Think Like An Artist, 5 p.m. at the Columbus Museum of Art. Join CMA for an evening of craft therapy, music by "MyFriendsAreFamous" and signature cocktails. Admission is pay what you want for nonmembers.
"Pride and Prejudice," 8 p.m. at Schiller Park, Amphitheatre stage, 1069 Jaeger St. The Actors' Theatre's latest summer performance features the stage adaptation of Jane Austen's 1813 novel. Performances will take place every Thursday through Sunday through July 16. Admission is free and donations are appreciated, according to the Actors' Theatre.
Comfest, all day at Goodale Park, 120 W. Goodale St. The three-day, volunteer-run festival rings in its 45th year with the theme "The People, Yes!" and works to celebrate the Columbus community with a variety of performances, artists and foods. Admission is free.
Lil Wayne, 7 p.m. at Express Live, 405 Neil Ave. The rapper will perform as part of 106.7 The Beat's Summer Beatdown. Tickets are $47.50 plus fees on Ticketmaster.
Columbus Gay Men's Chorus, 8 p.m. at the Lincoln Theater, 769 E. Long St. The all-inclusive, non-auditioned group kicks off its three-night performance of its latest show, "Jackson Five+." Tickets start at $30 on Ticketmaster.
Picnic with the Pops, 8 p.m. at the Columbus Commons, 160 S. High St. The Columbus Symphony Orchestra will perform Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. General admission tickets are $25 plus fees on Ticketmaster.
Picnic with the Pops, 8 p.m. at the Columbus Commons, 160 S. High St. The Columbus Symphony Orchestra fuses Beethoven's Third Symphony with hits from British rock band Coldplay. General admission tickets are $25 plus fees on Ticketmaster.
Zoo Trippin', 8 p.m. at Park Street Saloon, 525 Park St. The local blues and rock band will perform as part of its album release celebration. Supporting acts will include Vibe & Direct, Love Alive and Skashank Redemption. Tickets are $10 on Ticketweb.
The Grandview Hop, 5 p.m. on Grandview Avenue between 1st and 5th avenues. The half-mile long stretch will feature live music, local shopping, pop-up street vendors, art, local beer and food. The hop takes place the last Saturday of June, July and August. Admission is free.
The Devil Doves, 9 p.m. at Woodlands Tavern, 1200 W. 3rd Ave. The local clusterfolk band will celebrate the release of its second album alongside local acts Erika Hughes and the Well-Mannered and the Jeffs.
The Greeting Committee, 7 p.m. at the Basement, 391 Neil Ave. The indie-pop quartet will perform. Tickets are $10.25 plus fees on Ticketmaster.
German Village Haus and Garten Tour, 9 a.m. at the German Village Society, 588 S. 3rd St. The 58th annual tour will give visitors access to 10 historic homes and two gardens that capture the charm of Columbus' own piece of Germany. Tickets are $18 at Central Ohio Giant Eagle locations.
Peddler's Picnic, 10 a.m. at the North Market, 59 Spruce St. Located in the North Market's outdoor pavilion, the picnic will feature handmade, vintage, fine art and jewelry from local vendors. Admission is free.
Stand Up for Stand Up, 7 p.m. at Wild Goose Creative, 2491 Summit St. Columbus Unscripted presents a stand up comedy show and welcomes anyone to take the stage, with a set by a guest comedian. Tickets are $5 online or at the door.
Ten for $10 Wine Tastings, 5:30 p.m. at the Refectory Restaurant and Bistro, 1092 Bethel Rd. Enjoy a casual wine tasting of wines from the southern hemisphere on the patio. Reservations are required.
Dispatch, 6 p.m. at Express Live, 405 Neil Ave. The indie-roots band will bring its "America, Location 12" tour to Columbus with special guest, Guster. Tickets are $39.99 plus fees on Ticketmaster.
Born of Osiris, doors open at 6:30 p.m. at Park Street Saloon, 525 Park St. The Chicago deathcore band brings its "10 Years of The New Reign" tour to Columbus. Tickets are $18 in advance on Ticketweb and $20 at the door.
"Equal Means Equal," 7:30 p.m. at Dirty Frank's, 2836 W. Broad St. The Columbus eatery will screen the women's rights documentary and will host a discussion after the film. Admission is free.
Farmer's Market, 3:30 p.m. at Franklin Park Conservatory, 1777 E. Broad St. Shop from local farmers, enjoy cooking and wellness demonstrations and enjoy live music and food trucks. Admission is free.
311, 6 p.m. at Express Live, 405 Neil Ave. The Nebraskan rock band will perform with special guests New Politics and The Skints. Tickets are $39.50 plus fees on Ticketmaster.


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France environment minister quits in major blow to Macron
France's Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot, one of the most popular members of the government, announced his resignation on Tuesday, in a major blow for President Emmanuel Macron.
Hulot, a TV celebrity and veteran campaigner for the environment, was lured into government last year by Macron, but has repeatedly clashed with his cabinet colleagues over policy.
"I am taking the decision to leave the government," Hulot said on France Inter radio in a surprise announcement, adding that he felt "all alone" on environmental issues within the government.
Hulot said he had not informed either Macron or Prime Minister Edouard Philippe of his decision.
"It's an honest and responsible decision," he added.
His departure is a major blow for 40-year-old centrist Macron, who is facing challenges on several fronts.
Due to slowing economic growth, his government is having difficulties drawing up the 2019 budget, which saw Prime Minister Philippe announce at the weekend that he was dropping targets for reducing the deficit.
At the diplomatic level, Macron is struggling to convince his European partners of the need for a more integrated EU and his efforts to build a relationship with US President Donald Trump have yielded few concrete results.
Over the summer, he also suffered the first major political scandal of his 15-month term when his former bodyguard and senior security aide was filmed manhandling protesters while appearing to impersonate a policeman.
Hulot's announcement is likely to be received bitterly by Macron, who was starting a trip to Denmark to sell his EU agenda on Tuesday.
"The most basic of courtesies would have been to warn the president of the republic and the prime minister," government spokesman Benjamin Griveaux told the BFM news channel.
Hulot was formerly best-known as the presenter of the Ushuaia TV program on French television.
(Source: AFP)
‹ Washington: Trump, Kenyatta to focus on security, trade	› Southern Cameroons Crisis: Manyu Advisory Council rejects funds from MECA-USA Transition Council

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Magnolia omeiensis este o specie de plante din genul Magnolia, familia Magnoliaceae. A fost descrisă pentru prima dată de Wan Chun Cheng, și a primit numele actual de la James Edgar Dandy. A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie pe cale de dispariție (stare critică). Conform Catalogue of Life specia Magnolia omeiensis nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Legături externe

Magnolia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here's our top 5 reasons for lopping off the head of a CMS. Welcome to the wonderful world of micro-services!
Sound familiar? Well, when it comes to a headless CMS, its only concern is task number one - managing your content. You put content in, and it provides a way of getting content out. It's pretty singularly focused.
In the tech world, we call platforms that seek to do one thing micro-services. With a headless CMS, that one thing involves decoupling the management of content (the body) from all that page-rendering stuff (the head). Ergo, headless.
So, invest in a headless CMS today, and get less stuff than with the multi-purpose CMS you had yesterday!
Fin, right? Well, not quite… surely, there are other perks, otherwise analysts such as Forrester wouldn't refer to micro-services as "The future of digital experience architectures," (quote from "The Rise Of The Headless Content Management System").
So, why is headless CMS a "thing"? Why are all the techie people you know harping on about "headless", "API first," and "micro-services" (outside of them just being geeks)? Our list below outlines the value proposition to you (the non-geek) and your organization of investing and managing content in a headless CMS.
And to be clear, a headless CMS won't be applicable to all readers - yet. We've got a hunch, though, that for most of you, it's only a matter of time.
A headless CMS lets you put your content wherever you want it to go (the possibilities far exceed just putting it on your website). Unlike your current CMS that tangles up content with your web pages, a headless CMS keeps the content clearly separated and can send it to any one of numerous channels like: mobile, home assistant, smart TV, digital signage, wearables, augmented reality or virtual reality apps. The list of channels you could be pushing your content to continues to grow and grow.
A headless CMS pushes content out via an application programming interface (API), allowing two systems to speak to each other. Today's type of API is typically known as a RESTful API.
The key takeaway on REST API's is that absolutely everything online speaks the lingo. Developers love REST APIs. They want to work with them and they expect tools to have them. Unlike traditional CMS platofrms that bolt on REST as an afterthought, Headless CMSs are built with this API at their very core.
In this clip, my Google Home Assistant is sharing recipe content from the new Kentico Cloud headless CMS. This same recipe content could be on my website, my mobile app etc., but it's all managed in one place.
You may currently invest in a multi-purpose, do-everything CMS so that you could create and manage a fabulous website that would make your content shine. However, what you might not have expect to (literally) invest in, was the level of effort involved in keeping that CMS updated or applying hot-fixes to address bugs and security issues. Worse yet, you might just decide to never upgrade or maintain the CMS you initially invested in due to the overhead and cost. Does your company also host your CMS on-premise? How much time does time and effort does your company spend hosting?
Here's the perk with a headless CMS: there is nothing to install. That's because it runs in the cloud as Software as a Service (SaaS). There's no web or database servers to set up, and no upgrades to run or patches to apply. Imagine the freedom!
Who upgrades a headless CMS?
One of the best advantages of a headless platform is that it's upgraded and maintained by the people that built it.
Classic CMS vendors generally release new features in a big bundle maybe once or twice a year. Headless CMS vendors, on the other hand, release features to their online service more frequently and require no effort on your part to install. New features are simply rolled out as they're completed, and your only duty is to put them to good use.
