text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
There is no doubt that the positron was discovered by Carl D. Anderson \citep[e.g.][]{Anderson1932,Hanson1961,LeoneRobotti2012}, after its theoretical prediction by Paul A. M. Dirac \citep{Dirac1928,Dirac1931}. Further, it is undoubted that Patrick M. S. Blackett and Giovanni P. S. Occhialini discovered pair production by taking photographs of electrons and positrons created from cosmic rays in a Wilson cloud chamber \citep{BlackettOcchialini1933}. The answer to the question who experimentally discovered the reverse process---positron annihilation---has been less clear. Usually, Fr\'ed\'eric Joliot and  Jean Thibaud receive credit for its discovery \citep[e.g.,][p. 110]{Roque1997}. Several of their contemporaries were enganged in similar research. In a conversation with Werner Heisenberg \citet{HeitingHeisenberg1952}, Theodor Heiting (see Appendix \ref{ap:bio} for a rudimentary biography) claimed that it was he who discovered positron annihilation.

To assess whether this claim has any merit, and find out who discovered positron annihilation, I investigated the literature on positron annihilation from the early 1930s. To be able to answer who should be credited for the discovery, it is also necessary to evaluate the interpretation of the experimental results in the publications. Before giving an overview of the relevant publications and assessing the physical interpretations, I will very briefly sketch a few concepts relevant to positron annihilation.

\section{The positron, pair production, and positron annihilation}
\label{sec:positron}
\subsection{Theoretical prediction and experimental discovery of the positron}
\label{sec:prediction}
In his work ``The quantum theory of the electron'', \citeauthor{Dirac1928} postulated the existence of vacant negative energy states regarding free electrons \citep[][Eq. (9)]{Dirac1928}. In a slightly altered form, that equation reads:
\begin{equation}
 \dfrac{E^2}{c^2}-p_r^2-(mc)^2 = 0,
\end{equation}
where $p_r=-ih\frac{\partial}{\partial x_r}$ and $E=ih\frac{\partial}{\partial t}$. It has become known as the ``Dirac equation''. As \citeauthor{Dirac1928} has outlined in his speech when receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 \citep{Dirac1933}, this equation can be satisfied either by particles of energy $E>mc^2$, or by particles of energy $E<-mc^2$. Such states of negative energy for the electrons rather correspond to particles with a positive elementary charge, the positive electron, or positron. \citeauthor{Dirac1928} interpreted unoccupied negative energy states as ``holes'', which were short of negative energy, and therefore had positive energy. His theory \citep[for a review, see e.g.][especially \S\ 23]{HillLandshoff1938} is therefore often called ``hole theory''. These ``holes'' could then be filled by ordinary electrons from higher shells, releasing energy as radiation---that is, positron annihilation. \citeauthor{Dirac1928} also mentioned the opposite process as a possibility \citep{Dirac1928}: transforming electromagnetic radiation into an electron and a positron, that is, pair production\footnote{In fact, pair production is not strictly the opposite process, because in pair production, one photon is transformed into two particles, while positron annihilation transforms two particles into at least two photons. One--photon annihilation is practically irrelevant, as \citet{FermiUhlenbeck1934} calculated.}. Dirac was well aware that protons were far too heavy to be in agreement with his theory \citep{Dirac1930}, but these were at the time the only known positively charged particles.

Not very long after the postulation of Dirac, \citet{Anderson1932} reported on the existence of ``positives'', which were ``comparable in mass and magnitude of charge'' to electrons. His conclusions were based on observations with photographic plates. Carl D. Anderson observed tracks of positively charged electrons in a Wilson cloud chamber \citep{Anderson1932}, a discovery that confirmed \citeauthor{Dirac1928}'s theoretical postulation. Protons could be ruled out from mass and energy considerations \citep{Anderson1933a}. The new positively charged particle came to be known as a positron.\footnote{According to Anderson, the name ``positron'' was not suggested by him, but by Watson Davis, the editor of Science \citep{AndersonWeiner1966}.}

Two processes in which a positron is involved, are pair production and positron annihilation, which processes are fascinating example of the transformation of light into matter and vice versa, respectively.

\subsection{Pair production}
\label{sec:production}
In pair production, electromagnetic radiation is transformed into matter, namely an electron--positron pair. As \citet{OppenheimerPlesset1933} have shown, if a photon has an energy of at least twice the rest mass of an electron $E=\SI{1.022}{\mega\electronvolt}$, pair production becomes possible:
\begin{equation}
 \gamma \rightarrow e^-\ +\ e^+
\end{equation}
Twice the rest mass of an electron is needed, because a positron has the same rest mass as an electron. The pair production cross--section is
\begin{equation}
 \sigma_{pp} \approx \alpha Z^2 r^2,
\end{equation}
with the element's atomic number $Z$ in which pair production takes place, and the electron radius $r=e^2 \left(\num{4}\pi \varepsilon_0 m c^2\right)^{-1}$. The factor $\alpha\approx137^{-1}$ is the probability of the transition from photon to electron--positron pair, i.e. the fine structure constant.

The creation of electron and positron pairs has first been observed by \citet{BlackettOcchialini1933} in a Wilson cloud chamber. Shortly after, \citet{Chadwicketal1934} argued that the positrons are most likely not created in the nucleus itself, but in the ``electric field outside the nucleus'' (that is, in the electron shells).

\subsection{Positron annihilation}
\label{sec:annihilation}
The reverse process of pair production is called positron annihilation. This process has also been predicted by \citeauthor{Dirac1928}'s hole theory \citep{Dirac1928}, although positron had not been discovered yet, thus \citeauthor{Dirac1930} spoke of ``protons'' and acknowledged the problem of a large difference in mass between electron and proton \citep[][p. 361 yo 362]{Dirac1930}. When a positron combines with an electron, two $\gamma$--rays are emitted:
\begin{equation}
e^-\ +\ e^+\ \rightarrow\ \gamma\ +\ \gamma
\end{equation}
Although the probability of annihilation was deemed low \citep{FermiUhlenbeck1934} from a theoretical point of view, this process of annihilation does in fact occur. Before it occurs, a positron and an electron may form a positronium atom: This is a hydrogen--like atom, but with a positron instead of a proton \citep{Deutsch1951}. The singlet state of the positronium atom, so--called parapositronium, decays by emitting two photons of equal energy\footnote{The probability of the emission of a higher (even) number of photons  is not zero, but much smaller than that of the two--photon decay.} Parapositronium number has a lifetime of $\sim\SI{142e-9}{\second}$ in vacuum \citep{Al-RamadhanGidley1994}.

The emitted $\gamma$--rays have energies of \SI{511}{\kilo\electronvolt} each, corresponding to the electron rest mass, and are emitted in opposite direction to each other. These two quanta are also polarized perpendicularly to each other. In many of the early articles, especially in the 1930s, the wavelength that corresponded to the quantum's kinetic energy was commonly expressed in the ``X--unit/xu'', or ``X.E.'' for ``R\"ontgeneinheit'' in German, or ``UX/unit\'{e} x'' in French. \citet{Bearden1965} has determined the wavelength conversion factor $\Lambda$ to be

\begin{equation*}
\Lambda = \SI{1.002076(5)e-13}{\metre\per\xu}.
\end{equation*}
For some of the articles cited below, I use this conversion factor to transform the outdated units to today's SI units.

\section{Who discovered positron annihilation?}
\label{sec:discovery}
In the early 1930s, many different scientists in France, Germany, and Great Britain worked on the interaction of hard $\gamma$--rays and different metal absorbers. Results were, accordingly, published in English, French, and German. Nomenclature was not yet well-developed, because both the underlying theory \citep{Dirac1928} and many experimental effects were quite new and sometimes uncertain, or at least subject to interpretation. It was a very vibrant field and publications arrived at the scientific journals in very short intervals, and, occasionally, different scientists published their results in the same issue of a journal. In the following, I take the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1948 as a starting point. I try to answer the question who first discovered the annihilation radiation. Table \ref{tab:publications} gives an overview over relevant publications, when these were submitted and when these were finally published.

\input{positron_table_revtex.tex}

In his presentation speech of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1948, which was awarded to P. M. S. Blackett, G. Ising of the Nobel Committee for Physics said the following \citep[][p. 95]{Ising1964}:

\begin{quote}
``[...] Reversely, the meeting of two slow electrons, opposite in sign, results in their fusion and annihilation as material particles; in this process two light quanta, each of 1/2 million electron volts, are formed; these fly out from the point of encounter in opposite directions, so that the total momentum remains about zero (for even light possesses a momentum directed along the ray). Blackett and Occhialini immediately drew these conclusions from their experiments and were guided in so doing by the earlier mathematical electron theory elaborated by Dirac on the quantum basis. The existence of the `annihilation radiation' was shortly afterwards established experimentally by Thibaud and Joliot. [...]'',
\end{quote}
referring to the works of \citet{Thibaud1933d} and \citet{Joliot1933}.

In December \citeyear{Joliot1933}, \citeauthor{Joliot1933} published his results on positron annihilation \citep{Joliot1933}. Five months later, he submitted a more detailed version of those experimental results, which were published in July 1934 \citep{Joliot1934b}.

\citet[][p. 1631, ``6.'']{Thibaud1933d} claimed to have published the first experimental proof positron annihilation radiation. Shortly after, \citet{Gentner1934b} mentioned that the experimental proof for positron annihilation, i.e. the detection of a $\sim \SI{500}{\kilo\electronvolt}$ radiation component, was achieved simultaneously by \citet{Joliot1933} and \citet{Thibaud1933d}. \citet{Joliot1933} and \citet{Thibaud1933d} published their results in the same issue of Comptes Rendus, dated \printdate{18.12.1933}.

\citet{Thibaud1934b} subsequently published a more detailed version in English. He comments on \citeauthor{Joliot1933}'s results \citep{Joliot1933}, stating that \SI{86}{\percent} of \citeauthor{Joliot1933}'s results obtained with a Geiger--M\"uller counter were due to ``parasitic effects'', while his own method (film exposure) was exempt from such contamination \citep[see also][]{Thibaud1934a}.

