How did ancient Rome deal with the unemployed? (I mean not the idle by supposed laziness, or vagabonds).
Did they at some point have free citizens who were unemployed, in the sense that they wanted to work, but couldn't find anything?
I am aware there were a class who worked as farmers, clerks, trade men, teachers and the like. Early Rome had a "yeoman" peasantry and laboring class that was uprooted after a large number of successful wars flooded the empire with cheap slave labor that could do the above-mentioned jobs by the middle of the second century B.C.
What happened when there were not enough jobs for Roman citizens? Was Rome, in fact, an early "welfare" state?
Well, Roman citizens were given a grain ration, which certainly would have helpful to those who were unemployed. It wasn't means-tested, though, so it wasn't limited to the poor and unemployed.
"In the 120s BCE however, one politician named Gaius Gracchus proposed a controversial law, the lex frumentaria, which meant that the state started providing a subsidised grain ration to the poor. P. Clodius Pulcher took things a step further in 58 BCE and made this ration free. This was controversial because it undermined the ability of the elite to increase their popularity through displays of charity. By the time of the Empire (Rome was first a Kingdom, then a Republic, then an Empire), the number receiving this corn dole was set at around 200,000."
So if you were a citizen who was unemployed, you could at least be fed.
Later the grain ration did become a dole for the poor. There were also, basically, welfare payments for children at some times.
"This kind of free distribution of food entailed in economic terms the breakdown of the trade balance between town and country... Rome received much and furnished little. This is the first example of mass unemployment and underemployment. Taken together, they must certainly have exceeded 30 percent, if not 40 percent, of the population of working age."
Let me start with some coarse (over)generalizations, and then mention a few bits of trivia, then close with a disclaimer.
The modern definition of unemployed is "having looked for work recently". I'm not entirely sure that definition is appropriate for Rome. Modern Western Liberal Democracy is organized around the notion that "companies" provide employment, and that people seek employment. Unemployment results in a dramatic decline in economic and social status.
Although there were workshops in Rome, and there were teams that organized to perform tasks that no individual could, I'm not aware of anything that resembles the modern limited liability corporation. Roman politics and economics were based more on relationships than on companies. Romans belonged to a family, and to a tribe, and usually to some kind of patron/client relationship. Depending on their social class, they may have also belonged to one or more social organizations (e.g. burial society). If someone wanted to work, they would rely on these connections to find them employment. "Unemployment" didn't really result in the kind of economic and social decline we find today because these social bonds provided a safety net. If for some reason you were isolated from your social network, that might be a definition similar to "unemployed", but there were mechanisms (adoption, social organizations, etc.) that made the social networks fairly resilient.
As @edn13 points out, the proletariat lived off the dole. There was no real reason for them to look for work.
I believe, although I can't check right now that the Aristocracy never worked; I believe the notion that work was unbecoming to the Aristocrat reaches back as far as Ancient Rome. Although they were never employed, they couldn't be unemployed because they would never seek work. (Obligatory exception: The Aristocracy was obliged to engage in public service, including a number of civic offices).
Tradesmen looked for work, but they weren't unemployed, they were just tradesmen looking for work. Technically, the self-employed can never be unemployed, it is just that their business is going through a slow spell.
Slaves never looked for work. Many were employed to perform tasks that were mere displays of wealth - for example some were chained to the doors of houses to act as gatekeepers.
Slavery also prevented unemployment in a different way; if for any reason your economic status declined precipitously, you could sell a relative, or ultimately yourself into slavery. You probably only wanted to do this if you had a marketable skill.
The ultimate bottom rung of the ladder was to be sold to a latifundum - a farm. I haven't researched these very much, but my impression is that a slave on a latifundum may be the only historical example that is more horrifying than American chattel slavery.
Disclaimer - I'm well aware that these are coarse, unsourced generalizations, and I'll be dissapointed if certain people don't vote this answer down for my hypocrisy; they are correct to do so. I think the other answers are good, but I thought the question would benefit from a brief analysis of the underlying assumptions.
While I agree that Mark C. Wallace's source is the best ever in all questions historical or not, Rome did have a huge unemployed population: the proletariat.
In ancient Rome the proletariat consisted of the poor landless freemen. It included artisans and small tradesmen who had been gradually impoverished by the extension of slavery. The proletariat (literally meaning "producers of offspring") was the lowest rank among Roman citizens; the first recognition of its status was traditionally ascribed to the Roman king Servius Tullius (fl. 6th century bc). In some periods of Roman history it played an important role, not as as an independent force but as a mass following, in the political struggles between the Roman patricians and the wealthy plebeians. Because it had little opportunity for productive work, which was performed in the main by slaves, its existence was largely parasitic on the Roman economy. On occasions it was quieted by doles of bread from the state and diverted by spectacles—"bread and circuses."
proletariat (social class) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia.


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Charts and the accompanying source and dataset descriptions can now be exported to PowerPoint, in addition to PDF.
Questions? Contact us at onlinesupport@sagepub.co.uk!


Taking good care of the things we use. Feeling guilty when something is wasted. Today, the sensibilities that we have long identified with in Japanese culture seem to have become less relevant. Taking advantage of the versatile design of the +TIC umbrella, we offer workshops where children can learn about these values through a fun, umbrella-making experience through the SORA KASA KIT.
Most children have only seen umbrellas in their completed form. In this workshop, children will learn about the design and structure of the umbrella. They will also learn about our environment and the importance of taking care of the things we own.
The children will build the frame, learn about its parts and structure, and stretch out the vinyl fabric for the canopy. By making an umbrella with their own hands, children will not only learn about design and structure, but about repairing and reusing the things they own.
Children can decorate their umbrellas using paint and stickers to create one-of-a-kind designs. These umbrellas can be taken home at the end of the workshop.
Caetla welcomes inquiries for workshops using the SORA KASA KIT. Please contact us using the button below.