All too often, the content that goes into a website feels like an afterthought compared to a project's design and features. Even with the best intentions (performing early content audits and a trying to get head start on content development) the ball really doesn't start rolling until much later in the project than it should. Late/delayed content can lead to project delays. Even worse, sometimes the final content differs so much from early assumptions that the way it's stored in the CMS needs to be reworked.
At ecentricarts, we solve and/or prevent a lot of these content issues with our iterative, Agile process, bringing developers and content teams together right from day one. Regardless of the process your agency is using to deliver your digital project, a headless CMS naturally supports a "content-first" approach because it really separates the content from the presentation.
With a headless CMS, the new home for your content can be set up and then evolve as your content model is defined. There are far fewer artificial dependencies, such as thinking that you need to wait on development deliverables before you can start to enter content.
Say you redo the look and feel of your website every couple of years, or maybe every three (hopefully, it's not every five - yikes!). Ever noticed how, the longer you wait between projects, the more you have to invest in some form of content migration? Maybe it's from your current CMS, which is pretty out-of-date, to the latest and greatest version. Or, maybe you're transitioning from your current CMS to an entirely different platform.
Regardless, you've got a budget to create a new beautiful website, hit those KPI's, and take your user experience to the next level. Once it's all said and done, where did some of your budget go...? Content migration. Surely, there are more exciting ways to spend your business dollars.
One clear benefit to having your content in a headless CMS is not having to migrate your content as often, let alone during a redesign. With a headless CMS, the content and where it's presented can adapt and evolve with greater independence from each other. Want to redesign your website or change it to the latest and greatest technology? Fire ahead - your content can happily stay where it is.
Best of breed is an industry term meaning "the best tool in a given niche or category". When it comes to building digital solutions that have several concerns, like sites that support content and commerce, there are two schools of thought. The first is to find a platform that comes with all the bells and whistles your project needs, the second is to integrate specialist services together.
Two reasons driving this are greater choice and more freedom around how your solution evolves. Need e-commerce? Go pick a service that best matches your needs. Now outgrown that e-commerce service? Go and replace it without having to throw out all your other services. This is certainly a lot more liberating than the alternative of having to re-platform everything just to get some new e-commerce features.
Interested? Check out Kentico Cloud!
We're a partner with an exciting new headless CMS from Kentico called Kentico Cloud. This content publishing micro-service offers all the benefits we've discussed above. It's channel agnostic (channel being the thing that displays the content, like a website or home assistant). It's also technology agnostic (you can build your channel out in any technology, tell your developers that, and watch their smiles grow from ear to ear).
It's also available today starting at the low monthly cost of $0 so contact us - we'd love to give you a demo!


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Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
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G - Gg
Gh - Gn
Go - Gu
Gv - Gz
Gargettus
Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Γαργηττός; Gargēttós). Attic Mesogea deme in the Aegeis phyle, after 307/6 BC in the Antigonis. It provided four (already in IG I3 1040), later seven bouleutaí . Name pre-Greek [1. 1336]. A decree on the demes of Hagios Giorgios near Ieraka locates it in the marching order between Hymettus and Pentelicum east of Pallene and attests a Dionysus sanctuary as the mustering ground [2. 41; 3. 127]. G. was with Acharnae, Paeania and Pallene a member of the cultic federation of Athena Pallenis (Ath. 234f-235c; [4. 18546]), the hero G. was considered the father of Ion…
Source: Brill's New Pauly
Gargilius
Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Christmann, Eckhard (Heidelberg)
[German version] [1] Q. Coredius Gallus G. Antiquus Cos. suff. late in AD 119 His father was perhaps G. Antiquus (AE 1954, 63). Praetorian governor of the Province of Arabia, c. AD 116-118/9; cos. suff. late in 119; proconsul Asiae probably in 134/5 [1; 2. 148ff., 176]. If he is identical with M. Paccius Silvanus Q. Coredius Gallus G. Antiquus ([3. 260ff.] = AE 1991, 1576), he was either consular governor of Iudaea or of Syria. Cf. also [4]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 W. Eck, in: Chiron 12, 1982, 361 2 Id., in: Chiron 13, 1983 3 D. Gera, H. Cotton, in: IEJ 41, 1991 4 E. …
Gargonius
(76 words)
Author(s): Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance)
[German version] Rhetoric teacher of the Augustan period, student of Buteo [1. 156f.], then his successor, who is perhaps identical with the example of lacking hygiene cited in Hor. Sat. 1,2,27 (= 1,4,92). His voice was rough and aggressive (Sen. Controv. 1,7,18). The older Seneca always connects the quotes form G. that illustrate his Colores with harsh reproach ( stultitia contr. 10,5,25; cacozelia 9,1,15, insaniens Suas. 2,16). Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) Bibliography 1 H. Bornecque, Les Déclamations, 1902, 168.
Gargoris
Author(s): Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
[German version] Name derived from an uncertain Indo-European root [1. 118-119]. Legendary king of the Curetes (?) in Tartessus, who allegedly invented honey gathering. He repeatedly attempted to have his grandson Habis, who was born after a slip by his daughter, killed by wild animals but they spared and even nursed him. G. recognized his growing grandchild and made him his successor (Iust. 44,4,1-14). Exposure, myths of Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography 1 M. Lourdes Albertos Firmat, La onomastica personal primitiva, 1966. H. J. Rose, Griech. Mythologie, 51978, 2…
Garizim
(5 words)
see Samaria, Samaritans
Garsaura, Garsauira
Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Γαρσάουρα, Γαρσαύιρα; Garsáoura, Garsaúira). Main town of the Cappadocian strategia Garsauritis, modern Aksaray; refounded by Archelaus [7] as Archelais (later colonia Claudia Augusta; in Str. 12,2,6 called κωμόπολις). From AD 325 to the 14th cent. attested as a bishopric. The original name was preserved (in the Seljuq period Aqsarā). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 205f. Mitchell 1, 95f.
Garsyeris
Author(s): Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale)
see Fish dishes
Garumna
Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Garunna, Γαρούνας / Garoúnas). One of the main rivers of Gaul (Tib. 1,7,11), the modern Garonne and Gironde, the boundary between the Gauls and the Aquitanians (Caes. Gall. 1,1,1; 5; 7; Str. 4,1,1; 2,1f.; 3,3; 5,2; Mela 3,20f.; Plin. HN 4,105; Amm. Marc. 15,11,2). According to Str. 4,2,1 navigable over more than 370 km. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography R. Boudet (ed.), Les Celtes, la Garonne et les Pays aquitains, 1992 Y. Roman, Les Celtes, les sources antiques et la Garonne, in: Aquitania 12, 1994, 213-219 H. Sion, Carte archéologique de la Gaule. 33/1 (Gi…
Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
[German version] Administrators of goods and representatives of the king's interests in the Lombardic kingdom, first attested under Authari (AD 584-590). Since the 7th cent. they watched over the dukes (cf. Edictus Rothari 23); in the 8th cent. they could preside over courts of law. They were directly subject to the king in their non-inheritable office. In the Duchies of Spoleto and Benevent they administered the most important towns for the dukes. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) Bibliography C. G. Mor, Lo stato longobardo nel VII secolo, 1969, 1, 271ff.
Gastronomical poetry
Author(s): Montanari, Franco (Pisa) | Rüpke, Jörg (Erfurt)
[German version] I. Greek Gastronomical poetry (GP) may be considered a special stream of the parodistic poetry that Hegemon of Thasos turned into a genuine literary genre in the late 5th cent. BC: light, jesting poetry (though resulting from artistic dedication) sings the delights of the stomach and the table. The lost Δεῖπνον ( Deîpnon, 'Feast') of Hegemon was the description of a banquet ( anagraphḗ, Ath. 1,5a; s. also symposium literature), as are the works of the same name by Numenius of Heraclia (3rd cent. BC, cf. SH 596) and Timachidas of Rhodes (2nd…
Author(s): Schmitt-Pantel, Pauline (Paris)
[German version] A. Origins The art of cooking, which is the search for a balance of flavours, the preference for certain kinds of wine etc., in short, good taste in matters of nourishment, probably always existed in the ancient world but only became the subject of scientific discourse in the classical period. (This impression is based on the current state of documentation.) In antiquity the development of a true art of cooking was considered in a contradictory way both a sign of a high degree of ci…
Gate, deities associated with
Author(s): Johnston, Sarah Iles (Princeton)
[German version] The three most important Greek deities associated with gates (for Rome see Ianus, Carna) were Hecate (and Artemis, who was closely associated with her), Hermes and Hercules. Hecataea (small statues or shrines to Hecate) were to be found in front of the gates of private houses and in front of city gates (Aeschyl. TrGF 388; Aristoph. Vesp. 804, Hsch. s. v. προπύλαια). Corresponding with this is the association between Hecate and additional liminal places, particularly road-forks ( tríhodoi), which is in turn connected with her role as protector from t…
[German version] People in Aquitaine between the Elusates and the Ausci (only in Caes. B Gall. 3,27). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(1,574 words)
Author(s): Schweizer, Stefan (Kassel RWG)
Schweizer, Stefan (Kassel RWG) [German version] A. Iconographic and Symbolic Reception in the Middle Ages (CT) Apart from their archaeological and architectural reception, town gates throughout the Middle Ages and beyond represented a symbolic and iconographic formula that was widespread as a sovereignty motif. In this way, gate iconography was an image of the imperial idea of Rome and the Christian concept of Jerusalem [8; 22]. Gates were also considered to be architectural representations of various towns. Be…
Gates; porches
Author(s): Höcker, Christoph (Kissing)
[German version] Gates that went beyond purely military aspects (for these cf. Fortifications) are to be found in Greek architecture from the 6th cent. BC onwards ─ initially as imposingly designed entrances to sanctuaries, and from about 400 BC also in secular contexts (entrances to the Agora, Gymnasium, Stadium or Assembly buildings, e.g. in Miletus, Priene, Olympia). The development and extension of the própylon as a decorative entrance gate to a sanctuary can be reconstructed, for example, from the Acropolis of Athens (cf. Athens II. with locati…
Gauanes
Author(s): Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg)
[German version] (Γαυάνης/ Gauánēs; etymology doubtful). According to Herodotus (8,137f.) the son of the Heraclid Temenus of Argos, predecessor of the Macedonian king Alexander [2]. Together with his brothers Aeropus [1] and Perdiccas, G. subjected the whole of Macedonia and founded a new dynasty (Hdt. ibid.). With this aetiology the origin of the Macedonian royal family can be traced through the Temenids to Hercules. Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg)
Gauda
Author(s): Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
[German version] Son of the Numidian king Mastanabal, grandson of Massinissa, brother of Jugurtha, claimed rule despite his mental and physical debility during the war between Rome and Jugurtha. After the war in 105 BC he succeeded his uncle Micipsa with the support of Marius and obtained eastern Numidia (Sall. Iug. 65,1-4). Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) Bibliography CAH 9 21994, 30 V. Werner, Quantum bello optimus, tantum pace pessimus, 1995, 35.
