text:
Dogs are a valuable preclinical
Dogs are a valuable preclinical Veliparib cost model for transplantation studies, including adoptive immunotherapy with donor lymphocytes. Conversion of mixed-haematological-chimerism into complete-donor-chimerism thereby simulate efficacy of transplantation [21, 72, 73]. In conclusion, after establishing the implements for the generation of cUTY-specific CTLs, we are able to use this mixed-chimerism model as an in vivo model for the treatment of leukemic relapse with UTY-specific CTLs.
In up to 50% of the females we could induce a UTY-specific reaction (W248) in male-DLA-identical animals in vitro and in vivo. This is a very promising starting point for exploitation of our preclinical canine-model for leukemia treatment in humans: Ex vivo-generated UTY-specific-female-donor CTLs using UTY-derived-peptide-loaded DCs will be transfused to male-recipients in the course of DLT after transplantation in order to prevent or cure AML-relapse. We thank the people from the animal facility (Helmholtz Center Munich), especially M. Hagemann, S. Schlink and V. Terkowski for taking care of the dogs. We also thank I. Laaser and J. Adamski (Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg) for providing the canine-UTY-mRNA sequence. Supports: DLR-grant 01GU0516 (D. Bund); Deutsche-José-Carreras-Stiftung-e.V. (H.J. Kolb). All authors concur with the manuscript
submission and have no financial/commercial conflict of interest to disclose. "
"The dendritic cell (DC) lineage is remarkably heterogeneous. FK506 purchase It has been postulated that specialized DC subsets have evolved in order to select and support Lonafarnib supplier the multitude of possible T cell differentiation pathways. However, defining the function of individual
DC subsets has proven remarkably difficult, and DC subset control of key T cell fates such as tolerance, T helper cell commitment and regulatory T cell induction is still not well understood. While the difficulty in assigning unique functions to particular DC subsets may be due to sharing of functions, it may also reflect a lack of appropriate physiological in-vivo models for studying DC function. In this paper we review the limitations associated with many of the current DC models and highlight some of the underlying difficulties involved in studying the function of murine DC subsets. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells critically required for the initiation of T cell responses. Some DC subsets sample antigens in peripheral tissues and transport them to the lymph node (LN), where DCs come into contact with recirculating naive T cells. Other DC subsets are strategically positioned within secondary lymphoid organs to capture blood-borne antigens and present them to T cells (reviewed in [1]).
In contrast, scores for vascular injury (v, cv) or glomerular inj
In contrast, scores for vascular injury (v, cv) or glomerular injury (g, cg) did not differ significantly between the two groups (Table 2). The proportion of steroid-resistant ATCMR was significantly higher in the IL-17 high group (P = 0·00). In the FOXP3 high group, only 7% (2/30) did not respond to steroid pulse therapy. In contrast, 46% (12/26) were resistant to steroid pulse therapy in the IL-17 group (Fig. 2a). Out of two steroid-resistant ATCMR cases in the FOXP3 high group, one did not recover completely after ATG therapy; hence the overall incomplete recovery rate was 4% (1/30). In the IL-17 high group, eight patients did not recover completely after OKT3 (n = 2) or ATG
(n = 10), hence the overall incomplete recovery rate was 31% (P = 0·01) (Fig. 2b). Recurrence of ATCMR within 6 months after first ATCMR episode was also more frequent in the IL-17 high Osimertinib nmr group (57% (13/23) versus 28% (8/29), P = 0·03) (Fig. 2c). In the comparison of long-term allograft outcomes after ATCMR episode, the FOXP3 high group was significantly superior to the IL-17 high group (P = 0·00). The 1-year and 5-year graft survival rates were 90% and 85%, respectively, in the FOXP3 high group, but they were only 54% and 38%, respectively, in the
IL-17 high group (Fig. 2d). To evaluate whether the Small molecule library supplier FOXP3/IL-17 ratio is a significant prognostic factor for allograft outcome, we performed univariate and multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that late-onset ATCMR, development of IF/TA, elevated serum creatinine at biopsy, positive C4d, and low Log (FOXP3/IL-17) were significant risk factors for allograft failure. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression hazard model showed that elevated serum creatinine at biopsy, development of IF/TA, and low Log (FOXP3/IL-17) were independent risk factors for allograft failure (Table 3). Twenty-seven repeat ATCMR developed in 21 patients. The interval between the first rejection and the second rejection was 8·2 ± 10·4 months. Out of them, 15 allograft tissues
from Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin 13 patients were available for immunohistochemistry evaluation. We compared the FOXP3/IL-17 ratio, allograft function at biopsy, and the severity of tissue injury between the first rejection and the repeat rejection in those 13 patients. The FOXP3/IL-17 ratio significantly decreased in the repeat rejection compared with the first rejection (Log FOXP3/IL-17, 0·50 ± 0·41 versus 0·12 ± 0·58, P = 0·04) (Fig. 3). The severity of interstitial fibrosis (ci score, 0·38 ± 0·50 versus 1·07 ± 0·88, P = 0·04) and tubular atrophy (ct score, 0·38 ± 0·51 versus 1·07 ± 0·88, P = 0·02) significantly increased in the repeat ATCMR. In contrast, allograft function (serum creatinine, 2·5 ± 1·2 mg/dl versus 2·9 ± 1·8 mg/dl, P = 0·47), the severity of interstitial infiltration (i score, 1·62 ± 0·96 versus 1·92 ± 0·64, P = 0·34) and tubulitis (t score, 1·92 ± 0·76 versus 2·15 ± 0·99, P = 0·50) did not change significantly.
Fusion of the limiting MVB endosomal membrane with the plasma mem
Fusion of the limiting MVB endosomal membrane with the plasma membrane releases the intraluminal vesicles into the extracellular environment,[14] whereafter they are known as exosomes (Fig. 1). The fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of exosomes is a constitutive process in most cell types,[15] although it is also this website subject to regulation by a variety of stimuli. Exosome release from MVB has been demonstrated to be regulated by endosomal and vesicular trafficking proteins,[16, 17] Rab small GTPase family members,[18, 19] ceramide[20] and calcium.[18] Exosomes are emerging as a part of the cellular response to a range of different stresses.
Increased exosome release has been reported in hypoxia,[21] acidic pH[22], heat shock[23] and oxidative stress.[24] Significantly, p53 has been implicated in regulating exosome release,[25] further providing support to the idea that exosomes may act as a intercellular signals to communicate during cellular stress. Exosome isolation protocols vary depending on the biological fluid of origin, but generally involve serial centrifugation at low speed, followed by ultracentrifugation at 100 000 g to pellet exosomes.[26, 27] Alternatively, exosomes can be isolated by immunocapture or size exclusion methods.[26, 28] Filtration and microfluidics
approaches have been developed,[29, 30] but have yet to be widely adopted. Recently, a proprietary method of exosome isolation called ExoquickTM (System Biosciences, Mountain View, MI-503 mouse California, USA) has been made commercially available.[31] Exosomes have densities between 1.10–1.21 g/mL,
and this characteristic is often exploited for further purification, either by sucrose density gradients or flotation on sucrose/deuterium oxide cushion.[26, 27, 32] Velocity gradients can also be used, Progesterone especially in order to distinguish between viral and exosomal vesicles.[33, 34] A comparison of different methods showed that circulating exosomes isolated by ExoquickTM precipitation produce exosomal mRNA and miRNA with greater purity and quantity than ultracentrifugation.[35] The morphology and size of exosomes were first characterized by electron microscopy (see Fig. 2), and further characterization of exosomes has traditionally relied upon biochemical methods such as immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, 2-DIGE and microarrays, although atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering technologies have also been used. The ExoCarta and vesiclepedia databases provide a comprehensive record of exosomal protein, RNA and lipid profiles (http://www.microvesicles.org).[36] Detection and quantification of exosomes currently relies upon indirect methods such as immunoblotting of exosomal proteins, activity of exosomal enzymes,[37, 38] exosomal protein quantification,[23] fluorescent labelling of exosomes[39, 40] or antibody-specific bead-coupled approaches.
g changes in the profile of secreted cytokines
g. changes in the profile of secreted cytokines.
We found up-regulation of intestinal FoxP3 in children with untreated CD in association with the enhanced IL-17 immunity. It has been suggested that FoxP3-expressing Tregs show plasticity and may develop into Th17 cells in the tissue inflammation [13–15]. In our study, the activation of intestinal FoxP3, similar to IL-17 immunity, selleck screening library seems to occur only in the late phase of disease progression, and up-regulation of FoxP3 was not present in potential CD. Treatment with a strict GFD normalized the expression of both FoxP3 and IL-17. The expression of RORc mRNA did not correlate with IL-17 mRNA, which instead correlated positively with FoxP3 mRNA in CD. This could be an indicator of plasticity reported between Tregs and Th17 cells [13–15]. The IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine environment supports the conversion from FoxP3-expressing Tregs to IL-17-secreting cells. In our study a remarkably high secretion of both IL-1β and IL-6 was demonstrated Everolimus datasheet in the active CD mucosa. Thus, on one hand the mucosal cytokine environment in CD supports IL-17 differentiation and on the other hand it may lead to impaired suppressive function of FoxP3-expressing cells [26]. A recent study suggested that Th17 cell clones also may change their phenotype when Carnitine dehydrogenase RORc is down-regulated
and FoxP3 up-regulated upon repeated
TCR engagement [27]. This kind of plasticity might explain the low RORc mRNA expression in association with IL-17 and FoxP3 expression demonstrated in the mucosa of untreated CD. To evaluate the role of IL-17 in the induction of epithelial cell apoptosis and villous atrophy [28], we treated the epithelial cell line, CaCo-2, with IL-17 to study the induction of apoptosis. CaCo-2 cells showed expression of IL-17RA, and IL-17 potentiated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2. The expression of the apoptotic signalling gene, BAX, decreased slightly. These findings suggest that IL-17 is not contributing to the apoptosis of enterocytes. On the contrary, it may instead activate protective anti-apoptotic mechanisms in epithelial cells. The dualistic role of IL-17 immunity in tissue inflammation has been reported to depend at least partly on the response of the target tissue on IL-17. In a murine model of autoimmune diabetes, the induction of IL-17 immunity contributed to the progression of autoimmune diabetes during the effector phase of the disease [29] and IL-17 also induced apoptotic mechanisms in human islet cells [21]. Conversely, a recent study showed that a commensal bacteria strain which mediated protection from autoimmune diabetes in a rodent model caused induction of mucosal IL-17 immunity [30].
(reviewed in ref 35) It is therefore possible that IL-10, produc
(reviewed in ref. 35) It is therefore possible that IL-10, produced by a small number of skin-resident Treg cells, mediates potent anti-inflammatory effects by serving to limit the amplification of inflammatory networks. With this in mind it is
therefore tempting to speculate that in our model, IL-10 produced by skin-resident Treg cells, acts to suppress the accumulation and survival of neutrophils at the site of antigenic challenge thereby reducing the overall immunogenicity of the antigen. These findings have implications for vaccine efficacy because they indicate that even partial removal of Treg cells will alter vaccine immunogenicity through limiting the influence of the cells on both innate and adaptive immune responses. This work was supported by an MRC non-clinical
Buparlisib senior fellowship (G117/488), an MRC collaboration grant (G0500617) and project grants from the AICR (05-028) and the Wellcome Trust (067046). The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. "
"Membrane microdomains play an important role in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell activities. These cholesterol-rich membrane domains are enriched at the activating immunological synapse and several activating NK-cell receptors are known to localize to membrane microdomains upon Epacadostat mw receptor engagement. In contrast, inhibitory receptors do not localize in these specialized membrane domains. In addition, the functional competence of educated NK cells correlates with a confinement of activating receptors in membrane microdomains. However, the molecular basis for this confinement is unknown. Here we investigate the structural requirements for the recruitment of the human activating NK-cell receptors NKG2D and 2B4 to detergent-resistant membrane fractions in the murine BA/F3 cell line an in the human NK-cell line NKL. This stimulation-dependent recruitment occurred
independently of the intracellular domains of the receptors. However, either interfering with the association between NKG2D and DAP10, or mutating the transmembrane region of 2B4 impacted the recruitment of the receptors to detergent-resistant about membrane fractions and modulated the function of 2B4 in NK cells. Our data suggest a potential interaction between the transmembrane region of NK-cell receptors and membrane lipids as a molecular mechanism involved in determining the membrane confinement of activating NK-cell receptors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved "
"Immunoinflammatory-mediated demyelination, the main pathological feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), is regularly accompanied by neurodegenerative processes, mostly in the form of axonal degeneration, which could be initiated by glutamate excitotoxicity. In the current study, the relationship between Th17-mediated inflammatory and excitotoxic events was investigated during an active phase of MS.
Microglia and astrocytes are activated following tissue injury or
