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JAMA and race
August 23, 2021 • 10:45 am
The Journal of the American Medical Association has published a 6-page article about how to incorporate race and ethnicity into medical reporting. It's not bad as far as it goes; in fact there's only one thing wrong with it, but to me it seems like a big thing. Read by clicking on the screenshot below; you can also download a pdf file at the site.
They first define "race" and "ethnicity" by using the Oxford English Dictionary, which is the way I'd go about it. Here are their definitions:
The Oxford English Dictionary currently defines race as "a group of people connected by common descent or origin" or "any of the (putative) major groupings of mankind, usually defined in terms of distinct physical features or shared ethnicity" and ethnicity as "membership of a group regarded as ultimately of common descent, or having a common national or cultural tradition." For example, in the US, ethnicity has referred to Hispanic or Latino, Latina, or Latinx people.
Although these definitions are overlapping, since they both incorporate people of "common descent", one (or at least I) tend to think of "race" as the assertion, now known to be wrong, that humanity is divided up into a finite number of physically and genetically well-demarcated groups. (This claim historically went along with the assertion that there's more genetic variation between "racial" groups than within those groups, we now know that that is absolutely wrong; within-group variation hugely predominates). Nevertheless, one can show by using data from many genes and gene sites, and clustering algorithms, that humanity can be shown to form genetic clusters that correspond to geography, which of course corresponds to evolutionary history.
But the issue is that there are clusters within clusters within clusters, and where you draw the line and say "this cluster" is a "race" is purely subjective. That's why I don't like the term "race", as it's too freighted with biological misconceptions as well as social assumptions and, of course, the use of "race" as a way to divide and rank people. .
"Ethnicity" is a different matter, as it's not freighted, and although the definition above conflates ancestry with "cultural tradition", they're often connected. But for biological purposes I'd stick with ancestry, which of course refers to shared genes.
What I object to in the JAMA article is this sentence (I've put it in bold):
Race and ethnicity are social constructs, without scientific or biological meaning.
This is not so much flat wrong as grossly misleading. For example, I just cited the paper of Rosenberg et al., which shows that the genetic endowment of human groups correlates significantly to their geographical location (for example, if you choose to partition human genetic variation into five groups (how many groups you choose is arbitrary), you get a pretty clear demarcation between people from Africa, from Europe, from East Asia, from Oceania, and from the Americas. (To show further grouping, if you choose six groups, the Kalash people of Asia pop up). This is one reason why companies like 23 And Me stay in business.
This association of location with genetic clustering (and these geographic clusters do correspond to old "classical" notions of race) is not without scientific meaning, because the groupings represent the history of human migration and genetic isolation. That's why these groups form in the first place. Now you can call these groups "ethnic groups" instead of "races", or just "geographic groups" (frankly, you could call them almost anything, though, as I said, I avoid "race), but they show something profound about human history. The statement in bold above could be used to dismiss that meaning, which is why I consider that statement misleading.
As I said, there are groups within groups. Even within Europe, a paper by Novembre et al. reported, using half a million DNA sites, 50% of individuals could be placed within 310 km of their reported origin and 90% within 700 km of their origin.. And that's just within Europe (read the paper for more details). Again, this reflects a history of limited movement of Europeans between generations. Finally, in terms of "self identification", Tang et al., using just 326 markers, performed a genetic cluster analysis and identified four groups that matched nearly perfectly with the "racial" self-identification of people given four choices (white, African-American, East Asian, and Hispanic). Here's what they found:
Of 3,636 subjects of varying race/ ethnicity, only 5 (0.14%) showed genetic cluster membership different from their self-identified race/ethnicity. On the other hand, we detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ ethnicity—as opposed to current residence—is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population.
That is, there is almost perfect correspondence between what "race" (or ethnic group) Americans consider themselves to be and the identification of groups using observed genetic differences. Because these are Americans, and move around more, the genetics reflect ancestry more closely than geography, though in Europe geographic origin is also important.
I needn't point out that the morphological traits that we use to distinguish people from different areas also reflect genetic differences, including facial characteristics, hair color and texture, eye shape, and, of course, pigmentation. These are based on genetic differences. Of course this doesn't mean there is a "Caucasian race" distinguishable by morphology, but simply that the way we have divided up humanity is not without biological meaning. (What these differences mean, and how they evolved, is of course, obscure.) Again, there is biological meaning in ethnicity, if you see ethnicity as reflecting groups having common evolutionary descent.
Finally, as we all know, different ethnic groups have different incidence of genetic diseases, and these reflect genetic differences among groups. West African blacks and their descendants in the U.S. are, for example, more prone to sickle-cell disease than those of other groups. Ditto for Tay-Sachs disease and Ashkenazi Jews. Of course these diseases are not found only within the ethnic groups, but there are significant difference in the incidence of diseases, and thus in the gene forms causing those diseases, among these groups. If you consider West African or Ashkenazi Jews as "ethnic groups", which they are according to the definition above, then yes, ethnicity has a biological meaning, which reflects evolutionary history and common ancestry (if you don't know the sickle-cell story, you should look it up).
The article goes into all kinds of nuances about how to report race (self-report seems to be the best way), and I don't have much of a beef with their classification or how it's to be used. EXCEPT that they recommend recording race not as a way to aid in diagnoses and genetic counseling (if two Ashkenazi Jews came to an obstetrician, she'd probably recommend they be tested to see if they were Tay-Sachs carriers, but she wouldn't recommend the same for blacks) but as a way to ensure "equity" of treatment and accurate reporting of the incidence of diseases.
The article's underlying rationale for recording race at all is that although (as they claim) race or ethnicity has nothing to do with biology, it does have to do with socioeconomic factors like racism, "disparities and inequities" and "intersectionality", and those factors may play a role in disease. Note that class is not even mentioned, even though that surely plays a big role as well. But to ignore ethnicity except insofar as it (supposedly) closely correlates with health-related socioeconomic conditions is to not only overlook genetic data correlated with disease, but also to make unwarranted assumptions—that all members of an ethnic group are likely to share socioeconomic factors causal in disease.
I guess what bothers me the most about this article, besides the ignoring of genetic factors in favor of socioeconomic ones, is the claim that there is no biological significance of "race" or "ethnicity". Depending on how you define these terms, that's misleading. And if you use a "common ancestry" definition of either word, it's just wrong. The claims that race and ethnicity are social constructs having nothing to do with biology overlooks a whole world of genetics, evolution, and demographics. It's a phrase that hides what interests many of us about variation among groups in the human population. (For another take on genetic differences between groups that reflect evolution via different local adaptations, see this short note by Sarah Tishkoff, which shows that many interesting and important adaptations vary among ethnic groups.)
In other words, what bothers me is the idea, reflected in the statement in bold above, that all humanity is genetically the same. This is a mantra of much of the Left, reflecting a repugnance towards biological determinism and a sense that humans are almost infinitely malleable. But humans are genetically not the same, whether you're talking about differences between ethnic groups or between men and women. It's time that we face the data and admit this, and also realize that recognizing group differences is not at all the same as admitting that some groups are "better" than others. The assumption that the recognition of differences will automatically lead to ranking and then to bigotry is the mistaken conflation that produces articles like the one in JAMA.
As Richard Feynman said in another context (the Challenger disaster), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for Nature cannot be fooled." .
h/t: Bill
Flanagin A, Frey T, Christiansen SL, AMA Manual of Style Committee. Updated Guidance on the Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in Medical and Science Journals. JAMA. 2021;326(7):621–627. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.13304
Posted on August 23, 2021 September 10, 2021 by whyevolutionistruePosted in genetics, medicine and health, race, racism	Posted at 10:45 am
46 thoughts on "JAMA and race"
Norman Gilinsky says:
Geographical patterns of human genetic variation indeed reflect shared historical geography and ancestry, as you point out. However, I'm willing to give JAMA a pass on their characterization of "race" as not having biological meaning in the sense that "race" implies sharply defined boundaries among populations. In that narrow sense of sharp boundaries, I can accept their characterization. On a related note, over the past few weeks I've re-listened to many of Dick Lewontin's lectures on YouTube and I am reminded of how right he was about human variation and "race" so many years ago.
I don't think it has to do with sharp boundaries. I think it has to do with racists employing the language of race to contend different levels of intelligence and violence between blacks and whites and, to a lesser extent, Asians. To contend that genes justify the police stopping blacks more than whites, and handling them roughly when they are stopped. Or that the reason Harvard gets more qualified Asians is because Asians are just genetically smarter. Or even to claim that multiculturalism must fail because the various races (the way they define them) are too genetically different in behavior to allow it to succeed. The 'social construct' statement is the latest faddish way of saying they are wrong. And they are wrong, at least to the extent that science can tell. But so, technically, is this statement used to reject their ideas. It's throwing the baby out with the bathwater; the fact that those genetic differences don't seem to be real doesn't mean that no genetic differences are real.
I think the way to fight a hypothesis that genetic differences explain say racial differences in homicide rates would be evidence that genetic difference does not do so, not sophistry about words. [You had a huge, almost doubling of the Black homicide rate related to the crack cocaine epidemic, which is clearly an environmental cause and related to SES, and you have the Flynn effect in IQ, so there is plenty of evidence that you can point to for such a thesis.]