Gaudentius
Author(s): Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) | Uthemann, Karl-Heinz (Amsterdam) | Et al.
(Γαυδέντιος; Gaudéntios). [German version] [1] G. Philosophus Musician and philosopher Author of an introduction to harmony, Ἁρμονικὴ εἰσαγωγή ( Harmonikḕ eisagōgḗ) ─ probably written in line with Claudius Ptolemy's ─ translated into Latin by Cassiodorus' friend Mutianus (Cassiod. Inst. 2,5,142 Mynors). The incompletely preserved work (in 23 chapters) contains traditional teachings in a slightly modified form, especially from Aristoxenus and the Pythagoreans: voice, sound, interval, modes, composition (1-7), unison…
Gaugamela
Author(s): Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Xenophon | Alexander Large village (κώμη μεγάλη, probably modern Tall Gōmil near Ǧabal Maqlūb, 35 km north-east of Mosul) on the river Bumelos in northern Mesopotamia (Arr. Anab. 6,11,6), near which (cf. Arr. Anab. 3,8,7) the battle between Alexander [4] the Great and Darius [3] III took place on 1 October 331 (Arr. Anab. 3,11-15; Curt. 4,13,26-16; Plut. Alexander 31-33; Diod. Sic. 17,56-61; Iust. 11,14). After Alexander stalled a flanking manoeuvre by the Persian cavalry, he directed his attack against the oppone…
Gaulanitis
see Batanaea
Gauls
see Gallia; Gallia Cisalpina; Celts; Celtic archaeology; Celtic languages
Gauls, fear of
see Metus
Gaulus
Author(s): Falco, Giulia (Athens)
[German version] (Γαῦλος, Γαῦδος; Gaûlos, Gaûdos). North-western island of the Malta group (modern Gozo), first mentioned by Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 341; cf. Str. 6,2,11; Diod. Sic. 5,12,4: located in the open sea with good harbours; Procop. Vand. 1,14; Plin. HN 3,92). Name probably Phoenician: γαῦλος/ gaûlos, 'round cargo boat'. In the 8th cent. it was colonized by Phoenicians, later in Carthaginian, Greek, and after 220 BC Roman possession. Inland there was a settlement of the same name. Coins with Greek and Punic legends (HN 883). In Ggantij…
Gaumata
Author(s): Kuhrt, Amélie (London) | Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht)
[German version] (Old Persian Gōmāta; Elamitic Kammadda; Akkadian Gumātu). A magus ( Magi) [3. DB 39], who seized power after Cambyses had his brother Bardiya [1] assassinated, on Cambyses' absence on campaign in Egypt. To justify his usurpation he claimed to be Bardiya. After Cambyses' death Darius [1] I. and six noble Persians (Aspathines, Hydarnes, Intaphernes, Gobryas, Megabyzus, and Otanes) brought the rule of G./Bardiya to an end and killed him (522 BC). A detailed description is in the Bi…
Author(s): Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
[German version] (Γαυράδας). Author of an ingenious epigram in iambic trimeters in the form of a dialogue between Echo and her lover (Anth. Pal. 16,152). The popular theme (cf. also Archias, Anth. Pal. 9,27; Evodus, ibid. 16,155; Satyrus, ibid. 16,153; Anon., ibid. 16,156) is developed in an original fashion; dating the poet, whose obviously barbarous name is unique, is impossible. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 111f.
Gaurium
Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Γαύρειον, Γαύριον; Gaúreion, Gaúrion). The name of a settlement with a deep harbour on the north-western side of the island of Andros in the Cyclades. In the Hellenistic period, G. served as a port and is mentioned in association with various events in wars: Xen. Hell. 1,4,22; Diod. Sic. 13,69,4f.; Liv. 31,45,3ff.; GGM 1,500. Inland at Hagios Petros are the remains of a Hellenistic round tower, probably used to protect the nearby mines. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography J. T. Bent, Aegean Islands, 21966, 291ff. Lauffer, Griechenland, 230 L. Ross, Reisen…
Gavius
Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Walde, Christine (Basle) | Rüpke, Jörg (Erfurt)
Roman family name, frequently attested in inscriptions, also in the form Cavius [1. 76f.]; in the Republican period its bearers are still politically insignificant; also a Faliscan praenomen [2. 103]. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] G., P. Crucified as a spy of Spartacus 72 BC from Compsa (Lower Italy), was captured and crucified in Sicily in 72 BC by C. Verres as an alleged spy of the slave leader Spartacus (Cic. Verr. 2,5,158-170). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] G. Bassus Roman grammarian and antiquarian of the late Republic Roman grammarian and…
Author(s): Leisten, Thomas (Princeton) | Knauf, Ernst Axel (Berne)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | Syria | Zenobia | Alexander | Commerce | Hasmonaeans | India, trade with | Arabia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Egypt (Arabic Ġazza, Hebrew Azzā, from Semitic ǧzz, 'being thorny'). From Thutmosis III (1457 BC) to Ramses IV (mid 12th cent. BC) an Egyptian administrative centre in southern Palestine [1], under the Ramessids 'the town of Canaan', short 'Canaan' (Κάδυτις, Hdt. 2,159; 3,5); under Ramses II also the 'town of Ramses in Canaan'. Taken over in the 12th cent. BC by the Philistines (Dt 2,23; S…
Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
[German version] The dorcas gazelle ( Gazella dorcas, formerly Antilope dorcas or Gazella africana) represents the antilope subfamily, which also includes the wildebeest and the oryx), in North Africa and the Middle East (ζορκάς, δορκάς, δόρκων, δόρκος, δόρξ, or ζόρξ; zorkás, dorkás, dórkōn, dórkos, dórx or zórx, damma or dorcas). The gazelle is a typical desert dweller (Hdt. 4,192), e.g. in Libya (Theophr. Hist. pl. 4,3,5), and lives in harmony with partridges (πέρδικες; pérdikes) and in herds together with wild asses (ὄναγροι; ónagroi, Timothy of Gaza c. 17 [1. 27f.]). Gazelles, which are timid (Grattius cynegetica 200; Ael. NA 7,19) but slower than wild asses (Arr. Cyn. 24,1), were hunted on horseback with dogs, using nets, lassoes, arrows, and spears (Ar…
Gazioura
Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
Author(s): Dummer, Jürgen (Jena RWG) | Seidensticker, Bernd (Berlin RWG)
Dummer, Jürgen (Jena RWG) I. Classical Studies (CT) [German version] A. General (CT) On the whole, the development in all disciplines concerned with Antiquity in the Soviet Occupation Zone (SOZ) and, since 1949, in the GDR, was characterised, on the one hand, by efforts to preserve traditional areas of research and forms of work with a view to international scholarship, especially in the non-Socialist world and, in addition, to break new ground. On the other hand, ideological indoctrination continually incr…
Gedrosia, Gadrosia
Author(s): Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin)
[German version] Area in south-eastern Iran and south-western Pakistan, roughly equivalent to modern Baluchistan. Now a largely arid mountainous area with deep valleys, known from Arrian's account of the difficulties encountered by Alexander's army on its return march. The coast is described in detail in the Voyage of Nearchus (Arr. Anab. 6,22-26; Str. 15,723). Bearers of various cultures since the 8th millennium, they were possibly the ancestors of the Brahui, who are linguistically close to the …
Gegania
Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
[German version] A Roman lady, who entered into a relationship with an ugly slave by the name of Clesippus and eventually made him her heir (probably in the 2nd half of the 1st cent. BC). After her death he called himself Clesippus Geganius and had built for himself an expensive tomb of which the inscription is still preserved (Plin. HN 34,11f.; ILLRP 696). This widespread story may underlie the character of Trimalchio in Petronius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
Geganius
Name of a Roman patrician family, which according to tradition was politically significant in Rome during the 5th cent. BC, but then entirely disappeared. The gens supposedly came to Rome from Alba Longa under king Tullus Hostilius (Liv. 1,30,2; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,29,7); a later construction traced the family back to Gyas, a companion of Aeneas (Serv. Aen. 5,117). [German version] [1] G. Macerinus, M. Cos III, censor 435 BC Consul I in 447 BC, II in 443 (triumph over the Volsci, InscrIt 13,1,67; Liv. 4,9f.), III in 437, censor in 435 with C. Furius [I 25] Pacilus; legate in 431. Elvers, Ka…
Gegeneis
Author(s): Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen)
(Γηγενεῖς, 'Earth Born '). [German version] [1] Epithet of the Giants Epithet of the Aloads (Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,482), Orion (Apollod. 1,25 Wagner), the Spartans (Eur. Bacch. 264), Argus [I 5] (Aesch. PV 567), and the giants (Batr. 7; Soph. Trach. 1058f.; Eur. Phoen. 1131). As a noun = giants (Aristoph. Nub. 853; Lycoph. 1408; explained in Diod. Sic. 4,21,7). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Mythical people Mythical people living near Cyzicus, mentioned by Apoll. Rhod. (1,941-3; 989-91 with schola). Dei(l)ochus of Proconnesus called them ἐγχειρογάστορες ( Enche…
Geidumni
Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] A people of Gallia Belgica mentioned only in Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1 as being subject to the Nervii. Their home in Flanders cannot be located with certainty. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
Geisericus (Geiseric)
Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)
