text:
Latest News Bringing the music back into Jeff's life
Bringing the music back into Jeff's life
Broken Hill native Jeff has always had a passion for music, but it wasn't until his late twenties that he decided to pick up a guitar and, as he says, "give it a fair go."
"I'm mainly self-taught, so it took me a few years to get to the point where I was able to confidently play songs." Jeff would pick up tips from friends and then he would spend hours upon hours practising and perfecting what he had learned. With perseverance, Jeff found himself writing his own songs in the styles of some of his favourite artists including Slim Dusty, Johnny Cash and Alan Jackson.
Father of two, Jeff moved to Sydney two years ago after his daughter fell ill, so he could help to look after his two young grand-daughters while she recovered. He had left everything behind in Broken Hill, but had arranged for his things to be packed up ready to transport. Unfortunately, the distance made the cost to send his belongings prohibitive and so, amongst other things, Jeff was left without his trusted guitar.
When chatting with his Care Connect Client Adviser Karen recently, Jeff told her how he was missing music in his life, "it makes me a happy person, and others get a kick out of it too." Karen knew she had to take action. She reached out to a few musical friends, but no-one seemed to have a suitable guitar to lend or donate. So, she decided to email a talkback radio station and they very kindly put out a call to their audience for anyone who had a spare guitar they weren't using.
The generosity of the public astounded Karen. Within 20 minutes there were many offers of guitars, one from a gentleman named Richard, who lived just around the corner from Karen's home. Richard donated his guitar and Karen picked it up and took it to Jeff.
Jeff was ecstatic to have a guitar in his hands again. It made him feel alive. Karen got a treat too as Jeff enthusiastically played some of his favourite songs for her, including Alan Jackson's 'Little Bitty.'
Do you have any news to share?
How have you been keeping connected during COVID-19? We'd like to share more about what you love doing at home. You can send your photo and details to marketing@careconnect.org.au.


Abstract: BPM/BIM offer the possibility of faster, more accurate collaborative working thereby offering a solution to many current construction industry challenges, yet their usage remains frustratingly limited. It follows that there are likely be a number of influences and the aim of this research was therefore to identify those that could be considered relevant to the Australian construction industry. It first modeled candidate inhibitors identified from the literature, applying this to a single 'critical case' study project. Interviews undertaken with six key stakeholders were triangulated with two industry experts. Coding and abstraction of the data largely confirmed the efficacy of the model, which was subsequently found to be congruent with Brewer's model of Innovation & Attitude (Brewer 2008) after qualitative meta-analysis was conducted.


McGovern Medical School at UTHealth is pushing the boundaries of how we use data to improve clinical health care delivery and accelerate biomedical discovery. Join us on our journey to discover, innovate and impact.
Giving to McGovern Medical School not only supports our students, faculty and researchers, it also aids in paving the way for future advancements in the medical field. At its core, McGovern Medical School aims to educate students as they pursue solutions in health care that will improve quality, reduce cost and increase access; won't you join them in that pursuit?
In order to support a diverse set of strategic initiatives, this fund allows the Dean to strengthen the school's highest priorities. This may include faculty recruitment, student scholarships, infrastructure development or research funding.
These funds give exemplary students the tuition assistance they need to attain academic achievement in our graduate programs. These current-use funds are essential to the success of the school. Creating an endowed scholarship allows our institution to attract the finest students, many of whom might not otherwise be able to afford to nurture their talents without the benefit of this essential financial assistance. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of academic merit, but also may consider financial need and other factors, if the donor chooses.


Hi, I'm Tinka. I'm a graduate student majoring in Educational Leadership and Administration at George Washington University, which is located in Washington D.C., in the United States. My undergraduate degree is in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language. I also have about 4 years teaching experience in both Chinese and English. So, if you choose me as your Chinese teacher, I won't disappoint you. I believe you will enjoy your Chinese classes with me, we can make progress together! Come learn Chinese with me at LightBeijing!


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Pardon of Gnanasara Thero raises very serious concerns: CPA
The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) issuing a statement expresses its concern over granting presidential pardon to Bodu Bala Sena (BBS) General Secretary Ven Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara Thero.
Releasing Gnanasara Thero raises a number of pressing questions which the President and the government are obliged to answer, CPA added.
In the statement, CPA further said presidential pardons exist to correct miscarriages of justice and are to be exercised with extreme caution and gravity, and the pardon of Gnanasara Thero cannot be called a fit and proper exercise of that power by any metric.
Below is the full statement issued by CPA:
CPA Statement on the Presidential Pardon of Gnanasara Thero
The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) expresses its deep shock and concern over the Presidential pardon of Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara Thero, who was released from prison on 23rd May 2019. The pardon raises a number of pressing questions which the President and the government are obliged to answer.
Gnanasara Thero was convicted of four contempt of court charges by the Court of Appeal on 8th August 2018 and sentenced to 19 years of rigorous imprisonment to be completed within 6 years. The conviction and sentencing was premised on the Thero's behaviour within court premises which was judged to have been beyond the respectful behaviour expected of ordinary citizens before the courts.
CPA stresses that presidential pardons exist to correct miscarriages of justice and are to be exercised with extreme caution and gravity. The pardon of Gnanasara Thero cannot be called a fit and proper exercise of that power by any metric. The trial, conviction and sentencing of the Thero raised no legitimate questions of any miscarriage of justice and there was ample opportunity for the Thero to fully exercise his right to a fair trial by appealing his conviction. Indeed this option was pursued by him at both the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court which both duly dismissed the appeals. As such, the pardon itself amounts to an undue interference with the legal process.
The pardon raises a number of very serious concerns. First, it legitimises the view that it is possible to act with contempt for the judiciary, be punished through a legitimate judicial process, and then enjoy impunity through a pardon granted on political considerations. The pardon specifically signals that some categories of citizens, such as the Buddhist clergy, can expect to enjoy preferential treatment when it comes to obeying the law. It also sets a dangerous precedent whereby properly tried, convicted and sentenced persons can be released on the whims of the President and government.
Second, the pardon comes amidst the ongoing and extremely tense situation in the country. It has been a mere week since extremist Sinhala Buddhist mobs instigated anti-Muslim riots across North Western Sri Lanka, resulting in the death of one Muslim man and the damage to a large number of Muslim residences, businesses and places of worship. Gnanasara Thero has played a documented role in the past as Secretary of the Bodu Bala Sena in expressing hate speech and inciting violence towards minority communities, particularly Muslim Sri Lankans. The pardon, however indirectly, represents a worrying endorsement of such anti-minority sentiment, and can only heighten the anxiety and fear being felt by Muslim Sri Lankans today.
The responsibility for interfering with the rule of law and endorsing anti-minority sentiment in this manner lies not only with the President but the wider government as well. The Minister of Buddha Sasana Gamini Jayawickrama earlier endorsed requests by religious and political third parties to issue the pardon, and numerous members of the government have spoken out and acted in support of it. Accordingly, the government as a whole must justify, with stated reasons, why the grant of a pardon in this case will not be inconsistent with the Constitution, the rule of law, and the administration of justice in Sri Lanka and will not exacerbate inter-communal tensions. Anything less will directly undermine the legitimacy of Sri Lanka's democracy.
Phase III of UNIDO backed Sri Lanka bamboo initiative to be opened
Disgraceful politician from a graceful Tamil family
Government revenue continues its declining trend
Sri Lanka's manufacturing and services sectors gain momentum
New £50 note celebrates 'war hero and father of computer science' Alan Turing
Presidential elections between Nov 15 and Dec 7: Elections Commission Chairman
Govt destroyed Cricket over the years: Arjuna
ICC reveals official Team of the Tournament

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cayucos, California is a tiny coastal town located in California's Central Coast, right next to Jeremy's hometown on the Pacific Coast Highway. Cayucos feels sort of like you've stepped back in time to the Old West, except on the beach: it's small-town Americana, often described as the last of the historic California beach towns. There are saloons and American flags and antique shops selling exquisite marine-themed crafts and the air is thick with salt, coastal fog, and the scent of the ocean. If Gilmore Girls had been filmed in California, it could have been filmed here. Here's 12 charming things to do in Cayucos, California!


text:
Q: How to aggregate-initialize this struct? I'm having a struct that I would like to initialize like this:
checkPoints someCheckpoints = {
    {
        mPosition(10, 18),
        mPosition(15, 20),
    },
    {
        mPosition(45, 80),
        mPosition(95, 105),
    }
};

Basically a vector of position vectors initialization using aggregators.
This is working without problems:
std::vector<PosVec> someCheckpoints = {
    {
        mPosition(10, 18),
        mPosition(15, 20),
    },
    {
        mPosition(45, 80),
        mPosition(95, 105),
    }
};

However I need to use struct in order to add some additional functionality.
My code:
struct mPosition {
    mPosition(int32_t x, int32_t y) : x(x), y(y) {}

    int32_t x;
    int32_t y;
};

typedef std::vector<mPosition> PosVec;

struct checkPoints {
    explicit checkPoints(std::vector<PosVec>& checkPoints) {
        checkPointsVec = checkPoints;
    };

    const PosVec& getRandom() const {
        return checkPointsVec[getRandomInt(0, checkPointsVec.size())];
    }

    std::vector<PosVec> checkPointsVec;
};

checkPoints someCheckpoints = { // no matching constructor
    {
        mPosition(10, 18),
        mPosition(15, 20),
    },
    {
        mPosition(45, 80),
        mPosition(95, 105),
    }
};

This is producing no matching constructor error. I would like it to use a proper vector-like aggregation constructor. Should my struct extend vector class
instead or would I be able to do this declaring my own constructor (which one)?
How can I solve this?

A: std::vector is not represented by braces. When using in initialization, you're using std::initializer_list. And const is making a difference. So I would like to write
explicit checkPoints(const std::initializer_list<PosVec>& checkPoints)
                     ^~~~~      ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In this way your constructor can catch literal constants.
Also, as Jarod42 noted in comments, an explicit constructor cannot be called like checkPoints a = {};. You can only call it like
checkPoints a { /* stuff */ };
checkPoints a ( /* stuff */ };

Do note that you're using an rvalue initialization here, so it won't be catched by a non-const lvalue reference. It can only be catched by an rvalue reference or a const lvalue reference.
checkPoints someCheckpoints = {
    {
        mPosition(10, 18),
        mPosition(15, 20),
    },
    {
        mPosition(45, 80),
        mPosition(95, 105),
    }
}; // This is an rvalue!