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Puto sandini är en insektsart som beskrevs av Washburn 1965. Puto sandini ingår i släktet Puto och familjen ullsköldlöss. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Ullsköldlöss
sandini

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


San Jose, Costa Rica – PricePerPlayer, a software Development and pay per head service provider is pleased to announce the launch of their new website. The launch of the new website is part of their new rebranding strategy to showcase the many new aspects and services of their company.
The newly redesigned website is built on a different content management system to provide the best-possible user experience for its visitors and clients.
It will offer visitors in-depth information about their software's latest features with detailed information about their various gambling platforms, products and pay per head services.
The new website which went live this week is also unveiled a new and more modern logo as part of their rebranding strategy. The old logo represented being the best at not only giving and providing a great product but also with having the most competitive prices.
Today, the new logo went in a totally different direction designed to invoke "Reliability and Security" while at the same time keeping its core values for giving great service at competitive prices.
"The new website will have several new purposes" said Josh Ingram, the director of marketing.
PricePerPlayer understands that investing in a new sports betting platform or software is expensive. This is why the new website will allow anonymous registration for a free two week trial to their pay per head services. This will allow visitors that are interested in starting or upgrading their sports betting operation the ability to test out our software.


Berwick Neighborhood Centre is a friendly workplace, offering a number of programs for children and their families, from playgroups, occasional care to 3 year old kinder sessions. Be part of a caring team that provides opportunities for children both in a structured and spontaneous learning environment and gain exposure to children of different ages and stages of development. The Neighbourhood Centre consists of two sites, one at 112 High Street Berwick and one at Timbarra Way Berwick. This placement will be at the High Street Centre.
Teamwork, communication, problem solving, time management etc., gain experience with all pre-school age groups. Improve industry awareness, including cultural preferences. Develop positive and respectful relationships with children, assist with health and safety of children, interact positively with infants, toddlers and parents, participate in workplace health and safety, promote healthy food and drinks, etc.
This opportunity would suit a student who has a desire to work with children and has positive work place attitudes and ethics. To work with children you will need to have a positive friendly manner and use language suitable to children.
Discreet jewellery, long hair tied back, closed toe shoes, dress suited to working with children, to be discussed at interview.
Students must provide own transport to and from the office site. Public transport is available.
Attendance: Days and times to be negotiated with employer. Please note office hours are 9.00am to 3.00pm.


PROVIDENCE, R.I. – Providence native and cult horror writer H.P. Lovecraft was the subject of a special walking tour and film series during the annual FLICKERS: Rhode Island International Horror Film Festival (RIHFF), October 17-20th. The tour took place this year on two days: Saturday, October 19th at 11:00 a.m. and Sunday, October 20th at 12:00 Noon.
80 Washington Street, Providence; and on Sunday, 2:30 p.m. at the Providence Public Library Theatre, 150 Empire Street, Providence, RI.
"It is amazing how Lovecraft's horror writing still resonates with audiences today and his work has become such an inspiration for filmmakers across the world," commented Shawn Quirk, Programming Director of the FLICKERS: RI International Horror Film Festival.


Freshly-picked, just for your menu! Inspired by Chef Mikel Anthony, for serving on a wooden plate or platter with a garlic puree, this featured chicken addition is seasoned and pan-seared with McCormick Culinary® Sea Salt, Mediterranean Fine Grind, McCormick Culinary® Black Pepper, Ground and McCormick® Grill Mates® Mojito Lime Seasoning. For that extra seasonal touch, serve with a garnish of green and red strawberries and fresh jalapeños.
Combine all ingredients except oil in a blender and blend on high. Slowly drizzle in olive oil. Set aside.
Combine vinegar, water, sugar, salt, and pepper in a small sauce pan and bring to a boil, stirring until sugar has dissolved.
Pour over green strawberries and let sit until mixture has cooled.
Add red strawberries and jalapenos just before service to prevent them from becoming too macerated.
Season chicken with Mojito Lime Seasoning, ancho, and lime juice in a medium bowl and toss to combine.
Sear chicken breasts skin side down until skin is crisp. Finish in oven until chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165°F.
Let chicken rest. Slice on a bias for serving.
Plate garlic puree down first, then chicken and garnish with the strawberry salad.


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Q: Removing mutual left-recursion from left-recursive rules With ANTLR 4.6, snapshot of 11/23/2016.
I have two rules which are each left-recursive. I expanded several of the alternatives to expose the left recursion. ANTLR4 handles this, because the left recursion is explicit. However, the two rules are also mutually left-recursive.
How do I resolve the mutual left recursion AND do so so that the rules aren't a total mess? Right now I have nice comments showing what was expanded, and I moved that to primary2 and constant_primary2 which aren't involved in the mutual left recursion.
constant_primary :
  constant_primary2
  | primary '.' method_call_body
  | constant_primary '\'' '(' constant_expr ')'
  ;

primary :
  primary2
  | primary '.' method_call_body
  | constant_primary '\'' '(' expr ')'
  ;