[German version] Regarding the name [5. 394]. King of the Vandals and Alani AD 428-477, successor to his half-brother Gundericus. In 429 G. crossed from the south of Spain to north Africa with 80,000 others (Victor Vitensis 1,2), possibly called in by the Comes Africae Bonifatius [1], who fell from grace in 427, but ultimately he went because the wealth of the country. Neither Boniface nor an eastern Roman auxiliary corps commanded by Aspar ( Ardabur [2]) were able to stop the Vandals' advance; in 431 G. conquered H…
Geison
[German version] (γεῖσον; geîson). Ancient architectural term (instances from Greek antiquity in [1. 32f.]) designating the cornice, the upper section of the entablature, originally in columned buildings with a hipped or saddleback roof, later also in storey and wall construction. The compact, monolithic or many-stone, horizontal cornice runs around the whole colonnade. Used since the first Doric peripteral temples, imitates the overhang of roof beams providing shelter from rain water in buildings …
Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) | Palermo, Dario (Catania)
This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization (Γέλα; Géla) [German version] A. History City on the south-west coast of Sicily, named after the river Gelas, at the mouth of which G. lies. G. was founded as a Dorian colony with the name 'Lindioi' by Antiphemus of Rhodes and the Cretan Entimus forty-five years after the founding of Syracusae (Thuc. 6,4,3), in other words in 690 BC. Herodotus also names as founder Gelon of Telos (Hdt. 7,153), an ancestor of the tyrant o…
Gelanor
Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Γελάνωρ; Gelánōr). Mythical original king of Argus, son of Sthenelus (Paus. 2,16,1), whose only significance is that he abdicated the rulership to Danaus (Apollod. 2,13); in Aesch. Supp. 266 he is called Pelasgus. The change in dynasty took place either after a battle (Plut. Pyrrhus 32,9f., 404e-f) or by referendum (Paus. 2,19,3f.). A battle, understood as an omen, between a bull and a wolf, which the wolf wins, is crucial on both occasions. Danaus is in this way connected to Ar…
Gelasius
Author(s): Rist, Josef (Würzburg) | Markschies, Christoph (Berlin) | Brändle, Rudolf (Basle)
[German version] [1] Bishop of Caesarea [2] Maritima/Palaestina Bishop of Caesarea [2] Maritima/Palaestina (died before AD 400). The nephew of Cyrillus of Jerusalem, installed as bishop around 365/367, took part in the Council of Constantinople in 381 and in the synod there in 394. At the wish of his uncle, G. wrote a continuation of the Church history by Eusebius [7] of Caesarea, going as far as 395, which had a long-lasting effect (Gelasius of Cyzicus, hagiographic lives, etc.). Parts of the lost s…
Gelduba
Author(s): Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
Geleontes
see Iones
Gelimer
Gellias
Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
[German version] (Γελλίας; Gellías). Wealthy Acragantian, whose unique hospitality and generosity were extolled by Diodorus (13,83) when portraying the prosper…
Gellius
Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Krasser, Helmut (Gießen)
Roman nomen gentile, which can almost certainly be traced back to the praenomen G. attested from the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC. There is evidence of the bearers of the name in the political life of Rome from the 2nd cent. BC. [German version] [1] Stepbrother of L. Marcius Philippus (Cos. 56 BC) Stepbrother of L. Marcius Philippus ( cos. 56 BC), otherwise unknown supporter of P. Clodius [I 4] from the equestrian class, defamed by Cicero as 'the wet-nurse of all revolutionaries' (Cic. Vatin. 4; Cic. Sest. 110-112). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] G., Cn. Rom. historia…
Gello
[German version] (Γελλώ; Gellṓ) designates the spirit of a girl who died single, which kills unmarried or pregnant women and small children; it is first mentioned in Sappho (fr. 178 L.P. = 168 V.) [1]; G. is also the name of a mythological creature with these characteristics (Suda s.v.). It was still feared in the Byzantine period (Johannes Damascenus Perì Stryngôn, PG 94, 1904 C; Psellos Dihḗgesis perì Gellṓs [2]), something that has survived to the present day in rural Greece [3]. G. has often been associated with Lamia and Mormo, two similar spirits, and the strix. Rites to fend off G…
Gelon
Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
(Γέλων; Gélōn). [German version] [1] Greatest Sicilian tyrant prior to Dionysius I, about 491-479 BC Son of Deinomenes from Gela, greatest Sicilian tyrant prior to Dionysius I, period of reign c. 491-478 BC. Firstly bodyguard, later master-of-horse of Hippocrates of Gela, after whose death in 491 he usurped the tyrannis over Gela and brought the east Sicilian archḗ of his predecessor, comprising Gela, Camarina, Callipolis, Leontini, Catana, Naxos and numerous Sicilian communities, into his power (Hdt. 7,154). Called to help around 485 by the Syracusan gamoroi (land owners), who …
[German version] (Γελωνοί; Gelōnoí). According to Hdt. (4,102; 108f.; 120; 136), agricultural Scythian tribe in the neighbourhood of the Budini and speaking a Graeco-Scythian hybrid language; descendants of Gelonus; originally Greek refugees from Greek trade settlements. They apparently took part in the battle against Darius [1] I. Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel)
Gelonus
Author(s): Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) | von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
(Γελωνός; Gelōnós). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and the snake maiden Echidna Son of Hercules and the snake maiden Echidna, brother of Agathyrsus and of Scythes, eponym of the Graeco-Scythian Geloni (Hdt. 4,10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] City of the Butini City of the Budini, mentioned only by Hdt. 4,108, according to the context of the highly contested passage, north of the Melanchlaeni on the upper Donec. Herodotus describes a city built of wood with Greek architecture and a Greek life-style. The inhabit…
Gem see Gem cutting
Author(s): Michel, Simone (Hamburg)
Michel, Simone (Hamburg) A. Research History (CT) [German version] 1. From the Middle Ages to the Late Renaissance (CT) During the early Middle Ages interest in cut gems had declined rapidly. Colourful gemstones were indeed used to decorate objects, but generally without figurative motifs. In the Carolingian and the Hohenstaufen periods (9th cent.; 12th/13th cents.), the cutting of cameos was once again taken up [2; 11. 2. fn. 3, 375. fn. 2 und 6, 380. fn. 30]. In the Middle Ages, gems and cameos from Antiquity w…
Author(s): Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) | Michel, Simone (Hamburg)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient see Seals Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] II. Phoenician Phoenician and Punic gem cutting (GC) (= glyptography) is known almost exclusively through stamp seals in the form of scarabees ( Scarabee) or scaraboids that were very widespread in the ancient world; the body of the beetle is graphically linear in the Phoenician east, whilst in the Punic west ─ under the Ionian-Etruscan influence ─ it is structured much more three-dimensionally. Here Greek motifs (He…
Gemellae
Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Africa | Limes Camp and city in Numidia, situated 25 km south-west of Biskra, modern El-Kasbat. G. was part of the fortification system of the fossatum. A detachment of the legio III Augusta and the ala I Pannoniorum were here at various times. In the 4th cent. the praepositus limitis Gemellensis had its quarters in G. Evidence: Tab. Peut. 5,1; Not. Dign. Occ. 25,24. Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 2482; Suppl. 2, 17976-17985; AE 1969-1970, 222 no. 741(?); 1989, 287 no. 883. Limes Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography J. Baradez, G., …
Gemellus
Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
[German version] [1] Friend of king Herod I, entrusted with political and diplomatic commisions Friend of King Herod I. Entrusted with political and diplomatic commissions and with the education of Alexander, the eldest son of the king of Mariamme, he accompanied him in 23 BC to Rome for five years. When in 14 BC Herod began to distrust his son, G. fell from grace (Jos. Ant. Iud. 16,241-243). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Accompanied his father Anatolius, the governor, AD 361 to Phoenicia Son of Anatolius, Cilician, brother of Apolinarius, with whom he …
see Constellations
Geminius
Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Roman family name, probably derived from, and in manuscripts often confused with, Geminus (Schulze 108). I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] G. Friend of Pompey Friend of Pompey, on whose orders he murdered M. Iunius Brutus in 77 BC (Plut. Pompeius 2,6; 16,6). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] G. Friend des M. Antonius Friend of the triumvir Marcus Antonius [I 9], who tried in vain to persuade the latter to return to Rome in 32 BC and become reconciled with Octavian (Plut. Antonius 59,1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) II. Imperial period [German version] [II 1]…
[German version] [II] Cognomen ('twin') of the Tusculan Maecius G.; in the fasti of the Republican period otherwise used by the Servilii and Veturii; widespread in the Imperial period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCap. 145 Id., FCIR 253 Kajanto, Cognomina 294 Walde/Hofmann 1, 586f.
