text:
\section{introduction}
Rigorously speaking, the classical thermodynamics should be always
used to deal with the systems of inf\/inite particles in an
inif\/inite space. For a real f\/inite system with a large amount of
particles, the classical thermodynamic treatment is valid when the
dimension of the conf\/inement is much larger than the
characteristic length of the system. Otherwise, the boundary of
the system will cause obvious ef\/fects on the interior behaviors.

For a binary f\/luid mixture, an important characteristic length
scale is the correlation length, which will become inf\/inite when
the system approaches the critical state. Hence, the phase
behavior of a conf\/ined binary f\/luid mixture can be affected
much by the boundary of the system. Two common kinds of
conf\/inement are f\/ilm and porous media, which correspond to the
f\/lat boundary case and the curved boundary case, respectively.
The former is always modeled as a system conf\/ined between two
slabs. For this case, when the system is quenched into the
unstable region, the composition f\/luctuations with
characteristic wave vectors parallel to the slabs can grow
unrestrictedly while the ones with perpendicular wave vectors will
be modulated by the conf\/inement. As a result, the microphase
structure in the system must coarsen laterally after the
intermediate stage of the phase separation and the power law of
the domain growth is dif\/ferent from the bulk
case~\cite{jnt.23.1,jcp.113.10386,epl.51.154,polymer.45.2711,polymer.46.977,polymer.46.12004}.
In addition, each slab can be neutral or preferential to a certain
component of the mixture so that the phase behavior can be coupled
with the wetting
phenomenon~\cite{prl.70.2770,jpsb.38.831,prl.96.016107,pre.73.031604,sm.46.12004}.
Compare to the f\/lat boundary case, the porous media is much more
complicated. The simplest model for this case is a binary system
conf\/ined inside a cylindrical pore. Because there is only one
free dimension for the cylindrical pore, the time required by the
system to reach equilibrium is always so long that some metastable
states are long-lived. The wetting behavior also has great
importance to the phase behavior for this
case~\cite{prl.65.1897,pra.44.R7894,pra.46.7664,prl.70.53,pre.50.R4290,pre.52.2736,jcp.122.124510}.

Another interesting case is considered in this work. That is a
polymer solution conf\/ined between two concentric cylindrical
walls. This kind of conf\/inement can be regarded as a combination
of the two that mentioned in the last paragraph and hence is more
general. When the radius of the inner cylinder converges to zero,
the system will reduce to the one in a cylindric pore. On the
other hand, if the radii of the two cylinders converge to
inf\/inite with a constant width between the two walls, the system
will reduce to the one conf\/ined between two slabs. Thus, many
results of this work can be easily generalized to the two limiting
cases. In addition, a polymeric system is always a good object for
studying phase behaviors theoretically because the polymer chain
length is a natural long enough length scale which makes the
coarse-grained treatment and mean-f\/ield theory strictly valid.

In the present work, we give a theoretical study on the phase
behaviors of a polymer solution conf\/ined between two coaxial
cylindrical walls. The self-consistent mean-f\/ield theory (SCMFT)
is used to investigate the equilibrium structure of the system.
The spinodal point of the system is determined by using the
Gaussian f\/luctuation theory. The kinetics of the system are also
studied by combining SCMFT with the Cahn-Hilliard theory.

\section{theoretical framework\label{sec2}}
Consider a polymer solution confined between two inf\/init long
coaxial cylindrical walls, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig1}. The
inner cylinder has the radius $r$ and the outer one has radius
$R$. The average volume fraction of the polymer is
$\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}$, and that of the solvent is
$\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}=1-\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}$. The canonical
ensemble is used here, and the free energy of the system can be
derived by the self-consistent mean-f\/ield
theory~\cite{ma.39.4168,ma.41.5451},
\begin{eqnarray}\label{free energy}
\frac{F}{\rho_{_{\scriptstyle 0}}}&=&\chi\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}
\phi_{\rm P}(\mathbf{r})\phi_{\rm S}(\mathbf{r})+\int{\rm
d}\mathbf{r} U(\mathbf{r})\phi_{\rm
P}(\mathbf{r})-\sum_{\alpha}\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}
\omega_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})\phi_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})\nonumber\\
&&-\frac{V\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}{N}\ln\frac{z_{0\rm P}NeQ_{\rm P}}{\rho_{_{\scriptstyle 0}}\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}
-V\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}\ln\frac{z_{0\rm S}eQ_{\rm S}}{\rho_{_{\scriptstyle 0}}\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}}
\end{eqnarray}
In Eq.~\eqref{free energy}, $\rho_{_{\scriptstyle 0}}$ is the
monomer density, which is def\/ined as monomers per unit volume;
$\alpha=\mbox{P,\,S}$; $\chi$ is the Flory-Huggins parameter,
which quantif\/ies the local interaction between each pair of
polymer segments and solvent molecules;
$\phi_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})$ is the volume fraction of species
$\alpha$ at point $\mathbf{r}$\,; $\omega_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})$ is
the auxiliary f\/ield conjuncted to $\phi_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})$;
$N$ is the degree of polymerization; $z_{0\alpha}$ is the
partition function of component $\alpha$ due to the kinetic
energy, which can be regarded as a constant; $Q_{\alpha}$ is the
partition function of a single molecule of component $\alpha$.
$U(\mathbf{r})$ is the ef\/fective adsorbing potential to the
polymers, which is assumed to be a rectangular-form potential for
simplicity and is just put on the inner cylindrical wall in the
present calculations. It is convenient to use cylindrical
coordinates here and after. Then, $U(\mathbf{r})$ has the form
\begin{equation}\label{ur}
U(\rho,\,z)=\left\{\begin{array}{c@{\quad}l}
-U_0 & r<\rho\leq r+d\\0 & r+d<\rho<R
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}
where $U_0$ is a constant which quantif\/ies the strength of the
potential; $d$ is the force range of the potential. To obtain the
free energy, we need to solve a set of SCMFT equations,
\begin{gather}
\phi_{\rm P}(\rho,\,z)=\frac{\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}{NQ_{\rm P}}\int_0^N{\rm d}t
q(\rho,\,z,t)q(\rho,\,z,N-t)\label{pbP}\\
\phi_{\rm S}(\rho,\,z)=\frac{\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}}{Q_{\rm S}}e^{-\omega_{_{\rm S}}(\rho,\,z)}\\
\omega_{_{\scriptstyle \rm P}}(\rho,\,z)=\chi\phi_{\rm S}(\rho,\,z,t)+U(\rho,\,z)+\eta(\rho,\,z)\\
\omega_{_{\scriptstyle \rm S}}(\rho,\,z)=\chi\phi_{\rm P}(\rho,\,z,t)+\eta(\rho,\,z)\\
\phi_{\rm P}(\rho,\,z,t)+\phi_{\rm S}(\rho,\,z,t)=1
\end{gather}
Because the system has a rotational symmetry about the $z$-axis,
the position-dependent functions in the SCMFT equations are
independent on the polar angle. In Eq.~\eqref{pbP}, $t$ is the
coordinate along a polymer chain; the end-integrated propagators,
$q(\rho,\,z,t)$, satisf\/ies the modif\/ied dif\/fusion equation
\begin{equation}\label{mde}
\frac{\partial q(\rho,\,z,t)}{\partial t}=\frac{b^2}{6}\left
[\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial}{\partial\rho} \left
(\rho\frac{\partial}{\partial\rho}\right
)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\right ]
q(\rho,\,z,t)-\omega_{_{\scriptstyle \rm
P}}(\rho,\,z)q(\rho,\,z,t)
\end{equation}
with the initial condition, $q(\rho,\,z,0)=1$. All lengths in the
present calculations are scaled by the Kuhn length $b$ of the
polymer, and thus $b=1$ in Eq.~\eqref{mde}. It should be pointed
out that, to derive the above equations, the well-known Wiener
measure is used to depict the conformation of each polymer chain.
Hence our calculation should be restricted in the weak
conf\/inement case, i.e. $R-r> R_g$ where
$R_g=(\frac{1}{6}N)^{1/2}b$.

According to the Gaussian f\/luctuation
theory~\cite{shi}, when there exists some f\/luctuations around
the mean-f\/ield state, i.e.
$\phi_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})=\phi_{\alpha}^{(0)}(\mathbf{r})+\delta\phi_{\alpha}(\mathbf{r})$~\footnote{Note
that the f\/luctuation can in principle be dependent on the polar
angle, $\theta$, and so can the two-point correlation functions
considered after.}, the free energy of the system can be written
as an expansion
\begin{equation}
F=F^{(0)}+F^{(1)}+F^{(2)}+\cdots
\end{equation}
where $F^{(0)}$ is the mean-f\/ield free energy illustrated by
Eq.~\eqref{free energy}; $F^{(1)}=0$ since the mean-f\/ield solution
satisf\/ies the SCMFT equations; $F^{(2)}$ has the form as
\begin{equation}\label{F2}
F^{(2)}=\frac{1}{2}\ln\left\{\det\left[\left(\frac{\rho_{_{\scriptstyle
0}}}{\pi}\right)^2C\cdot\tilde{C}\right]\right\}-\ln\int\mathcal{D}\{\delta\phi\}e^{-\mathcal{F}^{(2)}[\{\delta\phi\}]}
\end{equation}
In Eq.~\eqref{F2}, the f\/irst term has no direct relations with
current discussions; the functional
$\mathcal{F}^{(2)}[\{\delta\phi\}]$ in the second term is given by
\begin{equation}\label{mathcalF2}
\mathcal{F}^{(2)}[\{\delta\phi\}]=\frac{\rho_{_{\scriptstyle
0}}}{4}\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}{\rm d}\mathbf{r}^{\prime}(C^{\rm
RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})\delta\phi(\mathbf{r})\delta\phi(\mathbf{r}^{\prime})
\end{equation}
where $\delta\phi(\mathbf{r})=\delta\phi_{\rm
P}(\mathbf{r})-\delta\phi_{\rm S}(\mathbf{r})$. The inverse of the
RPA two-point correlation function in Eq.~\eqref{mathcalF2},
$(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$, is defined as
\begin{equation}
(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})=\widetilde{C}^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})
-\chi\delta(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime})
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\widetilde{C}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})=C(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})
-\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}_1{\rm d}\mathbf{r}_2\Delta(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}_1)
C^{-1}(\mathbf{r}_1,\mathbf{r}_2)\Delta(\mathbf{r}_2,\mathbf{r}^{\prime})
\end{equation}
In these expressions, the inverse operaters are def\/ined through
the relation $\int{\rm
d}\mathbf{r}_1O^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}_1)O(\mathbf{r}_1,\mathbf{r}^{\prime})=\delta(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$;
the formulas of $C(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$ and
$\Delta(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$ can be found in
ref.~\cite{shi}.