Anyway, it's a good practice to declare parameters as const if you don't modify the reference in it.

A: The constructor needs a std::vector<PosVec> as input parameter, like this:
     checkPoints someCheckpoints{
        std::vector<PosVec>{
        {
            mPosition{10, 18},
            mPosition{15, 20},
        },
        {
            mPosition{45, 80},
            mPosition{95, 105},
        }
        }
    };

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Location: The hotel is located near the Airport and a step away from the International Exhibition Center (IEC).
Accommodation: 63 comfort rooms (including 18 rooms with King and 45 rooms with Twin size beds); 27 comfort Plus rooms; 4 comfort suites; 5 Expo suites. Every room is equipped with: A/C, direct telephone line, safe box, mini-bar, internet ports, TV with cable TV channels, hair dryer and telephone in the bathroom, bathtub in every bathroom.
Food: Breakfast restaurant, A la Carte restaurant "For Ego" with summer garden, lobby bar, mezzanine bar.
Sport and facilities: Fitness room, relax room with sauna and steam bath.
Meeting facilities: 4 conference and banqueting rooms- capacity from 5 to 250 people.


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text:
from .utils import require_id_str, set_attributes

class Patient(object):
    """
    Represents a patient, which contains zero or more of: normal `Sample`,
    tumor `Sample`.

    Parameters
    __________
    id : str
        ID of the patient.
    os : int
        Overall survival in days.
    pfs : int
        Progression-free survival in days.
    deceased : bool
        Is the patient deceased?
    progressed : bool
        Has the patient progressed?
    progressed_or_deceased : bool
        Has the patient either progressed or passed away?
    benefit : bool
        Has the patient seen a durable clinical benefit?
    variants : str or VariantCollection or list
        VCF or MAF path, VariantCollection, or list of some combination of those.
    normal_sample : Sample
        This patient's normal `Sample`.
    tumor_sample: Sample
        This patient's tumor `Sample`.
    hla_alleles : list
        A list of this patient's HLA class I alleles.
    additional_data : dict
        A dictionary of additional data: name of datum mapping to value.
        Will create these attributes in the Patient object.
    """
    def __init__(self,
                 id,
                 os,
                 pfs,
                 deceased,
                 progressed=None,
                 progressed_or_deceased=None,
                 benefit=None,
                 variants=[],
                 normal_sample=None,
                 tumor_sample=None,
                 hla_alleles=None,
                 additional_data=None,
                 cohort=None):
        require_id_str(id)
        self.id = id
        self.os = os
        self.pfs = pfs
        self.deceased = deceased
        self.progressed = progressed
        self.progressed_or_deceased = progressed_or_deceased
        self.benefit = benefit
        self.variants = variants
        self.normal_sample = normal_sample
        self.tumor_sample = tumor_sample
        self.hla_alleles = hla_alleles
        self.additional_data = additional_data

        if self.additional_data is not None:
            set_attributes(self, self.additional_data)

        # TODO: This can be removed once all patient-specific functions are
        # removed from Cohort.
        self.cohort = cohort

        self.add_progressed_or_deceased()

    @property
    def variants_list(self):
        return self.variants if type(self.variants) == list else [self.variants]

    def add_progressed_or_deceased(self):
        assert self.progressed is not None or self.progressed_or_deceased is not None, (
            "Need at least one of progressed and progressed_or_deceased")
        if self.progressed_or_deceased is None:
            self.progressed_or_deceased = self.progressed or self.deceased

        # If we have both of these, ensure that they're in sync
        if self.progressed_or_deceased is not None and self.progressed is not None:
            assert self.progressed_or_deceased == self.progressed or self.deceased, (
                    "progressed_or_deceased should equal progressed || deceased")

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.id)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return True
        return (
            self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
            self.id == other.id)

    def __str__(self):
        def str_if_not_none(s):
            return s if s is not None else "None"

        return "Patient(id=\"{}\", os={:.2f}, pfs={:.2f}, deceased={}, progressed={}, benefit={})".format(
            self.id,
            str_if_not_none(self.os),
            str_if_not_none(self.pfs),
            str_if_not_none(self.deceased),
            str_if_not_none(self.progressed),
            str_if_not_none(self.benefit))

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


These Bangla Abc poems are examples of Abc poems about Bangla. These are the best examples of Abc Bangla poems written by international poets.
Tears have come in the eyes.
Suddenly the door sound  memory.
brothers, sisters , friends all I have here ?


Roseville Road is at first sight one of those chaotic, nondescript, slightly run down inner city roads, which you only drive up or down to get to somewhere else. Most of the houses which used to line it have been demolished. The residential buildings have given way to car show rooms, self storage warehouses, wholesale outlets for the ragtrade and used furniture stores.
Nevertheless, if find yourself walking along either side of the wide road and have the time to really look at the buildings, you might be surprised. You might want to break your journey into the centre of the city, or back out to the suburbs – you might want to stay awhile.
Let's say, we begin at the New Roscoe Pub, the venue for tribute bands which is in family ownership. We are greeted by Mein Host who tells us a little of the nearly famous musicians who have played there over the years.
We pass the KMA building which houses the specialists in doors and window frames, the dojo where it is possible to have a personal coaching session on a Sunday, by appointment only and a wholesale textiles outlet. All of these businesses are closed on Fridays, as if conspiring to keep this end of the street quiet that day.
Opposite is a large carpet warehouse with a colourful display of floor coverings in the window – you could almost imagine that these are sculptured into fabulous outfits. There are people making patterns with the offcuts on the pavement – they wave at us and continue with their work.
We turn left into the lane which leads to Berwin, tailors. The stones on the foundations of the long, low building attest to the founding father, son and nephew who laid them in 1935, Jacobson. The business has been operating as Berwins since the 50s. On the other side of the road, Bridget is watching the traffic on the pavement. She tells us that they have only recently had the business on Roseville Road – 'only since 1985 ..' she says. The business is owned by her father and it supplies Leeds market traders with sweaters, cardigans and casual tops. She has to stand outside on the pavement between 9.00 and 11.00 am, to try and stop cars parking outside, so that the delivery van can unload. The parking situation is so bad because people working at St James' hospital don't want to pay the parking charges up there, so they park for free on Roseville Road. They don't realize people have to earn a living.
Josie at number 65 remembers what the road was like when there were houses on both sides, and a school. Her's is the only row of houses left on the street now.
We walk into the quiet, clean temple of Samuel Taylor's, the haberdashery and stationery wholesalers. It is cool and light inside. There is a group of older people quietly at work with scissors and card. As we leave, we are given an invitation to a wedding.
Back on the road, the buildings have narrow fronts and boarded up windows. We enter a whitewashed hallway and climb narrow stairs which take us to the first floor of what appears at first to be a tiny structure. A vast array of second hand furniture stretches over several thousand square metres. From the window overlooking the road, we can see right across to the Parkinson Building tower. Backlit in this window, a couple are arguing over the issue of whether to buy bunk beds or twin beds for their children. The children meanwhile are bouncing energetically on a double bed nearby.
A young man is being fitted for a morning suit in the window of the gentleman's outfitters.
His bride walks toward him, up the street, on the arm of her father. Her dress appears to be constructed from carpet of all hues and patterns. Her veil nevertheless is gossamer and floats gently down the street behind her, the bridesmaids catching the hem before it gets tangled.
At the Chinese Restaurant a feast is served for us, the wedding guests. Music plays. A Dragon dances, and then moves off, into the distance.


I would probably pay off a small bill and take my family out to a really nice dinner, and even have a nice desert!
I would buy all the groceries I would need until after Christmas!
I would buy new stuff for my house and yard.
I would buy some new outfits!


Shentel Cable is a On-Line Data Base Information Retrieval business in Bedford, VA.
Shentel Cable has been operational since 2011 and provides B2B services in the industry of On-Line Data Base Information Retrieval from its main office in Virginia. The company functions with 1 to 4 employees and conducts business from its single location with a flagship found at 1525 Longwood Avenue in Bedford, VA 24523.
From its inception in 2011, Shentel Cable has seen growth reaching revenues of $50.000 to $99.999 per annum. This company of On-Line Data Base Information Retrieval is classified under SIC code 7375 and NAICS number 519190, which can be examined for more business details.
For inquiries or more information about , B2B market variables, and professional , please contact representative by phone number (540) 587-4168 Full Phone Report. To access Shentel Cable's online presence, visit its website at or connect through social media via on Twitter or on Facebook.