Author(s): Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Γέμινος; Géminos) [I]. [German version] [1] Astronomer and mathematician Astronomer and mathematician from the school of Posidonius. Almost nothing is known about his life. The height of his creativity was around 70 BC. It is generally accepted that he lived in Rhodes. The only fully extant treatise by G. is the 'Introduction to Astronomy' (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ φαινόμενα). It is in the tradition of Eudoxus and Aratus [4]. Similarly to the later writing by Cleomedes, it is an elementary textbook on astrono…
Gems, Gem and cameo cutters
see Gem cutting
Genauni
[German version] Alpine tribe in Raetia (Hor. Carm. 4,14,10), subjugated by Drusus in 15 BC, which, like the Breuni, was thought of as Illyrian (Str. 4,6,8); Plin. HN 3,137 has Caenauni, Ptol. 2,12,4 Βένλαυνοι ( Bénlaunoi). It is thought that their dwelling places were, e.g., in the eastern Inn Valley in the Tyrol. Allocation by Paus. 8,43,4 (Britannia) is uncertain [1]. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 J. G. F. Hind, The 'Genounian' part of Britain, in: Britannia 8, 1977, 229-234. R. Frei-Stolba, Die Räter in den ant. Quellen, in: B. Frei (ed.), Das Räterproblem in ge…
Genava
Author(s): Walser, Gerold (Basle)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | | Gallia/Gaul | Celts | Batavian Revolt Most northerly oppidum of the Celtic tribe of the Allobroges in the hilly area between the embouchure of the Rhône, Arve and Lake Geneva, modern Geneva. The name, like Genoa, is Ligurian. Even in the pre-Roman period the place was significant from the point of view of traffic policy: harbour complex on the south side of the embouchure of the Rhône for navigation on the Rhône and Lake Geneva, wooden bridge …
see Sex
Author(s): Wagner-Hasel, Beate (Darmstadt) | Stahlmann, Ines (Berlin) | King, Helen (Reading)
I. Society [German version] A. Greece It was a characteristic of Greek society that the spheres of the two genders were strictly separated in a way that has little in common with the modern distinction between a private, domestic sphere and a public, political one. Neither should the house ( oíkos ) be seen as a purely private sphere, nor can gender roles (GR) be limited to one area only. There were divisions both within the house and within the public sphere of ancient cities. The ancient discourse on GR was characterized both by complimentariness and by demarcation. Wagner-Hasel, Beate (D…
Author(s): Egger, Brigitte (Tübingen RWG)
Egger, Brigitte (Tübingen RWG) [German version] A. Definition, Concept and Conceptual History (CT) Gender Studies (GS) is an interdisciplinary research approach to the role of sex or gender in culture, society and science. This discipline, which is particularly flourishing in Classical Studies within the Anglo-American sphere, differs from other forms of historical or literary gender research in its combination of methods developed in women's studies with those of post-structuralism. In social and cultural sciences, the English term gender (originally 'grammatical gend…
Author(s): Renger, Johannes (Berlin) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Rüpke, Jörg (Erfurt)
In early societies, largely based on family organizations, genealogy as a derivation of a person's descent in the form of a pedigree is often used as a means of legitimation and (pseudo-historical) memory, which was always also directed at publicity (genealogy from Greek γενεαλογεῖν; genealogeîn, 'to talk about [one's] origin'). [German version] I. Near East and Egypt The purpose of lineage, transmitted in the form of a genealogy (generally patrilineal; exceptions in the case of Egyptian rulers), was to legitimate a claim to rulership, to tenure of a …
Geneleus
Author(s): Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg)
[German version] Sculptor of the archaic period, famous for the family group with his signature in the Heraion on Samos (560-550 BC). The group consists of the reclining figure of the founder ...ιλάρχος, three standing girls (unknown name, Philippe, Ornithe), the fragments of a young man, and the enthroned mother Phileia; apart from Ornithe (Berlin, SM, Inv. 1739), all the figures are on Samos (Vathy, Mus. Inv. 768). G. proves himself a master of Ionian sculpture because of the minute detail to w…
Genera causarum
Author(s): Calboli, Gualtiero (Bologna)
(γένη τῶν λόγων ῥητορικῶν; génē tôn lógōn rhētorikôn). [German version] A. The Branches of Oratory The doctrine of the genera causarum ( GC) was developed in particular by Aristotle, who divided all oratorical topics into three groups (Rh. 1,3 = 1358b6─8), whereas his predecessors distinguished several types ( eídē, species) and only considered two GC, i.e. the deliberative and the judicial. Two GC are mentioned in Pl. Phdr. 261b [7. 170; 4. 258], and the same two GC together with seven eídē appear in the Rhetorica ad Alexandrum (1,1 = 1421b6-12), written in c. 340 BC before Aristotl…
Genera dicendi
(χαρακτῆρες τῆς λέξεως, charaktêres tês léxeōs). [German version] A. Concept and Classifications Genera dicendi ( GD) is taken as the usual term for the doctrine of style (as in Cic. Orat. 20; 69; Quint. Inst. 12,10,58; Isid. Orig. 2,17 H.), alongside elocutionis genera (Iul. Vict. rhet. 22 p. 438,8 H., 92,12 Giom.-Celentano; Aquila rhet. 27,10f.H.; Mart. Cap. 479,5 H.; Consultus Fortunatianus 3,8 [5. 510,5f.] as sing. genus e.). In the earliest Latin attestation (Rhet. Her. 4,11), elocutio and genera are linked, albeit separated by twelve words; genera elocutionis does not exist…
General Abbreviations
Common abbreviations (e.g., etc.) are not included in the list of general abbreviations. A. Aulus a.u.c. ab urbe condita abl. ablative acc. accusative aed. cur. aedilis curulis aed. pl. aedilis plebi Ap(p). Appius Athens, AM Athens, Acropolis Museum Athens, BM Athens, Benaki Museum Athens, NM Athens, National Museum Athens, NUM Athens, Numismatic Museum b. born Baltimore, WAG Baltimore,Walters Art Gallery Basle, AM Basle, Antikenmuseum Berlin, PM Berlin, Pergamonmuseum Berlin, SM Berlin, Staatliche Museen bk(s). book(s) Bonn, RL Bonn, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Boston, MFA Bost…
Genesia
[German version] (τὰ Γενέσια; tà Genésia). Name of a Greek family festival in honour of a dead ancestor (Hdt. 4,26). In Athens, it became ─ allegedly at Solon's instigation ─ a public festival of the dead, the celebrations of which on the 5th Boedromion also included a sacrifice to Gaia (Philochorus FGrH 328 F 168). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography F. Jacoby, Γενέσια. A forgotten festival of the dead, in: CQ 38, 1944, 65-75.
Genesis poetry
see Biblical poetry
Genethliakon
Author(s): Robbins, Emmet (Toronto)
[German version] I. Greek A genethliakón (γενεθλιακόν, sc. μέλος, ᾷ̓σμα) is a poem in honour of a birthday (γενέθλιος ἡμέρα, γενέθλιον ἦμαρ), in association with a gift or standing alone. Callim. Fr. 202 is a iamb to a friend in celebration of the seventh day after the birth of his daughter. There is an isopsephic epigram written by Leonides of Alexandria (Anth. Pal. 6,321) as a birthday present to Caesar γενεθλιακαῖσιν ἐν ὥραις. Other epigrams, particularly by Crinagoras, accompanied birthday gifts…
Genethlius
Author(s): Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
[German version] (Γενέθλιος; Genéthlios). Greek rhetor from Petra, a pupil of Minocianus and Agapetus, 2nd half of the 3rd cent. AD. He taught in Athens in rivalry to Callinicus, and died there aged 28. He wrote epideictic orations and was praised for his talent and his astounding memory (Suda s.v.). The fact that he is mentioned four times in the Schol. Demosth. (18,8; 52; 19,148; 22,3) supports the assumption that G. had written a commentary on that rhetor. Two treatises on the classification of …
Genetyllis
[German version] (Γενετυλλίς; Genetyllís). The Genetyllides (pl.) were Attic goddesses, linked, as their name indicates, to birth and fertility. Their sanctuary was situated on Cape Colias. They were venerated by women in an exuberant celebration and received the sacrifice of a dog. Closely related in function were the Phocaean Gennaides (Paus. 1,1,5), and in particular Eileithyia, who also received canine sacrifices. Documentary evidence: Aristoph. Lys. 2; Aristoph. Nub. 52; Aristoph. Thesm. 130 with schol.; Paus. 1,1,5 with schol.; Hsch., Suda s.v. G. Graf, Fritz (Columbus…
Geneva Declaration
Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] One of the first official acts of the World Medical Association, founded in 1947, was drafting the Geneva Declaration (GD), a contemporary reformulation of the Hippocratic Oath; further improvements were made in 1968. The so-called abortion paragraph and the ban on surgery made way for more modern general provisions to respect human life from the moment of conception and always to use medical knowledge in harmony with the laws of humanity. It retained mention of a doctor's obliga…
Genita Mana
[German version] Goddess, mentioned by Plutarch (Quaest. Rom. 52,277a) and Pliny (HN 29,14,58) in conjunction with a canine sacrifice. According to Plutarch, the prayer during the sacrifice was for 'none of the house slaves to become good (χρηστός, chrēstós)', interpreted as a euphemism for 'dead'. Plutarch links the name of the goddess to childbirth. Modern interpretations proceed hardly any further [1; 2]. A Diva Geneta appears in Agnone (mid-3rd cent. BC [3]), whereas Mana is referred to as a deity of the Underworld in Mart. Cap.…
Author(s): Maharam, Wolfram-Aslan (Gilching)
[German version] A. Roman Development Genius is etymologically interpreted as the tutelary deity external to a man (ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, agathòs daímōn) or alternatively his internal power of procreation and in other life events. Academic research [2. 23; 5. 11] has resulted in a synthesis, as no prototype can be assumed for the cult of the genius; the genius is seen as a deified personality/concept located in the forehead, as manifest in an individual's innate qualities: the procreational force within each man, the power embracing his personality. The genius is divine and responsible…
Genizah
Author(s): Ego, Beate (Osnabrück)
[German version] In Judaism, a genizah ('safekeeping', from Aramaic gnaz, 'to hide') is a repository for books which are no longer in use but which contain the name of God, or for ritual objects, in order to prevent misuse or profanation. Such rooms were frequently found in synagogues; if the synagogue itself was demolished, the books and objects were 'interred' in the cemetery. Of particular importance amongst the multitude of genizahs in the Jewish world is the genizah of the Esra synagogue in Fusṭāṭ (Old Cairo), whose academic evaluation was due mainly to the British…
Gennadius
