the Silver award for the Print / Print Editorial category at the 10th Annual IDA (International Design Awards).
NSCC ASPIRE ISSUE #2 – NSCC Visit by Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean, Chairman NRF
Together with Minister Heng Swee Keat and colleagues from National Research Foundation (NRF), DPM Teo Chee Hean spent an afternoon at NSCC to understand more about the capability of ASPIRE 1 as well as impacts it has on a multitude of industries and research disciplines, spanning from next generation container ships, simulations of earthquakes impact to genome sequencing for 10,000 Singaporeans.
The projects that were showcased during the visit:
High-Efficiency Liquid Cooling and Vortex Flow for Thermal Management of Next Generation Data Centres in the Tropics
Designing the next generation green data centre – this small motor in the middle can help liquid coolants move around the circuit board and reduce overheating.
NUS: National Electron Microscopy imaging from NTU NISB and NUS CBIS
The Singapore National Electron Microscopy Network uses supercomputing to look at atomic-level interactions to analyse the interactions between synthetic drugs and the human body at a cellular level, and look at nanometer-scale structures for 3D electronics.
CSIRO-ARTC-NAMIC – Secure Distributed Factories of the Future
Enabling factories of the future – With supercomputing, you can send large data or design files overseas and print them in 3D.
A*STAR: Population Genomics – The SG10K Project
The SG10K project aims to sequence the genome of 10,000 Singaporeans and process the insights to enhance healthcare.
NTU: Earth Observatory of Singapore
Earth Observatory of Singapore uses ASPIRE 1 to run large-scale earthquake simulations to understand the impact of earthquakes, which the authorities in our region can use to plan for emergencies and save lives.
Keppel: Innovating towards Design Digitalisation featuring HPC modelling
Keppel Offshore & Marine Technology Centre uses supercomputing to model and build new container vessels.
Liquid Cooling Technologies for Greener Data Centres
Combining the most advanced research, technologies and innovations from Singapore and Europe, NUS, IMDA, NSCC and EKWB/MINT are partnering to develop a range of next generation cooling solutions that enable a new level of high energy efficiency and high-density compute power integration for future green data centres. The team is working on high efficiency warm and chilled liquid cooling with novel material combinations and fin structures which result in a highly efficient green data centre.
NSCC ASPIRE Issue #2 – NTU Student Team Bags Top Honours at Two International HPC Student Cluster Competitions.
Team NTU clinching the Overall Winner award for the Student Cluster Competition at SC17 at Denver, Colorado.
NTU team with Baidu staff (1st row, 2nd from left): Wu Bian (CS Year 1), Li Yuanrui (CS Year 4), Assoc Prof Francis Lee. (2nd row, 3rd from left) Liu Siyuan (CS Year 3), Shao Yiyang (CS Year 3), Ren Daxuan (CS Year 3), Tan Ying Hao (CS Year 2). (3rd row) Lu Shengliang (CE Class of 2016).
ISC 17, Frankfurt, Germany, 21 June – Alongside formidable teams from Tsinghua University and Beihang University, beating eight other teams from various international universities, Team from Nanyang Technological University (NTU), sponsored by NSCC and led by Associate Professor Francis Lee Bu Sung, won the Deep Learning Challenge Award for solving the Captcha Challenge and achieving the highest degree of model accuracy at ISC 2017's student cluster competition, now into its sixth edition. This special award was sponsored by Baidu Cloud.
There were a total of eleven teams from around the world participating this year in Frankfurt, to build a small cluster of their own design to compete in the competition and to test their High Performance Computing (HPC) skills by optimising and running a series of benchmarks and applications.
SC 17, Denver, United States, 17 Nov – The NSCC-sponsored student team from NTU shattered two benchmark records with their cluster, posting a SCC LINPACK score of 51.77 TFlop/s, beating the previous record of 37.05 TFlop/s, held by Germany's Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat (FAU).
The team then went on to capture the competition's HPCG record — a benchmark meant to mimic modern HPC workloads — with a score of 2,056, easily topping the 1,394 record set by the Purdue/NEU team six months ago at ISC'17.
With the two record-breaking wins, it is little surprise that Team NTU was conferred the honour of SC17 Overall Winner, out of a total of 16 teams, hailing from China, Germany, Poland, Singapore, the United States and Taiwan.
"I was a little surprised we won," admitted modest Nanyang Technical University team co-leader Liu Siyuan, whose team was considered a long shot by industry experts.
"We are very excited to finish ahead of such strong teams," the other co-leader Shao Yiyang added, who also said they knew the team to beat was China's Tsinghua University student team. Tsinghua was the favoured team, having won two previous international student cluster competitions in 2017, at ASC17 in Wuxi, China, as well as ISC17 in Frankfurt, Germany.
Congratulations to Team NTU on their wins!
NSCC ASPIRE Issue #2 – SCA2018 – Gathering the Best of HPC in Asia
SCA2018 - Gathering the Best of HPC in Asia
NSCC is embarking on SupercomputingAsia 2018 (SCA18), an inaugural annual conference that will encompass an umbrella of notable supercomputing and allied events in Asia with the key objective of promoting a vibrant and shared HPC ecosystem in Asia, where the most exciting HPC developments are taking place.
SCA18 will be held from 26 to 29 March 2018 at Resorts World Convention Centre, Singapore.
The scientific programme of SCA18 has its roots in Supercomputing Frontiers (SCF), which is Singapore's annual international HPC conference which provides a platform for thought leaders from both academia and industry to interact and discuss visionary ideas, important global trends and substantial innovations in supercomputing. The conference was inaugurated in 2015 and helmed by A*STAR Computational Resource Centre (A*CRC). In March last year, the National Supercomputing Centre (NSCC) Singapore took over hosting of Supercomputing Frontiers 2017 (SCF17).
SCF17 was attended by over 450 delegates from over 12 different countries. Riding on the success of the Supercomputing Frontiers conference series, SCA18 programme highlights will include: HPC Technology Updates & Case Studies, Scientific paper presentations, Academic activities & workshop for students and Co-located HPC events.
Co-located events include:
Asia-Pacific Advanced Network Meeting (APAN45)
Conference on Next Generation Arithmetic (CoNGA)
Singapore-Japan Joint Sessions
Supercomputing Frontiers Asia (SCF Asia)
Towards an Asia Pacific Research Platform (APRP)
To find out more, visit SCA18 website here or follow us on Facebook here
Asetek Announces Eight Installations in the TOP500 Supercomputer List
Posted on November 18, 2016 by Bernard Sih


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Access the design files for Ouya's gaming console on Thingiverse and customize your own printable case.
If Ouya's dedication to being an open gaming platform wasn't already obvious, now you'll be able to 3-D print your own Ouya console case.
With the first consoles being shipped out to early backers on March 28, Ouya has announced a partnership with MakerBot, the desktop 3-D printer manufacturer.
[partner id="wireduk"]Templates and specifications for the Ouya console case have been uploaded to MakerBot's website Thingiverse.com, allowing users with a 3-D printer to customize their console. The template includes a case, a lid and a spring-loaded button.
Ouya is an attempt to break the stranglehold of closed-platform gaming consoles like PlayStation and Xbox. Its Kickstarter campaign in 2012 raised over $8.5 million (£5.6 million) from 63,000 backers. The console costs $99 (£65), runs on a version of Android, and allows gamers to try games for free before purchasing them.
The partnership between Ouya and MakerBot mirrors Nokia's decision in January to release 3-D templates for the Lumia 820, thus allowing customers to 3-D-print their own case for the smartphone.
On March 8 at SXSW, MakerBot unveiled a prototype device called the "Digitizer," which creates digital scans of physical objects, allowing the user to make copies of the object using a 3-D printer. It can currently only scan objects smaller than 8 inches by 8 inches, about the size of the small garden gnome used to demonstrate it.
The full launch of the Ouya console is this June.


