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Los Angeles ( ;  , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Southern California. Los Angeles is the largest city in the state of California, the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, and one of the world's most populous megacities. With a population of roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits , Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, being the home of the Hollywood film industry, and its sprawling metropolitan area. The majority of the city proper lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending partly through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into the San Fernando Valley, with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to its east. It covers about , and is the county seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents .

The area that became Los Angeles was originally inhabited by the indigenous Tongva people and later claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve, on the village of Yaanga. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and thus became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California.

Los Angeles has a diverse economy with a broad range of industries. It has the busiest container port in the Americas. In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion, making it the city with the third-largest GDP in the world, after New York City and Tokyo. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics and will host the 2028 Summer Olympics. More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained both the city's and Los Angeles County's water security.

Pronunciation of the name

The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in the journal of the American Name Society asserts that the pronunciation   was established following the 1850 incorporation of the city and that since the 1880s the pronunciation   emerged out of a trend in California to give places Spanish, or Spanish-sounding, names and pronunciations. In 1908, librarian Charles Fletcher Lummis, who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard g (), reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants. In the early 1900s, the Los Angeles Times advocated for pronouncing it Loce AHNG-hayl-ais (), approximating Spanish , by printing the respelling under its masthead for several years. This did not find favor.

Since the 1930s,  has been most common. In 1934, the United States Board on Geographic Names decreed that this pronunciation be used. This was also endorsed in 1952 by a "jury" appointed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron to devise an official pronunciation.

History

Pre-colonial history
The Los Angeles coastal area was settled by the Tongva (Gabrieleño) and Chumash tribes. Los Angeles was  founded on the village of iyáanga or Yaanga (written "Yang-na" by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".

Maritime explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542 while on an official military exploring expedition moving northward along the Pacific coast from earlier colonizing bases of New Spain in Central and South America. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.

Spanish rule

In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores" founded the  (town) they called . The original name of the settlement is disputed; the Guinness Book of World Records rendered it as "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula"; other sources have shortened or alternate versions of the longer name. The present-day city has the largest Roman Catholic archdiocese in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or (New Spain) settlers were mestizo or mulatto, a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.

Mexican rule
New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the new Mexican Republic. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles, Alta California's regional capital. By this time, the new republic introduced more secularization acts within the Los Angeles region. In 1846, during the wider Mexican-American war, marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in the siege of Los Angeles where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered.

1847 to present

Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.

Railroads arrived with the completion of the transcontinental Southern Pacific line from New Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and the Santa Fe Railroad in 1885. Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.

By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000, putting pressure on the city's water supply. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, ensured the continued growth of the city. Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.

Los Angeles created the first municipal zoning ordinance in the United States. On September 14, 1908, the Los Angeles City Council promulgated residential and industrial land use zones. The new ordinance established three residential zones of a single type, where industrial uses were prohibited. The proscriptions included barns, lumber yards, and any industrial land use employing machine-powered equipment. These laws were enforced against industrial properties after the fact. These prohibitions were in addition to existing activities that were already regulated as nuisances. These included explosives warehousing, gas works, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, and tanneries. Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as the 1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally.

In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A. The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.

By 1930, the population surpassed one million. In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

During World War II Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. Calship built hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."

After the end of World War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley. The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's electrified rail system, once the world's largest.

As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area. An example is Beverly Park, which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the Beverly Center.

Racial tensions led to the Watts riots in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.

In 1969, California became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park.

In 1973, Tom Bradley was elected as the city's first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included the Symbionese Liberation Army's South Central standoff in 1974 and the Hillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978.

In early 1984, the city surpassed Chicago in population, thus becoming the second largest city in the United States.

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous, and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.

Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of four Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.

In 1994, the magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths. The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.

In 2002, Mayor James Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.

In 2022, Karen Bass became the city's first female mayor, making Los Angeles the largest US city to have ever had a woman as mayor.

Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games, making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.

 Geography

 Topography

The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of , comprising  of land and  of water. The city extends for  north-south and for  east-west. The perimeter of the city is .

Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is Mount Lukens at , located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.

Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches . Further afield, the highest point in southern California is San Gorgonio Mountain,  east of downtown Los Angeles, with a height of .

The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in  of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel. The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey.

 Vegetation

Los Angeles is rich in native plant species partly because of its diversity of habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent plant communities are coastal sage scrub, chaparral shrubland, and riparian woodland. Native plants include: the California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Coast Live Oak, sycamore, willow and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Although it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra) and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae). Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles.

 Geology
Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt. The strike-slip San Andreas Fault system, which sits at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, passes through the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The segment of the fault passing through Southern California experiences a major earthquake roughly every 110 to 140 years, and seismologists have warned about the next "big one", as the last major earthquake was the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes. Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1933 Long Beach, 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, and the 1994 Northridge events. All but a few are of low intensity and are not felt. The USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast, which models earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from Aleutian Islands earthquake in 1946, Valdivia earthquake in 1960, Alaska earthquake in 1964, Chile earthquake in 2010 and Japan earthquake in 2011.

 Cityscape

The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods, some of which were incorporated cities that have merged with Los Angeles. These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.

 Overview

The city's street patterns generally follow a grid plan, with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long; Sepulveda Boulevard is  long, while Foothill Boulevard is over  long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of the worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker, TomTom. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.

Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings, in contrast to New York City. Outside of a few centers such as Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, and Westwood, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. The few skyscrapers built outside of those areas often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather than wall-to-wall. That being said Downtown Los Angeles itself has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is the Wilshire Grand Center. Also Los Angeles is increasingly becoming a city of apartments rather than single-family dwellings, especially in the dense inner city and Westside neighborhoods.

 Climate

Los Angeles has a two-season Mediterranean climate of dry summer and very mild winter (Köppen Csb on the coast and most of downtown, Csa near the metropolitan region to the west), but it receives less annual precipitation than most other Mediterranean climates, so it is near the boundary of a semi-arid climate (BSh), though narrowly missing it. Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around  giving it a tropical feel although it is a few degrees too cool to be a true tropical climate on average due to cool night temperatures. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.

Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed  on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September. Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over . The average annual temperature of the sea is , from  in January to  in August. Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is  whereas it is  in Canoga Park,  away. The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.

More recently, statewide droughts in California have further strained the city's water security. Downtown Los Angeles averages  of precipitation annually, mainly occurring between November and March, generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Rainfall is usually higher in the hills and coastal slopes of the mountains because of orographic uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of  rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than . Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Niño conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Niña episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wildfires have denuded the slopes.

Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a  reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979; freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was  on January 15, 1932. While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962, with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021. At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is  on September 27, 2010, while the lowest is , on January 4, 1949. Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is , on September 6, 2020, at the weather station at Pierce College in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Woodland Hills. During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk.