The English harpsichordist and conductor, Richard Egarr, was as a boy chorister at York Minster, a position that included complete musical training. He learned piano and organ, studying both at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester from age 13. He earned his diploma in organ playing at 16 and became an organ scholar at Manchester Cathedral, then at Clare College Oxford (or Clare College Cambridge). The position of organ scholar – there are generally two at any one time – is part of the tradition of university chapel choirs in the major British universities. An organ scholar receives a full scholarship to the College and participates in daily services with the College chapel choir throughout the academic year.
Richard Egarr began playing harpsichord while at Oxford, and gained his bachelor of music degree in harpsichord in 1986. He pursued studies in that instrument with David Roblou at Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, and in private studies with Gustav Leonhardt in Amsterdam, the later on a scholarship from the Dutch government. The study with Leonhardt further inspired his work in the field of historical performance.In 1988 he entered the International C.P.E. Bach Fortepiano-Clavichord-Harpsichord Competition in Hamburg, Germany, winning first prize.
Richard Egarr began appearing as a harpsichord soloist and in 1991 became the harpsichordist of London Baroque, one of the leading early music ensembles. He held that position until 1995, then became Director of the Academy of the Begijnhof, Amsterdam. During the 1990's his career as a harpsichordist quickly developed, and he began to get attention as a conductor. He has appeared regularly in leading music festivals in Europe, the USA, and Japan. He has begun conducting The Hanover Band, appearing with it live on BBC Radio 3 from the 1999 Warwick Festival, and in an all-Bach program at the Dieppe Early Music Festival, also in 1999.
Richard Egarr is one of the most versatile musicians around. He has worked with all types of keyboards and performed repertoire ranging from 15th-century organ intabulations to Dussek and Chopin on early pianos, to Alban Berg and Maxwell Davies on modern piano. He is in great demand as a soloist and chamber musician, as well as a conductor.
As a conductor, Richard Egarr has presented a wide range of repertoire, from Bach's St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244) to John Taverner's Ikon of Light. He has worked with specialised ensembles and modern orchestras alike, such as the Tafelmusik Toronto, Chamber Orchestra of Europe and Dutch Radio Chamber Orchestra. Recent guest productions include Georg Frideric Handel's Esther, Acis & Galatea, Alcina and L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato, many performances of the Messiah, and dramatic G.F. Handel Opera arias with soprano Emma Bell and the Scottish Chamber Orchestra; Haydn's The Creation, Purcell's Fairy Queen, Bach's B minor Mass (BWV 232) and Georg Philipp Telemann's St Matthew Passion, and Leopold Stokowski arrangements with the Chamber Orchestra of Europe. He will be directing Bach's Matthew Passion (BWV 244) in 2007 with the Nederlandse Bachvereniging, and, in a staged version, at Glyndebourne. He will also conduct the Scottish Chamber Orchestra and the Flemish Radio Symphony Orchestra (in Berlioz's Symphony Fantastique).
Richard Egarr is director of the Amsterdam based Academy of the Begijnhof. In April 2006 he was appointed as Christopher Hogwood's successor as Music Director of The Academy of Ancient Music, taking effect from the 2006-2007 season.
As soloist, Richard Egarr has performed extensively in the major music festivals throughout Europe and Japan; his 2006 solo tour in the USA with J.S. Bach's Goldberg Variations (BWV 988) received great critical acclaim. He has appeared many times as orchestral soloist with the Dutch Radio Chamber Orchestra, with the Orchestra of the 18th Century as well as with the Netherlands Wind Ensemble.
In chamber music, Richard Egarr forms an 'unequalled duo for violin and keyboard' (Gramophone) with violinist Andrew Manze. They have toured Europe and North-America with music from the Stylus Phantasticus and late Baroque. They have recently turned to later repertoire with performances of Mozart, Schubert, Beethoven and Hubert Parry.
Richard Egarr was also lector at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and he is a member of the Board of the Stichting Sweelinck Collectie.
Its start, Richard Egarr has been a patron of the Geelvinck Fortepiano Festival.
Richard Egarr lives in Amsterdam and he is married to Alexandra Nepomnyashchaya.


With this month's Behind the Brand, we want to introduce you to our sweet friend Attalie. She has been making her line of jewelry, Shades of Grey, since 2009. Incorporating vintage and natural materials like leather and ribbon, Shades of Grey jewelry is defined by its heavily textured and complicated geometric shapes and layers. Recently, we visited Attalie in her (amazingly beautiful and light filled) home studio and got the chance to see her process in action. It was beyond cool observing how she creates each piece with such grace and ease. Attalie just introduced home accessories to Shades of Grey, with a line of absolutely gorgeous wall hangings. Needless to say, we're smitten!
Tell us a little bit about yourself and your brand.
I started my jewelry line, Shades of Grey, in 2009, but I started making jewelry long before that. I'm not sure where my background in art started specifically, but growing up, I was always making and creating. There were always projects happening at home when I was growing up...everything from sewing and painting to woodwork and sculpting. One favorite project i remember most was making a series of several miniature interiors that were constantly in progress or changing. I made everything from the furniture to the rugs to mini accessories for the unseen inhabitants. Later in school, I studied painting and was doing a lot of that. Then I went to college at a liberal arts school in Asheville, North Carolina and studied art history along with multimedia design and computer science.
The community there is very arts oriented and it was very inspiring. A lot was happening there, especially at the time...tons of arts, crafts, politics and music. I felt like digital was sort of the next step in art and was very into this crazy avant garde online thing that was happening at the time. Then I focused on more technical aspects of this, like building websites and other programming. Post college, this is what I did for work for a long time and it was really taking over my life. I started to feel like I was losing the more tangible creative side of myself, so I started making jewelry for myself at some point and later took metalsmithing classes. This was a long process, but now I do digital design and programming on a freelance basis and I have my line and am starting my new interior accessory project so it feels a lot more balanced.
It really depends, every day is totally different. I normally begin by answering emails and packing/mailing out any orders that are ready to go. From there, I'll move on to research for new pieces or other projects, production work, or freelance projects depending on the day. I love lunch meetings, even just meeting up with a friend for a catch up, so I try to have these as often as possible. At some point, I'll go on a long walk or run to get some outside inspiration. During the evening, I'll keep working into the night if I have a lot going on or if I'm just really into whatever I'm working on at the time.
My favorite blogs literally change weekly, but right now I'm loving Wide Eyed Legless, almost makes perfect, Into The Gloss and Local Milk.
I listen to podcasts all day while I'm working. My favorites include After The Jump, Freakonomics, and Welcome To Nightvale.
Lately I'm into researching minimal pottery and learning new techniques. Learning new things in general is very inspiring to me. I love documentaries and reading nonfiction about different historical periods and movements...the more eccentric the better. Also, I just discovered the PBS channel on my AppleTV. You can stream basically any episode from any show from PBS so I've been watching this nonstop lately!
Also, I'm definitely inspired by other designers. I love working at events and meeting other local designers and talking about our individual experiences.
What do you do outside of Shades of Grey?
My recent huge obsession is pottery! I go to the pottery studio anytime I can fit it in....ideally a few times per week. Other places you can find me are: working at Gaslight Coffee, going to shows at Empty Bottle, Lula Cafe or Scofflaw for drinks with friends. I love browsing magazines at Quimby's and flowers at Asrai Garden. Shopping for vintage clothes and home items in Pilsen or California Ave. Also, I love going to art galleries and movie theatres, but it's hard to choose a favorite! I love that Chicago has such a wide assortment of galleries all over the city.
What is your advice for artists and designers that are thinking of starting their own business?
I need to follow this more myself, but put yourself out there and get out of your comfort zone! Also, don't keep company with people who bring negative energy into your life.
Thanks for taking the time to talk with us, Attalie! Want to get your hands on something special from Shades of Grey? Visit Attalie at the Chicago Renegade Mini Market on June 21st and 22nd! Or you can shop Shades of Grey online here. And don't forget to like Shades of Grey on Facebook and follow on Instagram!
Want your small business or blog to be featured on FOXTAIL + MOSS? Let's talk! Learn more about sponsorship here or contact us here.


The 2014 board of directors invite you to join us for a night of holiday fun and cheer. We will be preparing stockings for our largest community service project of the year, bringing holiday cheer to the children living at the Rodeheaver Boys Ranch.This event is a great time to enjoy the company of our members and give back to our community. Please feel free to bring a bottle of wine, other beverages or an appetizer to share. We hope to see all of you there and encourage the attendance of other potential new members as well. Happy Holidays! Casual attire. Please email president@jacksonvillejayc ees.org if you have any questions.


text:
Casum::Engine.routes.draw do
  resources :groups
  resources :users

  root :to => 'users#index'

  delete 'logout', to: 'sessions#logout'
end


Fashion $centz, a unique place to shop for all your favorite top brand clothing and accessories. New and gently-used clothing, shoes, purses and jewelry at prices that save $centz. Accepting clean new & gently used articles as a contribution or modest store credit.


We provide flight booking service to make sure your trip is good value for money including consultancy from booking your discount flights to assistance while traveling.
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KoKo Battery shows the current battery status.
Requirements:Compatible with iPhone, iPod touch.
-Change two theme show battery status.
Laptop Battery Power Monitor allows you to track the battery power of your laptop.
BatteryCat is a simple, accessible, and very easy-to-use application that allows the user to monitor the computer battery.
BatteryBar is a lightweight battery meter that shows the battery status in the taskbar.


I'm a singer/songwriter who grew up between two villages in the South Wales valleys with not much else to do but learn how to play a number of instruments and start to write my own songs. I set up my own label Self Raising Records in 2006 and put out my first 7" 'Good Coat' which had lots of nice things said about it.
Since then I've put out two other songs as limited releases - 'You Get Goodbyes' which got lots of radio play (thanks to everyone who supported) and 'Your Love Is A Tease' whose video features all my toys from childhood, some ace people have remixed my songs which you can hear at myspace.com/rodthomasremixed, and I've been spending my time going around the place playing gigs and busking on the London underground. (If you see me, please smile).
I've been lucky enough to play with some of my favourite artists including Noah & The Whale, James Yuill, Kathryn Williams, Bass Clef, Wallis Bird and Peter & The Wolf as well as playing at great festivals like Glastonbury, Latitude, Camp Bestival, Summer Sundae, Green Man and Innocent Village Fete.
I've also been very humbled to have my records played by Steve Lamacq, Huw Stephens, Bethan Elfyn, Lauren Laverne, Tom Robinson, Rob Da Bank, Nick Luscombe and Gideon Coe amongst others.
I play live with a guitar, a loop pedal, a synth, percussion and handclaps, and make music often described as folk disco to make people dance, smile, laugh and occasionally think a little bit.


The Comfort King foam standing mat is constructed of a patented Zedlan Foam material that is more comfortable and resilient than your average foam anti fatigue mat. As a result, this is a cashier mat that relieves stress on feet, back and joints that are common with standing for long periods of time. The extra cushion that this mat provides will also increase blood flow, stimulating muscles and reducing fatigue in the work place. This mat also carries natural anti-static properties as well as chemical resistance. Choose from standard sizes or have a size custoim cut to fit your space.
Please call 1-800-810-7847 or e-mail service@commercialmatsandrubber.com for custom length and volume pricing!