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MORNING SERVICE Romans 1-17 Listen to the complete morning service. Listen to the sermon only. View the bulletin.
MORNING SERVICE Romans 1-16 Listen to the complete morning service. Listen to the sermon only. View the bulletin.
EVENING SERVICE Mark 6:33-56 Listen to the complete evening service. View the bulletin.
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Antoine Le Grand
Antoine Le Grand (1629-1699) was a philosopher and catholic theologian who played an important role in propagating the Cartesian philosophy in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century. He was born in Douai, (at the time under rule by the Spanish Hapsburgs), and early in life was associated with an English community of Franciscans who had a college there. Le Grand became a Franciscan Recollect friar prior to leaving for England as a missionary in 1656. In England, he taught philosophy and theology, advocating Catholicism and eventually Cartesianism, the latter being as unpopular as the former was perilous. It is not clear how Le Grand came to Cartesianism, but the first evidence of his adoption of the new philosophy was in his Institutio Philosophiae, published in London in 1672. His early works show affinities to the philosophies of Seneca and Epicurus. He is noted for his polemical exchanges with Samuel Parker and John Sergeant, and for having given Descartes's work a Scholastic form so that it would be accepted in the schools.
1. Life and Writings
2. Metaphysics
3. Epistemology
4. Ethics
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Le Grand lived in London for many years before retiring to Oxfordshire towards the close of his life in 1695. He was generally well-received at the University of Cambridge, perhaps owing to the influence of some leading Neo-Platonists at Cambridge such as John Smith, Henry More, and Ralph Cudworth, who were at least initially sympathetic to Descartes's ideas. John Smith, author of Select Discourses (1660), and the earliest recorded partisan of the Cartesian philosophy in England, was the first to introduce the study of Descartes to Cambridge. Henry More corresponded with Descartes, and was sympathetic until about 1665, when he launched the most vigorous attack on Cartesianism in the age, in his Enchiridion Metaphysicum (1671). Cudworth, like More although with less venom, objected to Descartes's mechanistic account of the material world in his The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678). It was Le Grand who debated and defended Descartes's philosophy to these English critics.
It is likely that Le Grand's edition of Jacobi Rohaulti tractatus physicus (1682) was the first of his Cartesian works accepted at Cambridge. This was a new edition, which included Le Grand's commentary, of Bonnet's 1672 Latin translation of Rohault's immensely popular tract of the Cartesian physics, Traité de physique (1671). In 1692, Samuel Clarke published his own Latin version of the text, which incorporates his and Le Grand's commentary in the form of footnotes. Clarke, though an adherent of Newton's physics, thought he could best propagate the new doctrine by publishing Rohault's text with suggestive notes directed at the necessity of modifying Cartesian theory. According to the biographical preface to Clarke's Works, at the time of his entrance to Cambridge in 1691, Rohault's Traité was the standard modern scientific text, and Newton's Principia (1687), had not yet been accepted: "The philosophy of Des Cartes was then the Established philosophy of that university, and the system of nature hardly allowed to be explained any otherwise than his principles … . The Great Sir Isaac Newton had indeed then published his Principia. But this book was but for the few." Eventually Clarke's translation of the Traité, which underwent four editions, became the new preferred Cambridge textbook, as the Cartesian physics gave way to that of Newton early in the eighteenth century.
At Oxford, Le Grand received a hostile reception. Samuel Parker aligned Hobbes's mechanism with that of Descartes, charging both with atheism. Parker's condemnations led to the banning of Descartes's philosophy at Oxford, quashing its public entrance at the University. Le Grand responded to Parker's charges of atheism in his Apologia de Descartes (1679), challenging Parker's criticisms with various proofs of God's existence. Another long-time, Oxford critic of Le Grand was the English secular priest and Aristotelian, John Sergeant. Sergeant, best known for his criticisms of Locke's philosophy, was also highly critical of the Cartesian philosophy. Le Grand responded to Sergeant's criticisms of the Cartesian criterion of truth in his Dissertatio de ratione cognoscendi … in 1679. A second major controversy occurred between the two authors late in Le Grand's life, this time over the nature of ideas. This dispute led Le Grand to write a series of short pieces, published later as Several Smaller Pieces Against M. J. Sergeant (1698). In response, Sergeant attacked the Cartesian idea of extension, to which the aging Le Grand never publicly responded. Le Grand died at the home of a wealthy farmer in Oxfordshire, where he had served as a tutor until his death in 1699.
Antoine Le Grand's most substantial work, An Entire Body of Philosophy According to the Principles Of the Famous Renate des Cartes (1694), is a Cartesian tract from beginning to end. It is based on a Latin text that underwent four editions before being translated into English by Richard Blome, and it includes corrections, alterations and additions by Le Grand himself. This work, as the title reveals, consists of three books. The first book, The Institution, is intended as a treatment of the general nature of things according to Descartes's principles; book two, The History of Nature, illustrates, by means of a great variety of reported experiments and examples, the operation of these first principles in nature. In this book, Le Grand applied the general Cartesian principles to his study of particular bodies and their qualities, showing how such principles can explain all natural phenomena. His extensive discussion includes bodies as various as the loadstone, plants, and insects. And finally, in his third book, A Dissertation of the Want of Sense and Knowledge in Brute Animals, he argued against the supposed link of life and sense from Plato onwards, and after offering a brief survey of various hypotheses on the nature of soul by Aristotle, Gassendi, Fabri, and Descartes, he adopted Descartes's view. In the Preface, Le Grand wrote that, " … this whole work contains nothing else, but his [Descartes's] opinions, or what may clearly and distinctly be deduced from them."
Le Grand defended the first principles of Descartes's philosophy with great fidelity. He held to Descartes's views that the essence of matter is extension; that the essence of mind is thought; that material substance and mental substance are essentially, and really distinct; that mind and body interact; that while humans have souls, brutes and other living things are mere machines; and that material things operate by means of moving parts according to the laws of motion. Le Grand did not make any substantial revisions to Cartesian metaphysics. However, he did make two important contributions: first, he attempted to clarify Descartes's account of motion which had direct consequences for the Cartesian account of matter, causation, and mind-body interaction; secondly, he extended the scope of Cartesian physics, treating such subjects as metals, plants, insects, animals, and the human body in detail.
Le Grand's contribution to the Cartesian account of motion may either be seen as an extension or a revision of Descartes's, sometimes ambiguous, treatment. Le Grand took seriously the claims that God is the total and efficient cause of motion in the universe, and that matter is entirely passive, and hence bodies are incapable of self-movement, or of moving other bodies. In his Entire Body of Philosophy, he argued that since a body may be in motion or at rest, motion must be a mode non-essential to matter. Moreover, given that matter itself is inert, it cannot be the source of the order and direction of motion. To provide order and direction, God laid down the laws of motion. Thus, motion itself as well as the orderly movement of bodies derives from God who acts as the effective principle. While the specific position, constitution, and configuration of the parts of a particular body determine how certain local motions are transferred, the source and ultimate direction of the motion itself is God. What this means for body-body interaction is that bodies function as secondary causes, directing local motions in virtue of the specific configurations of their parts. Bodies do not possess any causal power to produce or cease movement.
Le Grand's account of body-body interaction clears the way to explain mind-body interaction. In the same way as finite bodies, God functions as the effective principle of finite minds, providing the ultimate source of change: " … there is nothing, besides motion, which can strike the organs of the senses, or affect the mind itself." (1694, p. 284) Although mind and matter are substances sharing no common properties, it is in virtue of God acting as the effective principle that mind and body interact. This kind of interaction is no more or no less problematic than the interaction of two physical bodies. There was no real problem of interaction for Le Grand, since he believed that it was not the substances per se that acted on one another but in all cases God alone provided the motive force in the universe. Although things by their nature respond to this motive force in an orderly way, i.e., according to the laws of nature, the fact that they exist as they do and that they interact is a fact completely dependent on God's will. God's power is expressed as local motions in bodies and as passions/thoughts in minds. In short, it is in virtue of God, their effective principle, that a mind and body, or a body and body, or even a mind and mind, are said to interact.
Le Grand described the mind-body union in terms directly borrowed from Descartes. However, Le Grand attempted to explicate further than did Descartes the nature of the mind-body union. According to Le Grand, there are three kinds of union, each possessing its own principle which effects that union: the first is that of two minds whose principle of union is love; the second is that of two physical bodies whose principle of union is local presence; and the third is that of the mind and body whose principle of union is actual dependence. Just as two physical bodies are joined by physical contact, and as two minds are joined by love, the mind and body are joined by a mutually dependent activity. So long as the body actually receives its specific motions dependently on the soul, and the soul actually receives its local motions (passions) dependently on the body, the spirit and the body are joined. Although there can be no mode common to mind and matter, there is this mutual action. While there is no mode shared by two different substances, there is a similitude and relation that exists between mind and body: "This similitude and relation we have formerly affirmed to consist in action and passion." (1694, p. 325) In other words, just as the body is capable of receiving and transmitting local motions since motion is a mode of matter, the mind is capable of varying passions since passions are a mode of the mind. It is by the mutual commerce of such motions and passions that the mind and body are said to be united. The mutual activity said to occur between the mind and the body is a property which follows only from the union of mind and body and cannot proceed from either alone, "And the truth is, since neither body can think, nor mind be capable of dimension, there can be no mode common to mind and body, except a mutual acting of each upon each, from which alone the properties of both can follow." (1694, p. 325)
Le Grand's extensions to Descartes's physics included phenomena now classified as metallurgy, entomology, botany, biology, physiology, medicine, and psychiatry. Part II of the Entire Body of Philosophy, entitled The History of Nature, catalogues and critically discusses the latest experiments of his time, as well as the theories of the ancients and moderns. Prominent in his discussions is the importance of secondary causes in nature (both exemplary and secondary efficient causes), and the need for experiments, not just as tools of confirmation, but also as a means of discovering the true nature of things. This was due to his application of mechanism to explain not only the behavior of material bodies but also the entire institution of nature. Le Grand believed that God laid down the laws of nature and the principles of being by acting as the primary efficient cause, and that the operation of these laws and principles manifested themselves in nature in the form of secondary causes and effects. Although the laws and their specific mechanisms of operation are not visible, secondary causes and their effects are. These causes and effects then are known by experience and are the starting point of all science, which is characterized by reasoning from effects (observed in nature) to causes (first principles discerned by reason).
Le Grand's account of sensations and ideas is orthodox Cartesianism. Sensory impressions are what mediate the external object and our mind's idea of it, and they consist in nothing more than the immediate motions of the sensory organs in the body. Such motions are produced by a natural necessity and they share no similarity or affinity with the particular objects that cause them. Like Descartes, Le Grand used the example of the sword wounding the body to illustrate the non-resemblance or dissimilitude of the relations between external objects and sensations, and sensations and ideas. (1694, p. 327) The sword that produces pain in us is nothing like our sensation or idea of pain, nor is our idea of pain anything like our sensation of pain. Yet, we maintain that there is a causal and representational relation between the sword and the idea it produces. In addition, Legrand like Descartes made a clear distinction between sensory impressions, which are particular, quantifiable motions, and ideas, which are representational or propositional in character. Given that sensations are non-resembling and non-representational (they are mere patterns of local motions) it follows that ideas, which are essentially representational, could not be derived from them.