 Environmental issues

A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as "poison oak place". Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke". Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources. The percentage of small particle pollution (the kind that penetrates into the lungs) coming from vehicles in the city can get as high as 55 percent.

The smog season lasts from approximately May to October. While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only  of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. When the act was passed, California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.

The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution. In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution. The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010. The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.

Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urban oil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within  of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the EPA has voiced serious concerns.

The city has an urban population of bobcats (Lynx rufus). Mange is a common problem in this population. Although Serieys et al. 2014 find selection of immune genetics at several loci they do not demonstrate that this produces a real difference which helps the bobcats to survive future mange outbreaks.

 Demographics

The 2010 U.S. census reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621. The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km2). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km2), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

 Race and ethnicity

According to the 2010 census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%). Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages. Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.

Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010, compared to 86.3% in 1940. The majority of the Non-Hispanic White population is living in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in neighborhoods near and on the Santa Monica Mountains from the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz.

Mexican ancestry make up the largest ethnic group of Hispanics at 31.9% of the city's population, followed by those of Salvadoran (6.0%) and Guatemalan (3.6%) heritage. The Hispanic population has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community and is spread well-nigh throughout the entire city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area. It is most heavily concentrated in regions around Downtown as East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles and Westlake. Furthermore, a vast majority of residents in neighborhoods in eastern South Los Angeles towards Downey are of Hispanic origin.

The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves—Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown. Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles's population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown. Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles's population, respectively. The Japanese comprise 0.9% of LA's population and have an established Little Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles's population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population. The city is also home to Armenians, Assyrians, and Iranians, many of whom live in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.

African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group in South Los Angeles, which has emerged as the largest African American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The neighborhoods of South Los Angeles with highest concentration of African Americans include Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square and Watts. Apart from South Los Angeles, neighborhoods in the Central region of Los Angeles, as Mid-City and Mid-Wilshire have a moderate concentration of African Americans as well.

Los Angeles has the second largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino and Guatemalan population by city in the world, the third largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian and Romani (Gypsy) population in the country.

There is an Italian community in Los Angeles. Italians are concentrated in San Pedro.

 Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%). The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country. Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.

In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders. The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area, the region has the second-largest population of Jews in the United States, after New York City. Many of Los Angeles's Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights once had a large Jewish population prior to World War II due to restrictive housing covenants. Major Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods include Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, and Valley Village, while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the Encino and Tarzana neighborhoods, and Persian Jews in Beverly Hills. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center. The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.

The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.

Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating, First Congregational Church, was founded in 1867. In the early 1900s the Bible Institute Of Los Angeles published the founding documents of the Christian Fundamentalist movement and the Azusa Street Revival launched Pentecostalism. The Metropolitan Community Church also had its origins in the Los Angeles area. Important churches in the city include First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, Bel Air Presbyterian Church, First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles, West Angeles Church of God in Christ, Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregational Church.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.

Because of Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion and countless others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. The first Buddhist joss house was founded in the city in 1875. Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt.

 Homelessness

As of January 2020, there are 41,290 homeless people in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County. This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County). The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is the Skid Row neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States. The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed to lack of housing affordability and to substance abuse. Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship. In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.

 Crime

In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders. Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides. This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported. This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history. Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online. In 2021, murders rose to the highest level since 2008 and there were 348.

In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really is.

The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the battle of Sunset Strip as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs. Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".

 Economy

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked the 19th most competitive financial center in the world and sixth most competitive in the U.S. after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C..

One of the five major film studios, only Paramount Pictures is within Los Angeles' city limits; it is located in the so-called Thirty-Mile Zone of entertainment headquarters in Southern California.

Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States. The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth-busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.

The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion (), making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo and New York. Los Angeles has been classified an "alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.

The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016. , more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.

, Los Angeles is home to three Fortune 500 companies: AECOM, CBRE Group, and Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles and the surrounding metropolitan area include The Aerospace Corporation, California Pizza Kitchen, Capital Group Companies, Deluxe Entertainment Services Group, Dine Brands Global, DreamWorks Animation, Dollar Shave Club, Fandango Media, Farmers Insurance Group, Forever 21, Hulu, Panda Express, SpaceX, Ubisoft Film & Television, The Walt Disney Company, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros., Warner Music Group, and Trader Joe's.

 Arts and culture

Los Angeles is often billed as the creative capital of the world because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in world history. The city is also known for its prolific murals.

 Movies and the performing arts

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles's cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week." The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation", with more than 1.3 million visitors per year. The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.
The city's Hollywood neighborhood has been recognized as the center of the motion picture industry, having held this distinction since the early 20th century, and the Los Angeles area is also associated with being the center of the television industry. The city is home to major film studios as well as major record labels. Los Angeles plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Grammy Awards as well as many other entertainment industry awards shows. Los Angeles is the site of the USC School of Cinematic Arts which is the oldest film school in the United States.

 Museums and galleries

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County, more museums per capita than any other city in the U.S. Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States), the Getty Center (part of the J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution), the Petersen Automotive Museum, the Huntington Library, the Natural History Museum, the Battleship Iowa, and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.

Libraries
The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city. Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.

 Landmarks

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include the Hollywood Sign, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Capitol Records Building, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Angels Flight, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Dolby Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Getty Villa, Stahl House, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, L.A. Live, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Venice Canal Historic District and boardwalk, Theme Building, Bradbury Building, U.S. Bank Tower, Wilshire Grand Center, Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl, battleship , Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and Olvera Street.

 Cuisine

Los Angeles' food culture is a fusion of global cuisine brought on by the city's rich immigrant history and population. Latin American immigrants, particularly Mexican immigrants, brought tacos, burritos, quesadillas, tortas, tamales, and enchiladas served from food trucks and stands, taquerias, and cafés. Asian restaurants, many immigrant-owned, exist throughout the city with hotspots in Chinatown, Koreatown, and Little Tokyo. Los Angeles also carries an outsized offering of vegan, vegetarian, and plant-based options. As of 2022, the Michelin Guide recognized 10 restaurants granting 2 restaurants two stars and eight restaurants one star.

 Sports

Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top-level professional sports teams, several of which play in neighboring communities but use Los Angeles in their name. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Galaxy and Los Angeles FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference, but will soon be moved to the Big Ten Conference.

Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders moving back to their original home of Oakland. After 21 seasons in St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced the Rams would be moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season with its home games played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four seasons. Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home games in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 which made them the first professional sports team to play in Los Angeles, and then moved to Anaheim Stadium from 1980 until 1994. The San Diego Chargers announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become the Los Angeles Chargers beginning in the 2017 NFL season and played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California for three seasons. The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly built SoFi Stadium, located in nearby Inglewood during the 2020 season.

Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium and the Crypto.com Arena. The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, and the Honda Center are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles's metropolitan area.

Los Angeles has twice hosted the Summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the games for a third time in 2028. Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the Deaflympics in 1985 and Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.

8 NFL Super Bowls were also held in the city and its surrounding areas- 2 at the Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 at the Rose Bowl in suburban Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), and 1 at the suburban Inglewood (LVI) . The Rose Bowl also hosts an annual and highly prestigious NCAA college football game called the Rose Bowl, which happens every New Year's Day.

Los Angeles also hosted 8 FIFA World Cup soccer games at the Rose Bowl in 1994, including the final, where Brazil won. The Rose Bowl also hosted 4 matches in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, including the final, where the United States won against China on penalty kicks. This was the game where Brandi Chastain took her shirt off after she scored the tournament-winning penalty kick, creating an iconic image. Los Angeles will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be held at SoFi Stadium.

Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings' 2012 Stanley Cup title.

 Government

Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times. The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Karen Bass. There are 15 city council districts.

The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).

The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.

Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts.

 Federal and state representation

In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts. In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts. In the United States House of Representatives, it is split among ten congressional districts.

 Education
 Colleges and universities

There are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Private colleges in the city include:

 American Film Institute Conservatory
 Alliant International University
 American Academy of Dramatic Arts (Los Angeles Campus)
 American Jewish University
 Abraham Lincoln University
 The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus
 Antioch University's Los Angeles campus
 Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
 Colburn School
 Columbia College Hollywood
 Emerson College (Los Angeles Campus)
 Emperor's College
 Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM)
 Los Angeles Film School
 Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School in Los Angeles)
 Mount St. Mary's College
 National University of California
 Occidental College ("Oxy")
 Otis College of Art and Design (Otis)
 Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc)
 Southwestern Law School
 University of Southern California (USC)
 Woodbury University

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District:

 East Los Angeles College (ELAC)
 Los Angeles City College (LACC)
 Los Angeles Harbor College
 Los Angeles Mission College
 Los Angeles Pierce College
 Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC)
 Los Angeles Southwest College
 Los Angeles Trade-Technical College
 West Los Angeles College

There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.

Schools
Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000. After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.

Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Inglewood Unified School District, and the Las Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.

 Media

The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast designated market area in the U.S. (after New York) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of local AM and FM radio and television stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.

As part of the region's aforementioned creative industry, the Big Four major broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC, all have production facilities and offices throughout various areas of Los Angeles. All four major broadcast television networks, plus major Spanish-language networks Telemundo and Univision, also own and operate stations that both serve the Los Angeles market and serve as each network's West Coast flagship station: ABC's KABC-TV (Channel 7), CBS's KCBS-TV (Channel 2), Fox's KTTV-TV (Channel 11), NBC's KNBC-TV (Channel 4), MyNetworkTV's KCOP-TV (Channel 13), Telemundo's KVEA-TV (Channel 52), and Univision's KMEX-TV (Channel 34). The region also has four PBS stations, with KCET, re-joining the network as secondary affiliate in August 2019, after spending the previous eight years as the nation's largest independent public television station. KTBN (Channel 40) is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations, such as KCAL-TV (Channel 9) and KTLA-TV (Channel 5), also operate in the area.

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times. La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper. The Korea Times is the city's major daily Korean-language paper while The World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on coverage of the greater Los Angeles area), Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles Magazine, the Los Angeles Business Journal, the Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter, Variety (both entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps with certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, including Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, and Flavorpill.

Infrastructure
 Transportation

 Freeways

The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. Texas Transportation Institute's annual Urban Mobility Report ranked Los Angeles area roads the most congested in the United States in 2019 as measured by annual delay per traveler, area residents experiencing a cumulative average of 119 hours waiting in traffic that year. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., and Miami. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean daily travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles's mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.

The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canada–US border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

 Transit systems

The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million . The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system, the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month. LA County Metro recorded over 397 million boardings for the 2017 calendar year, including about 285 million bus riders and about 113 million riding on rail transit. For the first quarter of 2018, there were just under 95 million system-wide boardings, down from about 98 million in 2017, and about 105 million in 2016. In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation. According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.

The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's busiest. The rail system includes the B and D subway lines, as well as the A, C, E, and L light rail lines. In 2016, the E Line was extended to the Pacific Ocean at Santa Monica. The Metro G and J lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. , the total number of light rail stations is 99. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.

Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.

In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus service through the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, or LADOT.

 Airports

The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport , commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX'''. It is located on the Westside of Los Angeles near the Sofi Stadium in Inglewood.

Other major nearby commercial airports include:
  Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire.
  Hollywood Burbank Airport, jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, the closest airport to Downtown Los Angeles serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.
  Long Beach Airport, serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.
  John Wayne Airport of Orange County.

One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also in Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport .

 Seaports

The Port of Los Angeles is in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately  south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies  of land and water along  of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor''. Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008. Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles's coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Long Beach International Gateway Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon (and Two Harbors) on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

Notable people

Sister cities

Los Angeles has 25 sister cities, listed chronologically by year joined:

  Eilat, Israel (1959)
  Nagoya, Japan (1959)
  Salvador, Brazil (1962)
  Bordeaux, France (1964)
  Berlin, Germany (1967)
  Lusaka, Zambia (1968)
  Mexico City, Mexico (1969)
  Auckland, New Zealand (1971)
  Busan, South Korea (1971)
  Mumbai, India (1972)
  Tehran, Iran (1972)
  Taipei, Taiwan (1979)
  Guangzhou, China (1981)
  Athens, Greece (1984)
  Saint Petersburg, Russia (1984)
  Vancouver, Canada (1986)
  Giza, Egypt (1989)
  Jakarta, Indonesia (1990)
  Kaunas, Lithuania (1991)
  Makati, Philippines (1992)
  Split, Croatia (1993)
  San Salvador, El Salvador (2005)
  Beirut, Lebanon (2006)
  Ischia, Campania, Italy (2006)
  Yerevan, Armenia (2007)

In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":
  Łódź, Poland
  City of Melbourne, Australia
  Manchester, United Kingdom
  Tel Aviv, Israel

See also

 Largest cities in Southern California
 Largest cities in the Americas
 List of hotels in Los Angeles
 List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
 List of museums in Los Angeles
 List of museums in Los Angeles County, California
 List of music venues in Los Angeles
 List of people from Los Angeles
 List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California
 USS Los Angeles, 4 ships (including 1 airship)

Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

General

Architecture and urban theory

Race relations

LGBT

Environment

Social movements

Art and literature

External links

1781 establishments in New Spain
1850 establishments in California
Cities in Los Angeles County, California
County seats in California
Incorporated cities and towns in California
Populated coastal places in California
Populated places established in 1781
Port cities in California
Railway towns in California


text:
Home/Opinion/Opinion: NewsGuard Filter Starts the Next Fake News Trend
Opinion: NewsGuard Filter Starts the Next Fake News Trend
SARTREFebruary 5, 2019
Any search engine that filters content is engaged in censorship. When the tech giants were starting out they used traffic stats as a basis for popular ranking of results. Yahoo and Google provided reasonable and mostly reliable information retrieval. Those days are long gone and the fallout of banishing information or banning entire sites to a black memory hole has only one conclusion. The artificial intelligence revolution leads to the heterodoxy of the culture. Couple such algorithms with the underlying social and political bias of the technocratic snobs, who want to control a false reality, and you end up with a planet that is unable to decipher the truth.
From the NewsGuard mission statement, Restoring Trust & Accountability.
"NewsGuard uses journalism to fight false news, misinformation, and disinformation. Our trained analysts, who are experienced journalists, research online news brands to help readers and viewers know which ones are trying to do legitimate journalism—and which are not."
Such arrogance of hubris and condescension towards the public is appalling. Last year public sentiment has "Two new Gallup polls have found that wide swaths of the American population believe that the media is biased, inaccurate and full of misinformation – just as President Donald Trump says. One poll found that 62% of U.S. adults believe that the news they see in newspapers, on television or hear on the radio is biased and that 44% say it's inaccurate."
Aghast that the corporatists toadies still have the gonads to claim that they are journalists. Just what universe do they report on? Pray tell they just do not get it. The mainstream media is the purveyor of the disinformation of record when they omit, deceive, fabricate or outright lie. Fake News is the word product in the newsroom. The news story selection and perspective is pure dribble in this age of political correctness.
For the uninformed and intellectually challenged; reading, viewing or believing the accounts that are manufactured to dumb down the public is an exercise in self-torture. Thus far, Microsoft has their controversial fake news filter NewsGuard built into mobile browser. No doubt some equivalent won't be long in coming to superimpose their gate keeping censorship.
(Ed. ~ Microsoft will be adding NewsGuard as a default extension in its Edge browser.)
"Among the green-rated websites: Voice of America, CNN, Buzzfeed, the Guardian, New York Times and the Washington Post, as well as left-leaning upstarts such as Vice News and Refinery 29. Ones that are given the red warning label of "failing to maintain basic standards of accuracy and accountability": RT and Sputnik (obviously enough) and the right-wing Daily Mail, Breitbart and the Drudge Report, in addition to hundreds of other non-mainstream news websites such as Wikileaks."
Combine this access restriction with the purging of search results and the end result is that alternative media banning becomes complete. Sorry, the internet tech giants are not in the journalism reporting business. A case comparison in unfairness is the manner that the fake news cabal covered the Brett Kavanaugh allegations versus the "presumed innocence" of Ralph 'Coonman' Northam. Any guess what news sources would be deemed misinformation using NewsGuard?
From one of those red-rated sites, Breitbart, Financial Blacklisting: NewsGuard Advises Advertisers to Avoid Pro-Trump Media.
"The effect isn't merely to silence pro-Trump media. It also ensures advertisers don't market their products to Trump voters, causing them to rely less and less on consumers in the heartland, and more on progressive consumers who read establishment news sources. The ultimate result: corporations cater their products and "corporate values" even more to the latter, and not at all to the former."
Now the veracity of these developments are so obvious to accept, it defies common sense for any critical thinking person to believe the reporting found on the NewsGuard list or the Google, Bing, Yahoo and Facebook search results. In spite of these facts, the uninformed sheeple, the demented NeoCons or the diehard Progressives are so programmed to accept the prevarications as accurate journalism that society has lost its social redeeming purpose.
The internet is dying with each passing day. Individual and independent sites are being systematically eliminated from promoting and communicating. The bulk of ad revenue comes from being on Google, YouTube and Facebook. Soon the removal of right wing voices for authentic populism will deprive the web of meaningful reporting. The ultimate eradication of free speech is the goal of this most recent attack upon American values.
Philip Giraldi sums up, NewsGuard: A Neoconservative Contrivance Which Promotes an Establishment View.
"Make no mistake, NewsGuard is a neoconservative contrivance which promotes an establishment view of what is true and what is false. Its co-founder Gordon Crovitz is an ex-editor of The Wall Street Journal, who has enthused over the project, saying that it is "a milestone in the fight to bring consumers the information they need to counter false information, misinformation and disinformation online." Crovitz has also been associated with the leading neocon foundation The American Enterprise Institute while the NewsGuard advisory board includes Tom Ridge, who was head of the Department of Homeland Security under George W. Bush, and Michael Hayden, who directed both the CIA and NSA. It is as government-establishment in orientation as it is possible to be.
So who gets the endorsement from NewsGuard? Those who toe the line on U.S. policy and the establishment globalist/interventionist agenda. It would be interesting to know what NewsGuard's staff of analysts is really looking for when it researches a site or media outlet. As the examples cited above demonstrate, NewsGuard has nothing to do with taking pains to report the news accurately, nor is there any evidence of real accountability. It is all about who pays the bills and who is in charge. They give the orders and one either falls in line or goes out the door. That is the reality of today's mainstream media."
An ongoing defense against internet censorship is the most important combat that can be devoted when on the web. When NewsGuard is added as the default in Windows 10, better switch to Linux.
H/T BATR
Microsoft's NewsGuard censorship extension gets horrible reviews for extreme and overt liberal bias
Silicon Valley Axis of Evil goes full Orwell in jihad against conservative pro-Trump speech
Silicon Valley Axis of Evil Strikes Again: Facebook Rejects Ads For Pro-Life Film Starring Jon Voight
2018 a banner year for Silicon Valley censorship; How much farther will they go in 2019?
Opinion: Silicon Valley tech giants like Facebook, Google now a direct threat to U.S. freedom, democracy
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Scott Lively Compares Vaccine Mandates To Mark Of The Beast (Video)
Cartoon of the Day: Les Deplorables
Cartoon of the Day: Hearing or Smearing?
Cartoon of the Day: Hard Rock Covfefe
Video of the Day: Joe Biden Says Crisis An Excuse To 'Fundamentally Transform' America

