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Works by Danny Frederick
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Danny Frederick
Pro‐Tanto versus Absolute Rights.Danny Frederick - 2014 - Philosophical Forum 45 (4):375-394.details
Judith Jarvis Thomson and others contend that rights are pro-tanto rather than absolute, that is, that rights may permissibly be infringed in some circumstances. Alan Gewirth maintains that there are some rights that are absolute because infringing them would amount to unspeakable evil. However, there seem to be possible circumstances in which it would be permissible to infringe even those rights. Specificationists, such as Gerald Gaus, Russ Shafer-Landau, Hillel Steiner and Kit Wellman, argue that all rights are absolute because they (...) have implicit exceptions, the exceptions being either right-voiding or right-compatible. Specificationists have charged pro-tantoism with preventing rights from being action-guiding, and pro-tantoists have levelled the same charge against specificationism. I show that both charges are mistaken. Pro-tantoists claim that specificationists cannot account for the moral remainder that we recognise in some circumstances and which can be explained by reference to a permissible right-infringement. Specificationists retort that the moral remainder can be explained by invoking compensation-rights. I show that the pro-tantoist claim is true and that the specificationist retort is false on two counts: explanation in terms of compensation-rights is not applicable to all cases; and it fails to account for the moral dynamic in the cases to which it is applicable. The contention that rights are pro-tanto does not conflict with the substance of the contention that rights are trumps, despite claims of specificationists to the contrary. (shrink)
Conflicts Among Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Legal Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Rights and Duties in Social and Political Philosophy
Rights and Justice in Social and Political Philosophy
The Analysis of Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Critique of Brian earp's writing tips for philosophers.Danny Frederick - 2021 - Think 20 (58):81-87.details
I criticize Brian Earp's 'Some Writing Tips for Philosophy'. Earp's article is useful for someone who wishes to do well in analytic philosophy as currently practised but it also casts doubt on why such analytic philosophy would be of interest to someone who wants to learn something new. In addition to its good tips, Earp's article contains two bad tips which, if followed, will tend to produce a paper that says next to nothing. I list the two faulty tips, show (...) how the practices of great philosophers and scientists contradict them, then set out some contrary good tips for philosophers who aim to write a paper that makes a contribution to our knowledge. (shrink)
Metaphilosophical Views, Misc in Metaphilosophy
Philosophical Methods, Misc in Metaphilosophy
Traditions in Philosophy in Metaphilosophy
Popper and Free Will.Danny Frederick - 2010 - Studia Philosophica Estonica 3 (1):21-38.details
Determinism seems incompatible with free will. However, even indeterminism seems incompatible with free will, since it seems to make free actions random. Popper contends that free agents are not bound by physical laws, even indeterministic ones, and that undetermined actions are not random if they are influenced by abstract entities. I argue that Popper could strengthen his account by drawing upon his theories of propensities and of limited rationality; but that even then his account would not fully explain why free (...) actions are not random. I offer a solution to this problem which draws on Hornsby's analysis of action. I then borrow an idea of Kant about self-consciousness to distinguish free agents from sub-human animals. I make a brief evaluation of Popper 's contribution. (shrink)
Causation, Misc in Metaphysics
Free Will and Physics in Philosophy of Action
Incompatibilism in Philosophy of Action
Libertarianism about Free Will in Philosophy of Action
Popper: Free Will in 20th Century Philosophy
The Structure of Action in Philosophy of Action
A Critique of Lester's Account of Liberty.Danny Frederick - 2013 - Libertarian Papers 5:45-66.details
In Escape from Leviathan, Jan Lester sets out a conception of liberty as absence of imposed cost which, he says, advances no moral claim and does not premise an assignm..
Externalities in Social and Political Philosophy
Normative Ethics, Misc in Normative Ethics
Original Appropriation in Social and Political Philosophy
Self-Ownership in Social and Political Philosophy
Theories of Freedom in Social and Political Philosophy
Popper, Rationality and the Possibility of Social Science.Danny Frederick - 2013 - Theoria 28 (1):61-75.details
Social science employs teleological explanations which depend upon the rationality principle, according to which people exhibit instrumental rationality. Popper points out that people also exhibit critical rationality, the tendency to stand back from, and to question or criticise, their views. I explain how our critical rationality impugns the explanatory value of the rationality principle and thereby threatens the very possibility of social science. I discuss the relationship between instrumental and critical rationality and show how we can reconcile our critical rationality (...) with the possibility of social science if we invoke Popper's conception of limited rationality and his indeterminism. (shrink)
Empirical Testing in Economics in Philosophy of Social Science
Explanation of Action, Misc in Philosophy of Action
Falsification in General Philosophy of Science
Falsificationism about Economics in Philosophy of Social Science
Free Will and Science, Misc in Philosophy of Action
Free Will, Misc in Philosophy of Action
Idealization in Economics in Philosophy of Social Science
Instrumental Reasoning in Philosophy of Action
Philosophy of Economics, Misc in Philosophy of Social Science
Philosophy of Social Science, General Works in Philosophy of Social Science
Popper: Critical Rationalism in 20th Century Philosophy
Popper: Philosophy of Social Science in 20th Century Philosophy
Rational Choice Theory in Philosophy of Social Science
Rationality in Economics in Philosophy of Social Science
Doxastic Voluntarism: A Sceptical Defence.Danny Frederick - 2013 - International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 3 (1):24-44.details
Doxastic voluntarism maintains that we have voluntary control over our beliefs. It is generally denied by contemporary philosophers. I argue that doxastic voluntarism is true: normally, and insofar as we are rational, we are able to suspend belief and, provided we have a natural inclination to believe, we are able to rescind that suspension, and thus to choose to believe. I show that the arguments that have been offered against doxastic voluntarism fail; and that, if the denial of doxastic voluntarism (...) is part of a strategy to defeat scepticism, it is inept, because knowledge presupposes doubt. (shrink)
Evidentialism in Epistemology
Evolutionary Epistemology in Epistemology
Replies to Skepticism, Misc in Epistemology
Why Neil Levy is wrong to Endorse No-platforming.Danny Frederick - 2020 - In Against the Philosophical Tide. Yeovil: Critias Publishing. pp. 175-177.details
Neil Levy defends no-platforming people who espouse dangerous or unacceptable views. I reject his notion of higher-order evidence as authoritarian and dogmatic. I argue that no-platforming frustrates the growth of knowledge.
Epistemology of Disagreement in Epistemology
Ethics and Science in Value Theory, Miscellaneous
Freedom of Speech in Social and Political Philosophy
Scientific Method, Miscellaneous in General Philosophy of Science
Theories of Knowledge, Misc in Epistemology
A puzzle about natural laws and the existence of God.Danny Frederick - 2013 - International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 73 (3):269-283.details
The existence of natural laws, whether deterministic or indeterministic, and whether exceptionless or ceteris paribus, seems puzzling because it implies that mindless bits of matter behave in a consistent and co-ordinated way. I explain this puzzle by showing that a number of attempted solutions fail. The puzzle could be resolved if it were assumed that natural laws are a manifestation of God's activity. This argument from natural law to God's existence differs from its traditional counterparts in that, whereas the latter (...) seek to explain the fact of natural laws, the former seeks to explain their possibility. The customary objections to the traditional arguments cannot be successfully adapted to counter this new argument, with one exception which has only limited effect. I rebut four claims that the theistic solution to the puzzle about natural laws is paradoxical, though I concede that one of these claims has merit. I consider four objections to the new argument but find three of them more or less unsatisfactory. The fourth, if successful, would undermine our claims to know the truth about the world. (shrink)
Design Arguments for Theism, Misc in Philosophy of Religion
Laws of Nature, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Unmotivated Intentional Action.Danny Frederick - 2010 - Philosophical Frontiers 5 (1):21-30.details
In opposition to the tenet of contemporary action theory that an intentional action must be done for a reason, I argue that some intentional actions are unmotivated. I provide examples of arbitrary and habitual actions that are done for no reason at all. I consider and rebut an objection to the examples of unmotivated habitual action. I explain how my contention differs from recent challenges to the tenet by Hursthouse, Stocker and Pollard.
Causal Theory of Action in Philosophy of Action
Intentional Action in Philosophy of Action
Intentionality, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Motivation in Philosophy of Action
Reasons and Causes in Philosophy of Action
Ethical Intuitionism: A Structural Critique.Danny Frederick - 2016 - Journal of Value Inquiry 50 (3):631-47.details
Ethical intuitionists regard moral knowledge as deriving from moral intuition, moral observation, moral emotion and inference. However, moral intuitions, observations and emotions are cultural artefacts which often differ starkly between cultures. Intuitionists attribute uncongenial moral intuitions, observations or emotions to bias or to intellectual or moral failings; but that leads to sectarian ad hominen attacks. Intuitionists try to avoid that by restricting epistemically genuine intuitions, observations or emotions to those which are widely agreed. That does not avoid the problem. It (...) also limits epistemically genuine intuitions, observations or emotions to those with meagre content, and the intuitionists offer no plausible explanation for how inference from such insubstantial propositions can engender substantial moral knowledge. Instead of moral knowledge, intuitionism offers the prospect of mutual name-calling between intellectually stagnant groups. I criticise and reject the principle of phenomenal conservatism, to which intuitionists sometimes appeal. (shrink)
Moral Disagreement in Meta-Ethics
Moral Intuition in Normative Ethics
Moral Intuitionism in Meta-Ethics
Perceptual Justification in Philosophy of Mind
Reflective Equilibrium in Meta-Ethics
The Possibility of Contractual Slavery.Danny Frederick - 2016 - Philosophical Quarterly 66 (262):47-64.details