Many thermodynamic information of the system can be obtained from
$(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$.
Particularly, the condition that the smallest eigenvalue of
$(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$ determines
the spinodal point. In principle, the eigenvalues of $(C^{\rm
RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$ can be derived
by solving the eigenvalue problem
\begin{equation}\label{eigen}
\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}^{\prime}(C^{\rm
RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})\Psi_n(\mathbf{r}^{\prime})=\lambda_n\Psi_n(\mathbf{r})
\end{equation}
where $n$ denotes a complete set of quantum numbers.

\section{results and discussions\label{sec3}}
\subsection{The case of neutral cylinderic walls}
In this section, we mainly focus on the case of neutral
cylindrical walls, i.e. $U_0=0$. Because we always have $R-r\gg b$
in this work, the boundary layers between the bulk of the polymer
solution and the two cylindrical walls are less important. Thus it
is reasonable to omit the boundary layers by letting
$q(\rho,\,z,t)$ satisfy the free boundary condition, i.e. $\left
.\frac{\partial q_{_{\rm P}}}{\partial\rho}\right |_{\rm
boundry}=0$. After these treatments, it can be seen that the SCMFT
equation set has a solution for a homogeneous phase, in which
$\phi_{\rm P}(\rho,\,z)=\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}$ and $\phi_{\rm
S}(\rho,\,z)=\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}$. This trivial solution
represents the equilibrium structure of the system when $\chi$ is
small. However, f\/luctuations will ultimately destroy the
homogeneity of the system with the increasing of $\chi$. As
mentioned above, the critical point at which the system becomes
unstable (i.e. the spinodal point) can be derived from $(C^{\rm
RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$. Rather than solve the
eigenvalue problem in Eq.~\eqref{eigen} directly, it is more
convenient to expand $(C^{\rm
RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$ with the
eigenfunctions of the Laplacian operator, $\nabla^2$. For the
geometry of the system considered here, the eigenfunctions of
$\nabla^2$ are given by
\begin{equation}\label{eigenfunction}
\psi_{nmk}(\rho,\theta,z)=A_{nmk}R_{nm}(\rho)e^{im\theta}e^{ikz}
\end{equation}
with the eigenvalues
\begin{equation}\label{eigenvalue}
\lambda_{nmk}=(\epsilon_n^{|m|})^2+k^2
\end{equation}
where $A_{nmk}$ is the normalization factor; $|m|=0,1,2,\ldots$;
$n=1,2,\ldots$; $k$ is the one-dimensional continuous wave vector
along $z$-direction. In Eq.~\eqref{eigenvalue}, $\epsilon_n^{|m|}$
can be zero or non-zero; when it is non-zero, according to the
boundary condition, it is the $n$-th root of the following
equation
\begin{equation}
\left |\begin{array}{c@{\quad}c}
J_{|m|}^{\prime}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}r) &
N_{|m|}^{\prime}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}r)\\
J_{|m|}^{\prime}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}R) &
N_{|m|}^{\prime}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}R)\end{array}\right |=0
\end{equation}
where $J_{|m|}(x)$ and $N_{|m|}(x)$ are the $|m|$-th order Bessel
function and the $|m|$-th order Neumann function, respectively.
The radial part of the eigenfunction in Eq.~\eqref{eigenfunction},
$R_{nm}(\rho)$, is
\begin{equation}
R_{nm}(\rho)=\left \{\begin{array}{l@{,\quad}l}\delta_{m,0} & \epsilon_n^{|m|}=0\\
J_{|m|}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}\rho)-\frac{J_{|m|}^{\prime}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}r)}{N_{|m|}^{\prime}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}r)}N_{|m|}(\epsilon_n^{|m|}\rho) & \epsilon_n^{|m|}\ne 0\end{array}\right .
\end{equation}
Expanding $(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$
by $\{\psi_{nmk}\}$ leads to
\begin{equation}\label{CRPA}
(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})=\sum_{nmk}a_{nmk}\psi_{nmk}^*(\mathbf{r}^{\prime})\psi_{nmk}(\mathbf{r})
\end{equation}
The expansion coef\/f\/icient is given by
\begin{equation}\label{anmk}
a_{nmk}=\frac{1}{2\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}}+\frac{\lambda_{nmk}}{4\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}[1-g(\lambda_{nmk}N)]}-\chi
\end{equation}
where $g(x)=\frac{1-e^{-x}}{x}$. As can be seen obviously from
Eq.~\eqref{CRPA}, the eigenfunctions of $(C^{\rm
RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$ are also
$\{\psi_{nmk}\}$ with the eigenvalues ${a_{nmk}}$. Hence, the
spinodal point can be derived from Eq.~\eqref{anmk} that
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi_{_{\rm SP}}&=&\min\left\{\frac{1}{2\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}}+\frac{\lambda_{nmk}}{4\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}[1-g(\lambda_{nmk}N)]}\right\}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\overline{\phi}_{\rm S}}+\frac{1}{N\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}\right)
\end{eqnarray}
Obviously, this result is the same as the non-conf\/ined case and
is consistent with other related works~\cite{jcp.124.144902}.
Physically speaking, the $z$-direction is a free dimension, thus
the system can undergo phase separations along this direction with
no conf\/inement, which is ref\/f\/lected by the
conf\/inement-independent spinodal point.

It is worth noting that the mode corresponding to the minimum
eigenvalue of $(C^{\rm RPA})^{-1}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime})$
is a constant, which corresponds a global translation of the
system. This means that if $\chi$ just equals $\chi_{_{\rm SP}}$,
the system is in a critical state but with no phase separation.
However, once $\chi$ exceeds $\chi_{_{\rm SP}}$, many
f\/luctuation modes will be excited to induce the spinodal
decomposition in the system. To study these modes in the
early-stage of the phase separation, we f\/irstly rewrite the free
energy in Eq.~\eqref{free energy} to a functional of $\phi_{\rm
P}(\mathbf{r})$ by using the slow gradient
expansion~\cite{fredrickson2006},
\begin{eqnarray}\label{slow gradient}
F&=&\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}\left [\chi\phi_{\rm P}(1-\phi_{\rm P})+\frac{\phi_{\rm P}}{N}\ln\phi_{\rm P}
+(1-\phi_{\rm P})\ln(1-\phi_{\rm P})+\frac{1}{36\phi_{\rm P}}(\nabla\phi_{\rm P})^2+\cdots\right ]+{\rm const}\nonumber\\
&\approx&F_0+\int{\rm d}\mathbf{r}\left [(\chi_{_{\rm SP}}-\chi)(\phi_{\rm P}-\overline{\phi}_{\rm P})^2
+\frac{1}{36\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}(\nabla\phi_{\rm P})^2\right ]
\end{eqnarray}
where $F_0$ is the free energy of the homogeneous state;
the constant $\rho_{_{\scriptstyle 0}}$ is omitted for
simplicity, and the high-order terms are also omitted in the last
step. On the other hand, the time evolution of $\phi_{\rm
P}(\mathbf{r})$ can be depicted by the Cahn-Hilliard
theory~\cite{jcp.28.258,jcp.30.1121,jcp.31.688,jcp.42.93}
\begin{equation}\label{model B}
\frac{\partial\phi_{\rm P}(\mathbf{r},\tau)}{\partial\tau}=\nabla^2\left(\frac{\delta F}{\delta\phi_{\rm P}}\right )
\end{equation}
where $\tau$ is a scaled time variable. By inserting
Eq.~\eqref{slow gradient} into Eq.~\eqref{model B}, it can be
derived that
\begin{equation}\label{C-H eq.}
\frac{\partial\delta\phi_{\rm P}}{\partial\tau}=\nabla^2\left [2(\chi_{_{\rm SP}}-\chi)\delta\phi_{\rm P}
-\frac{1}{18\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}\nabla^2\delta\phi_{\rm P}\right ]
\end{equation}
where the f\/luctuation $\delta\phi_{\rm P}=\phi_{\rm P}-\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}$
is used instead of $\phi_{\rm P}$.

Then we expand $\delta\phi_{\rm P}$
by $\{\psi_{nmk}\}$. Because of the axial symmetry of the system,
it is only necessary to consider the f\/luctuation modes which
are independent on the polar angle $\theta$. Hence,
\begin{equation}\label{dephi}
\delta\phi_{\rm P}=\sum_{nk}c_{nk}(\tau)A_{n0k}R_{n0}(\rho)e^{ikz}
\end{equation}
By inserting Eq.~\eqref{dephi} into Eq.~\eqref{C-H eq.}, the
evolving equation of the expansion coef\/f\/icient,
$c_{nk}(\tau)$, is derived
\begin{equation}\label{cnk}
\frac{\partial c_{nk}}{\partial\tau}=-2(\chi_{_{\rm SP}}-\chi)\lambda_{n0k}c_{nk}
-\frac{1}{18\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}}\lambda_{n0k}^2c_{nk}
\end{equation}
The solution of Eq.~\eqref{cnk} is
\begin{equation}
c_{nk}(\tau)=c_{nk}(0)e^{\omega_{nk}\tau}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}\label{wnk}
\omega_{nk}&=&2(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm
SP}})\lambda_{n0k}-\frac{1}{18\overline{\phi}_{\rm
P}}\lambda_{n0k}^2\nonumber\\
&=&2(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm
SP}})\left[(\epsilon_n^0)^2+k^2\right]-\frac{1}{18\overline{\phi}_{\rm
P}}\left[(\epsilon_n^0)^2+k^2\right]^2
\end{eqnarray}
When the system is thermodynamically unstable,
$\chi>\chi_{_{SP}}$. Then as can be seen from Eq.~\eqref{wnk}, for
$(\epsilon_n^0)^2+k^2<36\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm
SP}})$, $\omega_{nk}>0$, and the corresponding f\/luctuations
increase with time. In particular, if
\begin{equation}
(\epsilon_n^0)^2+k^2=18\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm SP}})
\end{equation}
$\omega_{nk}$ is maximized, and
\begin{equation}
(\omega_{nk})_{\max}=18\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm SP}})^2
\end{equation}
This value corresponds to a maximum in the rate of increase of
concentration f\/luctuations in the system.