Belle: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
Bender: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
Boomer: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
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Bubbi: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
Chipper: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
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Cosmo: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
Cowboy: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
Dallas: Signed Print from original watercolor white german shepherd watercolor painting.
Elby: Signed Print from original watercolor american bulldog puppy painting.
Golden Bailey: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.
Gomez: Signed Print from original watercolor great dane puppy painting.
Gunny & Bogey: Signed Print from original watercolor dogs painting.
Gunny: Signed Print from original watercolor dog painting.


text:
Amazon Kindle Unlimited vs. Scribd vs. Oyster: E-book subscriptions battle it out
There are three similar book subscription services on the market -- which is right for your reading habits?
Sarah Mitroff
May 8, 2015 10:12 a.m. PT
Sarah Mitroff Managing Editor
Sarah Mitroff is a Managing Editor for CNET, overseeing our health, fitness and wellness section. Throughout her career, she's written about mobile tech, consumer tech, business and startups for Wired, MacWorld, PCWorld, and VentureBeat.
Expertise Tech, Health, Lifestyle
Nate Ralph/CNET
Editors' note, May 8, 2014: This post has been updated with new details on Scribd's catalog.
E-book subscription services are all the rage this year, thanks in part to Amazon. The decades-old book retailer unveiled its own unlimited book subscription, Kindle Unlimited, on July 18, aiming to compete with Oyster and Scribd , comparable services that have been around since 2012.
With three very similar e-book lending libraries vying for your money every month, it's tough to tell the differences between them at a glance. I'm diving into each service to highlight its best features and limitations.
$9.99 per month $9.95 per month $8.99 per month
Free trial?
30 days 30 days 30 days
App availbility
Kindle devices, Android, iOS, Windows Phone and BlackBerry Android, iOS and Kindle Fire Android, iOS and Kindle Fire
Types of content
Audiobooks and e-books E-books Audiobooks, e-books, comics and PDFs
With each of these e-book subscriptions, you get unlimited access to their entire book libraries for a monthly fee. You can read as many books as you want, for as long as you want, and with each service, you can download books for offline reading. Unlike a traditional library, there are no due dates, so you can hang on to a book for as long as like, just like you would with a Netflix DVD. But like a library, you do not own the books you read, and if you cancel your subscription, you can no longer access any of the titles you've saved.
Amazon Kindle Unlimited
Kindle Unlimited costs $9.99 per month, and offers around 600,000 books that you can rent for as long as you want. The book catalog includes many popular and best-selling books, some of which you won't find in the other services, including the "Hunger Games" and "Harry Potter" series. There are also plenty of classics, such as "Animal Farm," "Moby Dick" and Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."
There's no dedicated Kindle Unlimited app; instead, you sign up for the service, browse Amazon's website for books, and download them to your Kindle device. You can also use the Kindle apps for iOS, Android and Windows Phone to find and read books. One of the biggest downsides of this service is that browsing and searching Amazon's website for books can be tedious, since even when you search within the Unlimited titles, you'll still get results that aren't free. The upside, is that unlike Oyster or Scribd, you can also shop for paid e-books on Amazon while also grabbing free books.
If you use a Kindle e-reader, Kindle Unlimited is the your best bet here, since you cannot download Scribd or Oyster books on the e-ink readers. If you have a Amazon tablet, such as the Kindle Fire HDX 8.9, or the Fire Phone , you can use Oyster or Scribd. However, neither app is available in the Amazon Appstore, so you'll need to use a workaround to get them onto your device.
Best for: Kindle Unlimited is great if you already have an Amazon device and want to read free e-books on it, as well as shop for paid books. It's also the best choice if you're looking for a wider range of popular, modern series and newer titles.
Oyster's main selling point is that the app is beautifully designed, and it gives you several ways to customize your reading experience. It's easy, even enjoyable, to browse the catalog of 500,000-plus books to find something to read. There are many contemporary and classic choices, including "The Perks of Being a Wallflower," Anthony Bourdain's "Medium Raw" and "The Great Gatsby."
While reading, you can use one of five themes to alter the font style, text accent color and background texture of each book, ranging from a simple black-and-white theme to a colorful and modern design. Most books are formatted so they are easy to read, but I noticed that some cookbooks and other books with lots of visual elements had some formatting issues.
Overall, Oyster is a gorgeous e-book subscription service. It costs $10 per month and is available for iOS and Android. Though it's lacking many best-sellers and new releases, it offers plenty of books to keep you busy.
Best for: Oyster is my top choice if you want to read e-books on your iPad, Android tablet or smartphone. The app's design is enticing, and the book selection is varied and easy to browse.
Last on my list, Scribd is very similar to Oyster, but with a few unique features. It has a catalog of more than 500,000 books that you can borrow for just $9 per month, one dollar cheaper than Kindle Unlimited and Oyster. The app is simply designed, with books organized into genres and curated collections for you to browse.
The selection varies a little from Oyster's, though both services have many of the same books and seem to add the same books at the same time. Scribd is missing several titles that Oyster has, so just keep in mind the selection is a bit more limited. However, Scribd recently added around 45,000 audiobooks, many from publisher Penguin Random House. It also has more than 10,000 comics from Marvel, Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW/Top Shelf and Valiant.
One perk of Scribd is that beyond just e-books, the Android and iOS apps also give you access to thousands of documents, which include court cases, scientific studies, and even self-published books.
Best for: A close second to Oyster, Scribd is great if you want to save a dollar every month and don't mind missing out on a few titles. It's a great choice if you want to read books on your computer, as well as an Android or iOS device.
Don't forget the library
While paid e-book subscription services are a great way to get your hands on books you might not buy individually, and they offer the convenience of no due dates, it's at least worth looking into your local library's e-book offerings.
In many cities, libraries carry extensive catalogs of brand-new releases and older e-books that you can borrow for free. All you need is a library card. In San Francisco, for example, the city's public library system often gets new releases as soon as they come out. The only downside to this approach is that the books you borrow have a limited lending period with an expiration date, and it's sometimes difficult to renew e-book titles.
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If you are looking for the multi-function printer, then HP Photosmart C4205 is an ideal option you can buy. This all-in-one printer can perform various functions, i.e., print, scan, and copy. It is very light in weight printer, and that's why it is the perfect choice for small offices and business. The weight of the printer is 11.24 lbs, and the physical dimension of the device is 17.1X11.4X6.6 in.
The printing technology of the device is HP Thermal Inkjet, and the printing output type is color. The duty cycle of the hp printer is up to 1000 pages on a monthly basis. It can also print documents from the memory card. The printer supports flash memory, which includes Compact Flash, Memory Stick Duo, SD Memory Card, MultiMediaCard, and xD-Picture Card.
As of its copy features, the copy speed of the printer is up to 27 ppm in Black/White and 21 ppm in color. The copy resolution of the printer is up to 600X600 dpi in Black/White and 4400X1200 dpi in color. The printer can enlarge the document up to 200% and reduce the document up to 50%. The maximum copies of the printer are up to 50.
The maximum print resolution of the device is up to 1200 dpi in Black/White and 4800X1200 dpi in color. The printer print speed is up to 27 ppm in Black/White and 21 ppm in color. The printer supports various media types, which includes cards, labels, envelopes, plain paper, photo paper, and transparencies. The media capacity of the device in the standard is up to 100 sheets.
The optical resolution of the HP Photosmart C4205 is up to 1200X2400 dpi, and the interpolated resolution stands at 19200 dpi. The Grayscale depth of the device stands at 8-bit, and color depth stands at 48-bit. The scan technology on which printer relies is CIS.


An exciting opportunity for a Creative Assistant to work alongside our trained team delivering Arts based/Drama activities for a small group of young adults with learning difficulties/disabilities in Stafford.
The group meet at a venue in Stafford Town centre every Thursday 9.30 a.m. - 3.30 p.m. and deliver lots of fun stuff out in the community.
Do you have a passion for working with older people and for improving health outcomes? As a Primary Care Navigator (PCN) you will deliver a service in the community working remotely across Burton upon Trent.
Could you be instrumental in enhancing our impact?
Sport Across Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent (SASSOT) is a high-performing County Sports Partnership, bringing partners to work together to create active places and healthy lives through physical activity and sport. SASSOT is currently on a positive journey of change, with a new Chair and leadership team, completion of a governance review and development of a new strategy for 2018-2021. The aspiration of the Board is for SASSOT to become a progressive, adaptable and thriving organisation, with a visionary Board at its helm.
We are looking for a volunteer administrator to help the staff and management of Cycle-R to create smooth administration pathways in association with the manager and specilised project administrators.
We are looking for a Restart Support Worker, working as part of a team to successfully re-settle ex-offenders into the community and provide ongoing support to help them achieve and maintain independent living. This includes helping clients get suitable housing, assisting them with handling money, advising on practical issues and co-ordinating drop-in sessions.
Your input begins prior to release when you identify and make contact with current prisoners who will be returning to the North Staffordshire area after serving a custodial sentence.
Support Staffordshire is seeking a suitably qualified consultant to work with us to carry out a review of arts development support in the Staffordshire Moorlands.
The aim of your role is to enable people to keep healthy, independent and safe in their own home. Ideal candidates will have experience of working in health and social care. The PCN must have access to a vehicle in order to cover areas in East Staffordshire and surrounds.
Would you like to become a qualified Community Money Adviser and help people in Stoke overcome debt issues and the cycle of despair it brings? If you can spare a day or two each week to volunteer with Money Matters, we will pay for your qualification up to level two, plus we will cover all volunteer expenses.


text:
Magnimyiolia tumifrons är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Chen 1948.  Magnimyiolia tumifrons ingår i släktet Magnimyiolia och familjen borrflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Borrflugor
tumifrons