From the lack of any form of similitude or affinity between object/sensation, and sensation/idea, it follows that there is no such relation which holds between an idea and an external (material) object. From this lack of similitude, Le Grand concluded that adventitious ideas (coming from material objects outside us) must be innate or inbred in the mind. For, if the external object is not like the idea we form of it, then the only explanation remaining is that the mind is responsible for it. Likewise, fictitious ideas, like sirens and chimeras, have no exemplar outside the mind and so must be formed according to forms natural to the human mind. And finally, common notions such as substance, truth, goodness, equity, and God, as well as axioms such as the same thing cannot be and not be, are innate, that is, they proceed from the mind alone, since all corporeal motions are particular but these notions are universal. The sense in which they are innate differs from adventitious and fictitious ideas; innate ideas do not proceed from the senses or the imagination but "are congenite and inbred with the said mind, from their original." (1694, p. 328) By this Le Grand meant that the mind or thought itself, not any of its faculties such as sense or intellection, is the principle or original of such ideas. These ideas are formed in the mind by the mind and from the mind.
Thus as Descartes held, there are three kinds of ideas (adventitious, fictitious, and innate), which are distinguished by their differing sources as well as the way in which they are inbred in the mind. Adventitious ideas proceed from the senses, fictitious ideas proceed from the imagination and the intellect, and innate ideas proceed from thought itself, which acts as their ground or original. Nonetheless, all ideas, regardless of their source or origin, depend on the mind in some essential way for their form. But this gives rise to the problem of explaining how ideas can be said to represent, if they in no way resemble their objects. This problem is especially acute for Cartesians who held that there is a modal difference between what is found at the level of sensory perception and intellection, such that impressions cannot contain any of the properties found at the level of ideas. What arrives at our faculty of thinking from the senses is not ideas such as we form them in our thought, as the scholastic empiricists held, but rather only various particular motions emitted by external objects. (1694, p. 328)
Le Grand's solution to the problem of how ideas represent their objects employed the notion of substitution or 'supplying a stead' -- wherein the cause (the object) contains all the properties found in the effect (the idea) not actually but in virtue of its ability to supply the substitute properties or proxies. And a relation, according to Le Grand, "…is nothing else but a mode of our understanding, comparing one thing with others, because of some properties or acts that are found in them." (1694, p. 17) Descartes himself never cashed out the notion of representation in terms of substitution, although he came close to suggesting it in the French version of the Third Meditation, in which he claimed that such things as extension, shape, position and movement may be contained in him eminently, "…and as it were the garments under which corporeal substance appears to us." (1985-91b, fn.1, p. 31) One could conceivably interpret this to mean that the garments of corporeal substance, namely extension, shape, position and movement are the garments supplied by the mind as the forms or the conceptions under which the mind grasps material things. Although the mind itself is not extended, shaped, locally positioned or moved, it dresses material substance in these properties in order to perceive particular material things. But there is no suggestion in Descartes regarding how the dressing is related to the material object grasped. Le Grand's notion of substitution was intended as an explication of this relation, and is his contribution to the Cartesian dialectic on ideas.
Le Grand was one of the few Cartesians to defend Descartes's doctrine of the creation of essences and eternal truths. The thesis is that God is the efficient cause of all things, both actual and possible, including all the truths we call eternal, "In like manner as a king is the maker of all laws in his kingdom. For all these truths are inborn in us from him; as a king also would have them so in his subjects, if he had power enough to write his laws in their hearts." (1694, p. 63) The main worry that critics, like Malebranche, had of this doctrine was that it would remove any necessary foundation for the propositions of science and theology, making them contingent and uncertain. To answer this worry, Le Grand added that there is one important difference between kings and God in the way they set down their laws, "A king can change his laws because his will is changeable, but God's will is unchangeable, for it is His perfection to be invariable in manner." (1694, p. 63) In this way, Le Grand attempted to account for the dependence of all things on God's will, while at the same time accounting for the immutable foundation of the truths of natural philosophy.
Whereas the creation of true and immutable natures was the work of God's freewill (not dictated according to his Wisdom, as Malebranche and other critics held), once created, they were necessary. In order to tie this necessity to the immutability of God's will without limiting God in any way, Le Grand drew on a Scholastic distinction between antecedent and consequent necessity. He argued that true and immutable natures, such as mathematical truths, only possessed a consequent necessity. God did not will that 6+4=10 because he saw it could not be otherwise, but in virtue of his free will, 6+4 [necessarily] = 10; therefore it could not be otherwise. As Descartes put this same point, "And even if God has willed that some truths should be necessary, this does not mean that he willed them necessarily; for it is one thing to will that they be necessary, and quite another to will this necessarily, or to be necessitated to will it." [1985-91c, p. 235]. For nothing outside of God, not even the eternal truths or immutable essences, necessitate that God act in one way or another, but rather, they are themselves eternal and immutable in virtue of the fact that God, whose existence is necessary and immutable, willed them in their essence and existence. Eternal truths and immutable essences are necessary only in that they presuppose and are consequent to the act of God who caused them.
Echoing Descartes in part VI of the Discourse on Method, Le Grand held that God implanted certain simple, true, and immutable ideas in our minds so that we could have a science of nature; yet, He also created a nature whose power is so ample and vast that only observation can close the gap between the two. Thus, while Le Grand remains essentially a rationalist in his claim that knowledge of immutable essences, laws and truths remains the autonomous domain of reason, which is independent of the appearances of the senses, it is a rationalism tempered by his view that truths and laws are dependent on the will of God, and hence, are in some sense contingent. This dependence means that truth must be sought after in the effects of nature, and not in something independent of those effects, and that secondary causes, although dependent both on God's will and on the primary truths of nature, have a genuine role in causal explanation. In other words, our search for truth is in the specific operations of things, and even though our understanding of these truths is importantly independent of these specific operations, our discovery of them is not.
Le Grand's early ethical and political writings are not Cartesian. In Le Sage des Stoïques, ou l'Homme sans Passions, Selon les Sentiments de Sénèque (1662), later translated and published as Man Without Passions (1675), he expounds the Stoical doctrines of Seneca, for which the goal of the moral person is to expunge the passions. He later rejected this view of the passions and argued the Cartesian view that the passions ought to be trained (not expunged) in the moral life. Le Grand also wrote a curious political treatise, Scydromedia (1669), which is a semi-fictional, utopian work describing his vision of the ideal state.
There is nothing innovative in Le Grand's moral theory, yet his discussions are rich with references to ancient and contemporary theories. He borrows from the ancient Atomists, the Stoics, the Scholastics, and the "Moralists" of his time, and frames it, where possible, in Cartesian terms. Le Grand acknowledges that Descartes himself wrote little on ethics, but he argues that Descartes's treatment of the soul and the passions provides a solid foundation for the treatment of moral matters. According to Le Grand, the object of ethics is right reason, its end is the perfection of man, and it is an active not a speculative science. An example of his reconciling project can be seen in Book I, Part X of his Entire Body of Philosophy (1694), where Le Grand attempted to reconcile the doctrines of Seneca and Epicurus on the role of pleasure in the virtuous life, by drawing on Descartes's theory of the passions. (1694, p. 347) He argues that pleasure has a role to play in the moral life, since virtue depends on freewill (as the Stoics held) and pleasure derives from the satisfaction of the mind in possessing the good (as Epicurus held). What Descartes's theory provided was an explanation of how pleasure (a passion) could aid the will in choosing the right course of action, while maintaining the voluntary nature of the will and virtue.
Le Grand, although not an innovator, is worthy of study for his contribution to the development of Cartesianism in the latter half of the seventeenth century. No less important is the fact that he spent most of his life in England, where his contact with members of the Royal Society and the universities of Cambridge and Oxford had a lasting impact on the reception of Descartes's ideas in England, Germany, and France.
Primary Texts
Cudworth, Ralph (1678). The True Intellectual System of the Universe, London
Descartes, René (1985-91a). The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, volume 1, Cambridge
--------- (1985-91b). The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy with Objections and Replies, volume II, Cambridge
--------- (1985-91c). The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Descartes's Correspondence, volume III, Cambridge
Le Grand, Antoine. (1662) Le sage des Stoïques ou l'homme sans passions , selon les sentiments de Sénèque, The Hague; reprinted anonymously as: Les caractères de l'homme sans passions, selon les sentiments de Sénèque, Paris (1663, 1682); Lyons (1665); translated into English G. Richard, Man without Passion: Or, the wise Stoick, according to the Sentiments of Seneca, London (1675)
------. (1669) L'Epicure spirituel, ou l'empire de la volupté sur les vertus, Douai; Paris; translated into English by E. Cooke, The Divine Epicurus, or, the Empire of Pleasure over the Virtues, London (1676)
------. (1669) Scydromedia seu sermo quem Alphonsus de la Vida habuit corram comite de Falmouth de monarchia liber primus, London; Nuremberg, (1680); translated into German under same title U. Greiff, Bern: Lang (1991)
------. (1671) Philosophia veterum, e mente Renati Descartes more scholastico breviter digesta, London
------. (1672) Institutio philosophiae secundum Principia D. Renati Descartes: Novo methodo adornata & explicata, cumque indice locupletissimo actua, London (1675, 1678, 1680, 1683); Nuremberg (1679, 1683, 1695, 1711); Geneva, (1694)
------. (1673) Historia naturae variis experimentis & ratiociniis elucidata, London (1680); Nuremberg, (1678, 1680, 1702)
------. (1675) Dissertatio de carentia sensus et cognitionis in brutis, London; Lyons (1675); Nuremberg (1679)
------. (1679) Apologia pro Renato Des-Cartes contra Samuelem Parkerum, S.T.P. archidiaconum cantuariensem, instituta & adornata, London (1682); Nuremberg (1681)
------. (1682) Jacobi Rohaulti tractatus physicus gallice emissus et recens latinitate donatus per Th. Bonetum D.M. Cum animadversionibus Antonii Le Grand, London; Amsterdam (1691)
------. (1685) Historia sacra a mundi exordio ad Constatini Magni imperium deducta, London; Herborn (1686)
------. (1694) An Entire Body of Philosophy, According to the Principles of the Famous Renate des Cartes, in Three Books, I The Institution; II The History of Nature; III Dissertation on Brutes, trans. from the Latin into English R. Blome, London: Roycroft; reprinted with introduction R.A. Watson, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp. (1972)
------. (1698) Censura Justissima Responsi, ut habetur, terribilis; cui titulus est idea cartesiana ad lydium veritatis lapidem, London
------. (1698) Dissertatio de ratione cognoscendi et appendix de mutatione formali, contra J.S. [John Sergeant] methodum sciendi, London
More, Henry (1671). Enchiridion Metaphysicum, London
Newton, Isaac (1687). Principia, London
Rohault, Jacques (1671). Traité de physique, Paris
Sergeant, John. (1698) Non ultra: or a letter to a learned Cartesian; settling the rule of truth, and first principles, upon their deepest grounds, London
Smith, John (1660). Select Discourses, London
Selected Studies and Critical Discussions
Bouillier, Francisque (1854). Histoire de la philosophie cartésienne, 2 vols., Paris
Rosenfield, Leonora Cohen (1968). From beast-machine to man-machine; animal soul in French letters from Descartes to La Mettrie, new and enlarged edition, New York: Oxford University Press
Ryan, John K. (1935). "Anthony Legrand, 1629-99: Franciscan and Cartesian," The New Scholasticism, 9:226-250
----- (1936). "Scydromedia: Anthony Legrand's Ideal Commonwealth," The New Scholasticism, 10:39-55
Watson, Richard A. (1966). The Downfall of Cartesianism 1673-1712, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff
English Books On-Line.
This is a subscription service; many university libraries have site licenses which allow patrons to view or download early modern texts (original editions) for free, in pdf format. The collection includes works from the first book printed in English by William Caxton, through the age of Spenser and Shakespeare and the tumult of the English Civil War. Early English Books Online (EEBO) contains over 125,000 titles listed in Pollard & Redgrave's Short-Title Catalogue (1475-1640), Wing's Short-Title Catalogue (1641-1700), and the Thomason Tracts (1640-1661). It includes a number of Le Grand's works, as well as those of Henry More, Ralph Cudworth, Samuel Parker, and John Sergeant.
Descartes, René | Malebranche, Nicolas
Patricia Easton
patricia.easton@cgu.edu