From the discussion above, it can be seen that the possible
f\/luctuation patterns in the unstable system are dependent on
$\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}$, $r$, $R$ and $N$. Generally speaking,
these patterns have two parts, i.e. a radial part and a part along
the $z$-direction, as illustrated by Eq.~\eqref{dephi}. However,
it is interesting that $(\epsilon_1^0)^2$ can be larger than
$36\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm SP}})$ for many
combinations of these parameters. For example, when
$\overline{\phi}_{\rm P}=0.01$, $r=3$, $R=50$ and $N=600$,
$(\epsilon_1^0)^2$ is not smaller than $36\overline{\phi}_{\rm
P}(\chi-\chi_{_{\rm SP}})$ until $\chi$ exceeds 0.8. Note that
$R_0^0(\rho)=1$, then in the above cases, the f\/luctuation modes
that can increase with time must be plane waves along the
$z$-direction. This will lead to a periodic-like concentration
prof\/ile along the $z$-direction in the early stage of the phase
separation.

Although the analysis above is in principle just applicable to the
early stage of the phase separation in the system, it can indeed
be concluded that the phase separation must be along the
$z$-direction even in the late stage. This is because the system
needs to put the interface vertical to $z$-direction in order to
minimize the interface area. As a result, even though the
f\/luctuation mode may have a radial part in the early stage, only
the $z$-direction plane wave part can be maintained as time goes
by.

\subsection{The conf\/ined polymer solution with the presence of an adsorbing potential}
In this section, $U_0$ in Eq.~\eqref{ur} is set to be positive.
Hence, there is an adsorbing potential to the polymers at the
inner cylindric wall. With the presence of this adsorbing
potential, the boundary layer at the inner cylindric wall cannot
be omitted and it needs to use the f\/irst kind boundary condition
for $q(\rho,\,z,t)$, i.e. $q(\rho,\,z,t)|_{\rho=r}=0$, because of
the impenetrability of the inner wall. By contrast, the free
boundary condition can still be used at the outer wall, i.e.
$\left .\frac{\partial q_{_{\rm P}}}{\partial\rho}\right
|_{\rho=R}=0$. Then the equilibrium structure of the system can be
obtained by solving the SCMFT equations numerically. Especially,
Eq.~\eqref{mde} is solved by using the alternating direction
implicit (ADI) method~\cite{jcp.116.7283,pre.74.041808}.

In the present calculations, $\chi$ is always set to be larger
than $\chi_{_{\rm SP}}$. As such, one can expect some interplays
between the adsorption of the polymer by the inner cylindric wall
and the phase separation in the system. The main results are
illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig2}. Note that the periodic boundary
condition is used along the $z$-direction for convenience in the
calculations, but the period along the $z$-direction in
Fig.~\ref{fig2} is of no physical meanings. The strength of the
adsorbing potential increases gradually from Fig.~\ref{fig2}(a) to
Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c). As can be seen from the f\/igure, when the
adsorbing potential is weak, it has few ef\/fects on the phase
behaviors of the conf\/ined solution, and the system separates
into a polymer rich phase and a solvent rich phase with the
interface being vertical to the $z$-direction. However,
accompanying with the increase of the adsorbing strength, a
``wetting'' layer can be formed by the polymer at the inner
cylindric wall, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(b). Furthermore,
after the strength of the adsorbing potential exceeds a certain
threshold, the interface between the polymer rich phase and the
solvent rich phase becomes along the $z$-direction and then the
concentration profile of the system is independent on $z$
(Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c)).

As been discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec3}A, the interface between the
polymer rich phase and the solvent rich phase prefers to be
vertical to $z$-direction in order to minimize the interface area.
However, the $z$-independent adsorbing potential, $U$, dislikes
the inhomogeneity along the $z$-direction. The competition between
these two factors results in the variations in the concentration
prof\/iles, which are illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig2}. This
phenomenon is similar to the ``plug-tube'' transition of a binary
liquid mixture in a cylindrical pore. It is worth pointing out
that the threshold of $U_0$, above which the transition happens,
is always not very large, although it is dependent on the
parameters of the system. In our calculation, the value of this
threshold is of order $0.15k_{\rm B}T$ per monomer. Hence if there
exist certain strong interaction, such as the Coulombic
interaction, between the cylindrical wall and the polymer, it is
reasonable to omit the possible inhomogeneity along the
$z$-direction and the calculation can be reduced to one
dimension~\cite{ma.41.5451}.

Before ending this section, we would like to give some discussions
on the periodic-like concentration patterns that are displayed in
parts a and b in Fig.~\ref{fig2}. Although the periods along the
$z$-direction in parts a and b in Fig.~\ref{fig2} are of no
physical meanings, these periodic-like concentration patterns can
indeed be long-lived due to certain kinetic factors, which is
observed by many experiments~\cite{prl.70.53,prl.70.2770} and
simulations~\cite{pra.46.7664,pre.50.R4290,pre.52.2736}. It has
been demonstrated in Sec.~\ref{sec3}A that a periodic-like
concentration prof\/ile along the $z$-direction can form in the
early stage of the phase separation in the present system. In
principle, this initial state will evolve to the equilibrium state
by the process of domain coarsening. However, once the radial size
of each domain reaches the size of the conf\/inement, the
coarsening process can only be achieved through the diffusion and
the coalescence between adjacent domains along the $z$-direction,
which will leads to a very slow kinetics. As a result, the
periodic-like concentration pattern is long-lived, though is not
the equilibrium state. One interesting point is that, if there is
another faster process along with the domain coarsening, such as
crystallization, then the periodic-like concentration pattern can
be maintained. In reality, the inner cylinder in our model can be
certain kind of cylindric adsorber and the outer cylindrical wall
can be the interface between the adsorbed polymer solution and the
outer environment. Hence the results presented here could be a
hint to interpret the mechanism of the formation of the
shish-kebab structure observed in the f\/ield of polymer
crystallization~\cite{cps.237.336,jacs.128.1692}.

\section{summary}
In this paper, we give a theoretical study on the phase behaviors
of a polymer solution conf\/ined between two coaxial cylindrical
walls. The spinodal point of this system, which is derived by using
the Gaussian f\/luctuation theory, is independent on the conf\/inement.
This is because of the existence of the free dimension, i.e. the
$z$-direction. However, the f\/luctuation modes in the system is
greatly af\/fected by the conf\/inement. Due to the kinetic analysis,
the f\/luctuation modes in the early stage of the phase separation
always have a component of a plane wave along the $z$-direction,
which will lead to the formation of a periodic-like concentration
pattern along the axial direction of the system. The equilibrium
structures are obtained by solving the SCMFT equations numerically
and the interplay between the ``wetting'' phenomenon and the phase
separation in the system is also observed. In particular, our results
could give some hints to interpret the mechanism of the formation
of the shish-kebab structure observed in the f\/ield
of polymer crystallization.

\begin{acknowledgments}
T. S. acknowledges Prof. An-Chang Shi for many helpful
discussions. This work is supported by XXXXXXXXX.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Imports System.Collections.Immutable
Imports Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Collections
Imports Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.ExpressionEvaluator
Imports Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.VisualBasic.Symbols

Namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.VisualBasic.ExpressionEvaluator

    Friend NotInheritable Class LocalDeclarationRewriter

        Friend Shared Function Rewrite(compilation As VisualBasicCompilation, container As EENamedTypeSymbol, block As BoundBlock) As BoundBlock
            Dim locals = PooledHashSet(Of LocalSymbol).GetInstance()
            Dim walker As New LocalDeclarationWalker(locals)
            walker.Visit(block)

            If locals.Count > 0 Then
                Dim syntax = block.Syntax
                Dim builder = ArrayBuilder(Of BoundStatement).GetInstance()
                For Each local In locals
                    builder.Add(GenerateCreateVariableStatement(compilation, container, syntax, local))
                Next
                builder.AddRange(block.Statements)
                block = New BoundBlock(syntax, block.StatementListSyntax, block.Locals, builder.ToImmutableAndFree())
            End If

            locals.Free()
            Return block
        End Function

        ' Find all implicitly declared locals.
        Private NotInheritable Class LocalDeclarationWalker
            Inherits BoundTreeWalker

            Private ReadOnly _locals As HashSet(Of LocalSymbol)

            Friend Sub New(locals As HashSet(Of LocalSymbol))
                _locals = locals
            End Sub

            Public Overrides Function VisitLocal(node As BoundLocal) As BoundNode
                Dim local = node.LocalSymbol
                If local.DeclarationKind = LocalDeclarationKind.ImplicitVariable Then
                    _locals.Add(local)
                End If
                Return node
            End Function

        End Class

        Private Shared Function GenerateCreateVariableStatement(
            compilation As VisualBasicCompilation,
            container As EENamedTypeSymbol,
            syntax As VisualBasicSyntaxNode,
            local As LocalSymbol) As BoundStatement

            Dim voidType = compilation.GetSpecialType(SpecialType.System_Void)
            Dim typeType = compilation.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.System_Type)
            Dim stringType = compilation.GetSpecialType(SpecialType.System_String)

            ' <>CreateVariable(type As Type, name As String)
            Dim method = container.GetOrAddSynthesizedMethod(
                ExpressionCompilerConstants.CreateVariableMethodName,
                Function(c, n, s) New PlaceholderMethodSymbol(
                    c,
                    s,
                    n,
                    voidType,
                    Function(m) ImmutableArray.Create(Of ParameterSymbol)(
                        New SynthesizedParameterSymbol(m, typeType, ordinal:=0, isByRef:=False),
                        New SynthesizedParameterSymbol(m, stringType, ordinal:=1, isByRef:=False))))
            Dim type = New BoundGetType(syntax, New BoundTypeExpression(syntax, local.Type), typeType)
            Dim name = New BoundLiteral(syntax, ConstantValue.Create(local.Name), stringType)
            Dim expr = New BoundCall(
                syntax,
                method,
                methodGroupOpt:=Nothing,
                receiverOpt:=Nothing,
                arguments:=ImmutableArray.Create(Of BoundExpression)(type, name),
                constantValueOpt:=Nothing,
                suppressObjectClone:=False,
                type:=method.ReturnType)
            Return New BoundExpressionStatement(syntax, expr).MakeCompilerGenerated()
        End Function

