Oakleigh Farm Cottages are set on 63 acres with stunning ocean views. Five fully self-contained, pet friendly cottages surrounded by beautiful beaches. Retaining all of their rustic charm, these cottages are fully renovated with beautiful Montague island views. The farm offers peaceful surrounds and space to enjoy everything nature has to offer.
The cottages are fully self-contained with fully equipped kitchens, just bring linen and towels. There is a communal barbecue area and guest laundry. Each cottage has an enclosed yard and Mystery Bay beach is dog-friendly.
Adjoining Eurobodalla National Park, you can stroll through the paddocks to Corunna Lake or down to Loaders Beach, a secluded stretch of pristine sand. Explore the cliffs, cave and rock pools, fish, surf, snorkel, run, have fun and watch the whales from your deck.
Dairy Cottage has two bedrooms with a queen bed in the main bedroom, and one single plus a set of bunks in the second bedroom. This self-contained cottage is fully furnished, with blankets, pillows and all cooking equipment provided. All you need to bring is your own bed linen and towels. Dairy Cottage also has a safe yard for your dog.
Sailors Cottage has two bedrooms with one queen bed in the main bedroom and a single plus a set of bunks in the second bedroom. This self-contained cottage is fully furnished, with blankets, pillows and all cooking equipment provided. All you need to bring is your own bed linen and towels. Sailors Cottage also has a safe yard for your dog.
Montague Cottage has two bedrooms with a queen bed in the main bedroom,plus a single and a set of bunks in the second bedroom. This self-contained cottage is fully furnished, with blankets, pillows and all cooking equipment provided. All you need to bring is your own bed linen and towels. Large veranda with ocean views to Montague Island and a safe yard for your dog.
Rose Cottage has two bedrooms with a queen bed in one bedroom and two singles in the second. This self-contained cottage is fully furnished, with blankets, pillows and all cooking equipment provided. All you need to bring is your own bed linen and towels. Rose Cottage also has a safe yard for your dog.
Bungalow Cottage has three bedrooms, with a queen bed in the main bedroom, double in the second bedroom and two sets of bunks in the third bedroom. This self-contained cottage is fully furnished, with blankets, pillows and all cooking equipment provided. All you need to bring is your own bed linen and towels. Bungalow Cottage also has a safe yard for your dog.


text:
« Back to Articles
Supreme Court Rewrites Pleading Rules
Supreme Court Rewrites Pleading Requirements
Gregory P. Joseph*
In 1957, the Supreme Court ruled that, under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 'a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957). On May 21, 2007, the Supreme Court decided that 'this famous observation has earned its retirement." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901 (U.S. May 21, 2007). In the process, the Court revolutionized pleading rules, introducing twin requirements of fact-based pleading and plausibility.
Bell Atlantic was an antitrust action alleging an illegal conspiracy among the Baby Bells to inhibit the growth of third-party competitors and to refrain from competing among themselves. The District Court dismissed the complaint, but Second Circuit reversed, citing Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 513 (2002), for the proposition that 'Rule 8(a)'s simplified pleading standard applies to all civil actions, with limited exceptions," and observing that '[a]ntitrust actions are not among those exceptions." Twombly v. Bell Atlantic Corp., 425 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir. 2005), rev'd, 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901 (U.S. May 21, 2007).
In reversing the Second Circuit, the Supreme Court used sweeping language to impose a duty to plead facts pursuant to Rule 8(a)(2) — a duty that it did not, and logically could not, confine to the antitrust field:
While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations..., a plaintiff's obligation to provide the "grounds" of his "entitlement to relief" requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.... Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level..., on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact)....
2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901, at *21-*22 (citations omitted). The Bell Atlantic Court added that, while 'detail[ed]" factual allegations are not required, 'Rule 8(a)(2) still requires a 'showing,' rather than a blanket assertion, of entitlement to relief," and this necessitates 'some factual allegation in the complaint...." Id. at *22 n.3.
In that light, consider a complaint that alleges, as its operative liability allegation, only that: 'On date , at place , the defendant negligently drove a motor vehicle against the plaintiff." If one considers 'negligently" to be a mere 'label" or 'conclusion," the complaint alleges nothing more than that there was a collision. That raises a possibility of relief, but nothing more. Is a mere possibility of relief sufficient? Given that the quoted allegation is taken verbatim from the restyled version of Form 11 to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (effective December 1, 2007), one would have thought it sufficient — particularly as restyled Rule 84 provides that '[t]he forms in the Appendix suffice under these rules." Certainly this allegation satisfied Conley because, if the possibility of a recovery exists, then by definition it does not 'appear[] beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley, 355 U.S. at 45-46.
Under Bell Atlantic, however, merely pleading a possibility of recovery is not enough. The duty is to furnish factual 'allegations plausibly suggesting (not merely consistent with)" an 'entitlement to relief." 2007 U.S. LEXIS at *25 (internal quotations omitted). Bell Atlantic calls this the 'Rule 8 entitlement requirement" — the 'threshold requirement of Rule 8(a)(2) that the 'plain statement' possess enough heft to 'show that the pleader is entitled to relief.'" Id. at *26.
The Second Circuit in Bell Atlantic had taken the view that: 'The factual predicate that is pleaded does need to include conspiracy among the realm of plausible possibilities" (425 F.3d at 111 (emphasis added)). The Supreme Court held that a mere-possibility standard does not satisfy the Rule 8 entitlement requirement because a possibility of relief is something less than a plausibility of relief. See 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901 at *25 ('An allegation of parallel conduct ... gets the complaint close to stating a claim, but without some further factual enhancement it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of 'entitlement to relief.'").
The context of the Supreme Court's opinion is important. Bell Atlantic was a complex antitrust class action — a very expensive case to litigate. The Supreme Court cited Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 347 (2005) — its decision in a similarly expensive securities class action — to illuminate the 'practical significance of the Rule 8 entitlement requirement." The Court emphasized that, under Dura, 'something beyond the mere possibility" of entitlement to relief (there, loss causation) must be alleged 'lest a plaintiff with a largely groundless claim be allowed to take up the time of a number of other people, with the right to do so representing an in terrorem increment of the settlement value." 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901 at *27 (internal quotations omitted). Bell Atlantic reiterates that 'a district court must retain the power to insist upon some specificity in pleading before allowing a potentially massive factual controversy to proceed." Id. at *27-*28 (citation and quotation omitted).
Bell Atlantic also rejected the notion 'that a claim just shy of a plausible entitlement to relief can, if groundless, be weeded out early in the discovery process." It quoted an article by Judge Frank Easterbrook for the proposition that '[t]he portions of the Rules of Civil Procedure calling on judges to trim back excessive demands ... have been, and are doomed to be, hollow." Id. at *29, *30 n.6. Therefore, the complexity and expense of the litigation, which motivated the Court's novel interpretation of Rule 8(a), may affect the level of factual detail required.
Bell Atlantic raises a variety of interesting issues.
Information-and-Belief Pleading. It is well-settled that '[p]leading 'upon information and belief' is sufficient to satisfy federal notice pleading under Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)." Elektra Enter. Group v. Santangelo, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30388, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2005), quoting Steinbrecher v. Oswego Police Officer Dickey, 138 F.Supp.2d 1103, 1109-1110 (N.D. Ill. 2001). Among other things, this is evidenced by Rule 11(b) contemplates information-and-belief pleading, providing that the signature on a pleading (among other things) constitutes a 'certif[ication] ... to the best of the person's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances" that there is a basis for the allegations. See 2 MOORE'S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 8.04[3] (3d ed. 2007).
Information-and-belief pleading is not the same after Bell Atlantic. The complaint before the Supreme Court contained the allegation that: 'Plaintiffs allege upon information and belief that [the Defendants] have entered into a contract, combination or conspiracy to prevent competitive entry in their respective local telephone and/or high speed internet services markets and have agreed not to compete with one another and otherwise allocated customers and markets to one another." 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901 at *15. This was rejected by the Supreme Court as inadequate because it did not satisfy the fact-based pleading and Rule 8 entitlement requirements. Therefore, invocation of the phrase 'information and belief," without more, does not satisfy the fact-based pleading and Rule 8 entitlement requirements of Bell Atlantic.
In reconciling the tension between information-and-belief pleading and the Rule 8 entitlement requirement, it may be useful to look at the way information-and-belief pleading is addressed in another context in which fact-based pleading is required — namely, decisions under Rule 9(b). In this setting, it is commonly held that, where allegations of fraud are based only on information and belief, the complaint must set forth the source of the information and the reasons for the belief. See, e.g., Romani v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, 929 F.2d 875, 878 (1st Cir. 1991) (pre-PSLRA). This case law developed to test whether the allegations furnishing the mandatory 'particularity" had a basis in fact. That goal is not dissimilar to that facing a court now obligated to test whether the newly-mandated 'plausible entitlement" standard Bell Atlantic has been satisfied. It presents an established approach toward determining whether mandatory allegations (be they 'particularity" or 'plausibility") are sufficiently rooted in fact.
This suggestion highlights the fact that Bell Atlantic can fairly be read as moving 8(a) jurisprudence closer to that of Rule 9(b). After Bell Atlantic, it is no longer accurate to say — as it was before — that '[s]uch supporting allegations seem to be unnecessary and inconsistent with the philosophy of the federal pleading rules" (5 Wright & Miller, FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 1224 (Supp. 2006)). Arguably, Bell Atlantic is more stringent in its requirements than preexisting 9(b) case law, which relaxed the particularity rule when factual information is peculiarly within the defendant's knowledge or control (see, e.g., Weiner v. Quaker Oats Co., 129 F.3d 310, 319 (3d Cir. 1997)), even though the pleading standard stated in Rule 9(b) is more stringent than that stated in Rule 8(a). Case law will have to sort through the extent to which this eminently practical doctrine survives.
Conspiracy. The issue in Bell Atlantic was conspiracy, and the Court ordered dismissal because 'nothing contained in the complaint invests either the action or inaction [of the defendants] with a plausible suggestion of conspiracy." 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901 at *39. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that any action alleging conspiracy — e.g., RICO, civil rights, civil conspiracy — requires allegations of fact sufficient to satisfy this standard. What would suffice? District Judge Gerard E. Lynch's underlying opinion in Bell Atlantic, 313 F.Supp.2d 174 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), dismissed the complaint because plaintiffs failed to plead a 'plus factor" that tended to exclude independent self-interested conduct as an explanation for the defendants' behavior — for example, 'that the parallel behavior would have been against individual defendants' economic interests absent an agreement, or that defendants possessed a strong common motive to conspire." Id. at 179. This is as good starting point as any for alleging a viable conspiracy claim.
Extent of Required Allegations of Fact. The Bell Atlantic Court focused on the expense of litigating a massive antitrust class action; relied on its Dura decision, which focused on the expense of litigating a massive securities class action; and emphasized the inadequacy of judicial oversight of discovery to rein in discovery costs. Less complicated cases, like the auto accident discussed above, do not present the same issues, either in terms of complexity, expense or the perceived inadequacy of managerial judging. There is little to be gained by requiring the auto accident plaintiff to plead — instead of that 'the defendant negligently drove a motor vehicle against the plaintiff" — that 'the defendant was speeding and across the center line when he drove a motor vehicle against the plaintiff." The former is as plausible as the latter — discovery will determine who was at fault. Given the new Bell Atlantic test, however, and notwithstanding Rule 84, erring on the side of including more rather than fewer facts is the safer course.
Erickson v. Pardus. Just how extensively does Bell Atlantic change the law of notice pleading? In a second pleading opinion issued per curiam in a pro se prisoner case, Erickson v. Pardus, 2007 WL 1582936 (U.S. June 4, 2007), the Supreme Court sounded a permissive chord.
In his complaint, the prisoner plaintiff alleged that the physician provided by the prison had 'removed [him] from [his] hepatitis C treatment" in violation of Corrections Department protocol, 'thus endangering [his] life." He attached to the Complaint grievance forms in which he claimed that he was suffering from 'continued damage to [his] liver" as a result of the failure to treat. The Complaint requested damages and an injunction requiring that the Corrections Department treat petitioner for hepatitis C 'under the standards of the treatment [protocol] established by [the Department]."
The Tenth Circuit affirmed a magistrate judge's determination dismissing the complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2), holding that Complaint failed to set forth a factual showing of harm sufficiently to satisfy Rule 8(a)(2): '[I]n the proceedings before the district court and this court, plaintiff has made only conclusory allegations to the effect that he has suffered a cognizable independent harm as a result of his removal from the Interferon/Ribavirin treatment program" (2006 WL 2640394, at *4).
The Supreme Court summarily vacated the Tenth Circuit decision, observing:
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only ' a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Specific facts are not necessary; the statement need only ''give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.'" Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. ----, ----, 127 S.Ct. 1955, --- L.Ed.2d ----, ---- - ---- (2007) (slip op., at 7-8) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)). In addition, when ruling on a defendant's motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint. Bell Atlantic Corp., supra, at 1955, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (slip op., at 8-9) (citing Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 508, n. 1, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002); Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)).
There appear to be three primary differences between Bell Atlantic and Erickson.
First, the Supreme Court stressed the pro se status of the plaintiff in Erickson — a far cry from the highly sophisticated antitrust counsel in Bell Atlantic:
The Court of Appeals' departure from the liberal pleading standards set forth by Rule 8(a)(2) is even more pronounced in this particular case because petitioner has been proceeding, from the litigation's outset, without counsel. A document filed pro se is ' to be liberally construed," Estelle [v. Gamble], 429 U.S. [97] at 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, and ' a pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers," ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). Cf. Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 8(f) (' All pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice" ).
It is possible that the Court is applying a more lenient (euphemism for 'double") standard in pro se cases, even as it explains why it is not.
Second, the pleading issue in Erickson was harm, not liability. Under Rule 8(a)(2), only 'a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief" is required:
The complaint stated that Dr. Bloor's decision to remove petitioner from his prescribed hepatitis C medication was ' endangering [his] life." Petitioner's Complaint 2. It alleged this medication was withheld 'shortly after" petitioner had commenced a treatment program that would take one year, that he was 'still in need of treatment for this disease," and that the prison officials were in the meantime refusing to provide treatment. Id., at 3, 4. This alone was enough to satisfy Rule 8(a)(2).
In other words, 'while 'detail[ed]" factual allegations are not required, 'Rule 8(a)(2) still requires a 'showing,' rather than a blanket assertion, of entitlement to relief," and this necessitates 'some factual allegation in the complaint...." Bell Atlantic, 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901, at *22 n.3.
Third, Erickson was a simple case, Bell Atlantic a complicated antitrust action. What more did the defendants in Erickson really need to know? Not much.
Conclusion. One could read Twombly's plausibility-in-pleading standard as requiring that the inference alleged in the complaint be more persuasive than alternate inferences (see, e.g., 2007 U.S. LEXIS 5901, at *24 (allegation insufficient where it 'could just as well" give rise to inference of non-violative conduct) and at *42-*43 (allegation insufficient where 'we have an obvious alternative explanation")). But, whatever Rule 8(a)(2) means, it cannot by any means require more than the strict scienter pleading requirement of the PSLRA, and Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 2007 U.S. LEXIS 8270 (U.S. June 21, 2007) teaches that the PSLRA is satisfied by an inference of equal plausibility.
Consider a securities case alleging § 11, 10b-5 and common law fraud claims (thus, not a class action). The § 11 claim is governed by Rule 8(a)(2) because it doesn't require fraudulent intent, the 10b-5 claim is governed by the strict statutory scienter requirement of the PSLRA, and the common law fraud claim is governed by Rule 9(b). What is the difference in the pleading standards among the three of them? It is not possible to articulate those differences with any assurance.
* Gregory P. Joseph Law Offices LLC, New York. Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Chair, American Bar Association Section of Litigation (1997-98), and member, U.S. Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Evidence (1993-99). Editorial Board, Moore's Federal Practice (3d ed.). Author, Sanctions: The Federal Law of Litigation Abuse (3d ed. Supp. 2007); Civil RICO: A Definitive Guide (2d ed. 2000); Modern Visual Evidence (Supp. 2007).
© 2007 Gregory P. Joseph
Self-Authentication of Electronic Evidence: New Rules 902(13)-(14)
2016-17 Supreme Court Civil Procedure Decisions
Admissibility and Authentication of Digital Evidence
Best Practices for Authenticating Digital Evidence
Rule 37(e): The New Law of Electronic Spoliation
The 4 Major Changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Effective Dec. 1, 2015
What Every Judge and Lawyer Needs to Know About Electronic Evidence: Authentication
Social Media and Internet Evidence
Judicial Notice of Internet Evidence
The Temptation to Depose Every Expert