In contrast to eminent historical philosophers, almost all contemporary philosophers maintain that slavery is impermissible. In the enthusiasm of the Enlightenment, a number of arguments gained currency which were intended to show that contractual slavery is not merely impermissible but impossible. Those arguments are influential today in moral, legal and political philosophy, even in discussions that go beyond the issue of contractual slavery. I explain what slavery is, giving historical and other illustrations. I examine the arguments for the impossibility of (...) contractual slavery propounded in the Enlightenment and their offspring expounded in recent writings, including those by Barnett, Cassirer, Ellerman, Rawls, Roberts-Thomson, Satz and Steiner. I show that they involve confusions between abilities and rights, free will and freedom, directing and doing, what may be true sequentially and what may be true simultaneously, default rights and universal rights, impermissibility and impossibility, and metaphorical and literal uses of language. (shrink)
Autonomy in Applied Ethics in Applied Ethics
Philosophy of Law, General Works in Philosophy of Law
Property in Social and Political Philosophy
Social and Political Philosophy, General Works in Social and Political Philosophy
Voluntary Slavery.Danny Frederick - 2014 - Las Torres de Lucca: Revista Internacional de Filosofía Política 3 (4):115-137.details
The permissibility of actions depends upon facts about the flourishing and separateness of persons. Persons differ from other creatures in having the task of discovering for themselves, by conjecture and refutation, what sort of life will fulfil them. Compulsory slavery impermissibly prevents some persons from pursuing this task. However, many people may conjecture that they are natural slaves. Some of these conjectures may turn out to be correct. In consequence, voluntary slavery, in which one person welcomes the duty to fulfil (...) all the commands of another, is permissible. Life-long voluntary slavery contracts are impermissible because of human fallibility; but fixed-term slavery contracts should be legally enforceable. Each person has the temporarily alienable moral right to direct her own life. (shrink)
Autonomy and Moral Psychology in Social and Political Philosophy
Kant: Formula of Humanity in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Philosophy of Sexuality, Misc in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
The Basis of Rights, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
P. F. Strawson on Predication.Danny Frederick - 2011 - Polish Journal of Philosophy 5 (1):39-57.details
Strawson offers three accounts of singular predication: a grammatical, a category and a mediating account. I argue that the grammatical and mediating accounts are refuted by a host of counter-examples and that the latter is worse than useless. In later works Strawson defends only the category account. This account entails that singular terms cannot be predicates; it excludes non-denoting singular terms from being logical subjects, except by means of an ad hoc analogy; it depends upon a notion of identification that (...) is too vague; and it is unnecessarily complicated, relying on analogies where a more uniform explanation should be possible. But I show how the account can be corrected to avoid all these difficulties and to provide an accurate account of singular predication. (shrink)
History of Logic, Misc in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Logic and Philosophy of Logic, Misc in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Logic in Philosophy in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Logical Connectives, Misc in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Logical Semantics and Logical Truth in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Objects and Properties, Misc in Metaphysics
P. F. Strawson in 20th Century Philosophy
Universals in Metaphysics
Two Concepts Of Rationality.Danny Frederick - 2010 - Libertarian Papers 2:1-21.details
The dominant tradition in Western philosophy sees rationality as dictating. Thus rationality may require that we believe the best explanation and simple conceptual truths and that we infer in accordance with evident rules of inference. I argue that, given what we know about the growth of knowledge, this authoritarian concept of rationality leads to absurdities and should be abandoned. I then outline a libertarian concept of rationality, derived from Popper, which eschews the dictates and which sees a rational agent as (...) one who questions, criticises, conjectures and experiments. I argue that, while the libertarian approach escapes the absurdities of the authoritarian, it requires two significant developments and an important clarification to be made fully consistent with itself. (shrink)
Epistemic Norms in Epistemology
Rationality in Epistemology
Moral Laws, Laws of Nature and Dispositions.Danny Frederick - 2014 - Prolegomena: Journal of Philosophy 13 (2):303-14.details
It appears that light may be thrown on the nature of moral principles if they are construed as moral laws analogous to ceteris-paribus laws of nature. Luke Robinson objects that the analogy either cannot explain how moral principles are necessary or cannot explain how obligations can be pro-tanto; and that a dispositional account of moral obligation has explanatory superiority over one in terms of moral laws. I explain the analogy, construing laws of nature as necessary relationships after the fashion of (...) William Kneale and Karl Popper. I then show that Robinson's objections are mistaken and that if the difference between a dispositional account and a law account is not merely verbal, then it is the law account that is superior. I also dispel the common confusion between the necessity of laws and the existence of forces. (shrink)
Conditional Analyses in Metaphysics
Deduction and Novelty Again.Danny Frederick - 2014 - The Reasoner 8 (5):51-52.details
It is commonly claimed that the conclusion of a valid deductive argument is contained in its premises and says nothing new. In 'Deduction and Novelty,' in The Reasoner 5 (4), pp. 56-57, I refuted that claim. In The Reasoner, 8 (3), pp. 24-25, David McBride criticised my refutation. I show that McBride's arguments are unsound.
Epistemology, Misc in Epistemology
Informal Logic in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Logical Consequence and Entailment in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Pro-tanto Obligations and Ceteris-paribus Rules.Danny Frederick - 2015 - Journal of Moral Philosophy 12 (3):255-266.details
I summarize a conception of morality as containing a set of rules which hold ceteris paribus and which impose pro-tanto obligations. I explain two ways in which moral rules are ceteris-paribus, according to whether an exception is duty-voiding or duty-overriding. I defend the claim that moral rules are ceteris-paribus against two qualms suggested by Luke Robinson's discussion of moral rules and against the worry that such rules are uninformative. I show that Robinson's argument that moral rules cannot ground pro-tanto obligations (...) is unsound, because it confuses an absolute reason for an obligation with a reason for an absolute obligation, and because it overlooks the possibility that priority rules may be rules for ordering pro-tanto obligations rather than rules for eliminating contenders for the status of absolute obligation. (shrink)
Conflicts of Duty in Normative Ethics
Moral Epistemology, Misc in Meta-Ethics
Moral Generalism in Meta-Ethics
Moral Generalizations in Meta-Ethics
Moral Judgment, Misc in Meta-Ethics
Moral Principles, Misc in Meta-Ethics
Obligation in Normative Ethics
Varieties of Deontological Moral Theories, Misc in Normative Ethics
Freedom: Positive, Negative, Expressive.Danny Frederick - 2016 - Reason Papers 38 (2):39-63.details
I apply Karl Popper's conception of critical rationality to the question of personal fulfilment. I show that such fulfilment normally depends upon the person achieving positive freedom, and that positive freedom requires negative freedom, including freedom of expression. If the state has legitimacy, its central duty must be the enforcement of those rules that provide the best prospects for personal fulfilment for the people under its jurisdiction. The state is therefore morally debarred from suppressing freedom of expression. I consider and (...) rebut arguments from falsity, harm, offence, and democratic principles, which are intended to show that the state should prohibit the expression of some types of content. I go on to argue that typical university speech codes are incompatible with the aims of an institution of higher education. (shrink)
Multiculturalism and Autonomy in Social and Political Philosophy
Book Review: Robert Audi, 'Moral Perception'. [REVIEW]Danny Frederick - 2015 - Reason Papers 37 (1):164-69.details
I summarise Robert Audi's 'Moral Perception.' I concede that there is such a thing as moral perception. However, moral perceptions are culturally-relative, which refutes Audi's claims that moral perception may ground moral knowledge and that it provides inter-subjectively accessible grounds which make ethical objectivity possible. Audi's attempt to avoid the refutation tends to convert rational disputes into ad hominem ones. I illustrate that with the example of the ethics of prostitution.
Ethics, General Works in Value Theory, Miscellaneous
Moral Perception in Normative Ethics
Perception and Knowledge, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Cognitive Science, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Philosophy of Science, Miscellaneous in Philosophy of Science, Misc
The Good Bishop and the Explanation of Political Authority.Danny Frederick - 2016 - De Ethica 3 (2):23-35.details
A central problem of political philosophy is that of explaining how a state could have the moral authority to enforce laws, promulgate laws which citizens are thereby obliged to obey, give new duties to citizens and levy taxes. Many rival solutions to this problem of political authority have been offered by contemporary and recent philosophers but none has obtained wide acceptance. The current debate takes no cognisance of George Berkeley's 'Passive Obedience', in which he defends the exceptionless duty of not (...) using force to resist the state and offers a rule-consequentialist account of morality which indicates an explanation of political authority as grounded in the social connectedness of human beings. I expound, criticise and develop Berkeley's explanation to provide a promising solution to the problem of political authority. The solution impugns the political authority of all existing states as well as the duty of passive obedience. (shrink)
Berkeley: Value Theory in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Democracy, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Free will and probability.Danny Frederick - 2013 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43 (1):60-77.details
The chance objection to incompatibilist accounts of free action maintains that undetermined actions are not under the agent's control. Some attempts to circumvent this objection locate chance in events posterior to the action. Indeterministic-causation theories locate chance in events prior to the action. However, neither type of response gives an account of free action which avoids the chance objection. Chance must be located at the act of will if actions are to be both undetermined and under the agent's control. This (...) dissolves the apparent paradox of Frankfurt-type cases as well as the chance objection to incompatibilist free will. (shrink)