Microglia and astrocytes are activated following tissue injury or inflammation and have been reported to be both necessary
and sufficient for enhanced nociception. Blood-borne monocytes/macrophages can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) and differentiate into microglia resulting in hypersensitivity and chronic pain. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the proportion of the proinflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes as well as plasma cytokine levels in blood from CRPS Autophagy inhibitor manufacturer patients compared to age- and gender-matched healthy control individuals. Forty-six subjects (25 CRPS, 21 controls) were recruited for this study. The percentage of monocytes, T, B or natural killer (NK) cells did not differ between CRPS and controls. However, Palbociclib research buy the percentage of the CD14+CD16+ monocyte/macrophage subgroup was elevated significantly (P < 0·01) in CRPS compared to controls. Individuals with high percentage of CD14+CD16+ demonstrated significantly lower (P < 0·05) plasma levels on the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. Our data cannot determine whether CD14+CD16+ monocytes became elevated prior
to or after developing CRPS. In either case, the elevation of blood proinflammatoty monocytes prior to the initiating event may predispose individuals for developing the syndrome whereas the elevation of blood proinflammatory monocytes following the development of CRPS may be relevant for its maintenance. Further evaluation of the role the immune system plays in the pathogenesis of CRPS may aid in elucidating disease mechanisms as well as the development of novel therapies for its treatment. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severe chronic pain disorder that often follows an injury to peripheral nerves [1,2]. CRPS demonstrates a 3:1 female to male preponderance and is characterized by pain that is out of proportion to the initial injury and does not respect a nerve or root distribution [3,4]. The signs and symptoms of CRPS cluster into four categories: (1) abnormalities in pain processing; (2) skin colour and temperature
changes; (3) sudomotor abnormalities and oedema; and (4) motor dysfunction and trophic changes [5,6]. Although the pathophysiology of CRPS is not completely understood, there is evidence demonstrating that neurogenic inflammation plays a significant role [7,8]. L-NAME HCl Furthermore, neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation have been shown to act in concert in persistent pain states [9]. Following injury, mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages are recruited to the involved area and can invade the nerve through a disrupted blood–nerve barrier [10,11]. These cells produce a variety of proinflammatory cytokines that have been implicated in the generation of neuropathic pain either by direct sensitization of nociceptors or indirectly by stimulating the release of agents that act on neurones and glia [12,13].
"Recently, mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 have been reported a
"Recently, mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 have been reported as an early and common genetic alteration in diffuse gliomas, being possibly followed by 1p/19q loss in oligodendrogliomas and TP53 mutations in astrocytomas. Lately, IDH1 mutations have also been identified in adult gliomatosis cerebri (GC). The aim of our study was to test the status of IDH1/2, p53 and of chromosomes 1 and 19 in a series of 12 adult and three
pediatric GC. For all tumors, clinico-radiologic characteristics, histopathologic features, status of IDH1/2, p53 and of chromosomes 1 and 19 were evaluated. IDH1 mutations were detected only in GC of adult patients (5/12). They all corresponded to R132H. Additional 1p/19q losses were observed in two of them with histological features of oligodendroglial lineage. PD0325901 datasheet Other copy number alterations of chromosomes 1 and 19 Ibrutinib mouse were also noticed. The median overall survival in adults was 10.5 months in non-mutated GC and 43.5 months in mutated GC. IDH1 mutations were present in GC of adult patients, but not in those of children. There was a trend toward longer
overall survival in mutated GC when compared to non-mutated ones. Concomitant 1p/19q loss was observed in IDH1-mutated GC with oligodendroglial phenotype. These observations contribute toward establishing a stronger link between GC and diffuse glioma. In addition, these results also emphasize the importance of testing for IDH1/2 mutations and 1p/19q deletions in GC to classify them better and to allow the development of targeted therapy. "
"We report autopsy cases of two siblings who developed muscular atrophy and dementia, clinically considered to be familial motor neuron disease (MND). They presented with motor neuron signs predominantly in the distal limbs without sensory impairment. At autopsy, http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Decitabine.html severe neuronal
loss in the anterior horn consistent with MND was found, but histopathological hallmarks like Bunina bodies and skein-like inclusions were absent. Surprisingly, numerous huge axonal swellings (about 30 µm in diameter) and onion-bulb-like structures were found in the spinal ventral roots. These changes were not observed in spinal dorsal roots or peripheral nerves. However, obvious segmental demyelination of the ventral root was not found. In addition, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaques were present in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex and hippocampus, and to a lesser degree, in the amygdala, substantia nigra and thalamus. Our two cases are a hitherto unreported type of MND, which shows focal giant axonopathy and prominent formation of onion-bulb-like structures due to Schwann cell proliferation restricted to the spinal ventral roots. "
"O. Cataltepe, M. C. Arikan, E. Ghelfi, C. Karaaslan, Y. Ozsurekci, K. Dresser, Y. Li, T. W. Smith and S.
The three baseline factors independently associated with renal at
The three baseline factors independently associated with renal atrophy (identified by the univariate Cox proportional analysis) were systolic hypertension, severity of RAS and diminished renal cortical blood flow velocity. A 1.9-fold and 1.6-fold
increase in I-BET-762 supplier the risk of renal atrophy was associated with every 20 mmHg increase in systolic BP and 10 mmHg increase in diastolic BP, respectively, at the follow-up examinations. The use of ACE inhibitors at baseline showed no significant association with renal atrophy even in kidneys with significant stenosis. There was no significant association between the presence of accessory renal arteries and a decreased risk of atrophy. Finally, the mean change in serum creatinine concentration was +7 µmol/L per year and +29 µmol/L per year in participants with atrophy detected in one kidney and both kidneys, respectively. In an observational series of patients with ARVD using intravenous pyelography, Dean et al. demonstrated a stability (<5% reduction) in renal sizes in 37% of patients,
mild to moderate decrease (5–9%) in 26% of patients and significant (>10%) reduction in kidney length (equated to 30% decrease in renal mass) in 37% of patients.10 This study supports the hypothesis that ARVD could be associated with progressive renal atrophy. However, there was little data relating renal atrophy to degree of baseline stenosis. The study by Schreiber et al. used angiographic images for kidney sizes and reported a reduction in renal size in 70% of patients Smad inhibitor with progressive ARVD compared with 13% in those with stable stenosis (P < 0.001). However,
there is little information about the side of the stenosis, the side of renal atrophy and correlation between them.9 A number Nitroxoline of longitudinal studies have demonstrated a decline in kidney function over time in patients with ARVD. Schreiber et al. reported change in serum creatinine in different categories of baseline stenosis (<50%, 50–75%, 75–99% and 100%) over a mean follow-up period of 52 months. An increase in serum creatinine levels was seen in 54% of patients with progressive disease (defined as change from one category of stenosis to a category of higher grade stenosis), while an increase was observed in only 25% of patients without evidence of angiographic progression.9 However, these data are limited by the use of serum creatinine, which is a poor indicator of individual kidney function as a marker of renal function. Chabova et al. in a retrospective cohort study at the Mayo Clinic, looked at 68 patients with angiographically proven high-grade stenosis (>70%) over a mean period of 38.9 months. Serum creatinine rose from 124 µmol/L to 176 µmol/L for the entire group. This result was skewed by 10 patients (14.7%), 6 of whom developed end-stage kidney disease.
The patient did well until 18 months later, when she presented to
The patient did well until 18 months later, when she presented to the Emergency Department with erythema and drainage from a medial malleolar wound. She was again treated with oral cephalexin, and on follow-up, an aspirate was taken from the ankle joint with only bloody return and negative culture results (no growth). Radiographs showed only a possible subtle loosening NVP-LDE225 price of the tibial component of the prosthesis. Nonetheless, based on clinical suspicion, the patient was admitted for intravenous antibiotics and taken to surgery for explantation of the TAR components with the placement of a vancomycin/gentamicin spacer. Intraoperative
irrigation with methylene blue demonstrated a sinus track from the medial malleolar wound to the joint space. Intraoperative cultures were positive only for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Roxadustat datasheet aureus (MRSA). Explanted specimens are the subject of this report. Tibial and talar components recovered during the implant removal surgery were placed aseptically in sterile specimen bags and placed directly on ice. Additionally, associated reactive
tissue was collected in sterile specimen containers and placed on ice. Two pieces of tissue for RT-PCR were deposited directly into RNase-free tubes containing RNALater® (Ambion) and stored at −20 °C. Postoperatively, the patient was maintained on intravenous vancomycin for 3 weeks, but was changed to daptomycin for a possible antibiotic-induced leucopenia. She subsequently
required re-exploration for persistent wound failure, with replacement of her ZD1839 research buy antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer and treatment with tigecycline. Thereafter, her wound ultimately healed and she is now ambulating as tolerated with the cement spacer in place. We used the Ibis T5000 Universal Biosensor System, which is a multiprimer PCR technique used to rapidly identify bacteria associated with clinical specimens (Ecker et al., 2008). The Ibis T5000 is for research use only (RUO) and is not yet approved for use in diagnostic procedures. First, we extracted DNA from the tissue: approximately 1 mm3 of tissue was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube containing lysis buffer (Qiagen) and 20 μg mL−1 proteinase K (Qiagen). The sample was incubated at 55 °C until visual inspection indicated that lysis was achieved. Zirconia/Silica Beads (0.45 g of 0.1 mm diameter, Biospec, PN: 11079101z) were added to the microcentrifuge tube and the sample was homogenized for 10 min at 25 Hz using a Qiagen Tissuelyser (Model MM300, cat# 85210). Nucleic acid from the lysed sample was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Tissue kit. Supernatants (200 μL) containing the extracted nucleic acid were removed and aliquoted into the wells of an Ibis Bacterial Surveillance microtiter plate (Abbott, cat# 03N33-01), which is used for broad identification of bacterial species.
GraphPad Prism 5 statistical software was used to determine stati
GraphPad Prism 5 statistical software was used to determine statistical significance. One or two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison post-tests were performed. Where appropriate, statistical significance was determined by an unpaired t-test using GraphPad software. For all statistical analyses p<0.05 was considered significant. Values are expressed as mean±SEM. The authors thank Kay Samuel, New Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, UK, for FACS analysis and Dr Dominic Campopiano, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, UK for helpful discussion. This work was supported by the MRC and grants from EPSRC (J.R.D.), ARC (M.G.) and D.J.D. is a Wellcome Trust
Research Career Development Fellow (Fellowship this website ♯ 078265). Conflict of interest: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They Selumetinib cost are made available as submitted by the authors. "
"Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation–Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia Hantaviruses are emerging human pathogens. They induce an unusually strong antiviral response of human HLA class I (HLA-I) restricted CD8+ T cells that may contribute to tissue damage and
hantavirus-associated disease. In this study, we analyzed possible hantaviral mechanisms that enhance the HLA-I antigen presentation machinery. Upon hantavirus infection of various human and primate cell lines, we observed transactivation of promoters controlling classical HLA molecules. Hantavirus-induced
HLA-I upregulation required proteasomal activity and was associated with increased TAP expression. Intriguingly, human DCs acquired the capacity to cross-present antigen upon hantavirus infection. Furthermore, knockdown of TIR domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-β or retinoic acid inducible gene I abolished hantavirus-driven HLA-I induction. In contrast, MyD88-dependent viral sensors were not involved in HLA-I induction. Our results show that hantaviruses strongly boost the HLA-I antigen presentation machinery by mechanisms that are dependent on both retinoic Metalloexopeptidase acid inducible gene I and TIR domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-β. Rapidly changing ecosystems and climate facilitate the emergence of human infections with hantaviruses [1-3]. In Germany, increasing numbers of hantavirus-associated disease cases have been observed [4]. The enhanced health hazard emanating from pathogenic hantavirus species has been recognized by the German National Health Institute, which has recently reprioritized infectious pathogens and placed hantaviruses in the highest priority group [5]. Hantaviruses belong to the family Bunyaviridae and have segmented genomes [6].