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A San Juan County Liquor License is only required for those establishments selling alcoholic beverages in the unincorporated areas of San Juan County.
A license is valid for one year from the time of issuance.
A establishment serving liquor within the city limits will need to contact the city clerk for more information.


text:
import json
import uuid

import sqlalchemy as sql
from sqlalchemy import orm

from keystone import config
from keystone import exception

CONF = config.CONF

def upgrade(migrate_engine):
    meta = sql.MetaData()
    meta.bind = migrate_engine

    user_table = sql.Table('user', meta, autoload=True)
    role_table = sql.Table('role', meta, autoload=True)
    project_table = sql.Table('project', meta, autoload=True)

    user_project_role_table = sql.Table(
        'user_project_metadata',
        meta,
        sql.Column('user_id',
                   sql.String(64),
                   sql.ForeignKey('user.id'),
                   primary_key=True),
        sql.Column('project_id',
                   sql.String(64),
                   sql.ForeignKey('project.id'),
                   primary_key=True),
        sql.Column('data', sql.Text()))
    user_project_role_table.create(migrate_engine, checkfirst=True)

    conn = migrate_engine.connect()
    conn.execute(role_table.insert(),
                 id=CONF.member_role_id,
                 name=CONF.member_role_name,
                 extra=json.dumps({'description':
                                   'Default role for project membership',
                                   'enabled': 'True'}))

    user_project_membership_table = sql.Table('user_project_membership',
                                              meta, autoload=True)
    session = sql.orm.sessionmaker(bind=migrate_engine)()
    for membership in session.query(user_project_membership_table):
        data = {'roles': [config.CONF.member_role_id]}
        ins = user_project_role_table.insert().values(
            user_id=membership.user_id,
            project_id=membership.tenant_id,
            data=json.dumps(data))
        conn.execute(ins)
    session.close()
    user_project_membership_table.drop()

def downgrade(migrate_engine):
    meta = sql.MetaData()
    meta.bind = migrate_engine

    user_table = sql.Table('user', meta, autoload=True)
    project_table = sql.Table('project', meta, autoload=True)

    user_project_membership_table = sql.Table(
        'user_project_membership',
        meta,
        sql.Column(
            'user_id',
            sql.String(64),
            sql.ForeignKey('user.id'),
            primary_key=True),
        sql.Column(
            'tenant_id',
            sql.String(64),
            sql.ForeignKey('project.id'),
            primary_key=True))
    user_project_membership_table.create(migrate_engine, checkfirst=True)

    user_project_metadata_table = sql.Table(
        'user_project_metadata',
        meta,
        autoload=True)

    session = sql.orm.sessionmaker(bind=migrate_engine)()
    for membership in session.query(user_project_metadata_table):
        if 'roles' in membership:
            roles = membership['roles']
            if config.CONF.member_role_id in roles:
                ins = (user_project_membership_table.insert()
                       .values(user_id=membership.user_id,
                               tenant_id=membership.project_id))
    session.close()
    role_table = sql.Table('role', meta, autoload=True)
    conn = migrate_engine.connect()
    user_project_membership_table = sql.Table(
        'user_project_membership', meta, autoload=True)

    role_table = sql.Table('role', meta, autoload=True)
    conn.execute(role_table.delete().where(role_table.c.id ==
                                           config.CONF.member_role_id))
    user_project_metadata_table.drop()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Are you a lover of the arts? As long as you can answer "yes" to that question, this tour is perfect for you!
You'll explore Houston's museum district, discovering inspiring art at well-known sites like Hermann Park, the Museum of Fine Arts, and the Cullen Sculpture Garden.
Along the way, you'll also be able to get food from food trucks or a taco shop -- no need to worry about going hungry!
Be inspired by the dynamic art in the area!
Note: You must be at least 8 years old.
Cancellations must be received by 7 a.m. on the day of the tour to reschedule. There are no refunds unless the tour is cancelled officially by the company.