Results similar to \citeauthor{Joliot1933} and \citeauthor{Thibaud1933d} have been obtained by \citet{GrayTarrant1934a}, namely, that much of the secondary $\gamma$--radiation occurred with energies $\SI{0.5e6}{\electronvolt} \leq E_{kin} \leq \SI{1.0e6}{\electronvolt}$, regardless of the scattering angles observed. They used various absorber materials \citep{GrayTarrant1934a}. They interpreted their results in a companion article \citep{GrayTarrant1934b}, but did not relate their results to \citeauthor{Dirac1928}'s theory.

\citet{Williams1934} detected backscattered particles, resulting from hard $\gamma$--rays incident on a \ce{Pb} plate. The backscattered particles were detected by an ionisation chamber at an angle of \ang{140} relative to the \ce{Pb} plate. He performed two different experiments: one without an additional absorber, and one with an \ce{Al} plate as absorber between the \ce{Pb} plate and the ionisation chamber. He interpreted the results such that, when the \ce{Al} plate was present, most positrons emitted by the \ce{Pb} plate were absorbed by the \ce{Al} plate, while the positrons without the absorber would be annihilated in greater distance from their source. However, \citeauthor{Williams1934} could only speculate about the particles being positrons, and the experiments did not yield information on the particles' energy or charge, or energy of the annihilation radiation.

\citet{Klemperer1934} has also provided proof of the annihilation radiation, using a Geiger--M\"uller counter in his experiments. His report was received by the Cambdrige Philosophical Society on 20 May 1934.

\citet{Gentner1934b} tried to clarify the differences between theoretical expectations according to the Klein--Nishina formula and the spectral dependence of absorpion coefficients found experimentally. \citeauthor{Gentner1934b} interpreted his own results as Compton electrons, and to lesser extent as electrons from a photoeffect in the absorber which were backscattered towards the filter. He concluded that, as the bremsstrahlung spectrum consists of energies up to \SI{e6}{\electronvolt}, many of the characteristics of secondary radiation might be explained by backscattered electrons \citep{Gentner1934b}.

In a review article from \citeyear{FleischmannBothe1934}, \citeauthor{Joliot1934a} and \citet{Thibaud1933d}, and also \citet{CraneLauritsen1934}, are credited with the experimental discovery of positron annihilation \citep[][\S 23, pp. 37 to 40]{FleischmannBothe1934}. Heiting's work \citep{Heiting1934} is mentioned, too, in connection with the secondary radiation observations made with hard $\gamma$--rays. \citet[][p. 67]{Amaldi1984} also credited \citet{Joliot1933}, \citet{Joliot1934b}, and \citet{Thibaud1933d} with the discovery of positron annihilation radiation. More recently, \citet[][]{Guerraetal2012} indirectly credited Joliot with the discovery of positron annihilation, writing that
\begin{quote}
``[...] between the middle of December 1933 and early January 1934, [Joliot] studied positron--electron annihilation, finding results in complete agreement with Dirac's theory, which he published in the \textit{Comptes rendus}'',
\end{quote}
referring to \citet{Joliot1933} and \citet{Joliot1934a}. Evidently, all of the works cited in this paragraph have been published or received after Heiting's first two articles (cf. Table \ref{tab:publications}).

Let us return to the contents of the Nobel Prize speech: in \citeyear{DPG1951}, Physikalische Bl\"atter (the journal of the Verband Deutscher Physikalischer Gesellschaften, at that time the intermediate organization of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft) published articles on recently awarded Nobel Prizes in Physics \citep{DPG1951}. Among them was the Nobel Prize 1948, awarded to P. M. S. Blackett. This prompted a comment by Theodor Heiting (see appendix \ref{ap:bio}) and a reply by Werner Heisenberg \citep{HeitingHeisenberg1952}. Heiting claimed that he had discovered positron annihilation even earlier than the mentioned Joliot and Thibaud. Heisenberg, whom Heiting thanked in his publications for his counselling and persistent interest in his work, replied that he could dimly remember a conversation with Heiting and a Mr Messerschmidt\footnote{This was almost certainly \href{http://www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de/messerschmidt-wilhelm.html}{Wilhelm Messerschmidt} \citep[see also][]{Bruecheetal1966}, who was also a member of Gerhard Hoffmann's group in Halle in the early 1930s.}, and that he was happy about Heiting's confirmation of Dirac's theory \citep{HeitingHeisenberg1952}\footnote{Apparently, Heiting got a private lecture by Werner Heisenberg on Dirac's ``hole'' theory. Evidence of further communication between Heiting and Heisenberg does not seem to be available.}. Heisenberg remarked that it might have been possible that also other physicists before Heiting mentioned positron annihilation radiation, or made it experimentally probable. However, he could not find any evidence for that, and subsequently Heiting should be named as the discoverer of positron annihilation radiation.

Heiting was a doctoral student with Gerhard Hoffmann, at the Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik in Halle an der Saale, Germany.\footnote{\label{fn:uni}At that time, the university was still called Vereinigte Friedrichs--Universit{\"a}t Halle--Wittenberg. On \printdate{10.11.1933}, the university got today's name ``Martin--Luther--Universit\"at Halle--Wittenberg''. The university's official name includes Wittenberg, but the actual location is Halle. There has not been any university activity in Wittenberg, approximately \SI{60}{\kilo\metre} from Halle, for a long time (Reinhard Krause--Rehberg, pers. comm., 2018).}
Three articles were published by \citeauthor{Heiting1933a}, submitted on \printdate{07.08.1933} \citep{Heiting1933a}, \printdate{28.09.1933} \citep{Heiting1933b}, and the third one received by the journal on \printdate{02.11.1933} \citep{Heiting1934}. This is six weeks earlier than \citeauthor{Joliot1933}'s and \citeauthor{Thibaud1933d}'s publications \citep{Joliot1933,Thibaud1933d}.

In his experiments, \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} used $\gamma$--rays from a \ce{RaTh} source, which was equivalent to \SI{28}{\milli\gram} of radium \citep{Heiting1934}. This material emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of \SI{4.7}{\xu} \citep{Heiting1934}, which equals

\begin{equation*}
\lambda=\SI{4.7}{\xu} \hspace{0.25cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.25cm} E_{kin}=\SI{2.63e6}{\electronvolt} \approx \num{5.2}\cdot m_ec^2
\end{equation*}

corresponding to the radioactive decay \ce{Th}C'', that is, the transition $\ce{^208Tl} \to \ce{^208Pb}$. This kinetic energy is sufficient to create electron--positron pairs.

The $\gamma$--rays were incident on aluminium, iron, copper, and lead absorbers, respectively. An ionization chamber was used to detect the penetrating radiation. \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} measured the attenuation coefficients for all the absorber materials, and the first results were reported in August 1933 \citep{Heiting1933a}. \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} discovered that all the mentioned absorbers emitted a type of secondary radiation, which was independent of the absorber element \citep{Heiting1933a,Heiting1933b}.  Using \citeauthor{Chao1930}'s method, who found that the attenuation coefficient is a function of wavelength \citep{Chao1930}, \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} determined the mean wavelength from the measured attenuation coefficients to be

\begin{equation*}
\lambda=\SI{23.8 +- 1.0}{\xu} \cdot \Lambda = \SI{2.385e-12}{\metre}.
\end{equation*}

With today's values of the Planck constant and the speed of light, this wavelength corresponds to a photon energy of $E_{kin}=\SI{0.52(2)e6}{\electronvolt}$. Well within the measurement uncertainty, this energy equals an electron's rest mass. This finding was pointed out by \citeauthor{Heiting1933b} in his second publication on the topic \citep{Heiting1933b}, and he also interpreted that secondary radiation as recombination radiation (``Rekombinationsstrahlung'') of an electron with a positron\footnote{``[...] Der Umstand, da\ss\ gerade die Wellenl\"ange $\lambda = \num{24}\, \text{X--E.}$ auftritt, verdient aber besondere Beachtung, denn diese entspricht gerade der Energie $h\nu = m_0c^2$. Nun ist neuerdings mit Hilfe der Wilsonschen Nebelkammer festgestellt worden\footnote{\citet{Anderson1933b}}, da\ss\ Positronen in schweren Elementen entstehen, wenn diese von harten \ce{Th} C''--Strahlen getroffen werden. Naeh den \textsc{Dirac}schen Anschauungen hat das positive Elektron nur eine geringe Lebensdauer, da es sich mit einem negativen Elektron zu vereinigen sucht, wobei die Energie $2m_0c^2$ in Form zweier Quanten $h\nu = m_0c^2 (\lambda = \num[output-decimal-marker={,}]{24.2}\, \text{X--E.}$) frei wird. Die beobachtete Sekund\"arstrahlung kann daher als Rekombinationsstrahlung, die Kernabsorption als Aufspaltung der prim\"aren $\gamma$--Quanten im Kernfelde in positive und negative Elektronen gedeutet werden.[...]'' \citep{Heiting1933b}}: positron annihilation radiation.

The two major conclusions, out of a total of four, in his most comprehensive article \citep[][p. 137]{Heiting1934} are:
\begin{quote}

\begin{center}
``V. Zusammenfassung und Deutung.
\end{center}
1. Die untersuchten Elemente \ce{Al}, \ce{Fe}, \ce{Cu}, \ce{Pb} senden alle die gleiehe
Wellenl\"ange  $\lambda = (\num[output-decimal-marker={,},separate-uncertainty]{23.8 +- 1.0})\, \text{X--E.}$ aus.

Dieser Effekt kann nach der Diracschen Theorie gedeutet werden. Wie L. Meitner und K. Philipp und andere zeigten (Nebelkammer), treten positive Elektronen auf, wenn harte \ce{Th}C''--$\gamma$--Strahlung zur Absorption gelangt, besonders bei schweratomigen Absorbern. Nach Dirac ist das Positron nicht lange existenzf\"ahig ($\sim \num{e-10}\, \text{sec}$), da es sich mit einem negativen Elektron zu rekombinieren sucht, wobei die Energie $2m_0c^2$ frei wird. Diese Energie tritt in Form zweier Quanten $h\nu = m_0c^2$ auf, d.h. es mu\ss\ die Wellenl\"ange $\Lambda = \num[output-decimal-marker={,}]{24.2}\,\text{X--E.}$ beobachtet werden.