text:
A Lifelong Liaison
In the golden era of European cinema, the names Ingmar Bergman and Liv Ullmann went hand in hand. He was the most revered film-maker of his generation. She was his muse, his star, his love. But though they separated, they would, she tells Simon Hattenstone, never be really apart. And now their roles are reversed. She is the feted director, and he is the subject of her latest film.
Simon Hattenstone
Fri 2 Feb 2001 20.59 EST
A quarter of a century ago, Liv Ullmann wrote a haunting autobiography called Changing. The great Norwegian actress had recently parted from the great Swedish film-maker Ingmar Bergman, and she could feel middle age encroaching. She wanted to embrace it, but was drowning in her fears - was she a bad mother, had she sacrificed her daughter's well-being to her own ambition, what would happen when her breasts started to sag, when she was no longer a desirable commodity? The only constant she could see in the future was Bergman. Although they had separated, although there was no prospect of reconciliation, in one way or another she knew that she and Bergman would never be apart. "I was right - we never did leave each other," she says today. "You know, soon after we met, Ingmar told me he had a dream that we would be painfully connected."
We are sitting in a suite in a swanky Los Angeles hotel. It's such a strange place to meet her. Ullmann, the dour, heartbreaking actress who peeled off layer after layer until she revealed her raw, bleeding soul. If Bergman was the master of human misery, she was the canvas on which he painted. And here we are in LA, the home of have-a-nice-day fatuity, where the object of ageing is to remain unchanged, and the object of talking is not to communicate. If Bergman and Ullmann had a motto, it would probably be "Have a bad day".
Ullmann is now 62, Bergman 82. Both have continued to evolve in the 25 years since she wrote Changing. Ullmann no longer acts and is now an established director in her own right. Bergman no longer directs (his last film, Fanny & Alexander, won four Oscars in 1982) and is more reclusive than ever. Perhaps the relationship has been turned on its head. Ullmann has just directed Bergman's autobiographical screenplay, Faithless. But she has not just dutifully realised his vision. Instead, she has taken it, shaken it, rewritten it and created a film that might well turn out to be their greatest collaboration.
Most of today's fans of Hollywood blockbusters will not have heard of either of them. Indeed, many of Bergman's fans presume that he is dead. But in the 60s and early 70s, they were one of the world's most celebrated couples. She was his muse, his star, his love. He was her inspiration, her director, her love. This was the golden age of European cinema. Godard and Truffaut in France, Buñuel in Spain, Fassbinder in Germany, Antonioni in Italy, Tarkovsky in the Soviet Union and, of course, Bergman in Sweden. The golden age of cinema full stop. And Bergman was at the peak of his powers with a string of angst-soaked classics to his name - Wild Strawberries, The Virgin Spring, The Seventh Seal.
Those were the days when films were taken seriously. And no one's films were more serious than Bergman's. It was cinema as psychoanalysis. His movies didn't have plots, as such, let alone special effects. Yet they were gripping. They were stripped to the essence - long, brutally cropped close-ups of characters talking and talking about love and hate, guilt and God, hope and despair. Bergman showed, more powerfully than any film-maker, how people tear each other apart in the name of love. Somehow, he showed cinema at both its most humane and at its cruellest. And Ullmann, with her complex, ever-changing face, was his ideal actress - chaste, frigid, hungry, sensual, lumpen, elegant, tormented, beatific Ullmann. She had an extraordinary knack of showing contrary emotions at any one time. In Cries And Whispers, she orgasms through tears of anguish after her husband announces that he is leaving her; in Autumn Sonata, she plays a quiet, kindly daughter whose bitterness rages behind her selfless love.
Within seconds of meeting Ullmann, you realise why she was so pivotal to Bergman. She can't do small talk. She says that her head is so full of stuff these days that she is selective with her memories, and suddenly she's talking about how images define memory, and how smell is one of the strongest images, and how she's spent a lifetime trying to recapture the smell of childhood security. "My grandmother's neck smelled of safety. She was my best friend, and I used to sit on her lap when I was a little girl, and she'd tell me all these wonderful stories, and she always said the stones and the trees talked to us. If I fell asleep I would have this wonderful smell in her neck, and I would always search for this smell."
What was the smell? "Maybe just being old, but in a good way. Being old in a safe way. Being human, being understandable." For a while, she thought Bergman smelled of her grandmother, but... "he took the safety out of the smell, so it didn't smell like her any more." Years later, she discovered the smell again - on an old woman dying of leprosy whom she met while visiting refugees in Macau.
Ullmann was born in Tokyo to Norwegian parents. Childhood was blessed with securities, but ruptured by loss and fear. By the close of the second world war, both her father and grandfather had been killed. "My grandfather died in Dachau, but we are not Jewish. He was sent there because he had helped Jewish people escape from the town where he lived in Norway. Then they took 10 hostages instead, and he died there... the same time as his son, more or less."
How did her father die? "I was six, and we had been in Japan, then we went to Toronto, where there were many British and Norwegian pilots, and my father was a civil engineer. According to my mother, my father walked into the propeller of a plane. I didn't think you could survive that, but apparently he did for a year and then he died."
She tells her war stories dispassionately, as if she's talking about people she doesn't know. You sense she doesn't want to exploit a false emotion. Does she remember her father? "I only remember that he held my hand."
Ullmann grew up in a house of women - mother, grandmother, older sister. She was always an unwieldy mix: strong and fearful, oppressed and free-spirit. As a young girl, she deliberately scalded her foot so she could miss her hated cookery lesson at school. Between 11 and 15, when she was left alone at home in the evening, she would sleep in the bath with the door locked until her mother or sister returned. She says that she still longs for the bathroom and then corrects herself: "Not the bathroom, but for that tiny little space that is mine." Childhood was also the time of her greatest happiness. She talks about the times she would lift herself on to the handlebars and do a handstand on her bicycle, and says that she has never felt so liberated.
Ullmann is tired. She's just flown into LA, and she massages her head, irons out the creases. As she talks about how her Lutheran faith has strengthened over the years, a shadow passes behind me. "The man behind you, oh I think he's left again, he's Jewish." Who is he? "He's my husband. We divorced, but we are living together." She says it so matter of factly that I laugh. They got back together as soon as they divorced? "Yeah. I always seem to keep friends with the people after." Donald is from Boston, in his mid-60s and is big in property.
She says the split with Donald was initially acrimonious. "He divorced me, and I hoped I'd never see him again. But then I went on my plane back to Norway and he came on the plane and he said that no one else shall sit at your side. He came all the way to Norway and then took the plane back. I thought that was really romantic - I fall for those things very easily." So they got back together. They married in 1985 and divorced four years ago. "It was when I did Private Confessions." Private Confessions was the first Bergman script she directed.
When she first met Bergman, she was married to a psychiatrist and already an established actress in her 20s. Bergman cast her in Persona (1966), opposite Bibi Andersson, as an actress having a breakdown, tormented into silence. Andersson, who had had an affair with Bergman, warned her against the film-maker. Bergman was a serial star-fucker, who seemed to sleep with his actresses as a matter of course. He was nearing 50, had been married four times and had seven children. Ullmann and Bergman duly fell in love. She left her husband, moved in with him and they had a daughter, Linn.
The most revealing film Ullmann starred in is Scenes From A Marriage, made in 1973, a few years after they split up. Both of them denied that this devastating account of a break-up was autobiographical, but it's hard to believe. Ullmann is Marianne, the repressed, diffident wife of a scientist, played by Bergman regular Erland Josephson, who leaves her for another woman. At the beginning of the film, the couple, being interviewed, are asked to describe themselves. The husband says that he is successful, clever, quite brilliant actually, moral, decent, popular, responsible, considerate and an absolute wow in bed. Marianne struggles to think of anything to say. Eventually, she manages, "I am a mother." As so often with Bergman, it is an unsparing study of the neurotic loneliness of women and the savage egotism of men.
Faithless could easily be called Scenes From A Marriage 2. Again, it's about the collapse of a relationship. Again, the leading woman, brilliantly played by Lena Endre, is called Marianne. But the wheel has turned. While Ullmann directs, Bergman is now the barely fictionalised character, David Bergman (played by Josephson), looking back on his life as a film-maker, lover and home-wrecker. Like much of Bergman's work, it is also about the nature of art. Faithless tells the story of a film-maker trying to recapture the pain of his old love so that he can exploit it; so he can turn it into the movie we are watching. Ullmann has a lighter touch than Bergman - somehow, there's more humour to the tears - but she directs with all his spartan vigour. It's an astonishing achievement to make such relentless misery so compelling.
Do people expect her to be a misery-guts when they meet her? "Yes, always. But I am not miserable. At times, I can be sad, but I love to play, I love to laugh." She pauses, mulling something over. "I think I make people nervous at times." She tells me how the photographer Annie Leibovitz recently came to her Miami home and was unnerved by the way Ullmann looked her in the eye and listened to her so attentively. She left without a picture.
Perhaps her strength has been a weakness? She nods enthusiastically. "Oh, it is. All women know that we have to underplay strength at times, because men don't always like it." She says that she grew up at the same time as women's liberation, and her generation had two choices: "To be the way our mothers brought us up to be - you know, pleasant, nice - or to be who we wanted to be. My choice was to be pleasant and nice."
Did she downplay her success with Bergman? "No. Yes . A little. I would say to him, 'With other directors, I think of what you would have said to me', and sometimes I'd say that and it wasn't true, because I like working with a lot of directors."
It must have been tricky, when his success was so dependent on hers. "No, it wasn't... well, it was intertwined. Maybe he could have found somebody, maybe they wouldn't have been as gifted as I was then as an actress, but the chances are not so big. I know I couldn't have found a better director. But now I'm already into that Ingmar thing, that [deferring to] man thing, saying, 'I could not have been what I am without him'. If you've done that all your life, it's very difficult to get away from it."
Actually, she says, it's only with Faithless that she has overcome all that. "I managed to say, for the first time in my life, that I'm very proud of this film, I think I know how to do this, I think I'm professional. I've never said these things, and now I'm saying it a lot. Now, it's almost natural." And it feels good? "Oh, it feels fantastic."
Next day, we meet up in Palm Springs, where Ullmann is receiving the International Film-Makers Award. Palm Springs is 100 or so miles from Los Angeles. Hollywood stars retire here to play golf. Plastic surgery is compulsory. Ullmann is interviewed on stage before Faithless is screened. She is wearing a little black dress, a fabulous, multicoloured coat and looks beautiful; huge, blue eyes; soft, heavy lips; a smile both seductive and maternal. She makes no attempt to disguise her lined skin.
She appears so confident as she reveals how Bergman wrote the story of Faithless as a monologue and how she had to sculpt the characters out of that. "Ingmar didn't want anything to do with it. He didn't see it for two years until it was finished. He expected to see a rough cut, but I know he's very controlling, so when he did see it, I said, 'Sorry, this is the movie.' " One of her most important additions is the daughter, who becomes the emotional fulcrum of the movie. "That was not in Ingmar's script, and he really liked it - he said, 'Oh, why didn't I think of that?' But now he's forgotten that, because now he feels he thought of it."
In Scenes From A Marriage, we never saw Marianne's children. It was as if they didn't exist. And, for much of Bergman's life, his children haven't. He used to say, almost boast, that he didn't know the ages of his children, that he measured the years by his movies, not by his offspring.
The on-stage interviewer tells the audience that Faithless is "best described as 'not a date movie'". Ullmann is unhappy with that. "I disagree. It is a date movie - it teaches you about relationships." She says that, nowadays, in our godless world, few people believe in the sanctity of relationships because the core values aren't there."
She talks about why she became a director: "I was tired of working for bad directors. And, the older you get, the more bad directors you work for." Someone asks how big an influence Bergman is on her directing style. "I'm not so conscious of him, but everyone else is," she says. "If I have a man and a woman, they'll say it is inspired by Bergman and forget that everyone has a man and a woman." Directing is so much more fulfilling than acting, she says, because you get to be yourself and talk about what's important for you. And what is important for her is to make films about real people, unremarkable people, older people. "I'm 62, and I started when I was 18. There's so much shame about age these days, and I don't know why." The applauserises in a crescendo.
