text:
How To Get Rid Of Green Mold In House
How to Get Rid of Black Sooty Mold in a Greenhouse Home
Green Mold In The Home You've probably heard of mold sickness caused by black mold, but other types of mold can cause illness, too, including green mold. There are more than one hundred types of mold commonly found in homes in the U.S, many of which can appear green in color.... The green, earthy smell of a greenhouse is intoxicating for gardeners -- its ability to nurture even the most delicate seedlings almost magical. When sooty mold invades the greenhouse, much of its
Many types of mold, including house mold, have green or greenish color. Some of the most common mold types that have green color include Aspergillum , Penicillium , and Cladosporium . While they may show green color, they can also appear gray, brown, or yellow.... Do not use fans if the mold has already begun to grow, as they can spread the spores to other parts of the house. Put on a pair of latex gloves and goggles for protection and remove all wet items such as carpeting, rugs, toys, furniture and ceiling tiles.
Mold and mold are natural elements, but when they get on your clothing or in your house they can truly wreak havoc. They may also be uncooperative to find and remove. These are some tips on removing and forestalling mold and mould. how to help my 6 year old improve her focus Whether it's black, green, red, orange, brown, yellow and pink... mold is not pretty...even if it's pink. While mold and mildew can be tough to eradicate from your home if it begins to take over, it is possible to remove mold and mildew naturally and easily with the right cleaners and little elbow grease.
Mold and mold are natural elements, but when they get on your clothing or in your house they can truly wreak havoc. They may also be uncooperative to find and remove. These are some tips on removing and forestalling mold and mould. how to get rid of a mosquito bite itch Green mold can be a scary opponent, but removing green mold and dealing with the underlying issue is the most important step to take for your health and home. Green mildews and molds are everywhere, but there are many resources available to keep them from being an unwelcome guest in the home. Have you ever had green mold or mildew in your home or workplace? Did the green mold grow on your
Green Mold in House. Houses are filled with all kinds of organic materials. You have drywall, wood, concrete, food, and water in one or more rooms of the house. On top of that, you might live in a region of the world where it is frequently hot and humid. That humidity can spread indoors if you don't have an air conditioner or dehumidifier. If that is not the problem, check to see if you have
Steps to Get Rid of Mold : Steps to Get Rid of Mold • Stop the moisture source - Start by plugging the source of moisture and keep living spaces dry. Repair a leaking roof or pipe or an air conditioner condensation drain line.
The green, earthy smell of a greenhouse is intoxicating for gardeners -- its ability to nurture even the most delicate seedlings almost magical. When sooty mold invades the greenhouse, much of its
Bleach - If you're looking for home remedies to get rid of mold because you want a green alternative to the chemicals found in many mold removal products, you're probably not interested in using bleach. It's certainly not a "green" product! However, it's something many people keep around the house and it's affordable and it has a reputation for being able to clean and disinfect
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text:
Audiowalk
Galerie im Tempelhof Museum
© Mike Chick, "Kazimierz", 2014
Alt-Mariendorf 43
1 – 6pm
No barrier-free access
U6 Alt-Mariendorf
Bus 179 181 277 M76 M77 N6 N77 S2X X71 X76
19 January – 18 March 2018
Oder-Neiße
Photographs by Mike Chick
In his photographs British artist Mike Chick researches and contemplates the effects of history on the Oder-Neiße region and its people, as well as the relationship between identity and place. Inspired by his family's German roots in Szczecin, his work uses a conceptual documentary approach to consider tensions between past and present. It was influenced by Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness, which explores the discovery and appropriation of a country and its inhabitants. The photographs of landscapes and people were taken between 2013 and 2016 along the Polish-German border.
The book "Oder-Neiße" accompanies the exhibition.
www.mikechick.com
photos © Gerhard Haug
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Central Arizona Project (CAP) is the steward of central Arizona's Colorado River water entitlement and a collaborative leader in Arizona's water community.
The Central Arizona Project will be a collaborative, innovative leader in the management and the delivery of water to Central Arizona. It will enhance the state's economy and quality of life and ensure sustainable growth for current and future populations of Arizonans.


A strand of Open Food is looking into creative cooking from non-professionals and how this could be better supported and shared. We think of creative cooking as an exploratory, people-lead, learning culinary activity that goes beyond utilitarian needs. We have initiated the idea of the "Open Kitchen", the equivalent of a makerspace for cooking: A place equipped with tools, ingredients, access to a market, chef and peers to facilitate creativity. During the summer and autumn 2017 we teamed-up with the world-known Borough Market to run and test the Open Kitchen concept. After initial ethnography, we are currently undertaking design work to respond to the phenomena we observed. Specifically, we are exploring how physical and digital tools could support some of the creative behaviors that emerged.
I am particularly interested in "the recipe" and what this could be, beyond a static, cognitive list of instructions. An initial prototype saw the recipe as in-situ projections of the creations of past participants based on cooking tools. When a participant picks up a tool (e.g. a knife, spatula or pepper grinder), a video is triggered that plays back clips of previous actions and uses of that tool. Thus, people were prompted to explore the kitchen both physically and digitally, and perhaps find inspiration in doing so.
The Open Kitchen was presented in BBC Click as part of RCA's presence at the Borough Market during London Design Festival 2017.


The group which includes underworld gang leader Maakandurey Madhush, vocalist Amal Perera and his son Nadeemaal, who were arrested by Dubai police are to be detained for another month.
This under an order put forth by the courts in Dubai, according to Attorney Shaabdika Wellappili appearing on behalf of Amal Perera and his son.
The attorney is of the view that this decision for extension was made as investigations being carried out had not been completed and additional reports had to be submitted to court.
The attorney also said that action would be taken to request bail for Amal Perera and his son during this period.


text:
package jiracmd

import (
	"github.com/coryb/figtree"
	"github.com/coryb/oreo"
	"github.com/go-jira/jira"
	"github.com/go-jira/jira/jiracli"
	kingpin "gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2"
)

type EditMetaOptions struct {
	jiracli.CommonOptions `yaml:",inline" json:",inline" figtree:",inline"`
	Project               string `yaml:"project,omitempty" json:"project,omitempty"`
	Issue                 string `yaml:"issue,omitempty" json:"issue,omitempty"`
}

func CmdEditMetaRegistry() *jiracli.CommandRegistryEntry {

	opts := EditMetaOptions{
		CommonOptions: jiracli.CommonOptions{
			Template: figtree.NewStringOption("editmeta"),
		},
	}

	return &jiracli.CommandRegistryEntry{
		"View 'edit' metadata",
		func(fig *figtree.FigTree, cmd *kingpin.CmdClause) error {
			jiracli.LoadConfigs(cmd, fig, &opts)
			return CmdEditMetaUsage(cmd, &opts)
		},
		func(o *oreo.Client, globals *jiracli.GlobalOptions) error {
			opts.Issue = jiracli.FormatIssue(opts.Issue, opts.Project)
			return CmdEditMeta(o, globals, &opts)
		},
	}
}

func CmdEditMetaUsage(cmd *kingpin.CmdClause, opts *EditMetaOptions) error {
	jiracli.BrowseUsage(cmd, &opts.CommonOptions)
	jiracli.TemplateUsage(cmd, &opts.CommonOptions)
	jiracli.GJsonQueryUsage(cmd, &opts.CommonOptions)
	cmd.Arg("ISSUE", "edit metadata for issue id").Required().StringVar(&opts.Issue)
	return nil
}

// CmdEditMeta will get issue edit metadata and send to "editmeta" template
func CmdEditMeta(o *oreo.Client, globals *jiracli.GlobalOptions, opts *EditMetaOptions) error {
	editMeta, err := jira.GetIssueEditMeta(o, globals.Endpoint.Value, opts.Issue)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := opts.PrintTemplate(editMeta); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if opts.Browse.Value {
		return CmdBrowse(globals, opts.Issue)
	}
	return nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


SUNNYVALE, Calif. – May 17, 2017 – Rambus Inc. (NASDAQ:RMBS), today announced it is collaborating with PLDA, the industry leader in PCI Express® controller IP solutions, and Avery Design Systems Inc., an innovator in functional verification productivity solutions, to offer a comprehensive, silicon-proven PCI Express (PCIe) 4.0 solution, with backward compatibility to PCIe 3.0 and 2.0. The new PCIe sub-system includes a Rambus SerDes PHY, a PLDA PCIe controller and Avery Design's verification IP. The solution is pre-verified and validated for simple integration into application-specific integrated circuits (ASICS).
For additional information on Rambus SerDes PHY, please visit rambus.com/serdes.
The new PCIe solution is now available worldwide in leading CMOS processes.
For more information, please visit https://www.rambus.com/memory-and-interfaces/serdes/pcie-phy.
Founded in 1999, Avery Design Systems, Inc. enables system and SOC design teams to achieve dramatic functional verification productivity improvements through the use of formal analysis applications for RT-level and gate-level X verification; robust core-through-chip-level Verification IP for PCI Express, USB, AMBA, UFS, Unipro, CSI-2/DSI-2, Soundwire, Sensewire, DDR/LPDDR, HBM, HMC, ONFI/Toggle, NVM Express, SAS, SATA, eMMC, SD/SDIO, CAN FD, LIN, FlexRay, HDMI, and DisplayPort standards. The company is a member of the Mentor Graphics Value Added Partnership (VAP) program and has established numerous Avery Design VIP partner program affiliations with leading IP suppliers. More information about the company may be found at www.avery-design.com.