2. Die Intensit\"at der ,,Rekombinationsstrahlung" pro Atomkern nimmt zu mit dem Quadrat der Ordnungszahl. Auch dieser Befund steht mit der Theorie im Einklang. [...]''
\end{quote}

In the following months after publication, \citeauthor{Heiting1934}'s findings were criticized by \citet{BotheHorn1934a}, who doubted that the results of \citet{GrayTarrant1932,Heiting1934} were proof of a real secondary radiation of \SI{500}{\kilo\electronvolt}, but they did not rule out the possibility entirely. \citet{BotheHorn1934a} concluded that processes assumed by \citet{MeitnerHupfeld1931},\citet{GrayTarrant1932}, and \citet{Heiting1934} could only play a subordinate role, even though their experimental results were in good agreement with the aforementioned authors' works. What is more, \citet{BotheHorn1934a} attributed the additional radiative component to bremsstrahlung, or to anomalies of the Compton effect. They also hypothesized that the deceleration and annihilation of positron occurs in one single radiative process \citep{BotheHorn1934a}. However, \citeauthor{BotheHorn1934a}'s results are not spectrally resolved \citep{BotheHorn1934a}. It appears their measurements do not contradict the results of \citet{Heiting1934}.

Neither in \citet{Amaldi1984} nor in a recent overview article by \citet{Goworek2014} are \citeauthor{Heiting1934}'s articles mentioned. Neither were \citeauthor{Heiting1934}'s articles cited by \citeauthor{Joliot1933} nor \citeauthor{Thibaud1933d}, which might be due to the fact that \citeauthor{Heiting1934} published in German, and also because---in retrospect---the titles of his publications were not ideal. That is, \citeauthor{Heiting1934} never used a term like ``positron annihilation'' or similar as part of the title, even though \citeauthor{Heiting1934} quite clearly concluded that his results were proof of \citeauthor{Dirac1928}'s theory \citep{Dirac1928} regarding positron annihilation radiation \citep[][``Rekombinationsstrahlung'']{Heiting1934}. One may argue that because the publications cited here were in English, French, and German, it may be possible that the authors were unaware of each other's findings. This does not seem to be the case, though. In many cases, they cited each other's articles for various reasons.

\subsection{A few notes on the harder radiation component}
\citeauthor{Heiting1933a}, in his earliest publication on the topic \citep{Heiting1933a}, also mentioned a much harder radiation when using lead as an absorber ($\lambda = \SI{6.6}{\xu} \Rightarrow E_{kin}=\SI{1.875e6}{\electronvolt}$). Subsequently, he attributed this radiation component to a kind of photonuclear or nuclear absorption process \citep{Heiting1933b}, similar to what \citet{Chao1931} had shown.\footnote{\citeauthor{Chao1931} was a guest in Hoffmann's laboratory in Halle an der Saale in \citeyear{Chao1931}, while \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} was a student with Gerhard Hoffmann.}

\citet[][p. 104]{Roque1997} claimed that \citeauthor{Heiting1933a}
\begin{quote}
``[...] reverse[d] his interpretation of the phenomenon, downplaying the importance of the hard component [...]''
\end{quote}
in his following articles \citep{Heiting1933b,Heiting1934}. In his first article, \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} merely mentioned the observation of a harder component observed only with \ce{Pb} \citep{Heiting1933a}, while the interpretation is the same in the two following articles \citep{Heiting1933b,Heiting1934}. Rather, he used the term ``Kern-$\gamma$-Strahlung'' as a description for his experiment. In the first article \citep{Heiting1933a}, there is no interpretation of the experimental results in terms of nuclear processes other than that term. \citet{Heiting1933a} also provided proof of \citeauthor{GrayTarrant1932}'s relation that the intensity of the secondary radiation increases with $Z^2$ \citep{GrayTarrant1932}. In fact, \citeauthor{Heiting1934} was convinced that the hard compenent, observed solely with \ce{Pb}, was not due to positron--electron recombination, but due to a different process.

Thus, it turns out, there is no evidence in \citeauthor{Heiting1933a}'s articles for any reversed interpretation or downplaying of importance of hard $\gamma$--rays, as claimed by \citet{Roque1997}. The harder component was attributed to a process different from positron annihilation.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
Theodor Heiting should receive credit for the experimental discovery of positron annihilation radiation. \citeauthor{Heiting1933a} submitted his first results on \printdate{07.08.1933}, and these were published shortly after \citep{Heiting1933a}. The interpretation of those results followed in a publication submitted on \printdate{28.09.1933} \citep{Heiting1933b}, where he attributed the secondary radiation to positron annihilation---recombination radiation, as \citeauthor{Heiting1933b} put it at the time. His final publication on the topic was received by the Zeitschrift f\"ur Physik on \printdate{02.11.1933}, which contained a more detailed description of the method and comprehensive experimental results \citep{Heiting1934}. The interpretation of his results remained the same. \citeauthor{Heiting1934}'s remark that he was the first to experimentally discover positron annihilation radiation \citep{HeitingHeisenberg1952} seems justified. \citet{Joliot1933}, \citet{Thibaud1933d}, and \citet{Klemperer1934} published their results after \citeauthor{Heiting1933a}'s publications.

\section*{Rudimentary biographical notes on Theodor Heiting}
\label{ap:bio}
The following notes are mostly based on archived information at Universit\"atsarchiv der Universit\"atsbibliothek, Martin--Luther--Universit\"at Halle--Wittenberg, Germany.

Theodor Fritz Heiting was born in Wuppertal--Elberfeld on \printdate{14.07.1908}. He went to the Volksschule in Elberfeld from 1914 until 1918, and went on with a humanistic secondary school education \citep{LMU1928}, at first in Elberfeld until 1919, then eight more years in Halle an der Saale, where he passed his ``A--levels'' in 1927. He went on to study Physics, Mathematics, and Chemistry in Halle with a short intermezzo in Munich. At least in early 1934, he lived at Johannesplatz 14 in Halle.

In Munich, he was a student at Philosophische Fakult\"at, Ludwig--Maximilians--Universit\"at M\"unchen, in winter semester 1928\slash1929 and summer semester 1929. He lived in Augustenstra\ss e 50\slash4 \citep{LMU1928} and Leopoldstra\ss e 60\slash2 \citep{LMU1929}.  At Ludwig--Maximilians--Universit\"at, he took the following courses (teacher in parentheses): introduction to theoretical physics I and II (Graetz), theory of electricity and magnetism (Graetz), thermodynamics and statistical gas theory (Ott), lab course in physics (Kirchner), and differential equations (Perron).

He then continued his studies at Halle--Wittenberg. From September 1931 until July 1933, he was a doctoral candidate with Gerhard Hoffmann. From his early doctoral work, there is an abstract published in Chemisches Zentralblatt \citet{Heiting1932}. On \printdate{06.01.1934}, he applied for his doctoral defence, majoring in physics. His two minors were mathematics and chemistry. On \printdate{28.02.1934}, he passed the doctoral examination at Martin--Luther--Universit\"at Halle--Wittenberg (see footnote \ref{fn:uni} on page \pageref{fn:uni}), and was awarded a doctoral degree  in science (Dr. rer. nat.) on \printdate{08.03.1934} for his dissertation ``Untersuchungen \"uber die durch harte $\gamma$--Strahlung hervorgerufene Sekund\"arstrahlung'', translated freely as ``Investigations of secondary radiation caused by hard $\gamma$--radation''.

On \printdate{06.01.1934}, Heiting applied for his doctoral defence. His dissertation was entitled ,,Untersuchungen \"uber die durch harte $\gamma$--Strahlung hervorgerufene Sekund\"arstrahlung''. Together with his application, he submitted an abstract of his dissertation to the university. This abstract, also dated \printdate{06.01.1934}, reads:
\begin{quote}
Beim Durchgang harter $\gamma$--Strahlung durch schweratomige Substanzen wird eine anomale Absorption beobachtet, die sich nicht durch fotoelektrische oder Comptonsche Streuprozesse erkl\"aren l\"a\ss t. Gleichzeitig geht von den durchstrahlten Materialien eine sekund\"are $\gamma$--Strahlung aus, die von der Comptonschen Streustrahlung verschieden ist. Ihre Untersuchung durch C. Y. Chao, L. H. Gray und G. T. P. Tarrant, L. Meitner und H. H. Hupfeld f\"uhrte zu widersprechenden Ergebnissen.

Der Zweck meiner Arbeit war, diese Widerspr\"uche zu kl\"aren. Es wurde die Sekund\"arstrahlung von Aluminium, eisen, Kupfer und Blei untersucht. Die Strahlung dieser Metalle erwies sich als homogen, die Wellenl\"ange war innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen vom Material unabh\"angig und betrug \SI[output-decimal-marker={,}]{23.8(10)e-11}{\centi\metre}, die Intensit\"at nahm mit dem Quadrat der Ordnungszahl zu. (Nur bei Blei wurde noch eine zweite Komponente gefunden von der Wellenl\"ange \SI[output-decimal-marker={,}]{6.6e-11}{\centi\metre}).