Ullmann tells the storyline of a short film she made a few years ago. "An old man is lying in a big double bed by himself. He wakes up all alone, has a bath, goes into the kitchen, makes a picnic basket, puts his hat on, looks in the mirror and leaves. He walks through the streets and he's old and little and nobody notices him because he's just... old. He goes to the hospital, walks through the corridor, and no one notices. He enters the room, and then finally he smiles because she's there. His wife has lost her mind. He gives her the soup he has made for her, waters the flowers, kisses her, and leaves. No one sees him leave. He walks back down the corridor and through the streets unnoticed. But we know he is the carrier of love. That is the kind of film I want to make."
Later, I suggest to her that the story about the old man seems to illustrate a crucial difference between her and Bergman. If Bergman had made the movie, the old man would have visited his senile wife and they would have torn each other apart. She laughs, and says he would find it sentimental.
Did she never want to give Bergman a good slap and tell him to cheer up? "No, I've never hit anyone. Not my child, not a man. I banged on somebody's chest, that's the closest. I have been hit, but I've never hit. I can get very angry, but I can't stay with anger. There is no one I can hate for ever. Ingmar is good at that."
There must have been times when she was dragged down by his bleakness? "I thought so at the time - five years on that miserable dark island, I thought I was dragged down, but I wasn't in a prison. I could have left, and I didn't. But we did quarrel a lot." What about? "Everything. When we lived together, later when we made movies, and we have our disagreements now. Yes, I get very angry at him." She has always said that what makes it worse is that she sees so many of her own traits in him. "I get angry when he tries to control me. He's very controlling. I'm probably controlling myself, but I don't recognise it so well in me."
How could it not be a controlling relationship when for so much of their life together he doubled as her director? "When he controls, he says this is how it is and there is no discussion." She says that she is more democratic. I smile as she talks, and suddenly she changes tack. "He's a good listener, too. Things don't avoid him. Then he gets one of those little smiles that you have now, and you'd know the danger was coming. You'd see that smile and think, 'Oh my God, I should have never said that.'" I tell her that Bergman sounds like an abuser. "He uses strong language, but he's not abusive. He makes the law and he lives by it."
Ullmann and Bergman lived together for five short and long years on Faro, his remote Baltic island . They never married, and when they separated in the early 70s, Bergman kept Ullmann's dog, Pett, and Ullmann kept their daughter, Linn. It was while making Cries And Whispers with Ullmann that Bergman began an affair with Ingrid von Rosen, who later became his wife and remained so until she died in 1995.
Ullmann decided to escape the frozen darkness of the Scandinavian climate and Bergman's vision. She went to Hollywood, where she was sold as the new Ingrid Bergman. And she certainly gave it a go, most notably in 40 Carats, a romantic comedy somewhere between Shirley Valentine and The Graduate. But Hollywood never really took to her - Scandinavian melancholy was no longer considered exotic in Tinseltown, just morose. For a short time, she was entranced by the sun, the heated pools and Henry Kissinger. But she also worried. She was shy, she was made to feel stupid by Kissinger, she wondered whether she should be out on the town when she had a young daughter. She says that she only saw Kissinger socially because he did all the talking and made her feel less self-conscious. "I absolutely disapprove of what he did politically, and I told him so, but he tells good stories. He just thought it was fun to be with me because I don't understand anything, because I'm stupid in politics and I'm on the wrong side."
Does she consider herself political? "Yes, living is political. The choices you make, the people you condone or do not condone. What you want to do with your life, how you want to connect with other people, how you want to use the time you're living here." What makes her most angry today, she says, is the way wealthy countries abuse asylum seekers. For many years she has been a Unicef ambassador. She tells me about a boy she fostered who had lost his parents in the bloodshed of Sierra Leone's civil war. "He hated everybody when he came, especially me, because he had never had anybody. Now he is the most wonderful generous person - he calls me Mummy."
Ullmann says people were so generous to her that it was only when she got home that she realised what a fiasco Hollywood had been. She achieved great success on Broadway, as Nora in Ibsen's A Doll's House, but even then the roots lay in Norway. Over the years, she has made Nora, that trapped butterfly of a housewife who finally breaks free, her own. She still feels Norway in her bones. "We are surrounded by mountains, we want to come out of it, we want to explore, we are not sophisticated, but we are more natural. We celebrate the light summers and shudder in the cold, dark winters." Where does she live now? "I don't know." She has a home in Norway, lives in America with Donald, and spent two and a half years making Faithless in Sweden.
I suggest that now Bergman no longer directs, he has entrusted his eyes to Ullmann. She looks sceptical. " Well, in that case he has changed his tune. He's just come out in an interview and said film-making is whorish work and film-makers are whores. To say that because it's something he no longer wants to do or can do is shit ."
Have the men in her life been jealous of Bergman? "Maybe, but none of them has said so. They may have been..."
I ask Donald why he got on the plane after divorcing her. "Because I love her. I was never going to leave her, I was just changing the balance of the relationship. I don't think most marriages that continue are as honest and as clear as they pretend to be."
"That's his word, you know," Ullmann says. "I think if you marry once, and you keep it, to stand in front of God and be together in sickdom and health, I think that is wonderful. I wish I had experienced it."
Next day, Ullmann is smiling and chatty. The waiter comes over. She orders coffee and he her asks for her number. "My phone number?" She giggles flirtatiously. He giggles ecstatically: "You're trying to make me a happy man, aren't you?"
She talks about Linn, who is now 35, and her 10-year-old boy, Ullmann's grandson, with such tender pride. In Changing, she wrote that when Linn grew up she wanted to be a trapeze artist. Did she succeed? "No, she didn't. Well, she did in a way. She's a writer, she's a trapeze artist. Her writing is full of fantasy and images. Incredible."
For so many years Ullmann considered herself a bad mother. "Yes, I felt very guilty. When I look back now, I'm not guilty any more. I gave as much as I had in me, and could do. I failed, but who doesn't fail? And I didn't hit and I didn't deceive." She says she has grown up, that even Bergman has grown up into a better parent. Nowadays, most of his children visit him in summer on Faro. "They live in different houses and they see him when he shows movies and he comes and has coffee with them. Now I think they are a wonderful source of life for him."
She's been thinking about Changing, and changing, and the importance of optimism. "Optimism wins out in the end. If you don't seek happiness, it is going to be a really sad life and it doesn't mean you have to be Polyanna. You know Polyanna? It doesn't mean you should smile at everything."
Is that the main difference between her and Bergman? She says it's not so simple: "I think he is, to a certain degree, optimistic in life, but he doesn't put it into his movies. And of course that has really helped him, because, in spite of them being pessimistic, looking very cold and unforgiving, he has also touched people. And he has won. He is looked upon as one of the best cinema people in the world. Probably if it had been more life-affirming, it wouldn't have been so complimented." She says it's a pity that he's not made more comedies, that even now no one makes her laugh like Bergman.
It turned out that she had not attended the festival gala dinner the evening before, where she could have done her own bit of basking in glory. "I don't know what to say to the people, I don't know this kind of conversation, I get panicked, I really get so panicked, dancing or anything." Maybe that is one of the great changes in Ullmann's life. It's not that she has overcome her fears, it's that she does everything she can to manage them. Ten years ago, she stopped drinking because she was worried that she drank to overcome social fears. The better solution was simply not to go to the events she didn't want to.
She says that there have been so many uncomfortable silent nights in her life. Recently, she and Donald were invited to Clinton's farewell dinner. She put her fear to one side because she really wanted to meet him. "Suddenly, I was placed beside Clinton and I couldn't say a word. I was 18 and I was terrified, and there were so many things I wanted to say to him."
Then there was the night with Woody Allen and Bergman."I was doing A Doll's House a long time ago on Broadway and Woody Allen was kind of courting me, probably to get to know Ingmar . Then Ingmar came to New York to see me in A Doll's House. He stayed in a hotel with Ingrid, whom he had just married. I told him Woody Allen wanted to meet him. Ingmar wanted to meet him, and he said come to my suite and we will have dinner. Then Woody Allen came to get me and he was so excited, he was shivering and talking, talking. Anyway, Ingmar opened the door and said welcome. That's all he said. And the two of them looked at each other. Two geniuses met. We sat down at the table - and this is the honest to God truth, Ingrid was sitting there, I was sitting there, Ingmar there, and Woody Allen there - and they did not talk. They just looked at each other, almost lovingly.
Ingrid, for once, was allowed to talk at the table, so she talked to me about meatballs. We talked about meatballs because I didn't know what to talk about. And in the middle of the thing she gave me my child support in an envelope and said this is for Linn next year. It was a little embarrassing in front of Woody Allen. So she did that and I hated her a little more. And the two of them would look at each other and smile, look at these two sweet women. I hated that - that I was only a meatball person - and probably she hated that, too. They never talked. They never talked. They laughed to each other but never said a word. Then it was over and they said goodbye . On the way home Woody Allen said, 'Thank you. He is an incredible man.' I couldn't believe it. Then, when I came home, Ingmar called, 'Thank you, Liv, what an incredible meeting.'"
These days, she would not so easily be patronised as a daffy little woman. When she was a young success, more militant feminists attacked her as a conservative. "It was because I was pleasing. They were maybe right, but they are more pleasing now than I am." She is less pleasing than she used to be? "Yes, I strive to be. I used to say, poor little me, I'm not strong. But I am strong." She laughs at the idea that she thought she'd reached her sell-by date in her mid-30s. Now, there's so much to look forward to. "I want to be available... maybe for my grandson, for living, for whatever..." Would she ever have plastic surgery? "Never. Never did. Never will." Why not? "Because I want to see what I was meant to be, what my face is meant to be."
Donald joins us. They look happy together. Did she think things would work out okay when she started out? "Yes, but in a different way. I thought my mother would praise me and my men would praise me, and my daughter would praise me, and they don't necessarily praise me. But I praise myself. I'm not big in my head, and I don't feel terrible about myself, and I'm not a drunk, and I've not burnt out, and I have feelings, and I feel very young inside. I think I'm a very okay person, and that's the best thing I've done in life."
Ullmann tells me of the last time she saw Bergman. Yes, of course, they fought and disagreed, but they also realised that they had reached an understanding. "We have found what real love is. It's respect, trust, admiration. It's everything except sex. But, you know, even that is there, the fondness, wanting to hug, wanting to hold hands. The last time I saw him he followed me down to my hotel in Stockholm. It was very late and I really wanted to go because I'd been sitting in his flat for a long time. And he said I'll follow you home and I said no, you don't have to. Then suddenly it was a wonderful, wonderful walk. We didn't say much. We went by a church where his father had been a preacher and it wasn't so much what he said, and it wasn't sex at all, but it was the same intimacy as sex, the way we were walking that night. And he was moved and I was moved because we hadn't been walking in the street in the dark alone for 30 years since we'd been lovers."
Liv, Ingmar and Donald: it could be one of Bergman's films but, of course, in the movies things never turn out as well as in real life
• Faithless is released on February 9.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are off once again, this time to the fabulous state of Texas! I am so excited to return to the lone star state, my first experience was also for work many years ago in Dallas which didn't allow for any fun. This time we are heading to Austin to attend some of the conferences at SXSW and I get to see my man speak on a panel about technology, so proud. I asked if it would be impolite of me to scream "thats my man" followed with an Arsenio Hall like arm pumping gesture from the back row which he replied..."maybe you should stay back at the hotel". Soon I reluctantly promised to be on my best behavior and got my invitation back. While we have work on the agenda, I am hoping for a little exploring on Sunday to see this city I have heard so many great things about. I can already tell I will I want to go back as my wish list for places to go & see is very long. I hope you have a great weekend and see you all back here next week!
While festival clothing is definitely the look most will have there, I had to pack a bit more conservatively for work. Two outfits that I packed and loved will be making the journey with me...that is if my luggage doesn't get lost - fingers crossed!