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With a knitted wrist, the Silverline Latex Builders Gloves protect from any dirt getting inside the glove ensuring the gloves last longer and hands are protected and kept clean, ideal for use when working in environments around dirt and outdoors.
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text:
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Info Kyoto
Kyōto (京都) is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the Imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years, it is now the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture located in the Kansai region, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital.
Kyōto carries a reputation as its most beautiful city. However, visitors may be surprised by how much work they will have to do to see Kyoto's beautiful side. Most first impressions of the city will be of the urban sprawl of central Kyoto, around the ultra-modern glass-and-steel train station, which is itself an example of a city steeped in tradition colliding with the modern world.
Nonetheless, the persistent visitor will soon discover Kyoto's hidden beauty in the temples and parks which ring the city center, and find that the city has much more to offer than immediately meets the eye.
POPULATION : 1,474,570
FOUNDED :
TIME ZONE :
RELIGION : observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including Christian 0.7%)
AREA : 827.83 km2 (319.63 sq mi)
ELEVATION :
COORDINATES : 35°0′42″N 135°46′6″E
SEX RATIO : • Male: 49%
• Female: 51%
ETHNIC : Japanese 98.5%, Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6%
AREA CODE : 75
DIALING CODE : +81 75
WEBSITE : http://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/
http://kyoto.travel/en
Although ravaged by wars, fires, and earthquakes during its eleven centuries as the imperial capital, Kyoto was spared from much of the destruction of World War II. It was removed from the atomic bomb target list (which it had headed) by the personal intervention of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, as Stimson wanted to save this cultural center which he knew from his honeymoon and later diplomatic visits.
With its 2,000 religious places – 1,600 Buddhist temples and 400 Shinto shrines, as well as palaces, gardens and architecture intact – it is one of the best preserved cities in Japan. Among the most famous temples in Japan are Kiyomizu-dera, a magnificent wooden temple supported by pillars off the slope of a mountain; Kinkaku-ji, the Temple of the Golden Pavilion; Ginkaku-ji, the Temple of the Silver Pavilion; and Ryōan-ji, famous for its rock garden. The Heian Jingū is a Shinto shrine, built in 1895, celebrating the Imperial family and commemorating the first and last emperors to reside in Kyoto. Three special sites have connections to the imperial family: the Kyoto Gyoen area including the Kyoto Imperial Palace and Sento Imperial Palace, homes of the Emperors of Japan for many centuries; Katsura Imperial Villa, one of the nation's finest architectural treasures; and Shugaku-in Imperial Villa, one of its best Japanese gardens. In addition, the temple of Sennyu-ji houses the tombs of the emperors from Shijō to Kōmei.
Other sites in Kyoto include Arashiyama, the Gion and Pontochō geishaquarters, the Philosopher's Walk, and the canals which line some of the older streets.
The "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto" are listed by the UNESCO as aWorld Heritage Site. These include the Kamo Shrines (Kami and Shimo),Kyō-ō-Gokokuji (Tō-ji), Kiyomizu-dera, Daigo-ji, Ninna-ji, Saihō-ji(Kokedera), Tenryū-ji, Rokuon-ji (Kinkaku-ji), Jishō-ji (Ginkaku-ji), Ryōan-ji,Hongan-ji, Kōzan-ji and the Nijō Castle, primarily built by the Tokugawa shoguns. Other sites outside the city are also on the list.
Kyoto is renowned for its abundance of delicious Japanese foods and cuisine. The special circumstances of Kyoto as a city away from the sea and home to many Buddhist temples resulted in the development of a variety of vegetables peculiar to the Kyoto area .
Japan's television and film industry has its center in Kyoto. Many jidaigeki, action films featuring samurai, were shot at Toei Uzumasa Eigamura. A film set and theme park in one, Eigamura features replicas of traditional Japanese buildings which are used for jidaigeki. Among the sets are a replica of the old Nihonbashi (the bridge at the entry to Edo), a traditional courthouse, a Meiji Period police box and part of the former Yoshiwara red-light district. Actual film shooting takes place occasionally, and visitors are welcome to observe the action.
The dialect spoken in Kyoto is known as Kyō-kotoba or Kyōto-ben, a constituent dialect of the Kansai dialect. When Kyoto was the capital of Japan, the Kyoto dialect was the de facto standard Japanese and influenced the development of Tokyo dialect, the modern standard Japanese. Famous Kyoto expressions are a polite copula dosu, an honorific verb ending -haru, a greeting phrase okoshi-yasu "welcome", etc.
About 20% of Japan's National Treasures and 14% of Important Cultural Properties exist in the city proper. The UNESCO World Heritage SiteHistoric Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) includes 17 locations in Kyoto, Uji in Kyoto Prefecture, and Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture. The site was designated as World Heritage in 1994.
Kyoto is well known for its traditional festivals which have been held for over 1000 years and are a major tourist attraction. The first is the Aoi Matsurion May 15. Two months later (July 1 to 31) is the Gion Matsuri known as one of the 3 great festivals of Japan, culminating in a massive parade on July 17. Kyoto marks the Bon Festival with the Gozan no Okuribi, lighting fires on mountains to guide the spirits home (August 16). The October 22 Jidai Matsuri, Festival of the Ages, celebrates Kyoto's illustrious past.
Although archaeological evidence suggests human settlement in Kyoto began as early as thePaleolithic period, relatively little is known about human activity in the area before the 6th century AD, around which time the Shimogamo Shrine is believed to have been established.
Heian-kyō
During the 8th century, when powerful Buddhist clergy became involved in the affairs of the Imperial government, Emperor Kammu chose to relocate the capital in order to distance it from the clerical establishment in Nara. His last choice for the site was the village of Uda, in the Kadono district of Yamashiro Province.
The new city, Heian-kyō , a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Chang'an, became the seat of Japan's imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period ofJapanese history. Although military rulers established their governments either in Kyoto (Muromachi shogunate) or in other cities such as Kamakura (Kamakura shogunate) and Edo (Tokugawa shogunate), Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869 at the time of the Imperial Restoration.
The city suffered extensive destruction in the Ōnin War of 1467-1477, and did not really recover until the mid-16th century. Battles between samurai factions spilled into the streets, and came to involve the court nobility (kuge) and religious factions as well. Nobles' mansions were transformed into fortresses, deep trenches dug throughout the city for defense and as firebreaks, and numerous buildings burned. The city has not seen such widespread destruction since.
In the late 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi reconstructed the city by building new streets to double the number of north-south streets in central Kyoto, creating rectangle blocks superseding ancient square blocks. Hideyoshi also built earthwork walls called odoi (御土居?) encircling the city.Teramachi Street in central Kyoto is a Buddhist temple quarter where Hideyoshi gathered temples in the city. Throughout the Edo period, the economy of the city flourished as one of three major cities in Japan, the others being Osaka and Edo.
The Hamaguri rebellion of 1864 burnt down 28,000 houses in the city, and the subsequent move of the Emperor to Tokyo in 1869 weakened the economy. The modern city of Kyoto was formed on April 1, 1889. The construction of Lake Biwa Canal in 1890 is one measure taken to revive the city. The population of the city exceeded one million in 1932.
There was some consideration by the United States of targeting Kyoto with an atomic bomb at the end of World War II because, as an intellectual center of Japan, it had a population "better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon." In the end, at the insistence of Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, the city was removed from the list of targets and replaced by Nagasaki. The city was largely spared from conventional bombing as well, although small-scale air raids did result in casualties.
As a result, the Imperial City (Emeritus), of Kyoto is one of the few Japanese cities that still have an abundance of prewar buildings, such as the traditional townhouses known as machiya. However, modernization is continually breaking down the traditional Kyoto in favor of newer architecture, such as the Kyōto Station complex.
Kyoto became a city designated by government ordinance on September 1, 1956. In 1997, Kyoto hosted the conference that resulted in the protocol on greenhouse gas emissions that bears the city's name.
Like the rest of the country, Kyoto exhibits four seasons — spring, summer, fall and winter — with many flowers in the spring and changing leaves in the fall attracting hordes of tourists. Kyoto is particularly humid in the summer as the city is flanked by mountains. From about mid-June to the end of July is the rainy season, so most travelers try to avoid this time. The type of rain ranges from drizzles to off-and-on showers to downpours. There is another typhoon season in late August and September. Winters are generally cold but without snowfall. They usually don't start until the end of December and last until March when the plum blossoms followed by cherry blossoms begin to open.
Daily highs (°C) 8.9 9.7 13.4 19.9 24.6 27.8 31.5 33.3 28.8 22.9 17.0 11.6
Nightly lows (°C) 1.2 1.4 4.0 9.0 14.0 18.8 23.2 24.3 20.3 13.6 7.8 3.2
Precipitation (mm) 50.3 68.3 113.3 115.7 160.8 214.0 220.4 132.1 176.2 120.9 71.3 48.0
Source:w:Kyoto#Climate
Kyoto is located in a valley, part of the Yamashiro (or Kyoto) Basin, in the eastern part of the mountainous region known as the Tamba highlands. The Yamashiro Basin is surrounded on three sides by mountains known as Higashiyama, Kitayama and Nishiyama, with a height just above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) above sea level. This interior positioning results in hot summers and cold winters. There are three rivers in the basin, the Ujigawa to the south, the Katsuragawa to the west, and the Kamogawa to the east. Kyoto City takes up 17.9% of the land in the prefecture with an area of 827.9 square kilometres (319.7 sq mi).
The original city was arranged in accordance with traditional Chinese feng shui following the model of the ancient Chinese capital of Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The Imperial Palace faced south, resulting in Ukyō (the right sector of the capital) being on the west while Sakyō (the left sector) is on the east. The streets in the modern-day wards of Nakagyō, Shimogyō, and Kamigyō-ku still follow a grid pattern.
Today, the main business district is located to the south of the old Imperial Palace, with the less-populated northern area retaining a far greener feel. Surrounding areas do not follow the same grid pattern as the center of the city, though streets throughout Kyoto share the distinction of having names.
Kyoto sits atop a large natural water table that provides the city with ample freshwater wells. Due to large-scale urbanization, the amount of rain draining into the table is dwindling and wells across the area are drying at an increasing rate.
The key industry of Kyoto is information technology and electronics: the city is home to the headquarters of Nintendo,Intelligent Systems, Dainippon Screen, TOSE, OMRON, Kyocera, Shimadzu Corp., Rohm, Horiba, Nidec Corporation, Nichicon, Nissin Electric, and GS Yuasa.
Tourism also forms a large base of Kyoto's economy. The city's cultural heritages are constantly visited by school groups from across Japan, and many foreign tourists also stop in Kyoto. In 2014, the city government announced that a record number of tourists had visited Kyoto, and it was chosen as the world's best city by U.S. travel magazine.
Traditional Japanese crafts are also major industry of Kyoto, most of which are run by artisans in small plants. Kyoto's kimono weavers are particularly renowned, and the city remains the premier center of kimono manufacturing. Such businesses, vibrant in past centuries, have declined in recent years as sales of traditional goods stagnate.
Sake brewing is Kyoto's traditional industry. Gekkeikan and Takara Holdings are major sake brewers headquartered in Kyoto.
Other notable businesses headquartered in Kyoto includes Aiful, Ishida,MK, Nissen Holdings, Oh-sho, Sagawa Express, Volks and Wacoal.
The concentration of population to the capital city area is 55% which is highest among the prefectures. The economic difference between the coastal area and inland area including Kyoto basin is significant. Greater Kyoto, Kyoto Metropolitan Employment Area, (2.7 million people) had a total GDP of US$ 115.3 million in 2010.
Though dwarfed in size by other major Japanese cities, Kyoto is vast in terms of its rich cultural heritage - the material endowment of over a thousand years as the country's imperial capital. The city's numerous palaces, shrines, temples and other landmarks are spread out over the following districts:
Central - Site of Nijō Castle (a former residence of the Tokugawa shōguns) and the stately grounds of the Imperial Palace. The district's southern end is anchored by the massive glass-and-steel building of the city's main gateway, Kyoto Station.
Arashiyama (Western Kyoto) - Set against the beautiful tree-covered hills of Arashiyama, this district is rich in both historic and natural wonders.
Higashiyama (Eastern Kyoto) - Nestled between the Kamo River and the temple-studded mountains of Higashiyama, this area's many attractions include the famed geisha district of Gion and the historic sites strung alongside the well-known Philosopher's Path.
North - Graced with scores of centuries-old shrines and temples, including several World Heritage Sites. One of Kyoto's most famous attractions - the magnificent gilded pavilion of Kinkaku-ji - can be found here.
South - This district covers a large part of Japan's former capital, stretching from the Ōharano area in the west to Fushimi-ku, Daigo, and the southern tip of Higashiyama-ku in the east.
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Bridger first entered racing with a Cooper-JAP in 1953 and, once bitten by the bug, was back the following season, contesting minor events with a Kieft-Norton which he continued to race through 1955. Armed with a Cooper, he undertook a full season of F3 in both 1956 and 1957, enjoying some fantastic dices with 'the master', Jim Russell, usually emerging second best but dogging his rival's footsteps race in and race out.
For 1958 Tommy tried his hand at Formula 2, finishing second on aggregate in the minor Crystal Palace Trophy race, and eighth in the Coupe de Vitesse at Reims. His only Grand Prix appearance, in Morocco, ended in a crash from which he luckily emerged shaken but otherwise unharmed.
He returned to the circuits the following year, back in F3, winning four races in his faithful Cooper-Norton. In 1960 Bridger raced a third works Lotus Formula Junior at the British Grand Prix meeting.