* must impose a more careful limit, to avoid freeing kernel pgtables.
* not present, or in the process of an address space destruction.
* can't race with CPU which sets these bits and non-atomic aproach is fine.
* whether the pte's page is unused.
* metadata when a page is swapped back in.
* metadata on a swap-out of a page.
* vma end wraps to 0, rounded up __boundary may wrap to 0 throughout.
* and any p?d_bad entries - reporting the error before resetting to none.
* Do the tests inline, but report and clear the bad entry in mm/memory.c.
* protects against asynchronous hardware modifications to the pte.
* updates, but to prevent any updates it may make from being lost.
* pte; the appropriate pte lock must be held over the transation.
* actually committed before the pte lock is released, however.
* because these macros can be used used even if CONFIG_MMU is not defined.
* it must synchronize the delayed page table writes properly on other CPUs.
* by remap_pfn_range() for physical range indicated by pfn and size.
* untrack_pfn is called while unmapping a pfnmap for a region.
* can be for the entire vma (in which case pfn, size are zero).
* untrack_pfn_moved is called while mremapping a pfnmap for a new region.
* important to compute the two checks atomically on the same pmdval.
* fault can populate the pmd from under us).
* the stack so that it will stop changing under the code.
* to linux/swapops.h to resovle dependency, which is too much code move.
* protections and NUMA hinting fault protections.
* invalidate the entire TLB which is not desitable.
* not defining them on their own yet.
* layer of the page table hierarchy is folded or not.