We do know that within a racial/ethnic category (English Whites) genes do explain regional differences in educational attainment and that genes for educational attainment track regional migration patterns:
https://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/13117
I think someone is going to have to be pretty clever to explain that while genetic differences explain different outcomes within one ancestral population, they have nothing to do with differences in outcomes between different ancestral populations, given the effect size for genes and the general levels of heritability for most behavioral characteristics.
wetherjeff says:
I'm no more than an educated layman on this subject, but I'm fully onboard with the thesis that genetics plays a primary role in variations of human behaviour and physiology. To claim otherwise is inconsistent with everything the evidence (and common sense) tells us.
However, I would question that from just one study we know what you claim we know, even if we limit our conclusions to the cohort that was studied. Furthermore, the idea that this study can be used to infer outcomes in other populations is even more of a leap. Unless you have more data supporting these findings, and can demonstrate they apply more broadly, I think you are overstating what we know.
In terms of human intelligence, you have over 100 years of psychometric research which is well replicated, and claims about cultural bias, etc., are rejected by professionals (it is up there with vaccines causing autism).
In terms of evidence on the the causes for different aptitude, you have twin studies, etc.
All this stuff is old hat, no new research going on.
However, with the human genome data, which is rapidly expanding, and modern computing, you are in a position to get correlations between genes and behavioral variables, pretty much any behavior you want. If anyone thinks that the data is going to come out in favor of a blank slate, I think they will be disappointed.
Additionally, with brain imaging technology, you are increasingly being able to understand the architecture of human cognition, which combined with the genetic data, allows scientists to begin to piece together how genes influence the construction of brain architectures and neural networks, leading to different levels of cognitive abilities.
When you are able to isolate the significant genes and show how they influence fetal and childhood development and correlate them to demonstrated competencies via psychometric testing, there is not going to be much for scientific debate. You either reject genetics and neuroscience, or you accept them. [As to where that data ends up, you can make your best guess, but it is interesting to note which side argues against collecting this kind of scientific data on the basis of ethics.]
As far as scientific humanism as a research project, all the above is very exciting. In terms of American progressive ideology, I'm sure people will still be making the same arguments that were made in 1968 as if new data doesn't exist, but it will be like the people arguing for a young earth in the 19th century. Like Creationists, I think it makes sense to begin the process of untethering ethical arguments about human dignity from descriptive claims about reality. If not, stop making sophistical arguments about social construction and just make a faith-based claim that God creates human brains equally, but the rest of life evolved. I may reject your religion, but I can at least respect your honesty on your point of view, and your not trying to hide it in sophistical arguments.
Very well said, Eric! That's a critical distinction that gets overlooked way too much….
Well, what about "ethnicity"?
Ted Burk says:
I've been trying to think of a good term for the 500 or so genetically recognizable human populations, to replace "race" (which has the strong historical connotation of a few, very genetically different groups). To me, ethnicity is better, as it usually corresponds to genetic groupings. But could it be said to sometimes have exceptions based on a shared culture? That is, people with different genetic ancestry have come to belong to a particular cultural grouping? Best I have thought of is "deme". What do you think of that one? Can anyone think of a better one? Perhaps ethnicity is the best we can do.
Ethnicity is defined by cultural identifiers such as shared language, culture and religion, and people can move in and out of ethnicity. Something like "race" ("population") where you define groups based on ancestral origins is purely biological in contrast. However, even here, you have a lot of admixture in North America, so it is unclear how useful looking at ancestral origins is going to ultimately be where so many individuals are mixed race (European, African, American Indian).
I guess the question is can you biologically classify people based on ancestral origins based on genetics. The answer has to be yes. The next question is how useful will those classifications be outside of narrow contexts. Probably limited. The last question is the one of talent, and there is no evidence that various forms of human talent are distributed to members of only one group or groups in such a way as to justify racial supremacy.
µ says:
how about using "population", as you do in your first sentence, instead of race or ethnic group or deme?
Good idea, but would have to make it "biological population" or "genetic population", since a population in the general sense of "the population of the U.S." could include members of many different "biological populations".
sofarsobueno says:
biological population, yes, in the population-genetic sense
Coel says:
I'm willing to give JAMA a pass on their characterization of "race" as not having biological meaning in the sense that "race" implies sharply defined boundaries among populations.
Does it? It's true that, at times, some people have conceptualised human "races" as being distinct and sharply defined (some, in the past, have even argued for a polygenisist account of humanity), but that is not integral to the concept and plenty of others have conceptualised "race" as being about fuzzy-edged, fractal branching patterns.
Narrowing the word down to only distinct, discrete groupings seems to be a tactic adopted mostly in order to virtue signal by disavowing that "race" has any biological validity.
[Oops, this is a reply to #1]
"Nature cannot be fooled" : joke's on Feynman : Nature is a social construct.
I can go with that, the notion of"nature" as a separate kind of entity that should be protected or exploited is a social construct. In another sense nature just is, and basically encompasses everything.
When not smart enough to study an objective phenomenon, call it a social construct.
PCC(E), this was an excellent post in every respect. You are also on to exactly what is wrong with
the current iteration of the pop-Left: "I guess what bothers me most is the idea, reflected in the statement in bold above, that all humanity is genetically the same." This of course underlies all the
attacks on proficiency testing and honors classes, as well as the campaigns to cancel any expression that is out of line. The pop-Left regularly slides into authoritarian postures because of its conflation of perfect equality with perfect sameness. In the utopia of perfect equality, everybody will be expected to speak and think exactly the same thoughts; and as we struggle to get there, the organs of State Security (or twitter mobs, or the Associate Dean for DEI) will make sure that we approach that happy condition.
Oliver S. says:
As for the difference between race and ethnicity:
"The concept /race/ is distinct from the concept /ethnicity/. /Ethnicity/ is a cultural concept. Its conditions make essential reference to items such as language, nationality, religion, outlook, habits, norms, styles, or skills. The concept of ethnicity is also cultural in that human subjectivity figures constitutively in it: in contrast to the identity of a racial group, the identity of a "mature" ethnic group (an ethnic group that has a developed self-conception) is determined at least in part by its /members' conception/ of what it is to be a member of that group.
The minimalist concept of race is not a cultural concept. Its conditions make no reference to the sort of cultural items that figure essentially in the specification of the concept ethnicity. Members of the same race (for example, an Afro-Caribbean and African American) may not share a common culture. Even if most members of minimalist race MR share a common culture, the fact that an individual member of MR is not a part of that culture does not entail that he or she is any less a member of MR than any other member of MR.
Not being a cultural concept, the minimalist race contains no features with respect to which an individual could be said to be inauthentic. If A and B belong to different races, they may exhibit cultural differences that are (historically) associated with the race to which they belong, but these cultural features are not /in themselves/ racial. To think of individuals A and B as racially different using the minimalist concept of race is not /eo ipso/ to conceive of them as culturally different.
Although distinct, the concepts /race/ and /ethnicity/ do not differ in every respect. The concept /ethnicity/ resembles the concept /race/ structurally in making essential reference to ancestry. Each ethnic group shares a common ancestry.
Inasmuch as the concept of ethnicity includes the concept of ancestry, it contains a biological "moment." We therefore cannot say flatly that the concept of race is biological and the concept of ethnicity is not. Ethnicity is a biocultural notion. Race is a noncultural biological notion.
In contrast to /race/, the concept /ethnicity/ makes no essential reference to patterns of visible physical differences. There is no tension in the idea that individual members of two distinct ethnicities may be visually indistinguishable.
Members of a particular ethnic group E (for example, Italian Americans) may /regard/ racial identity (being white) or the possession of particular racial traits (having white skin) as a constitutive element of their ethnicity. WASPs [White Anglo-Saxon Protestants] presumably regard whiteness as a constitutive feature of their ethnicity. But it is not clear (to me at least) that ethnic groups must regards race as a constitutive element of ethnicity."
(Hardimon, Michael O. Rethinking Race: The Case for Deflationary Realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. pp. 40-1)
Here's his definition of "the minimalist concept of race":
"A race is group of human beings
(C1) that, as a group, is distinguished from other groups of human beings by /patterns of visible physical features/,
(C2) whose members are linked by a /common ancestry/ peculiar to members of the group, and
(C3) that originates from a /distinctive geographic location/.
C(1)–C(3) fix the conditions of minimalist racehood."
(Hardimon, Michael O. Rethinking Race: The Case for Deflationary Realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. p. 31)
David Reich identified genes in West Africa Sub-Saharan populations that are associated with aggressive prostate cancer, which should make prostrate cancer treatment protocols different for Black men and European men because of the increased risk. Is "race-is-a-social-construct" medicine going to give men from that population better medical care? No, so the question is how many Black Bodies do we stack up as burnt offerings to the Gods of Social Justice as a result of preventable deaths because of politically correct medical protocols instead of screening for those genes. Is it okay to kill 100 Black Bodies?
Also, since race is a social construct, how do we do affirmative action? Rachel Dolezal identified as African-American, held herself out as African-American, was regarded in the community as African-American (until she got ratted out). Why isn't she African-American? If you can decide your sex, why can't you decide your race?
Further, why can't you feel "superior" as a member of one group over another group, regardless of whether membership is defined by ancestry. I mean, Catholicism and Protestantism are both made up, social constructed, but that doesn't mean Protestants can't feel superior to the Catholics and vice versa. Race can be a social construct all day and you still have Belfast.