A: One option is to switch to using my fork of ANTLR 4, which is available through Maven using the Group ID com.tunnelvisionlabs. This fork handles mutual left recursion while producing parse trees that match the form you actually wrote in the grammar.
Note that this feature is somewhat experimental. If you run into problems feel free to post an issue on the issue tracker for my fork.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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GMSD names Josh Cathey as new Deputy Superintendent
Germantown, Tennessee--April 25, 2019--Dan Haddow will be retiring from his role as Deputy Superintendent and Chief of Staff. This school year marks his thirtieth year of service in public education. He did his undergraduate work at Eckerd College where he received a degree in Human Resources. While working with emotionally disturbed students he then decided to get his teaching license credentials from Christian Brothers University. He proceeded to teach History and coach girls volleyball, cross-country, tennis, and basketball at Millington High School. It was at this time that Mr. Haddow went back to school and secured his Master's degree in school counseling from the University of Memphis. He also added his Master's + 45 with administration courses. After several years of teaching, Mr. Haddow became a school and district office administrator in positions as Assistant Principal, Personnel Supervisor, Vice-Principal, High School Principal and has recently completed his fifth year as Deputy Superintendent for the Germantown Municipal School District. Mr. Haddow continues to be extremely appreciative of all those opportunities to serve and learn, as he put it, "the quest to dignify others who serve students has been a truly rewarding endeavor."
Mr. Haddow's service and the time he has invested in our schools has been deeply appreciated by me and by many in our community. He played an integral role establishing our district and has been a tireless advocate for our staff and students. Mr. Haddow will be transitioning over to a new, part-time role at Houston High School that focuses on the mental health whole-child initiative as our district continues to place a priority on the social emotional development of our students.
GMSD is excited to announce that Josh Cathey will be stepping into the role of Deputy Superintendent. Mr. Cathey has a B.A. in English, a Master's of Education, and a Master's of Science in Educational Leadership, all from Christian Brothers University. He is finishing his seventeenth year in education. He started as a teacher at Central High School, where he also coached cross country and basketball. He later served as a teacher and basketball coach at Houston High School. After his time at Houston High School, he made the decision to move into administration and was an assistant principal at Millington High School. His last stop before joining the Germantown Municipal School District was at Germantown Middle School, where he served as the principal. For the past 5 years, Mr. Cathey has been serving as the Chief of Operations for the Germantown Municipal School District.
Mr. Cathey draws from an incredible wealth of diverse experience. From being a teacher, coach, assistant principal, principal, and our current Chief of Operations, he has taken on multiple leadership roles at many levels. He is also vested in Germantown and takes on numerous leadership roles in the community. Mr. Cathey's tireless work ethic, ability to complete projects on tight timelines, level head when facing pressure situations that require quick-decision making, overall competence across many aspects of education, and many other traits have been demonstrated time and time again during his time in Germantown schools. His unique talents and experience make him an ideal candidate to assume this pivotal role in our district.
Elissa Stratton has been named the Executive Director of Human Resources. Mrs. Stratton has been serving as the Human Resources Supervisor for the past five years and is a natural fit for the position being vacated by Mr. Haddow. While serving in the role of Human Resources Supervisor, Mrs. Stratton has developed GMSD's new teacher induction program Blue Chips, worked diligently and effectively to recruit to best and most talented staff, and played a role in making the transition into retirement feel effortless for our employees. Prior to her tenure at Germantown Municipal School's District Office, she has served as an Assistant Principal, a classroom teacher, and Title I Facilitator at Southwind Elementary School. Mrs. Stratton earned her Bachelor's degree in Psychology from Christian Brothers University, a Master's of Arts in Teaching from the University of Memphis, and finally her Education Specialist Degree from Union University. Although this is her sixteenth year working in the education field, she began her career in human resources with First Tennessee Bank. Mrs. Stratton shared that she most looks forward to continuing to be a support for our employees and that she and her team will continue to advocate for the best possible benefits for our staff.
Germantown Municipal School District 6685 Poplar Aveune, Germantown, TN 38138 | Phone: 901-752-7900 | Fax: 901-757-6479

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I can survive a day or two without shampoo but never without conditioner! If you're a long time reader of this blog, I'm sure you already knew that I don't shampoo my hair everyday that's why I often ran out of conditioner than shampoo. My hair is color-treated most of the time, it has thin strands and limp volume. Sometimes it's unruly and frizzy but when I found out the right kind of conditioner for my hair, all the woes I said above were already solved!
I'm proud to say that Pantene is one of my favorite conditioner. When they released the color and perm line, I decided to road test the product and see if this will made my color-treated hair vibrant and shiny. I was also featured as one of the girls who have tried the color and perm line at Cosmopolitan Magazine. See the review and feature HERE.
The science behind the World's No. 1 Conditioner Brand* takes center stage in the latest campaign from Pantene. For over 60 years, Pantene has been committed to give women healthy, beautiful hair that empowers them to shine. Pantene's Pro-V science and continuous innovation enables Pantene to deliver this promise. Its new Beautiful Science campaign takes innovation further by daring to go without camera tricks, without retouching and by letting the science behind its products shine.
The Beautiful Science campaign endeavours to further strengthen Filipinas' trust in Pantene. The first video in the series features the Static Generator to prove the importance of intensive conditioning. Without camera tricks or retouching, Pantene demonstrates that hair treated with Pantene Daily Intensive Conditioner stays down, resisting static electricity and staying virtually frizz-free, while more hair not treated with Pantene stands up.
Pantene Daily Intensive Conditioner gives women healthy, beautiful hair that resists static electricity. It deposits a protective layer on hair strands and contains 80% more conditioning ingredient versus Pantene's regular conditioners. The conditioning ingredients are positively charged to neutralise the negative charges of damaged hair. Pantene Daily Intensive Conditioner with Pro-V makes hair strong on the inside, soft and shiny on the outside.
delivers conditioning but washes clean and fast, with no added silicone, dye or paraben, leaving hair feeling light.
helps keep colors vibrant and curls intact by restoring hair health and preventing water from entering and exiting hair cuticles.
Backed by Beautiful Science, Pantene Daily Intensive Conditioner gives women healthy, beautiful hair – without camera tricks or retouching. Pantene #BeautifulScience premieres on Monday, October 14. Search for "Pantene Beautiful Science" on YouTube to find out more.
Discover the #BeautifulScience behind the World's No. 1 Conditioner Brand*, Pantene!
I love Pantene too its give's my hair soft and beautiful!
I'm also a Pantene Shampoo/Conditioner user. Yes, it leaves your hair soft and shiny.