Probabilistic Laws in General Philosophy of Science
The Will in Philosophy of Action
Volitional Theories of Action in Philosophy of Action
Deduction and Novelty.Danny Frederick - 2011 - The Reasoner 5 (4):56-57.details
It is often claimed that the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is contained in its premises. Popper refuted this claim when he showed that an empirical theory can be expected always to have logical consequences that transcend the current understanding of the theory. This implies that no formalisation of an empirical theory will enable the derivation of all its logical consequences. I call this result 'Popper-incompleteness.' This result appears to be consistent with the view of deductive reasoning as a (...) process of unfurling the content of the premises; but I suggest that the result about validity impugns this theory of reasoning. (shrink)
20th Century Logic in 20th Century Philosophy
Computationalism in Cognitive Science in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Deductive Reasoning in Epistemology
Epistemology of Logic in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Popper: Philosophy of Science, Misc in 20th Century Philosophy
How To Argue (And How Not To).Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
I distinguish arguments and arguing and I explain some important logical features of arguments. I then explain how philosophers have been misled, apparently by Euclid, into giving seriously mistaken accounts of arguing. I give a few examples. I then offer a seven-step guide on how to argue. After that, I conclude.
Epistemology of Mathematics, Misc in Philosophy of Mathematics
Logic and Philosophy of Logic, General Works in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Confusion about the Right to Life.Danny Frederick - 2011 - The Reasoner 5 (1):4-5.details
I defend the consistency of affirming the right to life while rejecting universal healthcare and liveable income programmes. I also defend the rationality of accepting inconsistency.
Beneficence in Applied Ethics in Applied Ethics
Dialetheism in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Epistemic Normativity, Misc in Epistemology
Rights in Applied Ethics in Applied Ethics
To Follow the Argument Wherever It Leads.Danny Frederick - 2009 - The Reasoner 3 (11):5-6.details
This paper rejects the claim that, rationally, we should follow the argument wherever it leads.
General Philosophy of Science, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Some Theories of Freedom: Comparison, Contrast and Criticism.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
I present a diversity of theories of freedom which I compare and contrast. I begin with a brief summary of my own recently published theory, which I show to be superior to the other theories considered. I find that there are various weaknesses or errors in the other theories and that my own theory is the only one that gives an adequate explanation of why freedom, or a free society, is desirable.
Classical Liberalism in Social and Political Philosophy
Freedom and Liberty, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Libertarianism in Social and Political Philosophy
Hoppe's Derivation of Self-ownership from Argumentation: Analysis and Critique.Danny Frederick - 2013 - Reason Papers 35 (1):92-106.details
Hans-Hermann Hoppe contends that the fact that a person has the capacity to argue entails that she has the moral right of exclusive control over her own body. Critics of Hoppe's argument do not appear to have pinpointed its flaws. I expose the logical structure of Hoppe's argument, distinguishing its pragmatic-contradiction and its mutual-recognition components. I provide three counterexamples to show that Hoppe's mutual-recognition argument is invalid and I argue that the truth that appears to motivate the argument is simply (...) a banality. I show that Hoppe's pragmatic-contradiction argument is invalid, has a false premise and fails to link up with his mutual-recognition argument in the way that he requires to reach his conclusion. I conclude by outlining three perils of pragmatic-contradiction arguments, the weakness of mutual-recognition arguments, and the implausibility of attempts to derive a universal moral status from a specialised activity such as argumentation. (shrink)
Natural Rights Theories in Normative Ethics
Values and Norms in Normative Ethics
A Competitive Market in Human Organs.Danny Frederick - 2010 - Libertarian Papers 2:1-21.details
I offer consequentialist and deontological arguments for a competitive market in human organs, from live as well as dead donors. I consider the objections that a market in organs will frustrate altruism, coerce the desperate, expose under-informed agents to unacceptable risks, exacerbate inequality, degrade those who participate in it, involve a kind of slavery, impose invidious costs, and impair third-party choice sets. I show that each of these objections is without merit and that, in consequence, the opposition to markets in (...) organs is an untenable endorsement of death, suffering and the suppression of freedom. (shrink)
Economics and Ethics, Misc in Philosophy of Social Science
Markets in Philosophy of Social Science
Pornography and Freedom.Danny Frederick - 2011 - Kritike 5 (2):84-95.details
I defend pornography as an important aspect of freedom of expression, which is essential for autonomy, self-development, the growth of knowledge and human flourishing. I rebut the allegations that pornography depraves and corrupts, degrades women, is harmful to children, exposes third parties to risk of offence or assault, and violates women 's civil rights and liberties. I contend that suppressing pornography would have a range of unintended evil consequences, including loss of beneficial technology, creeping censorship, black markets, corruption and extensive (...) social costs. (shrink)
Feminist Ethics in Normative Ethics
Pornography in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
The Unsatisfactoriness of Unsaturatedness.Danny Frederick - 2017 - In Piotr Stalmaszczyk (ed.), Philosophy and Logic of Predication. Peter Lang.details
Frege proposed his doctrine of unsaturatedness as a solution to the problems of the unity of the proposition and the unity of the sentence. I show that Frege's theory is mystical, ad hoc, ineffective, paradoxical and entails that singular terms cannot be predicates. I explain the traditional solution to the problem of the unity of the sentence, as expounded by Mill, which invokes a syncategorematic sign of predication and the connotation and denotation of terms. I streamline this solution, bring it (...) up to date and contrast the resulting conventionalist account with Frege's unsaturatedness account. I argue that the conventionalist account provides a clear and intelligible solution to the problem of the unity of the sentence which is free of the defects of Frege's account. I suggest that the problem of the unity of the proposition is spurious. I recommend that the notion of unsaturatedness be extruded from serious debate. (shrink)
Russell's Paradox in Philosophy of Mathematics
Singular Propositions in Philosophy of Language
The Unity of the Proposition in Philosophy of Language
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Why it is Ethical to Eat Meat.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
One-page summary of the case for why it is not wrong to eat meat.
Applied Ethics, General Works in Applied Ethics
Knowledge and Content: Critique of David Miller.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
David Miller propounds a theory of objective knowledge from which he mistakenly derives some consequences about question-begging and persuasion that appear to be false. He makes a further claim about persuasion that also seems false. I argue that Miller's account of objective knowledge is explanatorily weak unless supplemented with an account of subjective knowledge and that the latter enables us to extricate Miller's theory from the falsehoods he associates with it.
Reasons, Misc in Philosophy of Action
A Critique of Michael Huemer's 'The Problem of Political Authority'.Danny Frederick - 2015 - Reason Papers 37 (2):178-97.details
How could a state have the moral authority to promulgate and enforce laws that citizens are thereby obliged to obey? That is the problem of political authority. The Consequentialist Explanation of Political Authority contends that great social benefits depend upon there being a state with political authority. In his book, The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer considers different types of explanation of political authority and he rejects them all. I show that the objections he raises to consequentialist accounts are (...) confused and that they fail to connect with the Consequentialist Explanation of Political Authority. Huemer argues that anarchy of a particular kind would be better than the states that exist in current Western societies. I explain why that argument, if it were successful, would be an effective objection to the Consequentialist Explanation of Political Authority. (shrink)
Anarchism in Social and Political Philosophy
Liberalism and Liberty in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Legitimacy in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Obedience in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Theory in Social and Political Philosophy
Adversus Homo Economicus: Critique of Lester's Account of Instrumental Rationality.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
In Chapter 2 of Escape from Leviathan, Jan Lester defends two hypotheses: that instrumental rationality requires agents to maximise the satisfaction of their wants and that all agents actually meet this requirement. In addition, he argues that all agents are self-interested (though not necessarily egoistic) and he offers an account of categorical moral desires which entails that no agent ever does what he genuinely feels to be morally wrong. I show that Lester's two hypotheses are false because they cannot accommodate (...) weakness of will, because they are inconsistent with agency, which requires free will, because ends, obligations and values cannot be reduced to desires, and because maximisation is often not possible. Further, Lester's claim that agents are self-interested is vacuous, his attempted reduction of moral behaviour to want-satisfaction fails, and his contention, that agents always do what they genuinely think to be morally required, seems untenable. A defence of freedom that depends on homo economicus is far from promising. (shrink)
Desire and Reason in Philosophy of Action
Scarcity and Saving Lives.Danny Frederick - 2011 - The Reasoner 5 (6):89-90.details
I argue that, because of scarcity, the right to life cannot imply an obligation on others to save the life of the right-holder, and that collectivising resources for health care not only ensures that resources are used inefficiently and inappropriately but also removes from people the authority to make decisions for themselves about matters of health, life and death.
Death and Dying in Applied Ethics
Ought Implies Can in Meta-Ethics
Singular Terms, Predicates and the Spurious 'Is' of Identity.Danny Frederick - 2013 - Dialectica 67 (3):325-343.details