The obvious rejoinder to your point is that prostate cancer can occur in Black womxn, and Rachel Dolezal is a woman, but she is not Black because race is a social construct, therefore prostate cancer is a social construct.
How did I do?
Steve Pollard says:
"All the Protestants hate the Catholics,
And the Catholics hate the Protestants,
And the Hindus hate the Muslims,
And everybody hates the Jews"
– Tom Lehrer, 'National Brotherhood Week' (1965, I think)
Michael Haubrich says:
Except that you really can't decide your sex. The claim is that gender identity is more important than sex in determining who is, or who is not, maile or female. In mammals, there is no changing sex. One sex has a reproductive system around producing one type of gamete, and the other sex has a separate reproductive system centered around producing the other, and also has organs related to childbearing. There's a claim you'll see that since there are great variations in secondary sex characteristics, this means that sex is a spectrum. Don't be hornswoggled on that. Sperm and eggs tell the tale even in the infertile.
Regards cultural heriage, the populations that share culture also are more liketly to share genes and that shapes the gene pool. So, in Belfast, or indeed in Ulster, you will see that people who are Protestant have a gene pool that is going to be slightly different than the Catholics since theire is little social interaction even now between the two groups.
Race is a descriptor of gene pools, and as much as supermacists wish to believe differently, there is no hard line between races and so there is no 'purity of blood' for white people. Somewhere, somehow, an ancestor or several dipped their dipped their noodle in the bigger soup.
If you ever saw the movie "True Romance," you can't forget the scene in which Dennis Hopper's character talks about the racial heritage of the Sicilians, and it's true that Siciians had Africn ancestors, but then, so do all Europeans.
William Stewart says:
Recognize the quote?
"Those who subscribe to the opinion that there are no human races are obviously ignorant of modern biology."
darrelle says:
It wasn't me!
Hmmm. Guess that falls kinda flat when my last name isn't evident. Oh well. It's been like that all day today.
David Hammer says:
I can't find in this post the citation to a paper by Rosenberg et. al. showing that "the genetic endowment of human groups correlates significantly to their geographical location." Can someone provide it?
Rosenberg, N.A., J.K. Pritchard, J.L. Weber, H.M. Cann, K.K. Kidd, L.A. Zhivotovsky, and
M.W. Feldman. 2002. Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298:2381-2385.
What is amusing (or not), is that the Rosenberg study is nineteen years old! It is the legal drinking age in most of Europe, and yet science journalists and MSM types carry on as if it was wrong or didn't exist.
Pierluigi Ballabeni says:
I did not know not most of Europe has such a high legal drinking age. Where I live it is 16 for wine or beer and 18 for spirits (but in bars or restaurants nobody ever checks).
I should have placed this a bit further up. I meant thank you to Professor Coyne for the Rosenberg citation.
Abe Aamidor says:
I'm terribly concerned by the politicization of "social construction." If, as Prof. Coyne is saying (and as I understand him) if something deviates from a chance occurrence and that deviation can be located somewhere then it's meaningful. How meaningful is the only debate. But calling things "socially constructed" seems to be used to discount values or institutions some people don't want to accept; by calling something "socially constructed" you're saying it's inauthentic, if not outright unreal. It's one step from a psychiatrist saying, "It's all in your head." I'll be tackling this issue later in my Substack that begins with the word "gnawbone."
"there are clusters within clusters within clusters, and where you draw the line and say "this cluster" is a "race" is purely subjective. "
Exactly, and in that sense race is indeed a 'social construct': as Cavalli-Sforza stated: I can give you only two races, but I can give you ten thousand races too (paraphrased, I can't find the exact quote).
I thought the earliest split found in extant humans was between the Khoi/Bushmen and all the others (from Black African to Japanese). Is that notion gone now?
Furthermore, depending on which kind of statistical measure of the between-cluster distance you use, the same data may produce very different clusters.
I do not understand who exactly are Hispanics. Are Quechua speakers from the Andes, Argentinian of Italian-Spanish-Polish ancestry, Spaniards of Celtiberian and Gothic descent all considered to be Hispanics ?
Sean Wood says:
It is known that the compatibility of the donor and recipient races is very important as to whether a stem cell transplant will be successful. It is known that the race of the parents reliably controls certain physical characteristics. It is known that certain races have a higher susceptibility to certain diseases. The "race is a social construct" crowd would be intellectually honest if they simply argued that conventional racial categories only differentiate people reliably on characteristics that this group thinks are insignificant. They are trying to reduce racial conflict, which is a worthy goal, but to assert that race is "without scientific or biological meaning" (as the JAMA guidance does) demeans science. It causes people to wonder which other factual assertions made in the name of science would also be shown to be transparent falsehoods if looked into, simply attempting to resolve a social dispute by misrepresenting science as having decided the question.
I read the referenced work, but distilled down to it's essence, it looks to me like this-
"race and ethnicity are social constructs…racism…inequities…intersectionality…Race and ethnicity are social constructs, without scientific or biological meaning…inequities…intersectionality… inequities,…institutional racism and structural racism…historical injustices…racism, structural racism, racial equity…disparity, inequity, intersectionality…race and ethnicity have no biological meaning…Equity…Non-Stigmatizing, Bias-Free…systemic disparities and inequities…disparities and inequities…underserved populations…historically marginalized…"
In other words, woke boilerplate. I suppose it is of some comfort that the author will not be seeing medical patients in any professional capacity. However, when our medical establishment collapses into chaos, it will likely be due largely to it's bureaucracy being infiltrated by such persons.
rom says:
"Race is a social construct", without scientific meaning … hmmn?
Well, so when medications are tested with primarily white people it is not a problem? The results will be applicable to all people. I am surprised and glad to hear that.
According to Importance of Race/Ethnicity in Clinical Trials:
Heart failure is a disease in which there are striking population differences in almost every aspect of the disease. The cause of heart failure is predominantly ischemic disease in nonblacks but is related primarily to hypertension in blacks. …Black hypertensives have a 4- to 20-fold higher risk of progression to dialysis-dependent renal disease than do whites with comparable hypertension. Additionally, some have suggested that the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension may differ in blacks.
Hence the African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT)" and the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Someone needs to tell the AMA that there are some serious science-deniers on the loose out there.
James Walker says:
As with the sex/gender debate, this language strikes me as a reaction to historically 'essentialist' views – that biology is destiny, so your sex and race dictate what your life will be like. Now the pendulum has swung far in the other direction, so people claim that everyone is a blank slate and not only gender and ethnicity but also sex and race (or whatever you want to call genetic or physical characteristics) are completely social. I think the pendulum needs to move back to the middle, where we can recognise that biology partly underlies these divisions (sex is a binary division, people can be grouped according to genetic characteristics) but that should not dictate what kind of life you should lead.
aljones909 says:
We saw two remarkable results in the Olympics.
The 100m sprint was won by Lamont Marcell Jacobs. An athlete who probably has around 60% "white DNA"
Norwegian Karsten Warholm, very much ethnically Scandinavian, broke his own world record to win gold in the 400m hurdles.
They are remarkable results because of the almost total dominance of track athletics by black athletes.
Is genetics at the root of black dominance in many areas of sport?
Prunella Arbigast says:
So what about mixed race or multi ethnic people? I don't know anyone that can call themselves 'pure bred' these days. If I have an Ashkenazi component and a Slavic component then what do I go under? At some point I would think that how people classify themselves racially is going to be completely decoupled from real genetic differences. For example, I have a friend with a Swedish father and a Jamaican mother. He looks positively Aryan, but put Jamaican as his ethnicity just to freak people out.
Maybe this will happen in the distant future, but as my article shows, genetic differences are not even strongly decoupled from racial self-classification since the former almost perfectly predicts the latter.
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Ashland OHP Trooper Arrested On Felony Charge
Joe Lyons
ASHLAND, OH - A trooper from the Ohio Highway Patrol was arrested this morning in connection to an investigation being conducted by the Ashland County Sheriff's Office and the Bureau of Criminal Investigation on charges of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or performance.
Tyler Anderson, 44, a trooper who had been assigned to the Ashland Post of the Highway was arrested this morning on the second-degree felony charge.
The investigation, which is still ongoing, will be referred to the Ashland County Prosecutor's Office for a decision on formal charges, according to Prosecuting Attorney Christopher R. Tunnell. Tunnell said he does not expect a decision on formal charges until next week.
Tunnell noted that the investigation is still in its early stages but centers on activity that allegedly occurred at Anderson's residence in 2016 involving the surreptitious videotaping of under-aged persons in a state of nudity.
"Investigators are still in the process of gathering information and evidence and seeking out additional witnesses," Tunnell noted. "This is a very unfortunate situation that happens to involve a local law enforcement officer. There has been no evidence found at this time to indicate any allegations that Anderson used his position to facilitate the alleged offense or that he was on duty at the time of the alleged offenses."
"I hope this does not erode the public trust in our local law enforcement community," Tunnell said. "Our Ashland County law enforcement officers are outstanding and dedicated public servants."
Anderson is presumed innocent until proven guilty. It is the duty of the Prosecuting Attorney to secure justice for the victims, their families, and the community while preserving the rights of the accused in a fair and just manner.
According to a release from the State Highway Patrol, "the conduct of Mr. Anderson does not reflect the values of our agency. The Patrol has already initiated termination proceedings."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Each word you write in input will enter to array I want to able connecting to my website with the first name and the last name or the email (and of course with a password). The problem is a that in the database the first name and the last name aren't in the same column. My question is how, using php, to check if the $_post have an a email address and if not to take the two words and make a array with the 2 names.