text:
Marine Science Magnet High graduates first class in Groton
Principal Nicholas J. Spera high-fives graduate Lindsay Warner of Lebanon Tuesday as she and fellow graduates enter the Branford House for a reception after the Marine Science Magnet High School graduation ceremony held on the UConn Avery Point campus in Groton. Speaker Rear Adm. Sandra Stosz of the Coast Guard Academy is at right.
Published June 18. 2014 12:01AM | Updated June 18. 2014 3:07PM
By Johanna Somers Day Staff Writer
Groton - A group of 23 seniors became the first graduates of the 3-year-old Marine Science Magnet High School in Groton on Tuesday.
The graduates - from different walks of life but fearless in their decision to leave their traditional high school for the newly formed magnet school - collected their high school diplomas at the University of Connecticut's Avery Point campus, overlooking Long Island Sound.
"I would have never had the experience I had here at a regular public school, being able to do the things I do here," said Joe Boland of Griswold. "I would have never decided to do aquaculture. I would have never probably gone to the school I am going to now."
Boland will be studying aquaculture, or how to farm fish and other aquatic species, at the University of New England in Biddeford, Maine, he said.
The school emphasizes marine science education in addition to meeting the state's education requirements.
The magnet school "called to me," Boland said. Boland initially attended Griswold High School but wanted to go to the magnet school so badly that he was willing to repeat sophomore year. At the time of the school's opening, Sept. 1, 2011, the school was only accepting students in their freshman or sophomore year, he said.
"So I did five years, so I am happy to be, you know, out now, but it was an incredible experience," he said. "I wouldn't change anything."
U.S. Coast Guard Academy Superintendent Rear Adm. Sandra L. Stosz, the commencement speaker, emphasized the importance of respect. People must first learn how to respect themselves, she said.
"Be true to yourselves," Stosz said. "You will feel a lot of pressure to be a round peg in a square. If it doesn't feel right, listen to yourself."
Next comes respecting others - Stosz encouraged the graduates to get out of their comfort zone and engage with and respect others. Third comes respecting the oceans and environment, she said.
In his speech, Principal Nicholas J. Spera emphasized all of the firsts that the graduates who had spent three years at the high school had experienced.
The funniest first for most of the students was probably when he visited an aquaculture class that was learning about the reproduction of oysters - or as the students called it, "oyster sex education," he said. The students asked him many probing and embarrassing questions, Spera said.
Other firsts included organizing the graduation ceremony, creating a class shield with the graduating class motto - "Charting the course" - and tailgating in the snow with hot chocolate, Spera said.
The valedictorian, Cecelia K. Hosley, who graduated with a 4.38 grade point average and is headed to the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in two weeks, also spoke about the uniqueness of the 23 students at the Groton magnet school.
"Humans have 23 chromosomes from each parent, each set of 23 is what makes each and every one of you unique," she said. "Geosynchronous orbit occurs at 23,000 miles above Earth's surface, this allows us to use the global positioning technology that may have led you to UConn Avery Point today."
Therefore, 23, the number of graduates, must be a lucky number, she said.
j.somers@theday.com
Marine Science Magnet High School Class of 2014
Chester: Cecelia Kellogg Hosley
Deep River: Chad Caelan Millen
Essex: Michael W. Frazier
Griswold: Joseph P. Boland
Groton: Rachael Jordan Dellarco, Alec David DeSimone, Joshua M. Hatcher-Sneed, Crystal M. Hodges, Chase David Lettrich, Tristan Allen Re Maloy, Ethan Charles McDowell, Abigail Grace Plungis and Annalise Roy
Hebron: Meghan Murphy Wynne
Lebanon: Marley Elizabeth Crooks and Lindsay Kate Warner
Ledyard: Faith L. Bacon, Lily Lyn Bean, Mackenzie Leigh Cote, Hayley E. Fogg, Samuel Lee Sabilia and Nathan J. White
Stonington: Martin Vincent Huysman
Marine Science Magnet High School Graduation
One man's crusade
A night of baseball and family fun at Dodd Stadium


text:
package item_27;

import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.util.Iterator;

public class GenericSingletonFactory {

	private static UnaryFunction<Object> IDENTITY_FUNCTION = new UnaryFunction<Object>() {
		public Object apply(Object arg) {
			return arg;
		}
	};

	// IDENTITY_FUNCTIONÊÇÎÞ״̬µÄ£¬ÆäÀàÐͲÎÊýΪ
	//ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔ°²È«µØÔÚËùÓÐÀàÐÍÖ®¼ä¹²ÏíÒ»¸öʵÀý¡£
	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	public static <T> UnaryFunction<T> identityFunction(){
		return (UnaryFunction<T>) IDENTITY_FUNCTION;
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String [] strings = {"jute","hemp","nylon"};
		UnaryFunction<String> sameString = identityFunction();
		for (String string : strings) {
			System.out.println(sameString.apply(string));
		}
		Number[] numbers = {1,2.0,3L};
		UnaryFunction<Number> sameNumber = identityFunction();
		for (Number number : numbers) {
			System.out.println(sameNumber.apply(number));
		}
	}
}


I have yoten many water bottles in my life time.
Get a yoten mug for your guy Abdul.
The past participle of yeet.
I have yoten my bottle through the hallway.
Get a yoten mug for your guy Georges.
The past tense for yeet is yote. Therefore if you have yeeted several things a while ago, the term you use is yoten.
Wow, did you see how the superheroes were yoten by grape dude in the movie 'I don't feel so good'?
Get a Yoten mug for your Facebook friend Callisto.
The past participle form of yeet.
The water bottle yoten in the air , landed swiftly on the principles head.
Get a Yoten mug for your father James.


TAC is the host for the 2018 TAC TITANS July Long-Course Qualifier, Saturday July 7th. This year, nearly 450 swimmers will be participating, many seeking a championship-level qualifying time. The meet gets underway with warmups starting at 7:30. Session 1 of the meet starts at 9am. Immediately following session 1, the Distance Session – Session 2 begins. At the conclusion of session 2, the Time Trials session will start. Swimmers from eleven NC and SC teams will be participating in the meet.
TAC Patrons and Event Participants – Parking at TAC is restricted to coaches and officials only. All patrons, swimmer, and spectators must park at the Cary Towne Center. Recreational swimmers and parents of lesson swimmers in the Program Pool must get a wrist band from the front desk to gain entry to the Competition Pool deck.


text:
Helmet Protection in Low-Impact Crashes is covered with the 6D Helmet
The 6D Helmet – Designed for Protection at Low Impact Crashes
Every motorcycle rider has an opinion on wearing a helmet, but what many riders don't know, is that sometimes the helmet can do more harm than good. In the case, it has nothing to do with vision impairment or the chinstrap; what it does have to do with is the fact that during low-velocity crashes, the energy absorbing EPS liner does not dissipate the energy correctly around the rider's head. The lack of dissipation of the energy results in concussions that could result in future medical conditions, especially for the young and off-road riders who tend to spill at slower speeds.
What Is A 6D Helmet
6D Helmets, a California based company whose CEO, Bob Weber, has been in the industry for over 30 years, has come up with a helmet to protect off-road riders who encounter any type of impact to their heads. The 6D helmet has developed an ODS System (Omni-Directional Suspension System) that incorporates twenty-seven hourglass-shaped dampers between the outer shell and the EPS core. The dampers allow the independent movement of the outer shell and core, thus dissipating energy evenly around the head during any type of impact. Other safety features on this helmet include detachable and break away sides that prevent possible neck fractures while there is extra padding in the chin section to protect the sternum in the event of a face plant. Finally, the screw inside will collapse so the head is not forced sideways.
What Does A 6D Helmet Cost
The 6D Helmet is a little more costly than most helmets, starting at around $750.00, but the protection it offers is incomparable to any other helmet on the market today. The 6D is a little heavier than conventional off-roads helmet, but a carbon fiber and Kevlar design has kept the weight difference to a minimum.
Currently only off-road version of the 6D Helmet are available, but an on-road helmet, bicycle helmet and even a football helmet may not be too far off in the distant future as the company is working on designs for many different types of helmets.
Where Can Consumers Find a 6D Helmet
6D Helmets can only be purchased from participating dealers and are not available directly from the manufacturer to consumers.
Hey Buddy!, I found this information for you: "Helmet Protection in Low-Impact Crashes is covered with the 6D Helmet". Here is the website link: https://powersportsandmore.net/accessories/helmet-protection-lowimpact-crashes-covered-6d-helmet/. Thank you.


text:
Patient Capital Review response
In August 2017, Cambridge Innovation Capital plc responded to HM Treasury's consultation on 'Financing Growth in Innovative Firms', which forms part of the Government's Patient Capital Review.
Commenting on the consultation, Victor Christou, CEO said: "We welcome the consultation on 'Financing Growth in Innovative Firms' which has been well researched and is full of robust data. The review addresses an important subject for the long-term prosperity of the UK.
"While CIC has successfully raised £125 million to date from a range of supportive, long-term investors, there is still plenty of capacity for further capital to fund the excellent ideas that we continue to see within the Cambridge Cluster. Though CIC focuses on the area around Cambridge, we believe that a similar imbalance between supply and demand for patient scale up capital exists elsewhere in the country. The businesses that we, and others like us, support have the potential to be the future industrial powerhouses of the UK if encouraged to grow and mature properly."
Our response highlighted a number of points:
Sources of seed capital have increased in recent years and are now relatively numerous. However, at scale up stage there is still a lack of long-term finance available.
Building substantial entrepreneurial based companies requires patience and each business will take its own time to reach maturity. Technology businesses which grow to a billion-dollar valuation in the UK have, on average, taken over eight years to reach that value, with therapeutic based bioscience companies taking even longer. Any investment incentive schemes contemplated by HM Treasury should take account of this timescale.
Resources should be focused on innovation hubs, such as Cambridge, where world-class innovation already exists and there is the highest potential to create value for the whole of the UK by building sustainable, mature businesses.
UK pension and insurance funds have not, to date, been substantive supporters of patient capital and this represents a 'gap' in their investment allocation. Regulatory guidance or other incentives could be used to encourage allocate a portion of these funds to this asset class.
We will remain vigilant to all news around the Patient Capital Review whilst awaiting the conclusions of the report. We anticipate that the review's conclusions will build on current best practices, further affirming the UK as a place for growing innovative firms using the long-term 'patient' finance that is required to scale-up companies efficiently.