    End Class

End Namespace

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
SNMMI - Society of Nuclear[...]
Expanded PET Imaging Time Window Adds Convenience and Flexibility for[...]
U.S. Department of Health & Human[...]
American Society for Reproductive[...]
Registration is Open for ASRM and RESOLVE's Virtual Advocacy Day 2021!
American Society for Reproductive Medicine
11/16/2020 | Press release | Archived content
California Court Denies Widow Right to Posthumous Reproduction
Author: Susan Crockin, J.D.
Origin: ASRM News November 2020
Legally Speaking is a guest authored column. Th specific content of each column is written by the author as he/she understands the facts--scientific, medical, legal or otherwise--as they relate to the informaion presented, and in no way reflects ASRM's understanding, opinion or presentation of these facts.
A California Court of Appeals upheld a trial court's ruling that a widow had no right to use her deceased husband's sperm without an affirmative showing that he intended her to do so. As a result, the court dismissed her lawsuit against an IVF physician, program and storage facility that lost the sperm. The facts are taken from the plaintiff's complaint because the appeal was based on whether or not the plaintiff's complaint alleged viable causes of action: the standard of review is to accept facts recited in the complaint as factually accurate and assess whether--assuming those facts are true--the legal claims can proceed. The case highlights a number of legal issues arising from posthumous (or comatose) extraction, use and parentage, and the different analyses and outcomes among different state laws, as well as ethics committees.
The lawsuit was brought by Sarah Robertson, whose deceased husband, Aaron Robertson, had suffered from Marfan syndrome. According to her complaint, the couple had been married in 1995 and 'planned to start a family when reliable medical technology existed' in order to prevent transmitting the disease to any offspring. In 2004, at age 29, Aaron had a stroke and fell into an irreversible coma, from which he died a week later. Before his death, Sarah requested, and UCLA's ethics committee approved, extraction of Aaron's sperm.
Six vials were obtained, frozen, and stored. Sarah continuously paid storage fees, initially to Tyler Medical Clinic which froze and stored the sperm, and starting in 2006, as she noted, to another entity. At that time, she contacted the physician at Tyler Medical Center for reassurance the specimens would be safely maintained as she intended to use them to conceive in the future. She was informed by that physician that he was retiring but that another physician who had joined the practice, the defendant Peyman Saadat, would be purchasing the business and the specimens would continue to be safely stored. In 2006, the business purchase was completed, and the tissue bank contents were transferred to Saadat's facility. In April 2014, Sarah requested the vials be transferred to UCLA so she could access them for treatment and was later told that the clinic could only locate one of the vials. At one point she alleges she was told the other vials were likely lost in a fire, but she later learned the fire occurred at least a year before Aaron's sperm vials were stored. Sarah made arrangements to transfer the remaining vial, and alleged Saadat instead repeatedly attempted to intimidate her to allow him to perform her treatments. In April 2015, the clinic informed her the only remaining vial belonged to another individual with the same first name as Aaron. Sarah unsuccessfully attempted to have the clinic notify its patients they might have unknowingly conceived with Aaron's sperm.
In her lawsuit, Sarah Robertson relied on several legal theories, and amended her complaint after the trial court struck a number of her causes of action. She ultimately presented causes of action for: professional negligence (against Dr. Saadat only); breach of oral and written contract; negligent infliction of emotional distress; negligence, fraud, misrepresentation, and/or, concealment; and violations of federal regulations and California commercial and business and professions codes. Aaron's parents initially joined as plaintiffs, but the trial court dismissed their claims for lack of legal standing. The factual bases for the widow's claims included that the defendant physician and business denied her an opportunity to have her deceased husband's biological child, necessitating her expending additional costs for fertility treatments, emotional distress for both her lost opportunity and the fear that others received Aaron's sperm and might have children at risk of Marfan syndrome, and that the defendants had made false representations through their website, advertising and promotional materials that they had the ability to store reproductive tissue safely.
The trial court ruled against the plaintiff, finding she had no right to use the sperm for reproductive purposes, and that allowing her claim would be against public policy, and therefore, she was entitled to no relief. The court dismissed the complaint, and this appeal followed.
On appeal, the court put aside the public policy issues, and scrutinized the alleged facts in the complaint. It concluded that all of the plaintiff's claims were predicated on a claim that she was legally entitled to use her deceased husband's lost sperm to conceive. The court found that under California law she had no such right, as there was insufficient evidence of his consent to either extraction of his sperm or posthumous procreative use of it. Without that consent, it ruled she had no right to have extracted or used the sperm, and therefore, could not press claims for harm and resulting damages. The court dismissed the case in its entirety.
The court reviewed California law, including two cases in that state involving claims to use a deceased's sperm. In the first, Hecht v. Superior Court (1993), the California Supreme Court upheld posthumous use, over the objection of the deceased's former wife on behalf of their adult children, where he had expressly and in writing authorized posthumous release to, and use by, his current partner. That court distinguished sperm from embryos, ruling disposition of the former was completely at the discretion of the deceased. It also rejected any claim that the planned posthumous conception violated public policy. In the second case, Estate of Kievernagel (2008), a widow failed to persuade a California Appeals Court to allow her access to her deceased husband's stored sperm even though they had been undergoing IVF treatment at the time of his accidental death. In that case, the husband's storage agreement had indicated his sperm should be discarded at death, and his parents intervened in the case to object to her use--informing the court the couple had been on the verge of divorce and undergoing IVF in an attempt to save their marriage.
In the present case, the Appeals Court cited certain principles from both cases: first, that sperm was a unique type of property and not governed by ordinary rules of property and gift law; second, that a deceased person maintains an interest in the nature of ownership and decision-making authority over their gametic material so that their intent is dispositive; third, that in contrast to embryos, there is no balancing test to consider; and fourth, that a surviving spouse has no independent, fundamental right to procreate with her deceased partner's gametes. The court cited California statutes to support its findings, including that California does not recognize a posthumously conceived or born child for testamentary purposes without a decedent's written express indication to recognize any such child. It also rejected any applicability of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, which allows surviving spouses to make anatomical gifts for 'transplantation,' to sperm for procreation.
The court also rejected the widow's argument that it should follow the reasoning of a 2019 New York case, Matter of Zhu, where parents of a West Point Cadet killed on a ski slope were allowed to retrieve his sperm for potential future procreative use (with a surrogate), in part based on his being an organ donor and his prior statements about wanting to have a family and carry on his lineage. In contrast, the California court said its laws on intestacy and use were different from New York's, but more significantly it noted, '[f]urther, we respectfully disagree that the signing of an organ donor card… and expressions of a desire to have children and carry on the family legacy are sufficient to indicate an intention to allow one's gametic material to be used for posthumous conception.'
The court also noted it was not bound by UCLA's ethics panel and risk management department, which had authorized the unconsented retrieval and posthumous use. ASRM's Ethics Committee Opinion on the subject also suggests that, subject to applicable law, in the absence of explicit consent from a deceased, programs may ethically choose to act, or not act, on such requests from a surviving spouse where there is either evidence the partner would have agreed or at least not objected. This case highlights the point that the law need not follow, and has the power to override, any professional ethical guidance.
Concluding that the widow had no right to either extract or use the sperm absent consent from her deceased husband, the court found she was entitled to no relief whatsoever. It rejected her argument that she was not looking to use the sperm (which was no longer available) but seeking damages for its loss and for her mental distress. It should be noted that, as a result, the professionals and storage facility who were responsible for retrieving and then maintaining the reproductive tissue, who charged and received payment for storage services for several years, and on whose storage services the widow had relied, apparently faced no legal penalties for their failure to do so. The court affirmed the dismissal of the lawsuit and also awarded the defendants their costs on appeal.
Robertson v. Saadat, 262 Cal. Rptr. 3d 215 (Cal. Ct. App. 2020)
HFEA Changes Surrogacy Rules on Exporting Sperm, Eggs and Embryos from the UK to US
As Legally Speaking went to press, the UK's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has reportedly agreed to update its guidance and relax rules for shipping gametes and embryos to the US for surrogacy following a challenge from Brilliant Beginnings and the Natalie Gamble Law firm. The change involves removing an interpretative guidance that required an assurance that any surrogacy was not 'commercial.' The changes and their implications for cross-border surrogacy between the UK and the US will be more fully reported in an upcoming Legally Speaking column.
A column highlighting recent court decisions affecting the assisted reproductive technologies and the families they create, written by Susan L. Crockin, J.D. and guest authors who offer unique perspectives and expertise on significant legal topics.
Smartlinks | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | News | Crime and Judiciary | Judiciary | Health | Health Organizations | Industry Organizations | Judiciary | Professional and Trade Associations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An essential collection of Henry Lawson's best-loved stories.
Rogues, larrikins and the lost people - these timeless stories range from inspired, laconic comedies to pathos and tragedy. this selection showcases Lawson's range as a fiction writer and highlights his profound influence on how Australians see themselves. Here are delightful tales, thrilling tales, tales of love, of strife and of adventure, tales full of humour - stories of every mood, all alive with the magic of Lawson's genius, a genius which ranks with that of the world's greatest short-story writers. Includes 'the Drover's Wife', 'the Union Buries Its Dead' and 'the Loaded Dog'.