Dieser befund wurde folgenderma\ss en gedeutet: Wenn harte $\gamma$--Strahlung mit Materie in Wechselwirkung tritt, ist eine Aufspaltung der $\gamma$--Quanten in Paare von positiven und negativen Elektronen m\"oglich, wobei der Wirkungsquerschnitt mit dem Quadrat der Ordnungszahl zunimmt. Das Positron ist nach Dirac eine unbest\"andige Partikel analog dem Photon, es ,,rekombiniert'' nachdem es seine kinetische Energie verloren hat, mit einem negativen Elektron, wobei die Energie \SI[output-decimal-marker={,}]{1.02e6}{\electronvolt} frei wird. Aus dem Impulserhalt folgt, da\ss\ diese Energie in Form zweier Quanten $h\nu = \SI[output-decimal-marker={,}]{0.51e6}{\electronvolt}$ auftritt, welche der Wellenl\"ange \SI[output-decimal-marker={,}]{24.2e-11}{\centi\metre} entspricht.''
\end{quote}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Onanay January 1 2019 Full Episode HD Watch Video. Watch Video Onanay January 1 2019 English Subtitle Pinoy Ako Tv Shows. Latest update Onanay January 1 2019 Has Been Released Full Episode Pinoy Lambingan of GMA Shows Free Watch. Pinoy Ako at Lambingan Onanay January 1 2019 Full HD. GMA Shows Onanay January 1 2019 With Full Episode HD Video .


text:
Q: Google Apps Script How to access script from spreadsheet I have written a Google Apps Script script using the Apps Script App in Google Suite. I also created a spreadsheet using the same account. I want to add a button to my spreadsheet that runs the script when I click it. I added an image, right clicked, hit three circles and selected the "Assign script" option.
Problem:
I can only assign scripts that appear under tools>script editor. I cannot assign the script that I previously wrote by opening the Apps Script app directly (in the same account). I can copy paste the whole thing into the spreadsheet's scripts, but then I have to maintain two versions.
What I want
I want to directly assign the script that I wrote earlier to the button.
Is this possible? Thanks.

A: Issue:
Only functions in the script bound to your spreadsheet can be assigned to a clickable image/drawing:

You can also assign an Apps Script function to an image or drawing in Google Sheets, so long as the script is bound to the spreadsheet.

Use libraries:
As a workaround, I'd suggest creating a library for your standalone script (so that the script's functions can be reused in other scripts) and call it on the script bound to your spreadsheet.
You can do it the following way:

*

*Visit the standalone script (project called STANDALONE in this example) where you have your desired function:

function standaloneFunction() {
  // Do some stuff
}

*

*Create a version of your script: see Creating a version.

*Click File > Project Properties and copy the Project key: see Sharing a library.

*Visit the script bound to your spreadsheet.

*Include the library in your bound script by clicking Resources > Libraries and paste the previous Project key into the Add a Library text box: see Gaining access to a library and including it in your project.

*Choose the function Identifier and the script Version:

*

*You can now call the standalone function in your bound script, using the Identifier:

function boundFunction() {
  STANDALONE.standaloneFunction();
}

*

*And finally you can assign boundFunction to your clickable image.

Reference:

*

*Clickable images and drawings in Google Sheets

*Libraries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Valencia High School student: "I can think of millions of possibilities"
Omni Nano held its annual nanotechnology workshop at Valencia High School this morning, sponsored by the Gamma Alloys Community Service Program. Gamma Alloys develops ultra-strong, lightweight alloy materials that have the potentials to disrupt the aerospace, automotive, and many other niche industries.
Not only did students receive a hands-on presentation about nanotechnology, but they also held a discussion about local career opportunities for students who pursue STEM degrees – and they had quite a lot to say!
Some student quotes include:
"I would like to jump on the nano-wagon to change millions of lives."
"I can think of millions of possibilities."
"My favorite thing was learning about all the new technologies that are currently being developed."
"I like how we connect physics, biology, and engineering along with many different fields of science to do scientific research and apply it to everyday life."
"But descriptively capturing and showing what nanotechnology really was and is made the entire workshop not only memorable, but enjoyable."
"I am much more interested in nano now because I have a better understanding of it."
"My favorite thing was learning about how different size and shape of a particle can change the entire color of the solution it created. I also like learning about the super-hydrophobic substance and how nanotech is going to change our future. I was really interested in all the things that we learned about in the workshop. I liked how the speaker talked about the real world uses of nanotechnology right now."
"Keep up the amazing work, you belong in the nanotechnology field because I can see your passion. I hope you continue to fulfill your dream."
"I really liked all of the examples and videos of how nanoscience works and how it could be applied to our daily lives. Also i liked that there were physical examples like the tile that was superhydrophobic."
"It made the idea of innovation and imagination becoming a reality extremely realistic and in reach."]
"I enjoyed everything about the workshop. I love the hands on part of the workshop because we get to try these inventive products that can be more common in the future."
"It was neat to further my understanding of the nanotechnology field by seeing it in action."
"I thought everything was very interesting and cool. I thought this was really interesting to learn about and I thought it was very informative, thank you for coming."
"I really liked the real world applications given directly and its potentials."
"My favorite thing about the workshop was that we were allowed to experience some hands-on examples of nanotechnology. I also liked that the presenter showed us videos, which increased variety."
Valencia High School student: "I can think of millions of possibilities"2017-08-222017-10-01https://omninano.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/omni-nano-logo-header-toolbar-001.pngOmni Nanohttps://omninano.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/blog-omni-nano-discover-nanotechnology-workshop-at-valencia-high-school-001.jpg200px200px
GOALS for Girls – No Limits in Nano!Blog, Discover, Workshop
National Nanotechnology Day & Bresee Youth CenterDiscover, Workshop

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Southern Miss' win over first-place WKU 'really sweet'
Special to the American
Southern Miss knocked off first-place Western Kentucky 69-63 Thursday at Reed Green Coliseum.
The win is the Lady Eagles' first over the Lady Toppers since the 2014-15 season, breaking their five-game losing streak to WKU.
"When you have a team that has faced as much adversity as we have, it's really sweet to get a win against the No. 1 team in the league," Southern Miss coach Joye Lee-McNelis said. "Our players played really hard in the first and fourth quarter. It was all about transition offense and the team had a lot of fun. I'm really proud of how hard the team worked this week and the true commitment to be able to make a difference. This win gives us tremendous confidence heading into our game on Saturday."
Shonte Hailes led the Lady Eagles (15-13, 7-8 C-USA) with 17 points and seven assists.
"This is a big step for us," Hailes said. "There was a lot of positivity out there. We were passing the ball, we were pumped and we were hyped. Western is a great basketball team. I was proud of our girls because we weathered the storm. I also give a lot of props to my teammate, Amber Landing, for coming out and making some big shots, knocking them down."
Landing drew her first start since Jan. 4 and contributed 11 points.
"It was a good feeling," Landing said. "The coaches have been on me the latter part of the season about coming in and getting shots up. I bought in, started listening and it paid off in the end."
Jayla King scored 10 points and corralled 13 rebounds, nine coming on the defensive side of the court. The Pensacola, Fla., native needs 10 points to become the 27th player in Southern Miss history to reach 1,000 career points.
By virtue of the win over the Lady Toppers (21-7, 12-3), the Lady Eagles secured a trip to next week's Conference USA tournament in Frisco, Texas. Seeding is still to be determined.
Lee-McNelis' team returns to the court at 2 p.m. Saturday, when it hosts FIU.


A short story by Jason Christian on growing up in rural Oklahoma, working unbearable construction jobs, and lots of trouble.
Venus Retrograde felt like I left the parking brake on. Everything was shaking during the month it took to reach the new moon in Aquarius, causing a lot of my hastily-welded pieces to fly off, injuring pedestrians and making me look a bit of a schlemiel on top of it all. Retrograde doesn't mean everything goes wrong, just that you're aware of it being wrong.
This winter as I turned 25 I've been paying rent with credit cards, doing everything I can think of and several things I haven't to minimize how far I'm in the red. My net income has been negative over the past four months. I'm not convinced it's even possible that I've made it this far.
Recognizing that impossibility at the beginning of February, after spending a month in a low-boiling panic, did more to silence my fears than anything else. Six months ago I spent money I didn't have on ingredients for a money charm and gained a thousand in a week. I forgot about it two months later and it stopped working. Today I went outside and gathered cuttings of lavender, because living impossibly means making plant friends and anxiety-relief tinctures. I learned if I don't purchase the Minor Arcana of the Light Visions Tarot by the end of the month it'll be sold to someone else. I can't afford booze for the tinctures either.
One thing I really like about this deck is how it places the present world in a consistent woodcut/lithograph aesthetic. Like a modern dream, it sits easily in my mental imagery: a Jeep, swans, a forest each occupying new semantic spaces within the familiarity of the 78-card Tarot. It's nice to see gender taking a less prominent role in this deck than most. In the Hermit, I see a figure in the distance sitting on a bridge above a creek at night. I remember having done this when I needed space and longed for the company of moss and trees.
When I shuffle through the cards, the Fool greets me as a pelican between a calm night sky and choppy waters. It is the zero card, a reminder that not everything makes sense or can be planned. This afternoon I found a crumpled dollar on the sidewalk and a friend offered me ten to walk the dog. Sometimes the impossible just keeps happening. As much as it would make sense to save it towards rent, the Fool is shouting YOLO and I have to agree.


The high-performance, discreet amplifiers with 100 watts per channel and the Pioneer direct energy concept with short signal paths and optimised circuits guarantee high-quality stereo reproduction. Thanks to the two connection terminals for loudspeakers it is possible to operate two box pairs (A + B), while bi-wiring is also possible. In addition to a UKW tuner with RDS and storage space for 30 stations, the SX-20DAB also has a DAB/DAB+ receiver for crystal clear digital radio. Its easy-to-read display supplies the information required for listening pleasure such as, for example, the broadcaster's name and the current song title.
Connect your record player very easily to the phono input using an MM or MC system and enjoy your vinyl collection in the best quality.
The highly-developed, compact circuit with short signal paths and the best possible protection from disruptive sound effects is designed especially for speedy response behaviour and a clear stereoscopic picture with a fresh sound.