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text:
Four Weeks Into Winter Quarter, Seattle U Students Reflect on 46th Presidential Election
Ashley Hagar, News Editor|January 28, 2021
Naomi Olson
Former president of the United States Donald Trump left the White House for the very last time to be remembered as the first president to be impeached twice—all amid an ongoing global pandemic, concerns over election legitimacy and a multitude of other political divisions that have taken the nation by storm. Jan. 20 marked Joe Biden's inauguration as the 46th president of the United States.
To start the 59th Inauguration Day ceremony, Fr. Leo O'Donovan led the invocation. Lady Gaga then performed the National Anthem and firefighter Andrea Hall led the audience in the Pledge of Allegiance, performing it orally and in sign language. To follow, Madame Vice President Kamala Harris took to the stage to begin her inaugural process.
Awaiting the inauguration of Joe Biden, Jennifer Lopez sang "This Land is Your Land" and "America the Beautiful." Many women, including Lopez, wore colors symbolic to the suffrage movement of the early 20th century. Additionally, the purple colors that Vice President Harris, Hilary Clinton, Michele Obama and a few others wore signaled unity for America as it mixed the traditional Republican and Democratic colors of red and blue together. In an interview with USA Today, Clinton expressed her reasoning behind wearing purple.
"I did wear purple with a purpose, because I knew the theme that President Biden was striking was unity. I thought, as you combine red and blue, the way that we are divided politically in our country, you get purple," Clinton said. "I wanted just to send a bit of a symbolic message that we need to come together."
Just before noon EST, Joe Biden was inaugurated as president of the U.S. Following his swear in, Biden addressed the public audience and viewers tuning in from their homes. In his inaugural address, he called for unity across the country and promised that he would represent not only his supporters, but those that did not vote for him—as well as anyone somewhere in between. The full address can be found here.
Not only did Biden call for unity in his speech, but the nation's first-ever youth poet laureate, 22-year-old Amanda Gorman, also took the stage to recite one of her own poems. In it, she offered hope and brought up the need for rebuilding the nation as one. In an interview with CNN, Gorman elaborated on the purpose of her poem being the power of words.
"We've seen over the past few years the way in which the power of words has been violated and misappropriated," Gorman said. "And what I wanted to do was kind of reclaim poetry as that site in which we can re-purify, re-sanctify—not only the Capitol building that we saw violated, but the power of words—and invest that in kind of the highest office of the land."
Third-year strategic communications student Morgan Young writes poetry herself, and felt a connection with Gorman when she listened to her speak on Inauguration Day. Similar in age to Gorman, Young was even more inspired by the power Gorman had speaking on such an important day for the country.
"I was very inspired by Amanda's poem for the reason that I recognized my voice in hers. The way she articulated her emotion and the glimmer of hope that our people, and Americans in general, still have," Young said. "Her poem inspired me to continue to write. At such a young age, she was able to move America with her words, and that gives me hope that I will be able to have that same affect."
Nate Shani, a third-year sociology major, recently participated in the Racial Justice and Poetry event at Seattle University Jan. 21. As another student interested in poetry, he admired Gorman's poem at the inauguration.
"After relistening to her poem, I am in awe of how beautiful this poem is. The way she reads it is amazing," Shani said.
Biden has been in office for about a week and has already signed several executive orders, including a mask mandate to help slow the spread of COVID-19. Biden also promised to reverse decisions Trump made in his campaign, taking the first step in doing so by rejoining the Paris Agreement his first day in office.
Second-year History and International Studies student Julia James shared her opinion on Biden's first few days as president.
"Biden is handling his position well, given he took immediate action on pressing issues the day he was sworn into office, such as revoking the permit of the Keystone pipeline," James said. "I hope that a reversal of many of Trump's harmful actions will be executed during Biden's presidency, as well as mending our foreign relationships."
Only two weeks after the insurrection at the Capitol Jan. 6, U.S. Capitol Police Officer Eugene Goodman escorted Vice President Harris down the steps following the ceremony. After facing a crowd of Trump supporters alone on the stairs leading to the Senate chambers, Goodman was offered a new role. He accepted and is now the acting deputy Senate sergeant-at-arms. This moment of the inauguration honored the work he had done two weeks prior, in what is believed to be a time during which he saved the members of the Senate's lives.
Additionally, Biden has made efforts to diversify the roles within the White House and other top political positions. This included Lloyd Austin, who will lead the Department of Defense in the Biden Administration as the nation's first Black defense secretary. Biden also nominated Dr. Rachel Levine to serve as assistant health secretary. This would make her the first openly transgender official to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
Sophia Annest, third-year political science and strategic communications student, hopes Biden's presidency will bring the U.S. respect and progress. So far, Biden has made decisions that line up with Annest's wishes—but she is weary it may not last.
"There are so many changes I would like to see, but I do not want to be overly ambitious. Currently, having a competent leader to manage the pandemic is the most salient issue. Over the next four years, I hope President Biden will address racial injustice, climate change, healthcare and education," Annest said.
As the Political Science Club President, Annest also emphasized the importance of a peaceful transition of power. The club did not host an event on the topic of the inauguration, but did have their weekly meeting on Inauguration Day.
"Having a peaceful transfer of power between political parties is crucial to the maintenance of a democracy," Annest said. "Despite Trump's attempt to stop the transition of power, he was unable to completely strip our democracy of its core functions."
After four years of presidency under Trump, a new president now sits in the oval office. Biden has set forth plans for his first 100 days in office, working to unify the United States.
Ashley Hagar, News Editor
Seattle Theater Students and Professionals Look Forward to the Return of Live Theater
Seattle U Community Reacts to Month-Long Online Learning Amid Omicron Surge
Seattle University Wraps-up Fall Quarter and Looks Ahead to Winter
Unplug and Connect
"Back to Our Future" Homecoming Week Revels in Coming Together
Billodue Makes Space for Student Creativity
In-Person Clinical Continue During the Pandemic
New Year, Same Old Me