A: You can use regular expression to check whether or not the input is an email or the user's name.
//Regular expression for email addresses
$regex = '/^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.[_a-z0-9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*(\.[a-z]{2,3})$/';

        $password = $_POST['password'];

//Check if the input is an email or first and last name
if(preg_match($regex, $_POST['input'], $match)){
        $email = $_POST['input'];
}else{
        //Assuming the user entered "Firstname Lastname"
        list($firstname,$lastname) = explode(" ", $_POST['input']);
}

A: If you've got a string with words then you can just use the explode() function to get each word as an array value like:
<?php
    $str = "Alpha Beta Gamma";
    $str_array = explode(" ",$str);
    echo $str_array[0]; //Alpha
    echo $str_array[1]; //Beta
    echo $str_array[2]; //Gamma
?>

Maybe this is what you searching for, but your question is not clear.

A: Concerning the email filter : PHP has validation filters.
You can find more informations here : http://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.validate.php
In your case, you want to use the FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL :
if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))
{ ... }

Concerning the part with the two ords, use the function explode.
Syntax of the explode function :
array explode ( string $delimiter , string $string)

In your case :
$array = explode(' ', $string);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There isn't much for me to say about this run of the mill computer animation production that's there to tick all the checkboxes in the usual list of checkboxes that run of the mill computer animation movies for kids have on offer. This time, the story is about a lost girl (a black girl!) and a sort of a lost alien searching for the girl's mother after aliens took over the earth and relocated all local animalia – humans – to Australia. Clearly, Home is a movie to give Tony "Stop the Boats" Abbott and Johnny "We Will Decide Who Comes to This Country" Howard a heart attack.
Any charm Home does have, and it does have some, is due to Jim Parsons (aka Sheldon Cooper from The Big Bang Theory) voicing the alien.
2.5 out of 5 run of the mill crabs.


text:
In software engineering and programming language theory, the abstraction principle (or the principle of abstraction) is a basic dictum that aims to reduce duplication of information in a program (usually with emphasis on code duplication) whenever practical by making use of abstractions provided by the programming language or software libraries . The principle is sometimes stated as a recommendation to the programmer, but sometimes stated as a requirement of the programming language, assuming it is self-understood why abstractions are desirable to use. The origins of the principle are uncertain; it has been reinvented a number of times, sometimes under a different name, with slight variations.

When read as recommendations to the programmer, the abstraction principle can be generalized as the "don't repeat yourself" (DRY) principle, which recommends avoiding the duplication of information in general, and also avoiding the duplication of human effort involved in the software development process.

The principle
As a recommendation to the programmer, in its formulation by Benjamin C. Pierce in Types and Programming Languages (2002), the abstraction principle reads (emphasis in original):

As a requirement of the programming language, in its formulation by David A. Schmidt in The structure of typed programming languages (1994), the abstraction principle reads:.

History and variations
The abstraction principle is mentioned in several books. Some of these, together with the formulation if it is succinct, are listed below.

 Alfred John Cole, Ronald Morrison (1982) An introduction to programming with S-algol: "[Abstraction] when applied to language design is to define all the semantically meaningful syntactic categories in the language and allow an abstraction over them".
  Bruce J. MacLennan (1983) Principles of programming languages: design, evaluation, and implementation: "Avoid requiring something to be stated more than once; factor out the recurring pattern".
 Jon Pearce (1998) Programming and Meta-Programming in Scheme: "Structure and function should be independent".

The principle plays a central role in design patterns in object-oriented programming, although most writings on that topic do not give a name to the principle. The Design Patterns book by the Gang of Four, states: "The focus here is encapsulating the concept that varies, a theme of many design patterns." This statement has been rephrased by other authors as "Find what varies and encapsulate it."

In this century, the principle has been reinvented in extreme programming under the slogan "Once and Only Once". The definition of this principle was rather succinct in its first appearance: "no duplicate code". It has later been elaborated as applicable to other issues in software development: "Automate every process that's worth automating. If you find yourself performing a task many times, script it."

Implications
The abstraction principle is often stated in the context of some mechanism intended to facilitate abstraction. The basic mechanism of control abstraction is a function or subroutine. Data abstractions include various forms of type polymorphism. More elaborate mechanisms that may combine data and control abstractions include: abstract data types, including classes, polytypism etc. The quest for richer abstractions that allow less duplication in complex scenarios is one of the driving forces in programming language research and design.

Inexperienced programmers may be tempted to introduce too much abstraction in their program—abstraction that won't be used more than once.   A complementary principle that emphasizes this issue is "You Ain't Gonna Need It" and, more generally, the KISS principle.

Since code is usually subject to revisions, following the abstraction principle may entail refactoring code. The effort of rewriting a piece of code generically needs to be amortized against the estimated future benefits of an abstraction. A rule of thumb governing this was devised by Martin Fowler, and popularized as the rule of three. It states that if a piece of code is copied more than twice, i.e. it would end up having three or more copies, then it needs to be abstracted out.

Generalizations
"Don't repeat yourself", or the "DRY principle", is a generalization developed in the context of multi-tier architectures, where related code is by necessity duplicated to some extent across tiers, usually in different languages. In practical terms, the recommendation here is to rely on automated tools, like code generators and data transformations to avoid repetition.

Hardware programming interfaces
In addition to optimizing code, a hierarchical/recursive meaning of Abstraction level in programming also refers to the interfaces between hardware communication layers, also called "abstraction levels" and "abstraction layers." In this case, level of abstraction often is synonymous with interface. For example, in examining shellcode and the interface between higher and lower level languages, the level of abstraction changes from operating system commands (for example, in C) to register and circuit level calls and commands (for example, in assembly and binary). In the case of that example, the boundary or interface between the abstraction levels is the stack.

References

Programming language topics
Programming principles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Unable to customize the tabs of fragment tab host Im trying to create a tabs using android.support.v4.app.FragmentTabHost.
Im trying to change the background colour of tab to white and text colour of tabs to black but it doesn't work.
Following is my code.
<android.support.v4.app.FragmentTabHost xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:id="@android:id/tabhost"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="vertical">

        <TabWidget
            android:id="@android:id/tabs"
            android:textColor="@color/trans_white"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_weight="0"
            android:orientation="horizontal" />

        <FrameLayout
            android:id="@android:id/tabcontent"
            android:layout_width="0dp"
            android:layout_height="0dp"
            android:layout_weight="0" />

        <FrameLayout
            android:id="@+id/realtabcontent"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="0dp"
            android:layout_weight="1" />

    </LinearLayout>
</android.support.v4.app.FragmentTabHost>

A: try this way to customize your tabhost
  tab_selector.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf8"?>
<selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">

<! When selected, use grey >
<item android:drawable="@drawable/tabselectedcolor" android:state_selected="true"/>
<! When not selected, use white >
<item android:drawable="@drawable/tabunselcolor"/>

 </selector>

XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf8"?>
<TabHost xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:id="@android:id/host"
    android:layout_width="fillparent"
    android:layout_height="fillparent" >

    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="fillparent"
        android:layout_height="fillparent"
        android:orientation="vertical"
        android:padding="6dp" >

        <TabWidget
            android:id="@android:id/tab"
            android:layout_width="fillparent"
            android:layout_height="wrapcontent" />

        <FrameLayout
            android:layout_below="@android:id/tab"
            android:id="@android:id/tabattributes"
            android:layout_width="fillparent"
            android:layout_height="fillparent"
            android:padding="6dp" />
    </RelativeLayout>

</TabHost>

Java Code
public class TabCustomizationActivity extends TabActivity implements
        OnTabChangeListener {
    /** Called when the activity is first created. */
    TabHost tHost;

    @Override
    public void onCreate(savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
        Resources resources = getResources();

        tHost = getTabHost();
        TabHost.TabSpec tSpec;
        Intent intent;

        intent = new Intent().setClass(this, FirstActivity.class);

        tSpec = tHost.newTabSpec("first").setIndicator("One")
                .setContent(intent);
        tHost.addTab(tSpec);

        intent = new Intent().setClass(this, FirstActivity.class);
        tSpec = tHost.newTabSpec("second").setIndicator("Second")
                .setContent(intent);
        tHost.addTab(tSpec);

        intent = new Intent().setClass(this, FirstActivity.class);
        tSpec = tHost.newTabSpec("third").setIndicator("Third")
                .setContent(intent);
        tHost.addTab(tSpec);

        tHost.setCurrentTab(0); // Default Selected Tab

        tHost.setOnTabChangedListener(this);

        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(0).getLayoutParams().height = 40;
        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(0).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(1).getLayoutParams().height = 40;
        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(1).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(2).getLayoutParams().height = 40;
        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(2).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);

        tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(0)
                .setBackgroundColor(Color.rgb(00, 219, 239));

    }

    @Override
    public void onTab(String tabId) {
        if (tabId.equals("first")) {
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(0)
                    .setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.tab_selector);
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(1).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(2).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
        } else if (tabId.equals("second")) {
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(1)
                    .setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.tab_selector);

            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(0).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(2).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
        } else if (tabId.equals("third")) {
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(2)
                    .setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.tab_selector);
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(1).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
            tHost.getTabWidget().getChildAt(0).setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
        }

    }

}

For more see this

A: Now you shouldn't use TabHost to create swiping pages with Tabs.The better way to achive it is :
For sliding pages with tabs do following.
Download or copy following two files on github and paste your project. this is same as on developers.google.com except setDistributeEvenly method.
https://github.com/google/iosched/blob/master/android/src/main/java/com/google/samples/apps/iosched/ui/widget/SlidingTabLayout.java
https://github.com/google/iosched/blob/master/android/src/main/java/com/google/samples/apps/iosched/ui/widget/SlidingTabStrip.java
activity_main.xml
  <your.package.name.SlidingTabLayout
    android:clickable="true"
    android:id="@+id/tabs"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    >
     </your.package.name.SlidingTabLayout>