Contemporary orthodoxy affirms that singular terms cannot be predicates and that, therefore, 'is' is ambiguous as between predication and identity. Recent attempts to treat names as predicates do not challenge this orthodoxy. The orthodoxy was built into the structure of modern formal logic by Frege. It is defended by arguments which I show to be unsound. I provide a semantical account of atomic sentences which draws upon Mill's account of predication, connotation and denotation. I show that singular terms may be (...) predicates, that it is highly implausible that there is an 'is' of identity in natural languages, and that modern formal logic is deficient in that it cannot recognize sentences, including singular existentials, in which singular terms are predicates, or inferences which depend upon the logical role rather than the logical category of expressions. (shrink)
Fregean Theories, Misc in Philosophy of Language
Quantifiers, Misc in Philosophy of Language
Theories of Reference, Misc in Philosophy of Language
Identity Politics, Irrationalism, and Totalitarianism: The Relevance Of Karl Popper's 'Open Society'.Danny Frederick - 2019 - Cosmos + Taxis 6 (6-7):33-42.details
In 'The Open Society and its Enemies,' Karl Popper contrasts closed and open societies. He evaluates irrationalism and the different kinds of rationalism and he argues that critical rationalism is superior. Living in an open society bestows great benefits but involves a strain that may in some people engender a longing to return to a closed society of tribal submission and an attraction for irrationalism. Attempts to recreate a closed society lead to totalitarianism. In the light of Popper's arguments I (...) criticise contemporary identity politics and I show that identity politics is irrationalist and tends to totalitarianism. (shrink)
Defenses of Toleration in Social and Political Philosophy
Freedom of Thought in Social and Political Philosophy
Political Science in Social Sciences
The Philosophical Case For Pornography.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
A one-page summary of the reasons why pornography is good.
Feminism: Pornography in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Sex Work and Prostitution in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Why the Rachels's are Wrong about Moral Universals.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
This is a three-page refutation of the Rachels's denial of moral diversity. In sections 2.5 and 2.6 of 'The Challenge of Cultural Relativism,' James and Stuart Rachels argue that diversity amongst cultures with regard to moral rules is overstated because all cultures have some values in common. I show that their argument is invalid and otherwise unsound and that cultures differ substantially with regard to their moral rules.
Cultural Pluralism in Social and Political Philosophy
Cultural Relativism in Social and Political Philosophy
Cultural Studies in Social Sciences
Value Theory, Misc in Value Theory, Miscellaneous
Gettier's Classic Irrelevance.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
Edmund Gettier's three-page article is generally regarded as a classic of epistemology. I argue that Gettier cases depend upon three false assumptions and are irrelevant to the theory of knowledge. I suggest that we follow Karl Popper in abandoning subject-centred epistemologies in favour of theories of objective knowledge.
Philosophy of Science, General Works in Philosophy of Science, Misc
The Concept of Knowledge in Epistemology
The Gettier Problem in Epistemology
Are Institutions Created by Collective Acceptance?Danny Frederick - 2020 - Journal of Value Inquiry 54 (3):443-455.details
John Searle, in several articles and books, has contended that institutions incorporating status functions with deontic powers are created by collective acceptance. I argue that collective acceptance can create new status functions with deontic powers only if other status functions with deontic powers already exist, so that collective acceptance can create new institutions only if other institutions are presupposed. So, the claim that institutions depend upon collective acceptance involves a vicious infinite regress. I provide an example to show how an (...) institution of slavery could be created by individual acceptances plus mutual belief about those acceptances. I consider whether an institution could be created by individual acceptances without mutual belief about those acceptances; but my conclusion is largely negative. I contend that the emergence of a new institution presupposes an existing institutional context and I explain how infinite regress can be avoided. (shrink)
Collective Intentionality in Philosophy of Mind
Constitutive Rules in Social Ontology in Social and Political Philosophy
Facts and States of Affairs in Metaphysics
Institutions in Social and Political Philosophy
Philosophy of Social Science, Misc in Philosophy of Social Science
Critique of an Argument for the Reality of Purpose.Danny Frederick - 2012 - Prolegomena 11 (1):25-34.details
Schueler has argued, against the eliminativist, that human purposive action cannot be an illusion because the concept of purpose is not theoretical. He argues that the concept is known directly to be instantiated, through self-awareness; and that to maintain that the concept is theoretical involves an infinite regress. I show that Schueler's argument fails because all our concepts are theoretical in the sense that we may be mistaken in applying them to our experience. As a consequence, it is conceivable that (...) direct introspection of an event as a purposive action may be mistaken. I indicate ways in which the eliminativist may be able to explain why our perception and introspection is afflicted with systematic error. (shrink)
Eliminative Materialism in Philosophy of Mind
Infallibility and Incorrigibility In Self-Knowledge in Philosophy of Mind
Introspection and Introspectionism in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
The Liberal Defence of Immigration Control.Danny Frederick & Mark D. Friedman - 2020 - Cosmos + Taxis 8 (2+3):23-38.details
Contemporary liberal theorists generally support open borders and some argue that liberalism is incompatible with substantive immigration control. We argue that it has not been shown that there is an inconsistency in the idea of a liberal state enforcing such controls and that it may be obligatory for a liberal state to impose substantive restrictions on immigration. The immigration control on which we focus is that concerning people from societies that resemble closed societies, particularly those in which Islamic fundamentalism is (...) endemic. We suggest that, if the threat we envision is real, then a liberal state has a right to limit immigration from such societies. (shrink)
Freedom of Movement in Social and Political Philosophy
Immigration in Social and Political Philosophy
Toleration, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Falsifiability and the Duhem Problem.Danny Frederick - 2020 - In Against the Philosophical Tide. Yeovil: Critias Publishing. pp. 15-19.details
It is often claimed that the Duhem problem shows that the notion of falsifiability is inapplicable to scientific theories. I explain why the claim is false.
Epistemic Fallibilism in Epistemology
History of Physics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Philosophy of Physics, Misc in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quine-Duhem Thesis in General Philosophy of Science
Skepticism, Misc in Epistemology
Searle's Contradictory Theory of Social Reality.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
John Searle, in several articles and books, has contended that institutions incorporating status functions with deontic powers are created by collective acceptance that is not analysable into individual acceptance. I point out three self-contradictions in Searle's exposition.
Philosophy of Anthropology in Philosophy of Social Science
Social and Political Philosophy, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations.Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
Introduction to Karl Popper's philosophy of science.
Explanatory Value in General Philosophy of Science
Inductive Skepticism in General Philosophy of Science
Social Contract Theory Should Be Abandoned.Danny Frederick - 2013 - Rationality, Markets and Morals 4:178-89.details
I argue that social-contract theory cannot succeed because reasonable people may always disagree, and that social-contract theory is irrelevant to the problem of the legitimacy of a form of government or of a system of moral rules. I note the weakness of the appeal to implicit agreement, the conflation of legitimacy with stability, the undesirability of "public justification" and the apparent blindness to the evolutionary critical-rationalist approach of Hayek and Popper. I employ that approach to sketch answers to the theoretical, (...) historical and practical questions about the legitimacy of government or of systems of moral rules. (shrink)
Consent and Political Authority in Social and Political Philosophy
Contractarianism about Political Authority in Social and Political Philosophy
Moral Contractarianism in Normative Ethics
Public Justification in Social and Political Philosophy
Is Every Deductively Valid Argument Circular?Danny Frederick - manuscriptdetails
David Miller claims that every valid deductive argument begs the question. Other philosophers and logicians have made similar claims. I show that the claim is false. Its appeal depends on the existence of logical terminology, particularly concerning what a proposition 'contains' or its 'logical content,' that is best understood as metaphoric and that, given its aptness to mislead, would be better eschewed. I show how the terminology appears to derive from early modern theories of the nature of mind, ideas and (...) reasoning that have since been rejected. (shrink)
17th/18th Century Philosophy, Misc in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Kant: Analyticity in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
How not to Defend Homosexual Equality.Danny Frederick - 2020 - In Against the Philosophical Tide. Yeovil: Critias Publishing. pp. 183-185.details
In 'Aeon' magazine, 2 August 2017, Professor Paul Russell maintains that identities such as race, gender and sexual orientation have equal ethical standing because they cannot be discarded and they are not constituted by beliefs, values or practices. We should, he says, resist attempts to present those who identify as gay as making a choice and affirming certain values and practices that they are capable of shedding. However, such identities can be discarded and they are in part constituted by beliefs, (...) values or practices. Russell's defence of homosexual equality, because it focuses on the inclination to homosexuality, is pointless and useless. A proper defence of homosexual equality focuses on homosexual lifestyles and argues that the choice of such lifestyles is not wrong. Whether people who choose homosexual lifestyles do so because of a natural and unchangeable inclination, or whether environment or choice plays a part in bringing about that inclination, is an interesting question for science but of no concern for politics. (shrink)
Gay Rights in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Gender Identity in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Sexual Discrimination in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Sexual Orientation as a Choice in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
The Nature of Sexual Orientation, Misc in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Moral Norms in Meta-Ethics
Philosophy of Sociology, Misc in Philosophy of Social Science