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
How Will International Migration Policy and Sustainable Development Affect Future Climate-Related Migration?
Amanda Nero/IOM
Climate change is likely to increase the intensity of extreme-weather events already shaping human mobility and displacement. The nature, scale, and direction of future climate-related migration will depend on many factors. This report takes stock of the influence that different combinations of migration, development, and climate policies could have on migration in regions around the world for the 2020-2050 and 2050-2100 periods, using a first-of-its-kind systematic exercise.
New Approaches to Climate Change and Migration: Building the Adaptive Capacity of Mobile Populations
The link between climate change and migration is a complex one. Whether individuals move or stay in place can be voluntary or involuntary, a proactive strategy or last resort, and is part of a bigger story of global mobility and personal networks. This report examines this complicated relationship, highlights limitations of climate response measures to date, and presents an alternative, flexible approach based on the involvement of affected communities.
The Divergent Trajectories of the Global Migration and Refugee Compacts: Implementation amid Crisis
UN Photo/Rick Bajornas
National governments and UN agencies have been working to implement the Global Compact on Refugees and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration. Where has the most progress been made as the compacts hit the two-year mark? And how has the process played out differently for the two pacts? This policy brief explores these questions, the growing divergence between the pacts, and how challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic are shaping implementation.
Managing the Pandemic and Its Aftermath: Economies, Jobs, and International Migration in the Age of COVID-19
Glenn Fawcett/U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Around the world, governments are grappling with how to combat the COVID-19 pandemic while also managing the economic fallout of policies put in place to stop the virus' spread. Global migration has dropped sharply amid border closures and travel restrictions. This reflection takes stock of policy responses to the pandemic thus far, and of the challenges (and some opportunities) on the horizon for migration systems, labor markets, and integration of newcomers.
Will International Migration Governance Survive the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Muse Mohammed/IOM
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a range of (im)mobility challenges that the international community has few tools to address. This policy brief examines the valuable guidance offered by the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration on short-term emergency response and the longer-term reopening of international migration. It also considers how the pandemic is affecting the relationship between migration and development.
Venezuelan Migration, Crime, and Misperceptions: A Review of Data from Colombia, Peru, and Chile
Angela Wells/IOM
More than 4 million Venezuelans have moved to other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, raising concerns about how these arrivals are affecting receiving communities. Some politicians and pundits have asserted that migration is leading to an increase in crime—a claim this issue brief finds misplaced based on examination of official data from Chile, Colombia, and Peru.
MPI publishes its content most on point to migration policies, trends, and immigrant populations in Latin America and Spain in Spanish. You can access all of our Spanish-language content, including reports, commentaries, multimedia, and press releases, here, as well as sign up for updates when we publish Spanish-language content and learn more about our Latin America and Caribbean Migration Portal.
Moving Beyond Pandemic — A Podcast
Catch our new podcast, which examines the challenges facing the world as it seeks to restart travel and migration chilled by the COVID-19 pandemic. The repercussions of this dramatic halt to mobility will be profound, and will almost certainly lead to transformations that will reshape movement for the foreseeable future—maybe even permanently, as we explore.
Latin America & the Caribbean Portal
The Migration Portal is the first comprehensive website that tracks developments on immigration policy in Latin America and the Caribbean, presenting authoritative research, data, and analysis produced by MPI, governments, international organizations, researchers, and civil society.
Bienvenidas asimétricas: Respuestas de América Latina y el Caribe a la migración venezolana y nicaragüense
By Andrew Selee and Jessica Bolter
The Future of Refugee Resettlement: Made in Europe?
By Susan Fratzke and Hanne Beirens
Ally or Exploiter? The Smuggler-Migrant Relationship Is a Complex One
By Jasper Gilardi
An Uneven Welcome: Latin American and Caribbean Responses to Venezuelan and Nicaraguan Migration
Brexit Day—Is This the Dawning of the Age of Immobility?
Rebuilding Community after Crisis: Striking a New Social Contract for Diverse Societies (Transatlantic Council Statement)
By Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Meghan Benton
Beyond Work: Reducing Social Isolation for Refugee Women and Other Marginalized Newcomers
By Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan
Integrating Refugees and Asylum Seekers into the German Economy and Society: Empirical Evidence and Policy Objectives
By Herbert Brücker, Philipp Jaschke and Yuliya Kosyakova
The Global Compact for Migration: How Does Development Fit In?
Safe or Sorry? Prospects for Britons in the European Union after Brexit
Engaging Communities in Refugee Protection: The Potential of Private Sponsorship in Europe
By Susan Fratzke
Tracing the Channels Refugees Use to Seek Protection in Europe
By Susan Fratzke and Brian Salant
Strengthening Mexico's Protection of Central American Unaccompanied Minors in Transit
By Rodrigo Dominguez-Villegas
Weathering Crisis, Forging Ahead: Swedish Asylum and Integration Policy
In Search of Common Values amid Large-Scale Immigrant Integration Pressures
By Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan and Meghan Benton
Sweden: By Turns Welcoming and Restrictive in its Immigration Policy
Swedish asylum policy has taken a restrictionist turn since the country received a record-breaking number of asylum seekers in 2015 and after electoral gains by the nationalist, anti-immigration Sweden Democrats pushed the governing coalition to a harder line. Still, other aspects of the country's migration policy remain welcoming, as this country profile explores.
Life After Trauma: The Mental-Health Needs of Asylum Seekers in Europe
The mental health of asylum seekers has emerged as an important issue following the 2015-16 European migration and refugee crisis. Many asylum seekers suffer from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and similar conditions—with implications not only for their well-being but also potentially for the outcomes of their claims and the integrity of the asylum system as a whole, as this article explores.
From Emigration to Asylum Destination, Italy Navigates Shifting Migration Tides
Long a country of emigration—13 million Italians went abroad between 1880 and 1915—Italy has also experienced significant inflows of Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African workers in recent decades. Italy has also been on the frontlines of Europe's refugee crisis. This country profile examines Italy's shifting migration patterns, policy responses over time, and debates.
Estonian Citizenship Policy: The Restoration of a Country Leads to Statelessness for Some
What happens when a country reverts to an earlier citizenship policy? When Estonia did just that after gaining independence in 1991, a new class of stateless residents emerged, comprised of Soviet-era Russian-speaking migrants and their descendants. This article explores the effects of Estonia's post-Soviet citizenship policy on its Russian-speaking population, particularly with regard to political participation and civic engagement.
As Colombia Emerges from Decades of War, Migration Challenges Mount
Colombia has more internally displaced persons (IDPs) than any other country in the world, the result of a 52-year civil war. Beyond improving the lives of its 7.3 million IDPs, the country faces a number of crucial migration issues as it works to achieve stability in the wake of an historic peace accord signed in late 2016. This country profile examines historical trends and current and future migration challenges in Colombia.
Understanding the Policy Context for Migrant Return and Reintegration
In advance of the December 2018 adoption of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, which includes a commitment to facilitate the return and reintegration of migrants, this webinar examines the policies, practices, and contextual factors that make compulsory returns such a difficult issue for international cooperation.
The Next Frontier in Immigrant Integration Policy? Using Behavioral Insights to Foster Social Cohesion
Can people be 'nudged' into support for immigrant integration? On this webinar, speakers explored what untapped potential behavioral insights may hold for integration policy and how policymakers can start fitting this approach, which has been used in areas from tax compliance to organ donation, into their work.
Preparing Newcomers for the Jobs of Today and the Labor Markets of Tomorrow
This Migration Policy Institute Europe webinar examines possible scenarios for how social, economic, and technological trends could affect jobs, labor market policy, education and social policies, and migrant integration. Speakers also explored the potential of coding schools for refugees to help alleviate skills shortages and provide a pathway to work.
Making the Global Compact on Migration a Reality: Ideas for Enhancing Regular Migration Pathways at All Skill Levels
As the final phase of preparations for the historic adoption of a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration approaches, this webinar explores two central objectives of the compact: enhancing the availability and flexibility of pathways for regular migration, and investing in skills development.
The search yielded 0 results
MPI's International Program acts as a policy laboratory for developing innovative, evidence-based, and politically feasible solutions to worldwide migration policy challenges.
From advising countries holding the rotating EU Presidency on migration and immigrant integration matters to crafting policy memos for national governments rethinking their border or citizenship policies, MPI's International Program strives to inform ongoing policy debates in North and Central America, Europe, and Asia, as well as at the global level.
For more about the International Program, click here.
Core Projects and Initiatives
The Transatlantic Council on Migration
Migration Information Source Special Issue: Climate Change
Explore a special series of articles and a related podcast, Changing Climate, Changing Migration, about migration and climate change, featuring analysis and country case studies from top experts.
A Fresh Agenda for Integration Policy in Europe
The Integration Futures Working Group, an initiative of MPI Europe, is working to develop a fresh agenda for integration policy in Europe by bringing together senior integration policymakers and experts, civil-society officials, and private-sector leaders to create a platform for long-term strategic and creative thinking.
The Migration Policy Institute Europe, established in Brussels in 2011, is a nonprofit, independent research institute that aims to provide a better understanding of migration in Europe and thus promote effective policymaking.
The Migration Data Hub
The Migration Data Hub showcases the most current demographic, social, and economic statistics about immigrants and immigration internationally and in the United States (including at the state level). Visit the Data Hub for current and historical data on immigrant and refugee populations, migration trends, and sociodemographic characteristics. From asylum recognition rates to remittance flows, the Data Hub offers easy access to top statistics.
Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development: A Handbook
The user-friendly guide, a project of MPI and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), offers a strategic road map for governments to build a constructive relationship with diasporas and examines the success and failure of policies, programs, and initiatives undertaken to date.
The Migration Information Source, MPI's respected online journal, provides fresh thought, authoritative data, and global analysis of international migration and refugee trends. A unique online resource, the Source offers useful tools, vital data, and essential facts on the movement of people worldwide.
Visit the Source
Country Resources from MPI's Online Journal
As the main arbiters of where, when, and how people may cross borders, individual countries still hold most of the keys to the immigration and integration trajectories of increasingly diverse flows of migrants. Articles in the Migration Information Source catalogue and contextualize the migration experiences of more than 70 countries.
Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan is Associate Director of MPI's International Program. Full Bio >
Meghan Benton is Director of Research for MPI Europe and MPI's International Program. Full Bio >