Author(s): Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) | Gruber, Joachim (Munich)
[German version] [1] Patriarch of Constantinople 5th cent. AD (Γεννάδιος, Gennádios) Patriarch of Constantinople AD 458-471. As an advocate at the Council of Calchedon (451), he opposed acceptance of the Christology of Cyrillus of Alexandria. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography F. Diekamp, Analecta Patristica, 1938, 54-72 (73-108). [German version] [2] Priest in Marseilles, 5th cent. AD Priest in Marseilles associated with the Semipelagians, who died between 492 and 505. Complementary to Hieronymus' De viris illustribus, he compiled under the same title a c…
Gennesar
see Tiberias
Author(s): Angeli Bertinelli, Maria Gabriella (Genoa)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | | Commerce | Punic Wars | Regio, regiones (ancient Genua, modern Genova). Ligurian fortress on the harbour of Mandraccio, used in pre-Roman times by Etruscans and Massiliotes: pre-urban phase end of the 6th cent. BC; settled from the mid 5th cent. BC (wall remains, pottery, bronze and lead, statuette of a discus thrower, Etruscan inscriptions; necropoleis, cremations in 'well graves'). It was an oppidum allied with Rome, in 218 BC the base of P. Cornelius [I 68] Scipio against H…
Author(s): Freitag, Klaus (Münster)
[German version] (γένος; génos, pl. γένη/ génē). The term has been used commonly in archaic Greece with the meaning 'of aristocratic origin', in addition in the sense of house, family, generation, species etc. [1]. In the research Attic génē were for a long time regarded as exclusive noble clans whose former dominance was still demonstrated in the later privileges (supervision of admission to the phratria and exclusive holding of positions as priests). According to the investigation by [2] and [3], the génē are today regarded as local village communities which arose in archa…
Genre, genre theory
Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg) | Huss, Bernhard (Munich)
Huß, Werner (Bamberg) [German version] A. Ancient Foundations (CT) In Antiquity, the genre debate was largely determined by Aristotle's Poetics and Horace's Ars poetica ( Epistula ad Pisones). The views expressed in these texts, albeit at times contradictory, affected the entire modern reception of the ancient genre debate. The trend towards a normative poetics, and thus a prescriptive understanding of ancient theorems, was generally dominant and already evident in Horace's thinking [18. 257]. In the modern debate, theref…
Author(s): Deißmann-Merten, Marie-Luise (Freiburg)
[German version] A. Politics and Society The Roman gens comprised the members of a family who descended from a common ancestor and under whose potestas they would have been, if he had still been alive (Varro, Ling. 8,4). The main distinction between gentiles and agnati lay in the fact that the latter could prove their blood relationship with their progenitor, whereas for the former, this relationship was only a fictitious assumption. The origins of the gens are a matter of scholarly dispute, and will likely remain so because of the lack of source material from Rome's …
Gens Bacchuiana
[German version] Settlement in Africa proconsularis, in the valley of Oued Siliana near Tichilla and Thubursicum Bure, modern Bou Djelida. Chief place of the gens Bacchuiana, under Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), its administration lay in the hands of undecimprimi. Inscriptions: CIL VIII Suppl. 1, 12331-12340a; Suppl. 4, 23922-23930. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AATun 050, sheet 34, no. 74.
Genthius
Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
[German version] (Γένθιος; Génthios). King of the Labeates c. 181-168 BC, allegedly a drunkard and fratricide (Pol. 29,13; Liv. 44,30,2-5); he also supposedly encouraged the activities of the (previously defeated) Illyrian pirates (Liv. 40,42,1-5). G. distanced himself from the pro-Rome policies of his predecessor and father Pleuratus, and refused to enter into an alliance with Rome on the eve of the Third Macedonian War (Liv. 42,37,1f.; 45,8); in 170, he had to accept the requisitioning of 54 lembi ( Navigation) by M. Lucretius in Dyrrhachium (Liv. 42,48,8). Even thou…
[German version] (gentian). Greece boasts seven, Italy more than 20 species of this family with about 200 species in total. According to Dioscorides (3,3 p.2,4 Wellmann = p.262f. Berendes), the medicinal properties of these species, generally identified as γεντιανή/ gentianḗ ( gentiana: Pliny), were allegedly discovered by an Illyrian king called Gentis (= Gentius: Plin. HN 25,71). In medicine, gentiana found a multitude of applications (Plin. HN 26,29 and passim): Even in antiquity, juice was extracted from the root of the yellow Gentiana lutea L. and related species ─ ascribe…
Author(s): Rix, Helmut (Freiburg)
[German version] The gentile ─ signifying membership to a family ( Gens ) ─ is bequeathed by the father to the children and kept by the wife after marriage. It is the defining element in the Roman and Middle Italian system of personal names ( Personal names: Rome and Italia), occupying second place after the praenomen in the formula for names. Aside from birth, other possibilities existed of attaining a gentile: a) through adoption, wherein the adopted person receives the gentile of the adoptive father; his prior gentile added as a suffix at first ( P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, son of L. …
Gentunis
[German version] (Genzon). Son of Geisericus, brother of Hunericus, father of Gunthamundus, Gelaridus, and Thrasamund (Procop. Vand. 1,5,11; 8,6-8; 9,6). In AD 468, he participated in the naval battle against Basiliscus (Procop. Vand. 1,6,24), only to die in 477, preceding his father in death. PLRE 2,502-503 (Genton 1). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
Genucius
Name of an old family, perhaps immigrants from Etruria [1. 456f.]. One of the leading families of plebeian nobility in the 4th and 3rd cents. BC: G. [9] occupied the office of consul immediately after it was opened up to plebeians (in 367/6), G. [1] belonged to the first plebeian augurs. The historicity of the patrician name-bearers of G. [5]-[7] is contested [2. 111; 3. 12f.]. The family died out at the end of the 3rd cent. BC. [German version] [1] G., C. One of the plebeian augurs 300 BC One of the first plebeian augurs appointed following the lex Ogulnia of 300 BC (Liv. 10,9,2). The cognomen Aug…
see Literary genre
Genusia
Author(s): Gargini, Michela (Pisa)
[German version] (modern Ginosa). City west of Tarentum ─ the original centre of the Peucetii; Roman municipium ( Genusini, Plin. HN 3,105). Settlements existed from the Iron Age until the late Roman period; funerary finds. Gargini, Michela (Pisa) Bibliography E. de Juliis, L'attività archeologica in Puglia nel 1983, Atti del XXIII Convegno di Taranto (1983), 1984, 421-446, 429-431 Id., Magna Grecia, 1996, 266 T. Scholjer, Notiziario delle Attività di Tutela, Settembre 1987-Agosto 1988. Ginosa (Taranto), via S. Francesco Saverio, Taras, VIII, 1-2, 1988, 114f. M. T. Giannotta, …
Author(s): García-Ramón, José Luis (Cologne)
[German version] A. Types: place names and vocabulary In antiquity, the different types of place names (esp. names of regions and cities or settlements, also names of mountains, lakes, rivers, islands, fields, and roads) are thoroughly documented and transmitted in Greek and Latin, however, there are many variations in form, e.g. Πιθηκοῦσσα : Aenāria (today Ischia). If a place name cannot be interpreted from within the vocabulary of the language in which it is documented, it usually goes back to the language(s) of prehistorical populations. On the o…
Geographus Ravennas
Author(s): Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
[German version] Anonymous, apparently clerical, author of the 8th cent. AD from Ravenna (4,31), also referred to as Anonymus Ravennas. His Cosmographia describes the entire world as it was known in his time in 5 bks. Bk. 1 argues ─ in observance of Biblical and patristical traditions ─ for a view of the earth as a flat disc surrounded by oceans, with the sun running along the southern rim during the day. Bks. 2-5 present lists of 5,000 place names, organized by regions and, in part, by Roman provinces (regions, cit…
Author(s): Fritscher, Bernhard (Munich)
Geography Fritscher, Bernhard (Munich) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Geography belongs to those scientific disciplines in which the state of knowledge of Antiquity in the modern era has proven to be in need of a great deal of correction and expansion. The discovery of the 'New World' (1492) and the sea route to India (1498) exemplarize the beginning of the modern era [13]. Nevertheless, ancient geographical thought has influenced the practice of scientific geography until today [1. 57-58]. In te…
Author(s): Kessler, Karlheinz (Emskirchen) | Talbert, Richard (Chapel Hill, NC)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt The oldest sources for the geography of Mesopotamia consist of topographical lists (3rd millennium BC), of which one lists a total of 289 eastern and central Mesopotamian places. Clay plates from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC occasionally show schematised city maps with labels (Babylon, Nippur, Uruk, Sippar) as well as regional area maps (Nuzi, Tellō, Nippur, Euphratis region, Sippar). These were probably created in the context of land surveying. A world map exists which is unique in its central orientation towards Babylon ( c. 5th cent.…
[German version] Geology, in modern understanding, is the science of physical nature (mineralogy, metallurgy) and of the structure, formation, and development of earth's crust (tectonics) as well as the forces that shaped this development ('dynamic geology'). Antiquity only knew the first beginnings of a comparable scientific discipline [1. 8-50; 2]. Geological technologies ( Mining, Quarries) were implemented even before specific geological questions began to be studied in Near Eastern theories …
Geology (and mineralogy)
Fritscher, Bernhard (Munich) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) The phenomena and questions with which geology and mineralogy deal today were the subject of two methodologically separate disciplines in Antiquity. Meteorologia inquired into the causes of terrestrial phenomena; the description and classification of rocks and minerals (and fossils) were the subject of historia naturalis (and, with regard to the medicinal benefits of minerals, of pharmacology and medicine). As the science of the Earth's history, geology is, to be sure, a creation …
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Oscar: Where We Stand Now (Supporting Actress)
Last time on "Where We Stand Now" we documented the only current supporting actors who might survive through the fall season to an Oscar nod.