text:
Again, Gunmen Storm Kaduna Villages, Kill Seven
Again, at least seven people have been killed in separate attacks by gunmen on villages in three local government areas of Kaduna State.
The affected local governments are Igabi, Chikun and Zango Kataf.
Kaduna State's Commissioner for Internal Security and Home Affairs, Samuel Aruwan, said four people were killed, and one injured during an attack by gunmen in Kerawa village of Igabi Local Government.
He said a report by security agencies indicated that the bandits attacked the village, shooting sporadically, and in the process killed four residents.
According to the Commissioner, one other person was left injured, while the gunmen carted away some motorcycles and food supplies from the community.
This is even as two people were killed by gunmen in two attacks in Igabi and Chikun local government areas.
The gunmen were said to have invaded Sabon Garin Ungwar Dalha, a village in the outskirts of the Maraban Jos area of Igabi Local Government Area, and later broke into some homes, shooting into the air.
It was gathered that a woman was caught by their gunfire and died instantly. Similarly, gunmen attacked Ungwan Zallah in Udawa of Chikun local, and shot one man to death. In another incident, they attacked commuters along the Ungwan Rimi-Afana road in Zangon Kataf Local Government, killing one person in the process.
According to Aruwan, the victim sustained gunshot wounds to the chest, and was rushed to hospital, where he was unfortunately confirmed dead. Meanwhile, Governor Nasir El-Rufai said he has received the reports of the killings with deep sadness.
He conveyed his sincere condolences to the families of the citizens who were killed in the attacks across the local government areas and wished the injured person a speedy recovery, even as he commiserated with the attacked communities
BUA, Wartsila OY of Finland sign agreement for construction of 70MW Power Plant for BUA Cement Sokoto Line 4
Despite NASS Amendment Of 2022 Budget, Presidency Affirms Full Implementation


$269.99 The GXV3000 is an easy and affordable way of communicating face-to-face over any distance. It is ideal for any multi-media communication environment, the virtual office and all IP video communications for business or residential users.
The GXV is an advanced IP video phone based on SIP and H.264/H.263 standard, competitively priced and easy to use. The GXV combines sleek design and technology features with excellent picture quality, ease of deployment and broad interoperability with 3rd party SIP products. The GXV-3000 is the first H.264 IP video phone that supports real-time high-quality video at bandwidths as low as 32kbps and up to 1Mbps. The phone allows nearly all viewing angles via its 5.6 inch TFTP adjustable LCD screen and VGA camera, enabling high-quality videoconferences from your home or office.


Sending personalized cards can be a fun, easy, and meaningful way to reach out to friends and family during the holidays. Many online card companies offer excellent deals during the holiday season, so this is the right time of year to create your personalized cards.
Here are five websites that allow you to make unique, customized cards at a low price.
Shutterfly is one of the most popular personalized photo services. You can use the site to create gifts like photo books, personalized phone cases, home decor, and greeting cards. They have hundreds of card templates that you can upload your photos to, but you can customize a holiday greeting card even if you don't include your own photo.
You can narrow down your search to Christmas cards, Spanish Christmas cards, holiday party invitations, Hanukkah cards, and New Year's cards. Depending on which template you select, you may have the option of choosing colors for the card design, foil, and trim.1 Shutterfly also offers multiple types of cardstock.
Snapfish is one of the oldest and most well-known web-based photo printing companies. Their main purpose is to store and print their users' photos, but they also have a customizable greeting card service. You can create personalized Christmas cards, Hanukkah cards, party invitations, and general holiday greeting cards with your own photos.
Vistaprint offers a variety of services for small businesses, but anyone can use the service to create personalized holiday cards. They have more than 2,200 holiday designs, but you can narrow down your search by theme, style, and size.5 You can add your own text, photos, and graphics to your card or you can have a professional graphic designer adapt your template for $5.
Most cards cost slightly more than $1, but you can get 20 percent off your holiday cards with the code "VPEXTRA20." If you spend at least $60, you can get 25 percent off with the code "VPSAVE200." The same code will give you 30 percent off a $100 purchase and 40 percent off of a $200 purchase.
Tiny Prints offers unique, elegant, and high-quality cards, but their prices are slightly higher than most of their competitors. If you order 15 cards or fewer, the price usually ranges from $2.50 to $3.50 per card. However, the more cards you buy, the lower the cost per card will be.
Until December 6, Tiny Prints is offering 30 percent off all items with the promo code "MERRY30." Throughout the entire month of December, you can use the code "TPSHIP" for free shipping on orders of $10 or more. If you spend $49 or more, you can get free expedited shipping with the code "UPGRADE."7 Because Shutterfly owns Tiny Prints, you may also be able to use some Shutterfly coupons and promo codes on your Tiny Prints order.
You can choose from a variety of different styles and themes when making a holiday card with Minted. They offer holiday cards for special occasions, including birth announcements, moving announcements, and newlyweds. You can add your own photos to your card, and you can customize the greeting, font, and design color.
All five of these websites are easy to navigate, so you can create a beautiful holiday card in no time at all. If you take advantage of coupons and promo codes, you'll be able to send out thoughtful cards to your friends and family at a surprisingly low cost.