text:
/16 Jul 2010
/Leadership Unleashed TJ Columns
'Everything that happens to us informs our future
Published Thursday July 15th, 2010 in the Telegraph Journal
Photo: David Smith, Telegraph Journal
Dave Veale interviews Nancy Mathis, Founding Executive Director, Wallace McCain Institute as part of the Leadership Unleashed series of interviews with leaders.
Dr. Nancy Mathis, founding executive director of the Wallace McCain Institute at the University of New Brunswick, has a BIG mandate – "helping entrepreneurs develop the understanding, tools and relationships needed to grow their businesses, creating new opportunities for economic and social progress across New Brunswick."
'You probably learn more if things don't go the way they're supposed to go, according to your design,' says Nancy Mathis of the Wallace McCain Institute.
So, what does it take to deliver on this commitment? It starts with a leader such as Mathis who understands a thing or two about being an entrepreneur. Mathis has been recognized on a national scale with awards in innovation, entrepreneurship and engineering as well as for supporting others in those fields.
The flagship program at the Wallace McCain Institute is the Entrepreneurial Leaders Program (ELP). When I had the opportunity to deliver a workshop to the most recent ELP cohort – made up of 15 amazing leaders – I was totally inspired by the open, authentic learning environment. Creating this environment requires a leader such as Mathis with a clear, compelling vision.
When I had a chance to sit down with Mathis, I started by asking her about her vision for business leadership in New Brunswick.
Q: I echo the New Brunswick Business Council's vision and that's "to make New Brunswick the best place in Canada to start and grow a company." A part of this is having the leaders as an eco system where everything is interconnected. This exists today but enriching it, I think, will be an important contributor to truly making New Brunswick the best place in Canada to start and grow a company. What type of entrepreneurs are you attracting to your program that will help you realize this vision?
A: ELP helps entrepreneurs who have the tiger by the tail, five to 10 years in the business and are thinking, "Wow. How do I get to that next level of growth? Maybe I should just consider myself lucky that I have gotten this far and coast."
We want to get them right at that intersection, that crossroads in their life, where they have made it. They are likely profitable and we want to keep the gas on and keep them accelerated and growing. Other Wallace McCain Institute programs we offer support everyone from start-ups to multi-generational family companies.
[Tweet "ELP helps entrepreneurs who have the tiger by the tail. – Nancy Mathis"]
Q: What is the biggest thing you have learned from the leaders in your programs?
A: The big thing is the uniformity within the diversity. For example, there are 15 people every year in the institute's ELP that range from high school graduates to Ph.D.'s. The smallest company had four full-time-equivalent employees; the biggest had 1,000. Some are pre-revenue; some are $100,000,000. That's the diversity.
The uniformity is in the drive and the passion and it's so visible. It's in their eyes; it's boiling up from their bellies. There is this passion to grow and expand beyond what makes logical sense. There is a grab-the-brass-ring, swing-for-the-fences kind of attitude that has no connection at all from previous experience or business training.
Q: I'd like to ask you about lessons you have learned as a leader. One of the really important and interesting aspects of leadership is resilience and a leader's ability to deal with adversity. When things don't go perfectly for you, how do you respond?
A: It's not just about me, but also something that I see in the entrepreneurs around me. If something goes wrong, it's all-encompassing in your world. You feel very exposed, that everybody knows. The biggest lesson I've learned is that nobody knows. You may be headline news for one or two days, but then other things boot you out of the spotlight.
Everything that happens to us informs our future – good and bad. You probably learn more if things don't go the way they're supposed to go, according to your design. You learn more and that makes you stronger and smarter for the next thing you plan to do, as long as you keep moving forward.
Q: Who has inspired you, Nancy?
A: Frank McKenna … He's tenacious and like I've heard him say many times, he punches above his weight. You get enthralled. You would follow that man anywhere … It's the passion, the tenacity. You can see how you can interact with Frank's vision and be part of it.
[Tweet "Frank McKenna inspires me…he's tenacious and punches above his weight. – Nancy Mathis"]
A very different kind of leader who has inspired me is John McLaughlin, former president of the University of New Brunswick. John's messages and John's vision have been so far-reaching it's really even hard to comprehend how all of the dots connect. All of the conversation about the future of New Brunswick, the upsurge of the "can do" attitude, 21inc, the NB Business Council and the Wallace McCain Institute all originated with John.
[Tweet "John's McLaughlin's vision has been so far-reaching… – Nancy Mathis"]
Q: So he planted a seed?
A: He planted seeds in fertile minds that went out and did the work … it empowered a lot of people to do some really important things.
Dave Veale is a business and leadership coach and founder of Vision Coaching Inc. in Saint John. Email Dave at Dave@VisionCoachingInc.com or follow him on twitter @dave_veale. Don't miss any of Dave's interviews with leaders…get blog updates in your inbox by signing up over here, at the top of the right column ==>
Nancy Mathis, University of New Brunswick, Wallace McCain Institute
Embrace Change and Take Risks: CEO
Employees: Paramount for Any Business
Dave Veale


text:
Registration Tips
VIPs & Guests
Thursday Electives
Seminar Agenda
Discussion Leaders
Action Item Calendar
Home Study Training Modules
PETS & District Curriculum
Club Officer Kit
Rotary Publications
Discussion Leader Materials
Each year, we feature Rotary International leaders and other special guests as our keynote speakers. They share with us tools for personal growth; they challenge and inspire us; they bring to us a moment of humor.
For our 2020 event, the four keynote speakers are:
Clemson Turregano
Managing Director, Global Portfolio, Center for Creative Leadership
Clemson leads a global team responsible for the development, design, integration and delivery of CCL's Leadership Program and Experience Portfolio. Clemson's broad span of clients includes the telecommunications, banking, manufacturing industries, in addition to all levels of government and universities. Benefitting from his leadership develolpment and coaching programs are commercial leaders, elected and appointed senior government officials, and leaders across the spectrum of foreign relations, defense, education, intelligence, and humanitarian aid.
Prior to joining CCL, Clemson served over 24 years in the US Army, serving in capacities from infantry soldier to West Point Professor to Armor Battalion Commander. A practicing scholar, he has won awards for teaching strategic leadership to senior government and corporate officials.
Clemson's undergraduate degree is from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina. He earned an MA in Political Science, MPA, and Doctorate from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. He also earned a MA in Security and Strategy from the US Army War College in Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
Dean Rohrs
Past Vice President, Rotary International
Dean, her husband Rhino, and their three children emigrated to Canada from South Africa 26 years ago. Dean grew up in Zambia and after marrying Rhino lived in Malawi, Namibia, and South Africa. Dean joined Rotary in South Africa in 1989. On arriving in Vancouver both Dean and Rhino joined the Rotary Club of West Vancouver and at present are members of the Rotary Club of Langley Central.
Dean has had a varied career from the early days of being an Operating Room Nurse on Professor Christiaan Barnard's first heart transplant team to running a Nursery School in Malawi. Together with Rhino they own and manage a company that is involved in soil stabilization during road construction.
Most recently, Dean has served Rotary as Vice-President 2016-2018. Some of her previous assignments include: 17 years of Youth Exchange in both District 9300 and 5040, District 5040 GSE Chair, GSE Team Leader to New Zealand, District Governor 2007-2008, Regional Rotary International Membership Coordinator, and Regional Rotary Foundation Coordinator.
Jean Irwin
Ambassadorial Scholar Alumnus, District 6400
Jean Irwin is a retired Teacher of the Deaf who currently resides in Rancho Cordova California. She has taught in grades pre-school through 12th grade in 12 schools. Jean was an Ambassadorial Scholar in 1989 . She speaks to many Rotary groups about the long term effects of investment in the Foundation.
The Ambassadorial Scholarship Jean received allowed her to do research into reading and deafness 20 years ago which earned her a Master's Degree from Nottingham University in England. After this education, her students broke what is considered a glass ceiling for the deaf and achieved high levels of reading. She is now District 5190's Literacy Chair and wants to use what she learned about Reading to help encourage and foster more literacy involvement from clubs, especially in the development of having those in Rotary Youth Programs read to young children.
One of the most important roles Jean has had was as a grassroots coordinator for the passage of a legislative bill to make the testing of hearing mandatory before a baby leaves the hospital in Nevada. Nevada moved from 36th to 8th in the nation for children tested at birth for hearing loss in just two years after this bill passed, resulting in the early intervention that is so critical to language development.
She has spoken to over 275 conferences for both Rotarians and teachers of the deaf about what she learned as an Ambassadorial Scholar. In 2009, she received the "Service Above Self" award from Rotary International. Jean is the mother of Kent, age 21 who is a University student in Reno, and daughter Katy 26, who is an actress in New York CIty. Jean married David Hatfield in June of 2010 and part of their honeymoon was at the International Convention in Montreal, Canada. Dave is quickly getting up to speed on life as a Rotary spouse.
David Forward
Rotarian and Author
David was born and educated in England and became a Rotarian in 1978 shortly after moving to the United States. He will be familiar to many Rotarians through Frank Talk, the fastest selling book in Rotary history as well as the author of the official history book of Rotary, A Century of Service.
David's passion is volunteerism, and has initiated and led humanitarian work trips across America and to the Dominican Republic and Beirut. He has served his church as deacon, elder, and mission committee chairman. As a Rotarian for 39 years, he served three times as club president, and has been awarded the Citation for Meritorious Service. He served his district as governor 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. David and Chris are Rotary Foundation Major Donors and live in Medford, New Jersey.
In 1991, David founded International Children's Aid Foundation, an all-volunteer foundation that has its own orphanage, dental and medical clinics in Romania and has taught hundreds of abandoned children early childhood education, vocational training and life skills. David hosts several groups of volunteers each year who go to Romania. He has now visited Romania 70 times.
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Thanks for a fun quiz, Great Quizmeister Golach! :D You had an interesting mix of questions!
ty, it was a fuuuun quiz. Sorry I am not able to host another quiz right away. I will hostess one in December, I think, and will post here when I choose the date.
In the meantime, anyone else feel like taking on the task of quizmaster/mistress?