     <android.support.v4.view.ViewPager
    android:id="@+id/pager"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="0dp"
    android:layout_weight="1"
    />

MyAdapter.java (Here i used two pages only)
class MyPagerAdapter extends FragmentPagerAdapter
{
    String[] title = {"All","Favourites"};
    public MyPagerAdapter(FragmentManager fm) {
        super(fm);
    }
    @Override
    public Fragment getItem(int position) {
        Fragment fragment=null;
         if (position==0)
            fragment= new All();
             if (position==1)
                fragment= new Favourites();
        return fragment;
    }
    @Override
     public int getCount() {
        return 2;
    }
       @Override
       public CharSequence getPageTitle(int position) {
             return title[position];
    }
 }

tab_view.xml (view of tab only , if you want u can also use ImageView here)
 <FrameLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    >
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/tab_title"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text=""
        android:padding="15dp"
        android:textStyle="bold"
        android:textSize="25dp"
        />
   </FrameLayout>

MainActivity.java
 private SlidingTabLayout tabLayout;
 private ViewPager pager;
 tabLayout= (SlidingTabLayout) findViewById(R.id.tabs);
 pager = (ViewPager) findViewById(R.id.pager);
 tabLayout.setCustomTabView(R.layout.tab_view,R.id.tab_title);
 MyPagerAdapter adapter =  new MyPagerAdapter(getSupportFragmentManager());
 pager.setAdapter(adapter);
 tabLayout.setDistributeEvenly(true);
 tabLayout.setViewPager(pager);


Video of the Week: Crystal Fighters "Separator"
(by Dawn Reed) Get ready to trip out on some Spanish folktronica with this unexpected use of goddess Kali-like effects and kaleidoscoped eyes video for Crystal Fighters first single "Separator" from their next release Cave Rave due out May 27. Breathe. Currently based out of London England, Crystal Fighters wrote this track whilst in the Basque hills of Spain and France. The tie to nature and the universe is abundant not only in the lyrics, but the video- so click play and become a part of the sounds all around you.
Crystal Fighters will begin a world tour in May, just in time for the fest circuit, and will stay on the road til practically the end of 2013! Check here for dates.


and that's exactly what they want you to experience at their restaurant. Our juicy, succulent smokey and spiced chickens will seduce your taste buds making you crave for more. Capricho is an explosion of flavours that dance in your mouth.


Although my husband and I currently live in an apartment, it has not stopped us from grilling up a storm. Case in point, we LOVE making these turkey burgers. To be honest, I grew up eating red meat every day of my life. Were turkey burgers ever in the picture? No! Since getting married, I've had red meat about 3 times - there are definitely healthier options (but please realize that I'll never turn away a great piece of steak!). We eat a lot of chicken, turkey and fish now - and it's great. Below is a divine recipe for great turkey burgers. Enjoy! *Adapted from Allrecipes.com - Mushroom Blue Cheese Turkey Burgers.
1. Preheat grill for high heat (or turn on your Foreman!).
2. In a medium bowl, mix together all the ingredients. Form into 4 patties.
3. Place on grill and cook for 10 minutes on each side (or 10 minutes total if using a George Foreman Grill).
4. Serve on buns with your favorite toppings. Mayonnaise and tomatoes are great!


text:
Pentagon Refuses to Release Unclassified 1987 Report about Israel's Nuclear Program and Super Computers
Cray supercomputer (photo: Wikipedia)
A think tank researcher has been fighting with the Pentagon to get a 1987 report on Israel's nuclear program and supercomputers released despite the fact that the document in question is not classified.
Grant Smith, founder of the Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy, Inc., first asked the Department of Defense (DoD) to release the report ("Critical Technology Issues in Israel and NATO Countries") three years ago through a Freedom of Information Act request.
Last fall, after numerous delays by the DoD, Smith went to court to force the report's disclosure.
Defense lawyers contend it was necessary for officials to ask Israel to review the report before complying with Smith's request—an unusual move on the part of a U.S. agency involving an American FOIA issue.
Meanwhile, the judge hearing the FOIA case, U.S. District Judge Tanya Chutkan, has wondered why it has taken three years without a decision by the Pentagon.
"I'd like to know what is taking so long for a 386-page document. The document was located some time ago," Chutkan said in November, according to Courthouse News Service. "I've reviewed my share of documents in my career. It should not take that long to review that document and decide what needs to be redacted."
The report may contain details about an internal debate nearly 30 years ago among U.S. officials about whether Washington should authorize the sale of a Cray supercomputer to a coalition of Israeli universities.
"The United States approved the sale of powerful computers that could boost Israel's well-known but officially secret A-bomb and missile programs," wrote the author of a 1995 Risk Report article about the Cray controversy that cited the Pentagon document. "A 1987 Pentagon-sponsored study found that Technion University, one of the schools in the network, was helping design Israel's nuclear re-entry vehicle. U.S. officials say Technion's physicists also worked in Israel's secret weapon complex at Dimona."
Smith's effort "to get hold of the Pentagon report is set against the backdrop of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty," wrote Janet McMahon at Courthouse News Service. "Israel has not signed the treaty. Iran, on the other hand, has signed the treaty."
The current negotiations with Iran over its nuclear program is part of that backdrop. "The reason this would be seen as controversial is you have this real concerted push for Iran to come clean on its nuclear program and to relinquish its infrastructure," Foundation for Defense of Democracies VP Jonathan Schanzer told the Washington Examiner. He said he saw "no reason" why the U.S. government would authorize the report's release, but adding that if it was released, it would probably not affect the Pentagon's publicly ambiguous stance regarding Israeli nuclear capabilities.
Smith has grown frustrated over the government's stalling on the issue, saying: "So what we've seen most recently is that the government is now coming up with novel ways to try and delay this by talking about mandatory disclosure reviews. We don't think it's meaningful that their captive think tank may have signed NDAs. Perhaps they even have a sock puppet in the Pentagon that signs NDAs on their behalf. It would be the same from our perspective."
-Noel Brinkerhoff, Danny Biederman
DOD Fights Researcher Over Access to Report on Israel's Nuclear Needs (by Janet McMahon, Courthouse News Service)
Legal Battle To Publish Unclassified DOD Report On Israeli Nukes Nears End (by Sarah Westwood, Washington Examiner)
Espionage Allegations Intensify Battle for Israel's Technion Nuke File (by Grant Smith, AntiWar.com)
Caltech Prof Says Israeli Scientist Passed NASA Rocket Secrets To His Government (Mondoweiss)


Greetings Suffolk, and welcome to my website, i maĶ make it orl on my one! I'm the London caricaturist known as Mr Sketchum; my 'ordinary' name is Alfie Deliss - but go on then - feel free to call me Mr Sketchum!
I'm the man at the party with a clipboard (but not supervising the taxi queue), drawing smiles from guests (literally) by sketching amusingly appealing caricatures at parties and events, and handing out them out free as I go along.
All I need is pens, paper, and just the hint of a smile (I can work with fake) to mix'n'mingle during drinks, table-hop over dinners (not literally), and if best, allocate a good spot where guests come over to sit for me.
"It's a tough job, but somebody's got to do it!"
"For just a few seconds, could you please stop flaring your nostrils at me?!"
Keywords: Caricatures suffolk, caricaturist London, caricature artist, london entertainer, UK caricaturist, London caricatures, London entertainment, corporate entertainer, wedding caricaturist, wedding entertainment, wedding caricatures, caricature artist, party artist, quirky entertainment, party entertainer, trade show entertainer, trade fair entertainer, trade show caricatures, caricature artist London, caricatures London, London corporate entertainment, corporate caricaturist, corporate caricatures, caricature artists London, Christmas party entertainer, , physiologically accurate caricatures in London, 'physiognomically expressive' wedding caricaturist London, UK caricatures, UK caricature artist, Xmas party caricaturist,Xmas party caricatures, civil partnership entertainment, sketch artist, corporate entertainment, caricatures, cartoon portraits, caricatures London, caricaturists, west London, south London, east London, north London, Brighton, Enfield, Barnet, Brighton, Croydon, Clapham, Camden, Battersea, Brixton, Finchley, Greenwich, Hampstead, hello mum!, Kensington, Chelsea, Hammersmith, Islington, North West London, South West London, Orpington, Oxford, Richmond, Streatham, Twickenham, Wembley, Windsor, Greenford, Middlesex, West End, W1, WC, EC, Soho, City, Essex, Hertfordshire, Herts, Buckinghamshire, Bucks, Berkshire, Portsmouth, Essex, Maidstone, Winchester, Cambridge, Oxford, Brighton, Suffolk, Bedfordshire, Beds, Surrey, Hampshire, Kent, Hants, West Sussex, East Sussex, West Sussex...even Outer Mongolia..er..and.....the entire known ~ or unknown ~ cosmos..!