Home • USA LA! Home Sweet Home • Nethercutt Museum Click HERE and all the pictures will get big.
We also heard a blow-out display of the 'Mighty Wurlitzer Theatre Piped Organ' with more than 5,000 pipes.
They have concerts here a few times a year, also free, and I'm hoping to go!


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Of course we need to make sure that you are getting a good deal on the items you need to update your work wardrobe!
Check out this list from corporette.com of top retailers that have amazing sales this new year!
I have prioritized the major sales below, just for you!
Want to know some of Policy and Fashion's Favorites from the list, look for those in bold below!
If you are looking for a brand-new work bag for the new year, check out Saks Off 5TH! My boyfriend blessed me with an amazing Zac Posen bag this Christmas.
Ann Taylor – Semi-Annual Sale, up to 70% off sale prices.
ASOS – Further reductions up to 70% off. Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Banana Republic – Extra 50% off sale. Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Bloomingdale's – The After-Christmas Sale continues, save up to 75% off.
Eloquii – End of season sale, up to 75% off. Policy and Fashion Favorite!
J.Crew – Extra 40% off winter sale styles with code SHOPNOW.
J.Crew Factory – Online only, extra 40% off clearance with code HEY2016.
Kate Spade New York – Enjoy 25% off all sale items with code THRILL.
Last Call – Happy New Year Sale! Online and in stores, extra 30-60% off everything, and an extra 60% off all clearance.
The Limited – Extra 60% off sale items. 50% off full-price sweaters, and 30% off brand new arrivals.- Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Loft – Extra 60% off sale, with 100s of new markdowns added.
New York & Co. – Save 30% off $100 with code 9287 on new arrivals, and everything up to 80% off clearance event. Plus, today only, free shipping on all orders.-Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Nordstrom – HALF-YEARLY SALE. See my picks for the sale here and here.
Nordstrom Rack – Clear the rack sale, extra 25% off clearance items. Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Saks Off Fifth – Clearance clearout, up to 75% off. Plus, up to 70% off new arrival DvF.-Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Sephora – Stock up on Big Deal Beauty (value sizes). Plus, take an extra 20% off sale items with code EXTRA20, online only, ends 1/1. Policy and Fashion Favorite!
Talbots – The Red Hanger Sale: Extra 40% off markdowns to save up to 60% off original prices. Plus, extra 50% off all markdown sweaters, including this reader favorite crewneck as well as this cardigan.
Tory Burch – Extra 30% off all sale styles with code MERRY.
White House | Black Market – Winter sale, up to 70% off.
Some of these sales are for a very limited time, so shop soon!
Cheers to the New Year and another year of you looking fabulous!
Did we miss a sale from a store you love? Share with us below!