text:
IN MAGISTRI BADAREU MEMORIAM
THE WORKS AND THE SCHOOL OF EUGEN BADAREU
by Acad. Prof. Dr. Ioan-Iovitz Popescu
Descendant from an old Moldavian family originating in the village Badarai upon Prut river, educated within high schools of Austria and Italy, Eugen Badareu entered the scientific life at the same time with the great discoveries occurring in Physics at the beginning of this century. The perturbations caused by the First World War plunged him from Pisa up to Sankt Petersburg, but he soon came back to Cernauti and then, finally, to Bucharest. He has been irresistibly attracted by the universe of phenomena occurring by the passage of electricity through gases. Therefore, the investigation of ionized gases and plasmas became the major scientific direction of the great school of physics he created along more than 60 years of patient endeavour. His illustrious disciples themselves who, in their turn, have built up new research schools, such as Herbert Mayer (thin films), Radu Grigorovici (amorphous semiconductors), Margareta Giurgea (liquid crystals), Liviu Constantinescu (geophysics), began their researches in physics with electrical discharges in gases. As a matter of fact, the school of Eugen Badareu has rather been proved in the long run to be a school of school creators, and the man Badareu revealed himself to be more than a great teacher and scientist - he was a line of force, a spirit and an epoch dominating the Romanian physics in this ending century.
I had the extraordinary chance to be for more than 20 years a close disciple and co-worker of the Magister Badareu, of which I was very tight bound both professionally and emotionally. I was his student, then preparator and assistant at his famous lectures on acoustics, optics, and electrical gas discharges. Alike all my generation colleagues - who remained within Badareu's school main stream - I can say that I breathed the atmosphere Badareu and that the results and position I presently enjoy are due primarily to him. In the following, I will try to present the most important moments of the scientific life of my professor and mentor Eugen Badareu.
Born: September 19 (October 2) 1887, Ismail. Died: March 11, 1975, Bucharest. Nationality: Romanian. Religion: Christian orthodox. Citizenship: Russian, then Romanian (after his coming to Cernauti in 1921). Education: Lyceum in Ismail and Chisinau, graduated in Ismail (1905). Continues his superior studies at Technische Hochschule in Graz (1905-1907) and then at Scuola Normale Superiore della Universià di Pisa (1907-1911); assistant of Prof. Antonio Pacinotti until the death of the later in 1912. In the same year he obtained his doctor in science degree with Prof. Angello Battelli, who was at that time the director of Istituto di Fisica della Universià di Pisa. In his doctor thesis, entitled "The Dielectric Constant of Gases and of Gas Mixtures", Eugen Badareu performed a thorough experimental proof of the molecular polarisation theory of the dielectric constant, respectively of Clausius-Mosotti relationship for air and nitrogen up to pressures of 350 atmospheres. Career: In January 1911 starts his scientific and didactic activity as assistant at the Institute of Physics of the Pisa University and publishes the first scientific paper (1912). The outbreak of World War I (1914) obliges the young Eugen Badareu to come back to Russia. He chooses the Faculty of Sciences of the Sankt Petersburg University, where is welcomed by Prof. O. D. Chwolson, the director of the Institute of Physics of the university. He has been appointed as assistant of both Prof. A. F. Ioffe (1914-1918) and Prof. D. S. Rojdestvenskii (1918-1920) and obtains the docent title (1918). He became soon the co-founder, jointly with D. S. Rojdestvenskii, of the State Optical Institute of Sankt Petersburg, professor of optics and photo-technique, and an institute's department head (1917-1920). At the height of the civil war, he hardly succeeds to cross the Ukraine and to reach Romania (1920). He is welcomed at the University of Cernauti, where he is appointed as professor for experimental physics at the Faculty of Sciences and director of the Institute for Experimental Physics of the Cernauti University (1921-1934). Here also accomplishes the function of associate professor at the Chair of Theoretical Physics (1922-1928) and dean of the Faculty of Sciences (1926-1928). Considered to be the most important representative of the "School of Cernauti", he has been invited at the Faculty of Sciences of the Bucharest University as a successor of Constantin Miculescu (1863-1937) and appointed there as professor and Chief of the Chair and Laboratory of Molecular Physics, Acoustics and Optics (1935-1964). He was founding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (1935), full member of the Romanian Academy (1948), founder and president of the Acoustic Commission of the Romanian Academy (1955), chief of the Optics and Spectroscopy Department (1949-1956) and president of the Scientific Council within the Institute of Physics at Magurele of the Romanian Academy (1949-1956). Finally, he became the director of the Institute of Physics at Bucharest of the Romanian Academy (1956-1970). Eugen Badareu organized the first great international event in physics in Romania: the IX-th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionised Gases (ICPIG IX), Bucharest, 1969 (with a number of 800 participants from 32 countries). Distinctions: Romania's Crown in Commander rank and Cultural Merit for Sciences (before World War II), then First Class Labour Order (1957, 1960), Honoured Scientist (1962), and First Class Scientific Merit Order (1966).
ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES
AP = Annalen der Physik
APL = Applied Physics Letters
BFSC = Bulletin of the Faculty of Sciences of Cernauti (in Romanian)
BJAP = British Journal of Applied Physics
BRPS = Bulletin of the Romanian Physics Society (in Romanian)
BSRP = Bulletin de la Société Roumaine de Physique
DMP = Disquisitiones Mathematicae et Physicae, Bucharest
CRP = Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris)
GSSRA = General Scientific Session of the Romanian Academy (in Romanian)
ICPIG = International Conference on Phenomena in Ionised Gases
JCP = Journal of Chemical Physics
JEC = Journal of Electronics and Control
JPR = Le Journal de Physique et le Radium
NC = Nuovo Cimento;
OC = Optics Communications
PR = Physical Review
PRL = Physical Review Letters
PZ = Physikalische Zeitschrift
RACP = Romanian Academy Communications, Physics (in Romanian)
RAL = Rendiconti della Accadmia dei Lincei
RRP = Revue (Roumaine) de Physique, Romanian Academy
SBRA = Scientific Bulletin of the Romanian Academy, Ser. Math. Phys. (in Romanian)
SRP = Studies and Researches in Physics, Romanian Academy (in Romanian)
ZP = Zeitschrift für Physik
ZPC = Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie
ZPCU = Zeitschrift für den physikalischen und chemischen Unterricht
ZTP = Zeitschrift für technische Physik
WORKS , STUDENTS AND COLLABORATORS
Eugen Badareu is considered the founder of the first Romanian school of electrical discharges in gases and plasma physics. His outstanding activity in physics is unfolding on a period exceeding 60 years (1911-1975). For convenience, we distinguish in his activity several stages.
The Italian Period at Pisa (1907-1914)
Student at the Superior Normal School (1907-1911) and assistant of the Institute of Physics of the Pisa University (1912-1914), doctor in sciences, under the scientific guidance of Prof. A. Battelli, with a thesis on the dielectric constant of gases and of gas mixtures (1912). His scientific mentors were Prof. A. Pacinotti (inventor of the electrical dynamo, jointly with Z.-T. Gramme) and Prof. A. Battelli (director of the Institute of Physics) and the closest co-worker A. Occhialini (the father of G. P. S. Occhialini, credited, together with C. D. Anderson (1932) and P. M. S. Blackett (1933) with the positron discovery). The young E Bodareu (as he signed the papers in this period), brought his first scientific contribution (1911-1913) by the experimental proof of the Clausius-Mosotti theory of the dielectric constant based on the molecular polarisation for air and nitrogen up to pressures of 350 atmospheres: La costante dielettrica dell'aria fino a 200 atmosfere (with A. Occhialini), NC, IV, 3-28 (1912); La costante dielettrica dell'aria fino a 350 atmosfere (with A. Occhialini), RAL, XXII, 597-603 (1913); La costante dielettrica dell'azoto ad alta pressione, RAL, XXII, 480-482 (1913); La compressibilità del clorure di metile, RAL, XXII, 491-493 (1913); Die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Luft bis zu 350 Atmosphären aufwärts (with A. Occhialini), AP, 42, 67-93 (1913). Citations: Dielectric Constant Tables of Landolt-Börnstein.
The Russian Period at Sankt Petersburg (1915-1920)
Assistant of Prof. A. F. Ioffe (1914-1918) and of Prof. D. S. Rojdestvenskii (1918-1920), and docent (1918) at the Faculty of Sciences and at the Institute of Physics (director Prof. O. D. Chwolson) of the Sankt Petersburg University. Founder, jointly with Prof. D. S. Rojdestvenskii, of the State Optical Institute of Sankt Petersburg, where he acted as professor of optics, photo-techniques and department head (1917-1918). His scientific mentors in this period were Prof. O. D. Chwolson (the author of the well-known Treatise of Physics), Prof. A. F. Ioffe (one of the forerunners of semiconductor physics), Prof. D. S. Rojdestvenskii (the author of the interferential method of "hooks"). In this period, Eugen Badareu devoted himself to optics research and specially to interferometry and induced birefringence by Kerr effect: The Interferometer Badareu-Rojdestvenskii, communicated at the First Science Congress of Petersburg (1918); Ob absoliutnom znacenii elektriceskovo iavleniia Kerra, Protokoly Zasedanii S'iezda Fizikov v Petrograde, 4-7 fevralia 1919, Jurnal Russkovo Fiziko-Himiceskovo Obscestva, 51, 349-350 (1919); On the Absolute Value of the Electrical Double Refraction (this paper has been signed with the name E. Badareu), Memories of the Romanian Academy, Scientific Section, 1, 1-6 (1923).
The Bucovinean Period at Cernauti (1921-1934)
. On January 1st, 1921, we find him appointed within the University of Cernauti as professor of experimental physics at the Faculty of Sciences and director of Institute for Experimental Physics, that he re-organizes and rises at an European scientific level. He became soon the most remarkable representative of the "School of Cernauti". We shall first be concerned with his first doctors in physics: Herbert Mayer (1900-1992), doctor in physical sciences since 1926 at Prof. E. Badareu with a thesis regarding ion mobilities in gas mixtures: follows specialization stages in Tübingen with Prof. W. Gerlach (1928) and in Bristol with Prof. A. M. Tyndall (1932), devoting himself to the physics of surfaces and of thin films; left Cernauti in 1940 and continued his activity in Germany, where he has eventually been appointed as director of the Institute of Physics (since 1950) and as professor at Technische Hochschule für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen in Clausthal-Zellerfeld (rector 1956-1958), and elected member of the Academy of Sciences of Göttingen (1960); author of the first treatise on the physics of thin films and considered as the father of this research field, namely Physik Dünner Schichten, Stuttgart, Vol.1 (1950) and Vol.2 (1955) - the first volume being dedicated to his teacher E. Badareu. Theodor Câmpan (1899-1960), doctor in physical sciences since 1929 at Prof. E. Badareu, with a thesis dedicated to gas ionization phenomena; in 1940, he moved to Iassy where he became professor of electricity and thermotechnique at the Electrotechnical Faculty (dean 1948-1952) of the Polytechnic Institute. Radu Grigorovici (b. 1911), bachelor of chemical (1931) and physical (1933) sciences, preparator (1933-1934); in the fall of 1934 he follows his teacher E. Badareu to the University of Bucharest, where he obtains the title of doctor in physical sciences with a thesis entitled The breakdown potential in mercury vapours, asserted on December 8, 1938; brilliant university didactic and research career (1934-1960), head of the semiconductor department (1960-1964), scientific deputy director (1964-1974) of the Institute of Physics at Bucharest and then of the Institute of Physics and Materials Technology at Magurele, he is considered as a forerunner of the amorphous semiconductor research; has been elected corresponding member (1963), full member (1990) and vice-president (1990-1994) of the Romanian Academy. Other early co-workers of Prof. E. Badareu: Aurel Munteanu (1908-1965), bachelor of physics in 1930, preparator (1930-1932), obtains the title of doctor in physical sciences with Prof. Aimé Cotton in Paris with a thesis on the spectroscopy of organic substances; didactic career at the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest (since 1949) and research works at Institute of Atomic Physics in Magurele. Dionisie Hacman (1912-1984), bachelor (1932), preparator during the university years (1931), assistant (1935), he worked initially under Prof. E. Badareu supervision; after the departure of his teacher to Bucharest, he continues under the scientific guidance of Prof. H. Mayer and obtains the doctoral degree with a thesis on the optical properties of thin films of alkaline metals (1939); in 1940 he sheltered for a short time in Bucharest, where we find him as an assistant at the chair of Prof. E. Badareu, then, in 1941, moved at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin-Charlottenburg, within the chair of physics of Prof. O. Haxel, and finally (since 1947), hired at the well-known Balzers A. G. Company in Liechtenstein. Gheorghe Maciuc (b. 1905), bachelor in 1929, assistant (1930-1940), co-worker of Prof. E. Badareu and then of Prof. H. Mayer; after 1940 he succeeded to emigrate to the United States of America. George Macrin (1911-1991), was for a long period (1948-1980) the head of the technical department of electric lamp enterprises Steaua Electrica from Fieni, Electrofar from Bucharest and Romlux from Targoviste; he wrote very important manuscripts about Bucovina, among them we mention Scoala de fizica de la Cernauti, 78 pages (1985/1986).
By his scientific work covering this period, Eugen Badareu may be considered as the founder of the Romanian school of electrical discharges in gases. In this domain he performed pioneering works on: positive ion sources, secondary electron emission from solid bodies, breakdown potentials of glow discharges, wall charging effects (pseudo-vacuum effect, positive column stratification), hot electrode effects, kinetic energy demonstration of channel rays (1931, a micro-propeller device of 17 mg weight only, multiplied and distributed by Leybold Company from Köln for didactic demonstrations), glow discharges with command electrode (1933-1934, a composite cathode consisting of a grid and a massive plate, allowing the control of the main discharge current by applying low electrical tensions between them). Starting with 1924, all papers with his authorship and published in foreign languages will be signed with the name E. Badareu: Über die durch Kationenstöbe aus Platin ausgelösten Elektronenströme im Hochvakuum, PZ, 25, 137-140 (1924); Über die Wirkung der Stöbe langsamer Kationen auf Lithiumchlorid im Hochvakuum, PZ, 27, 634-637 (1926); Einige Bemerkungen über Ionenquellen, die positive Ionen aussenden, BFSC, 1, 1-10 (1927); Sur l'énergie cinétique des thermoions positifs émis par AlPO4, BFSC, 1, 2-4 (1927); On the cathode fall, BRPS, XXIX, 3-8 (1926-1927); Über die Sekundäremission aus festem Körpern, welche durch Stöbe von Partikeln verschiedener Natur erregt wird, BFSC, 2, 97 (1928); Einige Versuche über die Zündspannung der Glimmentladung bei erhitzter Anode, BFSC, 2, 193-197 (1928); Über die Zündspannung der Glimmentladung bei erhitzter Anode in Wasserstoff, BFSC, 2, 326 (1928); Beitrag zum Studium der Gasentladungen. I. Charakteristiken der Entladungen in Wasserstoff und Stickstoff bei reduzierten Drucken und Verwendung einer Glühkathode, BFSC, 3, 221-236 (1929); Beitrag zum Studium der Gasentladungen. II. Einige Beobachtungen über den Einflub der thermischen Behandlung der Elektroden auf die Glimmentladung, BFSC, 2, 304-306 (1928); Über den Einflub der Gasbeladung der Kathode auf die Zündspannung der Glimmentladung in Wasserstoff, BFSC, 3, 1-8 (1929); Über die Charakteristik der Gasentladung bei sehr tiefen Drucken, BFSC, 3, 88-90 (1929); Beitrag zum Studium der Gasentladungen. III. Über einige Änderungen der Zündspannung in Stickstoff und über die Ursachen derselben, BFSC, 4, 32-49 (1930); Über den Einflub von Wandladungen auf die Zündspannung der Gase, BFSC, 5, 64-70 (1931); Versuche über das Pseudohochvakuum, ZTP, 12, Nr.6, 298-303 (1931); Vorlesungsversuch zur demonstration der Energie der Kanalstrahlen, ZPCU, 44, 217-218 (1931); Über den Einflub der Wandladungen und der Glaswände auf die charakteristischen Gröb en der Glimmentladung, BFSC, 6, 1-17 (1932); Über die Steuerung und Auslöschung einer Glimmentladung in einem Rohr mit Netzkathode und dritter Elektrode, ZTP, 14, Nr.12, 540-543 (1933); Sur un tube décharge à électrode de commande, BSRP, 36, 1-5 (1934); L'influence des parois en verre sur l'établissement des stratifications de la colonne positive (with G. Maciuc), JPR, 6, 365-368 (1935). From this period we can also point out the contributions of Herbert Mayer to ion mobilities in gas mixtures and of Theodor Câmpan to secondary electron emission and ionic current at the cathode of glow discharges: Contributions to ion mobility in electro-negative mixtures (H. Mayer), BRPS, XXIX, doctorate thesis with 61 pages (1926-1927); Zur Beweglichkeit in Gasmischungen (H. Mayer), PZ, 28, 637 (1927); Beitrag zum Studium der Gasionisation durch positive Ionen und der Sekundäremission aus Platin (T. I. Câmpan), PZ, 30, 858-865 (1929); Der Einflub elektrischer Entladungen auf die Sekundäremission der Kathode (T. I. Câmpan), PZ, 32, 593-597 (1931); Über die Stromverteilung an der Kathode einer Glimmentladung (T. I. Câmpan), ZP, 91, 111-123 (1934). Citations: Rudolf Seeliger, Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, 13, p. 603; Rudolf Seeliger, Einführung in die Physik der Gasentladungen (1934); Poggendorffs Biogr. Handwörterbuch VI, p.102 (1936).
First Bucharest Period (1935-1944)