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Consumerization of IT
By Melanie Pinola, ITworld |
Is your ISP throttling Netflix streaming speeds?
Video streaming seems to be awry for Comcast and Verizon FiOS customers
Now that a federal court has struck down FCC net neutrality rules, there's no law that says internet service providers like Comcast or Verizon FiOS have to treat all internet traffic the same--which means they can purposely slow down traffic from competitors (like Netflix). Reports around the web suggest this is actually happening, at least for Comcast and Verizon FiOS users.
Consumerist reports, for example, that starting in October, average speeds for Netflix users who used Comcast and Verizon Fios dropped from over 2 Mbps to 1.5 or 1.8 Mbps. In this chart from Netflix, Verizon FiOS is the top blue line, while the green line is Comcast.
Anecdotal evidence around the web, like this post from software engineer Matt Vukas, suggest even drastically slower speeds. (Vukas demonstrates Comcast is throttling Netflix by connecting to an encrypted VPN--so Comcast doesn't know the kind of content he's accessing, during which Netflix speed resumes.)
I can't even stream Netflix on my computer for some reason. I'm on Verizon FiOS and get an error saying "Whoops, something went wrong..." with my home network or internet connection. It's probably unrelated, but I'm in conspiracy mode today (and possibly an anti-Comcast kick this week).
So, I'm curious and would like to ask you: How's your Netflix bandwidth on your ISP? If you'd like to find actual numbers, do a search in Netflix for "Example Short 23.976" and play the video, which will tell you your streaming bitrate.
Read more of Melanie Pinola's Tech IT Out blog and follow the latest IT news at ITworld. Follow Melanie on Twitter at @melaniepinola. For the latest IT news, analysis and how-tos, follow ITworld on Twitter and Facebook.
Melanie Pinola is a freelance writer covering all things tech-related. A former IT admin and occasional web developer, she is also the author of LinkedIn in 30 Minutes, a Lifehacker writer, and the Mobile Office Technology expert at About.com.
The opinions expressed in this blog are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of ITworld, its parent, subsidiary or affiliated companies.


Had a wonderful weekend with the family, and got potatoes and onions planted. Mom, dad and my oldest son came to the farm, had lunch, then we went to a field and planted four rows of potatoes and two rows of onions.
The day started off with firing up the pit, letting it warm up for around an hour, then put pork steak on to cook. Let's just say the pork steaks are huge. They must have been eight inches long, and maybe 5 inches across. The nice thing, the steaks were so tinder I was able to cut them with a plastic knife.
The sausage was bought from a guy in Kirbyville, Texas who makes his own sausage. Probably some of the best sausage I have ever had. On the side we had beans, and lemon cake for desert.
After lunch was over, we headed over to a field here on the farm where we plowed four rows for the potatoes, spread 13-13-13. covered the fertilizer with a rake, placed the potatoes around 14 - 16 inches apart, then covered with dirt.
I bought two sets of onions from Circle Three Feed in Jasper, Texas. Little did I know the onions would make two rows around 70 - 75 feet long. Hopefully we will have more onions than we know what to do with. One set were yellow, and one set were red. The onions were planted around 8 - 12 inches apart.
Worried about the potatoes rotting in the ground. It has rained here almost every day since the seed potatoes were planted.
I would hate to replant, but if they rot, I will have no choice.
Dug up a couple of the potatoes this evening, they showed no signs of rot. Hopefully they can make it through all of this rain.
In 2018 I planted a couple of rows of potatoes. We got so much rain the potatoes rotted in the ground, Around three weeks after they were planted none of them had come up, so I dug through the rows.
We had gotten so much rain, the seed potatoes had rotted in the ground. That is the first time I had ever had potatoes rot.
Hopefully 2019 will be different. We planted 27 pounds of seed potatoe cuttings, which made 4 rows around 75 feet long. I would hate to have to replant all of that.
Update on the potatoes, a month later and they are doing great. Some of the plants are around 3 inches tall, while others are still breaking through the ground.
Probably going to wait two more weeks, then spread some 13-13-13 along the rows and make up the mounds. Plan is to use a cultivator with a half-shovel on each side to make the mounds. Hopefully that will take place around April 6th. Then towards the end of April make the mounds up a little higher.
Overall I am happy with how everything is going. When the potatoes are harvested I thought about weighing the harvest. We used 27 pounds of seed potatoes to plant the four rows. It would be interesting to see how many pounds of potatoes those 27 pounds of seed potatoes produced.


The round white glass casserole dish is a 1.5 quart ovenware piece from Anchor Hocking Fire King in a Meadow Green design. The pan is in very good vintage condition with no chips or cracks. Some marks on the front design print (small) and a few scratches.
The lidded casserole dish measures 2.75 inches tall without the lid and is 8.5 inches in diameter.
If you are interested in additional selections of the Meadow Green, message me for a discount.


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Internet Money Recruits Don Toliver, Lil Uzi Vert & Gunna For "His & Hers"
Internet Money, Don Toliver, Lil Uzi Vert & Gunna
RGM RATING (⭐⭐⭐⭐)
They should've called this song "Orange Juice" (Hey, why isn't anyone laughing at my joke?).
Honestly, I could've never predicted that Internet Money's "Lemonade" track would blow up. Well, it did, so the jokes on me. Today, the 50-person group decided to release "His & Hers," a song that features two people that are on "Lemonade" (If s**t ain't broke, don't fix it, right?).
"His & Hers" is so smooth, I'm pretty sure that muthaf**kas will moonwalk to it when it comes on in the club. The song features a hard-hitting instrumental that also boasts a splash of serene vibes, a Don Toliver hook that is infectious as s**t, and slick/gangsta/porno-Esque verses by Don, Gunna, and Lil Uzi Vert.
No, I don't think that "His & Hers" is better than "Lemonade," but I do think that it is a phenomenal sequel to the hit.


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Six weeks before the midterm elections voter enthusiasm is at its highest level for a midterm election in more than two decades. The Pew Research Center study found that 72% of registered voters say that which party will control Congress is going to be a factor in their vote.
Democrats hold a ten-point lead over Republicans in a generic ballot. And if the election were today, 52% of registered voters said they would vote for the Democrat…while only 42% said they will vote for the Republican. Two-thirds of Democratic voters say they are more enthusiastic than usual about voting. That number is 59% for Republicans.
Rhode Island's recent primary brought out a higher crowd than anticipated. A heated gubernatorial race could bring out a good crowd too.