The former Shock assistant coach is employed again. And it makes you wonder: since Jennifer Gillom wasn't retained as head coach, where will she work now? Maybe for the Sparks?
The road to (hopefully) gold is paved with……….


text:
import Ember from 'ember';

export default Ember.Mixin.create({
  k8s: Ember.inject.service(),
  filterableContent: Ember.computed.alias('model'),

  init() {
    this._super();
  },

  filtered: function() {
    return (this.get('filterableContent')||[]).filterBy('metadata.namespace', this.get('k8s.namespace.id'));
  }.property('filterableContent.@each.metadata','k8s.namespace.id'),
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How can I get bug reporting help? Often, I find issues with the internals of Ubuntu and I don't know how to effectively assign the bug to the right project/audience.
Take this bug for example, regarding multiple monitor support. I'd like to file this bug against Gnome, but I don't know which of the many Gnome projects apply here (or is it actually a problem with X? or gtk?). I can't even search for gnome-related projects or packages, as Launchpad complains:

Too many matches. Please try to narrow your search.

I've tried asking on #ubuntu and #ubuntu+1 but received no help due to the very high amount of ongoing activity: IRC just doesn't scale.
As a result I had to mark the bug generically against Ubuntu and now it's just one of a dozen emails that the poor souls subscribed to the project receive on a hourly basis. I doubt the bug will get any attention this way.
How can I effectively target a bug with non-frontend components of Ubuntu? Where can I get help with targeting such bugs?

A: This guide should help you narrow down the right package. For bug triaging help find someone in the Bug Squad or ask on their mailing list or in #ubuntu-bugs.
The bugsquad has regular meetings and can probably find you a mentor if you want to help (and join!). For reference here's the Bug Triaging Guide.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
class AddStatusToPartner < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    add_reference :partners, :status, index: true
  end
end


My father has spent this past year either lying on his bed or sitting in his wheelchair.
Some time ago one of my friends gave father a wheelchair, but unfortunately it wasn't the very comfortable according to him. It was then that I decided to find my dad a wheelchair that he can be fully satisfied with.
The first time I saw the brand 'Karma' was when I was browsing on the web. I phoned them up to ask for more detailed information about their products and the professional attitude of their customer service still remains on my mind until this day. I went to their dealership and they suggested that I try out the S-Ergo 105. I was amazed by the quality of the wheelchair and the ergonomic seating. We purchased it right away.
My father loves this wheelchair. He said that it is more comfortable to sit on than the couch we have at home. I'm so glad I have purchased this chair. Its value is greater than its price.


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text:
Q: Why number of open file descriptor not increase? I have created a small C program to cross the system limit of open file descriptors in Linux. But i can see the threshold does not cross.
Here is the C code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main()
{
  int i, fd[9000];
  for(i=0; i<9000; i++)
  {
   fd[i]=open("test.txt", O_RDWR);
  }
  while(1);
}

I would expect it to cross the limit and give me an error message. But if i run it in background and do lsof | wc -l it's not increasing.
What might be the reason?

A: This is expected behavior. Once your program reaches its limit of open files, the open call returns -1, and no more files are opened.
The program merely completes the for loop, failing to open any more files. No messages are displayed.
Per information extracted from the OP, the limit of open files for their processes is 1024. lsof shows about 2000 files open because there are 1024 for their process and approximately a thousand more for other processes in the system.
A process is limited to the number of files specified by its soft limit. The soft limit is "soft" because it can be change, to values up to the hard limit. However, until the soft limit is changed, it is the limit of the number of open files.

A: First, you do not check return value of open. If you exceed limit of open descriptors, open returns -1 and sets errno to EMFILE.
Second, you are opening the same file. This may or may not count towards file descriptor limit.

A: You should close files , when you use ulimit -n , you'll see maximnum numbers of open files, you can change it via ulimit -n NUMBER or  ulimit C function from ulimit.h.
For your purpose you should use int getrlimit(int resource, struct rlimit *rlim);  function.

A: This one works, and lsof ./test.txt | wc -l reports 1021 successful opens. (The program itself as well.)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main()
{
  int i, fd[9000];
  for(i=0; i<9000; i++)
  {
   fd[i]=open("test.txt", O_RDWR| O_CREAT, 0644);
   if (fd[i] < 0) break;
  }
 fprintf(stderr, "I is now %d\n" , i);
  while(1);
  return 0;
}


text:
Q: Not able to compile an abstract class having an interface implemented This is first of my question .I have got two classes and an interface .i am not able to compile the following code.Can anyone please help we out why the code is not compiling and running.
public interface Animals {
    public void run();

    public void eat();

    public void excreate();

    public void mate();
}

public abstract class Mammals implements Animals {
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Run with Four Legs");
    }

    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("Eat Grass");
    }

    public void excreate() {
        System.out.println("Excreate Excreata");

    }

    public void mate() {
        System.out.println("Mammals Mate with a Mammal");
    }

    public abstract void giveBirth();

}

public class Horse extends Mammals {
    public void mate() {
        System.out.println("Horse Mates With A Mare");
    }

    public void giveBirth() {
        System.out.println("Giving Birth To Foal");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Horse h1 = new Horse();
        h1.eat();
        h1.run();
        h1.mate();
        h1.giveBirth();

    }
}

The Animal code Compiles successfully while the mammals and Horse class is not compiling .
The error is attached in the screen shot below
scrren1

A: The issue is that you're compiling files one by one, and javac can't find Animals when compiling Mammals. From the javac docs,

When compiling a source file, the compiler often needs information about a type whose definition did not appear in the source files given on the command line.
When the compiler needs type information, it looks for a source file or class file which defines the type. The compiler searches for class files first in the bootstrap and extension classes, then in the user class path (which by default is the current directory). The user class path is defined by setting the CLASSPATH environment variable or by using the -classpath command line option. (For details, see Setting the Class Path).
If you set the -sourcepath option, the compiler searches the indicated path for source files; otherwise the compiler searches the user class path for both class files and source files.

As you can see from your screenshot, the directory you're compiling in isn't being searched for source or class files. javac is effectively unaware of what Animals is.
You can either set the source path/class path to contain your source folder or directly compile multiple source files, as the javac docs show:

Compiling Multiple Source Files
This example compiles all the source files in the package greetings.
C:\>dir /B
greetings
C:\>dir greetings /B
Aloha.java
GutenTag.java
Hello.java
Hi.java
C:\>javac greetings\*.java
C:\>dir greetings /B
Aloha.class
Aloha.java
GutenTag.class
GutenTag.java
Hello.class
Hello.java
Hi.class
Hi.java


Anne Bond Bonpain, MD, FACOG, provides obstetrics and gynecological care to patients at Cary OB/GYN, with locations in Cary and Morrisville, North Carolina. She also serves on the Quality Improvement Committee.
A native of northeast North Carolina, Dr. Bond Bonpain attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for both her undergraduate and graduate studies. She completed her medical residency in 2005 at the Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Since 2005, Dr. Bond Bonpain has continued to advance her knowledge by joining several medical societies, including the American Medical Association, North Carolina Medical Society, and the Southeastern Obstetrical & Gynecological Society.
She's also a Fellow of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and in the past, she served on the Wake Medical Utilization Review Committee at WakeMed Hospital in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Dr. Bond Bonpain lives in Cary with her husband Eric, who is from France, and their son and daughter.


Our co-founders have been invited to Tokyo, Japan by the Sasakawa Peace Foundation to speak at a public forum discussing "Women and Politics in the Time of Trump." Kristin and Jessica will share their experience working with women political leaders over the last two decades and the current state of women's political leadership in the United States. They will also share their insights about the upswing of women running for political office in America in the wake of the last presidential election and how the #MeToo movement has impacted the conversation around women's rights in the United States and globally.
While there, Jessica and Kristin will also conduct a women's political leadership training for the newly formed Academy of Gender Parity and SPF. They will be training women who aspire to run for elected office in Japan.