Invited at the Faculty of Sciences of the Bucharest University as a successor of Constantin Miculescu (1863-1937), E. Badareu is officially transferred on January 1st, 1935 as professor and head of the Chair and of the Laboratory of Molecular Physics, Acoustics and Optics. In this period, under his direction, upheld their doctor degree in physical sciences several co-workers and former students, among which we remind: Radu Grigorovici, doctor (1938), corresponding member (1963), full member (1990) and vice-president (1990-1994) of the Romanian Academy; Liviu Constantinescu, doctor (1941), corresponding member (1963) and full member (1990) of the Romanian Academy; Margareta Valeriu (Giurgea), doctor (1943), corresponding member (1991) and full member (1992) of the Romanian Academy; and Gheorghe Bratescu, doctor (1944), successor at the Optics chair board. As per the Bucharest University 1940-1942 Yearbook, the members of Prof. E. Badareu's chair were the lecturers Stefan Vencov (appointed November 1st, 1923) and Gheorghe Cristescu appointed September 1st, 1926) and assistants Radu Titeica (appointed October 1st, 1934), Radu Grigorovici (appointed October 17, 1934), Gheorghe Manu (appointed April 1st, 1935), Margareta Valeriu (Giurgea) (appointed April 1st, 1937), Gheorghe Giurgea (appointed April 1st, 1937) and Liviu Constantinescu (appointed November 15, 1941); lasting collaborations with the Chair had also Dumitru Stefanescu and Emanoil Lucatu. During this period, Eugen Badareu and his co-workers brought important contributions regarding the electrical breakdown of gases: Remarques sur le potentiel explosif dans la vapeur de benzène, CRP, 207, 279 (1938); Le potentiel explosif dans la vapeur de benzène (with L. Constantinesco), CRP, 207, 217 (1938); Etude du potentiel explosif dans la vapeur des hydrocarbures (with L. Constantinescu), BSRP, 39, 3-29 (1938); Etude du potentiel explosif dans la vapeur des hydrocarbures. II. Toluène (with L. Constantinescu), DMP, 1, 157-161 (1940); Die Townsend'schen Ionisierungszahlen im Benzoldampf (with Margareta Valeriu), BSRP, 42, 3-21 (1941); Die Townsend'schen Ionisationskoeffizienten in einigen Kohlenwasserstoffdämpfen (with Margareta Valeriu), BSRP, 43, 3-8 (1942); On the electron emission from the cathode of electrical discharges in gases, V. Adamachi Sci. Review, 28, Nr.1, 3-15 (1942); Die Townsend'schen Ionisationskoeffizienten in Hg Dampf (with G. G. Bratescu), BSRP, 44, 1 (1943); Déterminations des coefficients Townsend dans la vapeur de mercure (with G. G. Bratescu), BRPS, 45, 9-25 (1944). Outstanding contributions brought Radu Grigorovici to the study of electrical breakdown of mercury vapours and Radu Grigorovici and Gheorghe Cristescu to the study of the high frequency torch: Über die Zündspannung in Quecksilberdampf (R. Grigorovici), BSRP, 38, 7-15 (1937); Die Zündspannung von reinem Quecksilberdampf (R. Grigorovici), ZP, 111, 596-616 (1939); Temperaturbestimmungen an einer hochfrequenten Fackelentladung aus der Intensitätsverteilung in N2 und OH Banden, sowie durch Linienumkehr (R. Grigorovici and G. Cristescu), BSRP, 42, 37-51 (1941); Optische Temperaturbestimmungen an der hochfrequenten Fackelentladung (R. Grigorovici and G. Cristescu), Naturwissenschaften, 29, 571-572 (1941); Untersuchungen über die Hochfrequenz-Fackelentladung (R. Grigorovici and G. Cristescu), RRP, 1, 103-126 (1956); K teorii visokociastotnovo fakel'novo razriada (R. Grigorovici and G. Cristescu), Optika i Spektroskopia, 6, 129-136 (1959). Citations:Th. Rummel, Hochspannungs - Entladungschemie und ihre industrielle Anwendungen, München, p. 63 (1951); J. Meek si J. Craggs, Electrical Breakdown of Gases, Oxford, pp. 54, 78 (1953); A. von Engel, Ionization in Gases by Electrons in Electric Fields, Encyclopedia of Physics, XXI, 1956, Fig. 25 (p. 531), Fig. 37 (p. 537), Tables 2 and 3 (p. 539); P. F. Little, Secondary Effects, Encyclopedia of Physics, XXI, 1956, Fig. 7 (p. 595), Fig. 11 (p.599); A. von Engel, Ionized Gases, Oxford, 1955, Table 22 and Fig. 92; S. C. Brown, Basic Data of Plasma Physics, Massachusetts, 1959, Fig. 4.39 (p. 129), Fig. 4.47 (p. 133), Fig. 11.27 (p. 237), Fig. 11.31 (p.239); N. A. Kaptzow, Electrical phenomena in gases and vacuum (Technical Publ. House, Bucharest).
The Second Bucharest Period (1945-1975)
As professor of the Bucharest University (1935-1962, consulting professor from 1964), first at the Faculty of Sciences, then re-organized as the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, within essentially the same chair covering finally the disciplines of Optics, Spectroscopy, Plasma, and (presently) Lasers, and as founding director of the Institute of Physics at Bucharest of the Romanian Academy (1956-1970), Eugen Badareu resumed and amplified his researches, interrupted by the war, concerning the electrical discharges in gases and plasma physics. Among his co-workers from the previous period new ones will be added, many of them obtaining the doctor degree in physics under his scientific leadership. The publication production of his school becomes soon impressive, as it results from the following listing: On the electron energy losses in mercury vapours, SBRA, 1, Nr.8, 1-7 (1949); Some considerations regarding the electron emission from the cathode of electrical discharges in gases, SBRA, 3, Nr.4, 527-532 (1951); Über den Mechanismus der Elektronenemission aus der Kathode in Glimmentladungen, RRP, 1, 1-13 (1956); Über die Zündspannung und den Townsendschen Koeffizienten in Methan (with F. Wächter), RRP, 1, 161-165 (1956); Hochfrequente Fackelentladung als Spektralquelle (with Margareta Giurgea, G. Giurgea, and Ath. Trutia), Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale VI, Amsterdam 1956, Pergamon Press, London, 441-447 (1956). The major contributions of Prof. Eugen Badareu in Electrical Gas Discharges and Plasma Physics can be grouped together along the following research directions: (i)Positive ions kinetics in gases (1950-1959) with Mircea Hagiescu-Miriste: Hg+ ions energy losses in Hg vapours (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), SBRA, 2, Nr.7, 603-609 (1950); On the positive ion kinetics in hydrogen (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), GSSRA, 2-12 iunie 1950; Positive ions energy losses in hydrogen (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), SRP, 2, 71-79 (1951); K+ ions energy losses in hydrogen and in Hg vapours (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), RACP, 1, 763-767 (1951); On positive Helium and Potassium ions energy losses in Helium (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), RACP, 3, 25-29 (1953); Sur la redistribution des vitesses des ions positifs Hg+ dans la vapeur de Hg à l'intérieur d'un espace équipotentiel (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), RRP, 1, 189-198 (1956); Über die Kinetik der positiven Ionen an der Kathode einer Glimmentladung in Quecksilberdämpfen (with M. Hagiescu-Miriste), RRP, 4, 445-448 (1959). (ii) Glow discharges and hollow-cathode effect (1958-1968) with Ioan-Iovitz Popescu and Iancu Iova, Friedrich Wächter, Dumitru Ciobotaru, Constantin Popovici and Maria Somesan: Researches on the double cathode effect (with I.-Iovitz Popescu), JEC, 4, 503-514 (1958); The hollow cathode discharge in mercury vapour (with F. Wächter), JEC, 4, 539-543 (1958); Some problems regarding the phenomena occurring at the cathode of the glow discharge (with I.-Iovitz Popescu), RRP, 5, 41-82 (1960), with the Romanian version in SRP, 10, 689-732 (1959); Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus an der Kathode einer Glimmentladung (with I.-Iovitz Popescu), Proc. of the IVth ICPIG, Uppsala 17-21 August 1959, North Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, IIA, 301-305 (1960); Beiträge zur Klärung des Mechanismus des Doppelkathodeneffektes (with I.-Iovitz Popescu and I. Iova), AP, 5, 308-326 (1960); Vorgänge in den Kathodenteilen von anomalen Glimmentladungen in Helium (with I.-Iovitz Popescu and I. Iova), RRP, 5, 287-293 (1960), with the Romanian version in SRP, 11, Nr.3, 597-603 (1960); Über den Beitrag der Photonen zur Elektronenauslösung aus der Kathode in Glimmentladungen in Hg-Dämpfen (with F. Wächter), AP, 7, 418 (1961); Über die Elektronenauslösung durch Entladungsphotonen (with F. Wächter), Proc. of the V-th ICPIG, München, 1188 (1961); Über die Rolle der Resonanzumladung beim Mechanismus der anomalen Glimmentladung (with D. Ciobotaru), Proc. of the Symp. on Electron and Vacuum Physics, Hungary 1962, 489-496 (1962); Sur le transfer résonant de charge électrique dans les gaz monoatomiques (with D. Ciobotaru), Proc. of the VI-th ICPIG, Paris 1963, 97 (1963); Die Bestimmung der Umladungswirkungsquerschnittes bei der Glimmentladung in Neon und Xenon (with D. Ciobotaru), RRP, 8, 197-203 (1963); Hohlkathodeneffekt in Caesium Dampf (with C. Popovici, I. Iova and Maria Somesan), AP, 15, 313 (1965); Beiträge zum Studium des Mechanismus des Hohlkathodeneffektes (with C. Popovici and Maria Somesan), ZPC, 230, 90-105 (1965); On the beam instability in the negative glow plasma (with C. Popovici, Maria Somesan and Viorica Nistor), GSSRA, 1966; Glow-discharge to high-voltage-arc transition in argon-water vapour atmosphere (with Ath. Trutia and O. Zamfir), RRP, 11, 847 (1966); Contributions to the study of hollow cathode effect (with C. Popovici and Maria Somesan), RRP, 12, 3-11 (1967); On the amplification of the intensity of discharge current and radiation in hollow cathode discharges in magnetic field (with C. Popovici and Maria Somesan), Proc. of the VIII-th ICPIG, Vienna, 1967; Amplification of current and radiation intensities in the negative glow plasma of a hollow cathode discharge in magnetic field (with C. Popovici and Maria Somesan), RAL, Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, XIV, 245-248 (febb. 1968). (iii) Thermionic diodes and plasmas (1964-1965) with Ioan-Iovitz Popescu, Geavit Musa, Denisa Popescu, Constantin Ghita and Alexandra Baltog: Some data on cesium thermionic converters with mercury and xenon mixtures (with I.-Iovitz Popescu and O. Zamfir), JEC 16, 653-658 (1964); Investigations on the cesium-mercury diode (with I.-Iovitz Popescu, C.Ghita and O.Zamfir), BJAP, 15, 1171-1178 (1964); The influence of cathode geometry on the work of thermionic converters (with C. Popovici), JEC, 16, 537 (1964); Investigations on the cesium-cadmium diode (with I.-Iovitz Popescu, C.Ghita, G. Musa and O.Zamfir), BJAP, 16, 63-67 (1965); Atomic absorption by electron spectroscopy (with I.-Iovitz Popescu, C.Ghita and G. Musa), RRP, 10, 785-798 (1965); Atomic absorption of alkali vapours by the space charge amplification method (with I.-Iovitz Popescu, C.Ghita and G. Musa), Proc. of the VII-th ICPIG, Belgrade 1967, 372-376 (1965); Investigations on the caesium thermionic converter with an auxiliary discharge (with G. Musa and Denisa Popescu), BJAP, 16, 845 (1965); A caesium-noble gas filled thermionic diode with auxiliary discharge, (with G. Musa, Denisa Popescu and Alexandra Baltog), Proc. of the VII-th ICPIG, Belgrade 1967; Evidence of Rb-Cd second kind collision by space charge amplification (with G. Musa and Zinca Maris), Electronics Letters, 1, 26 (March 1965); (iv) Plasmachemistry researches (1959-1962) with Constantin Popovici and Dumitru Stefanescu: High frequency discharge action on butane (with D. Stefanescu and C. Popovici), RACP, 9, Nr.11, 1141-1146 (1959); On the glow discharge in butane-bromine mixture (with C. Popovici), RACP, 9, Nr.12, 1249-1256 (1959); Einwirkung der Hochfrequenzentladung auf Butan (with D. Stefanescu and C. Popovici), RRP, 5, 277-285 (1960); Contribution à l'étude des décharges à haute frequence dans le methane (with D. Stefanescu and C. Popovici), RRP, 4, Nr.1 (1960); Spectral data regarding the methane transformation under the action of the high frequency discharge (with C. Popovici), SRP, 11, Nr.3, (1960); On glow discharges in a butane-bromine mixture (with C. Popovici), RRP, 6, Nr.1 (1961); Über die Hochfrequenzentladung in Methan (with C. Popovici), Proc. of the Symp. on Electron and Vacuum Physics, Hungary 1962, 451-455 (1962); Beiträge zum Studium der Oxidation des Methans in der Funkenentladung (with C. Albu and C. Popovici), ZPC, 221 (1962). We add in this context the further contributions brought by the disciples of Prof. E. Badareu, mainly by Denisa Popescu and Ioan-Iovitz Popescu, by their pioneering works on optogalvanic and laser spectroscopy (1966-1981): Investigation on the thermionic detection of photoionization spectra of caesium vapours, AP, 18, 103 (1966); Absorptionsspektroskopie angeregter Caesium-Atome, ZP, 226, 160 (1969); Use of space charge techniques in the absorption spectroscopy of cesium atoms and molecules, PR, 8A, 1666-1672 (1973); Multiphoton ionization of molecular cesium with a tuneable dye laser,PR, 8A, 2197-2201 (1973); Multiphoton excitation and ionization of atomic cesium with a tuneable dye laser, PR, 9A, 1182-1187 (1974); Multiphoton ionization of cesium through resonant dissociative molecular states, PR, 10A, 813-821 (1974); Doublet line-strength ratios for the principal series of cesium,PR, 12A, 1425-1431 (1975); Fine-structure measurements of two-photon transitions in atomic cesium with a tuneable dye laser, OC, 16, 251-255 (1976); Multiphoton ionization of rubidium, PR, 14A, 1662-1671 (1976); Optical impedance spectroscopy, APL, 37, 888-890 (1980); Two-photon technique for the dissociative spectroscopy of simple molecules, PRL, 44, 139-142 (1980); Photolytic spectroscopy of simple molecules, Parts I, II, and III, JCP, 74, 1053-1066 (1981); 74, 1067-1073 (1981); 75, 4852 (1981). Citations: several hundreds of foreign citations, among we notice those of well-known scientists such as A. von Engel, K. G. Emeléus, J.-L. Delcroix, C. B. Collins, J. B. Hasted, G. Ecker, H. Walther, W. Demtröder, L. A. Sena, Y. M. Kagan, J. Richter, N. B. Delone, K. Niemax, P. Camus, G. Schaefer, E. Hansche, K. G. Müller, B. I. Moskalev, A. Ricard, and many others.
Even if the major weight of his scientific work belongs to the field of electrical discharges in gases and plasma physics, Eugen Badareu has important contributions also in other fields of physics, such as his researches in solid state physics with Paul Petrescu, Vladimir Topa and Trutia Athanasie: Exoelectronic emission phenomena (with P. Petrescu), SRP, 10, Nr.1, 187-192 (1959); Contribution to the induced photoelectric effect (with P. Petrescu), RACP, 10, 85-91 (1960); Spectrophotometric study of the colour centers obtained by different methods in alkalihalides (with Athanasie Trutia and Vladimir Topa), RRP, 9, 631 (1964). Also, besides his constant interest for basic researches, Eugen Badareu had always a permanent concern for science applications. In this respect, we remind herewith his researches regarding the multiple applications of the glow discharges, such as those on the cold cathode fluorescent tubes (with C. Popovici and E. Lucatu, 1955-1960) and on the cold cathode diodes and triodes (with G. Musa, 1964), as well as his series of paper dedicated to applied acoustics and ultraacoustics (1950-1967, with Mircea Grumazescu and Gheorghe Giurgea): Researches regarding the ultrasound influence on plants germination and growth (with G. Giurgea), SBRA, 2, Nr.8, 1-5 (1950); Quelques recherches, sur les maquettes, au sujet de la non-uniformité du champ sonore dans les éspaces clos (with G. Giurgea and M. Grumazescu), RRP, 2, Nr.1, 15-32 (1957); Room wall inclination influence on the sonic field uniformity (with G. Giurgea and M. Grumazescu), RACP, 8, Nr.3, 263-268 (1958); On a space non-uniformity index of the sonic field (with G. Giurgea and M. Grumazescu), RACP, 8, Nr.5, 461-466 (1958); Wall absorption influence on the sonic field uniformity (with G. Giurgea and M. Grumazescu), SRP, 10, Nr.3, 435-441 (1959); Measuring conditions of sonic absorption coefficients in a diffuse field (with M. Grumazescu), SRP, 10, Nr.4, 617-625 (1959).
TEXTBOOKS AND BOOKS
Printed textbooks at the University of Cernauti: Mechanics of Solids (1922), Molecular Physics (1922), Theory of Electricity (1922), Electricity (1924), Elements of Vector Calculus (1925), Electronics and Radioactivity (1925).
Printed textbooks at the University of Bucharest: Acoustics and Optics, 543 pages (1935), Acoustics, 213 pages (1945), Acoustics, 328 pages (1947), Wave Optics, 216 pages (1948).
Printed books: Cinematography, Bucharest, National Publ. House Gh. Mecu, 160 pages (1942), Introduction to Acoustics, Bucharest, Academy Publ. House, 284 pages (1953), Ultraacoustics and Applications, Bucharest, Academy Publ. House, (1957), Physics of Electrical Discharges in Gases, Bucharest, Academy Publ. House, 301 pages (1957), Fundamentals of Modern Acoustics (with M. Grumazescu), Bucharest, Academy Publ. House, 508 pages (1961), Ionized Gases - Basic Processes (with Ioan-Iovitz Popescu), Bucharest, Technical Publ. House, 351 pages (1963), Ionized Gases - Electrical Discharges in Gases (with Ioan-Iovitz Popescu), Bucharest, Technical Publ. House, 323 pages (1965), Physical and Technical Ultraacoustics (with M. Grumazescu), Bucharest, Technical Publ. House, 316 pages (1967), and Gaz Ionisés, Décharges Électriques dans les Gaz (with Ioan-Iovitz Popescu), Publ. Houses Dunod, Paris, and Meridiane, Bucharest, 333 pages (1968), that became a reference book on electrical gas discharges in French speaking countries.
Eugen Badareu had many relations with reputed scientists from abroad. Further, we shall mention only those personalities, well-known in electrical gas discharges and plasma physics, and which were in friendship relations with Eugen Badareu such as Rudolf Seeliger (University of Greifswald), Leonard B. Loeb (University of California, Berkeley), Alfred von Engel (University of Oxford), George Emeléus (University of Belfast), Jean-Loup Delcroix (University of Paris-Sud), Walter Lochte-Holtgreven (University of Kiel), Manfred A. Biondi (University of Pittsburgh), Carl B. Collins (University of Texas at Dallas), Jaap Kistemaker (Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics in Amsterdam), Matvey Samsonovich Rabinovich (Lebedev Institute of Physics of the Academy of Science in Moscow), Hans A. Bertele (Polytechnic in Vienna), Brana Perovici (Institute of Nuclear Sciences in Belgrade), Ludek Pekárek (Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences in Prague) and many others. In the summer of 1969, under the Eugen Badareu' presidency, was organized at Bucharest the IX-th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, 1-6 September, 1969, the greatest and most prestigious scientific meeting occurring until in Romania, with about 800 participants coming from 32 countries. At that moment, as a supreme homage brought to Eugen Badareu for his 82 years anniversary, almost all the world-wide active elite in his favourite research field has been present around him.