Being a member has its advantages. From offers and discounts, to services and products, BritishAmerican Business members provide exclusive Member Perks available to our entire network. If you are interested in taking advantage of the Perks currently on offer, or would like to create a bespoke offer for our membership, please contact Jon Adler, Senior Manager, Member Relations for more information.
The National Museum of the Royal Navy are delighted to offer all British American Business membera 50% discount on our National Membership.
The NMRN's National Membership includes unlimited access to HMS Victory, HMS Warrior, HMS Alliance, HMS M33, The Fleet Air Arm Museum plus many more attractions and events.
To redeem, please go to https://www.nmrn.org.uk/membership and use reference code: Family 50.
As an introductory offer for new customers we want to offer 20% off any fully handmade bespoke suit or sportscoat. Starting price suit- $1400 sportscoat $1200 (not including discount).
At Parker's we're aiming to bring nothing less than the complete British high street experience to the online luxury retail market. We already offer the most authentic, highest quality food from back home and now our sights are set on covering every aspect of the luxury British lifestyle. We're currently working together with carefully selected manufacturers to launch a range of 100% Made In Britain homeware and textiles, forming only the first entries into our unique online High Street.
Our goal is to become the principal name in supplying the essential values of a British luxury lifestyle: Quality, Comfort and Class. We believe that expats and anglophiles across the world are in sore need of products that don't just look British but are made with the skills and techniques that gave the United Kingdom it's reputation for quality craftsmanship.
Contact Damien Parker to redeem.
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Standing Architecture will provide a no fee professional consultation for a potential residential or commercial construction/renovation project within New York City, regardless of scope.
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Interview via Skype, pick your superstar and then we'll sort everything else.
When your employees feel good about the work they do, the environment they do it in, and the positive affirmation that comes from being part of something greater than themselves, your company's productivity will increase and outcomes will be successful!
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How do you measure your employees' happiness?
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Offer free surveys to BAB member companies with an option to purchase a fully company survey for just £250 or $352 USD when they purchase an annual license for their data platform (£250) which includes access to top level data!
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Members can take advantage of 10% Off of best available rates.
To redeem this offer, visit the InterContinental's website.
ALTOUR offers a service that allows you to benchmark and improve your company's corporate travel program. Our Diagnostic service uses an online survey and personal interview process to gather information about your travel program and provides a comparison to other companies similar in size, region, and/or industry.
The cost of contracting this level of benchmarking from a consulting organization would be in excess of $15,000, but we are willing to perform this service for BAB members at no charge!
Being a member has its advantages. From offers and discounts, to services and products, BritishAmerican Business members provide exclusive Member Perks available to our entire network. If you are interested in taking advantage of the Perks currently on offer, or would like to create a bespoke offer for our membership, please contact Rita Davids Esat, Membership Manager for more information.
As a fellow member of the British American Business Group, ALTOUR is delighted to extend an exclusive offer to you and your corporate travellers.
In partnership with our airline and hotel partners, we have bespoke fare offerings on many key routes to the USA – including New York, Washington, Los Angeles and Chicago.
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Former players file concussion lawsuit against NFLPA
Doug Benc/Getty Images
Two former NFL players, Christian Ballard and Gregory Westbrooks, filed a lawsuit Thursday alleging the NFLPA withheld information about the perils of head injuries.
The suit, which names former union presidents Kevin Mawae, Troy Vincent and Trace Armstrong, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.
On Friday, the NFLPA issued a statement on the lawsuit that reads, in part:
(The lawsuit) erroneously alleges that the NFLPA knowingly and fraudulently concealed from players the risks of head injuries players faced by playing in NFL games and practices over the last several decades.This lawsuit has no merit and we will defend our union and our past Presidents.
The NFLPA has made the health and safety of its members a priority and the advancements in professional football on concussion education, prevention and treatment are a result of our efforts."
Ballard, 25, last played with Minnesota as a defensive end in 2012. When he left Vikings training camp last September, Ballard said "I wasn't really having a good time playing football. It wasn't fun for me. It wasn't a blast for me."
Westbrooks, 61, appeared in 93 games with four teams between 1975-81 at linebacker and on special teams.
A federal judge earlier this month granted preliminary approval to the $765 million settlement over concussions between the NFL and more than 4,500 retired players.
More: Head Trauma in Football: A special report
- Chris Johnson
nflpa
concussion lawsuit
Christian Ballard


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> Storm Reid: Drake attended 3 hour-long table read for Euphoria, he's 'really involved' with the series
Storm Reid: Drake attended 3 hour-long table read for Euphoria, he's 'really involved' with the series
by Pinkvilla Desk | Updated on Jan 13, 2022 12:14 PM IST | 114.7K
Storm Reid reveals how Drake has been involved with the series Euphoria.
Storm Reid has recently opened up on how much rapper Drake has been involved in the second season of Euphoria. For those unversed, the Zendaya and Jacob Elordi starrer show has released its second season on HBO Max and Disney+ Hotstar for fans in India.
Opening up on the production, Reid gushed about Drake who is also an executive producer of the series. She revealed how the rapper attended a long table read and paid attention to the entire session. During an appearance on The Kelly Clarkson Show, Reid stated that the rapper has been "really involved" in the entire making of Season 2. Referring to the table reads, she said, "I pull up to the lot and he's there with all of his homies, it's him and then his business partner, Future the Prince, and they literally sat through, I think it was a three hour table read 'cause we went through a couple of episodes," via ET Online.
Reid then went ahead to inform the audience that Drake has been "in tune" with the series. However, she also opened up on how Drake has a background in acting, so him being "involved" with the process made sense to her. She also emphasized how Drake is "a brilliant businessman and creative."
The actress further revealed how Drake was paying complete attention during the entire table read and "feeling all the emotion." Reid said, "I was like, 'OK, Drake.'"
Previously, Zendaya had also appreciated Drake for his involvement and support for the show. During the premiere of the first season of Euphoria, the Spider-Man actress had revealed, "I don't know if he was involved in the casting, but I will say we're lucky to have someone who believes in the show."
ALSO READ: Euphoria Season 2 Episode 1 Review: Angus Cloud aka Fez's past OUTSHINES Zendaya and Hunter Schafer's romance
Credits: ETONLINE, HBO MAX INSTAGRAM / GETTY IMAGES
Ethan Hawke on playing a villain in Marvel's upcoming series Moon Knight: I was always a little apprehensive
Jensen Ackles REVEALS why he kept Supernatural prequel a secret from Jared Padalecki: I didn't wanna jinx it
EXCLUSIVE: Aamna Sharif on OTT giving opportunities to actors, Shrenu Parikh on leading a female-oriented show