Essay writing is my favourite kind of writing, although I've dabbled within the brief story style a small. This article will assess the similarities and distinctions between the 2 of these books along with their leading figures want to evade where they truly are from. The more passion you've got for a creating issue, the more straightforward it will really be to convey that feeling to your own crowd and generate a decent illustrative composition. For something to become a decent persuasive essay topic, it should be an controversial issue. Composing the essay in the previous minute won't provide any boons to you personally Here are some very good article topics that kids might detect simple to create. Rooster it is because of writing an essay. Educate different ways for pupils to utilize design within their writing and essays. An essay can have various objectives, but the straightforward arrangement is exactly the same regardless of what. Teachers should also provide the youngsters proper recommendations for each sort of essay which they need to write.
This makes it a great method for conveying claims to the troubled party.
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The most significant thing to hold in your mind when writing a fantasy story is the reality that fantasy is allegorical. It's the tale of the young woman named Alice. Add additional information and examples from your expertise together with your life story. When somebody applies for college, he has to create an admission essay, that will represent his qualifications and should join up with the college. Learn what choices can be found in your college region. To compose this article, you'll additionally necessitate the assistance and methods of your parents also. You're able to abandon it for some times, if you're not discovering the right thought to publish subsequently left this article for a little while, so you could detect the perfect facets to compose.
So that you can advise another parent, the parent processing should offer the case or action.
When interpreting your dream, bear in mind of all other symbols in your dreams. Always consider the overview instead of the particulars of your own wish desires.


text:
Home > Microsoft > The Hits and Misses of Microsoft
The Hits and Misses of Microsoft
Thom Holwerda 2008-06-27 Microsoft 26 Comments
The web is abuzz with articles related to Bill Gates' retreat from Microsoft, and the BBC, too, partakes in this buzz. The BBC decided to list a few of Bill Gates' and Microsoft's predictions and drastic moves, and came to a list of hits and misses. Five misses, four hits.
One of the hits concerns the popular catchphrase "a computer on every desk and in every home". The BBC credits Microsoft for putting a computer in every home and on every desk, and I think it's difficult not to agree with the British Broadcasting Company. Even though they surely played an important role in this one, it's hard to imagine there wouldn't have been another company if Microsoft hadn't been at the right time and in the right place. What would the world look like if Apple – or the Amiga? – had taken 90% of the desktop market?
As a miss, the BBC lists Windows' security and the Trustworthy Computing initiative. I find this a rather dubious choice – sure, Windows XP has a lousy track record, but its second service pack made things a lot better. Windows Vista is doing quite well too – and Windows Vista is the first consumer operating system developed under the Trustworthy Computing initiative. In other words, it seems as if the initiative is doing its job, so listing it as a miss seems a bit out of line.
For the rest, it's an interesting list.
REM2000
The only point i would disagree with is that Microsoft is not innovative. There are plenty of projects and idea springing up from Microsoft and it's research labs. Just nip over the channel 9/8/10.
The only thing i would say about Microsoft's innovation is that they seem to be so excited to get the technology out there, that they don't give it enough spit and polish before release, which usually ends up with a dirty mark against an excellent product.
WHS is one example that comes to mind, a KISS home server which could stream and backup data. Excellent in execution and ideas, however the data loss bug just left a bitter taste and a dirty mark against an excellent product.
xbox360, in the rush to get it out in the market they push it out with a major heating problem (gone through 3 x Xbox360's myself). xbox live, excellent. Achievement points, excellent. Good games, excellent controller all excellent, but RROD on them just leaves it with a dirty mark and a bitter taste.
I think the one product which still impresses me to this day has to be Windows 95 and Windows 2000. Windows 95 brought in a new era of computing to the masses. Windows 2000 both pro and server brought a ton a new features, a directory and was incredibly quick and very very stable. Never had one problem with the OS. I only upgraded to XP when it was getting harder to play games on 2k and some bits of hardware wouldn't run aswell.
WorknMan
Good games, excellent controller all excellent, but RROD on them just leaves it with a dirty mark and a bitter taste.
Agree, except for the controller part. The d-pad is absolute garbage. Don't believe me? Try playing Pacman CE on it. BTW: In my humble opinion, that is the absolute best game on the 360. Halo and GTA4 can lick my ass, Pacman CE FTW
Personally, I found that it was a great idea, but executed poorly. I have to admit though, I am a fan of the 'whole widget' concept. Personally if it were me, I would have developed an appliance with a stripped down version of Windows with a web front end; the whole operating system residing on a 8gb flash card, with all storage for the server residing in a slotable expansion bay.
The slotable expansion bay would be a matter of sliding in a new hard disk (there would be 4 slotable bays) – the operating system automatically handles the formatting and configuration of this (but can be changed in the web browser interface). The size of the device would be around the same as the planned Eee PC desktop which ASUS is looking at.
For the average user, they run out of space, go down the road, purchase a 'slotable storage' cartridge, they slide it in, and the device handles the rest.
I think the one product which still impresses me to this day has to be Windows 95 and Windows 2000.
That's only because you never used IBM's OS/2 operating system which Windows '95 and 2000 were copied from but weren't half as good.
IBM didn't succeed with OS/2 because it could no longer control the distribution channels like it did back in the '70s with their mainframe systems.
Notice that history is repeating itself with Microsoft. Whenever they go outside the distribution channels they control (please, they REALLY do) their success is well … not successful.
While they have sold millions of XBox360s they have only netted profits during two months of sales. Also note that "sales" to Microsoft does not mean sales to consumers but to retail stores. It doesn't matter if retail stores used to have millions of unsold 360s. Microsoft still counts those, and Zune sales by the way, as sales. Reality of actual retail sales isn't as kind.
I know, I know, I know, sigh, you love Microsoft and Bill Gates.
Bill Gates created a monster built on blocking distribution channels, not on quality. If you think they have quality products it is because you haven't really used competing products.
You think they haven't blocked distribution channels? Well, go into a regular store where you buy computers and try to buy a Linux computer. How about any other operating system on a PC other than Apple's. You can't find even one? How is that possible? How many different brands of cars are there out there and you can find only one brand of operating system. Don't you find that a little … weird.
Read some history about BeOS and how they were willing to give their OS to OEMs like Dell, HP, Compaq, Toshiba for free to install by itself or side by side and guess what. Microsoft went to those companies and showed the contracts they signed that said they were not allowed to ship any computers that had anything else installed other than the latest version of Windows.
It's true.
I could go on but you still won't believe me. If you ever pull your head out of … well, once you do and do some real research on why Microsoft is so big, how nobody can sell anything that they can't get on store shelves, you'll find out why.
google_ninja
You made two points. One is that stores are buying millions of zunes and xboxes that are not selling, but getting counted towards sales.
This is silly. If the 360 had flopped at its launch, you would probably be right, but no retail outlet is going to continue to place orders on a product that is not leaving its shelves.
Your second argument has an incident that happened about a decade ago to back it up. However, over the last five years more have been offering linux options. In fact, I believe at this point there isn't anyone NOT offering linux.
You are perfectly correct that they USED to do really nasty things, find me stuff they have done in the last five years in regards to blocking alternative os adoption.
Ten years ago you couldn't find Macs in most stores either. Now you can. It has nothing to do with microsoft, and everything to do with Apple getting back on track, and the market being created. A store will not stock something that will not sell. As soon as there is enough demand for linux, it will become available.
An example of this is I was pricing high end desktop replacements recently. I like HP, and the HP HDX seemed like a nice computer. However, it is only available online in the states, not here up in canada.
I guess I could blame apple for blocking distribution channels or something equally as hairbrained. The reality is, there really isn't that much demand for that kind of computer.
Obviously a quote from his new book Why Microsoft keeps me awake at night available at all good book stores now!
