text:
Lions' steady Graham Glasgow ready for Rams' talented duo
Glasgow has been battled-tested by the NFC North's tough interior linemen tandems, but none stack up to Los Angeles' Aaron Donald and Ndamukong Suh.
Lions' steady Graham Glasgow ready for Rams' talented duo Glasgow has been battled-tested by the NFC North's tough interior linemen tandems, but none stack up to Los Angeles' Aaron Donald and Ndamukong Suh. Check out this story on detroitnews.com: https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/nfl/lions/2018/11/30/detroit-lions-steady-graham-glasgow-ready-rams-aaron-donald-ndamukong-suh/2166397002/
Justin Rogers, The Detroit News Published 5:32 p.m. ET Nov. 30, 2018
Justin Rogers and John Niyo discuss the Lions' upcoming game against the Rams and the depressing nature of covering meaningless football in December. Justin Rogers, The Detroit News
Graham Glasgow(Photo: Duane Burleson, AP)
Allen Park -- Graham Glasgow barely had a minute to spare on Friday. He needed to hit the weight room and get in a lift. Unfortunately, no workout can prepare him for what lies ahead this Sunday when the Los Angeles Rams roll into town.
Glasgow is no stranger to challenging matchups. The NFC North is loaded with talented interior defensive linemen tandems, from Green Bay's Mike Daniels and Kenny Clark to Chicago's Akiem Hicks and Eddie Goldman. But nothing quite stacks up to the Rams' duo of Aaron Donald and Ndamukong Suh. And in the rare moments one of those two leave the game for a breather, they're replaced by another former first-round pick in Michael Brockers.
As the man snapping the ball, Glasgow figures to have his hands full all day. Donald is the front-runner for the NFL's defensive MVP award, while Suh, well, Lions fans know him quite well.
"I think it just comes down to you can't scheme it up as much," Glasgow said. "Everybody is good (in the NFL), but these guys are also really good. It just kind of comes down to you can't scheme everything up, you can't always scheme up double-teams and sometimes it will come down to one-on-one blocks and making sure we come out on the better end of them."
More: Lions' Patricia on brink of second losing season in 25 years
Not that double-teams have stopped Donald. He's being doubled more than anyone in football, nearly twice as much as the next guy, yet still leads the league with 14.5 sacks. And he's getting pressure on more than seven pass-rush snaps per game.
Why is Donald so effective, even when he faces two blockers? Glasgow quips, "It seems like he gets a lot of practice. If you practice something enough, you can get pretty good at it."
The Lions will look to Glasgow to be a steadying force up front on Sunday. On either shoulder, he'll be compensating for a potential weakness. To his left will be first-round pick Frank Ragnow, a talented player who still falls prey to his inexperience at times. On Glasgow's right is supposed to be veteran T.J. Lang, but he's done for the year due to injury, so the spot will be manned by backup Kenny Wiggins. He's has had his fair share of struggles this season.
More: View from the other side: Lions vs. Rams
Lions coach Matt Patricia was asked on Friday about the job Glasgow has done this season.
"Graham's a tough guy, he's a smart guy, he's a grind-it-out guy," Patricia said. "Every single week he battles away in there. It's tough inside, and he pulls himself back together and goes out and does it again. So, a lot of respect for that position and him battling all the way through that. It's not easy."
Glasgow has certainly been reliable for the Lions. A third-round pick in 2016, he's rarely left the field since being inserted into the starting lineup in the middle of his rookie year. He's currently enjoying a 38-game start streak, the fifth-longest for his position.
He had another impressive streak snapped last week when he left the game for a single play after getting banged up. It was the first offensive snap he'd missed since Week 13 of the 2016 season, a stretch of more than 2,000 plays.
"The best ability is availability," he said. "So it's something I took a lot of pride in, and working on getting another one going."


text:
Recycling is Rubbish
One of the most impressive things about Vienna is the shops – they are varied, stylish and often innovative. But when I went down Schleifmuhlgasse, which is not far from the Opera House, I was stopped in my tracks by the remarkable items in the window and the curious name "Gabarage. Upcycling Design." The shop window was full of stylish and unusual things made out of waste, like plant pots fashioned from half footballs and lamp shades with strips of old film hanging down like long brown hair.
It wasn't the fact that the sign was in English that caught my attention, it was seeing the word "upcycling". I'd read about upcycling in a remarkable book called Cradle to Cradle, a book which explains that recycling is ineffective; metal from cars, for example, is so impregnated with paints that it's almost impossible to get the pure metal out of it. So most materials are "down-cycled" – made into lower grade material (car doors are melted down into low grade alloy). Paper, for example, which is full of chalk and paint, ends up becoming egg boxes or packaging material. We should be "up-cycling" which means using the high quality material that makes up most products as a raw material for the production of similar (or better) quality products.
So I knew about upcycling and I agreed with the authors of Cradle to Cradle that this concept has the potential to eliminate waste altogether from the manufacturing process. But I had never seen upcyling in practise – until I went into the "Gabarage" shop in Schleifmuhlgasse which is in Vienna's fourth district.
The word "Gabarage" is a play on the word "garage" and "garbage". It's also one of the most unusual business models I've come across in my travels across Central and Eastern Europe. Ostensibly it is a shop but it also functions as a workshop, or garage, for "25 people who were addicted to illegal substances". These former addicts are employed to create works of art out of various types of waste. They turn garbage into designer items which are then sold at a premium.
And the "designer items" on display are stylish and hard wearing. Their best selling item are chunky shoulder bags made from the hard wearing rubbery tarpaulin that is used on the sides of trucks and on outdoor advertising hoardings (material that is virtually indestructible and usually gets discarded). Although each one is different, and all of them are stylish, I did find the prices a bit steep (starting at 30 Euros) and I asked myself "Is this not made of trash? Is it art? Am I paying a premium for a well designed product?"
They also have seats made from old street bins, earrings from shuttlecock feathers and bits of puzzle, necklaces from thin strips of black rubber cut from bicycle inner tubes, big round lamps hanging from the ceiling made up from the coloured glass lenses from traffic lights, notebooks from linoleum and wallets made from strips of that silky but incredibly strong material that we all use daily (but rarely think about) – car seat belts. It's an Aladdin's Cave of amusing, original, stylish and hard wearing gear.
Despite the high prices, Garabage is not entirely funded by the sale of it's designer items (most galleries and designer shops only have a couple of employees, this place has over 25; imagine their wage bill). It's main subsidy comes from the Anton Proksch Institute (API) which is one of Europe's biggest centres for the rehabilitation of people with drug (and mainly) alcohol addictions. Located on the outskirts of Vienna, near Liesing, the API consists of a series of low rise buildings around a park. They treat over 12,000 addicts a year at Liesing and also in a number of out-patient clinics around Austria.
Michael Musalek, the director of API, explained to me that the garbage concept is central to their whole treatment programme – as well as to the shop Gabarage which he was involved in setting up. He told me that many addicts are seen as trash (or "wasters") by many people in society and the aim of API's treatment programme is to transform what people see as waste into art. He said the API's programme had been partially inspired by the French philosopher Michel Foucault, who said "in our society art has become something which is related only to objects and not to individuals, or to life. That art is something which is specialized or which is done by experts who are artists. But couldn't everyone's life become a work of art? Why should the lamp or the house be an art object, but not our life?"
Rupert Wolfe Murray was in Vienna as a representative of Castle Craig, one of Europe's leading drug and alcohol rehab clinics
Postat în: October 25, 2011
Categorii: All articles | Travel stories
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1 Response to Recycling is Rubbish
Mircea Crisbasanu says:
While I've already heard about 'upcycling' design, 'gabarge' is a completely new practice to me. People should definitely put much more attention and more care about what and how much they waste. But only few, very creative indeed, are able to turn this need into a form of art. How about one's life to become a 'work of art'? I don't think you need to be an expert in order to produce art. For sure, anybody can create art, but only few are aware of that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Signup data not inserting into database in Codeigniter? Redirect not working? I am trying to create a simple signup form but am having trouble adding the data from the form into my database? What am I doing incorrectly that the data won't post to my users table?
Also is simply loading the view again the improper thing to do if the validation fails? Using redirect simply failed and said that I should try clearing my cookies.
My code is below.
Sign Up Controller:
class Signup extends CI_Controller
{
public function index()
{
  $this->load->view('templates/header');
  $this->load->view('signup');
  $this->load->view('templates/footer');
}

function signup_validation() {
  $this->form_validation->set_rules('first_name', 'First Name', 'required');
  $this->form_validation->set_rules('last_name', 'Last Name', 'required');
  $this->form_validation->set_rules('username', 'Username', 'required|alpha_numeric|min_length[4]|is_unique[users.username]');
  $this->form_validation->set_rules('email', 'Email', 'required|valid_email|is_unique[users.email]');
  $this->form_validation->set_rules('password', 'Password', 'required|min_length[6]');
  $this->form_validation->set_rules('passconf', 'Password Confirmation', 'required|min_length[6]|matches[password]');
  if ($this->form_validation->run()) {
    $this->load->model('signup_model');
    redirect('login');
  }
  else {
    $this->load->view('templates/header');
    $this->load->view('signup');
    $this->load->view('templates/footer');
  }
}
}

Sign Up Model:
class Signup_model extends CI_Model {
public function index()
{
  $url = url_title($this->input->post('user'), 'dash', true);

  $data = array(
    'first_name' => $this->input->post('first_name'),
    'last_name' => $this->input->post('last_name'),
    'username' => $this->input->post('username'),
    'email' => $this->input->post('email'),
    'password' => $this->input->post('password')
  );

  return $this->db->insert('users', $data);
}
}

Sign Up View:
<form action="<?php echo site_url('signup/signup_validation') ?>" method="POST">

First Name

 <input type="text" name="first_name" value="" />
 <?php echo form_error('first_name'); ?>

Last Name

 <input type="text" name="last_name" value="" />
 <?php echo form_error('last_name'); ?>

Username

 <input type="text" name="username" value="" />
 <?php echo form_error('username'); ?>

Email Address

 <input type="text" name="email" value="" />
 <?php echo form_error('email'); ?>

Password

 <input type="text" name="password" value="" />
 <?php echo form_error('password'); ?>

Password Confirm

 <input type="text" name="passconf" value="" />
 <?php echo form_error('passconf'); ?>

<input type="submit" value="Register" />

</form>

A: You have loaded a the model but not the function
The loading of a model guide
function signup_validation() {
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('first_name', 'First Name', 'required');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('last_name', 'Last Name', 'required');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('username', 'Username', 'required|alpha_numeric|min_length[4]|is_unique[users.username]');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('email', 'Email', 'required|valid_email|is_unique[users.email]');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('password', 'Password', 'required|min_length[6]');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('passconf', 'Password Confirmation', 'required|min_length[6]|matches[password]');

    if ($this->form_validation->run()) {
        $this->load->model('signup_model');

        $this->signup_model->index();
        redirect('login');

    } else {

      $this->load->view('templates/header');
      $this->load->view('signup');
      $this->load->view('templates/footer');
    }

  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Objective-C: Using an NSString variable to send a message to one of a variety of objects I'll use an example from JavaScript to help clarify my question. Let's assume I have the following object:
sports = {
   soccer: {...},
   basketball: {...},
   baseball: {...}
}

If at some point in my script I have a variable, sportString, that simply holds a string, I can dynamically call one of the sports objects in the following way:
sports[sportString];

This frees me from having to use a bunch of nested if statements, testing the value of the string such as:
if(sportString === 'soccer'){
    sports.soccer;
}else if(sportString === 'basketball){....

So, my question is how can I accomplish something similar to sports[sportString] in Objective-C, if sportString is an NSString object?

A: Use an NSDictionary as your sports object. Then you can do lookups like this:
[sports objectForKey: sportsString];

A: The people saying you should use NSDictionary for general key/value storage are 100 % right. However, I think it's useful to know that you can call a message specified by a string:
SEL selector = NSSelectorFromString(@"foo"); // Or @selector(foo) if you know it at compile time
id value = [object performSelector:selector];

You can also use selectors with up to two arguments, as long as they take objects:
SEL selector2 = NSSelectorFromString(@"setFoo:");
[object performSelector:selector2 withObject:value];

It's possible to invoke arbitrary methods using IMPs or casting objc_msgSend(), but now I'm getting way beyond the scope of your actual question. :-)

A: Your JavaScript object sports would typically be an NSDictionary or NSMutableDictionary.
Example:
NSMutableDictionary *sports = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
[sports setObject:@"Foo" forKey:@"soccer"];
[sports setObject:@"Bar" forKey:@"basketball"];

NSString *sportString = @"soccer";
NSString *sportValue = [sports objectForKey:sportString];
NSLog(@"%@", sportValue); //logs "Foo"


And there was only one place fit for the #RHONY couple to toast to another year.
When it came time to celebrate another year in John Mahdessian's life, the dry cleaning expert, of course, had his longtime love, Dorinda Medley by his side. The pair headed to NYC hotspot, Sushi Roxx (home to a memorable RHONY moment from Season 8 and one of the most expensive ice cream sundaes in the country), to paint the town red.
Turns out, Dorinda wasn't the only The Real Housewives of New York City lady looking to party in honor of John: Tinsley Mortimer also popped by the festivities.
So, was it a good time? Well, yes, according to Dorinda. "Great night with great friends!" she shared on Instagram.
Don't forget to check out Dorinda and Tins every Wednesday at 9/8c on RHONY. Preview some of the good (and drama-filled) times to come, below.


She dreamed of paradise: "Your Nails are the reflection of Yourself !"
I know i have been out, this semester has been tough !
I bring you art nails a great way to express your creativity and beauty on your hands!
I made my gel nail two weeks ago on Love you nails, a local beautician shop and i love them so much, the nails are perfect !
Eu sei que tenho estado ausente, este semestre tem sido díficil!
Trago-vos as art nails, uma forma de expressarem a vossa creatividade e beleza nas vossas mãos!
Fiz as minhas unhas de gel a duas semanas na Love you nails, uma loja estética e adoro tanto ficaram perfeitas !


text:
ec global rodney bay
St. Lucia, Corner of Chisel & High Streets St. Lucia, Republic Bank / AAdvantage Business Executive Mastercard. Island Global Yachting has plans to invest substantially in the Rodney Bay Marina to enhance both the marina facilities and the upland amenities to a level consistent with other properties owned and managed by IGY. IGY also is currently developing additional facilities in The Bahamas, St. Maarten, the British Virgin Islands and Dubai among other locations. Gros Islet P.O. Onshore, the property offers retail and restaurant facilities, as well as a 15-acre development parcel. Republic Bank EC Limited (St. Lucia) Incoming Wire Transfer Instructions To RECEIVE a USD wire transfer from another institution or another country, the sender will require the following information: FIELD 56 SEND TO INTERMEDIARY BANK (PAY THRU BANK) BANK OF AMERICA 701 BRICKELL AVENUE MIAMI, FL, 33131 FEDWIRE ABA: 026009593 All of IGY's marinas are recognized by yacht owners, captains and crew for offering the highest standard of facilities and service. Through the years, the Rodney Bay Marina has become the center of yachting tourism on the island of St. Lucia, complementing the luxury hotels and condominiums which support its northern tourism belt. Transit Number: 74245, Harbor Club, Rodney Bay Cruising in Home Waters – Home in the Lesser Antilles, Cap'n Fatty's Opti-Mistic Report – In Praise of the Optimist Sailing Program, Record St. Lucia to Martinique Swim Attempts. Your EC Global Insurance Agency team wishes to advise that our offices will remain open from 8:00 am to 2:00 pm daily until further notice. Box RB2375 The Rodney Bay Marina was established in 1986 by Arch Marez, a California-based entrepreneur who died in 2005. Headquartered in New York and Ft. Lauderdale, IGY and its subsidiaries have 10 offices in the United States, as well as additional offices in St. Maarten, Netherlands Antilles; St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Muscat, Oman; and Greenville, South Carolina. EC Global Insurance Agency, Agents for GK Insurance (EC) Ltd will not contact its clients or anyone else by e-mail to confirm financial transactions, or to confirm or request personal account information or any other type of sensitive information. BANKING SERVICES. P.O. Harbor Club, Rodney Bay Gros Islet St. Lucia. IGY focuses on acquiring, controlling and/or servicing mega-yacht and other luxury class marina facilities and surrounding upland real estate properties in key regions frequented by transient mega-yacht/luxury class owners and charter customers. IGY currently operates luxury and mega-yacht marinas in St. Maarten, St. Thomas, Mexico and the Middle East. IGY's portfolio of marinas is led by Yacht Haven Grande, a mega-yacht marina and yachting lifestyle destination opened last month in St. Thomas, USVI. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. About Island Global Yachting Rodney Bay P.O. Phone: (758) 456-2100 Transit Number: 20735, Rodney Bay The 7 day weather forecast summary for Rodney Bay Marina, St. Lucia, Global Marinas: Taking a look at the forecast over the coming week and the average daytime maximum will be around 29°C, with a high of 31°C expected on Monday morning. to Face Day Spa +1 758-452-0394 Rodney Bay Marina, St Lucia; Massey Stores Pharmacy +1 758-457-2090 329W+GF Rodney Bay, St Lucia . Title: Revised 4 x 9b Created Date: Phone: (758) 456-2100 Through the years, the Rodney Bay Marina has become the center of yachting tourism on the island of St. Lucia, complementing the luxury hotels and condominiums which support its northern tourism belt. Required fields are marked *. Name *: E-mail *: Transit Number: 60475, New Dock Road Fax to (758) 458-1222/450-9320 or present this coupon at EC Global at # 2 Bridge Street, Castries or the Providence Commercial Centre, Rodney Bay. IGY recently opened its flagship property, Yacht Haven Grande, a new luxury lifestyle destination concept in St. Thomas, USVI, which is uniquely positioned to provide a new level of world-class marina and mixed-use development. Your email address will not be published. Phone: (758) 456-2100 Your email address will not be published. 6 Wm Peter Boulevard New Dock Road Vieux Fort St. Lucia. Luckily, my granddaughter Sokú Orion Goodlander came to my rescue—by signing up for the Optimist sailing program at our local yacht club, Fall Cruising Update: The Caribbean, with its warm sunny climate, blue seas and steady tradewinds, continues as a big draw for winter cruising, Ted Lomicka and Chris Allshouse will each attempt to swim from Saint Lucia to Martinique as part of the annual Saint Lucia Channel Swim, We've had many bilge water incidents. St. Lucia Republic Bank ATMs are conveniently located in all branches to allow easy access to your money day or night. Box RB2375 Gros Islet St. Lucia Phone: (758) 456-2100 Transit Number: 74245. Republic Bank has branches in St. Lucia, ready to serve you. New York –January 9, 2007– Island Global Yachting Ltd. (IGY) announced today that its wholly owned subsidiary, Island Global Yachting Facilities Ltd., has acquired the Rodney Bay Marina at Rodney Bay, St. Lucia – one of the Caribbean's leading centers for yachting and sport fishing. These improvements will be coordinated to allow continuous operation of the marina and will not interfere with the facility's longstanding association with the famous Atlantic Rally for Cruisers (ARC), a grueling 2,700 nautical mile voyage undertaken by more than 230 yachtsmen each year. In the upgrading and operation of the Rodney Bay Marina, IGY will continue to work closely with the Government of St. Lucia and looks forward to making a positive contribution to the people and economy of St. Lucia. We are internationally local with offices in the heart of each region and services stretching around the world. Rodney Bay Dental Centre +1 758-458-0167 329W+C5 Rodney Bay, St Lucia; Sunshine Dental, Sunny Acres +1 758-453-7697 Castries - Gros Islet Hwy, Reduit, St Lucia; F.A.C.E. 6 Wm Peter Boulevard Castries St. Lucia. P.O. The Rodney Bay Marina was established in 1986 by Arch Marez, a California-based entrepreneur who died in 2005. ATM Locations. Castries Vieux Fort St. Lucia Some caused by utter stupidity, others by technical failures that might have been avoided, © Copyright 2020, All Rights Reserved | Kennan Holdings LLC, Island Global Yachting Acquires the Marina at Rodney Bay St. Lucia, Returning to the Nest – A Sea Gypsy Revisits his Favorite Island. Gros Islet IGY, based in New York and Fort Lauderdale, is the leading developer and operator of luxury marina facilities and yachting lifestyle destinations. Email: republicbank.lc@rfhl.com. This will ensure that the time you spend in office with us kept to a minimum for your safety and that of our staff. Please continue to contact us via email or telephone before visiting our offices. Castries Island Global Yachting Ltd. ("IGY") was founded and is controlled by Island Capital Group LLC, a real estate merchant banking firm specializing in real estate, real estate securities, and real estate securitization. Andrew L. Farkas, CEO and founder of Island Global Yachting said: "The Rodney Bay Marina is the leading marina facility in the region and is a cornerstone in IGY's continuing expansion in the Caribbean. In addition, it is anticipated that all employees will continue to be employed by IGY and the current management structure will remain intact. Corner of Chisel & High Streets We are excited to work with the Government and people of St. Lucia to create one of the finest luxury yachting destinations in the world.". Box 301 IGY and its subsidiaries employ approximately 500 marine engineers and designers, development professionals, marina operations staff and other management professionals throughout the world.
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text:
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    <item android:state_pressed="true">
        <shape android:shape="rectangle">
            <corners android:radius="2.0dip" />
            <solid android:color="@color/sw_button_red_press_bg" />
        </shape>
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    <item>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Popularity - 157 views, 4.8 views per day, 33 days on eBay. Very high amount of views. 1 sold, 0 available. Very high amount of bids.
157 views, 4.8 views per day, 33 days on eBay. Very high amount of views. 1 sold, 0 available. Very high amount of bids.
Seller - 8,586+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.
8,586+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.


text:
[Home] [Tech Library]
A Note on the Confinement Problem
Butler W. Lampson
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
This note originally appeared in Communications of the ACM, Vol 16, No 10.
Copyright © 1973, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. General permission to republish, but not for profit, all or part of this material is granted provided that ACM's copyright notice is given and that reference is made to the publication, to its date of issue, and to the fact that reprinting privileges were granted by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery.
This note explores the problem of confining a program during its execution so that it cannot transmit information to any other program except its caller. A set of examples attempts to stake out the boundaries of the problem. Necessary conditions for a solution are stated and informally justified.
Key Words and Phrases: protection, confinement, proprietary program, privacy, security, leakage of data
CR Categories: 2.11, 4.30
Designers of protection systems are usually preoccupied with the need to safeguard data from unauthorized access or modification, or programs from unauthorized execution. It is known how to solve these problems well enough so that a program can create a controlled environment within which another, possibly untrustworthy program, can be run safely [1, 21. Adopting terminology appropriate for our particular case, we will call the first program a customer and the second a service.
The customer will want to ensure that the service cannot access (i.e. read or modify) any of his data except those items to which he explicitly grants access. If he is cautious, he will only grant access to items which are needed as input or output for the service program. In general it is also necessary to provide for smooth transfers of control, and to handle error conditions. Furthermore, the service must be protected from intrusion by the customer, since the service may be a proprietary program or may have its own private data. These things, while interesting, will not concern us here.
Even when all unauthorized access has been prevented, there remain two ways in which the customer may be injured by the service: (1) it may not perform as advertised; or (2) it may leak, i.e. transmit to its owner the input data which the customer gives it. The former problem does not seem to have any general technical solution short of program certification. It does, however, have the property that the dissatisfied customer is left with evidence, in the form of incorrect outputs from the service, which he can use to support his claim for restitution. If, on the other hand, the service leaks data which the customer regards as confidential, there will generally be no indication that the security of the data has been compromised.
There is, however, some hope for technical safeguards which will prevent such leakages. We will call the problem of constraining a service in this way the confinement problem. The purpose of this note is to characterize the problem more precisely and to describe methods for blocking some of the subtle paths by which data can escape from confinement.
We want to be able to confine an arbitrary program. This does not mean that any program which works when free will still work under confinement, but that any program, if confined, will be unable to leak data. A misbehaving program may well be trapped as a result of an attempt to escape.
A list of possible leaks may help to create some intuition in preparation for a more abstract description of confinement rules.
0. If the service has memory, it can collect data, wait for its owner to call it, and then return the data to him.
1. The service may write into a permanent file in its owner's directory. The owner can then come around at his leisure and collect the data.
2. The service may create a temporary file (in itself a legitimate action which cannot be forbidden without imposing, an unreasonable constraint on the computing which a service can do) and grant its owner access to this file. If he tests for its existence at suitable intervals, he can read out the data before the service completes its work and the file is destroyed.
3. The service may send a message to a process controlled by its owner, using the system's interprocess communication facility.
4. More subtly, the information may be encoded in the bill rendered for the service, since its owner must get a copy. If the form of bills is suitably restricted, the amount of information which can be transmitted in this way can be reduced to a few bits or tens of bits. Reducing it to zero, however, requires more far-reaching measures.
If the owner of the service pays for resources consumed by the service, information can also be encoded in the amount of time used or whatever. This can be avoided if the customer pays for resources.
5. If the system has interlocks which prevent files from being open for writing and reading at the same time, the service can leak data if it is merely allowed to read files which can be written by its owner. The interlocks allow a file to simulate a shared Boolean variable which one program can set and the other can t Given a procedure open (file, error) which does goto error if ihe file is already open, the following procedures will perform this simulation:
procedure settrue (file); begin loop 1: open (file, loop 1) end;
procedure setfalse (file); begin close (file) end;
Boolean procedure value (file); begin value : = true;
open (file, loop 2); value := false; close (file); loop2; end;
Using these procedures and three files called data, sendclock, and receiveclock, a service can send a stream of bits to another concurrently running program. Referencing the files as though they were variables of this rather odd kind, then, we can describe the sequence of events for transmitting a single bit:
sender:    data : = bit being sent; sendclock : = true
receiver:  wait for sendclock = true; received bit : = data;
receive clock : = true;
sender:    wait for receive clock = true; sendclock : = false;
receiver:  wait for sendclock = false; receiveclock : = false;
sender:    wait for receiveclock = false;
6. By varying its ratio of computing to input/output or its paging rate, the service can transmit information which a concurrently running process can receive by observing the performance of the system. The communication channel thus established is a noisy one, but the techniques of information theory can be used to devise an encoding which will allow the information to get through reliably no matter how small the effects the service on system performance are, provided they are not zero. The data rate of this channel may be very low, of course.
Confinement Rules
We begin by observing that a confined program must be memoryless. In other words, it must not be able to preserve information within itself from one call to another. Most existing systems make it quite easy to enforce this restriction. In ALGOL, for example, a procedure which has no own variables and which references no global variables will be memoryless.
Taking this for granted, it is easy to state a rule which is sufficient to ensure confinement.
Total isolation: A confined program shall make no calls on any other program.
By a "call" we mean any transfer of control which is caused by the confined program. Unfortunately this rule is quite impractical. Example 5 above shows that supervisor calls must be forbidden, since quite innocuous looking ones can result in leaks. Example 6 shows that even the implicit supervisor calls resulting from input/output, paging or time-slicing can cause trouble.
To improve on this situation, we must make a distinction between programs which are confined and those which are not. Recall that being confined is not an intrinsic property of a program but a constraint which can be imposed on it when it runs. Hence if every program called by a confined program is also confined, there can be no leakage. This is still not good enough, since the supervisor, for example, cannot be confined. It is at least conceivable, however, that it is trusted, i.e. that the customer believes it will not leak his data or help any confined program which calls it to do so. Granting this, we can formulate a new confinement rule.
Transitivity: If a confined program calls another program which is not trusted, the called program must also be confined.
Examples 5 and 6 show that it is hard to write a trustworthy supervisor, since some of the paths by which information can leak out from a supervisor are quite subtle and obscure. The remainder of this note argues that it is possible.
A trustworthy program must guard aqainst any possible leakage of data. In the case of a supervisor, the number of possible channels for such leakage is surprisingly large, but certainly not infinite. It is necessary to enumerate them all and then to block each one. There is not likely to be any rigorous way of identifying every channel in any system of even moderate complexity. The six examples above, however, were chosen ro illustrate the full range of possibilities which I have been able to think of, and for the present plausibility argument they will be regarded as a sufficient enumeration. The channels used there fall into three categories:
Storage of various kinds maintained by the supervisor which can be written by the service and read by an unconfined program, either shortly after it is written or at some later time.
Legitimate channels used by the confined service, such as the bill.
Covert channels, i.e. those not intended for information transfer at all, such as the service program's effect on the system load.
All the examples except 4 and 6 use storage channels. Fairly straightforward techniques can be used by the supervisor to prevent the misuse of storage as an escape route for a confined program. (For instance, example 5 can be taken care of by making a copy of a file which is being read by a confined program if someone else tries to write it; the confined program can then continue to read the copy, and the writer can proceed without receiving any indication that the file was being read.) The main difficulty, as example 5 illustrates, is to identify all the kinds of storage wbich the supervisor implements. This class of channels will not be considered further.
The following simple principle is sufficient to block all legitimate and covert channels.
Masking: A program to be confined must allow its caller to determine all its inputs into legitimate and covert channels. We say that the channels are masked by the caller.
At.first sight it seems absurd to allow the customer to determine the bill, but since the service has the right to reject the call, this scheme is an exact model of the purchase order system used for industrial procurement. Normally the vendor of the service will publish specifications from which the customer can compute the bill, and this computation might even be done automatically from an algorithmic specification by a trusted intermediary.
In the case of the covert channels one further point must be made.
Enforcement: The supervisor must ensure that a confined program's input to covert channels conforms to the caller's specifications.
This may require slowing the program down, generating spurious disk references, or whatever, but it is conceptually straightforward.
The cost of enforcement may be high. A cheaper alternative (if the customer is willing to accept some amount of leakage) is to bound the capacity of the covert channels.
From consideration of a number of examples, we have proposed a classification of the ways in which a service program can transmit information to its owner about the customer who called it. This leakage can happen through a call on a program with memory, through misuse of storage facilities provided by the supervisor, or through channels intended for other uses onto which the information is encoded. Some simple principles, which it might be feasible to implement, can be used to block these paths.
Acknowledgements: Examples 5 and 6 are due to A.G. Fraser of Bell Laboratories.
Received July 1972; revised January 1973
Lampson, B.W. Dynamic protection structures, Proc. AFIPS 1969 FJCC, Vol. 35, AFIPS Press, Niontvale, N.J., pp. 27-38.
Schroeder, NI.D., and Saitzer, J.H. A Hardware Architecture for implementing protection rings. Comm. ACM 15, 3 (Mar. 1972)2157-170.


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Simon Pegg beams into Linlithgow Palace for Star Trek anniversary
'˜Scotty' joins legendary director Nicholas Meyer with exclusive video welcome message for fans at Linlithgow Star Trek screening
8th Sep 2016, 5:58pm
Updated 12th Sep 2016, 5:27pm
Linlithgow Palace will play host to a special Star Trek screening.
Star Trek fans attending an historic film screening at Linlithgow Palace this weekend will be treated to two exclusive welcome messages all the way from Hollywood.
On the day that the science fiction franchise celebrates its 50th anniversary (8 September 2016), VisitScotland has announced that Shaun of the Dead star Simon Pegg will welcome around 200 Trekkers to the screening of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) via a specially recorded video message.
English actor Pegg plays Montgomery 'Scotty' Scott in the rebooted Star Trek films and also co-wrote Star Trek Beyond, which was released in July. According to original Star Trek script writer DC Fontana, Scotty – Chief Engineer of the starship Enterprise – will be born in Linlithgow in the year 2222.
Simon Pegg plays Scotty in the latest Star Trek movies.
And in an additional treat for the lucky winners of an online ballot to see the movie on Saturday 10 September – the first to be screened at the palace in the monument's 600-year history – the film's acclaimed director, Nicholas Meyer, has also filmed a message especially for the occasion.
There were more than 1,000 online ticket applications for the free event, which is organised by national tourism organisation VisitScotland, Historic Environment Scotland, Linlithgow Town Centre Business Improvement District and Film Mobile. The online ticket ballot closed on Sunday 4 September.
Malcolm Roughead, Chief Executive of VisitScotland, said: "We are thrilled that Simon Pegg and Nicholas Meyer have agreed to record these exclusive welcome messages for what promises to be a truly memorable evening. Scotty, like Star Trek itself, is a television and cinematic icon and I can think of no better place to commemorate the golden anniversary of this classic franchise than in the Miracle Worker's beautiful home town of Linlithgow."
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'Same-sex marriage' and 'same-sex unions' are not the same things…
September 13, 2017 Edward N. Peters The Dispatch 19 Print
Pope Francis blesses the marriage certificate of a U.S. couple during his general audience in Paul VI hall at the Vatican Dec. 14, 2016. (CNS photo/Paul Haring)
… and I think Pope Francis was right to make that observation, which in turn means, yes, I think that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith muffed the distinction between "unions" and "marriage" back in 2003 when it published its otherwise insightful "Considerations regarding proposals to give legal recognition to unions between homosexual persons"{1}. I argued that 'same-sex marriage' and 'same-sex unions' were distinguishable phenomena, and that CDF was wrong to require Catholics to oppose legal recognition of 'same-sex unions' with the same non-negotiable vigor as Catholics must reject legal recognition of 'same-sex marriage', in an essay penned more than two years ago but which, along with essays by many others, is still making its slow way through the world of printed book production. Grrr.
Anyway, in light of the pope's too short but substantively sound observation—and even though political events since 2003, not to mention legal events such as Obergefell in 2015, might have mooted the question—it seems useful to set out why, in my view, CDF's 2003 statement unintentionally blunted some arguments that Catholics could have, just maybe, used to deflect some of the social and cultural problems arising in the wake of "same-sex marriage". Condensing some ideas from that unpublished essay and expanding others, I argue thus:
In the course of faithfully setting out Church teaching (indeed, infallible Church teaching, likely divinely revealed infallible Church teaching) that marriage can only exist between one man and one woman, CDF, probably to underscore rhetorically the utter impossibility of marriage existing between two persons of the same sex, never uses the term "same-sex marriage" (even in quotation marks, as is my convention) to describe such unions and instead refers exclusively to "homosexual unions", or close paraphrases, as something to be resolutely opposed by Catholics. That's precisely the problem for, while every marriage is a union, not every union is a marriage.
We need to make several points.
1. Human beings exist in or enter into an infinite variety of unions, some biologically determined such as parent-child or siblings, some casual such as friendship or tennis teammates, some legally-sanctioned such as co-owners of businesses or co-signers for loans, some legally-regulated such as physician-patient or teacher-student, and so on and so on, including, in this vast array of unions between people, one and only one union that is motived by friendship, based on biology, and sanctioned-by and regulated-by law (customary, civil, and/or canonical), namely, that union called marriage. In other words, "union" means a million things but "marriage" means only one, and, in defending "marriage" in particular, it is dangerous to make certain assertions about unions in general.
Virtually every union entered into by human beings can be abused: a lawyer might take on a client not so as to advise the client toward legality but so as to hide his own crimes behind an immunity; a young woman might marry an elderly man not so as to aid him in his declining years but so as to grab a slice of his fortune away from his children; two homosexual men might form a business partnership not so as to serve the community with better car repairs but so as to market sex toys, but in none of these cases does abuse of the union result in a cry that attorney-client privilege should be abolished, or that weddings between gold-diggers and old fools should not be recognized, or that business contracts between homosexual men should be void at law. Moral theology has much to say about such activities, but law has much, much less to say about them.
2. If the state were considering whether, under a proposed "Significant Other" law, one citizen could designate another citizen as his or her "significant other", allowing those two people to share their earnings, have access to each other's personal records, be covered under each other's insurance, inherit a preferential portion of the other's estate, and so on, such a bill should be debated on the same grounds as would any other bill, mostly, on the degree to which it advances the common good. The disadvantages of such a bill might well outweigh the advantages, whereupon it would be amended or scrapped.
But for ecclesiastical authority to say that, because such legislation would indeed make possible, among other things, civil recognition and protection of same-sex couples in terms perhaps identical to the civil recognition and protection accorded married couples, such bills must be opposed by Catholics without exception, is to read "significant other" as a "spouse" and to assume civilly-contractually-related people are connubially-contractually-related people. Which they are not.
3. Everyone would agree, I trust, that what we label things sometimes makes no difference, but that other times what we call them makes a huge difference.
For example, whether we call the deliberate killing of pre-born baby a "saline acid feticide" or the "constitutionally protected termination of an unwanted pregnancy" does not change the reality that a pre-born human baby is being deliberately killed. The label does not change the reality. But sometimes changing the words associated with an action does make a difference, thusly:
Ancient Christians, offered the choice between burning incense to honor the divine Augustus or dying a slow painful death, had to choose the slow painful death if they wanted to remain faithful to the true God. But suppose, instead of burning incense to honor Caesar as a god, ancient Christians could have burned incense to honor him as an emperor. Christians could have burned incense in such cases, as casually as we set ablaze waxen wicks atop a frosted cake to honor a man's birthday, without fear of scandalizing others. No one thinks the birthday boy is God, and only if some authority begins implying that so-and-so really is a god (think North Korea), and that burning candles in his honor is to acknowledge him as a god, does the matter take on additional meaning. Here, the labels attached to the action domake a huge difference.
Likewise, saying that two persons of the same sex are in a legally-recognized union, whatever else one says about that relationship, isnot tantamount to saying that those two persons are married for the simple reason that not every union—even long-term, consensual, sexually-active, economically stable, unions—is a marriage civilly or canonically.
Bringing these points together.
The rejection of "same-sex unions" that CDF set out expressly and repeatedly in 2003 was phrased in the same absolute terms with which "same-sex marriage" should be, and must be (and I think, in CDF's mind, was being), rejected by conscientious Catholics, implying that the opposition of faithful Catholics to the civil recognition of "same-sex unions" is categorically, and thus morally, indistinguishable from the opposition that they should offer to the civil recognition of "same-sex marriage". I think this was a logical and a political mistake. One can imagine many civil proposals to accord legal protections to same-sex couples qua couples that, even without claiming for such couples the designation of "spouses", a Catholic would be bound to oppose. But such opposition could be grounded only in factors made evident upon reading the specific proposal, and not simply because the proposal protected couples of the same sex. It is quite possible, logically and morally, that such a proposal could pass moral muster (but fail in prudence, and so need rejecting), or that it could pass moral muster and suffice as a prudential matter, and so warrant support by, or at least indifference from, Catholics. CDF should not have written otherwise and Francis is right, in my view, to make his point.
That said, to be clear, no proposal whatsoever whereby a Catholic is legally required to recognize as married two persons of the same sex can ever be acceptable, and an individual Catholic's endorsement of "same-sex marriage" must be avoided as being, among other things, a violation of Church teaching (1983 CIC 750 § 2 and 1371 n. 1) and probably as a heresy strictly speaking (1983 CIC 750 § 1, 751, and 1364).
Again, I suspect that's what CDF meant; but that's not what CDF said. And that's a problem.
{1} Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, doc. "Diverse questioni" [Considerations regarding proposals to give legal recognition to unions between homosexual persons] (31 iul. 2003), Communicationes 35 (2003) 214-223, Eng. trans. Origins 33/11 (14 aug 2003) 177, 179-182. Additional background in this area is available in Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, doc. "Recentemente" [Some considerations concerning the response to legislative proposals on the non-discrimination of homosexual persons] (23 iul 1992), Enchiridion Vaticanum 13 (1995) 992-997, Eng. trans. Origins22/10 (6 aug 1992) 173, 175-177.
(This post originally appeared on the "In the Light of the Law" site and is posted here by kind permission of Dr. Peters.)
"same sex marriage"
"same-sex unions"
Congregation for Doctrine of the Faith
Count on it: Mother Angelica will always be with EWTN, says CEO
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In just three months a relative handful of bishops meeting in Rome is expected to reach a decision with potentially momentous consequences for the entire Western Church. The bishops will be participants in a long-awaited […]
Pope Francis to issue apostolic exhortation on holiness, "Gaudete et exsultate"
April 5, 2018 Catholic News Agency 16
Subtitled "on the call to holiness in the contemporary world", the exhortation will be presented April 9 by Archbishop Angelo De Donatis, vicar general of […]
The problem with Pope Francis' letter to the U.S. bishops
Pope Francis has written a letter to the American bishops, who are on retreat at Mundelein Seminary this week. It is, honestly, the usual strange/not-strange message from Pope Francis. Strange in that he goes all […]
samton909
For what it is worth:
The ancients probably only burned incense to sacred things. To gods, perhaps to the ancestors, depending on the cult etc. To burn incense to the emperor probably put the emperor on a plane with the gods, so I question whether a Christian could have done such a thing. As I understand it, burning incense to normal everyday things was not done, and one certainly did not burn incense to Roman senators, etc.
I agree that it depends on the particular law that would allow some benefits to homosexuals – a law that merely allows a homosexual to appoint some other person as the person who had legal control of their property, etc would not be a problem. But the fact of the matter is that all of that was available, at a pretty nominal fee, via private agreement. So there never was any real problem with visiting in the hospital, etc. All of that was a set of lies (we repeatedly see them lying all the time) designed to make a false argument for civil unions. But on the whole, the Civil union laws were simply the run up to the gay marriage laws. And civil union laws tended to give them the rights of married couples, but simply did not give them the name. If memory serves, this was the case in Obergefell.
I suspect the CDF used the generic term "unions" so as to cover all the variations of civil unions. What they probably wanted to avoid is states claiming they were in compliance merely by not calling them "marriages". And in fact, many civil union laws did give them all the benefits of marriage,except the name.
Add to this the fact that the CDF directive had to cover every conceivable legal formulation of marriage in the world, and the varying legal forms that those countries might cast "civil unions" as, and they faced a great challenge. How about if an Igbo tribesman decides to take on another man as his fifth wife, yet not give him the full rights of marriage, etc etc. You get my point, even if the example is not right on.
I agree that there might be a lesser species of legislation that gives legal rights that homosexuals can take advantage of to arrange their property etc rights. But those things were not coming up for votes in 2003, Clear civil union laws were, and those laws gave almost full recognition as if they were married, so I doubt that we can fault the CDF much.
Mj Anderson
Always appreciate Edward Peters' precision. The technical distinctions he makes here need to be part of every Catholic's apologetic material on the subject of same-sex liaisons.
Still, the CDF, in my view, wasn't wrong. While every human can and does enter into many types of "unions" from familial to investment/business, we do not understand belonging to those unions as a sexual affiliation. No one thinks that the Women's Christian Temperance a Union is a group of Christian lesbians. In the context noted by CDF and the popular culture, everyone fully understands what the content of that Same-Sex Union is–sexual activity. Making a distinction between "marriage" and "union" where Union clearly intends sexual activity, appears to the average person as nothing more than a fig leaf. And, it risks being viewed as a Catholic escape clause for homosexual liaisons, much as annulments are perceived (erroneously) as the Catholic divorce.
It seems to me that such distinctions, while technical (though, wink, wink– everybody knows what's really happening) also denigrates the seriousness with which society should treat marriage. Don't we invite a charge of hypocrisy to pretend, based on a technicality (Union VS. Marriage), that any other sexual union is the civil equivent of marriage? The distinction outlined above implies that the CDF, the Church, can approve of "unions" for civil purposes, as a "work-around" for a culture gone rogue. How can The Church tacitly accept sexual unions between homosexual persons as a codified civil good? As Christians we should still have to oppose such relationships. To make a clumsy comparison, yes, Christians could *honor* Augustus as Emperor without worshipping a false God, but Christians cannot honor homosexual activity with legal protections because it is intrinsically sinful.
To propose a category such as "domestic partnership" comes closer to a civil /legal recognition of certain goals, such as shared ownership with right to inherit, shared medical responsibilities, insurance, and so forth. This "domestic partnership" applies to two widowed sisters sharing a domicile, an uncle and the nephew who cares for his elderly relative, or two friends. In short, a domestic partnership" is a legal ( not sexual) arrangement between any two persons for reasons outlined above. It does not imply a sexual relationship, because it confines the partnership to shared property and responsibilities irrespective of being heterosexual or homosexual. If homosexual persons agree to share property and responsibilities, sexual activity, if any, within that partnership is not the jurisdiction of the law or the Church. But it also isn't a civil (or ecclesiastical !) approval of an immoral act. And it certainly isn't understood as a aberrant relationship that mimics marriage.
Tina Nair
I very much appreciate your reflections here, Mj Anderson. Thank you!
Dr. Timothy J. Williams
If I understand this author correctly, he is arguing that it is not wrong for Catholics to support benefits for two people simply by reason of the fact that the "couple" is "united" in an activity that Western Civilization judged to be repugnant and illegal until the 1960s. Why should we vote any "legal protections" to people engaged in anti-social, destructive, immoral behavior? The "logic" in this article is simply bizarre. Is this more of the "Francis effect" ?
Carl E. Olson
You surely don't know how silly that remark is. Sigh.
Please expound. I am eager for clarification.
Edward J Baker
You surely don't know how silly your response is Mr. Olson, to a valid criticism for a grotesquely ridiculous piece of sophistry, more of what is destroying the entire moral witness of the Church. The silliest aspect of the article involves the assumption that homosexuals have generally desired unions independent of an exercise of in-your-face cultural grandstanding seeking validation of personal evil. Most homosexuals still prefer promiscuous evil.
I think the church should be upholding a higher standard than just looking for a way to live with or allow sinful life style to become normalized.
Chris C.
I most often agree wholeheartedly with Dr. Peters but on this matter I most emphatically do not. When civil unions are discussed in the context of LGBT issues it is for the purpose of recognizing them, not as akin to other business or partner relationships, but as one which solemnizes and recognizes these relationships AS gay or lesbian. It is "marriage light" which will of its nature lead to agitation for rights of adoption of children in clear violation of church teaching, as well as other more benign matters such as survivorship benefits and the like. Such recognition is presented so as to regularize an inherently sinful relationship, one in which sexual relations presumably will occur, again in violation of church teaching.
Legitimizing a gay/lesbian civil union is as morally problematic as legitimizing a bigamous or adulterous union. There is no sound reason for a faithful Catholic to do anything other than stand with Christ and His Church on the principles affirmed by the CDF in 2003, regardless of the inevitable hostile feedback from so many on the "progressive left" both inside and outside the Church.
I think the 2003 CDF document is very clear to me. Marriage is always between a woman and a man for the Church, as should be for all Christians. Anything else such as civil unions between people of the same sex aren't recognized by the Church as being any sort of marriage., thus the use of "civil unions" seems to me to be right even if secular laws may call otherwise. Here is the Conclusion of the aforementioned document by the CDF:
11. The Church teaches that respect for homosexual persons cannot lead in any way to approval of homosexual behaviour or to legal recognition of homosexual unions. The common good requires that laws recognize, promote and protect marriage as the basis of the family, the primary unit of society. Legal recognition of homosexual unions or placing them on the same level as marriage would mean not only the approval of deviant behaviour, with the consequence of making it a model in present-day society, but would also obscure basic values which belong to the common inheritance of humanity. The Church cannot fail to defend these values, for the good of men and women and for the good of society itself.
Thanks for the comments, folks. It has long been my happy cross to write more clearly than most people read. Virtually all of the objections above arise from one's not having read what I actually wrote or from (unawares?) altering the fact patterns under discussion into something that I, too, would not have agreed with. Best, edp.
Well, there is no cross quite as heavy as superiority, I guess. But you might wish to revisit the idea that your writing exhibits supreme clarity. If one of my students turned in a paper this convoluted, it would merit a C+ at best.
Fr Peter Morello
Dr Peters to take the argument a step further to my comment below, we assume because it is civil law union it is entirely differentiated from the moral law regarding marriage. Civil union in fact emulates marriage by assuming legal privilege common to marriage for two homosexuals living together. Whereas recognition of mutual consent of two adults is essentially different. There is no precedent, stare decisis in US history or in the Common Law of England for a legal description of same sex union provided privileges related to marriage. The State is in fact inventing a new legal description of union nowhere to be found in human history. Pope Francis when Archbishop of Buenos Aires sought to legitimatize civil union as a legal prerogative different from Church law. That in effect for a prelate is a form of approbation similar to his position as Pontiff. The CDF was correct in opposing same sex civil union precisely because the State by its recognition creates a new legal status with moral implication in an area outside its purview. A purview that belongs to the Church not the State. Consequently the result is now marriage as defined by the State between same sex couples. If that is entirely within the purview of the State then it appears Canon Law must recognize its legality.
Technically according to civil law the author is correct when he differentiates between same sex union and marriage. Legally the State has the right to acknowledge the right of same sex union between two consenting persons. The Puritan prescripts against homosexual practice is an example of Theocracy that the more rights conscience Royal Charter imposed to end theocracy in New England. The author suggests the CDF was wrong when it asked Catholics to oppose same sex union as a civil right. His argument is consists of comparison of the consenting union to the CDF idea that union implies marriage. Aside from what the author presumes and what Pope Francis presumes–in the order of morality as distinguished from Legality [I too believe that legally the State must recognize the right between two consenting individuals regardless of moral impropriety as was the case with the King's implementation of the Royal Charter] the Church has not only the right but the obligation to oppose an intrinsically evil behavior regardless of the proprieties of civil law. Both the author of this article and Pope Francis the latter for his own agenda are wrong.
The State does not have the authority to coerce any person into affirming and/or recognizing the equality of sexual acts and sexual relationships.
Marriage, by its inherent nature, is restrictive to begin with, because not every couple has the ability and desire to exist in relationship as husband and wife, and thus be married to each other. Marriage cannot in essence be and not be, existing in relationship as husband and wife simultaneously. By removing one of the necessary requirements for a civil marriage to be valid, which is the ability and desire to exist in relationship as husband and wife, thus invalidating the validity of a valid civil marriage, while promoting marriage fraud and the sin of adultery, The Supreme Court has made it possible for every relationship to be declared a marriage, if one so desires, and thus made it possible for every one to receive special marital benefits, whether they have the ability and desire to exist in relationship as husband and wife or not.
The State does not have the right to invalidate every marriage that consists of a man and woman, who have the ability and desire to exist in relationship as husband and wife, or to promote adultery, or to declare, that any relationship, if one so desires, can be called marriage, now that, in order to be married, it is no longer necessary to have the ability and desire to exist in relationship as husband and wife.
Marriage is not discriminatory against men or women, because marriage consists of one man, and one woman, existing in relationship as husband and wife. Every man is free to choose a woman to be his wife, and every woman is free to choose a man to be her husband, as long as that particular man and woman have the ability and desire to exist in relationship as husband and wife.
There is no inherent Right to deny The Sanctity of the marital act, which is Life-affirming and Life-sustaining and can only be consummated between a man and woman united in marriage, as husband and wife. Only in a complementary relationship of Love, between a man and woman, united in marriage as husband and wife, can two become one body, one spirit, in Love, creating a new family.
It is not physically possible for two people of the same sex to form a sexual union, thus it is not possible for two people of the same-sex to be married to each other.
One should never underestimate the value of a Loving friendship, which, because it respects our inherent Dignity as a beloved son or daughter, serves for The Common Good.
Joseph Sciambra
I think what Bishop Paprocki said in an interview I conducted with him is very informative:
"In terms of the pressure being put on the Church as mentioned in that CDF document, I think is really what we are seeing happening very forcefully right now. Because the push for gay rights has always been incremental steps. It started for example with domestic partnerships. Even the terminology domestic partnerships and the argument: we just need that so I can visit my gay partner who is in the hospital, we need legal rights, domestic partnerships that was the first thing. Then it moved to civil unions and then it was ratcheted up to same-sex marriage. Well, they've achieved all that, in civil law, so the target for so long has been to get recognition in civil law, and now that's been achieved. So in our country, civil law has recognized same-sex marriage. What they don't have is moral approval. And the only place that can give them the approval is the Church. So I think that's the next target here. In terms of putting pressure on the Church in order to give that kind of moral approval to say what you're doing is morally acceptable."
In other words – allow "civil unions" and you will soon have "gay marriages" and then begins the effort to sacramentalize those unions.
'Same-sex marriage' and 'same-sex unions' are not the same things… -
THVRSDAY CATHOLICA EDITION | Big Pulpit
Adella Papakostas
Maureen Dowd marks the day with a sputtering Feast of Condescension
Carl E. Olson May 20, 2012 0
This week the Catholic Church celebrates the Solemnity of the Ascension of the Lord. Maureen Dowd, meanwhile, is castigating the Church via her own little Feast of Condescension, filled with her usual sour soundbites and tasteless morsels. […]


Our miscellaneous connectors category groups together types of connectors that don't fall into a general group. You can find here a rare type of connector called a "Fahnestock Clip". This type of connector was patented around 1907 and was designed to hold a wire securely but release it with a push of the tab. It was generally used as a early radio breadboard connector, model train power connector etc. They are now commonly used in educational institutions where their ease of use and visible connections make it easy to teach the basics of simple circuits to elementary school students.


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Pepijn's spreekbeurt ging over de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Zie hier voor de Powerpointpresentatie die hij hierbij gebruikte.
This site was created on an Apple Powerbook with the aid of the one true editor and Apples iPhoto for the internet browser Safari.
For some info about the books by Dudley Pope, please visit my Ramage pages. It is very rough at the moment, as I'm still constructing it.


text:
Dick's Sporting Goods Just Announced Major New Gun Sales Policies and the Parkland Survivors Should Be Proud
Amelia Mavis Christnot
As of February, 2018, DICK'S Sporting Goods, a sports and outdoors accessory and equipment retailer founded in 1948, operates more than 715 locations. But they just announced one product they will no longer offer in any of their stores or online: assault-style rifles.
And that was not the only change DICK's made.
"Beginning today, DICK'S Sporting Goods is committed to the following:
We will no longer sell assault-style rifles, also referred to as modern sporting rifles. We had already removed them from all DICK'S stores after the Sandy Hook massacre, but we will now remove them from sale at all 35 Field & Stream stores.
We will no longer sell firearms to anyone under 21 years of age.
We will no longer sell high capacity magazines.
We never have and never will sell bump stocks that allow semi-automatic weapons to fire more rapidly."
We at DICK'S Sporting Goods are deeply disturbed and saddened by the tragic events in Parkland. Our thoughts and pr… https://t.co/UvToyrkVKJ
— DICK'S Sporting Goods (@DICK'S Sporting Goods) 1519822163.0
But thoughts and prayers are not enough. We have to help solve the problem that's in front of us. Gun violence is a… https://t.co/X5FmkWwapm
We deeply believe that this country's most precious gift is our children. They are our future. We must keep them sa… https://t.co/uAFiQisFvt
At the same time, we implore our elected officials to enact common sense gun reform and pass the following regulati… https://t.co/1QDfiT19YK
"We hope others join us in this effort to let our kids know that their pleas are being taken seriously."
Some will say these steps can't guarantee tragedies like Parkland will never happen again. They may be correct – but if common sense reform is enacted and even one life is saved, it will have been worth it."
"We deeply believe that this country's most precious gift is our children. They are our future. We must keep them safe."
The announcement comes two weeks after the attack at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, where a 19 year old gunman killed 17 people. DICK's strong response carries further clout, coming not from an airline or car rental agency, but from a prominent national gun retailer.
Other corporations issued carefully worded statements, severing ties with the largest gun lobby in the USA, the National Rifle Association (NRA). Few cited culpability or the Parkland school shooting tragedy.
But Edward Stack, the 63-year-old son of DICK's founder and current chief executive, minced no words and coddled no feelings. His statement makes it clear his company's new policy directly resulted from the Florida shooting and its aftermath.
He also challenged other companies to put people before profits and urged elected officials to pass common sense gun reform, putting constituents before lobbyists.
BREAKING: Dick's Sporting Goods, one of the nation's largest outdoor gear retailers, ends sale of assault-style rifles in stores.
— The Associated Press (@The Associated Press) 1519821528.0
The students did this. Also from Dick's CEO: "When we saw what happened in Parkland, we were so disturbed and ups… https://t.co/CStm5k4po5
— Connie Schultz (@Connie Schultz) 1519820525.0
It's finally cool to tell others to be a Dick. https://t.co/PrDUR4QGv2
— Tea Pain (@Tea Pain) 1519823870.0
Dick's Sporting Goods will no longer sell: • assault rifles • firearms to anyone under 21 • high capacity magazines… https://t.co/tdQDgBEMNl
— Keith Boykin (@Keith Boykin) 1519823764.0
Politicians may lack courage to stand up to NRA. But Dick's Sporting Goods, USA's largest sporting goods retailer,… https://t.co/CjhAwtutaR
— Erin Burnett (@Erin Burnett) 1519824312.0
"We don't want to be a part of this any longer." Dick's Sporting Goods steps way up. #NeverAgain #GunSenseNow https://t.co/i4MTSP256Q
— Joy Reid (@Joy Reid) 1519824923.0
"Thoughts and prayers are not enough." Dick's Sporting Goods CEO Edward Stack has announced several gun sale rest… https://t.co/geb3V8n8Df
— NBC News (@NBC News) 1519827092.0
Thank you Dick's Sporting Goods for refusing to sell assault rifles and raising the minimum age of gun buyers to 21… https://t.co/4oKB12eyD4
— Eugene Gu, MD (@Eugene Gu, MD) 1519822116.0
Dick's Sporting Goods will stop selling Assault riffles, thank you for putting Lives over profit. • @FedEx •… https://t.co/gYmhFMFprc
— Dominique Hamilton (@Dominique Hamilton) 1519827700.0
assault weapons ban background checks bump stocks gun lobby National Rifle Association NRA Parkland school shooting Sandy Hook


When you build your brand with EPMiata.com, you are doing more than just increasing brand recognition. You are teaming with a partnership of organizations and individuals who are committed to the success of the team and integrity in the effort. Here's a look at the the talent and history that ensures the success of EPMiata.com.
Cyberspace Automotive Performance, Inc. (CAP) Founded by Chris Myer in 1993 as the first e-commerce website dedicated to automotive performance and one of the earliest e-commerce ventures of any type. CAP was the pioneer when there was no model to follow and there was yet to be a dot-com bubble. This simple effort has expanded into 5 different e-commerce websites serving customers internationally for 15 years.
The first expansion occurred in 1999 when CAP bought AlamoMotorsports.com and incorporated it into it's operations. Soon after, Racing-Seats-USA.com was founded, and that started a foray into very successful niche-oriented websites, including FuelPumps.Net and FastHyundai.Com. In 2006 came the opportunity to purchase CoxImports.com, a website with a strong history and an impressive database infrastructure to support it.
Currently, CAP is improving it's infrastructure to support the increased sales realized by expanded operations. Part of this expansion is necessitated by the addition of EPMiata.com and its projected success.
Chris Myer is no stranger to management and automations infrastructure. He is currently a Lieutenant Colonel and the Deputy Chief Information Officer for the Florida National Guard with 28 years of military experience. Chris is responsible for the disaster emergency communications for a National Guard whose name is synonymous with efficient, effective response to hurricanes such as the four that raced ashore in Florida 2004 alone.
Prior to founding CAP, Chris was employed within the defense contracting and communications industry in software engineering roles of progressively greater responsibility. This started upon his graduation from the University of Central Florida with his Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science and Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering and culminated in his founding of CAP in 1993.
TMD Racing. Founded in 1995 as part of a lifelong dream of Wayne Paulin to become successful in professional automobile racing. TMD Racing started in the Sports Car Club of America's (SCCA) Improved Touring division. After achieving success there, TMD Racing moved on to Production Car racing, starting with a 1983 Toyota Celica. Despite the challenges of campaigning a 2-decade old sportscar, TMD Racing was able to realize the goal of being the points champion for the E-Production class in the competitive Central Florida Region. TMD Racing finished the 2004 season with 18 top-5 finishes out of 21 starts with 3 poles and 4 wins. They went on to cap the season a strong 4th in points in the South Atlantic Road Racing Championship (SARRC) series.
In addition to being the driving force behind TMD Racing, Wayne Paulin owns and operates the very successful Port St. John Auto Repair in Brevard County, Florida. After completing a tour in the Navy aboard the USS Garcia, Wayne went to work for Toyota, earning both his Mechanic Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) as well as becoming a Toyota Diagnostic Technician. He also worked for Massari-Muller Racing, which saw him involved in race car building, dyno-tuning, and positioned as the car chief on the team's 95 Cobra-R for 3 seasons.
Chris and Wayne share more than just their passion for racing. Both have a drive for excellence and strongly value honor and integrity. Neither enters into the commitment promised by EPMiata.com lightly. Both bring the full extent of their knowledge and experience to the game. Wayne has poured his very best work and almost countless hours into the development of the EPMiata.com race car. He looks forward to extending his already well-refined driving skills to match the impressive capabilities of this car. Chris brings his technical, management, and marketing skills to bear as they seek to team with sponsors and present their brands to consumers. Neither will find the effort satisfying or acceptable unless they give 100% to ensure the success of all involved.
That's just how they roll.


At MCA Spain, we consider ourselves ambassadors for Navarre haute cuisine. This is our guiding aim, encompassing the highest agricultural standards and the best methods of transporting the riches of our lands to the five continents.
For years we have maintained a strong presence at the world's leading food fairs, such as Alimentaria, Fancy Food, SIAL and Anuga FoodTec, in line with our belief that the industry's best are represented at such forums. If we are yet to attend a particular event of interest, please let us know, as close proximity to our customers is a hallmark of our service.
MCA Spain takes the moral obligations of its presence in the everyday lives of local communities very seriously. Involvement in its staff's and the local community's day-to-day is a basic principle for industries such as ours, sustained as they are by the land and its local flavours. Such a principle has been the cornerstone of our involvement with a variety of activities in the Navarre region over the years, such as racket sports, cycling and football, by means of the sponsorship of the Ribera Football School, for example.
Legal notice © MCA spain S.L.


text:
Q: Video on OSX in Firefox won't play from website? I'm encountering an issue where: mp4, .webM and .ogg are not working in Firefox, specificly on Mac's OSX.. and only in Firefox, when viewing my page on a Windows Computer wth Firefox, it however works perfectly..
http://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_video.asp
This website says Firefox supports all three: mp4, webM and ogg.. may I ask why it doesn't place specificaly on Mac's OSX?
fixed - slight spelling mistake was the issue
HTML:
<video preload="auto" type="video/mp4" height="500" width="880" id="video">
    <source src="fragmenten/binnenkomst.mp4" type="video/mp4">
    <source src="fragmenten/binnenkomst.webm" type="video/webm"> </source>

  Your browser does not support the video element.
</video>

However, when I drag the video in the browser it does work? It just won't play from my website?


Apply now & secure your spot today! You don't want to miss out on exclusive amenities found only at Hale Mahana.
Fully furnished units the Tempurpedic mattresses and all utilities included!
Don't miss out on access to exclusive amenities found only at Hale Mahana!
Hale Mahana offers furnished studio to 4-bedroom apartments just minutes from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Chaminade University, and all the things that make the McCully community unique and lovable. Whether you're enjoying time at the beach, or cheering on the Rainbow Warriors or the Silverswords, we take care of all the details. You're never far away from fun or your classes- we are at the center of it all!
Hale Mahana wants you to have the best experience possible. With tons of great amenities and several modern and spacious floor plans to choose from, you'll love calling us home. We take care of everything - from apartment essentials to entertainment and recreation. Our inclusive package helps simplify living and maximize convenience to make your life easy.


Capital Allowances Elections. This article appeared in The Tax Journal (" the nontaxing weekly for top professionals" ) on Monday 25 February 2011. (HMRC Capital Allowances Manual para ). However, that does not remove the statutory obligation to identify each individual fixture; it merely removes the need to prepare a separate election Elections for Capital Allowances on Plant& Machinery CA Manual.
! What information is needed? ! An election is straightforward, often ts on one side of paper and requires: ! !
The amount xed by the election! 5. Capital Allowances elections Author: David Rees Problems with s198 Elections. (Capital Allowances Manual, para ) that it will accept an election covering all the fixtures in a property, that does not remove the statutory obligation to identify those fixtures, it merely removes the need to prepare a separate election for each fixture.
Capital Allowances Act 2001 as to the apportionment of capital allowances for fixtures in a property interest being sold is an s198 or s199 election. Capital Allowances Claims Section 198 Tax Election Agreements A Case Study If the tax paying seller wishes to retain all the capital allowances claimed, a s198 tax election is still needed to be entered into.
It may be possible for the pension funds to negotiate a S198 election capital allowances manual purchase price, as the fund will not benefit from the associated capital allowances tax relief. Definition of capital allowances, HMRC internal manual Capital Allowances Manual.
From: An election can be made under CAA01S198 in either of the following circumstances: Claim for capital allowances on integral features question. Claim for capital allowances on integral Advertisement. there has been any prior claims to which the current owners may be restricted and whether there was any provision for a s198 election in the sale contract (a s198 election can be entered into up to two years from the Definition of capital allowances, HMRC internal manual Capital Allowances Manual.
From: HM Revenue& Customs An election under CAA01S198 or We recover tax paid and reduce tax liabilities for individuals that have spent capital buying or improving commercial property and buildings in the UK Have you spent capital buying or improving commercial property? or for fixtures, a Capital Allowances ACT 2001 s198 election. Sellers should generally seek to agree as low an election We've looked at the importance of making valid elections (S198) for the transference of capital allowance eligible items in a property transaction, but what makes [HMRC CA manual para.
An introduction to Capital Allowances and a guide to section 198 An Event Presentation Pack by Portland Business Support& Advice The way forward, made brighter May 2014.


Team Aqua's Manectric (Japanese: アクア団のライボルト Aqua Gang's Livolt) is a dual-type Lightning/Darkness Stage 1 Pokémon card. It is part of the EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua expansion.
Once during your turn (before your attack), you may move any number of basic Energy cards attached to 1 of your Pokémon with Team Aqua in its name to another of your Pokémon. This power can't be used if Team Aqua's Manectric is affected by a Special Condition.


1.5 In this policy, "we", "us" and "our" refer to ICUSTOMGOLF LIMITED. For more information about us, see Section 13.
3.11 We may process your business data. This data may include Business Name, Address, Email, Telehone. The source of this data is our Xero Accounts System. The legal basis for this processing is our legitimate interests, namely to run our business and provide the required services to you or your business.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8"/>
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<title>SideCar: SideCar::Algorithms::ProcessingStat Class Reference</title>
<link href="tabs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>

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SideCar

Main Page

Related Pages

Modules

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Data Structures

Files

Data Structures

Class Hierarchy

Data Fields

SideCar

Algorithms

ProcessingStat

Public Member Functions

SideCar::Algorithms::ProcessingStat Class Reference

Processing statistic for an Algorithm.
 More...

#include </Users/howes/src/sidecar/Algorithms/ProcessingStat.h>

Public Member Functions

 	ProcessingStat (size_t size=1000)

 	Constructor.

void 	reset ()

 	Reset the internal stat counters to zero.

void 	beginProcessing ()

 	Remember the current time for calculating processing times.

void 	endProcessing ()

 	Calculate amount of time spent processing and add to the internal stat counters.

void 	addSample (const Time::TimeStamp &delta)

double 	getAverageProcessingTime () const

 	Obtain the current average processing time.  More...

double 	getMedianProcessingTime () const

double 	getMinimumProcessingTime () const

double 	getMaximumProcessingTime () const

Detailed Description

Processing statistic for an Algorithm.

Records amount of time spent in algorithm-specific code, from the time just before entering its message displatch routines, to when it outputs a message. Maintains a vector of the last 1000 processing times, and returns their average.

Definition at line 16 of file ProcessingStat.h.

Member Function Documentation

          double SideCar::Algorithms::ProcessingStat::getAverageProcessingTime
          (
          	)
           const

inline

Obtain the current average processing time.

Returns

average processing time

Definition at line 42 of file ProcessingStat.h.

References Utils::RunningMedian::getEstimatedMeanValue(), Utils::RunningMedian::getMaximumValue(), Utils::RunningMedian::getMedianValue(), and Utils::RunningMedian::getMinimumValue().

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

/Users/howes/src/sidecar/Algorithms/ProcessingStat.h

/Users/howes/src/sidecar/Algorithms/ProcessingStat.cc

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In addition to providing a friendly, compassionate, and comfortable atmosphere, Dr. Nora Balota here at Balota Family Dentistry prides herself on offering the most advanced dental technology. It's important to us that we stay on top of the latest research and systems in order to provide you with the best dental experience Colorado Springs, CO has to offer.
Dental technology is the use of the most advanced tools and systems, which will improve the quality and efficiency of the dental treatments and procedures we offer to our patients. We know that technology is always improving, but Dr. Balota is committed to only using the rigorously tested technology, which is shown to produce consistent and quality results.
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How do I make IntelliJ IDEA insert a new line at every end of file, so that GitHub doesn't complain for example?
And it will work natively not only in Idea, but in all major IDEs (some require a plugin).
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged intellij-idea linefeed or ask your own question.
How to use IntelliJ IDEA to find all unused code?


A hybrid waveguide Bragg grating in optical fiber was fabricated and characterized, showing thermal responsivity of 211pm/°C. Proposed being used in fiber sensor, it demonstrates enhanced resolution by 20x and 2x for temperature and strain.
Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference (AOE) 2008, 31 October 2008, Shanghai (CN). This paper was published in OSA Technical Digest and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=AOE-2008-SuR1. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. © 2008 Optical Society of America.


British telecoms firm Vodafone says it has completed its 7.7 billion-euro ($10 billion) takeover of Germany's biggest cable operator, Kabel Deutschland.
Vodafone, one of the world's largest cellphone companies, said in a statement Monday that it now holds just over 76 percent of Kabel Deutschland Holding AG. The acquisition marks a major step for Vodafone in its goal of dominating media services in Europe, its biggest market.
The British company is awash in cash after U.S. mobile operator Verizon Communications Inc. bought back its 45 percent stake held by Vodafone. The $130 billion buyout deal is one of the largest corporate acquisitions ever.
Vodafone was attracted by Kabel Deutschland's extensive cable network in Germany, which the British firm can use to expand its fixed-line, broadband and television business.