The idea of a linear passage through time organizes the plan of the new Louvre Lens according to the progression the length of a rectangular frame. It is then traversed by "cyclical time" through short circuits and different entry points.
The galleries are located on the upper level whereas all the large public elements are situated on the ground floor. The traversing arcs, starting with the Reception Hall, allow the possibility to close certain parts of the museum for the preparation of different exhibitions, retaining an uninterrupted circulation for the public. The glazed sections of "cyclical time" are each animated by the adjacent programs.


The photo shows a little bit of the fall color outside my windows (wish I had bigger ones), and unfortunately, a litterbox on the porch. There's also a pillow where one of the cats commonly sleeps (although she wouldn't do it for the camera), and the usual clutter.
On the wall: journalism memories including an old signed photo of Dan Rather, a mat of the Nixon Resigns front page from the Washington Post, and a copy of a Pulitzer Prize citation from 1999.
...and wonderful fabrics and fibers everywhere too.
What a charming place! Reminds me of the home we had 10 years ago-an 1906 Edwardian (some call them Victorians, but the Queen was dead by that time). I have family in Murphy... love to visit some day.


Choose best bob marley clothing from DHgate Canada site for a comfortable, yet fashionable wardrobe basic. Fashion clothing deliveries & diy summer clothing online have beautiful cuts and styles which make a fashion statement for the trendsetting urbanite. We offer cheap special design clothing include a variety of styles and colors to beef up your wardrobe. Purchase harajuku street clothing sale at an affordable price with free delivery to Canada from ca.dhgate.com.


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HomeGraduation
Graduation is a TV show on Australian national television from SBS ONE with an average rating of 3.0 stars by TVCatchUpAustralia.com's visitors. We have 1 episodes of Graduation in our archive. The first episode of Graduation was broadcast in July, 2020. Did you miss an episode of Graduation but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Graduation to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. Completely free: handy!
31/07/2020 3.0 2 x
Romeo Aldea, a physician living in a small mountain town in Transylvania, has raised his daughter Eliza with the idea that once she turns 18, she will leave to study and live abroad. His plan is close to succeeding – Eliza has got a scholarship to study psychology in UK. She just has to pass her final exams – a formality f...


Actor Chris Evans claims President Donald Trump's may be "deliberately misleading" his supporters on the question of climate change and suggested that is he simply too ignorant to realize its impact.
President Trump recently downplayed the threat posed by man-made global warming, with cities across America experiencing record-breaking cold temperatures.
Although not as politically active as many of his Hollywood colleagues, the 37-year-old star has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the Trump administration, previously admitting his "rage" and "fury" at the millions who voted for Trump in the 2016 presidential election.


I wrote a thing over on The Mary Sue about inclusive SF/F, the Uncanny Magazine Kickstarter and accidentally sparking a culture war.
Uncanny Magazine Issue 10 Cover Reveal & TOC!
Uncanny Magazine Issue 9 launches tomorrow!


PHP 5 has an exception model similar to that of other programming languages (like Java). An exception can be thrown, and caught within PHP.
Code can be surrounded in a try block, to facilitate the catching of potential exceptions. Each try must have at least one corresponding catch block.
Multiple catch blocks can be used to catch different classes of exceptions. Normal execution (when no exception is thrown within the try block, or when a catch matching the thrown exception's class is not present) will continue after that last catch block defined in sequence.
Now, the exception is caught and our exception message is displayed on the screen.
It's possible to get detailed information about the error that occurred. It's precisely for this reason that the Exception class provides developers with some other methods, which can offer additional details about the failure and its environment.
Returning to the example above, it's nearly the same as the previous one. However, the catch block uses the additional methods of the exception object, helpful for obtaining more specific details on the error that occurred. With reference to this, the set of echo statements displays the error message passed in when the exception was originally thrown, as well as the error code (if any), the file containing the error, and finally the line at which the failure happened.
Now, the benefits of exceptions should be pretty clear. Notice how easy it is to set up an error management mechanism that can be developed through specific code, while maintaining program flow completely free from dealing with potential failures. In addition a greater level of detail on the error that occurred can be easily obtained by calling up some of the complementary built-in methods.
Now, with the introduction of a few modifications to the original sample class, I've set up a more efficient error handler, which can react differently, based on the second error parameter passed to client code. Certainly, it's possible to use all the methods of the Exception class shown above, and develop an error handing mechanism capable of giving detailed information on the failure and its context.
But, there is one more thing you can do. Create your own Exception handler. Creating a custom exception handler is quite simple. We simply create a special class with functions that can be called when an exception occurs in PHP. The class must be an extension of the exception class.
The custom exception class inherits the properties from PHP's exception class and you can add custom methods to it.
Here we are using our own Exception handler class CustomException to handle the Exception logic.
Definitely, the above script is now much simpler to code and read, due to the fact that all the exceptions are handled by the logError() method. Although the customized exception class is basic in its conception, it's a useful example aimed at showing in a friendly way how to use Inheritance for deriving child exception handling classes.
The PHP Exceptions class can be a very useful and significant tool to aid in the reporting and handling of errors. There is more things to do here, like writing a custom Exception handler for different environments (like development and production) which will output exception messages to screen or log them in some log file.
This is a very thorough and informative article Zvonko. Thank you for posting it.


Our head office is situated in Waverley on the West Coast of the North Island, where our company and forest administration is carried out. All our forests are physically managed from our offices in Napier and Gisborne on the East Coast of the North Island. These offices are the centre of our operations and are used to house field equipment, firefighting equipment, maps and records.
From time to time we have our planting, pruning and thinning operations audited by an independent consultant. Our Company strives to deliver the best management techniques available and through the audit process, and are able to benchmark ourselves with other management companies to ensure that we continue to provide cutting edge management services.
The regular review of our systems ensures they are appropriate and relevant for the current environment with our services being delivered in the most cost effective way. Our staff is encouraged to be innovative, contributing to the success of FMNZ.