text:
Cite Article Cite Article
Niu, Gao, et al. "A Survey of Open Source Statistical Software (OSSS) and Their Data Processing Functionalities." IJOSSP vol.12, no.1 2021: pp.1-20. http://doi.org/10.4018/IJOSSP.2021010101
Niu, G., Segall, R. S., Zhao, Z., & Wu, Z. (2021). A Survey of Open Source Statistical Software (OSSS) and Their Data Processing Functionalities. International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes (IJOSSP), 12(1), 1-20. http://doi.org/10.4018/IJOSSP.2021010101
Niu, Gao, et al. "A Survey of Open Source Statistical Software (OSSS) and Their Data Processing Functionalities," International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes (IJOSSP) 12, no.1: 1-20. http://doi.org/10.4018/IJOSSP.2021010101
e-Journal Collection
Computer Science and IT Knowledge Solutions e-Journal Collection
A Survey of Open Source Statistical Software (OSSS) and Their Data Processing Functionalities
Gao Niu (Bryant University, USA), Richard S. Segall (Arkansas State University, USA), Zichen Zhao (Yale University, USA), and Zhijian Wu (New York University, USA)
Source Title: International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes (IJOSSP) 12(1)
DOI: 10.4018/IJOSSP.2021010101
Article PDF Download
Open access articles are freely available for download
This paper discusses the definitions of open source software, free software and freeware, and the concept of big data. The authors then introduce R and Python as the two most popular open source statistical software (OSSS). Additional OSSS, such as JASP, PSPP, GRETL, SOFA Statistics, Octave, KNIME, and Scilab, are also introduced in this paper with function descriptions and modeling examples. They further discuss OSSS's capability in artificial intelligence application and modeling and Popular OSSS-based machine learning libraries and systems. The paper intends to provide a reference for readers to make proper selections of open source software when statistical analysis tasks are needed. In addition, working platform and selective numerical, descriptive and analysis examples are provided for each software. Readers could have a direct and in-depth understanding of each software and its functional highlights.
Article Preview
2.1 How Open Source Software, Free Software, And Freeware Differ
2.1.1 Open Source Software (OSS)
Open Source Software (OSS) is a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. (Wikipedia (2019a))
For software to be considered "Open Source", it must meet ten conditions as defined by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). Of these ten conditions, it's the first three that are really at the core of Open Source and differentiates it from other software. These three conditions are according to the Open Source Initiative (2007):
Free Redistribution: The software can be freely given away or sold.
Source Code: The source code must either be included or freely obtainable.
Derived Works: Redistribution of modifications must be allowed.
The other conditions are: (Open Source Initiative (2007))
Integrity of The Author's Source Code: Licenses may require that modifications are redistributed only as patches.
No Discrimination against Persons or Groups: no one can be locked out.
No Discrimination against Fields of Endeavor: commercial users cannot be excluded.
Distribution of License: The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.
License Must Not Be Specific to a Product: the program cannot be licensed only as part of a larger distribution.
License Must Not Restrict Other Software: the license cannot insist that any other software it is distributed with must also be open source.
License Must Be Technology: Neutral: no click-wrap licenses or other medium-specific ways of accepting the license must be required.
Macaulay (2017) discussed benefits of open source software that are summarized in Figure 1 below.
Benefits of Open Source Software (OSS) (derived from Macaulay (2017))
2.1.2 Open Source License
According to Wikipedia (2019f) an open source license is a type of license for computer software and other products that allows the source code, blueprint or design to be used, modified and/or shared under defined terms and conditions. This allows end users and commercial companies to review and modify the source code, blueprint or design for their own customization, curiosity or troubleshooting needs.
Open-source licensed software is mostly available free of charge, though this does not necessarily have to be the case.
Licenses that only permit non-commercial redistribution or modification of the source code for personal use only are not considered generally as open source licenses.
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text:
TRAVEL BAG THE
Long Haul Predator Ridge Golf Club • Predator Course
Golf's on the rise in Vernon, B.C.
ou won't forget your first round at Spallumcheen Golf Club (spallumcheengolf.com), for the simple fact that it's called Spallumcheen — not some homogenous, all-purpose name so easily forgotten but … Spallumcheen. According to the British Columbia government's web site, the name is derived from a Shuswap (an interior B.C. First Nation Tribe) language term, "spal-lum-shin," meaning "meadow flat." Now, any course description that uses the words "flat" and "meadow" doesn't usually do much for the traveling golfer. It doesn't send chills down your spine. You won't clean your clubs in preparation, nor lay your best slacks out the night before. It would be wrong to suggest, however, that the meadow in which this Les Furber design lays is entirely flat. And, far from being the rather dull layout the name might suggest to a Shuswap speaker, Spallumcheen is actually a terrific golf course you'll be very glad you visited. One of five courses that make up the newly-formed Vernon Golf Group — a growing golf destination in the heart of British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, roughly three hours north of Gamble Sands up Highway 97 — Spallumcheen certainly isn't a bucket lister you have to tick off your mustplay list, but it is a fun round full of delightful holes and interesting shots.
By Tony Dear
Greenskeeper Jim Simm's excellent Poa annua greens have breaks and borrows that have grown ever more subtle since the course opened 48 years ago, and there's a nice variety in the holes' shapes, direction, lengths, and challenges. Best of all (for me anyway) is the number of magnificent weeping willows you pass during the round. Who doesn't love a good willow tree? (Well, superintendents, for starters, as they have terribly thirsty, complex roots prone to piercing the surface. And, a lot of golfers aren't partial, either, because of their large, impervious canopies. But, I like them, and Spallumcheen's specimens are glorious.) The visitor greens fee is $70 CDN (about $55 U.S.), and there's a fun, nine-hole executive course you can play for $23. Head professional Myles Johnson grew up playing at Spallumcheen. In July, he and his wife entered the hospitality industry, buying the Castle on the Mount guest house a couple of miles away in order that Mrs. Johnson could spend more time with the couple's young son. Myles, though, spends his day doing typical head pro things — teaching, running the tee sheet, overseeing operations in the pro shop, managing a staff of 20, and liaising with members. He's also very conscious of how Spallumcheen fits into the Vernon Golf Group. "The group is in its infancy, so early returns are tough
to gauge," says Johnson. "But, I do believe it will be a great way to get the word out that golf in our area is strong, with many great options. You don't have to go south of the Kelowna airport to have a golf trip." Ah, yes — Kelowna. By far the biggest city in the Okanagan Valley, with a population of nearly 195,000, Kelowna is located halfway up the eastern side of the skinny, north-south-oriented Okanagan Lake, and gets aaaall the attention. Even Kevin Poole, Vernon's Manager of Economic Development & Tourism, concedes that when the Okanagan comes up in conversation, Kelowna is always the first place people think of. But, he adds, his city has an excellent relationship with its neighbor to the south. "Kelowna is the largest center in the Okanagan and also the busiest," says Poole. "Vernon tends to be a bit more casual — those wanting to move to the area looking for a more relaxed lifestyle often wind up in Vernon. And, from what I've seen in almost ten years in the community, Vernon really wants to be a destination on its own." Cool downtown businesses like Marten Brewpub on 30th Avenue, and Okanagan Spirits Craft Distillery on 24th St., are giving the city center a more sophisticated vibe than it once had, and the golf group is looking to do its bit, too. cascadegolfer.com
Varsity Communications
Cascade Golfer — June 2019
Western Washington's largest and most widely distributed golf magazine, with news and views for Seattle-area golfers.
varsitycommunications