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
package akka.persistence.cassandra.journal

import scala.concurrent.duration._

import akka.actor._
import akka.persistence._
import akka.persistence.cassandra.CassandraLifecycle
import akka.testkit._

import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory

import org.scalatest._

object CassandraSslSpec {
  val config = ConfigFactory.parseString(
    """
      |akka.persistence.snapshot-store.plugin = "cassandra-snapshot-store"
      |akka.persistence.journal.plugin = "cassandra-journal"
      |akka.persistence.journal.max-deletion-batch-size = 3
      |akka.persistence.publish-confirmations = on
      |akka.persistence.publish-plugin-commands = on
      |akka.test.single-expect-default = 10s
      |cassandra-journal.target-partition-size = 5
      |cassandra-journal.max-result-size = 3
      |cassandra-journal.port = 9142
      |cassandra-snapshot-store.port = 9142
      |cassandra-journal.ssl.truststore.path="src/test/resources/security/client_truststore.jks"
      |cassandra-journal.ssl.truststore.password="hbbUtqn3Y1D4Tw"
      |cassandra-journal.ssl.keystore.path="src/test/resources/security/client_keystore.jks"
      |cassandra-journal.ssl.keystore.password="5zsGJ0LxnpozNQ"
      |cassandra-snapshot-store.ssl.truststore.path="src/test/resources/security/client_truststore.jks"
      |cassandra-snapshot-store.ssl.truststore.password="hbbUtqn3Y1D4Tw"
      |cassandra-snapshot-store.ssl.keystore.path="src/test/resources/security/client_keystore.jks"
      |cassandra-snapshot-store.ssl.keystore.password="5zsGJ0LxnpozNQ"
    """.stripMargin)

  class ProcessorA(val persistenceId: String) extends PersistentActor {
    def receiveRecover: Receive = handle

    def receiveCommand: Receive = {
      case payload: String =>
        persist(payload)(handle)
    }

    def handle: Receive = {
      case payload: String =>
        sender ! payload
        sender ! lastSequenceNr
        sender ! recoveryRunning
    }
  }
}

import CassandraSslSpec._

class CassandraSslSpec extends TestKit(ActorSystem("test", config))
  with ImplicitSender
  with WordSpecLike
  with Matchers
  with CassandraLifecycle {

  override val withSsl = true

  "A Cassandra journal" ignore {
    "write messages over SSL" in {
      val processor1 = system.actorOf(Props(classOf[ProcessorA], "p1"))
      1L to 16L foreach { i =>
        processor1 ! s"a-${i}"
        expectMsgAllOf(s"a-${i}", i, false)
      }
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I immediately fell in love with the Splendor collection from My Mind's Eye. The gorgeous botanicals and delightful swans are just up my street!
The die-cut pack is full of pretty flowers, frames and adorable pieces which were crying out to be layered.
I started by stamping a script around the bottom corner. Then I used some netting to add texture. You could use muslin or tulle in the same way.
By layering the die-cuts with some on foam tape, and bending leaves, you'll create lots of pretty texture and interest.
I like to balance my layouts, so I added another cluster in the opposite corner. I wound twine around a pokey tool to create little tendrils. Isn't that swan just gorgeous?!
For my next layout I've gone for a more linear approach.
I've used more die-cuts and fussy cut some flowers from the papers.
I used the die-cut frame as an achor for this cluster of flowers. A few small flags add a bit more detail.
I fussy cut another swan from the Lovely paper (I had to buy another piece of this so I have heaps of swans for my projects). I added a little gold crepe paper for a bit more texture.
The title is from the La La Love collection. It's worth remembering to mix stickers and titles from other collections.
You can see the full Splendor collection here.
Thanks for popping in. I'm back on 26th with a completely different collection to share.


text:
<?php
if( !class_exists('FPW_Widget') ) :
class FPW_Widget extends WP_Widget {

	// widget actual processes
	public function __construct() {
		parent::__construct(
	 		'fpw_widget', // Base ID
			__( 'Feature a Page Widget', 'fapw' ), // Name
			array( 'description' => __( 'A widget to feature a single page', 'fapw' ) )
		);
	}

	/**
	* Options for the widget
	*/
 	public function form( $instance ) {

		// Some default values for the widgets
		$defaults = array(
			'title' => '',
			'featured_page_id' => '',
			'layout' => 'wrapped'
		);
		// any options not set get the default
		$instance = wp_parse_args( $instance, $defaults );
		// extract them for cleaner code
		extract( $instance, EXTR_SKIP );

		// prepare list of pages
		$pages_array = get_pages( array(
			'hierarchical' => 0,
			'post_status' => 'publish'
		));
		// make blank first option
		$page_select_list = array( '' => '' );
		foreach( $pages_array as $page ){
			$page_select_list[$page->ID] = esc_attr( $page->post_title );
		}

		// widget admin form begins
		?>

			<label for="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'title' ); ?>">
				<?php esc_attr_e( 'Widget Title', 'fapw' ); ?>

			<input type="text" id="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'title' ); ?>" name="<?php echo $this->get_field_name('title'); ?>" value="<?php echo $title; ?>" />

			<label for="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'featured_page_id' ); ?>" class="fpw-widget-heading">
				<?php esc_attr_e( 'Page to feature:', 'fapw' ); ?>

			<select class="fpw-page-select" data-placeholder="<?php _e( 'Select Featured Page…', 'fapw' ); ?>" id="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'featured_page_id' ); ?>" name="<?php echo $this->get_field_name('featured_page_id'); ?>">
				<?php foreach( $page_select_list as $page_id => $page_title ) {
					// We'll give people a hint if the excerpt and image are set
					$featured_image = null; $excerpt = null;
					if( has_post_thumbnail( $page_id ) )
						$featured_image = 'featured-image';
					if( has_excerpt( $page_id) )
						$excerpt = 'excerpt';
					printf( '<option class="%4$s %5$s" value="%1$s" data-edit-link="%6$s" %3$s>%2$s</option>',
						$page_id,
						$page_title,
						selected( $featured_page_id, $page_id, false ),
						$featured_image,
						$excerpt,
						esc_url( get_edit_post_link( $page_id ) )
					);
				} ?>
			</select>

This widget will display the Title, Featured Image, and Excerpt from the page you select. Make sure those fields are set for any page you wish to feature.