The only handicap race on day one is a long one, the 2m4f (that's approximately 4000m if you prefer measurement systems which don't date back to the Dark Ages) Ascot Stakes. Willie Mullins backed up Simenon to win this race and the Queen Alexandra Stakes last year, is there a similar hardy warhorse in this field? Kieran Kenneally, @kierankenneally casts the magnifying glass over the field.
For me, at times horse racing can be a very visual sport. Ratings, pedigree, jockey, trainer etc all go out the window. Sometimes I see a horse run and I say to myself, back him next time! I picked the Ascot Stakes tomorrow for one such horse, Justification!
In his last race in the Chester Cup I watched him closely because I had backed him and he had a very troubled passage and was very unlucky. That race was a better quality race than this with horses like Simenon, Countrywide Flame and Address Unknown finishing ahead of him. Simenon, himself unlucky in the same race is now third favourite for the Gold Cup on Thursday and Address Unknown has since run third in a listed race.
Justification travelled like a good horse at Chester with Ryan Moore hugging the rail but on a very tight track the gaps never appeared for him. Blocked on more than one occasion when he did get clear the race was over. Still beaten only just over four lengths, he would in my opinion have finished in the first three with a clear run. In a weaker race, the wide open expanse of Ascot likely to suit and a long finishing straight Justification can win this at a very juicy current price of 7/1.
The jumps trainers have farmed this race over the years and are well represented again. Philip Hobbs (2), David Pipe (2), Nicky Henderson, Willie Mullins and Jonjo O'Neill are all here but they may come away empty handed this year.
Tiger Cliff has the bookies running but could be priced up on the wave of emotion a Cecil winner would produce rather than what he has shown on the track so far. A horse with plenty of potential, I'm just not sure he is ready to win a race of this quality at this stage of his career.
Mubaraza would have to enter the equation if you fancy Tiger Cliff because they are weighted to be very close to each other on their most recent running.
Well Sharp could be one of the better horses for the jumps trainers and has some good recent flat form as well. He would also seem to be a horse that will relish the 2m4f trip.
Blue Bajan has the best form of any horse in the race but at 11 yrs old finds it hard to win these days and makes little appeal.
Midnight Oil for the powerful Willie Mullins stable has probably the best form of the National Hunt horses and also some decent flat form. There is a link through a horse called Caravan Rolls On to Tiger Cliff that suggests to me that at the weights Midnight Oil will struggle to beat Tiger Cliff.
Lieutenant Miller has had some good recent runs but at a lower level.
Junior won this race in 2010 but is now 10 yrs old and this is a better race.
Mawaqeet is an interesting runner for Sir Michael Stoute but Paul Hanagan prefers Mubaraza.
Selection is a win bet on Justification at 7/1.


But it was immediately obvious that all the people far out here on the tundra are wonderfully friendly and very happy to be here. A quick check outside with a head lamp revealed numerous sets of polar bear tracks in the snow all around the lodge, and it was now obvious why these buggies were built so high off the ground.
I've long heard about Churchill and the famous Tundra Buggy excursions out to the shores of Hudson Bay where aggregates of polar bears patiently wait four to five months for the return of the winter sea ice. Polar bears are almost completely dependent on seals for food and polar bears can only effectively hunt seals from the expanse of sea ice.
Along with three other biologists, I was invited to Churchill to participate in a collaborative Tundra Connections educational outreach project between PBI and Frontiers North (the company that operates the Tundra Buggy tours). We're here for a week to provide scheduled satellite conferences to school and zoo groups about polar bear research and climate change issues. Such programs go throughout the peak polar bear viewing season - and next week we hand off conferencing responsibilities to a different group of biologists and climate experts.
Although technical difficulties precluded our connections with two scheduled college classes today, the value of this program was abundantly clear when daylight today revealed numerous polar bears going about their business and displaying activities and behavior perhaps more viewable here than anywhere else on earth.
What better way to address ongoing research studies and conservation issues but to tie the biologists together with live video feeds of these extraordinary, spectacular animals - at the very front line of where climate change is most profoundly impacting this species? What an incredible place this is. Humankind can ill afford to lose such a precious resource.


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Q: How can I make Thunderbird IMAP sync moved messages immediately? I have TB connecting to the IMAP interface of an exchange server. I also have my mail synchronised to the machine for off-line use.
When I move a message from the inbox to an archive folder, the message moves as expected under TB, but when I look at the actual mail server directly using another client, the message still exists in the inbox.
The only way I know of forcing a flush of the TB state to the IMAP server is to shutdown TB, which is not a fantastic solution. I have IDLE enabled, but this seems to only provide sync from the server to client for changes at the server (no client to server for changes to the IMAP message state).
Is there any obscure setting that I can twiddle to make the state flush to the server immediately?

A: You can set the mail.imap.expunge_option to enable this behaviour.  Details of the settings can be found in the following link:
http://kb.mozillazine.org/Deleting_messages_in_IMAP_accounts#Misc
The option can be modified in Edit -> Preferences -> Advanced -> Config Editor

A: I have an exchange server, normally working with OWA. Mail client is TB 31.2.0
mail.imap.expunge_option;1
On top I had to set: mail.imap.expunge_after_delete;true
With this setting moving between folders is fine now.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Photo by Doug Mayer
The Randolph Community Forest is a 10,000-acre tract of wooded lands owned and managed by the Town of Randolph, New Hampshire. It is located in the northern-third of the town, and includes 1,106 acres in Jefferson, New Hampshire. In the north woods of New Hampshire's Coos County, the Community Forest provides an important ecological corridor, linking the forests of the Kilkenny tract of the White Mountain National Forest, to the Presidential Range to the south. On the forest, one can find several peaks over 3,000 feet, over 26 miles of woods roads, dozens of miles of hiking and snow-machine trails, wetlands and rivers, and a wide variety of flora and fauna representative of the region.
The Randolph Community Forest is open to the public for traditional forms of outdoor recreation, including hiking, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, dog-sledding, hunting, fishing and bird watching. A conservation easement, purchased with Federal Legacy funds and held by the State of New Hampshire, determines the activities that may be carried out on the Forest. Some restrictions, usually temporary, may apply in the interests of carrying out other management goals, which include sustainable timber harvesting, the enhancement of wildlife habitat and the protection of natural areas.
Local logger Forrest Hicks. Photo by Lydia Goetze
The management structure for the Randolph Community Forest is spelled out in the Randolph Town Forest Ordinance. Overall supervisory responsibility resides with the Randolph Planning Board, which approves the Forest Commission's annual budget, all timber harvests and other major proposals at notified public hearings. Subject to the Board's supervision, the Randolph Forest Commission carries out the work by the Town on the Forest. All meetings of both boards are open to the public. The current members of the Randolph Forest Commission are:
John Scarinza, Chairman and Planning Board Representative
Walter Graff, Conservation Commission Representative
Doug Mayer
The philosophy underlying the Town of Randolph's administration of its community forest is best summed up by the phrase on a recently produced forest poster, "Public Ownership; Local Control; Protected Forever."