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How confusing was British currency compared to decimal currency circa 1850?
When did Britain change to decimal money?
On Monday 15 February 1971, Britain went decimal, however 40 years after the first decimal coins entered circulation it was time for rejuvenation. Discover the inspiration behind Matthew Dent's new designs.
What was currency before decimal?
What pre-decimal coinage was. The coins of the pre-decimal pound sterling – farthing, halfpenny, penny, threepence, sixpence, shilling, florin, half-crown, crown.
Why did the currency change to the decimal system?
Decimal currency simplified calculations, increasing financial efficiency. However, it represented a radical change to the customary transactions made daily by the nation. In 1963, the government announced that it would introduce decimal currency in 1966.
Why did the UK go decimal?
What is decimalisation? Our current decimalised system of currency was introduced to make the tendering of money much simpler, and to bring it in line with similar currencies around the world, easing the process of international trade.
Is a shilling the same as a pound?
Shilling (s) – 20 shillings = 1 pound. Pence (d) – 12 pence = 1 shilling. 240 pence = 1 pound.
Why are there 12 pennies in a shilling?
Until 1971, British money was divided up into pounds, shillings and pence. One pound was divided into 20 shillings. One shilling was divided into 12 pennies.
What was the old UK currency called?
Old money mainly comprised of three units of currency: the penny, the shilling and the pound. These currencies were used in the UK until 15 February 1971. There were 12 pence (d) in every shilling (s) and 20 shillings (s) in every pound (£).
Why is a shilling called a bob?
Bob – The subject of great debate, as the origins of this nickname are unclear although we do know that usage of bob for shilling dates back to the late 1700s. Brewer's 1870 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable states that 'bob' could be derived from 'Bawbee', which was 16-19th century slang for a half-penny.
How many pennies are in an old British Pound?
240 pennies
There were 240 pennies to a pound because originally 240 silver penny coins weighed 1 pound (1lb).
Why is a pound called a quid?
Quid is a slang expression for the British pound sterling, or the British pound (GBP), which is the currency of the United Kingdom (U.K.). A quid equals 100 pence, and is believed to come from the Latin phrase "quid pro quo," which translates into "something for something."
How much was half a crown worth in 1843?
about 60 cents
The Tower Mint in London struck 455,000 half crowns in 1843, the year Charles Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol. Each showed a young Queen Victoria on the obverse. The half crown (2 shillings, 6 pence) was the equivalent of about 60 cents in U.S. coin at the time.
What was a bob in old money?
shilling 12 pence (1/20 pound sterling) in slang a "bob."
What would 2 shillings be worth today?
The 2 Shilling coin was more commonly known as a florin, and is generally regarded as the first pre-decimal coin to be issued in the mid-nineteenth century. With a value of one-tenth of a pound sterling, it is the exact equivalent to the current ten pence coin.
How much was a sixpence worth?
The sixpence (6d; /ˈsɪkspəns/), sometimes known as a tanner or sixpenny bit, is a coin that was worth six pence, equivalent to one-fortieth of a pound sterling, or half of a shilling.
How much is 2 shillings and sixpence worth today?
What is 2 shillings and 6 pence in today's money? 2 shillings and 6 pence is 12½p in UK decimal money.
What was a pound worth in 1850?
£1 in 1850 is equivalent in purchasing power to about £127., an increase of £126.96 over 167 years. The pound had an average inflation rate of 2.95% per year between , producing a cumulative price increase of 12,696.43%.
What was a farthing worth?
The British farthing (derived from the Old English feorthing, a fourth part) was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny (1⁄960 of a pound sterling). It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1 January 1961.
How much was a pound worth in 1800?
In 1800 one British Pound was worth $4.44 (U.S.). In 1988 terms, after adjusting for inflation, the 1800 Pound would be worth $30.62 (U.S.).
How much was a penny worth in 1776?
Value of $0.01 from
$0.01 in 1776 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $0.33 today, an increase of $0.32 over 246 years. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 1.43% per year between 1776 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 3,223.09%.
How much was a penny worth in 1700s?
How much was a lot of money in the 1800s?
The dollar had an average inflation rate of 1.42% per year between 1800 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 2,194.52%.
Value of $1 from .
Cumulative price change
2,194.52%
Inflation in 1800 2.44%
$1 in 1800 $22.
How much was a shilling worth?
twelve pence
The shilling (1/- or 1s.) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence.
What was a guinea worth?
A Guinea was worth a pound, which at the time was the equivalent of 20 Shillings. In many ways it was the precursor to the Sovereign, and holds a key place in British coinage history. Today of course a Guinea is worth far more thanks to it's gold content.
How much was a guinea worth in the 1800's?
In each case a guinea meant an amount of one pound and one shilling (21 shillings), or one pound and five pence (£1.05) in decimalised currency.
What was a crown worth?
five shillings
The crown was worth five shillings (a shilling being 12 pre-decimal pence) or one quarter of a pound, until decimalisation in February 1971. The last five shilling piece was minted in 1965. The crown coin was nicknamed the dollar, but is not to be confused with the British trade dollar that circulated in the Orient.
What is the difference between a British pound and a guinea?
A guinea was worth £1,1s (one pound and one shilling). This is the same as £1.05 in modern money. Because a guinea was close to a pound, putting prices in guineas made the price seem less.
How many pounds is a quid?
The most popular slang term for British money is "quid". A quid = £1, and there's no plural form to the word.
How many shillings are in a bob?
A pound comprised twenty Shillings, commonly called 'bob', which was a lovely old slang word. It was 'bob' irrespective of how many shillings there were: no-one ever said 'fifteen bobs' – this would have been said as 'fifteen bob'.
How many shillings are in a half crown?
two shillings and sixpence
The half crown was a denomination of British money, equivalent to two shillings and sixpence, or one-eighth of a pound.
How much is a ten bob?
Back in the 1960's the 10 Shilling Note, or 'ten bob' as it was commonly known, would go pretty far – buying you 6 pints of beer, 10 loaves of bread, or 17 pints of milk. Nowadays it's hard to imagine the decimal equivalent, the 50p, buying so much. In fact, 50p can only just buy you one pint of milk today!
How did desegregation affect the jobs of black school teachers in the South?
What are the effects of school desegregation? Rucker estimates that each additional year of exposure to desegregated schools increased black men's annual earnings by[...]
Medal of Honor for retreating before an enemy?
Has anyone received 2 Medals of Honor? To date, the maximum number of Medals of Honor earned by any service member has been two.[...]
Why has Iran's GDP shrunk over the last three decades?
Why did Iran's GDP fall? The United States withdrew from the 2015 nuclear deal or the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran[...]
Were there any developed countries that became "undeveloped" for reasons other than war?
Why some countries are developed and some are underdeveloped? These include low levels of education, poor water quality or a lack of doctors. Political[...]
Why was the Aeolipile not put to practical use in classical antiquity?
Because it is not the same as the 17th century steam engine, which can exert much greater force. What was the aeolipile used for?[...]
Has Congress ever offered a proposed admission of a new state without being approached?
Does Congress have the power to admit new states? New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State[...]
In which situation is the broadside more preferable than every gun firing on their own time?
What is broadside in naval warfare? A broadside is the side of a ship, or more specifically the battery of cannon on one side[...]
Why wasn't the 1953 Iranian coup d'état considered to be a violation of United Nations Charter?
What role did the US play in the 1953 Iranian coup d état? In August 2013 the U.S. government formally acknowledged the U.S. role[...]
Did French ever have any special status in Austria?
Was Austria ever part of France? For historical relations between France and the Habsburg Empire, see French–Habsburg relations. Both countries are full members of[...]


text:
Impossible (2015 film)
Flip trick
Impossible (Anberlin song)
University (Metro Rail)
University station (Metrorail)
University Station (MTR)
Impossible (Chinese: 不可思异) is a 2015 Chinese science fiction comedy film directed by Sun Zhou. It was released on December 4, 2015 in 2D and 3D.
Wang Baoqiang
Xiaoshenyang
Da Peng
Yin Zheng
Cheng Yi
Xin Zhilei
The original score was composed by Deddy Tzur and Daniel Alcheh, and features soloists recorded in Los Angeles and orchestras recorded in Europe. The score was mixed by Elliot Hunt in 5.1 surround at alcheh&hunt studios in Boulder, CO and mastered by Dominic Maita in Boulder, CO. Additional mixing was done by Michael Seifert for Comba-Music for Yuli Studio in Beijing.
Theme Song: We Go On
The theme song "We Go On", written by composer Daniel Alcheh, produced by Elliot Hunt and mastered by Dominic Maita, is an orchestral power-ballad featured in the big climax of the film, with instrumental versions throughout the film. The track is sung by American pop singer Grey, who became known after her appearance on NBC's The Voice, where she landed a spot on Adam Levine's team.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Impossible_(2015_film)
A flip trick is a type of skateboarding trick in which the skateboard rotates around its horizontal or vertical axis, or both simultaneously. The very first flip trick called kickflip, originally called the "magic flip," was invented by professional skateboarder Rodney Mullen.
The following is a list of general skateboarding terms that will assist novice readers to better understand the descriptions of flip tricks contained in this article:
Frontside and backside
The concepts of frontside and backside originate from surfing, whereby the terms defined the position of the surfer in relation to the wave.
"Frontside" – executing a trick, whereby your front side faces the direction of travel or the obstacle that is the subject of the trick. This is counterclockwise for regular-footed riders and clockwise for goofy-footed riders.
"Backside" – opposite of frontside, backside flip tricks are executed with the rider's back facing the direction of travel or the obstacle that is the subject of the trick. This is clockwise for regular-footed riders and counterclockwise for goofy-footed riders.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Flip_trick
"Impossible" is a song by the band Anberlin. It is the second track and first single from their fifth studio album, Dark Is the Way, Light Is a Place. The song officially hit radio on July 12, 2010.
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Impossible_(Anberlin_song)
University (formerly South Campus until September 1, 2003) is a Buffalo Metro Rail station located near the intersection of Main Street and Niagara Falls Boulevard on the University at Buffalo South Campus. It is a major transfer point between Metro Rail and many city and suburban bus routes, and offers a unique "Kiss and Ride" facility on the top level, above the ticket mezzazine. This allows drivers of automobiles a separate area to drop off passengers, so they do not add to the traffic congestion from buses at the station during rush-hour periods and a large park-and-ride facility directly to the east of the station. Since University Station serves as a terminal, immediately south is a double crossover. From May 20, 1985 to November 10, 1986, due to construction issues at LaSalle Station, Amherst Street Station served as the northern terminus. Since November 10, 1986, University Station serves as the northern terminus.
Bus routes serving University Station
University Station serves UB South and transfer point for buses to the north and northeast suburbs of the city and is one of only four stations that offers an off-road bus loop, requiring passengers to board/debark using curbside stops (the other three being LaSalle Station, located 4,224 feet south, Delavan/Canisius College Station, located 15,840 feet south and Utica Station, located 20,592 feet south) and is served by 11 bus routes:
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/University_(Metro_Rail)
University is a station of the Metrorail rapid transit system at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. This station, opened to service May 20, 1984, is located along Ponce de Leon Boulevard at the intersection of South Dixie Highway (US 1) and Mariposa Court. The stop provides particular convenience to UM students, staff, and resident physicians traveling between the Coral Gables campus, the medical campus at the UM/Jackson Memorial Medical Center at Civic Center station in the Civic Center Health District, and direct access to Downtown Miami and Miami International Airport.
BankUnited Center
Lowe Art Museum
Gusman Concert Hall
BMI Building
HealthSouth Doctors Hospital
Transit connections
Alternative modes of transport
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/University_station_(Metrorail)
University Station is an MTR station located near the Chinese University of Hong Kong in Ma Liu Shui. It is between Tai Po Market and Fo Tan/Racecourse stations on the East Rail Line. This station was the first post-war station to open on the line, and has the most curved track of any MTR station.
Built and opened in 1955, University Station was originally named Ma Liu Shui (馬料水) after the predominant name of the area before the Chinese University of Hong Kong was built. However, even at this point the station was serving Chung Chi College (崇基學院), which would become part of the new university in 1963. The station was given its present name in 1966, and in 1983 its tracks were electrified along with the rest of the KCR British Section.
A Chinese goods wagon derailed north of the station at around 2:00 p.m. on 4 June 1988. Nobody was injured, but the derailment led to thousands being stranded at University, Tai Po Market, and Fo Tan stations, leading to an "almost hysterical scramble for road transport". At 5:00 p.m. a lorry overturned in the northbound carriageway of the Lion Rock Tunnel. Together, the accidents caused a "great stoppage" in Kowloon and the eastern New Territories, leading to anger and fights at massive queues for taxi ranks and bus stations. The Police Tactical Unit was dispatched to University Station.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/University_Station_(MTR)
Latest News for: impossible university
COVID-19 vaccine provides effective protection against Omicron pregnancy risks
The Jerusalem Post 31 Jan 2023
Protection against an increased risk of pregnancy complications is provided by the COVID-19 Omicron booster vaccine, according to a new study at the University ... As it is impossible to predict who will develop severe symptoms or complications, universal full vaccination is required.
We Need Science, Not Soup: Dr James Tour on Origin-of-Life Research
UK Column 31 Jan 2023
Such was the personal and aggressive response to his genuine scientific queries that he was intrigued and spurred to dig some more ... Given that there are reckoned to be ten to the power ninety elemental particles in the entire universe, selecting or finding a structure from such a vast array of options is far beyond impossible ... ....
Ownership, Control and Reform: Market-Based Approaches to Universities
The American Spectator 31 Jan 2023
Opinion surveys show low levels of public support for America's universities ... Besides, changing directions radically and quickly in academia is nearly impossible, hence why some reformers think that whole institutions (like the University of Austin) need to be created from scratch in order to effect positive change ... Privatize Public Universities.
Myanmar junta plans polls; bloodshed feared
The Manila Times 31 Jan 2023
BANGKOK ... Observers also say the planned poll cannot be free and fair under the current circumstances, with one analyst characterizing it as a mere "performance" aimed at justifying the junta's hold on power ... 1, 2021 ... But voting is likely to be impossible in many areas of the country, said Htwe Htwe Thein at Curtin University in Australia ... ....
The News International 31 Jan 2023
Observers also say the planned poll cannot be free and fair under the present circumstances, with one analyst characterising it as a mere "performance" aimed at justifying the junta's hold on power ... But voting will likely be impossible in many areas of the country, said Htwe Htwe Thein at Curtin University in Australia ... .
Myanmar junta plans elections,raising fears of more bloodshed
Manila Standard 31 Jan 2023
Two years after a coup snuffed out Myanmar's short-lived democratic experiment, the country's military is planning elections that analysts warn could spark further bloodshed as opposition to junta rule rages on ... But voting will likely be impossible in many areas of the country, said Htwe Htwe Thein at Curtin University in Australia ... ....
Myanmar's military planning poll, raising fears of more bloodshed
Raw Story 31 Jan 2023
Two years after a coup snuffed out Myanmar's short-lived democratic experiment, the country's military is planning elections that analysts warn could spark further bloodshed as opposition to junta rule rages on ... But voting will likely be impossible in many areas of the country, said Htwe Htwe Thein at Curtin University in Australia ... (AFP). .
Bible verse 1 Kings 3:12-13 quote by Ray Bradbury
Behold, I have done according to thy words ... We are an impossibility in an impossible universe ... �. �. � ....
The Observer 30 Jan 2023
On paper, I should enjoy seeing my dentist because I love her ... Yay, me ... It is like a universal metaphor for anything that has ever gone wrong, but it is also still very much a real, unmetaphorical thing. It is now an impossible tooth ... "I'll just eat soup." There's only so long you can spend on an impossible question before it becomes philosophical ... .
Visa delays await Chinese students returning to Australia after sudden ban on online learning
Australian universities welcome snap decision by China to ban online studies ... Chief executive of the Group of Eight Australian universities, Vicki Thomson, said it would be an "almost impossible task" for students studying online to make it home for the start of the first semester.
Los amigos muertos
It is impossible for me to conceive that this life has an end ... I met him at the University of Salamanca while I was studying for my doctorate ... We sat down in a coffee shop ... A retired man, outside a university department, has no capacity to help anyone in his academic career. I never minded; it was impossible not to learn things by talking to him ... ....
Service & Experience with J. N. Halm: "Satisficing" Customer Service…when good enough is good enough
B & FT Online 30 Jan 2023
Of all the colourful individuals I have ever had the privilege of being around, none excited me as a good friend I had in my University days ... It was close to impossible to be around this chap for a few minutes and not have a great laugh ... They must know that they are at the very centre of the business' universe—with everything revolving around them.
What the 'B' label on your favorite drinks and snacks means
Popular Science 29 Jan 2023
Smaller companies may find support in regional programs like the University of New Hampshire's B Impact Clinic ... It's nearly impossible for any one certification to be the universal authority encompassing all of the world's millions of corporations.
Experts rank the best US presidents of all time
Lebanon Express 29 Jan 2023
Jeremi Suri of the University of Texas LBJ School of Public Affairs asserts in his book, "The Impossible Presidency," that the White House has progressively taken on such infeasible demands—particularly in the most recent 24-hour news cycle—that the president cannot possibly please everyone.
Weber State harnesses 3D-printing technology for aerospace research
Deseret News 28 Jan 2023
Weber State University is using 3D-printing technology to advance its research on ... It's all because the university's Miller Advanced Research and Solutions Center upgraded, installing the Impossible Objects Composite-Based Additive Manufacturing system, or CBAM-2.