Some stuff I've been making. What do you think?
Part of what I spent my weekend doing. Forging Viking rune pendants from chain, cable, saw blade and spring.
8. When was the last time you cried? I don't know.
12. If you could have any career? SG Photographer!
15. Are you a good influence? Probably, yes.
cool! I wanna visit Alaska too!
I would've love to have stayed.
Wishing all the beautiful SG's and Hopefulls a great 2018. You're all incredible!
Hope you have a wonderful year!


text:
[Docs] [txt|pdf|xml] [Tracker] [Email] [Diff1] [Diff2] [Nits]
Versions: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 draft-iab-rfc-use-of-pdf
Network Working Group                                     T. Hansen, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                         AT&T Laboratories
Intended status: Informational                               L. Masinter
Expires: August 21, 2015                                        M. Hardy
PDF for an RFC Series Output Document Format
draft-hansen-rfc-use-of-pdf-05
This document discusses options and requirements for the PDF
rendering of RFCs in the RFC Series, as outlined in RFC 6949.  It
also discusses the use of PDF for Internet Drafts, and available or
needed software tools for producing and working with PDF.
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 21, 2015.
Hansen, et al.           Expires August 21, 2015                [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                PDF for RFCs                 February 2015
2.  Options and Requirements for PDF RFCs . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
2.1.  "Visible" Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.1.1.  General Visible Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.1.2.  Page Size, Margins  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.1.3.  Headers and Footers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.1.4.  Paragraph Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.1.5.  Paged Content Layout Quality  . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
2.1.6.  Similarity to other outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
2.1.7.  Typeface Choices  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
2.1.8.  Embedding of Fonts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
2.1.9.  Hyphenation and Line Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
2.1.10. Hyperlinks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
2.2.  "Invisible" Options and Requirements  . . . . . . . . . .   8
2.2.1.  Internal Text Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
2.2.2.  Unicode Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
2.2.3.  Image Processing (Artwork)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
2.2.4.  Text Description of Images (Alt-Text) . . . . . . . .  10
2.2.5.  Metadata Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
2.2.6.  Document Structure Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
2.2.7.  Tagged PDF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
2.2.8.  Embedded Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
2.3.  Digital Signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
3.  Choosing PDF versions and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
4.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
4.1.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
4.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
4.3.  URIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
Appendix A.  History and Current Use of PDF with RFCs and
Internet Drafts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
A.1.  RFCs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
A.2.  Internet Drafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
Appendix B.  A Synopsis of PDF Format History . . . . . . . . . .  16
B.1.  PDF Profiles  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
B.1.1.  PDF/A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
B.1.2.  PDF/UA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
Appendix C.  Tooling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
C.1.  PDF Viewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
C.2.  Printers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
C.3.  PDF Generation Libraries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
C.4.  Typefaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
C.5.  Other Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
Appendix D.  Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
Appendix E.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
The RFC Series is evolving, as outlined in [RFC6949].  Future
documents will use an canonical format, XML, with renderings in
various formats, including PDF.
Because PDF has a wide range of capabilities and alternatives; not
all PDFs are "equal".  For example, visually similar documents could
consist of scanned or rasterized images, or include text layout
options, hyperlinks, embedded fonts, and digital signatures.  (See
Appendix B for a brief history of PDF.)
This document explains some of the relevant options and makes
recommendations, both for the RFC series and Internet Drafts.
The PDF format and the tools to manipulate it are not as well known
as those for the other RFC formats, at least in the IETF community.
This document discusses some of the processes for creating and using
PDFs using both open source and commercial products.
NOTE: see [1] for XML source, related files, and an issue tracker for
this document.
2.  Options and Requirements for PDF RFCs
This section lays out options and requirements for PDFs produced by
the RFC editor for RFCs.  There are two sections: "Visible" options
are related to how the PDF appears when it is viewed with a PDF
viewer.  "Internal Structure" options affect the ability to process
PDFs in other ways, but do not control the way the document appears.
(Of course, a viewer UI might display processing capabilities, such
as showing if a document has been digitally signed.)
In many cases, the choice of PDF requirements is heavily influenced
by the capabilities of available tools to create PDFs.  Most of the
discussion of tooling is to be found in Appendix C.
NOTE: each option in this section will eventually outline the nature
of the design choice, outline the pros and cons, and make a
2.1.  "Visible" Requirements
PDF supports rich visible layout of fixed-sized pages.
2.1.1.  General Visible Requirements
For a consistent 'look' of RFC and good style, the PDFs produced by
the RFC editor should have a clear, consistent, identifiable and
easy-to-read style.  They should print well on the widest range of
printers, and look good on displays of varying resolution.
2.1.2.  Page Size, Margins
PDF files are laid out for a particular size of page and margins.
There are two paper sizes in common use: "US Letter" (8.5 x 11
inches, 216x279 mm, in popular use in North America) and "A4"
(210x297 mm, 8.27x11.7 inches, standard for the rest of the world).
Usually PDF printing software is used in a "shrink to fit" mode where
the printing is adjusted to fit the paper in the printer.
Recommendation: There is some controversy, but the argument for
choosing A4 over US Letter is appealing.  Whatever page size is
chosen, the margins and header positioning will need to be chosen to
look good on both paper sizes using common printing methods.  In
addition, for both Internet Drafts and RFCs, margins should be the
smallest consistent with the above requirement.
2.1.3.  Headers and Footers
Page headers and footers are part of the page layout.  There are a
variety of options.  Note that page headers and footers in PDF can be
typeset in a way that the entire (longer) title might fit.
Page headers and footers should contain similar information as the
headings in the current text versions of documents, including page
numbers, title, author, working group.  However, the page headers and
footers should be typeset in a lighter color, smaller typeface, so as
to be inobtrusive.  The page headers and footers should be placed
into the PDF in a way not to interfere with screen readers.
2.1.4.  Paragraph Numbering
One common feature of the RFC output formats are optional visible
paragraph numbers, to aid in discussions.  In the PDF and thus
printed rendition, it is possible to make paragraph numbers
unobtrusive, and even to impinge on the margins.
Recommendation: When the XML "editing=yes" option has been chosen,
show paragraph numbeers in the right margin (not left), using a small
font and light color.  If possible, code them in a way as to not
interfere with screen readers.
2.1.5.  Paged Content Layout Quality
The process of creating a paged document from running text typically
involves insuring that related material is present on the same page
together, and that artifacts of pagination don't interfere with easy
reading of the document.  Typical high-quality layout processors do
Widow and Orphan Management:  Widows and orphans should be avoided
automatically (unless the entire paragraph is only one line).
Insure that a page break does not occur after the first line of a
paragraph (orphans), if necessary, using slightly longer page
sizes.  Similarly, insure that a page break does not occur before
the last line of a paragraph (widows).
Keep Section Heading Contiguous:  Do not page break immediately after
a section heading.  If there isn't room on a page for the first
(two) lines of a section after the section heading, page break
before the heading.
Avoid Splitting Artwork:  Figures should not be split from figure
titles.  If possible, keep the figure on the same page as the
(first) mention of the figure.
Headers for Long Tables after Page Breaks:  Another common option in
producing paginated documents is to include the column headings of
a table if the table cannot be displayed on a single page.
Similarly, tables should not be split from the table titles.
keepWithNext and keepWithPrevious:  The XML attributes of
'keepWithNext' and 'keepWithPrevious' should be followed whenever
Whitespace Preservation:  The XML entities such as NBSP and NBHYPHEN
should be followed as directed whenever possible.
Layout engines differ in the quality of the algorithms used to
automate these processes.  In some cases, the automated processes
require some manual assistance to insure, for example, that a text
line intended as a heading is 'kept' with the text it is heading for.
Recommendation: Choose a layout engine so that manual intervention is
minimized, and that widow and orphan processing, heading and title
contiguation are automatic.
2.1.6.  Similarity to other outputs
There is some advantage to having the PDF files look like the text or
HTML renderings of the same document.  There are several options even
so.  The PDF
1.  could look like the text version of the document, or
2.  could look like the text version of the document but with
pictures rendered as pictures instead of using their ASCII-art
equivalent, or
3.  could look like the HTML version.
Recommendation: the PDF rendition should look like the HTML
rendition, at least in spirit.  Some differences from the HTML
rendition would include different typeface and size (chosen for
printing), page numbers in the table of contents and index, and the
use of page headers and footers.
Most of the choices used for the HTML rendering are thus applicable:
Most of the choices used for the CSS rendering are also applicable:
2.1.7.  Typeface Choices
A PDF may refer to a font by name, or it may use an embedded font.
When a font is not embedded, a PDF viewer will attempt to locate a
locally installed font of the same name.  If it can not find an exact
match, it will find a "close match".  If a close match is not
available, it will fall back to something implementation dependent
and usually undesirable.
Recommendation: for consistent viewing, all fonts should be embedded.
In addition, if the HTML version of the document is being visually
mimicked, the font(s) chosen should have both variable width and
constant width components, as well as bold and italic