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I've been thinking about barriers a lot lately. Sometimes I feel as though I put so much energy into keeping myself in the same place that if I were to just ease up slightly then I would be an overnight success. I've become so guarded over the years that I would imagine my heart looks something like the outside of a maximum security prison; if only I could see it.
I could go anywhere I want to. I mean literally, I have the means to travel but I don't. I stay here as if something else is going to happen. As if I'll actually meet someone new while I stay in the same spot. No one has ever treated me crueler than I treat myself. I can't blame anyone else for me being where I am right now as opposed to where I should be. I shouldn't waste any energy hating who I can't see. I look at myself grow older every day.
I have salient thoughts about those few righteous women who I have known and I curse myself for not plucking them up when I had the chance. Those utterly perfect women. In the end I couldn't handle them. At some point I found it to be too painful to reciprocate their love and so I escaped into me before I gave away all that I had. And now I still cling to those same emotions. I fear that my heart has become obdurate and my soul is all but trapped inside my flesh.
Everyone speaks so highly of dreams yet very few are willing to suffer for long enough to taste them. I could release myself if I really wanted to. I could create dozens of flawless manuscripts if I only put in the work. The work, the work, the work…. I know that I am the only one hindering my progress. The only question is why. Why do I torment myself? Why do I hate on myself? Why do I put so much effort into keeping me down?