Here's a quick look at the 5 likeliest nominees (according to my idea of AMPAS tastes) if the year ended on August 31st. What are the chances for these candidates going into 2005's final four-month stretch?
Dakota FanningWar of the Worlds
Taraji P Henson Hustle & Flow
Thandie Newton Crash
Renee Zellweger Cinderella Man
Zhang Ziyi 2046
I wanted to throw in Mary Lynn Rajskub for Mysterious Skin just for the helluva it. She'd be lucky to even be considered for the Indie Spirits though. (I thought she was terrific in Punch Drunk Love too.) As for the gorgeous collection of acclaimed ladies in Broken Flowers ...I haven't yet seen it --but we're talking buzz here and that is all about Bill Murray. Not a one of the women have been singled out to any substantial degree.
But back to the imaginary August year-end roundup. If you accept my premise that those five are the leaders... will they hold up through the Fall? Taraji P Henson won't be in play. Her leading man Terrance Howard, who is having a great year, may be able to make a bid for lead actor for Hustle & Flow. That is IF the critics give him a boost at year's end. But he would have to be a slam dunk to help pull someone else in. And he isn't. Neither of them are well-known enough for easy balloting from the fame-loving Oscar voters. Ziyi Zhang is also dead in the water. Well, for this film at least. Her performance in 2046 is sensational. In fact, it's my favorite in this category so far and I'm not even a "fan" of the budding superstar. But how many voters will see this Hong Kong gem? They didn't even nominate Wong Kar-Wai's masterpiece In the Mood for Love for Best Foreign Film in its year. He and his films are apparently too cool for the Academy's school.
So that leaves us with a frightened little girl, a Crash victim, and Oscar's numero uno favorite type "The Supportive Spouse". None of these contenders will survive until nomination day but we'll complete the exercize anyway because we love talking about Oscar.
In Crash's acclaimed ensemble Thandie Newton has the meatiest female role (+) she's gorgeous (+) and the Academy loves victims (+). Unfortunately her performance is uneven (-) she has internal competition (big -) and she's not "due" (-). Speaking of "due" ---how's that for an unlikely segueway into conversations about an 11-year-old??? Who'da thunk that Dakota Fanning would have such a career already? Given her work to date and her 'it' status as thechild star right now, it's easy to imagine her as a future nominee --or at least as the next Drew Barrymore. She's an unusually gifted child star in a category that does, in fact, reward child stars (+) she steals the movie from a big star (+) Too bad her character is missing an arc (big -) and it's a summer blockbuster (-). Finally there's the desperate Oscar-lust of Renee Zellweger to consider. She plays Oscars unarguable favorite supporting role in Cinderella Man (enormous +) and they like her (+). But, after a four year dominance of the red carpet and a recent win they really owe her zilch (-) her film wasn't a hit (-) and the press doesn't fawn over her anymore (big -).
Most Likely to Survive?
All five of Oscar's eventual nominees in this category have yet to surface. But of those we've covered I'll say Thandie Newton in Crash is the only one that any upcoming performer should consider fearing. But even then, she'll need the film to win its marathon run to the Best Picture shortlist in order to pull it off. Thandie's a conceivable nominee but a total longshot.
Labels: Oscars
I, for some reason, heard that Zells was going Lead for "Cinderella Man," but it's unsubstantiated as of yet. (Also, she won't make it in either category.)
I would've included Bullock, but ultimately I think Zellweger is the obvious hopeful to last till the end. Cinderella Man is not as dead as many seem to think it is, though regardless, she's the weakest hopeful of the cast.
i had Bullock in originally but replaced her with Ziyi who I'd forgotten about because I am brain dead today.
she's totally my favorite this year (so far) so that's stoopid.
I think that Newton would have the best shot of those five (though one has to wonder if and when they are ever going to honor Sandra Bullock).
I have a question for you, though, Nathaniel, in regards to this race. Do you have any idea how large of role Jean Smart has in Munich-she seems like the sort of TV actress who could score at the Oscars with a nomination for the right role.
I really don't think anyone out already will be making it. Renee would be a shoo-in had she shockingly lost for Cold Mountain, but as it is, she's over. What would be the point of another supporting nom now anyway? Crash just doesn't seem like it will make THAT big an impression. Screenplay. Done.
I just don't see how any of these women could ever outdo the upcoming perfs from Collette, Dunst, Sarandon, Johannson, Clarkson, Winslet, Thurman, etc. This category will fill up fast at the end of the year.
I agree, this category is SO stacked. Hammering out my column the other day I started to get excited (as opposed to bored senseless with the lead actress column) because of the number of hopefuls we have coming down the pike. All interesting characters in a variety of films.
Ziyi WAS awesome in 2046 wasn't she?
And, yeah, I'd figure they'd nominate Bullock before Ziyi or the lady from Hustle & Flow.
I really thought Thandie was great. But who knows if five better supporting turns will arrive. We won't know till January i suppose.
i agree with everyone that noone who has yet arrived is going to make it (in this category) but SOMEONE who has already arrived IS going to make it. That's what happens every year. Hence this exercize
None of those women can possibly make it to the end of the year. However, there is one who you left out--Amy Adams in Junebug. This film has done almost nothing at the box office, yes. But critcs have unanymously praised her work as the best this year if you see for yourself, it is impossible to disagree. She is hysterically funny (+, in supporting categories at least) but she also has the most emotionally heavy scene in the film. If she can get any traction from critics' awards groups, she may have the best shot of anyone in this category so far this year.
Calum Reed said...
I'd love for Zhang Ziyi to make it as she's absoloutely wonderful in the film. The best I've seen this year, but she has no shot. However, it might help her in the lead campaign.
I pretty much agree with your analysis, except I think they're gonna campaign Zelwegger as lead, which should all but crush her hopes. Newton is probably the only one that has a chance, unless they're dying to give Fanning a nod.
I think it's a valid exercise. Ultimately, I'd expect the only real hopefuls of the pre-season contnders are:
Joan Allen in The Upside of Anger
Kevin Costner in The Upside of Anger
Russell Crowe in Cinderella Man
Paul Giamatti in Cinderella Man
Renee Zellweger in Cinderella Man
Matt Dillon in Crash
Thandie Newton in Crash
Terrence Howard in Hustle & Flow
I've got Giamatti in my predictions. And I really want to throw Crowe in there too. The marketing team on Crash is entirely convinced Dillon will score, but I don't know.
If they are wanting to truly reward Dakota Fanning they can wait until at least something like Charlotte's Web. That will at least have some emotional scenes that don't involve the audience having to listen to her SCREECH!
Badlands (1973)
Battle of the Goddesses
"We Don't Need Another (Awards Page)"
Oscar: Where We Stand Now (The Epilogue)
Oscar: Where We Stand Now (Actress)
Oscar: Where We Stand Now (Actor)
Friday CatBlogging: Sappho
Logic?
Oscar: Where We Stand Now (Supporting Actor)
Whatever Happened to Serving the Material?
Hopelessly Devoted to Her
Opinions on Actors
Madonna's Recovery
Hey Crude
Monday Moaning
Measure Your Pleasure
Joe's Friday Gig
Bad News for Selfish Fans
Bond = Bored
Golden Globe Best Actress: Comedy or Musical
Development Heaven
If...
Bakers Dozen: Reasons Why I Can't Wait For The Fall
too darn hot
Aquatic Tenenbaums @ Rushmore
Elsewhere...
All The King's Men (1949 & 2005)
2046: The Collection
What Your Queue Says About You
Laughs at His Own Jokes
Party Like It's 1999
2040-something
Must Read: Joss Whedon Interview
March of the Penguin Lovers
Q & A (remainder)
Q & A (personal)
Q & A (actor love)
ask nathaniel


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Next-generation neighbor-nets
Neighbor-nets are a most versatile tool for exploratory data analysis (EDA). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows us to tap into an unprecedented wealth of information that can be used for phylogenetics. Hence, it is natural step to combine the two.
I have been waiting for it (actively-passively) and the time has now come. Getting NGS data has become cheaper and easier, but one still needs considerable resources and fresh material. Hence, NGS papers usually not only use a lot of data, but also are many-authored. You can now find neighbor-nets based on phylogenomic pairwise distances computed from NGS data — for example, in these two recently published open access pre-prints:
Pérez Escobar OA, Bogarín D, Schley R, Bateman R, Gerlach G, Harpke D, Brassac J, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Dodsworth S, Hagsater E, Gottschling M, Blattner F. 2018. Resolving relationships in an exceedingly young orchid lineage using Genotyping-by-sequencing data. PeerJ Preprint 6:e27296v1
Hipp AL, Manos PS, Hahn M, Avishai M, Bodénès C, Cavender-Bares J, Crowl A, Deng M, Denk T, Fitz-Gibbon S, Gailing O, González Elizondo MS, González Rodríguez A, Grimm GW, Jiang X-L, Kremer A, Lesur I, McVay JD, Plomion C, Rodríguez-Correa H, Schulze E-D, Simeone MC, Sork VL, Valencia Avalos S. 2019. Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny. bioRxiv DOI:10.1101/587253.
Example 1: A young species aggregate of orchids
Pérez Escobar et al.'s neighbor-nets are based on uncorrected p-distances inferred from a matrix including 13,000 GBS ("genotyping-by-sequencing") loci (see the short introduction for the method on Wikipedia, or the comprehensive PDF from a talk at/by researchers of Cornell) covering 29 accessions of six orchid species and subspecies.
They also inferred maximum likelihood trees, and did a coalescent analysis to consider eventual tree-incompatible signal, gene-tree incongruence due to potential reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting. They applied the neighbor-net to their data because "split graphs are considered more suitable than phylograms or ultrametric trees to represent evolutionary histories that are still subject to reticulation (Rutherford et al., 2018)" – which is true, although neighbor-nets do not explicitly show a reticulate history.