text:
SportsSports News
Caratini hit in 10th gives Padres 2-1 win over Brewers
Aaron Gash
San Diego Padres' manager Jayce Tingler talks with his team on the mound during the ninth inning of a baseball game against the Milwaukee Brewers Wednesday, May 26, 2021, in Milwaukee.
Victor Caratini singled home the go-ahead run in the top of the 10th inning, and the San Diego Padres beat the Milwaukee Brewers 2-1 on Wednesday night for their 11th victory in 12 games.
Caratini's leadoff single to right off Brent Suter (3-3) scored automatic runner Wil Myers from second base.
Spot starter Eric Lauer allowed one run over six innings and tied the game with a third-inning homer for the Brewers. San Diego's Chris Paddack also worked six innings and gave up one hit aside from Lauer's long ball.
Mark Melancon earned his 17th save in as many opportunities with a major assist from second baseman Jake Cronenworth.
The Brewers had runners at the corners in the 10th after Keston Hiura moved to third on Willy Adames' single.
With the infield playing in, Cronenworth made a diving play to stop a hard-hit ball from Jackie Bradley Jr., got up and threw out Hiura at the plate. Melancon then struck out Daniel Robertson and retired Kolten Wong on a grounder.
Cronenworth also prevented a run in the second inning when he snared Adames' two-out liner up the middle with Omar Narváez at second.
The Brewers had a chance to win in the ninth when Lorenzo Cain led off with a single and Christian Yelich walked, but Austin Adams (1-0) worked out of the jam. Center fielder Jurickson Profar caught Travis Shaw's sinking liner with his right knee on the grass to end the inning.
Milwaukee called up Lauer from Triple-A Nashville before the game to face his former team, for which he went 14-17 with a 4.40 ERA over two seasons. The Brewers acquired Lauer and Luis Urías in a November 2019 trade that sent outfielder Trent Grisham and pitcher Zach Davies to San Diego.
In the third, Lauer blasted an 0-1 pitch that sailed over the gloves of left fielder Tommy Pham and center fielder Jorge Mateo, who both made leaping attempts at the catch.
Brewers pitchers have hit three homers this season to match the second-highest total in franchise history, behind the 2010 team that had four. The other two came from Adrian Houser, both off Miami's Daniel Castano.
Padres 3B Manny Machado fouled out as a pinch-hitter in the 10th inning. He had missed the previous five games with right shoulder tightness.


Abstract:The present study investigated the moderating role of being blind or not in the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, as well as the mediating role of social anxiety in the link. Participants were 66 blind adolescents (53.0% boys; mean age = 14.02 years, SD = 1.97) from a special education school and 149 sighted adolescents (48.3% boy; mean age = 13.04 years, SD = 1.11) from a local school. They were asked to complete questionnaires regarding self-esteem, life satisfaction and social anxiety. Our results indicated that the effect of self-esteem on life satisfaction was stronger in blind adolescents than that in sighted adolescents. Furthermore, social anxiety mediated the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, with the stronger effect of social anxiety on life satisfaction in blind adolescents. Additionally, it was found that the interaction effect that blindness or not and self esteem exerts on life satisfaction culminates in decreased social anxiety. Our results highlighted the important role of social anxiety in blind adolescents' lives. Potential interventions for increasing blind adolescents' life satisfaction are discussed.
陆爱桃,郑爽,李美荣,洪秀秀,凌虹. 自尊、社交焦虑与生活满意度:基于失明视力正常青少年的有中介调节模型[J]. 应用心理学, 2019, 25(1): 80-94.
LU Ai-tao, ZHENG Shuang, LI Mei-rong, HONG Xiu-xiu, LING Hong. Self-esteem and life satisfaction: A mediated moderation model of social anxiety and life experience of blind and sighted adolescents. 应用心理学, 2019, 25(1): 80-94.
 彭茂莹, 姜珂,沈洋, 赵小琳,杨娟. 外貌、品质自我评价对自尊预测作用的性别差异[J]. 应用心理学, 2018, 24(4): 334-343.
 苗灵童,杨梦圆, 赵凯莉,雷雪,刘燊, 张林. 完美主义对大学生学业拖延的影响[J]. 应用心理学, 2018, 24(3): 252-260.
 段锦云,王国轩,田晓明. 恐惧管理理论视角下死亡凸显和权力感对助人行为的影响[J]. 应用心理学, 2018, 24(2): 153-163.
 刘少英,武志俊,陈霞芳,李庆功. 幼儿自尊发展的相对年龄效应:追踪研究[J]. 应用心理学, 2018, 24(1): 15-22.
 王 丹. 初中生生涯成熟度与积极情绪的关系:自尊的中介作用[J]. 应用心理学, 2016, 22(3): 255-260.
 吴道友;朱迪;段锦云. 仁慈领导对员工沉默的影响:组织内自尊和面子的作用 [J]. 应用心理学, 2014, 20(4): 306-315.


text:
Consulting skrillex tag
The story of Dj Fosta (Langa , South Africa)
Fosta is a born and bred Langa local, a township (economically challenged urban areas) in Cape Town, South Africa which is also a burgeoning hub for local house music.
In fact Langa has a long pedigree of outstanding Jazz artists dating back to the fifties and Fosta himself belongs to one of these musical families with both his dad and late uncle being working musicians. The late, great Brenda Fassie, an icon of South African music also came from Langa.
Ironically this didn't mean he was automatically welcomed into this career path and although surrounded by music with the opportunity to tinker on his father's grand piano whilst growing up, it was his experimentation with Kwaito (a local form of dance music from the 90's that uses predominantly vernacular tongue) that had the elders wondering why he wanted to make 'simple, repetitive music.'
"It was around about '97 that all the guys my age started listening to Kwaito, so this is when my tastes shifted from Jazz to this new sound, but we were the first generation so it was quite tough. The older people didn't understand this type of music. I remember when I was working on my father's synthesizer, programming beats, my uncle would say that it sounded like a scratched CD, because of the repeated loops," he laughs.
Of course Kwaito was the precursor to the massive house music scene that now exists in South Africa and Fosta's 'hood' [Langa] is a creative melting pot of house music producers and DJs today.
'It took them [the elders] about 10 years to finally accept this music and believe what I was doing," he adds.
Fosta's early productions were all done solely on his dad's Roland XP-50 – no computers, no music software.
"It was hard. It would take like 2 or 3 weeks to finish a track sometimes and the problem was if you made a mistake you'd have to delete the arrangement and start again."
But the negative influences that the youth are faced with daily in the townships impacted on the young man and he end up running with the wrong crowd, the result being a 4 year stay in Cape town's Pollsmoor Prison.
The universe does not keep a good man with the right intentions down though and this hard life lesson was where he turned his life around.
"When I was serving my sentence they had a project for broadcasting and music and there was a full studio so this was the first time that I got introduced to music software on a PC. So I taught myself how to produce on Reason [Production software]. But even the piano, I was self taught so although I can't read music I can play it and create it, all genres. I don't see myself as a house music producer, just a music producer."
When Fosta was released from prison he made it his goal to start afresh.
"When I was still in prison I told myself that when I was released I needed to make a difference within my community so when I came out I named myself DJ Fosta and started again."
From learning to DJ by recording Top 20 hits off the radio onto cassette and playing these back, to writing full tracks on the Roland synthesizer, once Fosta was back home he proceeded to start his own label called 021 Records and produce music professionally and pursue his promise to himself... to work in his community to help others through music.
Right from the outset Fosta and his business partner had a different approach with the label.
Rather than sell the music they opted to use it as a calling card to secure gigs. They would spread it throughout the community and on the university campuses of Cape Town knowing that 80% of the students were from out of town and that their music would travel back to the students' homes during vacations.
This forward thinking approach epitomises the entrepreneurial spirit of these hard working musicians from the townships and it was a strategy that paid off...
"In 2006 we did our first song which was 'Khulula' which went crazy 'cos it was quite a controversial song with Kwaito and house elements and it was released about the time that the Durban Kwaito scene was getting big."
The song remained number one on South Africa's biggest national radio station – 5FM – for five weeks and remains a firm favourite almost 10 years later.
Fosta turns 30 in 2016, but talking to him he seems wise beyond his years; where it took many independent labels year to understand that with the changing musical landscape artists would need to generate their income out of performances rather than CD sales, Fosta and his partner at 021 Records were already doing this.
When Bridges for Music, founder, Valentino Barrioseta put out feelers for his first visit to Langa Fosta's was a he was recommended to meet.
"The Bridges for Music concept was very much in line with what we'd been doing with 021 Records. Our objective has always been to help up and coming artists and develop the scene so when I heard about what they wanted to do it was exactly in line with us. I saw BFM as a vehicle to fast track all of this work so I was immediately in on the concept."
The concept of bringing massive international artists such as Richie Hawtin, Luciano and Skrillex to the townships for workshops Fosta says was invaluable.
"Township artists often don't think bigger than their local 'hood,' or past South Africa. When these guys came to town it made everybody realise that there is a whole world out there to explore and there is a whole world out there that wants to explore our music as well! When Richie Hawtin told us about his life and how he started it was inspiring especially for youngsters who maybe doubting whether to chase their musical dreams."
Fosta and another highly talented DJ/Producer, Thibo Tazz, performed at Glastonbury on behalf of Bridges for Music.
"I was really worried about what to play and for a while I thought maybe I should just play deep house but then we got invited to a secret party at the Rabbit Hole where we performed back-to-back with Skrillex. He told me to just be free and play what I wanted. After that I realised that I did not travel all this way to play other people's music so we played all original compositions from South Africa and they loved it. Afterwards Skrillex was like 'Fosta I need that crazy music,' so for it showed that we shouldn't doubt our sound because it is quite unique and people are always looking to hear something new and different."
Fosta sees the planned music school BFM want to build in Langa as the next obvious progression from the workshops.
"The workshops are not only a brilliant way to educate and encourage young producers but it is also an excellent networking platform for guys to talk amongst themselves. But now the school will provide the necessary tools for teaching music production techniques and will also be the perfect meeting place for young producers to share their musical ideas. Also when these international artists come down in the future they can actually work with local producers at the school, in the studio, and collaborate on a track, as well as do the workshops."
There is so much talent waiting to be unleashed from townships like Langa, the biggest obstacle being the resources to nurture this. The music school in Langa holds the key for many of these young musicians to elevate their dreams into reality.
Tomorrowland partners with Bridges For Music to give South African Township DJs a global stage
Ware excited to announce their partnership with Tomorrowland, providing the opportunity to take two South African artists, DJ Siphe Tebeka and Lavish 189, to the Belgian festival in a weeks time. The artists in question are from Gugulethu and Langa townships, neither artist has played outside their home country, let alone at one of the largest dance festivals in Europe, so this a massive opportunity for both.
DJ Siphe Tebeka will perform on Friday 18th July at 5pm - 6pm, whilst Lavish 189 will perform on Friday 25th July at 5pm - 6pm; they will both be playing on The Dream Island stage.
DJ Siphe Tebeka (born Siphenkosi Tebeka) has been producing music since he was 17 years old. He has been quietly producing behind the scenes and has written over 800 tracks, most of which are still unreleased. The opportunity to play at Tomorrowland will be both a life changing and groundbreaking one, providing the chance to not only build his career as a DJ but also to share his music with the world.
Lavish 189 is a DJ / producer from Cape Town's Langa Township, who has recently risen above the somewhat flooded sea of South African deep house with the track "Trumpets Call" featuring legendary musicians David Nqayi and Simphiwe Mathole. David, a clarinetist, and Simphiwe, a trumpeter, have been playing and recording for several decades now, often working together, and have collaborated with artists such as Brenda Fassie and Ringo Madlingozi. Lavish 189 is signed to SPACEFELLAZ, a youthful social enriching company based in Cape Town, Langa.
"We are so proud to be able to offer this opportunity to the guys and are incredibly grateful to Tomorrowland for their continued belief in what we are doing and support in making this a reality. The two artists come from disadvantaged backgrounds and this trip will be an epic and life changing experience for them. This is a very exciting step for us in our evolution"
Trenton Birch - BFM African Director
FULL LENGHT VIDEO OF OUR PRESENTATION AT SONAR FESTIVAL
Watch the presentation in the following video: their experiences, the unbelievable reality of South African house music and all the anecdotes and projections of Bridges for Music.
"I just want to ask if there is any advice you can give me as a young upcoming artist, coming from a place like Langa (Cape Town)...You guys when you spoke, telling us your background, going into clubs...I'm only 15, I can't enter to any club! So what advice do you give me to carry on, to do what I do or not to let anything to distract me and travel all over, like you do...."
The question was asked to Richie Hawtin by a boy from a South African's slum that dreams to become a DJ. He was attending one of the workshops given by the artist as part of Bridges for Music, a non-profit initiative that uses the universality of electronic music to promote development in disadvantaged areas of the world. Hawtin was touched not only by the boy's will but for all what Bridges for Music has reached and revealed since its beginnings.
Therefore, along with Skrillex, Luciano and Valentino Barrioseta, one of the main promoters of Bridges for Music project, took advantage of their presence at Sónar 2013 stages and introduce the project to a room full of fans at Sónar+D.