"Happy Birthday" is a 1981 single by Scottish New Wave band, Altered Images. It is the title track from the band's debut album. The song peaked at #2 on the UK Singles Chart. It is my favorite "birthday" song.
My first initial music-memory this song elicits is the John Hughes' film, Sixteen Candles, a movie I would first see while on vacation with my Grandmother on Catalina Island.
Those opening notes of "Happy Birthday" always remind me of the movie and my lifetime love of Molly Ringwald.
So, today is my birthday. My 50th. A big year, no doubt. As a present to myself, I've decided to relaunch Lyriquediscorde. I really did think it was over, but my obsessions with music and movies and books and TV, and writing about them – well that's just never going to be over.
There will be some changes. It will no longer be music-focused, though music will always play a big part. There will be more personal posts, more memoir-type essays, as well as posts that focus on bigger themes. That said, I will still be sharing my songs of the day, as well as my Top 5 music obsessions of the day, along with movies of the day, Top 5 weekly lists, playlists, and some of the other special features that have been here since I started this space a little over eight years ago. I hope you stick around for the changes and participate by sharing your thoughts and reactions in the comments.
Their big hits included today's Song of the Day – "Happy Birthday", "I Could Be Happy" (my all-time favorite track of theirs), "See Those Eyes", and "Don't Talk To Me About Love".
If you like what you hear with "Happy Birthday", and if this is your first Altered Images song, check-out the entire album Happy Birthday. Some of my favorite tracks (besides this one) are "A Days Wait", "Faithless", and "Midnight".
I used to have the album on vinyl. I remember finding it in a bin at Music Market, one of my favorite record stores in the '80s. They had an amazing "Import" section full of so much New Wave and Post-Punk music (my go-to/favorite music genre in my teen years). It was a few years after its release, in 1985, I believe, when I first found the album and made it my own.
The album was re-issued on 180-gram black vinyl LP with a bonus 7″ on red vinyl, in 2016, and then again in 2017, for Record Store Day, this time on 180-gram black vinyl with additional tracks. I'd love to get my hands on either of these re-releases or at least a copy of the original release that I once had.
I love how the album starts and ends with pieces of the song "Happy Birthday" ("Intro: Happy Birthday" and "Outro: Happy Birthday"). This makes Altered Images Happy Birthday one of the best choices of albums to listen to on my birthday today – thank you for that, Altered Images.
I wrote about today's Song of the Day – "Happy Birthday" back in 2014, as well. You can go back in time and check it out here.
What is your favorite birthday song?


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Tuley's Thoroughbred Takes for May 13-17
By Dave Tuley (VSiN.com senior reporter) Follow @ViewFromVegas
(Note: updated after early scratches/changes on Sunday morning.)
This is the ninth installment of "Tuley's Thoroughbred Takes" for the week of May 13-17 as me and my stable of handicapping friends look for value at the horseracing tracks that are still running during the coronavirus pandemic.
Our group's slump continued with six losers on Saturday, but I didn't feel too bad as we were taking some chances with some non-favorites and had nice runs from several of our horses but just weren't able to finish strong enough (full recaps at end of this column).
We'll try to end the week on a winning note with four combined plays from Gulfstream, Churchill and Santa Anita (as always, please check this link every morning through Sunday for current plays, plus in the noon ET/9 a.m. hour in case of scratches).
Churchill Race No. 4 (2:32 p.m. ET/11:32 a.m. PT)
John Lauro liked #19 Garden Affair (5/1 morning line), but she was SCRATCHED Sunday morning after being listed as a "main-track only" also-eligible. Note: Garden Affair is already entered as #11 in Churchill's Race 10 on Thursday in a maiden claiming race on the main dirt track.
Gulfstream Race No. 6 (3:16 p.m. ET/12:16 p.m. PT)
Ed Sehon likes #2 Music of Life (7/2 morning line). "Hot Danny Gargan barn (2 wins Saturday) sends out seasoned 4-year-old filly for this $25,000 open claimer on the grass at a mile-and one-sixteenth. Away for nine weeks (positive trainer angle), look for her to sit off the pace and rally in the lane for top rider Luis Saez. Wager: Win."
Gulfstream Race No. 8 (4:21 p.m. ET/1:21 p.m. PT)
Ed Sehon likes #3 Noble Thought (3/1 morning line). "There's nothing like a turf marathon at a mile-and-a-half to get my staying-at-home COVID-19 juices flowing on a sunny afternoon in Carolina. Crafty conditioner Michael Maker hires Irad Ortiz to guide this 7-year-old gelded son of Harlan's Holiday to the winner's circle from off an honest pace. Wager: Win & box in exactas with 1, 5 & 8."
Santa Anita Race No. 8 (7:08 p.m. ET/4:08 p.m. PT)
Dave Tuley #6 Artistic Diva (15/1 morning line). In the Grade 3 Desert Stormer Stakes, all eyes – and a vast amount of the wagering dollars – are going to be on #5 Bellafina, the 6/5 morning-line favorite and the two Bob Baffert entrants. However, I'll take a flier on #6 Artistic Diva to go to the lead and never get caught. Wager: Win & Place.
Duane Colucci likes #2 Smiling Rose (6/1 morning line). "Smiling Rose makes her 4-year-old debut with a couple of nice turf efforts under her belt. A real nice work on May 2 proves she is fit and the drop in class doesn't hurt. Low-profile rider and trainer boost the price."
Past day's results:
Gulfstream Race No. 6
Ed Sehon absolutely loved #5 Green Light Go (6/5 morning line)…went off as 3/5 favorite…sat just off pace and made move in upper stretch, but was squeezed between horses and had to check, then came on again to finish 2nd by half a length…jockey filed an objection against the winner, which was not allowed (it appeared Green Light Go was interfered more by the #4 Cajun Casanova instead of the winner, #3 Double Crown, so the stewards made the right no-call).
Santa Anita Race No. 1
Dave Tuley liked #1 Moana Luna (20/1 morning line)…went off 31/1…didn't break as well as I was hoping, made a decent rally to get up into 3rd in the stretch but then faded to finish 7th of 12.
Churchill Downs Race No. 6
Duane Colucci liked #5 Irritator (3/1 morning line)…went off as even-money favorite…sat right behind pace most of the race in 3rd place, got up to 2nd but was passed late to finish 3rd of 12.
Gulfstream Race No. 10
Dave Tuley liked #6 Starship Bonita (30/1) in the $100,000 Musical Romance Stakes…went off 43/1…sat well off the pace as expected but was only able to pass tiring horses and finished 4th of 9…the other speed horses didn't push pacesetter Lady's Island, who was able to wire the field instead of setting it up for the closers as I was hoping…my other closers, #3 Wildwood's Beauty and #2 Bellera finished 2nd and 3rd, respectively.
Churchill Downs Race No. 10
Ed Sehon liked #5 Miss T Too (4/1 morning line)…went off 5/1…set the early fractions in the 12-horse field but was passed late to finish 2nd, paying $6.60 to Place.
Duane Colucci liked #9 Warren's Showtime (3/1 morning line) in the $150,000 Evening Jewel Stakes…went off 4/1… raced midpack most of the race, tried to make move in stretch but was blocked and had to steady, finishing 4th of 10.