ORDNANCE originally referred to military firearms: gun tubes, ammunition, and auxiliary equipment supporting the immediate firing process. Since about 1890, however, technical revolutions in weaponry have continually broadened the meaning of the term, and in America it now stands for all types of weapons and weapons systems.
In the United States the manufacture of ordnance has traditionally been a federal concern. In 1794 Congress authorized the establishment of arsenals for the development and manufacture of ordnance at Springfield, Massachusetts, and at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. In 1812 Congress created a U.S. Army Ordnance Department to operate them. A major achievement during this early period was the introduction by Eli Whitney of interchangeable parts for mass-produced firearms.
In the nineteenth century five more arsenals were added to satisfy the army's demand for small arms, powder, shot, and cannon. Although Civil War needs sent arsenal and private ordnance production soaring, this hyperactivity ended abruptly in 1865. The navy had been given an Ordnance Bureau in 1842 but continued to rely heavily on army and civilian producers.
During the early twentieth century the pace of ordnance development accelerated rapidly and was accompanied by a growing gap between the designer-manufacturer and the user. Until 1917, the Ordnance Department, under Maj. Gen. William B. Crozier, dominated the army's weapons acquisition process; after 1917 and between the two world wars, the combat arms determined their own needs, and the department devoted itself to planning industrial mobilization. But the growing cost and sophistication of ordnance were making the centralization of procurement a necessity.
need to be able to mobilize those resources quickly, but the United States abandoned its policy of restricting peacetime ordnance production to federal arsenals with great reluctance. On 16 June 1938 the Educational Orders Act authorized the immediate placement of ordnance contracts with civilian firms in order to strengthen outside procurement procedures and ease a future transition to a wartime economy. In World War II private arms production dwarfed governmental efforts, especially in weapons carriers and auxiliary equipment; at the same time, as ordnance continued to grow more complex, public and private defense production became more integrated.
From 1945 to 1973, worldwide commitments forced the United States to remain in a state of semimobilization and made dependence on arsenal production alone impractical. Ordnance was increasingly discussed in terms of weapons systems, which bore little resemblance to the firearms of 1860 or even 1917, and the army soon joined the naval and air arms in their dependence on private industry for a great proportion of their ordnance and ordnance-supporting equipment. In recognition of these trends, President John F. Kennedy's defense reorganizations of 1961–1963 placed the three service staffs on a functional basis, established three large matérielcommands, and continued the centralization of the ordnance selection process. The manufacture of ordnance had become one of America's largest enterprises and demanded constant executive attention. Even after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the United States remained the largest weapons manufacturer in the world.
Naval ordnance includes all the weapons and their control systems used by naval forces. These can be classed by type (guns, mines, torpedoes, depth charges, bombs, rockets, or missiles); by warheads (conventional or nuclear); by launching platform (surface, airborne, or underwater); or by targets (submarine, air, or surface).
Until the mid-nineteenth century, U.S. Navy ships were armed with carriage-mounted, muzzle-loading, smooth-bore cannons, principally of iron, firing solid shot at point-blank range. At the time of the Civil War, pivot mounts, turrets, rifled guns, and explosive projectiles were in use. By World War I, directors, rangekeepers (computers), and breech-loading steel guns were in use. By World War II, radar and automatic controls had been added. Battleship sixteen-inch guns were capable of firing 2,700-pound armor-piercing projectiles at ranges up to twenty miles; proximity fuses for use against aircraft were developed; and bombardment rockets were also added.
nineteenth century. Homing torpedoes first appeared in World War II. World War I aircraft were armed with machine guns and crude bombs. Gyroscopic bombsights and aircraft rockets were in use in World War II.
Introduced in combat against Japanese ships in 1945, the first homing missile was the Bat, an air-launched, antiship, radar-homing, glider bomb. Since then a variety of ship, air, and submarine guided missiles have been developed. The first of the navy's long-range ballistic missiles, introduced in 1960, was the submerged-launched, 1,200-mile Polaris, made possible by solid propellants, inertial guidance, small thermonuclear warheads, and sophisticated fire-control and navigational systems. Its successor, the Poseidon, has a 2,500-nautical-mile range and was later equipped with multiple warheads. The Trident missile system, with greater range and improved capabilities, was developed in the mid-1970s. At the height of the Cold War, in the early 1980s, the navy introduced Los Angeles-class nuclear submarines to the fleet. The collapse of the Soviet Union removed the navy's only major international rival, but naval innovation continued unabated. In 1989 the navy began construction on new Seawolf-class attack submarines, designed to be more than ten times quieter than LA-class submarines.
Battison, Edwin. Muskets to Mass Production: The Men and the Times That Shaped American Manufacturing. Windsor, Vt.: American Precision Museum, 1976.
Freedman, Norman. Submarine Design and Development. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1984.
Green, Constance M. Eli Whitney and the Birth of American Technology. Boston: Little Brown, 1956.
Hogg, Oliver F. G. Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday, and Decline. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1970.
Peck, Taylor. Round Shot to Rockets: A History of the Washington Navy Yard and U.S. Naval Gun Factory. Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute, 1949.
See alsoAircraft Armament ; Artillery ; Chemical and Biological Warfare ; Missiles, Military ; Munitions ; Rifle, Recoilless ; Torpedo Warfare .
"Ordnance." Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. 22 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Ordnance Survey in the UK, an official survey organization, originally under the direction of the Master of the Ordnance, preparing large-scale detailed maps of the whole country; it originated in a topographic survey (1784) of the Trigonometric Society.
"ordnance." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Encyclopedia.com. 22 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
ord·nance / ˈôrdnəns/ • n. 1. mounted guns; artillery. ∎ military weapons, ammunition, and equipment used in connection with them. 2. a branch of the armed forces dealing with the supply and storage of weapons, ammunition, and related equipment.
"ordnance." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. 22 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"ordnance." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. 22 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