text:
For Mary Karen Read, see Virginia Tech massacre § Norris Hall shootings.
Mary Read (1685 – 28 April 1721), also known as Mark Read, was an English pirate. She and Anne Bonny are two of the most famed female pirates of all time, and among the few women known to have been convicted of piracy during the early 18th century, at the height of the "Golden Age of Piracy".
An 1842 sketch of Read (right) killing a pirate
28 April 1721 (aged 35–36)
Port Royal, Colony of Jamaica
Piratical career
English-allied infantry and cavalry in Holland
c. 1708–1721
Read was born in England in 1685. She began dressing as a boy at a young age, at first by her mother in order to receive inheritance money and then as teenager in order to join the British military. She then married and upon her husband's death moved to the West Indies around 1715. In 1720 she met Jack Rackham and joined his crew, dressing as a man alongside Anne Bonny. Her time as a pirate was successful but short lived, as she, Bonny and Rackham were arrested in November 1720. Although Rackham was swiftly executed, both Read and Bonny claimed to be pregnant and received delayed sentences. Read died of a fever in April 1721, likely due to complications from the pregnancy.
Mary Read was born in Kingdom of England in 1685. Her mother had married a sailor and had a son.[1] After her husband disappeared at sea, Mary's mother became pregnant after an extramarital love affair. Read's mother attempted to hide the pregnancy by going to live with friends in the country. Shortly thereafter, her son died, and she gave birth to Mary. In financial distress, her mother decided to disguise Mary as her dead son, in order to receive monetary support from her late husband's mother. The grandmother was apparently fooled, and mother and daughter lived on the inheritance into Mary's teen years. Dressed as a boy, Read found work as a foot-boy, and, then, employment on a ship.[2]
She later joined the British military, which was allied with Dutch forces against the French (this could have been during the Nine Years War or during the War of the Spanish Succession). Read, in male disguise, proved herself through battle, but fell in love with a Flemish soldier. When they married, she used their military commission and gifts from intrigued brethren in arms to acquire an inn named "De drie hoefijzers" ("The Three Horseshoes") near Breda Castle in The Netherlands.
Upon her husband's early death, Read resumed male dress and military service in Holland. With peace, there was no room for advancement, so she quit and boarded a ship bound for the West Indies.[3]
Becoming a pirateEdit
A contemporary engraving of Mary Read
Read's ship was taken by pirates, whom she willingly joined. She accepted the King's pardon c. 1718–1719, then took a commission to privateer, but joined the crew in mutiny. In 1720 she joined pirate John "Calico Jack" Rackham and his companion, Anne Bonny, who both believed her to be a man. On 22 August 1720, the three stole an armed sloop named William[4] from port in Nassau.[5][6] Scholars are uncertain how female pirates like Read and Bonny concealed their sex in a male-dominated environment.[7] Some scholars, however, have theorized that the wearing of breeches by female pirates may have been either a method of hiding their identity or simply as practical clothing that solidified their working place on board the ship among the other seamen.
When Bonny told Read that she was a woman (apparently because she was attracted to her), Read revealed that she too was a woman. To abate the jealousy of her lover, Rackham, who suspected romantic involvement between the two, Bonny told him that Read was a woman.[8] Speculation over the relationship between Bonny and Read led to images depicting the two in battle together.[9]
A victim of the pirates, Dorothy Thomas, left a description of Read and Bonny: They "wore men's jackets, and long trousers, and handkerchiefs tied about their heads: and ... each of them had a machete and pistol in their hands and they cursed and swore at the men to murder her [Dorothy Thomas]." Thomas also recorded that she knew that they were women, "from the largeness of their breasts."[10]
Capture and imprisonmentEdit
On 15 November 1720 pirate hunter, Captain Jonathan Barnet, took Rackham's crew by surprise, while they hosted a rum party with another crew of Englishmen at Negril Point off the west coast of Colony of Jamaica.[11] After a volley of fire disabled the pirate vessel, Rackham's crew and their "guests" fled to the hold, leaving only the women and one other to fight Barnet's boarding party[6] (it is also possible that Rackham and his crew were too drunk to fight). Allegedly, Read angrily shot into the hold, killing one, and wounding others, when the men would not come up and fight with them. Barnet's crew eventually overcame the women. Rackham surrendered, requesting "quarter".[12]
Rackham and his crew were arrested and brought to trial in what is now Spanish Town, Jamaica, where they were sentenced to hang for acts of piracy, as were Read and Bonny. However, the women revealed they were both "quick with child" (known as "pleading the belly"), and received temporary stays of execution.[13]
Read died of a violent fever while in prison. Her 28 April 1721 burial is in the records of St. Catherine's church in Jamaica.[5] There is no record of the burial of her baby, suggesting that she may have died while pregnant.
A fictionalized version of Mary Read appears in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and is voiced by Olivia Morgan.[14][15][16][17][18] She poses as James Kidd, the illegitimate son of Captain William Kidd, and is a member of the Assassin Order.[19][20][21]
The 2006 TV film True Caribbean Pirates featured Mary Read portrayed by Kimberly Adair.[22]
The 1961 Italian film Le avventure di Mary Read told the story of Mary Read, who was portrayed by Lisa Gastoni.[23]
Mary Read is also portrayed in the Detective Conan animated film Jolly Roger in the Deep Azure along with Anne Bonny.
Mary Read is a playable character in Fate/Grand Order as a Rider-class Servant alongside with Anne Bonny and is voiced by Ayako Kawasumi (Bonny) and Ai Nonaka (Read).
Read (Cara Roberts) introduces herself to Anne Bonny under the name of Mark Read in the final episode of Black Sails.[24]
Mary Read is featured in the song "The Ballad of Mary Read and Anne Bonny" by the Baja Brigade.[25]
Mary Read is featured in the song "Under the Flag of Mary Read" by Italian metal band Secret Sphere.
Mary Read and Anne Bonny are featured in the song "Five Guns West" by Adam and the Ants.
Mary Read and Anne Bonny are featured in the novel The Unbinding of Mary Reade by Miriam McNamara.
Mary Read, The Duel, from the Pirates of the Spanish Main series (N19) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes MET DP835033
Women in piracy
John Bear
^ Cordingly, David (2007). Seafaring women : adventures of pirate queens, female stowaways, and sailors' wives (2007 Random House Trade paperback ed.). New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 9780375758720. OCLC 140617965.
^ Cordingly, David (1996). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. New York: Random House. p. 61.
^ Druett, Joan (2005) [2000]. She captains : heroines and hellions of the sea. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0760766916. OCLC 70236194.
^ Rogers, Woodes (10 October 1720). "A proclamation". The Boston Gazette.
^ a b Woodard, Colin. "Mary Read Biography".
^ a b Cordingly, David (2006). Under the Black Flag. New York: Random House. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0812977226.
^ O'Driscoll, Sally. "The Pirate's Breasts: Criminal Women and the Meanings of the Body." The Eighteenth Century 53, no. 3, 357-379 (2012). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23365017, 374
^ Johnson, Charles (1724). A General History of the Pyrates. London: T. Warner. p. 162. […] this Intimacy so disturb'd Captain Rackam, who was the Lover and Gallant of Anne Bonny, that he grew furiously jealous, so that he told Anne Bonny, he would cut her new Lover's Throat, therefore, to quiet him, she let him into the Secret also.
^ Burl, Aubrey (2006). Black Barty: Bartholomew Roberts and his Pirate Crew 1718-1723. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9781846324338. OCLC 852757012.
^ Pallardy, Richard. "Anne Bonny". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Baldwin, Robert (1721). The Trials of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates. Jamaica.
^ Johnson, Charles (1724). A General History of Pyrates (1st ed.). London: T. Warner.
^ Kain, Erik (10 December 2013). "The Surprisingly Beautiful Ending Of 'Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'". Forbes. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Ehrhardt, Michelle (28 September 2015). "Assassin's Creed: Syndicate to Feature First Trans Character". Out. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Dnicola, Nick (30 July 2014). "The Assassins' Propaganda". PopMatters. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Silver, Dan (29 October 2013). "Assassin's Creed IV Black Flag review: Will you have a whale of a time on high seas adventure?". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Hamilton, Kirk (29 October 2013). "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag: The Kotaku Review". Kotaku. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ McIntee, David (20 January 2016). Fortune and Glory: A Treasure Hunter's Handbook. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 9781472807861.
^ Mize, Clint (28 October 2013). "We played 'Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag' and here's what we learned". MTV News. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Wong, Steven (10 November 2014). "Assassin's Creed: Can the Assassins Win the War?". Shacknews. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Schei, Kelley (2 January 2007). Zarker, Karen (ed.). "True Caribbean Pirates". PopMatters. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
^ Dziki, Oskar (8 June 2016). "Queen of the Seas (1961). Włoska heroina na morzu". Kinomisja (in Polish). Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ Patten, Dominic (2 April 2017). Fleming, Mike (ed.). "'Black Sails' Creators On Tonight's Series Finale & More Possible Pirate Adventures". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
^ "The Ballad of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, by The Baja Brigade". The Baja Brigade. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Read.
General History of the Pyrates
Mary Read article at woa.tv
Mary Read at Find a Grave
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Read&oldid=899339648"