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Список глав государств в 784 году — 785 год — Список глав государств в 786 году — Список глав государств по годам

Африка
 Гао — Айам Каравей, дья (ок. 780 — ок. 800)
 Ифрикия — Язид ибн Хатим аль-Мухаллаби, наместник (772 — 787)
 Канем — Дугу, маи (ок. 784 — ок. 835)
 Некор — Саид I ибн Идрис, эмир (760 — 803)
 Рустамиды — Абд ар-Рахман ибн Рустам, имам (778 — 787)
 Сиджильмаса — Абу-л-Визир Илйас, эмир (783 — 790)

Америка
 Мутульское царство (Тикаль) — Яш-Нун-Айин II, царь (768 — ок. 790)
 Шукууп (Копан) — Йаш-Пасах-Чан-Йо'паат, царь (763 — ок. 810)
 Яшчилан (Пачан) — Ицамнах-Балам IV, божественный царь (771 — ок. 800)

Азия
 Абхазия — Леон II, князь (767 — 811)
 Аббасидский халифат —
 Аль-Махди I, халиф (775 — 785)
 Муса аль-Хади, халиф (785 — 786)
  Бохай (Пархэ) — Да Циньмао (Вэнь-ван), ван (737 — 793)
 Грузия —
 Картли — Стефаноз III, эрисмтавар (780 — 786)
 Кахетия — Арчил, князь (736 — 786)
 Дханьявади — Тюрия Кету, царь (746 — 788)
 Индия —
 Венги (Восточные Чалукья) — Вишнувардхана IV, махараджа (772 — 806)
 Гурджара-Пратихара — Ватсараджа, махараджа (ок. 780 — ок. 800)
 Западные Ганги — Шрипуруша, махараджа (726 — 788)
 Кашмир — Джаяпида, махараджа (ок. 779 — ок. 813)
 Пала — Дхармапала, царь (770 — 810)
 Паллавы (Анандадеша) — Паллавамалла Нандиварман II, махараджа (733 — 795)
 Пандья — Парантака Недунджадайян, раджа (765 — 790)
 Раштракуты — Дхрува I Дхараварша, махараджадхираджа (780 — 793)
 Индонезия —
 Матарам (Меданг) — Дхаранидра, шри-махараджа (ок. 780 — ок. 800)
 Сунда — Прабу Гилингвеси, король (783 — 795)
 Шривиджайя — Самарагравира, махараджа (782 — 792)
 Китай (Династия Тан) — Дэ-цзун (Ли Ко), император (779 — 805)
 Кхмерская империя (Камбуджадеша) — Джаяварман II, император (ок. 770 — ок. 835)
 Наньчжао — Сяохэн-хуанди (Мэн Имоусюнь), ван (779 — 808)
 Паган —
 Шве Хмаук, король (762 — 785)
 Хтун Лут, король (785 — 802)
 Раджарата (Анурадхапура) — Аггабодхи VII, король (781 — 787)
 Силла —
 Сондок, ван (780 — 785)
 Вонсон, ван (785 — 798)
  Табаристан (Баванди) — Шервин I, испахбад (771 — 797)
 Тибет — Тисонг Децэн, царь (755 — 797)
 Тямпа — Сатьяварман, князь (ок. 770 — ок. 787)
  Уйгурский каганат — Дуньмага, каган (780 — 789)
 Ченла — Махипитаварман, король (780 — 788)
 Япония — Камму, император (781 — 806)

Европа
 Аквитания — Людовик I Благочестивый, король (781 — 814)
 Васкония — Адальрик, герцог (778 — ок. 801)
 Жирона — Ростан, граф (785 — ок. 801)
 Тулуза — Корсон, граф (778 — 790)
 Англия —
 Восточная Англия — Этельред I, король (ок. 760 — ок. 790)
 Думнония — Освальд ап Каврдол, король (770 — 790)
 Кент —
 Хэберт, король (764 — 785)
 Оффа, король (785 — 796)
 Мерсия — Оффа, король (757 — 796)
 Нортумбрия — Эльфволд I, король (779 — 788)
 Уэссекс — Киневульф, король (757 — 786)
 Эссекс — Сигерик, король (758 — 798)
 Астурия — Маурегато, король (783 — 789)
 Болгарское царство — Кардам, хан (777 — 802)
 Венецианская республика — Маурицио Гальбао, дож (764 — 787)
 Византийская империя — Константин VI Слепой, император (780 — 797)
 Неаполь — Григорий II, герцог (767 — 794)
 Волжская Булгария — Тукый, хан (ок. 765 — 815)
 Дания — Рагнар Лодброк, король (756 — 794)
 Ирландия — Доннхад Миди мак Домналл, верховный король (770 — 797)
 Айлех — Маэл Дуйн мак Аэдо Аллайн, король (770 — 788)
 Коннахт — Типрайте мак Тайдг, король (782 — 786)
 Лейнстер —
 Руайдри мак Фаэлайн, король (776 — 785)
 Бран Ардхенн, король (785 — 795)
 Миде — Доннхад Миди мак Домналл, король (766 — 797)
 Мунстер — Маэль Дуйн, король (766 — 786)
 Ольстер — Фиахна мак Аэд, король (750 — 789)
 Кордовский эмират — Абд ар-Рахман I, эмир (756 — 788)
 Италийское королевство  — Пипин, король (781 — 810)
 Беневенто — Арехис II, князь (774 — 787)
 Сполето — Гильдепранд, герцог (774 — 788)
 Фриуль — Маркарий, герцог (776 — 787)
 Папская область — Адриан I, папа римский (772 — 795)
 Саксы — Видукинд, вождь (777 — 810)
 Сербия — Вишеслав, князь (768 — 814)
 Уэльс —
 Брихейниог — Грифид ап Элисед, король (770 — 805)
 Гвент — Атруис III ап Фарнвайл, король (775 — 810)
 Гвинед — Карадог ап Мейрион, король (754 — 798)
 Гливисинг —
 Гуриад ап Брохвайл, король (755 — 785)
 Артвайл Старый, король (785 — 825)
 Дивед — Маредид ап Теудос , король (760 — 798)
 Поуис — Каделл ап Брохвайл, король (773 — 808)
 Сейсиллуг — Меуриг ап Дивнуал, король (770 — 807)
 Франкское королевство — Карл Великий, король (768 — 814)
 Бавария — Тассилон III, герцог (748 — 788)
 Макон — Тьерри I, граф (733 — 791)
 Овернь — Иктерий, граф (778 — ок. 818)
 Отён — Тьерри I, граф (733 — 791)
 Пуатье — Аббон, граф (778 — ок. 811)
 Шалон — Гверин I, граф (ок. 765 — ок. 819)
 Хазарский каганат — Багатур, каган (760 — 786)
 Швеция —
 Рагнар Лодброк, король (ок. 770 — ок. 785)
 Бьёрн Железнобокий, король (ок. 785 — ок. 800)
 Шотландия —
 Дал Риада — Доннкорки, король (781 — 792)
 Пикты — Дрест VIII, король (782 — 787)
 Стратклайд (Альт Клуит) — Ридерх ап Эугейн, король (780 — 798)

0785
785 год

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1. A great capacity to hold essential oils. Because if an essential oil is not absorbed into the jewelry, then it is not a diffuser. It's just jewelry.
2. The ability to release essential oils into the air. This means it allows the essential oil good exposure to the air so that it can slowly and continually evaporate into the air around the jewelry. If you have to uncork or uncap something and lift it to your nose to inhale essential oils, your experience will be more that of inhaling and less that of diffusing.
It's simple, right? Yet many pieces of jewelry marketed as "diffuser jewelry" don't, in fact, diffuse essential oils because they fail to fulfill one or both of these two conditions.
One more thing to consider: Though it's fun to make your own diffuser jewelry you risk disappointment because craft clay baked in an oven or air dried will crumble and it will be fragile. Watch this short video to learn why professionally kiln-fired terracotta makes such perfect essential oil diffuser jewelry and see how quickly and completely terracotta clay absorbs essential oil. If you prefer to read about the benefits of terracotta as a diffuser, check out this article.
When we began to make Terra Cotta Pendants in 2003, we did so because the only diffusers on the market were so expensive as to be cost-prohibitive. We believe everyone who loves essential oils should have a diffuser, and that it should be something that is effective, lightweight, hands-free, tuck-in-able and/or stackable (can be worn with other jewelry), affordable, sturdy (not fragile), with original designs professionally and lovingly made by hand. There was nothing like it on the market in 2003. So, as a family, we sought to change that.
At Terra Cotta Pendants, we offer 89 different designs available in pendants or car diffusers and some in both, and discounts for bulk purchases along with free shipping when you buy 25 or more shipped to Canada or the US.