Raise your hand if you've had to explain to more than one person that Stranger Things did not create the Demogorgon.
Now they used that thing because the boys in the show like to play a pretty excessive amount of Dungeons and Dragons but some of you will be surprised to learn that D & D didn't invent the creature either!
The specific entity may date back as early as the 15th century BC, if you want to get real about it.
And if you want to get real about it then you'll want to get real about it in this awesome Demagorgon jacket. It's in that classic polyester style that used to be popular for baseball coaches and band roadies back in the day.
Old school D & D kids will especially love it because the back is covered with Demogorgon art from the game.
Remember, people who compliment the jacket could be up for a campaign!


Close on the heels of two Dalit children being burnt alive in Faridabad, a 21-year-old Dalit youth was allegedly burnt to death by a former village head and his family members herein Yamunanagar over some old rivalry, the police said on Friday.
The incident took place in Daulatpur village of the district on Tuesday. An old rivalry is suspected to be the reason behind it, the police said.
The victim's father, Kehar Singh, alleged that former village head Ram Swarup and his family members poured kerosene on his son Rajat and set him on fire. However, initial investigations suggest that Rajat had allegedly poured kerosene on himself, police said.
The youth succumbed to his burn injuries on Wednesday in a hospital at Mullana near here, they said. A forensic team visited the village and collected evidence, the police said, adding that six persons have been booked under various sections of the Indian Penal Code.
Those booked are Ram Swarup, his wife Mukhtayri Devi, their three sons -- Chander Bhan, Vindo Kumar and Gopal -- and Ram Swarup's brother Tara Chand, they said.
The police said a scuffle took place between both the Dalit families on October 5, in which the victim's mother was injured.
Rajat was arrested after the clash but was later released from jail on October 20, the police said, adding that a probe is underway and no arrests have been made so far.