Here's a fused image of the ML trees (their fig. 1) and the corresponding neighbor-nets (their fig. 2):
Not so "phenetic": NGS data neighbor-nets (NNet) show essentially the same than ML trees — the distance matrices reflect putative common origin(s) as much as the ML phylograms. The numbers at branches and edges show bootstrap support under ML and the NNet optimization.
Groups resolved as clades, Group I and III, or grades or clades, Group II (compare A vs. B and C), in the ML trees form simple (relating to one edge-bundle) or more complex (defined by two partly compatible edge-bundles, Group I in A) neighborhoods in the neighbor-net splits graphs. The evolutionary unfolding, we are looking at closely related biological units, was likely not following a simple dichotomizing tree, hence, the ambiguous branch-support (left) and competing edge-support (right) for some of the groups. Furthermore, each part of a genome will be more descriminative for some aspect of the coalescent and less for another, another source of topological ambiguity (ambiguous BS support) and incompatible signal (as seen in and handled by the neighbor-nets). The reconstructions under A, B and C differ in the breadth and gappyness of the included data (all NGS analyses involve data filtering steps): A includes only loci covered for all taxa, B includes all with less than 50% missing data, and C all loci with at least 15% coverage.
PS I contacted the first author, the paper is still under review (four peers), a revision is (about to be) submitted, and, with a bit of luck, we'll see it in print soon.
Example 2: The oaks of the world
The Hipp et al. (note that I am an author) neighbor-net is based on model-based distances. The reason I opted (here) for model-based distance instead of uncorrected p-distances is the depth of our phylogeny: our data cover splits that go back till the Eocene, but many of the species found today are relatively young. The dated tree analyses show substantial shifts in diversification rates. In the diverse lineages today and possibly in the past (see the lines in the following graph), in those with few species (*,#) we may be looking at the left-overs of ancient radiations.
A lineage(s)-through-time plot for the oaks (Hipp et al. 2019, fig. 2). Generic diversification probably started in the Eocene around 50 Ma, and between 10–5 Ma parts (usually a single sublineage) of these long-isolated intrageneric lineages (sections) underwent increased speciation.
The data basis is otherwise similar, SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) generated using a different NGS method, in our case RAD-tagging (RAD-seq) of c. 450 oak individuals covering the entire range of this common tree genus — the most diverse extra-tropical genus of the Northern Hemisphere. There are differences between GBS and RAD-seq SNP data sets — a rule of thumb is that the latter can provide more signal and SNPs, but the single-loci trees are usually less decisive, which can be a problem for coalescent methods and tests for reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting that require a lot of single-loci (or single-gene) trees (see the paper for a short introduction and discussion, and further references).
We also inferred a ML tree, and my leading co-authors did the other necessary and fancy analyses. Here, I will focus on the essential information needed to interpret the neighbor-net that we show (and why we included it at all).
Our fig. 6. Coloring of main lineages (oak sections) same as in the LTT plot. Bluish, the three sections traditionally included in the white oaks (s.l.); red, red oaks; purple, the golden-cup or 'intermediate' (between white and red) oaks — these three groups (five sections) form subgenus Quercus, which except for the "Roburoids" and one species of sect. Ponticae is restricted to the Americas. Yellow to green, the sections and main clades (in our and earlier ML trees) of the exclusively Eurasian subgenus Cerris.
Like Pérez Escobar et al., we noted a very good fit between the distance-matrix based neighbor-net and the optimised ML tree. Clades with high branch support and intra-clade coherence form distinct clusters, here distinct neighborhoods associated with certain edge bundles (thick colored lines). This tells us that the distance-matrix is representative, it captures the prime-phylogenetic signal that also informs the tree.
The first thing that we can infer from the network is that we have little missing data issues in our data. Distance-based methods are prone to missing data artifacts and RAD-seq data are (inevitably) rather gappy. It is important to keep in mind that neighbor-nets cannot replace tree analysis in the case of NGS data, they are "just" a tool to explore the overall signal in the matrix. If the network has neighborhoods contrasting what can be seen in the tree, this can be an indication that one's data is not sufficiently tree-like at all. But it also can just mean that the data is not sufficient to get a representative distance matrix.
Did you notice the little isolated blue dot (Q. lobata)? This is such a case — it has nothing to do with reticulation between the blue and the yellow edges, it's just that the available data don't produce an equally discriminative distance pattern: according to its pairwise distances, this sample is generally much closer to all other oak individuals included in the matrix in contrast to the other members of its Dumosae clade, which are generally more similar to each other, and to the remainder of the white oaks (s.str., dark blue, and s.l., all bluish).
Close-up on the white oak s.str. neighbor-hood (sect. Quercus) and plot of the preferred dated tree.
In the tree it is hence placed as sister to all other members, and, being closer to the all-ancestor, it triggers a deep Dumusae crown age, c. 10 myr older than the subsequent radiation(s) and as old as the divergence of the rest of the white oaks s.str.
The second observation, which can assist in the interpretation of the ML tree (especially the dated one), is the principal structure (ordering) within each subgenus and section. The neighbor-net is a planar (i.e. 2-dimensional graph), so the taxa will be put in a circular order. The algorithm essentially identifies the closest relative (which is a candidate for a direct sister, like a tree does) and the second-closest relative. Towards the leaves of the Tree of Life, this is usually a cousin, or, in the case of reticulation, the intermixing lineage. Towards the roots, it can reflect the general level of derivation, the distance the (hypothetical all-)ancestor.
Knowing the primary split (between the two subgenera), we can interprete the graph towards the general level of (phylogenetic) derivedness.
The overall least derived groups are placed to the left in each subgenus, and the most derived to the right. The reason is long-branch attraction (LBA) stepping in: the red and green group are the most isolated/unique within their subgenera, and hence they attract each other. This is important to keep in mind when looking at the tree and judge whether (local) LBA may be an issue (parsimony and distance-methods will always get the wrong tree in the Felsenstein Zone, but probabilistics have a 50% chance to escape). In our oak data, we are on the safe side. The red group (sect. Lobatae, the red oaks) are indeed resolved as the first-branching lineage within subgenus Quercus, but within subgenus Cerris it is the yellow group, sect. Cyclobalanopsis. If this would be LBA, Cyclobalanopsis would need to be on the right side, next to the red oaks.
The third obvious pattern is the distinct form of each subgraph: we have neighborhoods with long, slim root trunks and others that look like broad fans.
Long-narrow trunks, i.e. distances show high intra-group coherence and high inter-group distinctness can be expected for long isolated lineages with small (founder) population sizes, eg. lineages that underwent in the past severe or repeated bottleneck situations. Unique genetic signatures will be quickly accumulated (increasing the overall distance to sister lineages), and the extinction ensures only one (or very similar) signature survives (low intragroup diversity until the final radiation).
Fans represent gradual, undisturbed accumulation of diversity over a long period of time, eg. frequent radiation and formation of new species during range and niche expansion – in the absence of stable barriers we get a very broad, rather unstructured fan like the one of the white oaks (s.str.; blue); along a relative narrow (today and likely in the past) geographic east-west corridor (here: the 'Himalayan corridor') a more structured, elongated one as in the case of section Ilex (olive).
Close-up on the sect. Ilex neighborhood, again with the tree plotted. In the tree, we see just sister clades, in the network we see the strong correlation between geography and genetic diversity patterns, indicating a gradual expansion of the lineage towards the west till finally reaching the Mediterranean. Only sophisticated explicit ancestral area analysis can possibly come to a similar result (often without certainty) which is obvious from comparing the tree with the network.
This can go along with higher population sizes and/or more permeable species barriers, both of which will lead to lower intragroup diversity and less tree-compatible signals. Knowing that both section Quercus (white oaks s.str., blue) and Ilex (olive) evolved and started to radiate about the same time, it's obvious from the structure of both fans that the (mostly and originally temperate) white oaks produced always more, but likely less stable species than the mid-latitude (subtropical to temperate) Ilex oaks today spanning an arc from the Mediterranean via the southern flanks of the Himalayas into the mountains of China and the subtropics of Japan.
Networks can be used to understand, interpret and confirm aspects of the (dated) NGS tree.
The much older stem and young crown ages seen in dated trees may be indicative for bottlenecks, too. But since we typically use relaxed clock models, which allow for rate changes and rely on very few fix points (eg. fossil age constraints), we may get (too?) old stem and (much too) young crown ages, especially for poorly sampled groups or unrepresentative data. By looking at the neighbor-net, we can directly see that the relative old crown ages for the lineages with (today) few species fit with their within-lineage and general distinctness.
The deepest splits: the tree mapped on the neighbor-net.
By mapping the tree onto the network, and thus directly comparing the tree to the network, we can see that different evolutionary processes may be considered to explain what we see in the data. It also shows us how much of our tree is (data-wise) trivial and where it could be worth to take a deeper look, eg. apply coalescent networks, generate more data, or recruit additional data. Last, but not least, it's quick to infer and makes pretty figures.
So, try it out with your NGS data, too.
PS. Model-based distances can be inferred with the same program many of us use to infer the ML tree: RAxML. We can hence use the same model assumptions for the neighbor-net that we optimized for the inferring tree and establishing branch support.
Posted by Das Grimm at 12:30:00 AM
Labels: neighbour-net, Next Generation Sequencing, post-analysis EDA
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Is that one of the Dell cases that you press a button (half dallar size, think they were grey in color) on both the top and bottom (at the same time) of the case and then unfold it like a suitcase from the back? If it is I laughed the first time I seen one but the owner of it laughed back since I was the one that was suppose to know something about computers but had to have him open the case for me. That is one of the worst case designs I have ever seen, but anyway look for those push in buttons and unfold it from the back if its the one I'm thinking about.
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