The sheer size and bulk of large commercial trucks and big rigs makes them more dangerous and likely to hurt other drivers on California roadways. Because of these factors, it is important that truck drivers and the companies that hire them follow the federal regulations established for commercial trucks in the United States. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has a long list of important guidelines and rules that truck drivers must observe.
At The Law Offices of Schurmer & Wood, we are very familiar with trucking accidents. If you or someone you know has been injured or killed in a collision involving a large commercial truck, call a personal injury attorney on our team today. We serve all of Oxnard, Ventura, and Southern California.
Our team understands how to protect your rights at this time. If, during our investigation, we discover that the driver of the truck was in violation of one or more federal rules, we can bring this fact to light in order to benefit your case. Our goal is to ensure that you are able to receive the full amount of compensation that you are entitled to under the law. We prioritize our clients' well-being and are committed to doing whatever it takes to fight for your interests.
Call an Oxnard truck accident attorney today!
To learn more about our firm, call The Law Offices of Schurmer & Wood today. We are here for you and are prepared to defend your rights. We offer free case evaluations, giving you the chance to receive helpful legal advice and get to know our attorneys at no cost.


hey, don't rush to conclusions like that, i've already apologised for my previous posts, i'm down to earth and like anyother kid who is trying to make something out of his life. once again, i'm sorry for my previous post.
probably. i mean, it's hard not to.
I'm really not sure what to think :\ One person who added me is built like a tank and has one eyebrow. They might turn out to be really nice, you just never know.
Anyone in Byron block A?
Can you get through uni without Facebook?


It's that time of year again when we start to get geared up for all of the Christmas festivities!
See below for all of the carols that Y4-6 will be learning for our concert this year. Please support your child to practise the songs at home over the coming six weeks.
If your child is also taking part in the concert at the Brighton Center then it is essential that they practise the songs at home.
Just click on the song below to hear it! Happy Singing!


We had our own "65 Love Affair" that started on February 6, 1965.
We made it a permanent love affair on September 4, 1965.
Fifty-three years later, our love affair is still going strong.
Click HERE to join Samantha and others to see how they answered this week's questions.
1) The first line of this song is, "I was a car hop." Car hops used to take orders and bring diners food to eat in their cars. Today, the drive through lane has pretty much replaced car hops. Think about the last time you went to a fast food restaurant. Did you order at the counter or at the drive through window?
We don't eat much fast foods, but on our most recent trip to Dallas we did go to the drive through window at Dillas Quesadillas. We had never eaten at this place before, but the food was delicious. Besides, it was pouring down rain, and the drive thru was super convenient.
2) Mr. Davis sings that his girlfriend was "bad with her pom-poms." Presumably she was a cheerleader. Share one of your school's cheers.
"Two, four, six, eight! Who do we appreciate? The Panthers (our mascot), The Panthers!"
3) The lyrics tell us he believes that if he could go back in time, his girl would still be his. If you could travel back in time to your high school years, what would you enjoy doing again?
I would enjoy playing sports, spending time with friends, and taking voice lessons.
Be more serious about the things I enjoyed doing.
I wouldn't foul out of every basketball game I played.
I would not leave my sister on the stage to finish our duet as a solo.
I would sit at the feet of my wise parents and soak up every word they said; I would be more obedient; I would be the ideal child and sister!
4) During his performing days, Paul Davis sported a full beard and flowing hair. We're using that to check your powers of observation and recollection. Think of the last man you spoke to. Who was he? Describe his hair, and tell us whether he was clean shaven.
That would be my husband as he went out the door for the office. He has very little hair on his head and was very clean shaven.
5) Paul Davis was born in Meridian, MS, and that's where he returned to when he went into semi-retirement in 1982. Meridian's biggest employer is the Naval Air Station in Meridian. Do you know anyone who is currently in, or employed by, the military?
Yes, our former neighbor who has risen up through the ranks of the Air Force and is currently stationed in Virginia.
As Barksdale Air Force Base is located only a few miles from our house, we know some who are employed there. You may recall that Air Force One landed here right after 9-11.
6) He was a pool player and a golfer. Which sport are you better at?
Don't play either of these, nor do I play any sport these days, unless trying to remember why you walked into a room is a sport.
However, I was selected "Best Sport" my freshman year in HS. Does that count?
7) Sadly, he died in 2008, on the day after his 60th birthday. His best friend remembers him as "a homebody," who enjoyed staying up long into the night with his friends, playing and listening to music. Describe your perfect way to spend an evening.
Our normal night is spent eating an early dinner together in our office/den while watching recorded TV shows or a movie.
That's about as perfect as either of us care to get these days.
8) The publishing rights to "'65 Love Affair," as well as Paul Davis' bigger hits ("Cool Night" and "I Go Crazy"), are owned by another Paul -- Paul McCartney. Sir Paul's MPL Publishing Company has made him a very rich man, and Paul says that's because he chose to invest in music, something he loves. What about you? If you were to invest in a business or industry you love, which would you choose?
9) Random question --You're at a party and one of your host's best friends is a real egghead who tries to draw you into a conversation about paradigmatic counter existentialism. Would you: a) just listen politely while letting your mind wander; b) admit you don't know what the hell he's talking about; c) explain why you personally feel that the counter existential paradigm just adds unnecessary complexity to the individual's search for meaning?
I would listen politely for a few seconds minutes then find a reason to walk off. Honestly, I don't even know anyone who could talk about that in the first place.
Sweet pictures! In 1965 I was 11 and I just remember feeling "awkward"...still playing with dolls but wanting to be a teenager. Life was sure simple back then in sooooo many ways! Fun post!
I love it when the week's song really has meaning for people! And clearly 1965 was a milestone for you two!
BTW, check out Country Dew's response to #9. She's an egghead, too.
Loved seeing your photos. It's true that one picture is worth a thousand words. In line with your memories and thoughts, I certainly wish that I knew what I know now when I was younger.
Your husband is very handsome!
I love your "65 Love Affair with your pictures!!! How sweet!
I am so nice, I would listen to someone on #9. I need to learn to get away from people. I would hope the bored gaze on my face would be a clue though. Loved your answers! Have a nice weekend.
I loved your pictures. They really made this meme seem special to you (and to me) as I read through your answers. Well done!
Oh, I wish we had some quick Mexican takeout other than Taco Bell.
Elizabeth... I love seeing the darling pics of you and your hubby. What a handsome couple you make and you can see the love in your eyes for each other. I smiled throughout your whole post. Enjoy your week.
What great answers, I didn't stop long enough to play along this week. But, I sure did enjoy your answers. These are always fun!
Well that was fun! Love your photos!
I do love reading your comments, so please share your thoughts with me.


text:
Europe Epicenter of the pandemic
Latest News Policies Regulations Reports
The corona pandemic started somewhere. Meanwhile, the number of new infections in China and South Korea has decreased, while the WHO has now declared Europe to be the epicenter of the pandemic. Since many European countries have reacted to the danger only late, aid is now flowing from China to Europe: The Alibaba Foundation and the Jack Ma Foundation donate over two million masks and other medical aids, such as Test kits to support Europe's fight against the COVID-19 coronavirus.
A cargo plane, loaded with the first load of donated supplies, had taken off from Hangzhou Airport in China and arrived at Liège Airport in Belgium in the evening of March 13th. On board were half a million masks to be sent to Italy. Further deliveries are due in the next few days.
Belgium, the European partner of Alibaba's Electronic World Trade Platform (eWTP), is playing an important role in this relief effort. The logistics center at Liège Airport enables the donated medical goods to be distributed efficiently to Europe. Since 2018, the Alibaba Group and the Belgian government have been working closely together on a number of initiatives to promote trade, tourism, education and technology as part of the first eWTP hub in Europe.
43 cases of Corona Virus In Algeria
The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo and Nestlé named top plastic polluters for the third year in a row
ISN Magazine 2nd December 2020 2nd December 2020
2021 predictions for retail
ISN Magazine 15th December 2020 15th December 2020
Brand loyalty remains important as people are prepared to pay more for items than they usually would during 'pandemic times', finds Toluna COVID-19 Barometer
ISN Magazine 20th April 2020 20th April 2020


text:
Q: system calls read and write in C I am wondering how to use the system calls read() and write() in C.
I am trying to read in the contents of a pre existing, file within a directory, into a buffer (array) so I can step through the array and determine what type of file was read. I have looked at quite a few different posts on the matter and have not been able to figure out where I am going wrong. I am trying to print out my buffer array at the bottom to make sure it holds the correct contents of a file before stepping though it to determine the file type, but the buffer holds nothing. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char *currentDir = NULL;
    DIR *myDir = NULL;
    struct dirent *myFile = NULL;
    struct stat myStat;

    const void *buf [1024];

    int count;
    int currentFile;

    if (strcmp(argv[1], "ls") == 0 && argc < 3)
    {
        currentDir = getenv("PWD");
        myDir = opendir(currentDir);

        while ((myFile = readdir(myDir)) != NULL)
        {
            if (myFile->d_name[0] != '.')
            {
                puts(myFile->d_name);
                //printf("%s\n", myFile->d_name);
            }
        }
        closedir(myDir);
    }

        if (strcmp(argv[1], "ls") == 0 && strcmp(argv[2], "-t") == 0)
        {
            currentDir = getenv("PWD");
            myDir = opendir(currentDir);

            while ((myFile = readdir(myDir)) != NULL)
            {
                if (myFile->d_name[0] != '.')
                {
                    printf("%s\n", myFile->d_name);
                    stat (myFile->d_name, &myStat);
                    printf("Last Accessed:\t%s\n", ctime(&myStat.st_atime));
                    printf("Last Modified:\t%s\n", ctime(&myStat.st_mtime));
                    printf("Last Changed:\t%s\n", ctime(&myStat.st_ctime));
                }
            }
            closedir(myDir);
        }

            if (strcmp(argv[1], "ls") == 0 && strcmp(argv[2], "-f") == 0)
            {
                currentDir = getenv("PWD");
                myDir = opendir(currentDir);

                while ((myFile = readdir(myDir)) != NULL)
                {
                    //while (count = read(0, buf, 100) > 0)
                    //{

                    //}
                    //write (1, buf, 100);
                    //printf ("Buffer Holds:\n %s\n", buf);
                    if (myFile->d_name[0] != '.')
                    {
                        while (count = read(myFile->d_name, buf, 100) > 0)
                            write (1, buf, count);

                        printf ("Buffer Holds:\n %s\n", buf);
                    }
                }
            }
    return 0;
}

A: You need some more parens here:
while (count = read(myFile->d_name, buf, 100) > 0)

try:
while ((count = read(myFile->d_name, buf, 100)) > 0)