text:
Lianne Tan (n. 20 nov 1990) és una esportista belga que competeix en bàdminton en la categoria individual. Ella va competir per Bèlgica en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 2012. Tan va ser seleccionada, juntament amb el seu germà Yuhan, per participar en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 2012.

Ella va guanyar la medalla de plata als Jocs Europeus de 2015 a Bakú.

Referències

Jugadores de bàdminton
Esportistes belgues als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 2012
Esportistes belgues als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 2016
Esportistes belgues als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 2020
Esportistes femenines belgues
Alumnes de la Universitat Radboud de Nimega
Esportistes limburguesos (Bèlgica)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ruidera är en kommunhuvudort i Spanien.   Den ligger i provinsen Provincia de Ciudad Real och regionen Kastilien-La Mancha, i den centrala delen av landet,  km söder om huvudstaden Madrid. Ruidera ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är . Den ligger vid sjöarna  Laguna del Rey och Laguna de la Colgada.

Terrängen runt Ruidera är huvudsakligen platt. Ruidera ligger nere i en dal. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km öster om Ruidera. Runt Ruidera är det glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Ossa de Montiel,  km öster om Ruidera. Omgivningarna runt Ruidera är i huvudsak ett öppet busklandskap.

Ett kallt stäppklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är november, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är juli, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Kastilien-La Mancha


text:
=======================
Useful image properties
=======================

You can set image properties that can be consumed by other services to affect
the behavior of those other services.  For example:

* Image properties can be used to override specific behaviors defined for
  Nova flavors

* Image properties can be used to affect the behavior of the Nova scheduler

* Image properties can be used to affect the behavior of particular Nova
  hypervisors

* Image properties can be used to provide additional information to Ironic
  (even when Nova is not used)

Using image properties
----------------------

Some important points to keep in mind:

* In order to allow custom image properties, Glance must be configured with
  the ``glance-api.conf`` setting ``allow_additional_image_properties`` set
  to True.  (This is the default setting.)

* The ``glance-api.conf`` setting ``image_property_quota`` should be
  sufficiently high to allow any additional desired properties.  (The default
  is 128.)

* You can use Glance *property protections* to control access to specific
  image properties, should that be desirable.  See the
  :ref:`property-protections` section of this Guide for more information.

* Glance reserves properties namespaced with the ``os_glance`` prefix
  for its own use and will refuse attempts by API users to set or
  change them.

* You can use a plugin to the interoperable image import process to set
  specific properties on non-admin images imported into Glance.  See
  :ref:`iir_plugins` for more information.  See the original spec,
  `Inject metadata properties automatically to non-admin images
  <https://specs.openstack.org/openstack/glance-specs/specs/queens/implemented/glance/inject-automatic-metadata.html>`_
  for a discussion of the use case addressed by this plugin.

* The Nova **ImagePropertiesFilter**, enabled by default in the Compute
  Service, consumes image properties to determine proper scheduling of builds
  to compute hosts.  See the `Compute schedulers
  <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/admin/configuration/schedulers.html>`_
  section of the Nova Configuration Guide for more information.

* Nova has a setting, ``non_inheritable_image_properties``, that allows you
  to specify which image properties from the image a virtual machine
  was booted from will *not* be propagated to a snapshot image of that
  virtual machine.  See the `Configuration Options
  <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/configuration/config.html>`_
  section of the Nova Configuration Guide for more information.

* Some properties recognized by Nova may have no effect unless a corresponding
  property is enabled in the server flavor.  For example, the ``hw_rng_model``
  image property has no effect unless the Nova flavor has been configured to
  have ``hw_rng:allowed`` set to True in the flavor's extra_specs.

* In a mixed hypervisor environment, the Compute Service uses the
  ``hypervisor_type`` image property to match images to the correct hypervisor
  type.

  Depending upon what hypervisors are in use in your Nova installation, there
  may be other image properties that these hypervisors can consume to affect
  their behavior.  Read through the configuration information for your
  hypervisors in the `Hypervisors
  <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/admin/configuration/hypervisors.html>`_
  section of the Nova Configuration Guide for more information.

  In particular, the VMware hypervisor driver requires that particular
  image properties be set for optimal functioning.  See the `VMware vSphere
  <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/admin/configuration/hypervisor-vmware.html>`_
  section of the Nova Configuration Guide for more information.

.. _image_property_keys_and_values:

Image property keys and values
------------------------------

Here is a list of useful image properties and the values they expect.

``architecture``
  :Type: str

  The CPU architecture that must be supported by the hypervisor. For
  example, ``x86_64``, ``arm``, or ``ppc64``. Run :command:`uname -m`
  to get the architecture of a machine. We strongly recommend using
  the architecture data vocabulary defined by the `libosinfo project
  <http://libosinfo.org/>`_ for this purpose.

  One of:

  * ``aarch64`` - `ARM 64-bit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AArch64>`_
  * ``alpha`` - `DEC 64-bit RISC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha>`_
  * ``armv7l`` - `ARM Cortex-A7 MPCore <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture>`_
  * ``cris`` - `Ethernet, Token Ring, AXis—Code Reduced Instruction Set <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS>`_
  * ``i686`` - `Intel sixth-generation x86 (P6 micro architecture) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86>`_
  * ``ia64`` - `Itanium <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium>`_
  * ``lm32`` - `Lattice Micro32 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkymist>`_
  * ``m68k`` - `Motorola 68000 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000_family>`_
  * ``microblaze`` - `Xilinx 32-bit FPGA (Big Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroBlaze>`_
  * ``microblazeel`` - `Xilinx 32-bit FPGA (Little Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroBlaze>`_
  * ``mips`` - `MIPS 32-bit RISC (Big Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture>`_
  * ``mipsel`` - `MIPS 32-bit RISC (Little Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture>`_
  * ``mips64`` - `MIPS 64-bit RISC (Big Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture>`_
  * ``mips64el`` - `MIPS 64-bit RISC (Little Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture>`_
  * ``openrisc`` - `OpenCores RISC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRISC#QEMU_support>`_
  * ``parisc`` - `HP Precision Architecture RISC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC>`_
  * ``parisc64`` - `HP Precision Architecture 64-bit RISC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC>`_
  * ``ppc`` - `PowerPC 32-bit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC>`_
  * ``ppc64`` - `PowerPC 64-bit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC>`_
  * ``ppcemb`` - `PowerPC (Embedded 32-bit) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC>`_
  * ``s390`` - `IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S390>`_
  * ``s390x`` - `S/390 64-bit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S390x>`_
  * ``sh4`` - `SuperH SH-4 (Little Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH>`_
  * ``sh4eb`` - `SuperH SH-4 (Big Endian) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH>`_
  * ``sparc`` - `Scalable Processor Architecture, 32-bit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparc>`_
  * ``sparc64`` - `Scalable Processor Architecture, 64-bit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparc>`_
  * ``unicore32`` - `Microprocessor Research and Development Center RISC Unicore32 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicore>`_
  * ``x86_64`` - `64-bit extension of IA-32 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86>`_
  * ``xtensa`` - `Tensilica Xtensa configurable microprocessor core <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtensa#Processor_Cores>`_
  * ``xtensaeb`` - `Tensilica Xtensa configurable microprocessor core <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtensa#Processor_Cores>`_ (Big Endian)

``hypervisor_type``
  :Type: str

  The hypervisor type. Note that ``qemu`` is used for both QEMU and KVM
  hypervisor types.

  One of:

  - ``hyperv``
  - ``ironic``
  - ``lxc``
  - ``qemu``
  - ``uml``
  - ``vmware``
  - ``xen``.

``instance_uuid``
  :Type: str

  For snapshot images, this is the UUID of the server used to create this
  image. The value must be a valid server UUID.