			Page Status: <img alt="<?php _e( 'Help', 'fapw' ); ?>" src="<?php echo esc_url( plugins_url( '/img/question-white.png', __FILE__ ) ); ?>" />

				<?php _e( 'Featured Image', 'fapw' ); ?>
				<img class="fpw-page-status-set" src="<?php echo esc_url( plugins_url( '/img/tick.png', __FILE__ ) ); ?>" alt="<?php _e( 'Set', 'fapw' ); ?>" /><img class="fpw-page-status-missing" src="<?php echo esc_url( plugins_url( '/img/exclamation-red.png', __FILE__ ) ); ?>" alt="<?php _e( 'Missing', 'fapw' ); ?>" />
			  |

				<?php _e( 'Excerpt', 'fapw' ); ?>
				<img class="fpw-page-status-set" src="<?php echo esc_url( plugins_url( '/img/tick.png', __FILE__ ) ); ?>" alt="<?php _e( 'Set', 'fapw' ); ?>" /><img class="fpw-page-status-missing" src="<?php echo esc_url( plugins_url( '/img/exclamation-red.png', __FILE__ ) ); ?>" alt="<?php _e( 'Missing', 'fapw' ); ?>" />

				<img alt="<?php _e( 'Edit Page in New Window', 'fapw' ); ?>" title="<?php _e( 'Edit Page in New Window', 'fapw' ); ?>" src="<?php echo esc_url( plugins_url( '/img/pencil.png', __FILE__ ) ); ?>" />

			<?php _e( 'Layout Options:', 'fapw' ); ?>
			<input type="radio" class="fpw-layout-wrapped" id="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'layout-wrapped' ); ?>" name="<?php echo $this->get_field_name('layout'); ?>" value="wrapped" <?php checked( 'wrapped', $layout ); ?> />
			<label for="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'layout-wrapped' ); ?>">
				<?php esc_attr_e( 'Wrapped Image', 'fapw' ); ?>

			<input type="radio" class="fpw-layout-banner" id="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'layout-banner' ); ?>" name="<?php echo $this->get_field_name('layout'); ?>" value="banner" <?php checked( 'banner', $layout ); ?> />
			<label for="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'layout-banner' ); ?>">
				<?php esc_attr_e( 'Banner Image', 'fapw' ); ?>

			<input type="radio" class="fpw-layout-big" id="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'layout-big' ); ?>" name="<?php echo $this->get_field_name('layout'); ?>" value="big" <?php checked( 'big', $layout ); ?> />
			<label for="<?php echo $this->get_field_id( 'layout-big' ); ?>">
				<?php esc_attr_e( 'Big Image', 'fapw' ); ?>

		<?php

	}

	// processes widget options to be saved
	public function update( $new_instance, $old_instance ) {
		$instance = wp_parse_args( $new_instance, $old_instance );

		// Sanitize all the args
		$instance['title'] = sanitize_text_field( $new_instance['title'] );

		// the featured id should be an int
		$instance['featured_page_id'] = (int) $new_instance['featured_page_id'];

		// validate layout against accepted options
		$accepted_layouts = array(
			'banner',
			'big',
			'wrapped'
		);
		$instance['layout'] = esc_attr( $new_instance['layout'] );
		if ( ! in_array( $instance['layout'], $accepted_layouts ) )
			$instance['layout'] = '';

		return $instance;
	}

	// outputs the content of the widget
	public function widget( $args, $instance ) {

		// enqueue stylesheet for widget
		// enqueuing here ensure that styles only load when plugin is being displayed
		wp_enqueue_style( 'fpw_styles_css', plugins_url( 'css/fpw_styles.css', __FILE__), false, FPW_VERSION );

		/**
		 * Extract, sanitize, and compile attributes
		 *----------------------------------------------------*/

		// lets get lots of awesome values to work with
		extract($args);
		extract($instance);

		// without an ID, we're done.
		if( ! $featured_page_id )
			return;
		$featured_page = get_post( $featured_page_id );

		// if the ID didn't return a page, we're also done
		if( ! $featured_page )
			return;

		if( $title )
			$title = apply_filters( 'widget_title', $title );

		// Let's make a post_class string
		$post_class = get_post_class( 'hentry fpw-clearfix fpw-layout-' . esc_attr( $layout ), (int) $featured_page_id );
		$post_classes = '';
		foreach ($post_class as $class) {
			$post_classes .= $class . ' ';
		}

		// see if there's a page title. if so, put it together nicely for use in the widget
		if ( $featured_page->post_title ) {
			$page_title = apply_filters( 'fpw_page_title', esc_attr__( $featured_page->post_title ) );
			$page_title_html = sprintf(
				'
%1$s
',
				sanitize_text_field( $page_title )
			);
		} else {
			$page_title = null;
			$page_title_html = null;
		}

		// if there's an excerpt, grab it and filter
		if( $featured_page->post_excerpt ) {
			$excerpt = $featured_page->post_excerpt;
			$excerpt = apply_filters( 'the_excerpt', $excerpt );
			$excerpt = apply_filters( 'fpw_excerpt', $excerpt, $featured_page_id );
		} else {
			$excerpt = null;
		}

		// the featured image size is dependant on layout
		switch ($layout) {
			case 'wrapped':
				$image_size = 'fpw_square';
				break;

			case 'big':
				$image_size = 'fpw_big';
				break;

			case 'banner':
				$image_size = 'fpw_banner';
				break;

			default:
				$image_size = 'fpw_square';
				break;
		}

		// see if there is a post_thumbnail grab it and filter it
		if ( has_post_thumbnail( $featured_page_id ) ) {
			$featured_image = get_the_post_thumbnail( $featured_page_id, $image_size );
			$featured_image = apply_filters( 'fpw_featured_image', $featured_image, $featured_page_id );
		} else {
			$featured_image = null;
		}

		/**
		 * Widget Output Begins
		 *----------------------------------------------------*/
		// use a version of the widget template from the theme if it exists
		// otherwise, use the default widget template from the plugin folder
		$fpw_template = locate_template( 'fpw_views/fpw_default.php', false, true );
		if( $fpw_template ) {
			require( $fpw_template );
		} else {
			require( plugin_dir_path( __FILE__ ) . 'fpw_views/fpw_default.php' );
		}

	}

} #end FPW_Widget

endif;


text:
This story about murder and betrayal becomes murky long before its conclusion, but Orson Welles's quintessential film noir is about moral chaos, and Welles's stunning visuals speak for themselves. Shot in sharp black-and white, the story of innocent narrator Michael O'Hara's twisted journey into the netherworld is told through deep shadows, skewed compositions, and unsettling close-ups. Enchancing the surreally ominous atmosphere is the choice of settings, such as the San Francisco Aquarium love scene, in which the convoluted tale reaches its appropriate climax in an abandoned fun house that embodies O'Hara's nightmarish confusion. Finding the perfect image for shattered relationships and fractured personalities, Welles's famous final shootout takes place in the fun house's hall of mirrors, as O'Hara learns the truth in a place that trades on deception. Judging the narrative too Byzantine for his taste, Columbia chief Harry Cohn demanded that Lady from Shanghai be reedited, redubbed, and rescored before it was released. It still failed at the box office, rendering Welles a Hollywood outcast for almost a decade. — Lucia Bozzola, AllMovie
Tue April 23, 7:30 PM, Muenzinger Auditorium
USA, 1947, in English, Black and White, 87 min, 1.37 : 1
Director: Orson Welles, Screenplay: Orson Welles, Novel: Sherwood King, Writer: William Castle, Charles Lederer, Fletcher Markle, Cast: Rita Hayworth, Orson Welles, Everett Sloane, Glenn Anders, Ted de Corsia