Also, recommend using sizeof:
while ((count = read(myFile->d_name, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)

But you've declared buf as an array of pointers:
const void *buf [1024];

which doesn't seem likely to be what you actually want. Are there really pointer values stored in the file? I think you probably meant for buf to be an array of chars:
char buf[1024];

A: I was able to figure out what was going wrong, I did have to change the buf array to an array of chars, but I had some misconceptions on how read was working. I though that read() was reading bytes from the file and storing it into a temp array, so I thought I needed to use write() to write the information from a temp array into the array that I specified. In actuality, read() read the specified file and stored its contents directly into my char buf [1024] array, so the call to write() was actually overwriting all the information read() had read from the specified file, and stored into the char buf [1024] array.
Thank you all for the reply's, I have only posted on here 1 other time, so I am still trying to figure out how to explain the issues I am encountering with less ambiguity.


text:
Q: Compressing a structure definition into a single line and make two copies with sed There has been an attempt at this question already, Detecting and concatenating a multi-line structure using sed, but none of the answers worked for my specific case.
I have a program written in c which has two kinds of multi-lined structures.  I need to figure out how to use the unix utility sed to compress these structure definitions to a single line and then make two copies, so there are three copies of the structure definition in total.
Here is my c program example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {
    int val;
    struct node *next;
};

typedef struct {
    int numer;
    int denom;
} Rational;

int main()
{
    struct node head;
    Rational half, *newf = malloc(sizeof(Rational));

    head = (struct node){ 5, NULL };
    half = (Rational){ 1, 2 };
    *newf = (Rational){ 2, 3 };

    return 0;
}

I know that the sed command will look something to the extent of sed '/ *struct .*/N;' test.c to find the structure and then a branch statement to append the rest of the lines of the structure definition to the single line.

A: Here's how to do it.  Have a file which calls sed -f  and then create a file with a list of sed commands.  The  file goes as follows.
/typedef struct/b a
/^struct.*{/!b;:a;N
/}/!b a;p
s/\n//g


Adrian Delia's trust rating has maintained an upward trend but the Opposition leader's resurgence is still a slow, hard slog, a MaltaToday survey has found.
Delia's trust rating now stands at 27.2%, up seven points since March and above the previous high of 22%, registered last October in the first head-to-head contest with Joseph Muscat.
But despite the improving numbers, Delia still trails the Prime Minister by 21 points.
The survey was held between the 23 and 28 April, in the second week of the Daphne Project revelations and before the Labour Party's Workers' Day mass meeting.
Muscat's trust rating now stands at 48.6%, a drop of four points since March, when the last trust barometer was held.
Muscat's drop is only three points lower than the abnormally high level of trust registered last October, his first 100 days in office after the June election.
The numbers suggest that the Daphne Project revelations, including the discovery of a clear link between 17 Black, a mysterious Dubai firm, and the Panama companies of Keith Schembri and Konrad Mizzi, did not have a devastating impact. Despite Muscat's refusal to comment on the revelation, the drop in his trust rating falls within the margin of error, leaving him relatively unscathed by the reports.
The Prime Minister's trust rating trumps Delia's across all regions in Malta but trails in Gozo.
Muscat's strongest numbers are in the traditionally Labour leaning southern regions. In the Southern Harbour, Muscat registers a trust rating of 59.6%, followed by the South East with 59.1%.
The Prime Minister's weakest result is in Gozo, with a trust rating of 34.3%.
Gozo is Delia's brightest star. After first registering a resurgence last March, the Nationalist Party leader has continued to strengthen his rating in Gozo, gaining more than 10 points.
Delia's trust rating on the island region runs at 43.8%.
This suggests that the rift between Delia and rival leadership candidate Chris Said, a Gozitan, has continued to heal after the rapprochement at the start of the year.
Significantly, Delia registers a trust rating of 31.5% in the Northern Harbour region, climbing almost 11 points since March. Although he still trails Muscat in what is predominantly traditional blue territory, Delia's comeback suggests that more Nationalists are warming up to him.
The Northern and Northern Harbour regions have the highest concentrations of people who trust none of the two leaders – almost a quarter in each.
Delia enjoys the trust of 61.8% of PN voters in 2017, a significant improvement over March when only 48.3% trusted him. But despite the improvement, just over a quarter of PN 2017 voters still say they trust none of the leaders.
On the flipside, Muscat's trust rating among PL voters of 2017, reaches adulatory proportions with 92% saying they trust the Prime Minister.
Muscat is the most trusted across all age groups, although Delia has seen his trust levels increase across the board.
Just over a quarter of those aged between 18-35 and 36-50 trust none of the leaders.
The Prime Minister's highest trust rating is among those aged 51 to 65 at 56.3%, and the lowest among the young (18-35), at 40.7%.
Compared to the March results, Muscat has lost 14 points among the young and almost three points among the middle-aged (36-50). The Prime Minister has retained the same level of trust among those aged 51 to 65 but increased his rating among the elderly by seven points.
Delia's highest score is among the elderly (65+) at 36.4% and the lowest among the middle-aged at 21.3%. The PN leader's trust rating among the young stands at 25.4%.
When compared to the March results, Delia has gained 13 points among the young, almost 12 points among those aged between 51 and 65 and four points among the elderly. However, the Opposition leader has failed to make inroads among the crucial middle-aged segment.
Muscat outstrips Delia across all educational levels, with the highest trust rating recorded among those with a secondary education at 59.3%. Among those with a tertiary education, Muscat's trust rating falls to 34%.
But the figures show that those with a tertiary level tend to be the most distrustful of politicians, with a third saying they trust no one.
Delia's highest trust rating is among those with a primary education at 34% and lowest among those with a secondary education at 24.6%.
The Labour Party will win by a landslide if an election is held now, despite the Nationalist Party regaining lost ground since Adrian Delia became leader.
Support for the PL stands at 45.8%, down almost four points since March, a MaltaToday survey found.
However, the party still enjoys a lead of nearly 14 points over the PN, which registered its highest result since Delia became leader in September last year.
Support for the PN stood at 32.1%, an increase of six points since March and up 10 points since October.
With support for the PL now standing at the same level as last October, the shorter lead between both parties is a result of PN voters returning to the fold after drifting away in the aftermath of Delia's election as leader.
If the results are re-calculated on the basis of declared voting intention by removing those who said they will not vote (10.4%) and those who are not sure (10.8%), the PL could be looking at support levels in the region of 58% and a gap of around 52,000 votes on the PN. Although this is higher than the vote difference registered in the last election, it represents a climb down from the stratospheric gap of 90,000 votes registered in the March survey.
The survey also shows that support for the small political parties is insignificant. While the Democratic Party does not feature in the results – a reversal of fortunes since the March survey – Alternattiva Demokratika and the Maltese Patriots Movement register a combined 1%.
Gozo represents a glimmer of hope for the PN. It is the only region in which the Opposition party has managed to make significant inroads to beat the PL.
The survey shows the PN enjoying the support of 43.5% in the island region, against the PL's 34.3%. This result emulates the trust barometer for both leaders.
But the survey also shows the PN recovering valuable territory in the Northern Harbour region, which includes the traditionally blue localities of Sliema, St Julians and Swieqi.
In this region, the parties are neck and neck (PN at 36.4% and PL at 36.2%) with the PL losing significant support since March.
The results suggest the PN is regaining ground in its traditional districts but the resurgence remains fickle and very slow.
The PL beats its rival in the Northern, South Eastern, Southern Harbour and Western regions. It obtains absolute majorities in the Western and the two southern regions.
Its strongest showing (60.2%) is in the Southern Harbour region, made up of localities that are traditionally Labour leaning.
The Labour Party also emerges as the strongest party across all age groups, with its strongest showing (56.5%) among those aged 51-65 and the elderly (55.6%).
The PL's lowest result is in the age group between 18 and 35, where it registers the support of 37.7%.
The PN's strongest showing is among the elderly (36.3%) and weakest among the young (30.4%).
When analysed by the educational attainment of respondents, the PL emerges strongest among those with a primary and secondary education, and enjoys a slight edge over the PN among those with a post-secondary education.
The PN is stronger than the PL among those with a tertiary education, scoring 33.7% against Labour's 30.1%.
However, this category is also the one with the highest percentage of people who do not know who to vote for (16%) and who will not vote (19.5%).


Inscribed angle: In a circle, this is an angle formed by two chords with the vertex on the circle.
Intercepted arc: Corresponding to an angle, this is the portion of the circle that lies in the interior of the angle together with the endpoints of the arc.
In Figure 1 , ∠ ABC is an inscribed angle and is its intercepted arc.
Figure 1 An inscribed angle and its intercepted arc.
Figure 2 shows examples of angles that are not inscribed angles.
Figure 2 Angles that are not inscribed angles.
is not on the circle. is not on the circle.
Refer to Figure 3 and the example that accompanies it.
Figure 3 A circle with two diameters and a (nondiameter) chord.
Notice that m ∠3 is exactly half of m , and m ∠4 is half of m ∠3 and ∠4 are inscribed angles, and and are their intercepted arcs, which leads to the following theorem.
Theorem 70: The measure of an inscribed angle in a circle equals half the measure of its intercepted arc.
The following two theorems directly follow from Theorem 70.
Theorem 71: If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc or arcs of equal measure, then the inscribed angles have equal measure.
Theorem 72: If an inscribed angle intercepts a semicircle, then its measure is 90°.
Example 1: Find m ∠ C in Figure 4 .
Figure 4 Finding the measure of an inscribed angle.
Example 2: Find m ∠ A and m ∠ B in Figure 5 .
Figure 5 Two inscribed angles with the same measure.
Example 3: In Figure 6 , QS is a diameter. Find m ∠ R. m ∠ R = 90° (Theorem 72).
Figure 6 An inscribed angle which intercepts a semicircle.
Example 4: In Figure 7 of circle O, m 60° and m ∠1 = 25°.
Figure 7 A circle with inscribed angles, central angles, and associated arcs.