``img_config_drive``
  :Type: str

  Specifies whether the image needs a config drive.

  One of:

  - ``mandatory``
  - ``optional`` (default if property is not used)

``img_type``
  :Type: str

  Specifies the partitioning type of the image. The default value is
  ``partition`` if the ``kernel_id``/``ramdisk_id`` properties are present,
  otherwise ``whole-disk``.

  One of:

  - ``whole-disk`` - an image with a partition table embedded.
  - ``partition`` - an image with only the root partition without a partition
    table.

  .. note::
     This property is currently only recognized by Ironic.

``kernel_id``
  :Type: str

  The ID of an image stored in the Image service that should be used as
  the kernel when booting an AMI-style image. The value must be a valid image
  ID

``os_admin_user``
  :Type: str

  The name of the user with admin privileges.
  The value must be a valid username (defaults to ``root`` for Linux guests and
  ``Administrator`` for Windows guests).

``os_distro``
  :Type: str

  The common name of the operating system distribution in lowercase
  (uses the same data vocabulary as the `libosinfo project`_). Specify only a
  recognized value for this field. Deprecated values are listed to assist you
  in searching for the recognized value.

  One of:

  * ``arch`` - Arch Linux. Do not use ``archlinux`` or ``org.archlinux``.
  * ``centos`` - Community Enterprise Operating System. Do not use
    ``org.centos`` or ``CentOS``.
  * ``debian`` - Debian. Do not use ``Debian` or ``org.debian``.
  * ``fedora`` - Fedora. Do not use ``Fedora``, ``org.fedora``, or
    ``org.fedoraproject``.
  * ``freebsd`` - FreeBSD. Do not use ``org.freebsd``, ``freeBSD``, or
    ``FreeBSD``.
  * ``gentoo`` - Gentoo Linux. Do not use ``Gentoo`` or ``org.gentoo``.
  * ``mandrake`` - Mandrakelinux (MandrakeSoft) distribution. Do not use
    ``mandrakelinux`` or ``MandrakeLinux``.
  * ``mandriva`` - Mandriva Linux. Do not use ``mandrivalinux``.
  * ``mes`` - Mandriva Enterprise Server. Do not use ``mandrivaent`` or
    ``mandrivaES``.
  * ``msdos`` - Microsoft Disc Operating System. Do not use ``ms-dos``.
  * ``netbsd`` - NetBSD. Do not use ``NetBSD`` or ``org.netbsd``.
  * ``netware`` - Novell NetWare. Do not use ``novell`` or ``NetWare``.
  * ``openbsd`` - OpenBSD. Do not use ``OpenBSD`` or ``org.openbsd``.
  * ``opensolaris`` - OpenSolaris. Do not use ``OpenSolaris`` or
    ``org.opensolaris``.
  * ``opensuse`` - openSUSE. Do not use ``suse``, ``SuSE``, or
    `` org.opensuse``.
  * ``rhel`` - Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Do not use ``redhat``, ``RedHat``,
    or ``com.redhat``.
  * ``sled`` - SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop. Do not use ``com.suse``.
  * ``ubuntu`` - Ubuntu. Do not use ``Ubuntu``, ``com.ubuntu``,
    ``org.ubuntu``, or ``canonical``.
  * ``windows`` - Microsoft Windows. Do not use ``com.microsoft.server``
    or ``windoze``.

``os_version``
  :Type: str

  The operating system version as specified by the distributor.

  The value must be a valid version number (for example, ``11.10``).

``os_secure_boot``
  :Type: str

  Secure Boot is a security standard. When the instance starts,
  Secure Boot first examines software such as firmware and OS by their
  signature and only allows them to run if the signatures are valid.

  For Hyper-V: Images must be prepared as Generation 2 VMs. Instance must
  also contain ``hw_machine_type=hyperv-gen2`` image property. Linux
  guests will also require bootloader's digital signature provided as
  ``os_secure_boot_signature`` and
  ``hypervisor_version_requires'>=10.0'`` image properties.

  One of:

  * ``required`` - Enable the Secure Boot feature.
  * ``disabled`` or ``optional`` - (default if property not used) Disable the
    Secure Boot feature.

``os_shutdown_timeout``
  :Type: int

  By default, guests will be given 60 seconds to perform a graceful
  shutdown. After that, the VM is powered off. This property allows
  overriding the amount of time (unit: seconds) to allow a guest OS to
  cleanly shut down before power off. A value of 0 (zero) means the guest
  will be powered off immediately with no opportunity for guest OS
  clean-up.

``ramdisk_id``
  The ID of image stored in the Image service that should be used as the
  ramdisk when booting an AMI-style image.

  The value must be a valid image ID.

``rootfs_uuid``
  For whole-disk images (see ``img_type`` above), the UUID of the root
  partition.

  This property is used by Ironic when configuring software RAID.

``trait:<trait_name>``
  :Type: str

  Added in the Rocky release. Functionality is similar to traits specified
  in `flavor extra specs <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/user/flavors.html#extra-specs>`_.

  Traits allow specifying a server to build on a compute node with the set
  of traits specified in the image. The traits are associated with the
  resource provider that represents the compute node in the Placement API.

  The syntax of specifying traits is **trait:<trait_name>=value**, for
  example:

  * ``trait:HW_CPU_X86_AVX2=required``
  * ``trait:STORAGE_DISK_SSD=required``

  The nova scheduler will pass required traits specified on the image to
  the Placement API to include only resource providers that can satisfy
  the required traits. Traits for the resource providers can be managed
  using the `osc-placement plugin. <https://docs.openstack.org/osc-placement/latest/index.html>`_

  Image traits are used by the nova scheduler even in cases of volume
  backed instances, if the volume source is an image with traits.

  The only valid value is ``required``. Any other value is invalid.

  One of:

  * ``required`` - <trait_name> is required on the resource provider that
    represents the compute node on which the image is launched.

``vm_mode``
  :Type: str

  The virtual machine mode. This represents the host/guest ABI
  (application binary interface) used for the virtual machine.

  One of:

  * ``hvm`` - Fully virtualized. This is the mode used by QEMU and KVM.
  * ``xen`` - Xen 3.0 paravirtualized.
  * ``uml`` - User Mode Linux paravirtualized.
  * ``exe`` - Executables in containers. This is the mode used by LXC.

``hw_cpu_sockets``
  :Type: int

  The preferred number of sockets to expose to the guest.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_cpu_cores``
  :Type: int

  The preferred number of cores to expose to the guest.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_cpu_threads``
  :Type: int

  The preferred number of threads to expose to the guest.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_cpu_policy``
  :Type: str

  Used to pin the virtual CPUs (vCPUs) of instances to the host's
  physical CPU cores (pCPUs). Host aggregates should be used to separate
  these pinned instances from unpinned instances as the latter will not
  respect the resourcing requirements of the former.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  * ``shared`` - (default if property not specified) The guest vCPUs will be
    allowed to freely float across host pCPUs, albeit potentially constrained
    by NUMA policy.
  * ``dedicated`` - The guest vCPUs will be strictly pinned to a set of
    host pCPUs. In the absence of an explicit vCPU topology request, the
    drivers typically expose all vCPUs as sockets with one core and one
    thread. When strict CPU pinning is in effect the guest CPU topology
    will be setup to match the topology of the CPUs to which it is pinned.
    This option implies an overcommit ratio of 1.0. For example, if a two
    vCPU guest is pinned to a single host core with two threads, then the
    guest will get a topology of one socket, one core, two threads.

``hw_cpu_thread_policy``
  :Type: str

  Further refine ``hw_cpu_policy=dedicated`` by stating how hardware CPU
  threads in a simultaneous multithreading-based (SMT) architecture be
  used. SMT-based architectures include Intel processors with
  Hyper-Threading technology. In these architectures, processor cores
  share a number of components with one or more other cores. Cores in
  such architectures are commonly referred to as hardware threads, while
  the cores that a given core share components with are known as thread
  siblings.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  * ``prefer`` - (default if property not specified) The host may or may not
    have an SMT architecture. Where an SMT architecture is present, thread
    siblings are preferred.
  * ``isolate`` - The host must not have an SMT architecture or must
    emulate a non-SMT architecture. If the host does not have an SMT
    architecture, each vCPU is placed on a different core as expected. If
    the host does have an SMT architecture - that is, one or more cores
    have thread siblings - then each vCPU is placed on a different
    physical core. No vCPUs from other guests are placed on the same core.
    All but one thread sibling on each utilized core is therefore
    guaranteed to be unusable.
  * ``require`` - The host must have an SMT architecture. Each vCPU is
    allocated on thread siblings. If the host does not have an SMT
    architecture, then it is not used. If the host has an SMT
    architecture, but not enough cores with free thread siblings are
    available, then scheduling fails.

``hw_cdrom_bus``
  :Type: str

  Specifies the type of disk controller to attach CD-ROM devices to.
  As for ``hw_disk_bus``.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_disk_bus``
  :Type: str

  Specifies the type of disk controller to attach disk devices to.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  Options depend on the value of `nova's virt_type config option
  <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/configuration/config.html#libvirt.virt_type>`_:

  * For ``qemu`` and ``kvm``: one of ``scsi``, ``virtio``,
    ``uml``, ``xen``, ``ide``, ``usb``, or ``lxc``.
  * For ``xen``: one of ``xen`` or ``ide``.
  * For ``uml``: must be ``uml``.
  * For ``lxc``: must be ``lxc``.
  * For ``parallels``: one of ``ide`` or ``scsi``.