Five Sentence Fiction is about packing a powerful punch in a tiny fist. Each week Lillie McFerrin will post a one word inspiration, then anyone wishing to participate will write a five sentence story based on the prompt word.
Have I gotten your attention now?
This entry was posted in Five Sentence Fiction, photo, photo and thoughts, Writing. Bookmark the permalink.
Helen, this is ultra creative. I love it.
Ultra creative is exactly right. This is great, Helen.
Love this take on, Helen!
Great! Very short and simple, but I had to read it three times. It had my attention that much!


text:
Preferences or Private Assessments on a Monetary Policy Committee?∗ (2014)
[www2.warwick.ac.uk]
by Stephen Hansen , Michael Mcmahon , Carlos Velasco Rivera
1818 The Science of Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian Perspective, - Clarida, Galí, et al. - 1999
228 Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: An introduction to the new Keynesian framework, - Galí - 2009
182 Information Aggregation, Rationality and the Condorcet Jury Theorem", - Austen-Smith, Banks - 1996 (Show Context)
... assumption that signals are serially uncorrelated. 3.3 How members vote given their preferences and beliefs There are two assumptions the voting literature makes about voting behavior in committees (=-=Austen-Smith and Banks, 1996-=-). First, when members vote sincerely they behave as if they get utility from matching their vote to the state. Under this assumption member i's expected utility from vit = 1 is −(1−θi) Pr [ωt = 0 | s...
97 Are two heads better than one? Monetary policy by committee. - Blinder, Morgan - 2005
75 Information acquisition and decision making in committees: A survey. - Gerling, Gruner, et al. - 2005 (Show Context)
...e existing literature. First, there is a growing literature on all aspects of the use of committees to make monetary policy decisions: this includes important summaries of the state of the knowledge (=-=Gerling et al., 2005-=-; Blinder, 2007), issues of agenda-setting (Riboni and RugeMurcia, 2010), reputation-building on monetary policy committees (Sibert, 2003; Hansen and McMahon, 2013), credibility of committees (Mihov a...
59 Committees versus individuals: An experimental analysis of monetary policy decision-making. - Lombardelli, Proudman, et al. - 2005
52 Monetary policy committees: Individual and collective reputation. - Sibert - 2003
44 Monetary policy by committee: Why and how? - Blinder - 2007 (Show Context)
... First, there is a growing literature on all aspects of the use of committees to make monetary policy decisions: this includes important summaries of the state of the knowledge (Gerling et al., 2005; =-=Blinder, 2007-=-), issues of agenda-setting (Riboni and RugeMurcia, 2010), reputation-building on monetary policy committees (Sibert, 2003; Hansen and McMahon, 2013), credibility of committees (Mihov and Sibert, 2006...
43 Monetary policy committees and interest rate setting. - Gerlach-Kristen - 2006
42 Groups: theory and experience. - Napier, Gershenfeld - 1985
35 Making the Most of Statistical Analysis: Improving Interpretation and Presentation." - King, Tomz, et al. - 2000
24 The Psychology of Behaviour at Work. - Furnham - 2002 (Show Context)
... matter, though, larger committees also entail additional coordination and infrastructure costs. Some authors have also argued that increasing the number of members makes deliberation more difficult (=-=Furnham, 1997-=-), and increases the costs of free-riding in terms of information acquisition (Sibert, 2006). So, the marginal benefit of an additional member is also important to know. While we measure it to be posi...
19 Insiders versus outsiders in monetary policymaking. - Besley, Meads, et al. - 2008
18 accessed on 12 - aspx - 2012
17 A Bayesian Model of Voting in Juries. - DUGGAN, MARTINELLI - 2001
17 A Decade of Dissent: Explaining the Dissent Voting Behavior of Bank of England MPC Members. - Harris, Levine, et al. - 2011
15 The role of a regional bank in a system of central banks." Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Working Paper No 99-4 - Goodfriend - 1999 (Show Context)
...in Washington DC. One argument in favor of Presidents having more expertise is that each has a reasonably large staff and budget which might encourage competition in the market for economic analysis (=-=Goodfriend, 1999-=-). The Fed Governors, by comparison, have to rely mostly on the analysis of the Board of Governors' staff, which is shared amongst FOMC members. At the Bank of England, it is the externals who only ha...
13 Inflation Targeting, Committee Decision Making, and Uncertainty: The Case of the Bank of England's MPC. Centre for Dynamic Macroeconomic Analysis Working Paper CDMA05/03. - Bhattacharjee, Holly - 2005
12 2010): Monetary Policy by Committee: Consensus, Chairman Dominance or Simple Majority?, Quarterly - Riboni, Ruge-Murcia
12 Central banking by committee. - Sibert - 2006 (Show Context)
...on making only marginally if expertise is sufficiently high. Given the potentially large costs from adding more and more members, such as information exchange problems and free-riding by members (see =-=Sibert, 2006-=-, for a discussion), a smaller committee is likely to be better. The second design issue explored is whether, as argued by Blinder (2007), external members can add value through moderating internals' ...
11 Credibility and flexibility with independent monetary policy committees. - Mihov, Sibert - 2006
10 A Statistical Method for Empirical Testing of Competing Theories. - Imai, Tingley - 2012
7 The Value of Information in the Court: Get it Right, Keep it Tight - Iaryczower, Shum - 2012
6 2003), Summary Statistics of Option-Implied Probability Density Functions and their Properties. Working paper - Lynch, Panigirtzoglou
5 From doves to hawks: A spatial analysis of voting in the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England," - Hix, Hoyland, et al. - 2010
4 Insiders and outsiders at the Bank of England - Gerlach-Kristen (Show Context)
...ample, the UK, Poland, and Hungary) make use of externals, presumably to take advantage of diversity, while others (for example, the USA and Sweden) do not. In line with the existing literature (e.g. =-=Gerlach-Kristen, 2003-=-, and references below), internals' estimated preferences are significantly more hawkish, but our novel finding is that they have higher estimated expertise. This finding implies that the justificatio...
1 http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/overview.htm, last accessed 29 - England - 2010 (Show Context)
...nalysis because there is a one-person, one-vote philosophy: the Bank encourages members to simply determine the rate of interest that they feel is most likely to achieve the inflation target (Bank of =-=England, 2010-=-) and majority vote determines the outcome. As such, the observed votes should reflect members' genuine policy preferences. Consistent with this philosophy, the MPC displays substantial dissent: 64% o...
1 Notes on the Bank of England option-implied probability density functions - England - 2011
1 First impressions matter: Signalling as a source of policy dynamics - Hansen, McMahon, et al. - 2013
1 Testing for equilibrium multiplicity in dynamic Markov games. Unpublished Manuscript - Pesendorder, Takahashi - 2013 (Show Context)
...ll likelihood. To obtain estimates of θi and σi, we follow the two-step estimation approach of Iaryczower and Shum (2012) and the literature that estimates games more broadly (see the papers cited in =-=Pesendorder and Takahashi, 2013-=-). The general idea is to estimate choice—in this case vote—probabilities in a first stage with flexible functional forms that depend on observed covariates. These first-stage coefficient estimates ar...
1 Fall 2013. Central Bank Design - Reis
1 Chapter 4 - Rational inattention and monetary economics - Sims - 2010 (Show Context)
...nted as an external member and had no prior experience in the Bank before her appointment. 4 processing ability, of the sort emphasized in the limited attention literature (discussed, for example, in =-=Sims, 2010-=-), leads each member to come to a different view. 3.1 Member preferences In each period t the committee implements a decision dt ∈ {0, 1}, where 0 represents the lower of two possible rate changes and...