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Thoughts and experiences from the Gathering!
Join us with the livestream from Detroit!
The ELCA Youth Gathering is expensive and Detroit has a poor reputation. Why are we going to all this trouble? Just listen to these New Orleanians talk about what a difference the 2009 and 2012 gatherings made for their city!
Find pictures and more on Agnus Dei's facebook page.


If you want to improve as an online poker player, it's critically important that you look back at hands that you've played and analyse your play, and that of your opponent. Tracking software like Holdem Manager can record all of your hands and display them in the built-in replayer so that you can review them after your session.
Reviewing hands isn't simply a matter of looking through it in 20 seconds and saying to yourself "yes, I played that fine, just got unlucky" or something similar. You'll never improve and receive little benefit from your hand history review sessions if you approach them this way. In fact, critically appraising your own play is a skill in itself.
To really benefit from it, you should construct a hand range for your opponent(s) on every street and think about how it narrows as the hand progresses. This is called hand-reading and it's the key to being a successful player. To take things a level deeper, you should construct a range for what your possible holdings are in your opponent's eyes. As you do this, you'll find that your thought process when actually playing becomes clearer and in time you'll be able to evaluate ranges quickly and accurately.
What was I hoping he would do next?
Did my action make him do that?
What range of hands did I want him to fold?
What range of hands did I want him to call with?
What range of hands did I want him to raise with?
What am I representing with the action I took?
What would I be representing with a different action?
When you are playing a session, particularly if you are multi-tabling, it can be quite difficult to take detailed notes and it's possible to miss important hands that you aren't involved in. If you play in games with a small player pool, it's very important that you also review these hands so you can get extra information about your opponents and see what hole cards they showed down after various actions. Hands which went to showdown are invaluable free information for you about how they think about poker. Make sure to take detailed and accurate notes which can help your decision making when playing them in the future.
The final important point about reviewing hands is to give as much time to reviewing the small pots as the big ones. It's often the case that the biggest pots were simply coolers where there was no other logical way to play the hand, but the small pots which occur more often, where you have a number of possible actions and could be making the same mistakes frequently are a good place to look for leaks in your game.


Make an elegant statement in your nursery by decorating with the beautiful look of natural linen. Liz and Roo's flax linen blend crib skirt is gathered for a soft look and is the perfect gender neutral (unisex) nursery color. Shown here with our willow linen crib sheet.
Liz and Roo's flax linen crib skirt (gathered) has a 16″ drop. Make an elegant statement in your nursery by decorating with soft, elegant linens.
Sewn in the USA with imported material. This guarantees the highest quality products for your baby. We oversee all manufacturing and have strict standards for sewing baby bedding.
Fits All Standard Cribs- with a 28"x52" standard crib mattress. Features a 16" drop that is perfect for varying crib heights.
Has coordinating crib bedding options including crib skirt, crib sheet, and receiving blanket. Shop the entire Liz and Roo line to create your dream nursery!
Our flax linen is versatile. We love it paired with these neutrals: Cubby, Fawn, and Cursive.


You can also call on Bristol Glazing for draining rainwater from your roof. Bristol Glazing gutter systems, drainpipes and accessories are manufactured from UV-resistant UPVC. All the materials are strong and durable, but also very light. As a result of the click system, the drainage systems are easy to install and dismantle, all without the use of UPVC glue.


SMART List #10: Other People's Mail | Shelf Elf: read, write, rave.
In her most recent podcast, Fuse #8 booktalks Audrey Shafer's amazing-sounding book: The Mailbox. (Received today from the library… check!) This led to me thinking about all of the kids' books near and dear to my heart that concern letters and letter-writing. The magic of mail. I am kinda nosey and there's something about being allowed to read "other people's letters" in a story that feels wonderfully not-allowed. Like someone is whispering somebody else's secrets in your ear.
So here are a few of my favorite titles related to letters – some are written entirely in letters, in others, letters play a central role in the story. They appear in order of age-appropriateness. (You will note that the upcoming Clementine made this list. I have not read it. I simply have tremendous faith in the genius of Ms. Sara Pennypacker).
Go partake in a little harmless snooping.
(You don't even have to steam these puppies open).
This entry was posted in SMART Lists on February 6, 2008 by shelfelf.


I've found that the Old Testament is full of some amazing, strong women who defy stereotypes. But what about men? Did Old Testament men fill only such roles as warrior, ruler, priest or family patriarch? Did they fit the stereotype of the "manly man," who pleases God by his tough masculine leadership, or are there gentler role models?