text:
Q: Проблема с вызовом функции при нажатие кнопки в kivy При нажатии кнопки kivy заданная функция не выполняется.
Код Python:
from kivy.app import App

from kivy.uix.button import Button
from kivy.uix.boxlayout import BoxLayout
from kivy.uix.gridlayout import GridLayout
from kivy.uix.screenmanager import ScreenManager, Screen
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.uix.videoplayer import VideoPlayer

from kivy.uix.textinput import TextInput
from kivy.uix.label import Label

import kivy

class Menu(Screen):
    def on_click_buttons(self, instance):
        if instance.text   == "Сражаться":
            pass
        elif instance.text == "Посмотреть статистику":
            pass
        elif instance.text == "Купить":
            pass
        elif instance.text == "Сохраниться":
            pass
        elif instance.text == "Загрузить сохранение":
            pass

class MainApp(App):
    def build(self):
        sm = ScreenManager()

        sm.add_widget(Menu())
        return sm

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = MainApp()

    app.run()

Код Kv:
#kivy 2.0.0

Menu:

<ButtonInMenu@Button>:
    background_color: [1, 1, 1, 1]
    font_size: 50

<Menu>:
    name: "Main Menu"
    background_color: [.2, .2, 1, 1]
    BoxLayout:
        background_color: [.2, .2, 1, 1]
#        size_hint_x: .95
#        size_hint_y: .9
        padding : 50, 50
        AnchorLayout:
            Image:
                source: "Knight.png"
                size: self.width + 20, self.height + 20#self.texture_size
        BoxLayout:
            orientation: "vertical"

            Button:
                text: "Сражаться"
                on_press: root.n = "g"
            ButtonInMenu:
                text: "Посмотреть статистику"
                on_press: root.on_click_buttons
            ButtonInMenu:
                text: "Купить"
                on_press: root.on_click_buttons
            ButtonInMenu:
                text: "Сохраниться"
                on_press: root.on_click_buttons
            ButtonInMenu:
                text: "Загрузить сохранение"
                on_press: root.on_click_buttons


ATLANTA—Shouting "touchdown!" while pushing the Patriots' tight end along the sidelines, nurse Miranda Silva told a wheelchair-bound, concussed Rob Gronkowski Sunday that he was at the Super Bowl with all his friends. "Look, it's your friend Tom! Your remember Tom, right? And Bill is here, too, Bill is your coach," said Silva after placing a Nerf football and Gatorade in Gronkowski's lap and wheeling him around to visit with various members of the Patriots. "Aren't we having fun? It's the Super Bowl! You love the Super Bowl. And isn't that nice that everyone is cheering? They're all cheering for you! Those people are your fans from when you would run around on the field. That was your favorite thing to do, remember?" At press time, Silva was informing a clapping Gronkowski that the players with the swirl on their helmet were actually the other team.