text:
Welcome Speech
Key Dates and Topics
the Russian Ministry of Health
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Scientific organizers
Federal State Budgetary Institution "NMITs Radiology" of the Ministry of Health of Russia
Association of Oncologists of Russia
The Russian Association of Therapeutic Radiation Oncologists
ADIOR
CTO Congress
Scientific and organizational support
National Medical Research Center of Oncology n.a. N.N. Blokhin of the Russian Ministry of Health
National Medical Research Center of Oncology n.a. N.N. Petrov of the Russian Ministry of Health
National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Russian Ministry of Health (Rostov)
Research Institute of Oncology of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center
Russian Research Institute of Health of the Russian Ministry of Health
Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control of the Russian Ministry of Health
Moscow Clinical Scientific and Practical Center n. a. A.A.Loginov of the Moscow Healthcare Department
City Clinical Oncological Hospital No. 1 of the Moscow Healthcare Department
National Medical Research Center of Hematology of the Russian Ministry of Health
National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology n.a. Dmitry Rogachev of the Russian Ministry of Health
National Medical Research Center of Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Russian Ministry of Health
Scientific and Practical Clinical Center of Telemedicine Technologies and Diagnostics of the Moscow Healthcare Department
National Medical Research Center of Endocrinology of the Russian Ministry of Health
Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies n.a. Academician A.M. Granov of the Russian Ministry of Health
National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology n.a. A.N. Ryzhykh of the Russian Ministry of Health
National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology n.a. V.I.Kulakov of the Russian Ministry of Health
St. Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Oncological Center of Specialized Medical Care
The Main Military Clinical Hospital n.a. Academician N.N. Burdenko of the Russian Ministry of Defense
Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases
FSBEI CPE of Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Health
South Ural State Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health
Kazan State Medical Academy – branch of the FSBEI CPE of Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Health
The First Moscow State Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov
Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
Moscow State University n.a. M.V. Lomonosov
Professional Сommunities
Association of Healthcare Organizers in Oncology
Russian Association of Therapeutic Radiation Oncologists (RATRO)
Russian Society of Clinical Oncology (RUSSCO)
Russian Melanoma Professional Association (Melanoma.pro)
Russian Oncohematologists Society (ROHS)
Russian Association of Palliative Care
Russian Society of Colorectal Cancer Specialists (RSCCR)
Moscow Oncological Society
All-Russian Public Organization "Russian Society of Head & Neck Tumors Specialists"
Russian Society of Specialists in the Treatment of Tumors of the Female Reproductive System
Russian Society of Radiology
Association of Medical Physicists of Russia
Russian Society of Supportive Care in Oncology (RASSC)
Russian Society of Oncopathologists
Association of Oncological Organizations of Siberia
Association of Oncological Institutions of Volga Federal District
Association of Oncologists of the Northwest
All-Russian Federation of Specialists in the Treatment of Diseases of the Head and Neck Organs
Russian Society of Urology
ANO Information Center "Traditions and Innovations in Oncology"
Medscan Group
Hadassah Medical Moscow
Patient organizations
Association of Oncology Patients "Zdravstvui!"
International Union for Patient Care and Support
"Equal right to life"


Geoff Citron Compares the Merits of On-Premise, Hosted and Cloud Services!
Richard and Greg talk to Geoff Citron about the choices IT pros can make today around running applications on-premise, with a hosting provider or in the Cloud. Geoff discusses how small hosting providers are thriving in a Cloud world by providing great customer service and customizing services for their customers.
Geoff Citron is a founder and the president of Nomia Inc., which operates Thoughtbus.com, a growing email and collaboration Cloud Services provider for small to midsized organizations throughout the United States. Thoughtbus was established to provide customer organizations with exceptional hosted email and collaboration capabilities in a Microsoft environment, while also delivering industry-leading customer service.
Geoffrey is also an investor and member of the board of directors of WhatEveryBabyNeeds.com, an online boutique featuring organic and eco-friendly clothing, toys, and accessories for newborn to 4.
Prior to founding Nomia Inc. in 2003, Geoffrey worked for 15 years in the information technology sector in a number of roles. Starting in 1988, he defined, implemented and supported a variety of factory automation systems at Pratt & Whitney, drawn to their slogan at the time of `Thrust You Can Trust'. He and 3 colleagues started Matrix Computing Solutions, Inc. in Connecticut in 1994, to provide customer organizations with exceptional Microsoft systems integration and technical support services, along with custom software development. In 1996, Matrix was selected by IBM Global Services to design and implement the systems integration for a very large infrastructure rollout for the state government of New York, with over 100 locations and supporting over 15,000 people. Matrix grew considerably over several years with a variety of projects from New York City to Burlington, Vermont; and was acquired by Vista IT of Herndon, Virginia in 2000. Geoffrey continued to provide technical consulting services for Vista IT, until Vista was acquired by Avaya Inc. in 2003.
Geoffrey is a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University with an undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering, and he received his Master's degree in Computer Science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1996.


text:
Archive for the tag "ALEC"
Voter ID Laws: A 'Solution' to the 'Problem' of Democracy
(Guest post by John Byrne Barry)
Last week, a federal judge in Wichita gave the green light to laws in Kansas and Arizona that will require proof of citizenship to vote in state and local elections, a move likely to spread to other states controlled by Republicans.
This is another example of a "solution" to a non-existent problem—there is little evidence of in-person voter fraud or non-citizens voting.
The "problem" that the Republicans want to "solve" is democracy—the constitutional right of every citizen to vote. These voter ID rules will make it harder for the poor, minorities, and students—citizens more likely to vote for Democrats—to register and vote. That's exactly their intention.
Defenders of these rules say it's no big deal—"Americans uncomplainingly present identification for getting on airplanes and numerous other things," (New York Times 3.20.14) What they don't say is that the poorest of our citizens never fly. And many do not have picture IDs. Or access to their birth certificates.
I'm no expert on voter suppression, but I did a learn a great deal about it researching for my recent novel, Bones in the Wash: Politics is Tough. Family is Tougher, which is set during the 2008 presidential campaign in New Mexico. Here's a passage from the book.
"You look at the news and what people talk about and you get the impression that the nitty-gritty of politics is the people running, their characters, their positions on the issues, and of course, that's partly true. But underneath that is this whole business of setting rules, like who can vote and when, and the Republican are evil genius and meta on that front. I hate it that I actually admire what they did even as I despise it. If they can manipulate the rules so it's harder for the poor and young and old and disabled to vote, then they have an advantage no matter how weak their candidate is."
That's a fictional person speaking, not a real one. Sierra León, one of the novel's protagonists. Here's more from her:
"When we call them on it, they say, oh, it's partisan attacks. That's what's so infuriating about politics. There's no impartial referee, like at debate club in high school, some thoughtful observer who says, well, you may have received more votes here, but you broke the rules, so we're going to have to subtract points. The right does whatever it wants, rules be damned. Well, that isn't quite true. They do try to change the rules, but when they can't, they break them."
I made the characters up, and the story, but not voter suppression. That is, unfortunately, real and growing. Here's the Center for American Progress:
The right to vote is under attack all across our country. Conservative legislators are introducing and passing legislation that creates new barriers for those registering to vote, shortens the early voting period, imposes new requirements for already-registered voters, and rigs the Electoral College in select states. Conservatives fabricate reasons to enact these laws—voter fraud is exceedingly rare—in their efforts to disenfranchise as many potential voters among certain groups, such as college students, low-income voters, and minorities, as possible. Rather than modernizing our democracy to ensure that all citizens have access to the ballot box, these laws hinder voting rights in a manner not seen since the era of Jim Crow laws enacted in the South to disenfranchise blacks after Reconstruction in the late 1800s.
The rapid growth of these Voter ID laws and bills is no accident. The American Legislative Exchange Council, better known as ALEC, funded by the Koch brothers, WalMart, and their ilk, have written a model bill and have been shopping it around, especially to those Republican-controlled states.
The gist of the bills is simple enough—people need picture IDs in order to vote. Now for your average middle-class person who travels, who has a drivers license and credit cards, this may not seem like much of a hurdle. But according to the Brennan Center for Justice, upwards of 20 millions Americans have no picture ID. And it's no surprise those people are disproportionately poor, old, young, and minority. Fortunately, most states do not require photo IDs.
It's not that voter fraud has never happens, but it's extremely rare. Most cases turn out to be clerical errors. The Bush administration searched high and low to find cases to prosecute and came up with fewer than 100 charged defendants in three years.
What the right has succeeded in doing, however, is repeating these voter fraud accusations enough, through Fox News and the like, that a large number of people think it's real. Enough so that ACORN, an organization that advocated for poor people and registered voters, got run out of business in 2010. But, according to a PPP poll two years later, after the 2012 election, 49 percent of Republicans said ACORN stole the election for President Obama. (Forty-nine percent of Republicans think thing that doesn't exist stole election for Obama)
Voter suppression takes a variety of forms:
Voter registration restrictions: In Florida, a new law added complicated filing mandates for groups like the League of Women Voters to operate voter registrations drives—they have to submit completed forms within 48 hours or face hefty fines.
Reduced early voting: Despite its infamous long lines on Election Day, Ohio cut its early voting from 35 days to 11, including banning voting on the Sunday preceding the election, when black churches have historically rallied their congregations to the voting booths.
Residency restrictions: In Maine, the Secretary of State challenged the registrations of college students from out of state.
These voter suppression attempts are happening in concert with the arguably more nefarious campaign to portray government as bad, explicitly implying that that it doesn't matter what you do or who you vote for. Unfortunately, there is some truth to that, but it's also a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hey, the government is broken, it can't do anything. Oh, and pay no attention to the men behind the curtain who are hacking at the government with picks and axes.
(My intention in Bones in the Wash was to highlight the increasingly common attempts by the Republicans to make it harder for people to vote, but it's less a political tract than a family novel, full of crazy parents, insensitive boyfriends, demanding girlfriends. A murder investigation, too.)
Read more about voter suppression here. Read the first three chapters of Bones in the Wash here.
Posted in John Byrne Barry, Left Coast Politics and tagged ALEC, Bones in the Wash, Brennan Center for Justice, Center for American Progress, democracy, John Byrne Barry, voter ID, voter suppression