text:
Joel Kahn
Health Hero Victoria Dupuy: Fighting to End Heart Attacks
Victoria Dupuy 2nd from the right
During Heart Month the focus is on prevention of the #1 killer of men and women, coronary artery disease, a process that is largely preventable and also reversible. I am energized that I am not alone on the platform of teaching as many persons as possible both the real risk of heart disease and the optimistic outlook of early detection and reversal. One of those I am honored to share the mission with is Victoria Dupuy. I am inspired by Victoria Dupuy and honored to call her me my friend. She has just been profiled in a moving interview on her passion for heart prevention. I wanted to share some further perspectives on the force of heart health that Victoria represents.
On September 23, 2013 Victoria received a phone call that her husband of 23 years and father of her two children, Dean, had died suddenly at age 46. That morning Dean had been a successful computer executive in Silicon Valley. His death came without warning, without known health risks, and without a family history of early heart disease. In fact, Dean had recently had his annual physical and was in excellent health. He was not overweight, did not smoke, and was physically active (a runner, mountain bike rider, hockey player, and skier) with normal blood pressure, and normal cholesterol.
When the Dean's cause of death was revealed it was determined that even though Dean passed all of the benchmarks for a healthy body, there was a life-threatening level of plaque blocking the vital arteries of his heart. On the day that Dean died, without any signs or symptoms, the plaque in his heart ruptured — causing a sudden and, sadly, fatal heart attack that was the end result of a process likely building up for years.
Victoria began the difficult task of coming to terms with the sudden loss of her vibrant and healthy husband. She finally came to the point where she could read about heart disease. She wondered why Dean had not had any testing for this condition, the number one killer of men and women in the USA. She read about lab tests, stress tests, and particularly a CT scan of the heart called a Coronary Artery Calcium Scan (CACS). She watched a documentary called The Widowmaker that outlined the development of this test and how it could save lives. She spoke with Dean's doctor, who told her that there was no standard screening for heart disease in someone that seemed low risk like Dean.
By the end of 2014 Victoria channeled her grief in the most positive way she could and founded No More Broken Hearts, a nonprofit 5013c corporation. The mission of No More Broken Hearts was to provide education and awareness that more routine use of the CACS could save lives, even in fit and asymptomatic patients like Dean. The test, which is a CT scan that does not require an IV or iodine contrast dye, takes under a minute, is inexpensive, and had been extensively researched right in San Francisco. It has been proven in hundreds of medical research studies to be the most accurate way to identify aging arteries long before heart attacks and death.
From the start, Victoria had a vision of where she wanted No More Broken Hearts to go. She spoke to experts, called me and invited me out to San Jose to speak at one of her annual fundraisers, and met with many corporate sponsors. Victoria asked why CACS was not as common as other screening tests like mammograms and colonoscopies used to prevent the loss of lives in asymptomatic persons. Why not make CACS the "mammogram of the heart", mount a unit in a mobile unit, and bring it out to the public at workplaces and community events, and save lives.
On the 5th anniversary of her dear husband's death, Victoria accomplished her dream of helping others and preventing heart attacks. A beautiful red bus, refurbished from a luxury cruiser, was introduced at a fundraiser. Boldly painted with the phrases "In A HeartBeat" Heart Health Program and "Know Your Score", the mobile CACS unit is furnished with a state of the art heart CT scanner and will begin offering screening heart CTs to the public before the year is out.
Victoria is a true hero and a represents how the human spirit can suffer through an enormous loss yet recover with in a positive manner. When Victoria founded No More Broken Hearts 4 years ago she created a vision board with picture of a mobile CT scanner to prevent tragic heart deaths. Through her poise, passion, and energy, Victoria has succeeded where most others do not and a new era of bringing accurate diagnosis and prevention will certainly result in fewer broken hearts in the future.
More from Joel Kahn
Professor of Cardiology, Summa cum Laude grad, Kahn Center for Longevity and GreenSpace Cafe. www.drjoelkahn.com @drjkahn. Author The Plant Based Solution NEW
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text:
TSX drops as oil sags below $30
Oil prices fell below US$30 a barrel for the first time in nearly two weeks as North American markets posted steep losses today.
By Aleksandra Sagan The Canadian Press
Tue., Feb. 2, 2016timer2 min. read
Oil prices fell below US$30 a barrel Tuesday for the first time in nearly two weeks as North American markets posted steep losses and the Canadian dollar lost half a U.S. cent.
The March contract for benchmark U.S. crude fell US$1.74 to US$29.88 a barrel. Crude has lost nearly US$4 over two days, roiling markets worldwide.
"Everything is correlated to oil these days," said Michael Greenberg, portfolio manager at Franklin Templeton Solutions. "Markets that shouldn't be correlated to oil are correlated to oil."
The Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX index fell 232.11 points to 12,442.26, adding to a weak start to the month's trading. It has lost nearly 380 points over the first two days of February, a decline of close to three per cent.
New York indexes were also in full retreat, with the Dow Jones industrial average plummeting 295.64 points at 16,153.54, while the S&P 500 fell 36.35 points to 1,903.03 and the Nasdaq lost 103.42 points to 4,516.95.
The renewed downswing in the price of oil also dragged down the loonie, which dropped exactly half a cent to 71.29 cents US.
The slide in oil prices also brought down markets outside North America.
In Europe, Germany's DAX finished 1.8 per cent lower, while France's CAC-40 fell 2.5 per cent and Britain's FTSE 100 lost 2.7 per cent.
In Asia, Tokyo's Nikkei 225 earlier closed 0.6 per cent lower, South Korea's Kospi index fell one per cent and Hong Kong's Hang Seng was off 0.8 per cent. China's man index, the Shanghai composite, was an outlier, gaining 2.26 per cent.
"It seems, these days, as oil goes, so do broad markets," Greenberg said.
The price of oil last closed below US$30 a barrel on Jan. 21 when it settled at US$29.53 a barrel. It rallied back, hovering above US$33 late last week.
Those gains were spurred by rumours that Russia and OPEC would co-operate on a co-ordinated cut to production, Greenberg said.
"It's looking like that's maybe not as likely," he said.
Still, Greenberg expects the recent fall in oil prices will diminish production later this year, balancing out the current glut of crude on the market. That will "lead to a more sustainable rally in energy prices," he said.
As a result, the Canadian dollar could get a lift, he added.
"Potentially the worst is behind us for the decline in the loonie."
Elsewhere in commodities, March natural gas fell 12.7 cents to US$2.025 per mmBtu, while April gold dropped 80 cents to US$1,127.20 a troy ounce.


text:
This Body-Positive Nude Photo Series Shows the Fatter, Queerer Side of V-Day Love
By Nicolas DiDomizio
This Valentine's Day, as with every Valentine's Day, we'll be subjected to ad after ad after ad of thin, conventionally attractive straight couples in love. IRL, many of these couples will likely celebrate the holiday with a night filled with rose petals and super-special, super-hot V-Day sex.
But you know who's also gonna be having some super-special, super-hot V-Day sex? Fat people! And fat gay people! Because they do exist.
We're not exactly used to seeing unapologetically overweight, nude depictions of love and sex in mainstream culture. But photographer Substantia Jones, founder of The Adipositivity Project, aims to change that. For the past few years, she's been releasing an annual "Valentine's Series" (which Mic has covered in the past), artful sets of photographs depicting fat-on-fat love to celebrate Valentine's Day. This year, she's taking the series a step further by shooting an even more diverse range of couples, including her first ever same-sex male couple.
"I'm particularly excited about this year's series," Jones told Mic in an email.
Note: A number of the following photos contain nudity, so may be deemed NSFW by some.
Substantia Jones/The Adipositivity Project
Jones said that while her year-round Adipositivity photos are meant to inspire individuals to celebrate their bodies, the Valentine's Series is special because it gives fat people a chance to loudly proclaim their love to the world via intimate portraits.
"Many fat people and their partners feel excluded from those sorts of declarations, for fear of bigoted ridicule," she said.
She added that most of her subjects come to her requesting photo shoots after finding her work on the internet.
"Some tell me seeing my photos has been transformational for them, easing their body shame and arming them with what they need to push back against sizeist bigotry," she told Mic. "Others just tell me they're pleased to add The Adipositivity Project to their fat acceptance arsenal."
Indeed, many couples report that posing for Jones has been something of a liberating or even therapeutic experience.
"Learning to love my body has been a slow process," said 42-year-old "SK" in an email to Mic. "I sat for Substantia with my partner and have hung up a print of her photo in my bedroom to remind myself that what I have been taught about beauty is not only wrong, but harmful."
"I don't consider myself to have a lot of body issues, and I've certainly done some strange things in my life, but posing in my skivvies in public was not on that list," said Nick, one half of the same-sex couple featured in this year's Valentine series. "[But] it's funny how not awkward it was once I took off my clothes and posed."
As for the usage of the word "fat" in her series, Jones told Mic that she prefers it to other descriptors of larger people that may inadvertently perpetuate the thin-worshipping body standards that she hopes to combat with her work.
"The word 'fat' is a morally neutral descriptor," she wrote in a press release sent to Mic. "I use it, and I encourage you to. I am fat. 'Overweight,' however, is a term of judgment, suggesting there's an agreed-upon size beyond which one mustn't exist. And 'obese' pathologizes a naturally occurring point on the spectrum of benign human size variation."
Regardless of the terminology, Jones aims to spread a positive message of self-love to people of all sizes with her photos.
"You must love your own body in order to fully appreciate a partner loving it," she said. "I can't imagine having a fulfilled sex life without loving your body."
Check out more of Substantia's work over at her website.


The dramatic second Act of the 2011 Extreme Sailing Series at the Olympic sailing venue in Qingdao proved to be the perfect amphitheatre for the stadium format racing.
Capsizes, collisions and after 29 races over five days just five points separated the two former America's Cup adversaries, Luna Rossa and Emirates Team New Zealand at the end.
The Italian team fought to the finish to claim the Double Star Cup in the very final double-points race.
"We are really happy," said skipper Max Sirena, "It should be a long night for the Luna Rossa team tonight! It's a great result for us as we are a new team even if we have Paul and Alistair onboard who where part of the winning team last year, but Manuel and I are still learning.
"Compared to our result in Muscat, we really see the improvement here in Qingdao as our boat handling and the communication onboard is a lot better."
The 44 sailors will leave Qingdao with some very vivid memories. The dramatic skyline of the city - the buildings fully lit up at night by neon lights; the hospitality and graciousness of their Qingdao hosts; the spectacular opening ceremony; and perhaps, not surprisingly, the drama of day three.
A major collision, four capsizes and one broken mast was the tally after a day of strong gusty conditions, but the next day following a night of recovery saw all the boats and crew racing again.
The Qingdao public witnessed the 11-boat fleet in survival mode on Friday and tactical light-wind battles over the last two days, with fleet racing inside and outside Fushan Bay, one on one match racing and speed duels.
"The last few days the weather has been difficult but you know we have to be prepared for the difficult conditions," said Dean Barker, Emirates Team New Zealand skipper who talked down his disappointment.
"Realistically five boats were still in a position to win the event this morning. We had a couple of shockers yesterday but all in all it went pretty well so I'm very satisfied. The Almeria event was only October last year so being on the podium here is a big improvement, but we still have a long way to go."
The all-French team on board Groupe Edmond de Rothschild, winners of Act 1, also sailed brilliantly today to clinch the final podium place in third.
Red Bull Extreme Sailing, one of the capsize victim's, will be disappointed with their fourth-placed result here after such a strong start in the early stages of Act 2.
Similarly disappointed were the Swiss team of Alinghi, who went into the final day challenging for the podium, "We started the event well but it didn't go really well today with a few mistakes on the start lines, tactical decisions, speed of the boat, everything was tough for us," said skipper Tanguy Cariou (FRA). "We are really disappointed with the result but we have to analyse and debrief to improve in Istanbul."
Artemis Racing skippered by Argentinian Santi Lange, in place of resident skipper Terry Hutchinson, not surprisingly took a bit of time to find their form without little training time but evolved into a contender at the halfway stage to finish a respectable sixth place.
The Wave, Muscat and Oman Air who had a big collision early on day three and then both capsized later, finished in seventh and ninth place respectively after rallying in the light airs of the last two days.
"What a week it has been for u think it's the best day for Oman Air since the beginning of the season. Winning a race today and doing a few good starts was key for us," said Oman Air skipper, Sidney Gavignet (FRA). "It's good to believe in ourselves again, we were looking like stupid freaks two days ago and I think we look a bit more solid today."
Roland Gaebler's Team Extreme who look to sail with a local sailor at each venue, were really happy with their performance here posting three race wins to finish in eighth place overall. Both Yan Zhi Zhang from Qingdao and William Wu from Shanghai got the opportunity to train and race with the team over the five days. Rounding up the Act 2 leader board were the Italian team Niceforyou and Britain's Team GAC Pindar who both displayed some winning moments here but are still climbing the Extreme 40 multihull learning curve.
The 2011 Extreme Sailing Series now heads for Istanbul, Turkey, over the 25th-29th May.