text:
package consul

import (
	"log"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/api"
)

// watchKV monitors a key in the KV store for changes.
// The intended use case is to add additional route commands to the routing table.
func watchKV(client *api.Client, path string, config chan string) {
	var lastIndex uint64
	var lastValue string

	for {
		value, index, err := getKV(client, path, lastIndex)
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("[WARN] consul: Error fetching config from %s. %v", path, err)
			time.Sleep(time.Second)
			continue
		}

		if value != lastValue || index != lastIndex {
			log.Printf("[INFO] consul: Manual config changed to #%d", index)
			config <- value
			lastValue, lastIndex = value, index
		}
	}
}

func getKV(client *api.Client, key string, waitIndex uint64) (string, uint64, error) {
	q := &api.QueryOptions{RequireConsistent: true, WaitIndex: waitIndex}
	kvpair, meta, err := client.KV().Get(key, q)
	if err != nil {
		return "", 0, err
	}
	if kvpair == nil {
		return "", meta.LastIndex, nil
	}
	return strings.TrimSpace(string(kvpair.Value)), meta.LastIndex, nil
}

func putKV(client *api.Client, key, value string, index uint64) (bool, error) {
	p := &api.KVPair{Key: key[1:], Value: []byte(value), ModifyIndex: index}
	ok, _, err := client.KV().CAS(p, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return ok, nil
}


text:
Theatre 360 : Award Winning Children's Theatre in Pasadena.
Welcome to Theatre 360
Theatre 360 is an award-winning, internationally recognized children's theatre company and school that offers professional theatre productions and theatre education to children ages 3 to 19. Since 2000, the theatre company has trained thousands of students on stage and backstage through classes and workshops, developing their talents and abilities into working theatre professionals. After receiving the foundation of skills from T360, students have gone on to successful college and professional careers while continually building their confidence and self-esteem. We are honored to be represented by our students being accepted into the Nation's top performing arts colleges and abroad, working on Broadway, Off-Broadway, television shows, independent films, and being thoughtful, professional young artists.
January 25, 2:00-5:00
The Addams Family is a smash-hit, Tony Award nominated musical comedy that brings the darkly delirious world of Gomez, Morticia, Uncle Fester, Grandma, Wednesday, Pugsley and, of course, Lurch to spooky and spectacular life. Wednesday Addams, the ultimate princess of darkness, has grown up and fallen in love with a sweet, smart, young man from a respectable family– a man her parents have never met. When the teen invites her new boyfriend, Lucas Beineke, over with his "normal" family to get better acquainted with the Addams household, comic chaos ensues.
Requirements & Sign Up
Winter Session 2020 is now open for enrollment! Click the button below to view classes and details.
Save the Date for SUMMER CAMP!
June 8-August 21
One and Two week Sessions
Details and more are coming soon! Sign up for our e-newsletters to receive announcements for when enrollment is open.
Theatre 360 staff and faculty are made up of hard working professionals. All of our teachers have educational and professional backgrounds in musical theatre. They are here and ready to train and educated you and bring you to your highest potential. Our staff is also ready to answer your questions and get you to where you need to be.
Parents & Students LOVE US!
"My daughter has been part of the Theatre 360 program since she was 4 years old. She has gone from fun classes where play and communication are encouraged, to more challenging acting and dance classes where dedication and commitment are expected to roles from ensemble to lead in full scale shows. Along the way I have watched her grow not only as an artist but also in her dedication, drive, mentorship of the younger performers and in her self-confidence as an artist. The lessons learned at Theatre 360 provide life long value whether heading to Broadway, the Board Room or any place else." – Elle, parent
"Theatre 360 taught me that success isn't just about talent or skill, it's about putting in the work and paying it forward. At Theatre 360, I've gained best friends, mentors, collaborators, and a deep appreciation for every aspect of the field of theatre — a full three-hundred-sixty degree view, if you will! Of course this place taught me how to nail a pirouette and a 16-bar audition piece, but it also taught me that commitment, professionalism, and hard work triumph above all. The training, work ethic, and preparation I've gained from Theatre 360 helped me in my admission into some of the nation's top Musical Theatre programs. Theatre 360 enabled me to do the preparation necessary to feel confident and successful in all of my college auditions." – Cami, student
Email: info@theatre360.org
Address for Mail:
PO Box 70242, Pasadena, CA 91117
Address for Classes & Rehearsals:
85 East Holly Street, Pasadena, CA 91103
Read Our Policies
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Your email address will not be used for any other purpose.
Copyright © 2020 Theatre 360 : Award Winning Children's Theatre in Pasadena	. Powered by WordPress | Theme: AccessPress Ray


Reflections of past events in life, which were experienced in childhood flow through my mind like the earliest picture machines in a penny arcade.
I see myself so young. around four and my hair is wound tight in pigtails. I come from a large family and I see my older brother, my mother, and two sisters climbing into the car. It is so hot and the air is thick with humidity, I remember the burning from the vinyl seats in the car. We are on our way to visit our great grandmother and her sisters, our great aunts. Great grandmother lived in a nice home and I do not know how old it was, but to us children it seemed big. We loved going there to see them, but hated going there because it was strange. When you walked through the door it felt like something was heavy upon you and like eyes were watching from every corner.
There was three stories in the house with the upper story consisting in part of an attic. I can see me and my brother now, going up and down those stairs, up we would go and bump down them as fast as we could. I do not know why, but we always walked up the stairs and then sat down to bump down the stairs. My brother was everything to me, yet there were times I am sure I detested him. I can see us creeping into my great aunt's room and he and I were standing before a huge floor length mirror making funny faces. We were laughing and being so silly. We were standing there when we heard something, a moan out of thin air. We stood there paralyzed for the moment and definitely not laughing anymore. The moan came again; this time it was much louder and there was a huge pop. We stood frozen as the mirror we were standing in front of cracked down the middle.