I am NOT a Cactus person, but will add my two cents to this mix.
It appears that this ''debate'' is now centered around the narrow determination of the difference between a ''rain forest'' and a ''tropical deciduous forest". Being from Trinidad, and having traveled in Fr. Guyana, I can assure all that tree-growing Cacti I am familiar with, in most cases do NOT make a distinction, and that they do not suddenly stop growing or existing in what the experts consider ''true rain forests''. I have seen climbing epiphitic Cacti high in the wet canopy, who knows what genera they may be determined to belong to once they are collected, and Taxonomists get their hands on them. If, as it is being said, the range of the Cactus genus Epiphyllum is from Southern Mexico, all of Central America, and all down the Western side of S. America, I can assure all that in many of these areas, especially in Panama and W. Colombia, W. Bolivia and W. Brazil there are REAL rain forests with Cacti growing in them, I don`t know how many species and of what genera they may be!
The discussion also got turned around, as it was Steve who was ''warning'' that the cacti in question would NOT tollerate a freeze, the other guy twisted this around to say that Steve had written that they WOULD take low temps./freezes.
> Steve - They aren't rain forest plants. I've seen some of them in Mexico.
> general aren't, with the possible exception of E. chrysocardium.
> America but there's plenty of tropical deciduous forest there too.
> all the hybrids are extremely tender.
> originally meant by "Queen of the Night Cactus."
I appreciate that Julius. But I never intended to start a non-aroid discussion on Aroid l. I have sent a note to Dr. Croat in hopes he will provide me with a better description of what is scientifically understood to be a rain forest.
>understood to be a rain forest.
of course anything on Wiki you might have written yourself!
may rain 36 feet a year.
understood to be a rain forest.
Mexico, all of Central America, and all down the Western side of S.
Thanks for taking the time to respond Tom. That is a much better explanation than anything I've been able to find. I'll be out of touch for the next week or so. You guys hold down the fort!
The term "rain forest" is not a standard or formal designation. In the Holdridge Life Zone System which I use the term "rain forest" is used in a variety of designations. A standard range of wetness would range from Tropical dry forest to Premontane dry forest to Tropical moist forest, Premontane wet forest, Tropical wet forest, Tropical rain forest, Premontane rain forest, Lower montane rainforest, Montane rain forest. The effective degree of wetness is the critical feature and may be owing to a lot of rain or a cooler temperature and thus a reduced amount of transevaporation so that a single life zone could range form sea level to 2000 m depending on the amount of precipitation. Pluvial lowland forest is the wettest, hottest and is rather restricted, known only from NW S. America in Colombia where it may rain 36 feet a year.


TRUE, UNLOCKED QUAD CORE PERFORMANCE FOR GAMING AND COMPUTING. Featuring 4 processor cores for performance gaming and processing, With a brand-new, true quad-core architecture, AMD Ryzen 3 processors provide the responsiveness and performance you'd expect from a much pricier PC. Featuring the Wraith Stealth Cooler.
The YD1200BBAEBOX processor from AMD works on the AM4 platform. This 64-bit CPU has 4 cores operating at 3.1GHz with a Max Turbo Frequency of 3.4GHz. Advanced features of the 14 nm chip include 4 x 64KB Instruction L1 Cache, 4 x 512KB L2 cache, and 1 x 8MB L3 cache. This processor comes with a heatsink/cooler bundled with it, however, if you want to upgrade your cooling make sure what you use supports AM4 and a TDP (Thermal Design Power) of 65 Watts.


There are many reasons why a tooth may become irritated such as decay and trauma. At Bertagnolli Dental, we have helped our patients with their root canal and Endodontic problems. If you are looking for an oral surgery dentist in Westminster contact us today.
When the nerve tissue inside your tooth begins to degenerate, a root canal is required. Without this treatment, the infection can result in a painful abscess. A root canal will save both your tooth and the tissue surrounding it. Oral surgery enables you to keep your tooth.
In addition we have a comprehensive list of restorative, general and cosmetic dental services to meet the needs of your entire family. Our staff takes pride in providing the best in patient care. When you need an oral surgery dentist in Westminster schedule your appointment today.


text:
How Pablo Escobar's Legacy of Violence Drives Today's Cartel Wars - Part 1
In part one of our three-part documentary, we meet two DEA agents who spent years on the trail of the elusive king of cocaine and became the basis for Netflix's show, 'Narcos.'
Pablo Escobar was the mastermind of drug trafficking and narco terrorism in Colombia during the 1980s. He transformed the city of Medellin into the cocaine capital of the world, and pioneered a model that almost every major criminal organization would later adopt.
Countries around the globe are still grappling with the aftermath of Escobar's reign 20 years after his death, from the hired killers he trained as his army of underage hitmen to the remote cocaine labs and clandestine air strips in the jungles of Peru helping feed the world's hunger for coke.
In part one of our three-part documentary, we meet two DEA agents who spent years on the trail of the elusive king of cocaine and became the basis for Netflix's show, Narcos.
Drug trade


Health is one of the necessities that is very crucial to the survival of human beings. Seeking out a healthcare institutions for provision of medical services is essential. The uncertainties that come with sickness as well as the unpredictability of the same calls for one to look for other avenues to handle such cases especially in emergencies. With the high expenses that one may be forced into in such situations it only means that you should look for means outs and it is where medical insurance covers come in. With a medical plan you can be served well and to your satisfaction at any medical institution, and your own convenience. Knowing what to look for before seeking out the insurance provider is crucial.
One very important factor is the wellness program you are having or intending to sign up for. You have to understand that medical emergencies are always bound to happen and hence having a wellness program helps in determining the kind of insurance coverage you will need as the programs helps to encourage you to have a healthy habit. Wellness programs helps you to cut the medical expenses as act as you preventive measure and hence curb the healthcare cost by a more considerable extent.
The qualifications and the license of operation is one of the crucial things to consider when seeking health insurance provider. You will need to have a reliable and trusted broker to deal with and thus checking out the license and qualification is important. Having a fully and well-legalized insurance firm providing the services for you is significant.
Medical insurance providers should have a personality that will fit your requirement. Striking a bargain with an individual who understands your situation is very important, and that's why a personality check is very crucial. The person you are in touch with should be able to create rapport easily.
The experience of the broker in the field should be looked into keenly to avoid such mistakes that amateurs will make. The knowledge and experience of the insurance provider is what you will need when looking at your options for medical insurance cover. Most importantly is the dedication and willingness the broker has when handling your care as well as explaining the different options you have for your protection.


Finally on stage after months of training. March 31. Scandinavian Salsa Congress.
This entry was posted in Dance, photography, Sweden and tagged Adrianas Danshus, Bachata PRO team, dance, dance pictures, Gothenburg, night life, salsa congress, Scandinavian Salsa Congress. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: Excel conditionally format a row based on a cell I have a table something like this:
text1A | text2A | value1A | text3A | value2A
text1B | text2B | value1B | text3B | value2B
text1C | text2C | value1C | text3C | value2C

If the value in column 3 is larger than the previous value, I would like the whole row to have a bottom border.
If the value in column 3 is smaller than the previous value, I would like the whole row to have a bold bottom border.
If the value in column 3 is equal, do nothing.
Anyone know how to do this with Excel conditional formating?
Thanks in advance.

A: You can use relative references in Conditional Formatting conditions.

*

*Highlight the whole table.

*Click Home > Conditional Formatting > New Rule > Use a formula to determine which cells to format

*Under Format values where this formula is true, type =$C1<$C2

*Click Format > Border. Set the bottom border, then click OK.

*Click Home > Conditional Formatting > New Rule > Use a formula to determine which cells to format

*Under Format values where this formula is true, type =$C2<$C1

*Click Format > Font > Font Style = Bold. Then click OK.


text:
Q: Mongoose Populate Not Working For Me I have this schema for users:
var mongoose = require("mongoose"),
    passportLocalMongoose = require("passport-local-mongoose");

mongoose.Promise = global.Promise;

var userSchema = new mongoose.Schema ({
    username: {type: String, required: true, unique: true},
    password: {type: String},
    role: {type: String, required: true},
    confirmed: {type: Boolean, required: true, default: false},
    active: {type: Boolean, required: true, default: true},
    name: String,
    created: {type: Date, default: Date.now},
    admin: {type: Boolean, default: false, required: true}
});

userSchema.plugin(passportLocalMongoose);

module.exports = mongoose.model("User", userSchema);

And another schema for companies, where clients refer to an array of users:
var mongoose = require("mongoose");
mongoose.Promise = global.Promise;

var companySchema = new mongoose.Schema ({
    name: {type: String, required: true, unique: true},
    created: {type: Date, default: Date.now},
    active: {type: Boolean, required: true, default: true},
    staff: [{
        id: {
            type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
            ref: "User"
        },
        username: String
    }],
    clients: [{
        id: {
            type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
            ref: "User"
        },
        username: String
    }]
});

module.exports = mongoose.model("Company", companySchema);

I have the below code in my route, but the user information is not being populated into the company object, what am I doing wrong?
// EDIT route
router.get("/:company_id/edit", middleware.checkCompanyOwnership, function(req, res) {
     Company.findOne({_id: req.params.company_id}).populate({path: 'clients'}).exec(function(err, company) {
        if (err || !company) {
            console.log(err);
            req.flash("error", err.message);
            res.redirect("/");
        } else {
            console.log("Request to edit company.");
            //console.log(company);
            res.render("company/edit", {title: "Edit Company", company: company});
        }
     });
});

This is what I am getting if I console log company:
{ _id: 5a070874b4292914444b6e06,
  name: 'ABC',
  __v: 1,
  clients:
   [ { username: 'abcdefg@gmail.com',
       _id: 5a070206616810129b5c876a } ],
  staff: [],
  active: true,
  created: 2017-11-11T14:25:56.359Z }

Thanks for your help.

A: Your company schema should look like this
var companySchema = new mongoose.Schema ({
    ...
    staff: [{ type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: "User" }],
    clients: [{ type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: "User" }]
});

See the docs http://mongoosejs.com/docs/populate.html