text:
The Mariinsky Theatre – My Personal Tiffany & Co.
Published on August 10, 2014 August 14, 2018 by Euroculturer Magazine
Ting-jung Chen ᅵ tingjungchen828@gmail.com
When I first walked into this renowned theatre, it was to enjoy a ballet called "La Bayadère". It turned out to be more than a mere pilgrimage for a Russian major come to check what she had learnt in her classes about the importance of "Marinka" as an illustrious national cultural heritage. It was indeed an overwhelmingly sensational experience that revealed how aesthetic perfection can inspire strength. The concordance of the legendary corps de ballet, the charm of soloists, the harmony with the orchestra and the terpsichorean magnificence all transcended the grandeur of the theatre's frescos and chandeliers. Since then, the Mariinsky theatre has become my magical sapphire house, akin to Tiffany & Co. for Holly Golightly. The theatre is not unlike a Fabergé egg; although it is lavishly decorated and stunning from the outside, its true mesmerising beauty lies within.
Through this testimony I would thus like to share how I was inspired by my personal Tiffany & Co.
There is more to beauty in the terpsichorean world than meets the eye. Notwithstanding the theatre's gorgeous high reliefs adorned with radiant gold and its grand azure dome displaying a circle of dancing angels, the essence of the theatre lies behind an extravagant curtain. What happens on the stage once the curtain is raised outshines all those luxurious embellishments even more. Under dazzling tiaras, delicate tutus and satin point shoes, one also discovers the strenuous training that enables the dancers to express lyrical poetry through their bodily expressions. Writers write with words; dancers interpret with their moves. The passionate vitality of Scheherazade and the Golden Slave, the delicate fragility of Odette and Siegfried, the adorable vibrancy of Kitri and Basilio, the amorous joy of Aurora and Désiré, the innocent frolic of Masha and the Nutcracker Prince, the tragic dilemma of Solor and Nikiya – all the characteristics and emotions are conveyed to the audience by the dancers' interpretations , which involves extremely difficult dancing techniques. The combination of awe-inspiring talent and sincere devotion embodies the dancers' aesthetic perfection. In all the bitter and sweet moments of life, especially those bitter ones, I find instant relief by simply enjoying the sheer beauty of the performance. It always helps just to appreciate graceful variations and harmonious pas de deux. Remembering such enchanting jewels is pleasurable, and in those moments I feel convinced that life is beautiful.
Diligence
It takes talent and diligence to express supreme wonders through movement. Every time I go to a ballet I am reminded of the efforts the dancers must devote to their profession so that they can stand in the spotlights. There is no doubt that all professions require a degree of diligence, but the reason why ballet stands out to me is that those seemingly delicate and fragile nuances in every movement demand extraordinary strength. This contrast enhances the importance of both the results and the processes involved. Diligence is a vital element in people's lives. "No pain, no gain", they say. Watching a performance at the Mariinsky always reminds me of the importance of this factor, that indeed success is only achievable through hard work.
The Mariinsky theatre works in close cooperation with a school: the Vaganova Academy. As the main supplier of its outstanding dancers, it is without doubt an vital part of the theatre's foundation. The Vaganova Academy is important because it preserves the Saint Petersburg style of ballet, which is renown for its stringent discipline, thorough techniques and willowy port de bras. When pupils are still in the Academy, they are invited to perform repertoires in the theatre such as the Nutcracker from time to time. One of my most memorable experiences is the graduation performance of the Academy in 2011. After watching prima ballerinas for a while, seeing the pupils dancing was very refreshing. When going to a ballet that stars a dazzling prima ballerina, one cannot help but feel the pull of her irresistible charms. The surprise lies in her unique interpretation that differs from those of the other prima ballerinas enacting the same role. However, seeing pupils is another story. They are like unpolished diamonds, and what you expect is plausible potential rather than destined glory. On the dreamy but cruel stage, they have to present what they have learnt and inherited from the fascinating Academy. For sure, it is a stressful experience, but leaving one's mark in history should be like that.
The labyrinth of life requires a lighthouse giving directions and reviving hopes. The Mariinsky theatre is an aquamarine in my life that not only enriches the artistic facets, but also the momentum of tackling predicaments.
Ting-jung Chen, Contributing Writer
Ting-jung is from Taiwan, majored in Slavic Languages and Literatures, minored in Diplomacy at the National Chengchi University (Taiwan). She spent her senior year in Saint Petersburg State University. Ting-jung started Euroculture in 2013 at the University of Göttingen, and continued further north to Uppsala in the second semester. Her interests revolve around literature, international relations, fencing (sabre) and watching ballet.
Categories Culture, Opinion•Tags art, Ballet, culture, Euroculture Göttingen, Euroculture Uppsala, Mariinsky Theatre, Marinka, Opera, Theatre
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Located on the second floor, the three-bedroom, three-bath condo can sleep eight guests. The Master bedroom has a king, and the second bedroom has a queen.while the loft bedroom has two twin beds and one queen size bed. Tropically furnished and appointed, this condo has recently been remodeled and redecorated to make your stay even more enjoyable. For indoor entertainment, four cable TV's and a DVD/CD player are provided. The fully equipped kitchen adds to your cooking and dining pleasure. The large wrap around lanai is a great spot for total relaxation with its panoramic view, and provides guests with a wonderful dining location. The flaming sunsets are always spectacular and each is unique in its panorama of exploding color. This is a non smoking/ vaping property.
Great to have you all stay with us! See you next time!
It was a pleasure having you and your family stay with us!
Sounds perfect! Mahalo for taking the time to tell us about your stay!
This was the 2nd time I have stayed in 201. That unit was perfect for my family with all the beds we needed plus the space on the lanai for everyone. There are some maintenance items needed in this unit, especially new shower heads. They are terrible. The location couldn't be better. Easier beach access would be a huge plus but I understand the logistics of dealing with the county to make that happen. I spoke with Don (owner) next door and he explained some of the upcoming renovations so we will be looking forward to our next visit...probably Feb or March 2020.
Beautiful ocean views, close to town and groceries. Easy to get too. Highly recommend this place.
Mahalo for letting us know about the area as well!
We have been to Maui several times and this is by far the best view we've ever had!!! We were a little concerned that the place had no AC but it wasn't an issue with the great trade winds that came in. We had 6 people and it worked perfectly. My only thing I would say is that I feel they should have provided more bath towels, but that wasn't that big of an issue. We would highly recommend this place. Can't wait to go back again!!!
The crossbreeze from the ocean is quite pleasant and we are pleased you enjoyed it! Mahalo for staying with us and we look forward to your next visit!
I can not say enough about how much we enjoyed staying here! The location of this unit in particular can not be beat, it is a corner unit so we got the ocean breeze from every side and the view was beyond belief!! Whales jumping everywhere and the sea turtles literally came out if the ocean and right up beside you to say hello. The unit was very clean and well equipped with everything we needed. The property is also very well kept and the grills were cleaned daily so no worries. This is a very small resort property and because of that, it was quiet and not over crowded at the pool. Every one was extremely friendly from the residents to the management. We had only one small problem when we arrived, one of the TV's was not working, this would normally not even be a problem, but the Olympic's were on!!HaHa. Someone came immediately and took care of the problem! I would highly recommend this property to everyone and especially this unit! If we ever decide to stay on Maui again, we will definitely come back.
This was our third time staying in unit 201. We had a wonderful time. The kitchen is well equipped and everything works. There were new, more comfortable chairs on the lanai. The view is fantastic. 270 degrees and unobstructed. The grounds are well kept and the staff is friendly and helpful.
The only issue we had was with the door not locking and it was fixed a couple hours after I reported it to the front desk. The pool gets sun all day and was never so crowded that we couldn't find a place to lounge. The beds are comfortable and the unit was clean when we arrived. There are always picky little things I can mention, but overall, if you need three bedroom and want to stay in a lovely spot, this place is pretty much impossible to beat. I am partial to smaller facilities with fewer guests, so this was ideal.
We stayed in this 3 bedroom/3 bathroom unit for a week and couldn't be happier. Location is great, the manager is very responsive, and the unit was clean and large.
My family stayed here over Thanksgiving 2017. The manager was more than accommodating for our needs as we needed to check in a little early before picking the rest of our party up at the airport. Our 3 bedroom unit was very clean and the deck surrounding the corner unit gave beautiful views of the ocean and its surroundings. If you want a sandy beach to lay on, this may not be the place for you, but if you are looking for a relaxing place only about 5 minutes from Lahaina, to peacefully enjoy time with your family, this might be the place for you.
Polynesian Shores was the perfect place for a family vacation. We had 3 couples and a 19 month old daughter/grand daughter. The space was very adequate and the wrap around deck provided a lot of extra space. The grounds provided walks, swimming, snorkeling, football tossing and beautiful sunsets. We cooked a high percentage of our meals in the kitchen that was equipped with all the essentials. Thanks for a great family experience. If I was to make one change it would be a drop down sun shade on the deck to alleviate the afternoon westerly heat.
Vacation of a lifetime ages 7 to 93!
This was a family vacation of four generations!We had a great time. We especially loved being so close to the water and great location in general. Bree was terrific, very responsive to our needs. One draw back, we did not feel that the resident manager was good about children sharing the property. We respected adult time in the pool and were considerate around the grounds. I suggest it is better suited to adults.
Mahalo for staying with us. We are pleased to hear that you enjoyed your stay.
It was the perfect spot! We could snorkel, watch the turtles, enjoy the beautiful sunsets! The location was convenient to things. It was amazing!
A wonderful relaxing time with family in one of the world's most beautiful places and we had the best view on the island.
The view form unit #201 definitely cannot be beat! Happy to hear you enjoyed your stay!
An awesome location right on the ocean. The big sea turtles were always around to swim with and the view is awesome. Loved the sounds of the ocean at night and in the morning, and a private beach. Even though we had two rental cars the staff at Polynesian Shores was very accommodating about finding extra parking spots for us. All in all a very good experience.
SUPER TIME AGAIN. THIS IS GOT TO BE THE BEST SPOT ON THE ISLAND. OCEAN RIGHT THERE. SUNSETS TO DIE FOR. LOVE IT EVERYTIME WE COME.