representations.
The typefaces used by Internet Drafts and by RFCs need not be
identical.
Few fonts have glyphs for the entire repertoire of Unicode
characters; for this purpose, the PDF generation tool may need a set
of fonts and a way of choosing them.  The RFC Editor is defining
where Unicode characters may be used within
RFCs.[I-D.flanagan-nonascii]
Typefaces are typically licensed and, in many cases, there is a fee
for use by PDF creation tools; however, not for display or print of
the embedded fonts.
o  For readability when printed, the main body text should be in a
serif font and the headings in a sans-serif font.
o  Code, BNF, and other text should use a fixed-width font to aid in
insuring alignment, e.g., in BNF.
o  Type faces used by the xml2rfc application for Internet drafts
should be freely available, and included with the xml2rfc
o  The range of Unicode characters allowed in the XML source for
Internet Drafts and RFCs may be bounded by the availability of
embeddable fonts with appropriate glyphs.
o  If there is a non-freely available font that provides all of the
desired features that is deemed better than the freely-available
options, the IETF community might consider acquiring the rights to
use such a font.
2.1.8.  Embedding of Fonts
The PDF/A standards mandate the embedding of fonts.  Preferably, the
software generating the files would produce PDF/A-conforming files
directly, thus ensuring that all glyphs include Unicode mappings and
embedded fonts from the outset.
2.1.9.  Hyphenation and Line Breaks
Typically, when doing page layout of running text, especially with
narrow page width and long words, layout processors of English text
often have the option of hyphenating words, or using existing hyphens
as a place to introduce word breaks.  However, line breaks mid-word
where the 'word' is actually technically a sequence of characters
representing a protocol element or protocol sequence is actively
harmful.
Recommendation: do not introduce any hyphens into the visual display
or any line breaks mid-word even for hyphens in the text.
2.1.10.  Hyperlinks
PDF supports hyperlinks both to sections of the same document and to
other documents.
The conversion to PDF can generate:
o  hyperlinks within the document
o  hyperlinks to external locations
o  hyperlinks within a table of contents
Where should hyperlinks to RFCs point? to the info page for the RFC?
to the PDF version of the RFC?  (NOTE: the RFC Series Editor has
stated a preference for them to point to the info page for the RFC.)
Similar questions need to be answered on references to internet
drafts: Where should hyperlinks to internet drafts point?  To the
datatracker entry?  To the tools entry?  To a PDF version of the
internet draft?
o  All hyperlinks available in the HTML rendition of the RFC should
also be visible and active in the PDF produced.  This includes
both internal hyperlinks and hyperlinks to external resources.
o  The table of contents, including page numbers, are useful when
printed.  These should also be hyperlinked to their respective
o  Hyperlinks to RFCs and Internet drafts from the references section
should point to a "landing" page which then links to the various
formats available.
2.2.  "Invisible" Options and Requirements
PDF offers a number of features which improve the utility of PDF
files in a variety of workflows, at the cost of extra effort in the
xml2rfc conversion process; the tradeoffs may be different for the
RFC editor production of RFCs and for Internet Drafts.
2.2.1.  Internal Text Representation
The contents of a PDF file can be represented in many ways.  The PDF
file could be generated:
o  as an image of the visual representation, such as a JPEG image of
the word 'IETF'.  That is, there might be no internal
representation of letters, words or paragraphs at all.
o  placing individual characters in position on the page, such as
saying "put an 'F' here", then "put an 'T' before it", then "put
an 'E' before that", then "put an 'I' before that" to render the
word 'IETF'.  That is, there might be no internal representation
of words or paragraphs at all.
o  placing words in position on the page, such as keeping the word
'IETF' would be kept together.  That is, there might be no
internal representation of paragraphs at all.
o  insuring that the running order of text in the content stream
matches the logical reading order.  That is, a sentence sentence
such as 'The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) supports the
Internet.' would be kept together as a sentence, and multiple
sentences within a paragraph would be kept together.
All of these end up with essentially the same visual representation
of the output.  However, each level has tradeoffs for auxiliary uses,
such as searching or indexing, commenting and annotation, and
accessibility (text-to-speech).  Keeping the running order of text in
the content stream in the proper order supports all of these auxiliar
uses.
In addition, the "role map" feature of PDF ([2]) would additionally
allow for the mapping of the logical tags found in the original XML
into tags in the PDF.
o  Text in content streams should follow the XML document's logical
order (in the order of tags) to the extent possible.  This will
provide optimal reuse by software that does not understand Tagged
PDF.  (PDF/UA requires this.)
o  We should investigate the use of PDF role maps to capture more of
the xml2rfc source structure, to the point where it might even be
possible to reconstruct much or all of the source.  However, there
is not a compelling use case over embedding the original XML, as
described in Section 2.2.8.
2.2.2.  Unicode Support
PDF itself does not require use of Unicode.  Text is represented as a
sequence of glyphs which then can be mapped to Unicode.
PDF files generated must have the full text, as it appears in the
original XML.
Unicode normalization may occur.
Text within SVG for SVG images should also have Unicode mappings.
Alt-text for images should also support Unicode.
2.2.3.  Image Processing (Artwork)
The XML allows both ASCII art and SVG to be used for artwork.
If both ASCII art and SVG are available for a picture, the SVG
artwork should be the preferred over the ASCII artwork.
ASCII artwork must be rendered using a monospace font.
2.2.4.  Text Description of Images (Alt-Text)
NOTE: This section should describe how alt-text for images is
presented in PDF.  One possibility is to follow the guidance found in
[3].  More TBD
2.2.5.  Metadata Support
Metadata encodes information about the document authors, the document
series, date created, etc. using the RDF Dublin core (and other
elements).  Having this metadata within the PDF file allows it to be
used by search engines, viewers and other reuse tools.
PDF supports embedded metadata using XMP [XMP], the Extensible
Metadata Platform (XMP).
Recommendation: The PDFs generated should have all of the metadata
from the XML version embedded directly as XMP metadata, including the
author, date, the document series, and a URL for where the document
can be retrieved.
Hansen, et al.           Expires August 21, 2015               [Page 10]
2.2.6.  Document Structure Support
PDF supports an 'outline' feature where sections of the document are
marked; this oould be used in addition to the table of contents as a
navigation aid.
The section structure of an RFC can be mapped into the PDF elements
for the document structure.  This will allow the bookmark feature of
PDF readers to be used to quickly access sections of the document.
Requirement: The section structure of an RFC should be mapped into
the PDF elements for the document structure.  This would include
section headings for the boilerplate sections such as the Abstract,
Status of the Document, Table of Contents, and Author Addresses, plus
the obvious section headings that are normally included in the
Table of Contents.  If possible, this should be done in a way that
the same fragment identifiers for the HTML version of the RFC will
work for the PDF version.
2.2.7.  Tagged PDF
NOTE: say more about the use of alternative texts for images, tagging
text spans, and providing replacement texts for symbols and images.
A role-map could be provided here to map the logical tags found in
the RFC XML to the standard tagset for PDF.  This could be included
in the generated PDF.  (See also [4].)
2.2.8.  Embedded Files
PDF has the capability of including other files; the files may be
labeled both by a media type and a role, the AFRelationship key
[PDFA3].  In this way, the PDF file acts also as a container.
Embedded content may be compressed.
Many PDF viewers support the ability to view and extract embedded
files, although this capability is not universal.
Embedding content in the PDF file allows the PDF to act as a complete
package, which can be transformed, archived, and digitally signed.
Useful possibilities:
Embed the source XML input file itself within the PDF.  If the
source SVG and images for illustrations are also embedded, this
would make the PDF file totally self-referential.
Embed directly extractable components that are useful for
independent processing, including ABNF, MIBs, source code for
reference implementations.  This capability might be supported
through other mechanisms from the XML source files, but could also
be supported within the PDF.
Embed the XML source and all illustrations, for RFCs, as a
standard feature for xml2rfc's PDF output.
If possible, make this a standard feature for Internet Drafts as
Finding, extracting and embedding other components will require
additional markup to clearly identify them, and additional review
to insure the correctness of embedded files that are not visible.
2.3.  Digital Signatures
PDF has supported digital signatures since PDF 1.2.  There are
multiple methods for signing PDF files.  The signature is intended to
apply not only to the bits in the file (that they haven't been
modified) but also to lock down the visual presentation as well.
Normally, the authenticity of RFC files is not an issue, since the
RFC editor maintains a repository of all RFCs which is widely
replicated.  However, the RFC Editor and staff are at times called to
provide evidence that a particular RFC is the 'original' and has not
been visually modified, and there may be other use cases.  As
signatures also apply to embedded content, embedding the XML source
will provide a way of signing the source XML as well.
Recommendation: PDFs produced by the RFC editor will be signed with a
PDF digital signature.  The management of certificates for the RFC
editor function needs further review.
Recommendation: At this time, the authors see no need for Internet
Drafts to be signed with a PDF digital signature.
3.  Choosing PDF versions and Standards
PDF has gone through several revisions, primarily for the addition of
features, as noted in in Appendix B.  PDF features have generally
been added in a way that older viewers 'fail gracefully', but even
so, the older the PDF version produced, the more legacy viewers will
support that version, but the fewer features will be enabled.
As PDF has evolved a broad set of capabilities, additional standards
for PDF files are applicable.  These standards establish ground rules
that are important for specific applications.  For example PDF/X was
specifically designed for Prepress digital data exchange, with
careful attention to color management and printing instructions,
while the PDF/E standard was designed for engineering documents.
Two additional standards families are important to the RFC format,
though: long-term preservation (PDF/A), and user acessibility (PDF/
UA).  These then have sub-profiles (PDF/A-1, PDF/A-2, PDF/A-3), each
of which have conformance levels.  These standards are then supported
by various software libraries and tools.
It is effective and useful to use these standards to capture PDF for
RFC requirements, and they will make the PDF files useful in
workflows that expect them.
Choose PDF 1.7; although relatively recent, it is well supported
by widely available viewers.