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Home » Windows » Windows 98 » Windows 98 ISO: Windows 98 SE free download
Windows 98 ISO: Windows 98 SE free download
Windows 98 was a GUI based operating system that was released by Microsoft in 1998. It was released as a part of the 9x series of the windows operating system which included its predecessor, Windows 95. Windows 98 was released in both 32 and 16-bit versions just like the older windows 95 and it was based on the Disk Operating System (DOS) which was a Command-Line operating system developed by Microsoft. Windows 98 was released on the 15th of May in the year 1998 and was put on sale worldwide on the 25th of June in the same year.
After Windows 98, came the Windows 98 SE. Here, SE stands for Second edition and was released on the 5th of May in the year 1999. Both Windows 98, as well as the Windows 98 SE operating systems, were supported by Microsoft till the 30th of June 2002. Buyers could, however, get extended support till the 11th of July 2006. You can download Windows 98 ISO from our website.
License / Product Key
625MB / 623MB
Microsoft Inc.
Windows 98 SE ISO (Second Edition)
Windows 98 ISO (First Edition)
Features of Windows 98 ISO
Window 98 ISO file
Taskbar and Start Menu
The taskbar, one of Windows 95's smarter innovations, is even better in Internet Explorer 4.0 and Win98. Microsoft has hewn the new improved version closely to the "if it's not broken, don't fix it" school of thought. There's been no mind-bending, radical overhaul, but rather the addition of significant and useful enhancements.
People found the new Web-savvy features helpful (though new users thought that they might complicate matters). With Windows 98, the Favorites folder was found on the Start menu. Under the Find folder, a "Find… On the Internet" choice took you to Microsoft's search site.
The Start menu additions were notable, but the taskbar itself was where the action is. Microsoft finally heeded the cries of Windows 95 users who craved the ability to drag-and-drop document, application and folder shortcuts directly onto the taskbar, the way they could with the Office97 Software.
Windows 98's Web View mainly did three things: It performed single-click navigation; it provided a way to view and customize the appearance of folders; and it added a fifth icon view to the original four views which were large icons, small icons, list, as well as details.
Web View shouldn't be confused with Win98's many hooks into the Internet. With Windows 98, you could get to the Web anytime from anywhere in Win98, even with Web View turned off. Likewise, you could enjoy Web View without an Internet connection. As such, Web View was a misnomer. A better name would be Browser View because it really enabled you to navigate and view the files on your computer with a browser-like interface.
Multimedia Support
MMX (Multimedia Extensions) was a set of 57 new instructions that Intel had added to certain x 86 processors to speed multimedia tasks. Each instruction greatly sped up processing by abbreviating the multiple instructions previous processors require to accomplish a given task. MMX-enhanced processors included Intel's P55C Pentium and Pentium II, AMD's K6 and Cyrix's 6x86MX. Windows 98 was the first operating system to support MMX, which meant improved performance for image processing, video, audio, video conferencing and similar functions.
Window 98 ISO and Multimedia Support
Scripting and Automation
The Windows Scripting Host (WSH) was the successor to the venerable DOS batch file format. WSH was a standard feature of all versions of the Windows 98 operating system. WSH incorporated both the JavaScript and VBScript engines that first appeared in Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Internet Information Server (IIS), allowing batch files to be written in either language. WSH supported all the standard features of both languages, including subroutines and functions, variables and arrays, true if/else statements, other flow-control statements that allow sophisticated looping and much more.
Microsoft even provides two complete versions of Windows Scripting Host. One (CSCRIPT.EXE) is a command-line utility that can run in a DOS box under either Memphis or Windows NT 5.0. The other (WSCRIPT.EXE) is a standard 32-bit Windows application. Either can be chosen as your default scripting host (the one that runs automatically when a user double-clicks or runs a script file). Both versions support all JavaScript, VBScript and WSH features.
Microsoft figured out a good way to make Windows 98 faster. The Disk Defragmenter Optimization Wizard tracked the programs you ran most often, then clustered those programs on the fastest part of your hard disk. To use it, close down all applications and launch the wizard. It lets you choose programs you run frequently, launches them and notes which files are accessed from the hard disk for each.
One of the key pieces to Win98's performance puzzle was WinAlign, a utility that aligns the contents of program files so they load faster-20% faster (or more). With speedier access to your applications and the data they use, you were able to trim unproductive wait times.
Load times are slower with unaligned code because Win98 must copy it from the disk-cache page to a brand new memory page aligned on a 4KB boundary. Aligned programs would start faster because Win98 runs the code directly from the disk-cache pages where they were loaded.
With Windows 98, Microsoft introduced the new and improved FAT32 (File Allocation Utility) file system. FAT32 frees up hard-disk space by allocating the space much more efficiently than previous versions of FAT did. With FAT32, you can get an average of 28 percent more disk space without buying any new hardware. Launch software programs faster when you combine FAT32 with Microsoft Windows 98 Disk Defragmenter. With FAT32 you can work with a very large hard disk which can be over two terabytes it's easier with FAT32 because you can represent the disk with a single drive letter, rather than splitting it in two.
Minimum System Requirements for Windows 98 ISO
Here are the minimum requirements your computer hardware must meet in order to run Windows 98:
Computer/processor: 486DX/66 MHz or higher processor.
Memory: 16 megabytes (MB) of memory; more memory improves performance.
Hard disk: Typical installation requires approximately 195 MB of free hard-disk space, but may range between 120 MB to 295 MB, depending on your system configuration and the options you choose to install.
Drive: CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive (3.5″ high-density disks available for an additional charge).
Display: VGA or higher-resolution monitor.
Peripheral/miscellaneous: Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device.
How to get Windows 98 ISO Download for Free
Now that you know about the features of Windows 98 and would like to try it for yourself, you can download Windows 98 ISO from our website.
To download and install Windows 98 ISO for free, follow these steps:-
First, download the Windows 98 ISO file.
You can now use a pen drive or burn the ISO file to a disk using software like Power ISO.
Boot into the USB drive or the CD/DVD and follow the installation instructions to install Windows 98 ISO on your computer.
Alternatively, you can also install the Windows 98 ISO on a Virtual Machine using Virtualbox or similar software. Just make sure that your computer supports virtualization and boot up the virtual machine with the Windows 98 ISO as the virtual disk and follow the installation instructions to install Windows 98 ISO on a virtual machine.
This article has 19 comments
Sara Al Emadi February 4, 2020 Reply
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kevin rosario April 21, 2020 Reply
Muhammad Inaam February 17, 2020 Reply
yeah you should get the experience of 98′. but before you must have the compatible hardware
MagicShadow March 2, 2020 Reply
Dandy March 19, 2020 Reply
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windows ME was sucktastic
JNEL June 30, 2020 Reply
Mistake-Edition
shersingh777 March 26, 2020 Reply
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Matthew February 21, 2021 Reply
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Richard June 7, 2020 Reply
Try installing it from CD and get the message: Windows 98 setup files were not found What am i doing wrong?
kamdavon9 July 11, 2020 Reply
i hope this product key works
Ravi July 23, 2020 Reply
Enjoyed a lot with win8. Super fast OS at that time.
sherkhan February 26, 2021 Reply
Works great. Use the iso as virtual cd rom to boot from (can set in setup in virtualbox)
Windows 95 ISO download: Windows 95 free download
VMware Workstation 15 Pro Full Version free download


The new 2017 Kia Sedona is a serious contender in the cutthroat minivan market against the all-new Chrysler Pacifica as well as established family favorites like the Honda Odyssey and Toyota Sienna. With available seating for seven or as many as eight passengers, the new Sedona brings strong value, modern style and an aggressive list of features to the class.
Best vehicle purchase we could have made!
I have literally had no problems with my Kia Sedona. I love it! My husband was completely against buying a "minivan" in the beginning but this one has won him over! It is 100% reliable and so comfortable! We have two little boys 1 and 2 years of age and they love it. I use to drive a smaller car and they were cramped and sat so low they couldn't see out the windows. Now, they have plenty of room and enjoy watching out the windows telling me what they see as we go. There is plenty of room in the back row as well. It is awesome to be able to pull down one side of the back seat so I can change a diaper on the go without having to rearrange everything in the whole vehicle! We took a road trip to the beach this summer, about a 10-12 hour drive one way. We took my sister, her husband, their 3 year old son, our two boys, my husband and myself and we were all very comfortable! No complaints! I cannot say enough about how wonderful this van is! We absolutely love it!
The Kia Sedona is a great SAFE family vehicle with the biggest bang for your buck, i compared them all and have been so glad we went with it!
I haven't had any problems with our Kia Sedona at all. We all absolutely love it and all the features that come even on the base model! It gets great gas mileage, I average 22 mpg and i live in a rural area. My children all love that the seats ALL recline and that they have their own vents and can control the back from the middle row. The 3rd row seats fold flat and up so easily I can do it one handed while holding the baby. My husband even likes driving it and he had no desire for a minivan! It is so roomy that we can sit comfortably in the driver's seat with the infant seat directly behind and plenty space in that row and 3rd row still! We have back up camera, satellite radio, auto fold mirrors and many other features. I enjoy driving it.
My Kia Sedona provides a quiet and smooth ride!
My 2017 Kia Sedona serves my needs. I have not experienced any problems to date. It features seven seats, which are quite comfortable. The individual seats as well as the back seat can recline. The sliding side doors are easy to open and close and make it easy to enter and exit. My Kia Sedona provides me the opportunity to talk hands-free as it has the phone sync feature. The radio and phone controls are both on the dash as well as on the wheel right at my fingertips. Further, it has a radio and CD player as well as charging capability. It features front and back ac controls. It rides well. It is very comfortable. Storage space is adequate. While it does have a backup camera, I wish it had an alarm to indicate when to stop backing up.


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Martha Dorris
President of PSLA
Martha is the founder of Dorris Consulting International (DCI). DCI works with governments to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government both internally and through the improved delivery of a citizen experience. Martha is leveraging her knowledge of government and network of citizen services to improve people, processes and technology and therefore improve the delivery of service to the public. During her 34 years in government, she worked primarily in the areas of information technology acquisition, digital service delivery,
intergovernmental solutions and citizen or customer experience.
Prior to retiring, Martha spent six months as the Director of the Office of Strategic Programs (OSP) within GSA's Federal Acquisition Service/Information Technology Service (ITS) to bring an outside perspective on the implementation of category management within ITS, organize the organization around category management and bring a customer focus to the organization and oversaw programs and products such as GWACs, Cyber Security, and Cloud Solutions.
For the previous 12 years, Martha led both the Office of Citizen Services and the Office of Innovative Technologies. The goal was to transform government to a 21st century digital government – allowing the public to access government services and information anytime, anywhere, on any device. In both roles, she oversaw the creation and operation of OCSIT's shared solutions to drive innovation and open data, improve efficiency and create a digital government. These platforms, communities and other products provided agencies with the needed solutions and information to transform their organization. For many years, Martha was responsible for the platforms and services providing direct service to the public in English and Spanish through the web, phone, chat, email, and social media.
Martha's passion was and continues to be improving the citizen experience by leveraging the unique central, government-wide position she held at GSA. Ms. Dorris has been active in the IT community for decades. She has been recognized for her hard work, dedication and leadership in numerous ways. Martha has worked closely with the International Council for IT in Government Administration (ICA) for almost 20 years in different capacities.
Senior Leadership Coach
Beginning in 1990, John invested 8 years in the future of a nation struggling to overcome a tragic history of genocide, racism and anarchy. John and two colleagues envisioned established the Cornerstone Leadership Academy – a comprehensive boarding school community for young adults focusing on leadership, character, spiritual and intellectual development. As co-founder and Director of the Academy, John and his family lived on-site and dealt with the challenges of turning a revolutionary vision into a reality in the midst of racial and tribal tensions, scarce resources, and physical hardships. In 1998 he successfully handed the leadership of the community over to the Ugandan staff he had developed over the years.
Over the past 20 years, John has served as a Leadership Coach for the Excellence in Government (EIG) Fellows Program, the US Army, NASA, CMS, and other clients. John has supported hundreds of rising leaders from nearly every federal agency in expanding their leadership capacity.
John has consulted with a broad range of federal, private sector and non-profit organizations, conducting hundreds of planning, teambuilding and training workshops ranging from large conferences (200+) to small teams, and is particularly adept at adjusting his approach to fit his client's needs and culture.
John has an expertise in leadership development, coaching, team building and facilitation; strengths in creative thinking, problem solving and engaging presentations. He has a broad network across Federal Government.
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