It was more than that. OS/2 was really a pretty good operating system for its time, and I wrote a fair bit of code for it; however, one of the biggest impediments was COST. OS/2 required a lot of memory compared to DOS/Windows and, if you were around at that time, you will remember that OS/2's release has the unfortunate timing of coinciding with a spike in memory prices; in fact, my company decided to hold off on ordering several hundred OS/2-based PCs because of the increased cost. Programmers started playing around with Windows and, even though OS/2 and Windows had very different internal architectures, Windows started to gain steam because it had lower memory requirements, it implemented rudimentary multi-tasking, and the visual appearance was similar to OS/2 Presentation Manager; hence, in a lot of ways, Windows blunted the advantages of OS/2. Of course, it was very obvious to me (having written code for both platforms) that OS/2 was a superior operating system to the early forms of Windows. But in the end, it didn't matter. OEMs got a successor to DOS that used a marginally additional amount of memory, and Microsoft had already established a lot of the contractual relationships with OEMs; whereas, IBM was an OEM, itself.
You can say about him what you want but not, not knowing where the money is.
"In late 1995 following the writing of a famous memo entitled "The Internal Tidal Wave" Mr Gates re-worked Microsoft to put the internet at the heart of everything it did." 🙂
Fact is he couldn't have spend billions on charity if he hadn't founded microsoft.
Although i finally tend to
o think MS is to fat and needs some restyling. Have they lost their touch if they arguably had any.
yakirz
Midtown Madness
Office (but bloated)
Misses:
byrc
Midtown Madness? Are you f–king kidding me? Burnout is so much better. Wtf
Also your other opinions are wrong also. damn.
I think he was pretty dead on with the Misses. Think about when XP first came out…. it wasn't even semi-decent until SP1 and much better after SP2. Didn't even notice anything with SP3….
Windows 2000 is still the only MS OS that hasn't left a completely nasty taste in my mouth (just a partial one, for when it first came out and the drivers were horrible)
Nah!
The «Misses» -list is wrong too.
Any «Misses» -list when it comes to Microsoft HAS to include «Microsoft Bob».
Nalle Berg
./nalle.
SlackerJack
I could have made a guess better than this based on those statistics, no visionary, just a good businessman which there are many.
dindin
Microsoft's innovation are not so direct but then again many of it is directed towards behind the scenes applications. Wether you use VC-1 or H.264 MSFT gets a cut of the royalty fees, yes Apple pays them for their use in Quicktime. Actually, by my definition of innovation, only a handful of companies have been innovation and they do not include MSFT, Apple or IBM.
The one thing Bill Gates did was change the corporate culture. The CEO used to be a suit in the top floor and rarely know what was being developed and kept a close eye on the spread-sheet. MSFT change the definition of employee percs but then again expected a lot out of them
Skibum
To paraphrase Monty Python: "Apart from Fortran, magnetic storage, DRAM, the relational database, superconductivity, RISC processors, what has IBM ever done for us"?
ebasconp
developerWorks, SWT, ICU, the foundations for Eclipse, AIX, etc….
javiercero1
I believe the parent to your comment was talking about inventions, not products.
Yes, he did.
But, by the way, the products (and services) I mentioned (though they by itselft are inventions too) are big contributions to the community done by IBM…
Johann Chua
…that the BBC's Flash video widget has a volume control that goes to 11?
cmost
I have to agree with some others assertions that Microsoft is simply no longer innovative. They used their monopoly power to crush any proprietary innovators long ago and without the competition to keep them on their toes they've stagnated. Whenever they've needed to react to a perceived threat they've purchased the technology they needed and by "embracing and extending it" usually have made it worse. Further, many innovative technologies that Microsoft purchased have since stagnated once the competition is out of the picture. Bearing this in mind, I'm very happy that Microsoft failed in its attempts to acquire Yahoo! Even today, Microsoft is falling behind others in the tech community quite quickly. Nay, it's already far behind. The open source community works fast and furiously and the fruits if its labors (i.e., Linux, Amarok, KDE / Gnome) are powerful, stable and useful in the enterprise. While it's true that the open source community has its own problems to contend with, it remains truly innovating. I'd like to see where Microsoft is in 10 years, now that Bill Gates (some would argue the heart and soul, as well as the voice of reason of Microsoft) is out of the picture. How long will it take ol' Steve Balmer to really screw things up.
bousozoku
Of course, using the Start button to shut down the machine comes close. No one outside Microsoft could have seen that coming.
Other than quitting Harvard to programme a BASIC interpreter, I think Bill Gates' development of routines for showering, shaving, and applying anti-perspirant did the most for the world and especially for anyone working close to him were all hits.
He obviously knew how to market software but before IBM, how much business did the company do in compilers/interpreters and Z-80 cards for the Apple II?
I fail to see why the XBox should be a hit for Microsoft. Sure, they got their piece of the market share, yes. But it has cost them, and cost them dearly; they've never been able to make money from the XBox.
stabbyjones
The Home and Entertainment division includes money wasters like the Zune so it's not just consoles. While they have been making more from 360's it's not as easy as looking at division profits.
Xbox 1 was a colossal waste of money but the 360 has achieved what the first version set out to do… Sell.
If you include both xbox's together then you are right about not making money, but by itself the 360 is a success. Hardware profitabillity and game attach rates are a lot better than the competition. (excluding wii hardware which is highly exorbitant for a gamecube with remotes.)
I have bought about 30+ games (not including arcade games) and spent plenty of money on this failure.
While i bought a wii for my girlfriend and i'm looking at a ps3 for a mythtv box with occasional exclusive. the xbox has already won my cash and to a business, that's what matters.
Money spent:
Xbox360 = ~4000AUD
Wii = ~600AUD
PS3 = (waiting for tax money) a possible 600AUD
For windows itself, windows 2000 was the greatest MS innovation to a newly hired network administrator. XP was the awesomeness of 2000 with better hardware support.
Server 2k3 made life a hell of a lot easier too.
That was true in the beginning, but no longer true. Microsoft is actually making money on the Xbox 360; whereas, some of its competitors (eg. Sony) continue to lose money on every console sold. Yes, MS had to take a $1B write-off due to faulty heat problems; however, it has apparently fixed the problem. Coupled with a bunch of best-selling titles (Halo 3, PGR4, Call of Duty 4, etc), Microsoft's Xbox live service has really kind of made the Xbox the center of many gamers' entertainment rooms. Additionally, Microsoft has been able to take advantage of falling component prices to transparently ship newer versions of the 360 in order to lower costs further. Of course, Sony still has a few cards up its sleeve, since it won the Blu-Ray battle and it has an exclusive on what's rumored to be the greatest video game ever made — the new Metal Gear Solid game; so, it's still very early in the console wars. Anything could happen.
KenJackson
There can be little doubt that Microsoft has helped to evangelise desktop computers and got many people using them. Today about 90% of desktop machines run Windows – a testament to the success of the company.
I've always agreed with this sentiment. I have applauded Bill Gates for having the vision that others apparently lacked.
But now I'm rethinking this. Bill Gates clearly has lots of natural business ability that he needed to get where he is today. But wasn't an awful lot of Microsoft's success just due to being at the right place at the right time? If he had never been born, are we to believe that the desktop PC would not have the dominance it has today?
I've decided to believe there was an inevitableness to the PC.
Well, if Gary Kildall (Digital Research) or his wife had signed the agreement with IBM, NDA included, it would have been a very different story.
Digital Research had a very usable GEM GUI available long before Microsoft, though the lawsuit with Apple took a lot of the bite out of it. However, had DR become much bigger due to the IBM PC and clones, by 1986, they might have reached a much better agreement with Apple.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Input sought on future of Faculty of Education, next dean
A committee will be established to advise the principal on the present state and future prospects of the Faculty of Education and on the selection of the next dean to replace Dr. Stephen Elliott, whose terms ends on June 30, 2015.
Latest edition of the Gazette available
Pick up your copy of the Nov. 4 edition of the Gazette to find out what is happening around campus as well as updates about the Queen's community.
University Secretariat on the move
Service may be intermittent during the move on Nov. 11 and 12.
Queen's shuttle temporary route change
The Queen's Shuttle route will change from November 4 - 7 due to roadwork.
A summary of roadwork activities for the week of November 3.
Changes to Park & Ride Shuttle schedule
As of December 1, the Queen's park and ride shuttle will operate between the hours of 6:25-9 am, and 2:45-6 pm, Monday to Friday.
Flags lowered for retired chief librarian
Donald A. Redmond served as Queen's chief librarian from 1966-77.
Residences construction update
A summary of residence construction activity from October 27 - 31.
Building closure - Duncan McArthur Hall
Duncan McArthur Hall will be closed during a planned power outage on Friday, Oct. 31 between 7 am and 1 pm.
Flags lowered for Canadian soldier
Flags on campus are lowered in recognition of yesterday's tragic events in Ottawa.
Transpass signup blitz
Signup for Transpass, an unlimed monthly transit pass at a deep discount for Queen's employees.
A&R introduces PA day camps
Queen's Athletics and Recreation is pleased to offer PA day camps on select days of the 2014-15 school year.
A summary of roadwork activities for the week of October 20.
Elevator out of service - Haynes Hall
The passenger elevator in Haynes Hall will be out of service from Friday, Oct. 31 at 5 pm through Sunday, November 2.
For the Record: Oct. 16, 2014