For RFCs, require PDF/A-3 with conformance level 'U'.  This
captures the archivability and long-term stability of PDF 1.7
files, mandatory Unicode mapping, and many of the requirement
Use PDF/A-3 for embedding additional data (including the XML
source file) in RFCs and Internet Drafts.
Use PDF/UA.
4.1.  References
[PDF]      ISO, "Portable document format -- Part 1: PDF 1.7", ISO
32000-1, 2008.
Also available free from Adobe.
[XMP]      ISO, "Extensible metadata platform (XMP) specification --
Part 1: Data model, serialization and core properties",
ISO 16684-1, 2012.
Not available free, but there are a number of descriptive
resources, e.g., [5]
[PDFA2]    ISO, "Electronic document file format for long-term
preservation -- Part 2: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/A-2).",
preservation -- Part 3: Use of ISO 32000-1 with support
for embedded files (PDF/A-3)", ISO 19005-3, 2012.
[PDFUA]    ISO, "Electronic document file format enhancement for
accessibility -- Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/UA-1)",
4.2.  Informative References
[RFC3778]  Taft, E., Pravetz, J., Zilles, S., and L. Masinter, "The
application/pdf Media Type", RFC 3778, May 2004.
[RFC6949]  Flanagan, H. and N. Brownlee, "RFC Series Format
Requirements and Future Development", RFC 6949, May 2013.
[I-D.flanagan-nonascii]
Flanagan, H., "The Use of Non-ASCII Characters in RFCs",
draft-flanagan-nonascii-04 (work in progress), January
4.3.  URIs
[1] https://github.com/masinter/pdfrfc
[2] http://help.adobe.com/en_US/acrobat/X/pro/using/
WS58a04a822e3e50102bd615109794195ff-7cd8.w.html
[3] http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/PDF1.html
[4] http://www.pdfa.org/2011/10/the-value-of-tagged-pdf/
[5] http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive.html
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PDF_software#Viewers
[8] http://www.i-programmer.info/news/136-open-source/7433-google-
open-sources-pdf-software-library.html
[9] http://greenbytes.de/tech/webdav/rfc2629xslt/
rfc2629xslt.html#output.pdf.fop
[10] https://sourceforge.net/projects/
sourcesans.adobe/?source=directory
sourceserifpro.adobe/?source=directory
sourcecodepro.adobe/?source=drectory
[13] https://www.rosettatype.com/Skolar
[14] https://www.google.com/get/noto/
[15] http://www.pdflib.com/fileadmin/pdflib/pdf/whitepaper/
Whitepaper-Technical-Introduction-to-PDFA.pdf
[16] http://www.pdfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/
tn0003_metadata_in_pdfa-1_2008-03-128.pdf
[17] http://www.pdfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/PDFA-in-
a-Nutshell_1b.pdf
[18] http://www.pdfa.org/2011/08/pdfa-%E2%80%93-a-look-at-the-
technical-side/
[19] http://pdf.editme.com/pdfa
Appendix A.  History and Current Use of PDF with RFCs and Internet
NOTE: this section is meant as an overview to give some background.
A.1.  RFCs
The RFC series has for a long time accepted Postscript renderings of
RFCs, either in addition to or instead of the text renderings of
those same RFCs.  These have usually been produced when there was a
complicated figure or mathematics within the document.  For example,
consider the figures and mathematics found in RFC 1119 and RFC 1142,
and compare the figures found in the text version of RFC 3550 with
those in the Postscript version.  The RFC editor has provided a PDF
rendering of RFCs.  Usually, this has been a print of the text file
that does not take advantage of any of the broader PDF functionality,
unless there was a Postscript version of the RFC, which would then be
used by the RFC editor to generate the PDF.
A.2.  Internet Drafts
In addition to PDFs generated and published by the RFC editor, the
IETF tools community has also long supported PDF for Internet Drafts.
Most RFCs start with Internet Drafts, edited by individual authors.
The Internet drafts submission tool at https://datatracker.ietf.org/
submit/ accepts PDF and Postscript files in addition to the
(required) text submission and (currently optional) XML.  If a PDF
wasn't submitted for a particular version of an Internet Draft, the
tools would generate one from the Postscript, HTML, or text.
Appendix B.  A Synopsis of PDF Format History
[RFC3778] contains some history of PDF.  This is a capsule view, plus
additional information on events that have occurred since the
publication of [RFC3778].  NOTE: currently doesn't talk about the
handoff of change control to ISO and the evolution as an ISO standard
32000.  Plans are to update the application/pdf MIME registration to
include this information, and then point to that.
The Portable Document Format (PDF) family of document formats was
invented by Adobe Systems in the early 1990s.  At the time, it was a
proprietary format that underwent a variety of revisions that matched
the release of different versions of the Adobe Acrobat products.  For
example, Acrobat 1 supported PDF version 1.0, Acrobat 2 supported PDF
version 1.1, Acrobat 5 supported PDF version 1.4, etc.  [6]
Each release (and extension level) introduced new features.  For
example, (1.0) character, word and image rendering, externally-
referenced or embedded fonts, (1.1) passwords, encryption, device-
independent color, (1.2) interactive forms, unicode, signatures,
compression, (1.3) web semantic capture, embedded files, Adobe
javascript, (1.4) metadata streams, tagged PDF, (1.5) controllable
hiding of sections, slideshows, (1.6) 3D artwork, OpenType font
embedding, linking into embedded files, and (1.7) video and audio
support.  After release 1.7, additional Extension Levels have been
introduced.  Each release also provided enhancements to the previous
support.  For example, encryption was introduced in 1.1, but AES
encryption wasn't supported until 1.7 extension level 3.  A PDF
reader for PDF 1.1 is not able to read and display a PDF 1.7 file,
but a PDF reader for PDF 1.7 can also handle all previous versions of
PDF.  The wikipedia page at [7] has a nice summary table going into
further details.
B.1.  PDF Profiles
Certain profiles or subsets of PDF have been standardized.  PDF/X (X
for Exchange), PDF/A (A for Archive), PDF/E (E for Engineering), PDF/
VT (VT for Variables and Transactions), and PDF/UA (UA for Universal
Access) all have ISO standards associated with them.  Of particular
potential interest to the RFC community are PDF/A and PDF/UA.
B.1.1.  PDF/A
PDF/A in turn has nuances, as there have been a few updates to it and
conformance levels within each version.  PDF/A-1 was based on PDF
release 1.4, PDF/A-2 was based on PDF release 1.7, and PDF/A-3 adds
embedded arbitrary files.  PDF/A is considered a profile because it
mandates that certain optional features be used.  At a high level,
the conformance levels are B (basic), U (mandatory Unicode mapping
[not in PDF/A-1]) and A (accessible).  The requirements for
conformance level A are that: the document structure must be
represented within the PDF (e.g., section headings, table cells,
paragraph divisions), tagged PDF is used (e.g., element anchors) and
that language tags be used where appropriate.  When referring to PDF/
A, you would refer to the version and conformance level.  So PDF/A-1A
would be the profile for the Accessible conformance level of version
1 of PDF/A, which was based on PDF 1.4.
B.1.2.  PDF/UA
The PDF/UA (Universal Access) profile is orthogonal to the other
profiles, specifying user accessibility requirements.  It places some
restrictions on the other profiles, such as requiring the use of
higher-level constructs for the textual representation and adds
additional requirements for programatic access (think automatic
readers for the blind).
Appendix C.  Tooling
This section discusses tools for viewing, comparing, creating,
manipulating, transforming PDF files, including those currently in
use by the RFC editor and Internet drafts, as well as outlining
available PDF tools for various processes.
C.1.  PDF Viewers
As with most file formats, PDF files are experienced through a reader
or viewer of PDF files, and there are numerous viewers.  One partial
list of PDF viewers can be found at [8].
PDF viewers vary in capabilities, and it is important to note which
PDF viewers support the features utilized in PDF RFCs and Internet
drafts (features such as links, digital signatures, Tagged PDF and
others mentioned in Section 2).
A survey of the IETF community might broaden the list of viewers in
common use, but an initial list to consider include some that are
currently maintained and supported viewers and legacy systems.
Maintained viewers include:
Adobe Reader  Multiple platforms.  Supports all of the features on
most platforms.
Google Chrome  Multiple platforms.  Web browser which includes PDF
support.  Rapidly moving target, open source.
PDF.js  Multiple platforms.  A JavaScript library to convert PDF
files into HTML5, usable as a web-based viewer that can be
included in web browsers.  Used by Mozilla Firefox.  Also rapidly
moving target.
Foxit Reader  Multiple platforms.  PDF Viewer / Reader for Desktop
computer and Mobile Devices.  Recently licensed by Google, and the
code for this purpose was made open source; see [9].
Several 'legacy' viewers to consider include: Ghostview, Xpdf.
C.2.  Printers
While almost all viewers also support printing of PDF files, printing
is one of the most important use cases for PDFs.  Some printers have
direct PDF support.
C.3.  PDF Generation Libraries
Because the xml2rfc format is a unique format, software for
converting XML source documents to the various formats will be
needed, including PDF generation.
One promising direction is suggested in [10]: using XSLT to generate
XSL-FO which is then processed by a formatting object processor such
as Apache FOP.
Several libraries are also available for generating PDF signatures.
C.4.  Typefaces
This section is intended to discuss available typefaces that might
satisfy requirements.  Some openly available fixed-width typefaces
(without extensive Unicode support, however) include:
o  Source Sans [11]
o  Source Serif Pro [12]
o  Source Code Pro [13]
A font that looks promising for its broad Unicode support is Skolar
[14], but it requires licensing.  Another potentially useful set of
typefaces is the Noto [15] family from Google.
C.5.  Other Tools
In addition to generating and viewing PDF, other categories of PDF
tools are available and may be useful both during specification
development and for published RFCs.  These include tools for
comparing two PDFs, checkers that could be used to validate the
results of conversion, reviewing and commentary tools that attach
annotations to PDF files, and digital signature creation and
validation.
Validation of an arbitrary author-generated PDF file would be quite
difficult; there are few PDF validation tools.  However, if internet
drafts and RFCs are generated by conversion from XML via xml2rfc,
then explicit validation of PDF and adherance to expected profiles
would mainly be useful to insure that xml2rfc has functioned
o  Discourage (but allow) submission of a PDF representation for
Internet Drafts.  In most cases, the PDF for an Internet draft
should be produced automatically when XML is suhmitted, with an
opportunity to verify the conversion.
Appendix D.  Additional Reading
[16] [17] [18] [19] [20]
Appendix E.  Acknowledgements
The input of the following people is gratefully acknowledged: Brian
Carpenter, Chris Dearlove, Martin Duerst, Heather Flanagan, Joe
Hildebrand, Duff Johnson, Leonard Rosenthal, ....
Tony Hansen (editor)
AT&T Laboratories
200 Laurel Ave. South
Middletown, NJ  07748
Email: tony+rfc2pdf@maillennium.att.com
Larry Masinter
San Jose, CA  95110
Email: masinter@adobe.com
URI:   http://larry.masinter.net
Email: mahardy@adobe.com
Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.129d, available from https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/


text:
Хондекутер () — нидерландская фамилия. Носители:

 Хондекутер, Гиллис Клас де (ок. 1575—1638) — нидерландский живописец и рисовальщик.
 Хондекутер, Гисберт де (1604—1653) — нидерландский живописец.
 Хондекутер, Мельхиор де (1636—1695) — нидерландский художник-анималист.