Your family was a gem to have stay with us! We look forward to your return very soon!
The condo we had was fantastic. Great sunsets each evening, watching the turtles on the beach and the ability to see three Islands from our lanai made the vacation that much better.
Especially in the whale season, you'll never need to leave the wrap-around deck of 201; the 'wow' when you open the door to this unit carries with you right out to the deck, where I pretty much could have spent my entire trip! Wonderful property... the grounds, BBQ and pool area are as well-kept as the unit. Only note to future travelers, this unit sleeps enough to warrant 2 cars; but, there is only one parking spot with NO OPTION for additional parking on-site. Available parking for additional cars is across the street in a residential area, where parking can be difficult to locate and I harvested an unpleasant note from a local resident who definitely does not like guests from the condominium properties parking on 'their street'. If you can economize your group into a single vehicle, life will be simpler at this unit.
Aloha! The parking can be a bit tricky with our limited spots, we apologize for the inconvenience on this although much appreciate the tip for future guests. We look forward to your next visit to Maui!
It was a great location. After hours check in was easy. The unit #201 was well stocked especially in the kitchen with dishes, glassware, utensils and cookware. The ocean views and wrap around deck were spectacular. Evening dining and whale watching was amazing. It also easily accommodated 6 adults and baby. The internet connection was great and each bedroom had a TV as well. Pool was never overcrowded and the evening lighting of torches was a nice touch. The beach wasn't accessible during our stay due to high surf but we did see the turtles swimming. Never missed air conditioning since the ocean breezes and fans kept the unit very comfortable. Thanks for sharing your little piece of paradise.
This is a gem of a property. Located in the best place I believe for the entire island. Super family friendly and while sleeping every unit can hear the surf. Turtles everywhere, so make sure you bring or rent snorkeling gear.
The ladies in the office, Bre and Terry, are amazing.
We try and come every year.
Aloha! We enjoyed having you and look forward to your return! You and your family were a pleasure!
Unit 201 offers spectacular views, a very good setup for a family, and a location convenient to some of the nicest beaches in West Maui. Third bedroom is a loft, but unit is spacious and well laid out. Staff is helpful. We were told you could get a second parking space if you requested it at booking. Lahaina with its many services is 10-15 minutes away.
Aloha, Mahalo for taking the time to give us your feedback. Our apologies for the miscommunication on parking. This time of year we are very busy and have no additional spots to offer. If we have one available we will always to our best to accommodate our guests.
We really enjoyed our stay at the Polynesian Shores. Our unit was very accommodating for all of us and perfectly located along the ocean shores. The staff was very friendly and helpful also. We would definitely stay there again!
We enjoyed having you and your family stay with us and very much look forward to your next visit!
We loved the unit and the view of the ocean from our balcony! Also loved that we had three bathrooms. The staff was very welcoming and accommodating. We had a welcome sign and a fresh pineapple on the table when we arrived, a very special touch. Mahalo!
Your family was a pleasure to have stay with us and we hope to see you next time you visit Maui!
The property, location and the view are better than they appear on line, which is very nice. We thoroughly enjoyed our 1 week stay and will most likely stay at Polynesian Shores on our next visit. The staff at the front desk were very friendly, helpful and accommodating.
We could not have asked for a better place to stay. We appreciated Polynesian Shore's smaller size and beautiful quiet grounds. It is very family friendly. This particular unit must be the best of the lot as it is situated right next to the beach with views in two directions with the wrap around lanai.We loved the sound of the waves and the breezes that blew through the unit. Loved, loved, loved it!
Polynesian Shores did not disappoint. We have stayed here many times, because there is no place like Polynesian Shores. Unit 201 is perefectly located on the end and is closet to the water. The views are amazing. The unit itself can use some updating, but overal it is a wonderful place to stay and relax. The managing staff are also great to work with.
I have stayed here (201) 5 times, and it gets better each time. We all had a wonderful times. I brought friends and family that had never been to Hawaii. Love the location. We will be back in 2018.. Thank you!!!!! Jeff the res mgr and the girls at the front desk were just wonderful and helpful. Five stars to you both!
Polynesian Shores is the nicest place to stay in Maui. Friendly guests who have returned many times themselves...wonderful view, grounds, pool, and location. The onsite staff is friendly and helpful....and the most amazing thing is that the cost is very reasonable. We ill miss the sunsets, sound of the ocean, and wind in the palms...but our family will return FOR SURE!
Great Condo at Polynesian Shores!
My family and I had a great vacation in unit 201 at Polynesian shores! It easily accommodated our party of 8 adults. You can't get any closer to the ocean. The views were spectacular, whether it be watching the turtles, whales or sunsets! We were lulled to sleep each night by the waves beneath our lanai. Our only complaint was there was no beach while we were on Maui due to wave erosion. Polynesian Shores is a great place to stay if you want a restful vacation away from the big resort crowds but still close to activities!
It was a pleasure having you stay with us and hope to see you next time you visit Maui!
We enjoyed the wonderful view from the lani. It was very relaxing. We were also able to watch whale from the lani with binoculars.
We just returned from a 5 night say at the Polynesian Shores. We stayed in a 3 bedroom/3 bathroom unit #201, 20 feet from the ocean. The wrap around lanai/balcony was amazing! We spent most of our time there, and spotted many whales, sea turtles, and had fun watching the surfers. I can't say enough about this condo and the complex itself. It was beautiful, well maintained, and the staff was incredibly friendly and helpful.
There's not much of a beach, but the view and sound of the waves crashing at night more than made up for it. There's so many awesome beaches in Maui to explore, and this condo was a perfect home base to come back to after our adventures.
A giant thanks to the Polynesian Shores for making our vacation so great! I'd return again in a heartbeat!
This was our second stay at Polynesian Shores and we loved it. The apartment was clean, had all the necessary supplies and in terms of location it was great: not in the hotel zone (which we liked) but not too far, with a good heated pool, and manicured landscape. Experienced turtles and whales sightings from our deck. We even snorkeled with the turtles in the bay below our balcony. Secluded beach 1 minute walking. The only improvement to the management would be to consider the fact that most flights to the island arrive very late and therefore they leave even later on the way back. A little bit unfair to charge 1/2 day for a late check-out (example: arrived at midnight on 1st day and left the apartment at 8 pm on last day).
The place is absolutely gorgeous. We stayed in the last/end condo of the whole unit. Therefore, we have patio on both side. The breeze and the waves truly made it a "paradise vacation". Very clean and nicely kept. We would definitely stay here again. Thanks!
We had room 210 which had the most panoramic view of the ocean. Every morning we set off to sea turtles which were just a scurry of rocks over and every night we fell asleep to waves crashing onto the beach. There was a pool for the kiddos and a loft which they loved. We'd stay there again or next trip.
Best unit right near the water. The only small issue that we had with the condo was it not having air conditioning. Normally, that wouldn't be a problem, but we visited on an unusually hot and humid week.
Very spacious & comfortable place for family of 6 (4 teenagers & parents). Views from lanai were amazing. Beach at our doorstep. Nice pool. Great BBQ. Swam with the turtles. Would be great if there was some shade near the pool & BBQ area. Other than that, facilities were clean & property was well maintained. Would definitely come back.
I have stayed at this property twice and its fantastic. Very relaxing, great location, and way better than the hustle and bustle of a hotel. The locals are great. That is the one thing people need to keep in mind when staying at a condo.. This is there home and some folks loose site of that... That is what makes the place so fantastic in my opinion. I'll be back very soon.
Aloha! We are pleased that you enjoy your stay when you come visit and look forward to your return!
We thoroughly enjoyed our stay in unit 201. There were 3 couples and we had plenty of room.
The unit was very clean and every thing we needed. If we were any closer to the water, we would have been wet. This unit has a wrap around deck which was great for the morning and evening viewing. Giant sea turtles came ashore during the day. We saw 7 one afternoon.
Close to restaurants and shopping. The rental staff was very helpful.
3 things to be aware of. No air conditioning, which seems to be common on all the islands.
Laundry is not in the unit, but on the property and with the windows open and rough seas, it can be a little noisy trying to sleep.
We were there during Tropical Storm Ana and that could have been why the wave were a little rough.
We stayed on three of the islands. We all agreed that this was the best place we stayed and all of us would come back to this unit in a heart beat. Would highly recommend this unit to anyone.
Our week in Maui was enhanced by the great accommodations and friendly people. Our unit looked out over the ocean, what a view. The unit was well equipped and accommodated the 4 of us nicely (it was great to fix meals in when we wanted to, especially at breakfast - plenty of delicious fruit from the Farmer's Market down the road). It was quiet and restful. This was our second time to Hawaii, the first 10 years ago was to Kauai. Everyone was helpful, friendly and went out of their way to help us. It is a definite must, and Polynesian Shores Resort is the perfect place to stay.
Very happy and would return. Clean, amazing views and courtyard. Reasonably close to grocery store and shops... longer walk or short drive.
No Air conditioning, sometimes during the day it was a little warm.


One hour 15 minutes from the start of preheating to this food on the table.
Today I used the pressure cook setting on my Instant Pot for the first time and it was a success! The picture shows a pork chop in gravy with a side of mashed cauliflower. Both were delicious. (The cauliflower wasn't cooked in the Instant Pot.). The chops were the first time I have ever prepared really tender pork chops.
I am pleased with my new pressure cooker. What do I make next time?


Today I cleared my PMI ACP and would like to extend a big thank you to you and Izenbridge. Just to share my story, I was on the verge of expiring my ACP application and didn't get time till then to prepare for it. In the last week, I just have gone through the videos of ACP online content and attempted my first simulation. As time was a constraint, I looked into wrong options and tried second simulation along with 1-2 short length tests.
All above worked for me and I cleared. I would say the online content and class training by you is more than sufficient in all respects to clear ACP. People who have more time can actually go through the notes as well however without notes also it was just a wonderful journey.


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