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Posted on March 10, 2019 at 9:31 pm
Featured News North America
Malavika Kannan: an Activist, Creator, and Storyteller
Malavika Kannan isn't your typical teenager. At age 18, she's already established a teen-run media company, written for top media companies, and crafted a novel. Malavika, a first generation Indian-American, uses her skills as an activist, creator, and storyteller to uplift others and enact social change.
Activism Endeavors
Kannan's activism endeavors range in the political and social spheres. As a changemaker, Kannan is passionate about progressive politics, serving on the national Women's March Youth Committee to amplify youth power in intersectional feminism. On a local scale, she volunteers with March for Our Lives Orlando to advocate for gun violence prevention. Through local community engagement, she has worked to register voters, canvas, and attend community town hall meetings. Furthermore, she interned for Stephanie Murphy –congresswoman for Florida's 7th congressional district–and even was selected for the 2019 US Senate Youth program.
"It was incredible inspiring to get to advocate for Florida's first Asian-American congresswoman, since she paved the way for young women like me!" – M.K
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Creator of The Homegirl Project
Kannan is the founder of the Homegirl Project: a girl-led movement empowering women of color. Run entirely by young women of color (WOC), its mission is to increase positive representation of WOC and create a community of committed Homegirls by connecting aspiring writers with inspiring women. In an interview with heARTbreaker Magazine, she talks about her inspiration for starting this project.
"I founded The Homegirl Project because I wanted to create a positive space for young WOC to see themselves in positions of success—essentially, to know that they're not alone, and that their dreams are valid." – M.K
A post shared by Homegirl Project (@homegirlproject)
With a growing team, the Homegirl Project currently has more than 70 writers across 10 different countries and 5 different continents. Recently, they have launched many programs including #GoalDigger, a resource series for high-achieving women of color, and #HomegirlAmbassadors, an intergenerational mentorship program that pairs girls with nonprofit founders, executives, and other professionals in order to foster career and personal development.
Storyteller through Various Media Platforms
As a writer, Kannan believes that words have tremendous potential when it comes to the business of changing the world. She has written features for various publications, including Teen Vogue, HuffPost, Harper's Bazaar, StepUp Magazine, Affinity Magazine, and her school newspaper. Additionally, her writing has been recognized by organizations including the National YoungArts Foundation, Scholastic Art & Writing, Library of Congress, and the J.F.K. Library.
"Ultimately, I'm dedicated to using my voice, actions, and stories to uplift others and embody the changes I wish to see in the world. I'm passionate about making the world a kinder place by empowering historically marginalized groups—women, people of color, youth—to speak our truths, spark conversations, and create change." – M.K
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It goes without saying that dirt and grime are bound to build up on your roof over time. Even growth of moss and algae is a possibility if you do not take the time to check on your roof regularly. Aside from the obvious downside of reducing your roof's curb appeal, these contaminants can cause damage or eat into the expected lifespan of your roof if not dealt with appropriately. Luckily, roof cleaning is an easy and inexpensive project that can be done by even the most inexperienced of homeowners without the help New Albany roofing companies. Here we discuss the common levels off dirt on roofs as well as the best methods to use when dealing with the various problems.
Although they are unsightly, moss and algae cause more harm than simply interfering with the outward appearance of your home. These little plants will slowly eat away at the base of shingles, stripping your roof of its protective layer, thereby exposing your home to all manner of problems including leaks and water damage. This is why you should take action the instant you notice moss and algae on your roof. There are few options when it comes to dealing with a moss or algae-ridden roof.
The roofing market is filled with plenty of chemical-free cleaning products specially designed to remove everything from moss, to fungi, to ugly black algae stains. These cleaners are available for all manner of roofing materials, so you should be able to find a product for your particular roof and the kind of problem you are dealing with. The great thing about using ready-made cleaning products is that they come with clear user instructions that leave very little margin for guesswork or error when you are cleaning your roof. This cleaning method; however, costs more than the other options due to the high cost of store-bought cleaning products.
Moss, algae, and other roof growths cannot survive in environments where the PH level is below 4 or above 7. This is where the chlorine bleach cleaning method comes in. Bleach not only rids the roof of hideous stains but also addresses the underlying cause of the problem by creating a difficult environment for algae and moss to breed.
For this method, you will need to create a mixture of 1-quart bleach, 1-gallon water, and ¼-cup ammonia free heavy-duty household cleaner or trisodium phosphate (TSP). Pour the mixture into a pump type garden sprayer and spray the solution over the roof one section at a time until there is runoff. Give the solution 15 minutes to dry and check if staining is gone. If staining is still present, re-apply solution as many times as is needed. Rinse the roof with clean water when everything is clean.
Due to the corrosive nature of chlorine bleach, there are a few precautionary measures you should take when using this cleaning method. First off, test the solution on a small section of the roof to ensure it does not cause corrosion. If the solution is safe to use, remove all lawn furniture and cover any available vegetation to protect it from the overspray of the cleaning solution.
Other safety measures to take include wearing non-slip shoes and starting at the bottom row working up to the roof's peak when cleaning. This helps reduce risk of slipping. Also, schedule the cleaning on a cool cloudy day. This will prevent whatever cleaning product you are using from evaporating too quickly before soaking deep into algae or moss colonies. Lastly, clean gutters and downspouts to ensure proper drainage of cleaning solution and water rinse off.
When there is a large tree next to your house, leaves, pine needles, sticks, and branches are likely to collect on the roof. If not removed promptly leaf buildup can block downspout systems while tree limbs can puncture the roof causing serious damage. The good news is that clearing the roof of debris is very easy and can be done in 3 simple steps.
Next, grab a brush or broom and sweep away the smaller debris and dirt. Make sure the tool you use has soft bristles to avoid damaging or eroding part granular shingles.
Alternatively, you can rid the roof of debris through power washing. This cleaning method can remove even the toughest of stains from your roof. The only problem is that it can loosen shingles and cause damage to other roofing material. So, it is best to leave power washing to professional roofing companies. It takes quite a bit of experience to power wash a roof safely without causing damage.
As easy to clean as roof debris, clogged gutters only require you to remove gutter covering, scoop out leaves & other matter, and flush down water to check for proper flow. Have a gutter bag or bucket nearby to toss all the dirt you pick out. Make sure to also remove debris that may be lodged in downspouts.
While most of the dirt and stains found on roof can be cleaned in a DIY project, there are times that demand you get help from roofing experts. One of those instances is when your roof remains dirty or stained even after trying the eco-friendly and chlorine bleach cleaning methods. Gutters that remain clogged even after thorough cleaning also call for the expertise of a professional. Lastly, give the professionals a call if moss and algae are a recurring problem on your roof. New Albany roofing companies can apply more effective measures like the installation of zinc (or copper) strips or the application a coating of stain-blocking solution.
If you are looking into having a new roof installed on your home, asphalt shingles are one of the options you will come across. The most popular choice of roofing material in America for decades, asphalt shingles are highly sought after for a number of reasons. In addition to being the most economical and long lasting roofing material, they also offer unrivaled versatility that makes them an ideal option for all manner of homes and roof styles. In fact, the majority of roofing contractors New Albany residents rely on enjoy working with asphalt shingles. After all, shingles made from this material are both easy to install and repair. Understanding more about this roofing material can help you decide if it is a solid option for your roof. Below, we offer information on everything there is to know about asphalt shingles.
Despite the name, asphalt shingles are not entirely made of asphalt. Only about 5% to 35% of a shingle is actually asphalt. The rest of the roofing material consists of various components that usually depend on the type of asphalt shingle.
Organic shingles consist of a felt paper (recycled paper) base coated with a waterproof layer of asphalt. The asphalt layer is then topped with ceramic granules, which perform the task of making roof shingles UV resistant.
Fiberglass shingles on the other hand, are composed of a bottom layer of a thin fiberglass mat made of glass fibers held together by resins. A waterproof asphalt coating is then applied over the fiberglass base before a topping of ceramic granules is added to complete the shingle construction. Because fiberglass is a material that is tough, resilient, non-porous and difficult to break even when exposed to extreme winds, cold weather, and foot traffic, only a small amount of asphalt is used during construction. Fiberglass asphalt shingles also provide the extra benefit of additional fire protection.
Are there Different Types of Shingles?
Also referred to as 3-tab shingles, strip shingles get their name from the fact that each piece of shingle is designed with a slate-like layered look that gives the impression of 3 pieces of shingles stacked atop each other. The most basic of the three options, strip shingles are the lightest and most affordable of asphalt shingles.
Unlike strip shingles, which give the impression of layering, dimensional shingles (also known as architectural shingles) are truly multi-layered in construction. During manufacturing, one or more extra layers of asphalt are added to give more dimension to the shingles. This results in a heavier, thicker, and richer appearance than what we see with strip roofing shingles.
An improvement of dimensional shingles, luxury shingles provide an enhanced aesthetic appeal. Much thicker than dimensional shingles, luxury shingles feature multiple layers of tabs, which create a textured look. Luxury shingles also go by the name laminated shingles.
All shingle types tend to come in a wide range of colors with popular options including shades of gray, brown, and red. Colorful options in bright shades of blue and green are also available. It is also important to note that asphalt shingles can be classified as impact resistant. This essentially means that the a reinforcing fabric mat is added to the shingle, making it much more harder to crack due to impact from hail and other elements.
What is the Life Expectancy of Asphalt Shingle Roofs?
One of the best benefits of asphalt shingles is amazing durability that sees this type of roof offer a long lifespan of between 15 and 30 years. What's even better is the fact that very little maintenance is needed to ensure your asphalt shingle roof reaches its full lifespan. Periodic checks carried out by expert roofing contractors at least 2 times a year is all the maintenance required for this type of roof. During these bi-annual checks, your roofer can detect damage early and take appropriate repair measures.
How much will a New Asphalt Shingle Roof Cost?
Despite being durable, asphalt shingles are surprisingly much more affordable than other roofing materials. Costs range anywhere between $2.75 and $7.50 per square foot. The range in pricing is wide because several factors including shingle material, shingle design, geographical location, and your roof's design all go into determining how much money you will need to part with to get an asphalt shingle roof installed. Even the person you hire for the job can play a part in either raising or lowering the overall cost of getting your new asphalt shingle roof.
For the homeowner who wants a roof that not only protects from sun, wind, and rain, but also adds beauty and style to the home, asphalt shingles make an excellent choice. This roofing material's different design and color options ensure you will find a look that boosts your home's curb appeal. Combine that with the strength, resiliency, UV protection, and water resistance properties of asphalt shingles, you can have more than enough protection from outside elements for years to come. Asphalt shingles however, require a rather delicate installation process. So, it is imperative that you get the best roofing contractors New Albany has to offer to install your new asphalt shingles if you want to reap the full benefits of this roofing material.