``hw_firmware_type``
  Specifies the type of firmware with which to boot the guest.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  * ``bios``
  * ``uefi``

``hw_mem_encryption``
  :Type: bool

  Enables encryption of guest memory at the hardware level, if
  there are compute hosts available which support this. See
  `nova's documentation on configuration of the KVM hypervisor
  <https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/admin/configuration/hypervisor-kvm.html#amd-sev-secure-encrypted-virtualization>`_
  for more details.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_pointer_model``
  :Type: str

  Input devices that allow interaction with a graphical framebuffer,
  for example to provide a graphic tablet for absolute cursor movement.
  Currently only supported by the KVM/QEMU hypervisor configuration
  and VNC or SPICE consoles must be enabled.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  - ``usbtablet``

``hw_rng_model``
  :Type: str

  Adds a random-number generator device to the image's instances. This
  image property by itself does not guarantee that a hardware RNG will be
  used; it expresses a preference that may or may not be satisfied
  depending upon Nova configuration.

  The cloud administrator can enable and control device behavior by
  configuring the instance's flavor. By default:

  * The generator device is disabled.
  * ``/dev/urandom`` is used as the default entropy source. To
    specify a physical hardwre RNG device, use the following option in
    the ``nova.conf`` file:

    .. code-block:: ini

       rng_dev_path=/dev/hwrng

  * The use of a hardware random number generator must be configured in a
    flavor's extra_specs by setting ``hw_rng:allowed`` to True in the
    flavor definition.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  - ``virtio``
  - Other supported device.

``hw_time_hpet``
  :Type: bool

  Adds support for the High Precision Event Timer (HPET) for x86 guests
  in the libvirt driver when ``hypervisor_type=qemu`` and
  ``architecture=i686`` or ``architecture=x86_64``. The timer can be
  enabled by setting ``hw_time_hpet=true``. By default HPET remains
  disabled.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_machine_type``
  :Type: str

  For libvirt: Enables booting an ARM system using the specified
  machine type. If an ARM image is used and its machine type is
  not explicitly specified, then Compute uses the ``virt`` machine
  type as the default for ARMv7 and AArch64.

  For Hyper-V: Specifies whether the Hyper-V instance will be a generation
  1 or generation 2 VM. By default, if the property is not provided, the
  instances will be generation 1 VMs. If the image is specific for
  generation 2 VMs but the property is not provided accordingly, the
  instance will fail to boot.

  For libvirt: Valid types can be viewed by using the
  :command:`virsh capabilities` command (machine types are displayed in
  the ``machine`` tag).

  For hyper-V: Acceptable values are either ``hyperv-gen1`` or
  ``hyperv-gen2``.

  Only supported by the libvirt and Hyper-V drivers.

``os_type``
  :Type: str

  The operating system installed on the image. The ``libvirt`` API driver
  contains logic that takes different actions
  depending on the value of the ``os_type`` parameter of the image.
  For example, for ``os_type=windows`` images, it creates a FAT32-based
  swap partition instead of a Linux swap partition, and it limits the
  injected host name to less than 16 characters.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  * ``linux``
  * ``windows``

``hw_scsi_model``
  :Type: str

  Enables the use of VirtIO SCSI (``virtio-scsi``) to provide block
  device access for compute instances; by default, instances use VirtIO
  Block (``virtio-blk``). VirtIO SCSI is a para-virtualized SCSI
  controller device that provides improved scalability and performance,
  and supports advanced SCSI hardware.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  * ``virtio-scsi``

``hw_serial_port_count``
  :Type: int

  Specifies the count of serial ports that should be provided. If
  ``hw:serial_port_count`` is not set in the flavor's extra_specs, then
  any count is permitted. If ``hw:serial_port_count`` is set, then this
  provides the default serial port count. It is permitted to override the
  default serial port count, but only with a lower value.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_video_model``
  :Type: str

  The graphic device model presented to the guest. ``none`` disables the
  graphics device in the guest and should generally be used when using GPU
  passthrough.

  One of:

  * ``vga``
  * ``cirrus``
  * ``vmvga``
  * ``xen``
  * ``qxl``
  * ``virtio``
  * ``gop``
  * ``none``
  * ``bochs``

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_video_ram``
  :Type: int

  Maximum RAM in MB for the video image. Used only if a ``hw_video:ram_max_mb``
  value has been set in the flavor's extra_specs and that value is higher
  than the value set in ``hw_video_ram``.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_watchdog_action``
  :Type: str

  Enables a virtual hardware watchdog device that carries out the
  specified action if the server hangs. The watchdog uses the
  ``i6300esb`` device (emulating a PCI Intel 6300ESB). If
  ``hw_watchdog_action`` is not specified, the watchdog is disabled.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

  One of:

  * ``disabled`` - (default) The device is not attached. Allows the user to
    disable the watchdog for the image, even if it has been enabled using
    the image's flavor.
  * ``reset`` - Forcefully reset the guest.
  * ``poweroff`` - Forcefully power off the guest.
  * ``pause`` - Pause the guest.
  * ``none`` - Only enable the watchdog; do nothing if the server hangs.

``os_command_line``
  :Type: str

  The kernel command line to be used by the ``libvirt`` driver, instead
  of the default. For Linux Containers (LXC), the value is used as
  arguments for initialization. This key is valid only for Amazon kernel,
  ``ramdisk``, or machine images (``aki``, ``ari``, or ``ami``).

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_vif_model``
  :Type: str

  Specifies the model of virtual network interface device to use.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver and VMware API drivers.

  The valid options depend on the configured hypervisor.

  * ``KVM`` and ``QEMU``: ``e1000``, ``e1000e``, ``ne2k_pci``, ``pcnet``,
    ``rtl8139``, ``virtio`` and vmxnet3``.
  * VMware: ``e1000``, ``e1000e``, ``VirtualE1000``, ``VirtualE1000e``,
    ``VirtualPCNet32``, ``VirtualSriovEthernetCard``, ``VirtualVmxnet``
    and ``VirtualVmxnet3``.
  * Xen: ``e1000``, ``netfront``, ``ne2k_pci``, ``pcnet``, and
    ``rtl8139``.

``hw_vif_multiqueue_enabled``
  :Type: bool

  If ``true``, this enables the ``virtio-net multiqueue`` feature. In
  this case, the driver sets the number of queues equal to the number
  of guest vCPUs. This makes the network performance scale across a
  number of vCPUs.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_boot_menu``
  :Type: bool

  If ``true``, enables the BIOS bootmenu. In cases where both the image
  metadata and Extra Spec are set, the Extra Spec setting is used. This
  allows for flexibility in setting/overriding the default behavior as
  needed.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``hw_pmu``
  :Type: bool

  Controls emulation of a virtual performance monitoring unit (vPMU) in the
  guest.  To reduce latency in realtime workloads disable the vPMU by setting
  ``hw_pmu=false``.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``img_hide_hypervisor_id``
  :Type: bool

  Some hypervisors add a signature to their guests.  While the presence
  of the signature can enable some paravirtualization features on the
  guest, it can also have the effect of preventing some drivers from
  loading.  Hiding the signature by setting this property to ``true``
  may allow such drivers to load and work.

  Only supported by the libvirt driver.

``vmware_adaptertype``
  :Type: str

  The virtual SCSI or IDE controller used by the hypervisor.

  Only supported by the VMWare API driver.

  One of:

  * ``lsiLogic``
  * ``lsiLogicsas``
  * ``busLogic``
  * ``ide``
  * ``paraVirtual``

``vmware_ostype``
  A VMware GuestID which describes the operating system installed in
  the image. This value is passed to the hypervisor when creating a
  virtual machine. If not specified, the key defaults to ``otherGuest``.
  See `thinkvirt.com <http://www.thinkvirt.com/?q=node/181>`_ for supported
  values.

  Only supported by the VMWare API driver.

``vmware_image_version``
  :Type: int

  Currently unused.

``instance_type_rxtx_factor``
  :Type: float

  Deprecated and currently unused.

``auto_disk_config``
  :Type: bool

  Deprecated and currently unused.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In this small store tucked away on a side street, you'll find handmade and handpicked furnishings from a growing network of international designers. They have dedicated themselves to creating new objects through upcycling and conversion, such as a table lamp made from a used espresso pot. And only after a second glance will you realize that the "leather" couch is actually upholstered using repurposed bicycle innertubes.


Padiatrische Fortbildungskurse fur die Praxis.
Pathology : Research and Practice.
Peptides : Proceedings of the European Symposium.
Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology.
282(1965)-301(1968):Pflugers Archiv fur die Gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.
→Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology.
94→Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology.
Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy.
Physical Chemistry : an Advanced Treatise.
Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics.
Physical Techniques in Biological Research.
Physics in Medicine and Biology.
Praktische Anaesthesie Wiederbelebung und Intensivtherapie.
Princeton Conference on Cerebrovascular Diseases.
Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research.
15(1974)-22(1981):Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology.
*10(2013)→Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section.
Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section.
Progress in Allergology in Japan.
Progress in Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry.
→Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology.
4(1954)-12(1962):Progress in Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry.
Progress in Cattle and Sheep Practice.
Progress in Clinical and Biological Research.
Progress in Electrochemistry of Organic Compound.
Progress in Experimental Personality Resarch.
Progress in Experimental Tumor Research.
Progress in Medical Laboratory Technique.
Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry.
Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Progress in Nucleic Acid Research.
3→Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology.
1(1963)-2(1963):Progress in Nucleic Acid Research.
*83(2008)→Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science.
Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry.
6→Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology.
Progress in Polymer Science Japan.
Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology.
Progress in Separation and Purification.
Progress in Solid State Chemistry.
Progress in Surface and Membrane Science.
Progress in Thin-Layer Chromatography and Related Methods.
55→Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators.
Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators.