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Race, Trump & History:
Weeks Before Election, President Leaps Into...
Weeks Before Election, President Leaps Into Culture War Skirmish Over Teaching 1619 Project
By Kevin Mahnken | October 5, 2020
US President Donald Trump speaks during the White House Conference on American History at the National Archives in Washington, DC, September 17, 2020. (Photo by SAUL LOEB / AFP) (Photo by SAUL LOEB/AFP via Getty Images)
By Kevin Mahnken
Updated October 6
Standing at a podium in the rotunda of the National Archives Building, with original copies of the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights as his backdrop, President Trump addressed the White House Conference on American History. It was Constitution Day, Sept. 17 — roughly six weeks before voters would decide the outcome of the 2020 presidential election.
Trump made news in his 15-minute speech by announcing the formation of a federal panel to promote patriotic education. The commission, he said, would help to clear out a "twisted web of lies in our schools and classrooms" that deliberately misrepresented the glories of the nation's past. While aiming rhetorical daggers at the spread of critical race theory and workplace sensitivity trainings, the president reserved special condemnation for the 1619 Project, launched by the New York Times Magazine last year to mark the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first slaves in colonial Virginia.
"The left has warped, distorted and defiled the American story with deceptions, falsehoods and lies," he said. "There is no better example than the New York Times' totally discredited 1619 Project. This project rewrites American history to teach our children that we were founded on the principle of oppression, not freedom."
Engraving shows the arrival of a Dutch slave ship with a group of African slaves for sale in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. (Hulton Archive / Getty Images)
The president had already raised the issue of U.S. history several times in the election's home stretch: When the White House released a set of second-term goals ahead of the Republican National Convention, one of the two education-related bullet points was a call for schools to "teach American exceptionalism." Trump has also threatened to withhold federal funding from schools that teach a much-hyped 1619 curriculum developed jointly by the Times Magazine and the Pulitzer Center. Although events overtook the messaging war to an extent — Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died the very next day, and Trump himself took to his sickbed with COVID-19 just two weeks later — the tone had already been set.
The 2020 campaign is far from the first time that efforts to update history curricula have made ripples in national politics. But whereas previous skirmishes have erupted over the function and conduct of history instruction, they never drew the focus of a sitting president just weeks before Election Day.
Mary Frances Berry, a historian at the University of Pennsylvania and a former chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, called the conflict "an echo of earlier dustups" around U.S. history, such as the battle that torpedoed the National History Standards in the 1990s. But this iteration has been complicated by the convulsive racial politics of recent years. And in Donald Trump, who has played no small role in elevating racial grievance to the fore, the arguments of the 1619 Project have found an eager combatant.
"This period in which we have people getting shot and killed … and we have Trump — it's a context in which the 1619 Project becomes part of the fodder to fight over race," Berry said. "Those who want to put racial division back in a box and say, 'We don't need to do anything about it,' won't like 1619 because it puts it right in your face. And those who think that something must happen want it out there and want people to contend with it."
Since its unveiling a little over a year ago, 1619 has won widespread acclaim for its unsparing perspective on manifestations of racial injustice extending from the Middle Passage into the present day. In lengthy essays studded with detailed sidebars, the project's authors explore the historical roots of modern-day ills, from the racial wealth gap to the underfunding of mass transit to America's harsh system of criminal justice. As a measure of its glowing public reception, teachers quickly began incorporating elements of the series into their history lessons.
A Manhattan High School Reframes How Slavery Is Taught Using The New York Times's 1619 Project
But the public response did not end with adulation, and its detractors are not numbered merely among conservative Republicans. Within months of its publication, a group of well-respected historians signed an open letter to the Times Magazine seeking corrections to the project's assertions about the centrality of slavery within the context of the American Revolution and the pre-Civil War economy.
The 1619 Project's principal claim — that the true birth of the United States came not with the signing of the Declaration of Independence but with the inception of slavery — has been called into question, along with the openness of project creator Nikole Hannah-Jones and her collaborators to expert critique.
Jonathan Zimmerman, a historian of education at the University of Pennsylvania, pointed to what he called a "significant" inaccuracy in the Times Magazine's initial claims about slavery and the Revolution. Nevertheless, he said, the intense spat over the 1619 Project, and even its sudden cameo in our ongoing culture war, offered Americans both inside and outside the classroom an opportunity to reflect on their country's past and present.
"What a historian is supposed to say is, 'Oh, we've always done this.' And it's true that we have always debated history in different times and places, always tried to tailor it to our political predilections. But there is something different about this moment."
In an interview with The 74, Hannah-Jones stood by the interpretation of facts laid out in the 1619 Project. The controversy over some of its conclusions, she said, was due partly to the reality that the country is undertaking "a lot of questioning of the way that we've commemorated, the way that we have taught, the way that we have embraced a certain exceptional narrative of America."
"It is really about wrestling over who can control the narrative of the country that we live in," she said.
Nikole Hannah-Jones (James Estrin / The New York Times)
Fact-checking history
Although the 1619 Project was initially conceived as a special edition of the New York Times Magazine, it didn't stay within the glossy covers for long. Indeed, it dominated the media in the months that followed, generating a live event series and a podcast. Luminaries like then-presidential candidate Kamala Harris took to Twitter to sing its praises. And the accolades kept coming in 2020, when the series received three prestigious National Magazine Awards and Hannah-Jones was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for commentary. By that time, according to the Pulitzer Center, some version of the 1619 curriculum was in use in 4,500 classrooms around the country, including large-scale adoption in schools in Chicago, Newark and Buffalo.
The #1619Project is a powerful and necessary reckoning of our history. We cannot understand and address the problems of today without speaking truth about how we got here. https://t.co/W6gFOJ1zj6
— Kamala Harris (@KamalaHarris) August 15, 2019
The criticism that followed originated from venues both predictable and offbeat. In The Wall Street Journal's famously conservative editorial page, civil rights activist Robert Woodson decried that the project's "insinuation that Blacks are born inherently damaged by an all-prevailing racism." Meanwhile, the obscure World Socialist Web Site made attacking 1619 and Hannah-Jones a kind of project of its own, denouncing its thesis as "a racialist falsification of American and world history."
Obscure or not, the website scooped the mainstream press by exposing significant dissatisfaction with the 1619 Project among some of the most famous living historians. It published lengthy and critical interviews with Pulitzer winners Gordon Wood and James McPherson, along with acclaimed scholars Victoria Bynum and James Oakes, all of whom said that Hannah-Jones and some of her collaborators had gotten key historical facts wrong and overreached in their claims about the inescapable legacy of slavery in American life. Soon enough, all four signed on to the open letter asking the Times Magazine to issue corrections and provide detail about its research and fact-checking processes.
The experts' gripes focused on a few areas, but the most prominent came in Hannah-Jones's introductory essay, in which she wrote that the preservation of slavery was a primary motivation among American revolutionaries fighting for independence from the British Empire. After the claim was energetically contested, the Times issued a clarification in March acknowledging that only some colonial leaders were motivated to revolt by a perceived threat to slavery.
The 1851 lithograph Washington as a Farmer at Mount Vernon by Junius Brutus Stearns. Its depiction of an idealized vision of the first president alongside the people he enslaved was created at a time when abolitionists were offering far more graphic representations of slavery. (Leemage/Corbis / Getty Images)
Further complaints were raised, hinging on both fact and interpretation. Hannah-Jones had written that "for the most part," African Americans had "fought back alone" against racist tyranny — an omission, the letter writers argued, of the multiracial coalition that won the Civil War, abolished slavery and brought about the Civil Rights Movement a century later. Economic historian Phillip Magness argued that sociologist Matthew Desmond's essay relied on research that grossly overstated the importance of the plantation system to the antebellum economy.
A number of scholars also publicly defended the project, including some who accused its critics of holding an outdated view of America's founding. In one nuanced reaction, Leslie M. Harris, a Northwestern University historian who had helped fact-check Hannah-Jones's essay, lamented that the Times Magazine had disregarded her advice to drop the argument about the Revolution — even while defending 1619 as a valuable, if imperfect, "corrective history."
Hannah-Jones conceded that the project was not "perfect in all ways" but argued that historians were themselves caught up in the politics of the moment. The fact that some might have opted for a different interpretive lens than she was "not discrediting," she added.
"This was an essay that spanned 400 years of history, and one could take any one fact in that story and say, 'She should have expounded more about that fact,'" she said. "I'm not sure how I'm supposed to answer that, frankly. I wrote an essay making an argument … that I thought was important. I did not write a book about Abraham Lincoln, and I did not write a book about the founding."
James Oakes (City University of New York)
But the most vocal detractors haven't gone away. Oakes, a two-time winner of the prestigious Lincoln Prize and one of the most widely cited scholars on the subject of slavery and the abolitionist movement, said that he was both discouraged by the Times's response to critics and worried that "a good deal of misinformation is going to go into the school system with the 1619 Project."
"All they have to do is say, 'Yes, we've made a mistake, and we welcome all these critics showing us where we've made mistakes, and we're committed to making sure that those mistakes are corrected so that what goes into schools is accurate,'" he said. "They've never taken that position."
Zimmerman countered that, notwithstanding the factual errors highlighted by his fellow historians, the 1619 Project had done a public service by bringing attention to the tangled system of racial servitude, violence and theft that had characterized the American story.
"It's good for Americans to spend 30 seconds considering the fact that during the Revolution there were millions of enslaved people," he said. "This is not in any way to diminish the error, which is significant, but I would still say that the debate surrounding the 1619 Project is one of the best things to happen in my career. And you don't have to endorse everything [in it] to say that."
Jonathan Zimmerman (University of Pennsylvania)
Research shows that American students possess a limited knowledge of early American history and the primacy of racism's role within it. A 2018 report from the Southern Poverty Law Center found that while most teachers felt comfortable discussing slavery in the classroom, only a small fraction of the student population identified the institution of human bondage as the central cause of the Civil War.
Oakes agreed that there exists a need for more and better history instruction — especially around slavery, which he called "the central theme of my career." But there is danger, he continued, in taking up a new form of "consensus history," one that suppresses the perennial struggles in American democracy in favor of Manichaean simplifications.
"The conflict that arises in the American Revolution — you start getting free states and slave states, and try to imagine American history from the Revolution to the Civil War without those designations — gets ironed out, taken away," he said. "You can't explain American history that way. It's not the subject matter that's the problem; it's the way it's treated."
A nation 'seriously under question'
No stranger to simplification, the president has chosen a foil already widely hated on the Right. Even before Trump excoriated it as "ideological poison," Arkansas Sen. Tom Cotton, viewed as one of the GOP's rising stars, proposed a bill to ban the use of federal funds in teaching the project's curriculum. Just a week after its publication, conservative icon Rush Limbaugh dubbed it a "hoax" and said that it represented "the end of journalism, officially."
Berry, who surveyed the partisan landscape for decades during her tenure on the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, said that the project's emergence as a political football was predictable.
Mary Frances Berry (Cheriss May/NurPhoto / Getty Images)
"It was good campaign fodder to come out with this, and it should appeal very much to [Trump's] voters," she said. "It's consistent with his approach to dealing with race and education and civil rights. So I'm not surprised at all because it was ripe for the picking, so to speak."
The bitter politics mirror previous debates around school history curricula, which have effervesced into the popular discourse more than once in recent years. The backlash against perceived leftist encroachments into public schools has typically been the trigger, observed James Grossman, executive director of the American Historical Association.
"There were complaints in the '50s that any teachers who sang Pete Seeger folks songs in class were practicing Communist indoctrination; that was a little overwrought, in retrospect," he said. "In many ways, some of this hysterical concern about the impact of the 1619 Project does remind me about some of the hysteria about Communist influences in the classroom in the 1950s."
Recent decades provide fresher examples. Just a few years ago, education officials in Texas and Oklahoma attempted to ban the use of a new AP U.S. History framework that was seen as jargon-filled and politically slanted. References to the "bellicose rhetoric" of Ronald Reagan (especially compared with sunnier depictions of Democrats like Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson) and the "white racial superiority" powering America's Manifest Destiny period would leave students "ready to sign up for ISIS," said neurosurgeon Ben Carson, who was about to launch his 2016 presidential run.
The furor continued when the Republican National Committee issued a resolution condemning the new curriculum. The College Board, which administers the AP exams and had spurred the controversial revision, ultimately backtracked on many of the changes. In its re-released framework, mentions of the words "racism" and "xenophobia" were omitted entirely.
An even more dramatic clash came in the 1990s, when a curricular body at UCLA spent nearly three years developing the National History Standards, a set of teaching guidelines to be adopted voluntarily by states. They were assailed almost immediately by Republicans led by former National Endowment for the Humanities chairwoman Lynne Cheney, who complained that the standards omitted references to famous Americans like the Wright brothers and Robert E. Lee in favor of commemorating Harriett Tubman and the National Organization of Women. In the aftermath, the U.S. Senate passed a non-binding resolution repudiating the initiative by a vote of 99-1.
Lynne Cheney shares ideas from her book A Is for Abigail: An Almanac of Amazing American Women with more than 80 third-grade students in 2003. In the 1990s, she led the charge against the National History Standards created by a curricular body at UCLA. (David Bohrer/White House / Getty Images)
Over time, American classrooms have come to include depictions of U.S. history through non-white, non-male perspectives. A 2017 article by LaGarrett King, a professor of social studies education at the University of Missouri, found that racial diversity had increasingly penetrated K-12 schools through elective classes and partnerships with institutions like the National Museum of African American History and Culture. The celebration of Black History Month has spread throughout the country and the world, and a 2008 survey found that high schoolers listed Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, Harriett Tubman and Oprah Winfrey on a top-10 list of national heroes.
A photograph of escaped slave, abolitionist and Union spy Harriet Tubman. (Chip Somodevilla / Getty Images)
Even allowing for those developments, however, King believes that the complex history of American race relations has been buried beneath an optimistic story of forward progress. Episodes like the desegregation of schools, which led to an ugly white backlash and thousands of Black educators losing their jobs, are sanitized as unalloyed triumphs.
"We include these particular people, maybe a few viewpoints, but we don't change the narrative," King said. "We freeze Martin Luther King with 'I Have a Dream.' We situate Rosa Parks as this tired seamstress. We know Harriett Tubman from the Underground Railroad. But we don't necessarily discuss the history that's contentious. Black history is contentious to those progressive narratives."
Zimmerman echoed that sentiment, arguing that for much of the 20th century, well-intentioned multiculturalism had swollen U.S. history textbooks with the exploits of a diverse array of protagonists: Christopher Columbus, Johann de Kalb, Crispus Attucks. But the lessons remained blissfully celebratory, even as "we went from cheerleading for George Washington to cheerleading for George Washington Carver."
Christopher Columbus, Johann de Kalb, Crispus Attucks. (Getty Images)
"Now the whole nation is seriously under question," Zimmerman said. "The 1619 Project's advocates aren't asking for new figures to be included in the same old narrative; they're questioning the very contours of the narrative itself. I think that's great, provided that it's framed as a question rather than a new set of answers."
Twilight struggle
As of yet, with millions of students still learning remotely and a chaotic election in its closing weeks, it's unclear whether 1619's footprint will grow in K-12 schools or a conservative backlash will lead educators to steer clear of the curriculum.
Demonstrators march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., on June 3, protesting against police brutality and the death of George Floyd. (Tasos Katopodis / Getty Images)
President Trump's rhetorical campaign against the project has elevated it above earlier battles about U.S. history into a kind of twilight struggle that also encompasses the fate of contentious monuments and the names of army bases. David Campbell, a political scientist at the University of Notre Dame, noted that the racial entanglements of the past few years — especially after a summer of protests following the police killing of George Floyd — had raised the salience of quarrels about American history and culture.
"It's not as though race were irrelevant to the earlier debates, but it's certainly front and center now because of the 1619 Project in a way that it wasn't before," he argued. "And whenever anything becomes racialized, it raises the stakes for it, and that's what we're seeing. It's also why it would be attractive for Trump, who of course never shies away from injecting himself into racial debates in the country."
Hannah-Jones, who said she doubted whether the president had read the 1619 essays, argued that he had seized upon it as a useful target in an election year that has been a kind of "reckoning" — both with the brutality of slavery, secession and Jim Crow and with the present-day horrors of police violence.
"The only reason that the 1619 Project is even being mentioned by the president right now is that it's part of this larger culture war that has to do with what brought him into office in the first place," she said. "I think … white Americans are particularly primed for the message the president is putting forth."
The 2020 election comes at a time when Americans' surety in their national purpose and ideals is sorely diminished. While Republicans have always been more likely than Democrats to declare themselves patriotic in surveys, the recent partisan divergence on that issue is jaw-dropping: Just 22 percent of Democrats said they were "extremely proud" to be American in a 2019 Gallup poll, compared with 76 percent of Republicans. In a Eurasia Group Foundation poll this year, a shrinking number of respondents were willing to call America an "exceptional" nation.
(Gallup News)
Campbell noted that even while serving as a proxy dispute over racial attitudes and love of country, the row over the 1619 Project is also leading to a partisan role reversal. Typically, Republican politicians are especially jealous advocates of local control of schools against governmental incursions from the state. Now the party is calling for ambitious federal steps — including a commission on patriotic education that, even if it were formed, Campbell noted, "[could] not dictate curriculum across the country."
(Eurasia Group Foundation)
King, who works with active and pre-service teachers, does not believe that the 1619 curriculum poses a threat to the largely pro-American orientation of K-12 history instruction. Like countless other workbooks and modules provided by third parties for use in the classroom, he said, it would be available as a resource for teachers to use or ignore.
LaGarrett King (University of Missouri)
"I don't see 1619 as the be-all, end-all of how we should teach slavery," he said. "There are some really good essays in there, but just like any educated person, you pull from different stuff."
For his part, Oakes called the president's proposals "an abomination."
"I have no more interest in patriotic American history than I have in denunciatory American history. You don't get patriotism or cynicism from history; ideally, you get wisdom. And it seems to me that nobody in this debate is interested in that particularly."
Lead Image: President Trump during the White House Conference on American History at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., on Sept. 17. (Photo by Saul Loeb / Getty Images)
Kevin Mahnken is a senior writer at The 74.
@KevinMahnken kevin@the74million.org
EDlection 2020


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The series United States congressional serial set, serial set no. 12793-1 represents a set of related resources, especially of a specified kind, found in Bates College.
The Resource United States congressional serial set, serial set no. 12793-1
United States congressional serial set
211 Items in the Series United States congressional serial set, serial set no. 12793-1
Adel Lessert Bellmard, Clement Lessert, Josephine Gonvil Pappan, Pelagie Gonvil Franceour De Aubri, Victore Gonvil Pappan, Marie Gonvil, Lefleche Gonvil, Louis Laventure, Elizabeth Carbonau Vertifelle, Pierre Carbonau, Louis Joncas, Basil Joncas, James Joncas, Elizabeth Datcherute, Joseph Butler, William Rodger, Joseph Cote, four children of Cicili Compare and Joseph James, or the heirs of any who may be deceased. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Ah Mee Locke. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Alfred F. Lorman. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Amir U. Khan. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Angeliki Giannakou. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Arlene Coats. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Arley L. Beem. July 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Arnold E. Remmen. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Arthur Anderson. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Arthur Rike. June 28, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Basil Rowland Duncan. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Capt. David Campbell. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Capt. Donald D. Folkers. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Capt. Russell T. Randall. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Certain civilian employees and former civilian employees of the Bureau of Reclamation. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Certain civilian employees of the Air Force at Kelly Air Force Base, Tex. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Certain employees of the Naval Weapons Center, Concord, Calif. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Certain individuals employed by the Department of the Navy at certain U.S. naval stations in Florida. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Charles B. Franklin. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Charles C. Beaury. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Charles Richard Scott. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Cheng-Huai Li. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Clara B. Hyssong. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Claud Ferguson. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Clifton R. Kindt. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Conferring U.S. citizenship posthumously upon Lance Cpl. Theodore Daniel Van Staveren. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Conferring U.S. citizenship posthumously upon PFC. John R. Aneli. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Conferring U.S. citizenship posthumously upon S. Sgt. Ivan Claus King. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dean P. Bartelt. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Demetrios Konstantinos Georgaras. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Diego M. Gimenez, Jr. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Domingo Lamadriz. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Donald C. Goewey. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Donald D. Lambert. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Donald E. Crichton. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Alberto M. Hernandez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Alfredo Aucar. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Andres Raul Fernandez. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Angel Solar. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Antonio Pinera. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Aurelio Julian Andres Jimenez Cortina. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Benito V. Odulio. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Carlos Hernandez. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Carlos Jesus Aguilar Lima. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Carlos T. Toledo. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Cesar Baro Esteva. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Chung Chick Nahm. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. David Alfredo Orta-Menendez. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Edmee Serantes. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Eduardo Fernandez-Dominguez. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Emilio Ambrosio Trujillo. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Enrique Jose Catasus Soto. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Evelio Francisco Diaz. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Fermin Ferro. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Fernando Rafael Boudet-Esteban. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Francisco A. Aviles. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Francisco J. Menendez. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. George Alfonso Hernandez Canizares. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Gilberto Hedesa de la Campa. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Guillermo I. Gonzalez. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Heldo Gomez and his wife, Olga Enrique Gomez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Herman J. Lohmann. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Hugo Vincente Cartaya. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Israel Castellanos Gonzalez. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jacinto Felix de la Presilla-Elias. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jagir Singh Randhawa. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Joaquin Francisco Palmerola Cabrera. July 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jorge P. Garcia. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose A. Sierra. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose Del Rio. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose E. Naranjo. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose M. Leon. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose Ramon Portela Y Margolles. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose Salazar. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Jose Xirau. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Juan Alfredo Milera. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Juan Antonio Lopez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Juan C. Arrabal. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Juan De Moya. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Juan F. Hernandez. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Juan M. Ortiz. July 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Julio Epifanio Morera. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Julio P. Amable. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Kenneth Siu. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Laureano C. Falla (also known as Severino Laureano Falla-Alvarez). September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Mario E. Comas. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Martiniano L. Orta. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Mete V. Altug. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Miguel Angel Garcia Plasencia. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Miguel Gomez. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Narciso A. Lores. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Orlando C. Ramos. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Pedro Sarduy Brito (Pedro S. Sarduy). October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Rafael A. Santayana. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Rafael Luis Bejar Arias. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Ray F. McMillan. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Renee Diez de Force. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Richard Francis Power. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Roberto Garcia-Riveria. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Dr. Rogelio J. Barata (Rogelio Jose R. Barata Y Rivero). June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed., (electronic resource)
Context of United States congressional serial set, serial set no. 12793-1
Yvonne Davis. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Adel Lessert Bellmard, Clement Lessert, Josephine Gonvil Pappan, Pelagie Gonvil Franceour De Aubri, Victore Gonvil Pappan, Marie Gonvil, Lefleche Gonvil, Louis Laventure, Elizabeth Carbonau Vertifelle, Pierre Carbonau, Louis Joncas, Basil Joncas, James Joncas, Elizabeth Datcherute, Joseph Butler, William Rodger, Joseph Cote, four children of Cicili Compare and Joseph James, or the heirs of any who may be deceased. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ah Mee Locke. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Alfred F. Lorman. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Amir U. Khan. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Angeliki Giannakou. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Arlene Coats. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Arley L. Beem. July 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Arnold E. Remmen. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Arthur Anderson. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Arthur Rike. June 28, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Basil Rowland Duncan. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Capt. David Campbell. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Capt. Donald D. Folkers. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Capt. Russell T. Randall. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Certain civilian employees and former civilian employees of the Bureau of Reclamation. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Certain civilian employees of the Air Force at Kelly Air Force Base, Tex. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Certain employees of the Naval Weapons Center, Concord, Calif. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Certain individuals employed by the Department of the Navy at certain U.S. naval stations in Florida. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Charles B. Franklin. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Charles C. Beaury. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Charles Richard Scott. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Cheng-Huai Li. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Clara B. Hyssong. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Claud Ferguson. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Clifton R. Kindt. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Conferring U.S. citizenship posthumously upon Lance Cpl. Theodore Daniel Van Staveren. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Conferring U.S. citizenship posthumously upon PFC. John R. Aneli. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Conferring U.S. citizenship posthumously upon S. Sgt. Ivan Claus King. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dean P. Bartelt. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Demetrios Konstantinos Georgaras. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Diego M. Gimenez, Jr. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Domingo Lamadriz. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Donald C. Goewey. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Donald D. Lambert. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Donald E. Crichton. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Alberto M. Hernandez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Alfredo Aucar. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Andres Raul Fernandez. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Angel Solar. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Antonio Pinera. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Aurelio Julian Andres Jimenez Cortina. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Benito V. Odulio. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Carlos Hernandez. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Carlos Jesus Aguilar Lima. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Carlos T. Toledo. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Cesar Baro Esteva. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Chung Chick Nahm. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. David Alfredo Orta-Menendez. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Edmee Serantes. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Eduardo Fernandez-Dominguez. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Emilio Ambrosio Trujillo. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Enrique Jose Catasus Soto. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Evelio Francisco Diaz. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Fermin Ferro. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Fernando Rafael Boudet-Esteban. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Francisco A. Aviles. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Francisco J. Menendez. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. George Alfonso Hernandez Canizares. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Gilberto Hedesa de la Campa. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Guillermo I. Gonzalez. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Heldo Gomez and his wife, Olga Enrique Gomez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Herman J. Lohmann. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Hugo Vincente Cartaya. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Israel Castellanos Gonzalez. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jacinto Felix de la Presilla-Elias. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jagir Singh Randhawa. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Joaquin Francisco Palmerola Cabrera. July 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jorge P. Garcia. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose A. Sierra. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose Del Rio. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose E. Naranjo. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose M. Leon. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose Ramon Portela Y Margolles. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose Salazar. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Jose Xirau. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Juan Alfredo Milera. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Juan Antonio Lopez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Juan C. Arrabal. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Juan De Moya. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Juan F. Hernandez. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Juan M. Ortiz. July 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Julio Epifanio Morera. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Julio P. Amable. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Kenneth Siu. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Laureano C. Falla (also known as Severino Laureano Falla-Alvarez). September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Mario E. Comas. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Martiniano L. Orta. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Mete V. Altug. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Miguel Angel Garcia Plasencia. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Miguel Gomez. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Narciso A. Lores. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Orlando C. Ramos. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Pedro Sarduy Brito (Pedro S. Sarduy). October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Rafael A. Santayana. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Rafael Luis Bejar Arias. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Ray F. McMillan. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Renee Diez de Force. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Richard Francis Power. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Roberto Garcia-Riveria. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Rogelio J. Barata (Rogelio Jose R. Barata Y Rivero). June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dr. Santiago Jose Manuel Ramon Bienvenido Roig y Garcia. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Dwayne C. Cox and William D. Martin. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
E. Christian Des Marets, Sr. September 24, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
E.L. Townley, Otis T. Hawkins and Leo T. Matous. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Earl S. Haldeman, Jr. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Eduardo Raul Fernandez Santalla. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Edward L. Pickren. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Eloy Rene Tuya Hernandez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Enrique C. Sanchez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Erman-Howell Division, Luria Steel & Trading Corp. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ernesto Alunday. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ernesto Julio D'Escoubet Blanco. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Estate of Capt. John N. Laycock, U.S. Navy (retired). September 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Estate of Josiah K. Lilly. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Fausto Soler-Amor. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Gilmer County, Ga. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Giovanna Ingui Dallara. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Gong Sing Hom. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Granting the status of permanent residence to Maria Mercedes Riewerts. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Gyorgy Sebok. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Heng Liong Thung. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Henry E. Bullock. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Henry Gibson. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Jack Edward Cooley. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Jack L. Good. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Jack Nam Yee. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
James E. Denman. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
James M. Yates. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
James T. O'Brien. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
John Allunario. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
John M. Stevens. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
John T. Knight. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Jorge L. Machado. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Jose C. Favio Hidalgo. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Jose Estrada. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Josefina Policar Abutan Fuliar, et al. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Joseph H. Bonduki. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Joseph M. Hepworth. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Kap Rai Kim and Young Nam Kim. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lennart Gordon Langhorne. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Leonardo Seda. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lester W. and Sadie Hein. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lloyd W. Corbisier. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Louis J. Falardeau, Irva G. Franger, Betty Klemcke, Wineta L. Welburn, and Emma L. McNeil, all individuals employed by the Department of the Army at Fort Sam Houston, Tex. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lt. (JG.) Herbert F. Swanson and others. September 24, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lt. Col. Samuel J. Cole, U.S. Army (retired). June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lt. Comdr. William W. Gentry. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lucien A. Murzyn. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ludger J. Cossette. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Lydia M. Parsley. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Maj. Clyde Nichols (retired). June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Maj. Hollis O. Hall. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Manuel Hector Mere Hidalgo. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., of New York, N.Y. April 8, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Marcelina T. Reyes. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Margarete Reinhold Hallett. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Marie-Louise (Mary Louise) Pierce. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Martina Zubiri Garcia. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mary Jane Orloski. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mauritz A. Sterner. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Miloye M. Sokitch. September 11, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ming Chang. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mr. Leonel E. Enriquez and his wife, Mrs. Esther Luisa Marrero de Enriquez. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mrs. Aili Kallio. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mrs. Claudette C. Donahue. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mrs. E. Juanita Collinson. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mrs. Elise C. Gill. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mrs. Esther D. Borda. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Mrs. Sophie Michalowska. July 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ngo Thi Hong Hao (Lynch) and minor child, Sein (Lynch). September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Nora Austin Hendrickson. April 8, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
O'Brien Dieselectric Corp. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
O.P. Becken. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Peter Balinas and Lee Balinas. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Peter Rudolf Gross. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Pfc. John Patrick Collopy, US51615166. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Pine Hall Brick & Pipe Co. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Ralph W. Heneman. July 15, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Reddick B. Still, Jr., and Richard Carpenter. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Relief of David E. Alter III. October 3, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Relief of certain property owners in Tate County, Miss. September 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Rene E. Montero. March 28 (legislative day, March 27), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Richard Belk. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Richard C. Mockler. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Richard Smith (Noboru Kawano). June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Rivercliff Co., Inc. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Robert E. Nesbitt. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Robert L. Miller and Mildred M. Miller. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Rollo Oskey. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Sandy Kyriacoula Georgopoulos and Anthony Georgopoulos. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Sein Lin. July 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Slator C. Blackiston, Jr. September 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Sondra D. Shaw. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Soon-Hie Cho Young. October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Sophie Stathacopulos. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Stanislaw and Julianna Szymonik. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Stella Dribensky. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Suh Yoon Sup. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Sylvan H. Miller. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Theofane Spirou Koukos. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Victorino Servo Blanco. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Village of Orleans, Vt. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Virgile Posfay. June 21 (legislative day, June 19), 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Willard Herndon Rusk. June 17, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
William D. Pender. July 25, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
William W. Hiebert. September 24, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Yau Ming Chinn (Gon Ming Loo). October 9, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Yong Chin Sager. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Yuka Awamura. September 12, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
Yung Ran Kim. June 10, 1968. -- Ordered to be printed.
<div class="citation" vocab="http://schema.org/"><i class="fa fa-external-link-square fa-fw"></i> Data from <span resource="http://link.bates.edu/resource/gn1WXmA8koY/" typeof="Series http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/Series"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a href="http://link.bates.edu/resource/gn1WXmA8koY/">United States congressional serial set, serial set no. 12793-1</a></span> - <span property="potentialAction" typeOf="OrganizeAction"><span property="agent" typeof="LibrarySystem http://library.link/vocab/LibrarySystem" resource="http://link.bates.edu/"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a property="url" href="http://link.bates.edu/">Bates College</a></span></span></span></span></div>
Data Citation of the Series United States congressional serial set, serial set no. 12793-1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Oxidative Stress
Over the past several years, attaching the word antioxidant to any product has become a buzzword meaning "it's good for you, no matter what the problem," much like the words natural or organic in previous decades. What exactly are antioxidants, and what do they do for us? To answer that question, we have to understand a little basic biochemistry.
The Old Testament proclaims quite accurately that "the life of a creature is in the blood" (Leviticus 17:11). Blood off course carries oxygen, and any tissue that doesn't get it for more than a few minutes is doomed. But while a steady supply of oxygen is necessary for basic metabolic operations in every cell, oxygen's reactions with a variety of compounds generate free radicals: highly unstable molecules containing one or more unpaired electrons, which are definitely not content to live a biochemical "single life." Instead, free radicals actively seek out other molecules from which they can swipe an electron and regain their stability. Those molecules may in turn become free radicals, stealing electrons from their neighbors and turning them into free radicals, and so on, in a literal chain reaction reminiscent of some horror-movie scenario.
Unfortunately, molecules that have lost an electron to a free radical may be altered or even damaged in ways that can affect their function. Free radicals inflict their electron thievery on all kinds of important compounds: fatty acids, proteins, and even DNA, the complex blueprint containing the genetic information needed to make proteins and new cells. Free radicals no only arise from ongoing reactions involving oxygen within our body, but from other sources as well: polluted air, cigarette smoke, even the food we eat and water we drink.
The totality of this nonstop biochemical onslaught by free radicals is often called oxidative stress, and fortunately our bodies are designed to carry out ongoing repair operations to counter it. Furthermore, a number of enzymes in-activate free radicals. With the passage of time, however, these wondrous mechanisms may become less effective or may simply be overwhelmed. Current research has implicated free radical damage in many of our modern plagues: cardiovascular disease (heart attack and stroke), cancer, eye disorders, and arthritis, not to mention the aging process itself.
Coming to the aid of our cells and biochemical repair mechanisms are the antioxidants in our foods (and, for some, in supplements). These include the antioxidant vitamin C and E and a host of phytochemicals (compounds that are found in plants), including the carotenoid compounds (of which the best known are beta-carotene and lycopene), phytoestrogens, flavonoids, phenols, and polyphenols. Some of these, such as vitamin C and E, work by sacrificially donating an electron to a free radical, thus stabilizing it and preventing it from grabbing an electron from another molecule. What makes these types of antioxidants particularly virtuous is that they remain stable after giving away the coveted electron. Other compounds join in the battle by stimulating the body's own enzymes that are antioxidants or that repair free radical damage. In addition, certain minerals—notably selenium, manganese, copper, and zinc—while not antioxidants themselves, are necessary for the proper function of antioxidant enzymes.
A growing body of research suggests or demonstrates the benefits of foods containing various antioxidants:
Laboratory experiments show that various antioxidants can prevent the oxidation of LDL (bad) cholesterol by free radicals, an event widely considered to be a critical step in the development of diseased arteries.
Large population studies indicate that those whose diets are rich in antioxidants, and to some degree those taking vitamin E supplements, have lower rates of coronary artery disease.
Similarly, research suggest a link between diets abundant in fruits and vegetables in general, and vitamin C in particular, and lower rates of a number of cancers, including those in the mouth, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, lungs, breast, and cervix.
A number of studies suggest that antioxidants in the diet—especially vitamin C, as well as the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin—may reduce the risk of both cataracts and macular degeneration, the leading causes of visual problems among the elderly.
If a number of antioxidants in food have been identified and associated with health benefits, then taking generous amounts of them in supplements should seriously improve one's health and well-being—right? For years, a multi-billion-dollar supplement industry has been shouting "Amen!" all the way to the bank, but hard rock data to back its enthusiastic claims has been difficult to come by. One notorious example: Beta-carotene, an antioxidant found in deeply pigmented fruits and vegetables, appear to be a prime candidate for supplement superstardom. But in four large randomized controlled studies comparing the health of people given an identical-appearing placebo, the supplement group struck out. Only one study involving a concoction of antioxidants given to a poorly nourished population in rural China, showed some benefit. One study of U.S. physicians found no difference between those who took the supplement and those who didn't. And two large studies involving smokers showed an increased risk of lung cancer among those taking the beta-carotene supplement.
Indeed, this type of discouraging scenario—where a concentrated supplement of a specific nutrient in a controlled experiment doesn't seem to work as well as expected—has been rather common. There are several important reasons why this should not come as a big surprise:
Diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease aren't like scurvy, where a single missing ingredient added to the diet will produce dramatic results. Their causes and prevention involve complex interactions of many variables.
Similarly, hundreds of antioxidants and antioxidant-enhancing substances work in a variety of ways in different environments within the body, and in turn they interact with one another in complex ways. Attempting to isolate one substance that would prove to be the key antioxidant may prove to be a lost cause.
Even in well-designed experiments involving supplements, it can be difficult to control the effects of individual dietary choices on a long-term basis. Furthermore, even an experiment lasting for several years may not last long enough to pick up very subtle effect from a supplement.
Even with antioxidants, it is possible to take too much. For example, with niacin, when large amounts are packed into a pill, it acts as a drug with very different side effects. Some antioxidants perform their appointed tasks when consumed in food, but when they are taken at the much larger dose found in a supplement, they may have the opposite effect, acting as a pro-oxidant—substances that include oxidative stress rather than protect against it.
There is an important take-home lesson here, one that we cannot state often enough: While vitamins and other supplements can be beneficial (and for some, lifesaving), they are not a substitute for wise food choices. As clever as we might become though research and development of nutritional products, no one can duplicate the rich and complex blend of nutrients and phytochemicals in food, especially fruits and vegetables. Remember, the only truly natural products are found in the produce section of the supermarkets. An important corollary: Supplements cannot compensate for a lifetime of poor lifestyle choices (smoking, overeating, abusing drugs and alcohol, refusing to exercise, and so forth). You can't fill your gas tank with turpentine and then expect the fancy additive to take care of your engine.
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The information contained herein is not intended to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses. Please consult a doctor with any questions or concerns you might have regarding your condition.


MISSOULA - Slow-growing ponderosa pines may have a better chance of surviving mountain pine beetle outbreaks in western Montana as climate change increases the frequency of drought and insect pests, according to new research published by a team of University of Montana scientists.
The team of researchers, led by UM biological sciences Professor Anna Sala, published their findings in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this month. The study, based on a 38-year ponderosa pine genetic experiment at UM's Lubrecht Experimental Forest, found young families of fast-growing ponderosa pines typically survived to maturity better than slow-growing ones -- but this was not the case when mature trees were affected by a mountain pine beetle outbreak. In that scenario, slow-growing families survived better.
"Our findings explain why natural tree populations maintain a mixture of genotypes with different growth rates," Sala said. "The study illustrates why the maintenance of genetic diversity is critical to cope with the varying demands as organisms grow, as environmental conditions change and with the variety of risks that organisms face during their lifespan -- particularly under climate change, when the frequency of drought, insect pests such as the mountain pine beetle and extreme events are predicted to increase."
The team used a combination of data to show that fast growth in trees may be costly. They measured survival after a mountain pine beetle outbreak when trees were almost 40 years old and used a long-term dataset on survival and growth rates of over 4,000 trees planted in 1974, which was provided by the Inland Empire Tree Improvement Cooperative. With these data, the researchers were able to show in a long-lived organism that the specific genotypes that survive at any given point in time had changed over time. Their study shows that under some circumstances, such as high bark beetle densities during an outbreak, fast growth is costly.
The article, "An insect outbreak shifts the direction of selection from fast to slow growth rates in the long-lived conifer Pinus ponderosa" can be accessed online at http://bit.ly/2rYU9hb. For more information call Sala at 406-243-6009 or email asala@mso.umt.edu.


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comparative politics of gender African politics, democratizing states and democratizing gender power relations, gender and globalized militarization, militarizing Africa after 9/11
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college access and persistence, community and parent engagement, community organizing, education organizing, education reform, educational equity, higher education, portraiture, race and class in rural communities, rural communities and schools, rural education


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Inter-European Air Force Academy
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Alaska Air National Guard trains with Coast Guard
By David Bedard
176th Wing Public Affairs
KODIAK, Alaska (AFNS) --
Undulating waves pitched the 2,000-ton U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Cypress like a bath toy, which was nothing unusual for the vessel while operating in Pacific waters off Alaska.
What was out of place was the 210th Rescue Squadron HH-60G Pave Hawk combat search and rescue helicopter hovering overhead. Fast ropes dropped from the Pave Hawk's open doors, and U.S. Coast Guardsmen of Maritime Security Response Team West rapidly streamed down to the deck like firefighters descending a fire pole.
Keeping watch over the ballet of tactical infiltration was Alaska Air National Guard Staff Sgt. Richard Stout, 210th RQS HH-60 special missions aviator. He had to keep an eye on the helicopter's relative position to the cutter, assist the MSRT operators to safely exit and ensure the ship's movements were within safety limits.
All in a day's work for 210th RQS and the elite MSRT members who teamed up for the recent training.
The 210th RQS flies the Pave Hawk, the only rotary wing platform in the Department of Defense solely dedicated to combat search and rescue of downed pilots and other isolated U.S. and allied personnel.
Alaska Air National Guard Maj. Tyler Seibold, 210th RQS Pave Hawk pilot, said the HH-60 is well-suited to supporting fast rope operations, a core task for 212th Rescue Squadron pararescuemen and combat rescue officers.
Seibold said the Pave Hawk has wide doors on both sides of the aircraft, whereas the Coast Guard MH-60 Jayhawk only has one door on the starboard side due to large port fuel tanks that give the Jayhawk superior unrefueled range. The Pave Hawk's Fast-Rope Insertion Extraction System is a heavy-duty, machined bar bolted into the helicopter's roof that extends from the doors as an anchor for the ropes.
The Pave Hawk and Jayhawk employ rescue hoists suited for the deliberate insertion of rescue personnel and the safe extraction of those rescued. The fast rope allows pararescue to rapidly infiltrate a contested area and quickly carry out a rescue while the helicopter provides overwatch and support with its GAU-18 .50-caliber machine gun or the 4,000 rounds-per-minute GAU-2 7.62 mm minigun.
Alaska Air National Guard Maj. Paul Rauenhorst, HH-60 pilot and 176th Operations Group chief of standards and evaluations, said a tumultuous sea state throughout the week made for especially difficult training.
"The rolling seas definitely made it challenging to get the operators off and on the ship in such a confined space," he said.
Flying with the pilots were 210th RQS special missions aviators responsible for working closely with the operators to ensure a safe fast rope while providing a critical extra set of eyes.
"I'm new to the job, so this is my first time working with moving vessels," Stout said. "It's very challenging because everything is moving, and the situation is very dynamic. Normally, we're in a stationary hover, but we're flying at the same speed and heading as the boat, holding position and delivering the operators safely."
Rauenhorst underscored the value of working with mission partners Airmen may see again during domestic operations and overseas contingencies.
"These are some of the operators we might meet downrange, so it's good to work with them in case we see them on future deployments," Rauenhorst said. "It's also good, flying-wise, to experience different mission sets that are outside of search and rescue. It's a different but challenging aspect working with the ships down here at Kodiak."


Introducing the 2006 Porsche 911. This 2 door, 4 passenger coupe still has less than 35,000 miles! Porsche made sure to keep road-handling and sportiness at the top of it's priority list. Under the hood you'll find a 6 cylinder engine with more than 300 horsepower, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Porsche prioritized handling and performance with features such as: a power seat, front bucket seats, air conditioning, a headlight cleaning system, heated door mirrors, cruise control, and more. For drivers who enjoy the natural environment, a power moon roof allows an infusion of fresh air. Porsche ensures the safety and security of its passengers with equipment such as: dual front impact airbags with occupant sensing airbag, front SIDE impact airbags, traction control, a security system, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. You'll never lose visibility with rain sensing wipers, which activate automatically when the drops start to fall. Our aim is to provide our customers with the best prices and service at all times. Please don't hesitate to give us a call.


This fruity tray bake is my go to cake when I have run out of sweet treats. Particularly useful for those unexpected visits as it uses store cupboard ingredients and is quick to prepare. I also freeze slices ready for any occasion. Served with custard it also makes a comforting emergency dessert.
Preheat oven to 180°C/Fan 160ºC/Gas 4. Grease a 28 x 18cm cake tin and line the base with baking parchment.
Rub the butter into the flour in a large mixing bowl. Add sugar, fruit, baking powder and the spices. Stir together. Mix in the eggs and gradually stir in the milk.
Turn into prepared cake tin and bake for 35 minutes, until lightly browned and golden.
Remove from oven and leave to cool for 10 minutes. Remove from tin and leave to cool on a wire cooling rack. Cut into slices to serve.


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Tag: Alberta Election 2023
Episode 58: Summer in Alberta Politics Q & A
1 Comment on Episode 58: Summer in Alberta Politics Q & A
A beautiful emerald green lake of Barrhead County (photo: Dave Cournoyer)
You sent us your questions and we answered! In this edition of the annual Alberta politics Q&A episode, Daveberta Podcast host Dave Cournoyer and producer Adam Rozenhart dive into the mailbag to answer listener questions about provincial parks, the Heritage Savings Trust Fund, the reopening of schools in September, political party fundraising, how previous governments might have handled the COVID-19 pandemic differently, how the government could do a better job convincing more Albertans to wear face masks in public, and much more.
We also chat about your recommendations for the Alberta politics summer reading list, which will be published later this week.
The Daveberta Podcast is a member of the Alberta Podcast Network: Locally grown. Community supported. The Alberta Podcast Network includes dozens of great made-in-Alberta podcasts.
Find us on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, or you can email us at podcast@daveberta.ca. Thanks for listening.
Tags Adam Rozenhart, Adriana LaGrange, Alberta Election 2023, Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, Alberta Medical Association, Alberta NDP, Alberta Parks, Alberta Parks Privatization, Alberta Podcast, Alberta Podcast Network, Alberta Political Party Fundraising, Alberta Politics Podcast, Alberta politics summer reading list, COVID-19 Pandemic, Dave Cournoyer, Daveberta Podcast, Erin O'Toole, Jason Kenney, Jason Nixon, Justin Trudeau, Peter Mackay, Rachel Notley, United Conservative Party
4 reasons why Kenney's approval ratings are low and Albertans aren't rallying around the flag during the pandemic.
21 Comments on 4 reasons why Kenney's approval ratings are low and Albertans aren't rallying around the flag during the pandemic.
Premier Kenney presented a 54-minute long PowerPoint presentation to the press on April 8, 2020.
Alberta is used to being a political outlier. And in the first six months of 2020, when governments and opposition parties in most provinces put aside their political differences to face the COVID-19 pandemic and economic shutdown, Alberta remained an outlier as neither the United Conservative Party government nor the New Democratic Party opposition put aside their differences to rally around the flag. Here are a few reasons why:
Jason Kenney (source: Flickr)
1. Jason Kenney is unpopular. This is not new and has been a problem that has dogged him and his party since he jumped into provincial politics in 2017. Pulling off a coup by taking over the Progressive Conservative Party and merging it with the Wildrose Party to form the UCP may have solidified his popularity among conservative partisans, but most polls have shown his approval and performance ratings dragging far below the high-water mark of UCP support in the 2019 election.
2. The United Conservative Party government is using the pandemic and economic crisis as cloud cover to continue to implement a divisive political agenda. The UCP campaigned on the slogan of "jobs, economy and pipelines," but during the pandemic the government has barely skipped a beat in continuing its fight with rural and small town doctors, cutting funding that led to 25,000 education workers losing their jobs and thousands of layoffs at Alberta's technical colleges and universities, and pushing the privatization and closure of Alberta's provincial parks. And plans to layoff nurses and health care workers? That has only been delayed.
And while claiming that the government is broke, the UCP invested $1.5 billion and pledged an additional $6 billion towards the construction of a pipeline that entirely depends on Donald Trump being re-elected as President of the United States in November.
Donald Trump (source: Facebook)
Probably one of the most distinguishing features of the UCP government is the inability of its ministers to admit it is wrong or has made a mistake, ever. Instead, the UCP responds by aggressively blaming its opponents, whether it be the Alberta Medical Association, the New Democratic Party, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Alberta Federation of Labour President Gil McGowan, secret foreign-funded anti-Alberta campaigns, or nefarious urban green-left radicals with growing influence over New York City-based credit rating agencies.
Barely a day goes by where the UCP does not release a meme or video on social media attacking its opponents. Long gone are the days when the old PC Party government would focus on governing and pretend the opposition parties didn't exist.
3. The New Democratic Party official opposition is very aggressive. While the tiny 2-4 MLA NDP caucus of the past would frequently run circles around the other opposition parties, the current 24-MLA NDP caucus is striking a different tone and operating in a similar aggressive manner to how the Wildrose Party did during its time in opposition benches from 2012-2017.
Rachel Notley (source: Facebook)
It is perhaps not a surprise that the UCP is now trying to paint the NDP with the same "Team Angry" moniker that the PC Party slapped onto the Wildrose Party a decade ago. But the political landscape in Alberta is drastically different as both parties now exist in a competitive environment where Albertans have a taste for electoral change.
With former premier Rachel Notley at its helm and a front bench of former cabinet ministers in its caucus, the NDP are the first official opposition in decades that can legitimately call itself a government-in-waiting. But in a big way, the NDP needs to start acting like a government-in-waiting and talking confidently about what new ideas it will implement and bad UCP ideas it will repeal if or when it forms government again in 2023.
4. Nothing is actually getting done for Albertans who now face record unemployment levels and a very uncertain economic future.
Tags Alberta Election 2023, Alberta Medical Association, Alberta NDP, Alberta PC Party, COVID-19 Pandemic, Donald Trump, Gil McGowan, Jason Kenney, Rachel Notley, United Conservative Party, Wildrose Party
Episode 54: That's a great Alberta politics question.
No Comments on Episode 54: That's a great Alberta politics question.
We dive into the mailbag in this episode of the Daveberta Podcast to answer questions about Alberta politics sent in by our listeners on topics ranging from the United Conservative Party's influence on the Conservative Party of Canada leadership race to the details of the Alberta government's Keystone XL Pipeline investment to Health Minister Tyler Shandro's never-ending fight with Alberta's doctors to how the 1918 Spanish influenza impacted Alberta politics and more great questions.
Saudi Wealth Fund Builds Stakes in Canadian Oil Sands Giants (Bloomberg, May 15, 2020)
Alberta 'war room' selling positive oilpatch pitches, but investors aren't buying (Graham Thomson, May 15, 2020)
Hinterland Who's Who: Hear the haunting csll of the wild deep south Alberta UCP MLA… (AlbertaPolitics.ca, May 13, 2020)
Trudeau says wealth fund blacklisting of Alberta companies a wake-up call on climate change action (CBC, May 12, 2020)
Alberta doctors push back against government's 'divide-and-conquer' strategy (CBC, May 8, 2020)
Alberta's Keystone XL investment benefits oil companies more than Albertans (Parkland Institute, April 2, 2020)
Tags Adam Rozenhart, Alberta Election 2023, Alberta Medical Association, Alberta NDP, Alberta Party, Alberta Podcast, Alberta Politics Podcast, Andrew Scheer, Climate Change, Conservative Party of Canada Leadership Race 2020, COVID-19 Pandemic, Dave Cournoyer, Daveberta Podcast, Derek Sloan, Freedom Conservative Party, Greg Clark, Jacquie Fenske, Jason Kenney, Keystone XL Pipeline, Leslyn Lewis, Peter Lougheed, Peter Mackay, Rachel Notley, Sonya Savage, Stephen Mandel, Tyler Shandro, United Conservative Party, Wexit, Wexit Alberta
Episode 53: COVID-19 provides cloud cover over Alberta's economic crisis
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"…in a crisis there are no capitalists left. Everybody is a socialist."
Zain Velji
Zain Velji, campaign strategist and Vice President Strategy at Northweather joins host Dave Cournoyer and producer Adam Rozenhart on this episode of the Daveberta Podcast to discuss the how COVID-19 is providing cloud cover to and accelerating Calgary's economic problems and how the pandemic could provide an opportunity to reshape politics and policies at the municipal, provincial and federal levels.
We also discuss whether the United Conservative Party government is pushing forward with a now outdated agenda and we dive into wild speculation about how this pandemic and economic crisis could impact the 2023 election in Alberta.
Social trust is at the heart of beating this pandemic, and Canadians are showing it in spades (Jim Stanford, Toronto Star, April 25, 2020)
Can this pandemic be the crisis that finally forces us to fix long-term care? (Aaron Wheery, CBC, April 25, 2020)
Ignoring US Alarms, Alberta Meat Packers Spawned Canada's Biggest Outbreak (Andrew Nikiforuk, The Tyee, April 24, 2020)
Kenney rejects idea of Alberta speaking to Green New Deal advocates after oil prices drop (Global News, April 24, 2020)
My Restaurant Was My Life for 20 Years. Does the World Need It Anymore? (Garbrielle Hamilton, New York Times, April 23, 2020)
Why we're seeing negative oil prices in Alberta and across North America (The Narwhal, April 20, 2020)
The missing touch: the agony and ecstasy of endless screen time (Benjamin Leszcz, Globe & Mail, April 17, 2020)
Shell unveils plans to become net-zero carbon company by 2050 (The Guardian, April 16, 2020)
Facebook ads suggest UCP trying to build social license for pipelines through PPE donations (Daveberta.ca, April 15, 2020)
The rise of Alberta's unapologetic petro-patriots (Jason Markusoff, June 15, 2019)
Tags Adam Rozenhart, Alberta Economy, Alberta Election 2023, Alberta Election Podcast, Alberta Municipal Elections 2021, Alberta NDP, Alberta Oil, Alberta Party, Alberta Podcast, Alberta Podcast Network, Alberta Politics Podcast, ATB Financial, Calgary Municipal Election 2021, COVID-19 Pandemic, Dave Cournoyer, Daveberta Podcast, Don Iveson, Economic Diversification, Edmonton Municipal Election 2021, Jason Kenney, Naheed Nenshi, Rachel Notley, Sonya Savage, The Strategists, United Conservative Party, Western Canadian Select, Zain Velji
Alberta politics talk with Ryan Jespersen on 630 CHED
No Comments on Alberta politics talk with Ryan Jespersen on 630 CHED
I was thrilled to spend an hour with Ryan Jespersen on 630CHED today to talk about American and Alberta politics.
We covered a lot of ground, including the political theatre between United States President Donald Trump and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi at the State of the Union address, the federal Conservative Party leadership race and whether a Draft Kenney campaign will start anytime soon, political party fundraising returns from 2019, Rachel Notley's decision to lead the NDP into Alberta's 2023 election, and whether the Canadian Energy Centre is worth it's $30 million annual budget (spoiler: it's not).
Thanks again to Ryan for having me on the show!
Tags 630CHED, Alberta Election 2023, Alberta NDP, Canadian Energy Centre, Conservative Party of Canada Leadership Race 2020, Donald Trump, Jason Kenney, Justin Trudeau, Nancy Pelosi, Rachel Notley, Ryan Jespersen, Sarah Hoffman, Shannon Phillips, Tom Olsen, United Conservative Party, War Room


A baby impala suckles in a moment of calm. Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania, Africa.
Technical: Canon 1D Mark II 8-megapixel camera, Canon 500 mm f/4 L IS lens plus a 1.4x teleconverter giving 700 mm at f/5.6. Exposure: 1/400 second at ISO 200. Full image height, crop to 16x20 proportions.


Rediff.com » News » What is causing Muslim radicalism?
What is causing Muslim radicalism?
Muslim youth are neither meant for being indoctrinated and hired by any destructive foreign agency like the ISI, nor are they meant for being fired at by their own security agencies, says Mohammad Sajjad.
How do we explain the reported rising of hot-headed radicalism among a small section of Mithila (north Bihar) Muslims? Is it due to their exclusion from the structures and processes of power, or are they falling prey to the ideological indoctrination done by some destructive foreign agencies?
Of late, India's security and investigative agencies through the Indian media have started conveying that there is a 'Darbhanga Module' which is alleged to have carried out some terrorist activities in certain cities of India.
There have been few arrests of some educated professionals, some of them working in the Middle East. The real truth will come to us after a long haul of slow-paced judicial trial (even in TADA the conviction rate was as low as below two per cent). There have been allegations against the agencies of procedural lapses in the modes of arrests made thus far.
(For a more comprehensive, powerful, and nuanced analysis, see Irfan Ahmad: 'The (In)visible Indian Terrorism (external link), September 16, 2011).
Darbhanga-Madhubani is a region from where among a particular social class of Muslims, relatively speaking, there is fairly good proportion of educated youth. The Constitution's provision under Articles 29 and 30 have been made better use of by Darbhanga Muslims; the educational entrepreneurs among Darbhanga Muslims have been running minority institutes of teachers' training (BEd), the Katihar Medical College, dental colleges, etc.
In Bihar, during the Lalu-Rabri regime, doors to the BEd courses were closed except in these Muslim minority institutions. This was further facilitated by the appointment of Professor Abdul Mughni as the vice-chancellor of Mithila University. It must have been a source of envy for Maithil Brahmins and other Hindus.
Darbhanga has been gifted by the Union government with the off-campus of a central University, the Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU, Hyderabad), which offers professional courses like diploma in engineering and technology in Urdu medium to ensure greater inclusion of Muslims.
Since long, this region has been sending Muslim MPs to the Lok Sabha; on occasions, simultaneously two MPs. In the 1990s, Professor Wahab Ashrafi (1936 to 2012), and Professor Shamshad Husain were the chairman of the Bihar State Universities Services Commission and there was fair representation of the Muslims (roughly 20 per cent) in the recruitment of lecturers in 1996.
Many times governors of Bihar have been Muslims, like Professor Akhlaqur Rahman Qidwai, Yunus Saleem, Shafi Quraishi, etc. The Bihar chief minister during 1973 to 1975 was a Muslim, Abdul Ghafoor (1918 to 2004) whose integrity in public life was vouched and appreciated even by Jayaprakash Narayan (1902 to 1979) even while in the thick of opposition against his chief ministerial tenure at the time of 'Total Revolution'; several times the presidents of the Bihar Congress were Muslims.
The fiercest anti-colonial newspaper of Bihar, The Searchlight (1918 to 1986) was launched in 1918 by a group of luminaries led by Syed Hasan Imam who had contributed the highest amount of Rs 5,000 for the purpose, and its first editor was a Muslim, Syed Haidar Husain.
Having won freedom from the British and played the most significant part in the post-colonial reconstruction of Bihar after Independence, the newspaper lived till 1986 when it was taken over by The Hindustan Times. The communal separatist politics of the Muslim League remained so weak in Bihar even in the 1940s that it did not find any large stature leader from Bihar.
In 1990-1991, Darbhanga's Muslim MP, Professor Shakilur Rahman (former VC, Mithila University, Darbhanga, and Bihar University, Muzaffarpur) was the Union health minister. He had won the 1989 Lok Sabha against all odds put by the powerful caste group of Darbhanga, and his onslaught against vested interests deeply entrenched into the Mithila University had earned him great popularity which ensured his victory.
Darbhanga's (several times) MP, Mr Fatmi, an engineer from AMU, was the Union minister of state for human resource development from 2004 to 2009; Madhubani's several times MP, Dr Shakil Ahmad, an MBBS from Muzaffarpur, was the Union minister of state for home affairs, 2004 to 2009; earlier, he was minister of health in the Bihar government; his father was the deputy speaker, Bihar assembly. Presently, Dr Shakil is the national spokesperson of the Congress party.
Darbhanga Muslims had made contributions in the freedom struggle; their oldest Madrasa Imdadiya, its teachers and students made proud contributions in the anti-colonial struggle.
Ghulam Sarwar represented a segment of Darbhanga in the Bihar assembly; he was minister of education from 1977 to 1979, then he held several portfolios including speaker of the Bihar assembly from 1990 to 2004. Abdul Bari Siddiqi, an MLA from a part of Darbhanga, is an important leader of the Rashtriya Janata Dal which ruled over Bihar for 15 years, and throughout this period he had been a minister; at the moment he is the Leader of the Opposition in the Bihar assembly.
Among the Muslims qualifying for the civil services, there is hardly any list which is not represented by a Darbhanga Muslim.
Secondly, certain fallacies apart, the Indian State and its democratic processes are responsive enough. Once you assert your demand in a concerted and sustained manner, it stands conceded and fulfilled by the State. The National Council for Minority Educational Institutions, NCMEI, has been empowered to do the needful towards educational uplift; it has declared the Jamia Milia Islamia, a central university, as a Muslim minority institution, reserving fifty per cent of the enrolment intake for Muslim students.
The government/UGC offers certain funds to the Hamdard University. One can multiply such instances. The recent legislative piece of the fundamental right to education is a wonderful revolutionary weapon of the uplift and empowerment, more particularly for the weaker and oppressed sections. We ought to launch a campaign to make full use of it.
The point I am trying to make is: Among the Muslim educated youth and the middle classes there should not be any feeling of alienation; rather than falling prey to any hard-headed, right-wing, foreign-inspired chauvinistic radicalism (if any), they should organise themselves to pressurise the democratic institutions and processes to press their demands, pertaining to education, employment, health, security of life and property, religio-cultural freedom, and all such things.
India's secular democracy, the accommodative orientations and practices of the State offer a lot to all of us, we must strengthen it. All of us should unitedly force out any hard-headed tendency of resorting to blasts. Meanwhile, the struggle for justice to the detained youths must also continue.
Needless to add, the Muslim youth are neither meant for being indoctrinated and hired by any destructive foreign agency like the ISI, nor are they meant for being fired by their own security agencies.
Mohammad Sajjad is a commentator on Muslim issues.