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The internet is a mixed bag. On the one hand it can provide a treasure trove of knowledge and information, and on the other hand it can quickly turn into a confusing array of choices. It can also be a terrific way to spend large amounts of time that you really didn't have in the search for that one thing you're actually looking for. Admit it, we've all wasted time trying to get Google to cough up relevant information. So we thought we'd save you some time in the search for a kid-friendly (mostly) free digital paint program.
For those new to Creativity Express, our 16 online art lessons include doART 'Creativity Builders'. These are hands-on art projects that can be completed using both traditional art supplies as well as digital paint programs. From a parent's point of view, a digital approach can have several advantages. Anyone who has supervised an art project involving glitter appreciates the lack of cleanup time computers offer while still encouraging their child's creative self-expression. Looking towards you child's future, a vast array of jobs use digital tools for real-world products; a simple example would be architects who rely on computer aided rendering software to design buildings. So it's a good idea to give kids at least some experience with digital paint programs – it is a worthwhile stepping stone to more complex software.
In order for us to recommend a digital paint program it needed to meet three basic rules.
First, the software has to be kid-friendly. This means that the child can learn to use the program either because it is simply laid out, or because there are good tutorials. This should be fun for the kids, not a burden for the parents to trouble-shoot.
Second, the software should be free to download, or low-cost. Though free sound great, it has its downsides. Generally software is free because it has ads in it, and with kids involved that's not always okay.
Hence my third rule: any advertising must be child-appropriate.
There are quite a few digital paint programs to choose from, so let's get started!
MyPaint – Available for PC and Linux operating systems; MyPaint has a range of functions similar to Adobe Photoshop including pressure-sensitive capabilities for use with drawing tablets. In addition to basic layering features, MyPaint has many different brush settings. Kids can even create their own brushes, allowing them to be really creative with this program!
Firealpaca – This kid-friendly art program is available for free download on both Macs and PCs. A relatively new program, it does contain advertisements. However they claim to be art-related, and only placed ion the introductory screen, along with any relevant update information or user tips. The program has layer capabilities and many different brush settings.
Copic – Another free program compatible with Macs and PCs, Copic has a user-friendly interface that incorporates Copic's color system as well as different brush settings. Kids will love the easy look of the program, and should be able to pick it up quickly.
Sumopaint – Users can draw online or download a more comprehensive version of this easy-to-use program; it has both PC and Mac compatibility. Its tools for drawing are virtually unlimited, allowing kids to have an expanded choice for their artwork.
ArtRage – This program is very kid-friendly and simplistic, and is our choice for digital art software. It's available for both Windows and Mac operating systems for $49.90. Supporting all levels of artists, ArtRage is designed to be like a virtual painting space, increasing authenticity and making the experience for kids more fun and realistic.
Artweaver – Suitable for beginners, Artweaver is a freeware program that is available for Windows computers. On this program, kids can even draw from a photograph scanned into the computer – draw on paper first, then paint on Artweaver!
SpeedyPainter – SpeedyPainter has a simple and intuitive design, and is suitable for children to use. It is downloadable for free for Windows users. It includes basic features, as well as a brush library and separate viewfinder to allow kids to really see what they're drawing.
SmoothDraw – This program has many different brushes that can be used, as well as a simplistic interface; it's available for free download for Windows operating systems. Children will love the ease of use in this program, and will be able to use it with little basic knowledge of tools in art programs.
Qaquarelle – Part of the Sourceforge portfolio of software, Qaquarelle supports tablet functions and has a simple design that children will find easy-to-use. It's an open-source software that has a free download.
Last but not least, a clever drawing tool….
DrawPile – Although not specifically a digital paint program, DrawPile is a freeware program that allows multiple users to share the same online drawing board. Kids can have fun doodling and creating with their friends wherever they may travel.
With such a range of choices, we look forward to user comments on these programs, and links to others we may not have discovered.
The sixteen Creativity Express lesson modules in combination with the hands-on Creativity Builders projects create an entire curriculum that meets the National Standards for the Visual Arts. Our new interactive rubric has been designed to assist educators and parents in assessing the depth of understanding any one child has gained from the Creativity Express lesson content.
The K-4 Standards focus on conceptual comprehension over hands-on execution of artwork. In this age group there may be some quite talented children who simply lack the coordination or maturity to fully execute their ideas. Children progress at different rates during these early years; their achievement level on this rubric should reflect their relative capability at their given age or grade level, and effort put into the curriculum and projects. By grades 5-8, it is expected that the child is able to grasp the concepts rather easily. Their assessment is focused on the ability to analyze, discriminate, and make choices in execution of the projects to fully express these concepts in artwork. Again, those using the rubric should focus on relative skills and effort when deciding on assessment level for any one child.
Though it seems counterintuitive to attempt to measure creativity at a time when most children face a burden of standardized tests, we hope that both educators and parents find this rubric a useful tool. Creativity Express was designed by artists and education professionals to encourage experimentation, analysis, self-expression, and ultimately teach children to find their individual artistic voice. This rubric was designed to encourage these behaviors and serve as a guideline for further exploration.


text:
Q: how to use class library in my .net core web application using vscode? I am developing web application using .net core with visual studio code[vscode]. i need to know how to call class library in my web application? if its possible to convert class library as nuget package and also how to add converted nuget package?
or any other way to call class library in my web application[vscode].

A: If you need to know how to add reference to a class library from your application project, you can use the dotnet add reference command.
For a detailed tutorial that includes adding a reference, have a look at the official docs.


Chupan Chupai is a Pakistani new up coming comedy movie which will released in January 2017. This movie is directed and written by Mohsin Ali. The story of movie based on comedy. In this movie Pakistani actress Neelum Muneer and actor Ahsan Khan are in leading roles.


text:
Dh5m up for grabs
SHOPPERS will be able to win cash prizes worth Dh500,000 ($136,139) every week throughout the 10-week Dubai Summer Surprises (DSS) – a total purse of Dh5 million is up for grabs during the promotion across 21 participating malls.
Announcing the promotion, Ibrahim Saleh, DSS chief operating officer said: "Every year, DSS has been growing bigger and bigger and today, it has made Dubai a major international attraction on the summer holidaymakers' itinerary. It is a great example of concerted teamwork of Dubai's private and public sectors."
Commenting on this year's promotion, Eisa Adam Ibrahim, president, Dubai Shopping Malls Group (DSMG) said: "This year, we are giving away millions of dirhams to reward shoppers who patronize the participating malls and build on the success the event has enjoyed till now. DSMG is proud to continue its sponsorship of this exciting promotion and every participating mall in Dubai will ensure that this event achieves even greater heights of success this year."
Shoppers will get one coupon for a certain amount spent on purchases across 21 participating malls in Dubai. Purchases made using MasterCard credit cards will automatically get three coupons for a required amount on purchases.
Eisa pointed out that raffles have become major attractions in both DSS and DSF, to the extent that many families postpone their shopping plans and wait for these events so they can enter raffle draws to win prizes.
The promotion draws take place every Friday.


Go from zero to hero when you wake with these awesome Marvel PJs! The perfect way to SUPER-charge your sleep.
Review: It was a gift for my husband.He loved them!!!
Review: Great quality. Could do with some "tall" options.


that fail for non-gcc related reasons.
(ignored for this analysis, unlikely to be gcc 4.8 related).
it is built next week and 3 are not yet fixed gcc issues.
packages is included in first attachment.
accesses are all out of bounds.  No idea what the code meant to do.
if it happened to "work" before, it was purely by luck.
double slashes in path names and filenames.
(note the useless // there, just making it / fixes this issue).


text:
Edinburgh city profile | city data ||||Trends|Infrastructure|Perspectives|Perspectives|Innovative programmes|
The city's major Festivals are collectively one of the biggest ticketed events in the world
A recent public consultation process, 'Desire Lines,' identified an enabling approach to the city's cultural provision as a fundamental requirement for on-going development and success
Culture is one of the pillars of a City Region Deal bid for regional devolution that, if successful, will bring significant infrastructure investment to Edinburgh and 5 partner local authorities in the south east of Scotland
Visit Scotland
Culture and Climate Change City Profile
1 of 6 The Harmonium Project Image courtesy of Edinburgh City Council © Eoin Carey
The Harmonium Project
Image courtesy of Edinburgh City Council © Eoin Carey
2 of 6 Forget Me Not/Dementia Friendly Communities Project Image courtesy of Edinburgh City Council © Neil Hanna
Forget Me Not/Dementia Friendly Communities Project
Image courtesy of Edinburgh City Council © Neil Hanna
3 of 6 Edinburgh's Hogmanay 2008. Courtesy of Marketing Edinburgh
Edinburgh's Hogmanay 2008.
Courtesy of Marketing Edinburgh
4 of 6 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Courtesy of Marketing Edinburgh
Edinburgh Festival Fringe.
5 of 6 Edinburgh Art Festival 2015. Courtesy of City of Edinburgh Council
Edinburgh Art Festival 2015.
Courtesy of City of Edinburgh Council
City data: Key facts
Geographical area: 263 sq. km
Total population: 513,210
GDP (PPP) million: $27,958
View all data
Edinburgh is Scotland's capital, and its second most populous city. Since the 12th century Edinburgh Castle has stood on the dramatic crag of Castle Rock, with the city's architecturally striking, densely settled Old Town built around it. By the 16th century Edinburgh had become the capital of Scotland, and a university city. The Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century was shaped by leading thinkers such as David Hume and Adam Smith, and during this period the neo-classical New Town also took shape. Together with the Old Town it is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Today Edinburgh is a city of just over 500,000 people and its population has increased by 12% over the last 10 years. Edinburgh's workforce is among the most educated in the UK, with 64% holding a degree level qualification. The city has been shaped by its core role as Scotland's business, political and cultural capital. Scotland's visitor attractions received over 30 million visits during 2017, with seven of the top 10 most visited being based in Edinburgh, including Edinburgh Castle and the National Museum of Scotland. Edinburgh is also home to three National Galleries and the National War Museum.
At the centre of Edinburgh's cultural life are its major Festivals, which have taken place annually for over 70 years. An international cultural brand, the Festivals and the cultural presence they attract all year round place this relatively small city on the world stage. Taken together the Festivals are one of the biggest ticketed events in the world, selling over 2.6 million tickets for over 50,000 events in 2017. A 2016 study estimated the economic impact of Edinburgh's major festivals at over £280 million. However, the popularity of the Festivals also represents a challenge within the city, which grapples with a doubling of population during the main Festival month of August.
Managing the success and growth of the tourism sector as a whole is another of the City's key challenges. In some other European countries, the unmanaged growth of tourism has affected both quality of life for residents and the city's natural environment. While visitor to resident ratios in Edinburgh currently remain below that of these cities, it is important that action is taken to manage these pressures. The issue of a Transient Visitor Levy – or socalled 'tourist tax' – for Edinburgh has local political support, renewed since the 2017 Local Government elections.
Edinburgh also faces competing demands for investment and development. Office and hotel developments, and the job opportunities that come with them, are skewed towards the city centre. Physical change has often been driven without input from local communities and the focus on the city centre has delayed new developments in suburban areas, leaving some communities behind. This has taken place amid a climate of wider uncertainty, with reduced public spending across the UK, and economic uncertainty following the Brexit vote, especially among EU workers, who are represented heavily in Edinburgh's tourism and hospitality sector. Meanwhile, the City faces a need to invest in its cultural venues infrastructure to meet the needs to a growing population. A number of much needed improvements to key venues have been identified. Without such investment, the city is at risk of diminishing its status as a world-leading cultural centre.