With its bold styling, spacious interior, massive boot and excellent road manners, the BMW 630i Gran Turismo will do miles in absolute comfort, style and ease.
This new 6 Series Gran Turismo is effectively a hatchback variant of the 5 Series. This particular model is the successor of the 5 Series GT.
It may not be the stunning looking but the long and sloping silhouette of the 6 GT ensures that it will stand out from the crowd.
The 2018 BMW 630i GT certainly has visual presence.
It is bold and burly silhouette. It is certainly more congruous-looking.
Measuring H 1,538mm x L 5,091mm x W 1,902mm and with a 3,070mm wheelbase (same as a 7-Series), the 6-Series GT's stretched out proportions and lower roof-line help it looks sleeker and more coupe-like.
It is certainly an improvement over the previous 5-Series GT. To me I feel it came across as slightly abruptly stunted at the front and the rear.
Interior wise the test car is a very spacious and comfortable. Step inside and the cabin is headily familiar from the current generation of BMW models.
It is comfortable, well-designed and well put-together. It is admittedly not the most exciting of interiors in the market but it is entirely pleasant.
Where the cabin excels is in the ease of operation.
All of the functions are easily accessible via a touch of a button. The iDrive system is logical and seamless to use and everything works as you want it to.
What is impressive is the amount of space in the cabin, especially at the rear.
The rear seats have cavernous amounts of legroom and that lounge-like quality can be further enhanced with the electrically rear seats.
The feeling of spacious is accentuated by the panorama glass roof.
The boot is huge (610-litre) and is easily accessible. It is the largest boot capacity in the BMW lineup. Fold down the rear seats and maximum load space expands to an enormous 1,800 litres.
The driving quality of this car can be described in one word "effortless".
The 2.0-litre four-cylinder turbo petrol with 190kW of power and 400Nm of torque, delivers ample power in a buttery smooth manner.
It accelerates smoothly, responds well to throttle inputs and is quiet on the road.
When driven sensibly, the car is quiet, serene and comfortable.
Ride comfort is excellent, thanks to the self-levelling air suspension at the rear axle that comes standard. Bumps in the road are absorbed with ease, with adaptive air that helps endow it.
The car may look big and bulky but it certainly does not feel that way on the road.
In fact, despite the longer wheelbase, it drives remarkably similar to a 5 Series; it feels quite light on its feet and is surprisingly nimble around the corners.
It definitely drives like a BMW – fast, responsive and tractable.
The 6 Series GT certainly has a timeless design and an instantly recognisable face that will not fade in decades to come.
It is an easy car to drive and live with.
The BMW630i GT is covered by BMW's Condition Based Servicing program that uses "sensors and advanced algorithms" to calculate how much the car has been driven and therefore how much maintenance is required.
Buyers can chose to pay for servicing in advance by purchasing a BMW Service Inclusive package, either Basic or Plus.
The Basic package cost $1,695 and covers fluid checks, air filter and spark plug replacements and labour.


Surgeries at Windsor Regional Hospital's Ouellette Campus will resume on Tuesday, after being cancelled due to an issue with the sterilization system.
Hospital officials say they have yet to fix the system at the Ouellette Campus, but will be working with Steripro, a company that does sterilization across Canada, to clean and sterilize instrument sets used for surgeries.
However, hospital officials will still be working with surgical teams on having as many surgeries as possible at the Met Campus.
All elective surgeries were cancelled on August 21 after staining or "scorching" was noticed on cloths used to wrap sterile instruments. It is believed that the problem was caused by steam lines that run from the powerhouse to the sterilizing machines.
The hospital is currently looking into standalone steam systems to fix the issue. Hospital officials are also working to get a temperature controlled truck to be able to ship some instruments from the Met Campus to Ouellette for daily use.


Two excellent brands, Shade7 and Wyndham have been working together to uphold the world renown excellence of the Wyndham Vacation Resorts. Their partnership formed through the need for outdoor umbrellas has been an exciting one connecting New Zealand and Fiji together.
Located along the beachfront of the island of Denarau, the Wyndam Vacation Resort is one of the most well-known, reputable and facilitated resorts that you can find in the crystal blue water of Fiji. The resort boasts an exclusive Maravu pool and bar where adults can retreat to one of the two non-heated alcove spa areas or the main swim-up bar in the lagoon pool under the breath-taking sunset.
Claiming first place in Spa Hotels, Beach Hotels and as the overall Top Resorts Hotel on Denarau Island, the Wyndham Vacation Resort needed umbrellas that not only protect against the sun and provide shelter, but also mirrors the brand image of the resort; that of quality, consistency, and servant hood. Across all fronts, Shade7 had the ability to do just that supporting their stance as "New Zealand's Finest Cantilever Umbrellas, Outdoor Umbrellas & Pop Up Gazebos".
Throughout the 5 year relationship of Shade7 and the Wyndham Vacation Resort, Shade7 has supplied a number of different models of umbrellas in different sizes and colours to complement the areas being shaded. Over the years, the Wyndham has accumulated 50 of Shade7's outdoor umbrellas covering various outdoor spaces from pool sides to cafés and swim-up bars. One of the more recent models supplied for the task of covering an outdoor pool and the waterfront swim-up bar pool was the Monaco umbrella, which saw 20 of the 3m octagonal outdoor umbrellas supplied.
As the refined model of the obsolete Bistro, the Monaco outdoor umbrella boasts a Marine Grade Anodised Aluminium frame perfect for the waterfront bar located at the resort. The 3mm thick anodised aluminium provides that the umbrella can stand the test of time, as they have; enduring the Cyclone seasons of Fiji. Adding to the marine quality of the model is the stainless steel fixings and components, providing flexible placement and increased durability regarding fixtures.
In order to increase the product offering of Shade7, two components were pursued. Firstly, Shade7 wanted to provide an umbrella for every occasion, so by not only offering cantilever outdoor umbrellas and market umbrellas, Shade7 increased the sizes available across the models. The Monaco outdoor umbrella can be purchased in 5 different sizes ranging up to a 4m Octagonal. The second component pursued was the canopy colour availability. By sourcing the qualified fabric of Recasen, Shade7 could provide just that. The Wyndham Vacation Resort have utilised Shade7's flexibility and had 10 out 20 umbrellas made in a Royal Blue and the other 10 made in a Beige as to accommodate the resort areas appropriately, leaving the Monaco outdoor umbrella "highly recommended" and a customer well satisfied.


text:
package com.navercorp.pinpoint.test.client;

import com.navercorp.pinpoint.common.util.Assert;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.LoggingStateChangeEventListener;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.MessageListener;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.client.DefaultPinpointClientFactory;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.client.PinpointClient;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.client.PinpointClientFactory;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.stream.ClientStreamChannelContext;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.stream.ClientStreamChannelMessageListener;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.stream.ServerStreamChannelMessageListener;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.rpc.stream.StreamChannelContext;
import com.navercorp.pinpoint.test.server.TestPinpointServerAcceptor;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * @author Taejin Koo
 */
public class TestPinpointClient {

    private final PinpointClientFactory pinpointClientFactory;
    private PinpointClient pinpointClient;

    public TestPinpointClient() {
        this(Collections.EMPTY_MAP);
    }

    public TestPinpointClient(Map<String, Object> param) {
        this(null, param);
    }

    public TestPinpointClient(MessageListener messageListener) {
        this(messageListener, (ServerStreamChannelMessageListener) null);
    }

    public TestPinpointClient(MessageListener messageListener, ServerStreamChannelMessageListener serverStreamChannelMessageListener) {
        this(messageListener, serverStreamChannelMessageListener, Collections.EMPTY_MAP);
    }

    public TestPinpointClient(MessageListener messageListener, Map<String, Object> param) {
        this(messageListener, null, param);
    }

    public TestPinpointClient(MessageListener messageListener, ServerStreamChannelMessageListener serverStreamChannelMessageListener, Map<String, Object> param) {
        Assert.requireNonNull(param, "param must not be null");

        PinpointClientFactory pinpointClientFactory = new DefaultPinpointClientFactory();
        pinpointClientFactory.setProperties(param);
        pinpointClientFactory.addStateChangeEventListener(LoggingStateChangeEventListener.INSTANCE);

        if (messageListener != null) {
            pinpointClientFactory.setMessageListener(messageListener);
        }

        if (serverStreamChannelMessageListener != null) {
            pinpointClientFactory.setServerStreamChannelMessageListener(serverStreamChannelMessageListener);
        }

        this.pinpointClientFactory = pinpointClientFactory;
    }

    public TestPinpointClient(PinpointClientFactory pinpointClientFactory) {
        this.pinpointClientFactory = Assert.requireNonNull(pinpointClientFactory, "pinpointClientFactory must not be null");
    }

    public void connect(int port) {
        connect(TestPinpointServerAcceptor.LOCALHOST, port);
    }

    public void connect(String host, int port) {
        this.pinpointClient = pinpointClientFactory.connect(host, port);
    }

    public ClientStreamChannelContext openStream(byte[] payload, ClientStreamChannelMessageListener messageListener) {
        Assert.requireNonNull(pinpointClient, "pinpointClient must not be null");
        return pinpointClient.openStream(payload, messageListener);
    }

    public StreamChannelContext findStreamChannel(int streamChannelId) {
        Assert.requireNonNull(pinpointClient, "pinpointClient must not be null");
        return pinpointClient.findStreamChannel(streamChannelId);
    }

    public void disconnect() {
        if (pinpointClient != null) {
            pinpointClient.close();
        }
    }

    public void releaseConnectionFactory() {
        if (pinpointClientFactory != null) {
            pinpointClientFactory.release();
        }
    }

    public void closeAll() {
        if (pinpointClient != null) {
            pinpointClient.close();
        }

        if (pinpointClientFactory != null) {
            pinpointClientFactory.release();
        }
    }

    public static void staticCloseAll(TestPinpointClient pinpointClient) {
        if (pinpointClient != null) {
            pinpointClient.closeAll();
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


How to reach | Surajkund International Crafts Mela (Faridabad) | Fairs and Festivals | Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited.
It is open to visitors from 10.30 a.m. to 8.30 p.m..
Buses are available from ISBT, Shivaji Stadium, Gurgaon,Faridabad and Surajkund.
The nearest airport is at Delhi. Surajkund is a 35 minute drive from the Indira Gandhi International airport and 25 kms. from Palam airport.
Delhi is the nearest railway junction. Faridabad and Gurgaon are both linked to Delhi via railway lines. From each of these stations, one can travel to Surajkund by car/cab or tourist coach.
Surajkund is well-connected to Delhi, Gurgaon and Faridabad by metalled road approachable by one's own or hired conveyance.


to the bespeak of her antique wisdom.
Known by the name I.J. Kalia, Innocent Joseph Kalia is a Nigerian poet, author, writer, educator and entrepreneur. He published his first novel, Beside Heavens in 2011 and in late 2013, I.J. Kalia and Happy Mosez published Streams of Blue Flames, a collection of love poems. In 2015, he published Rusted Guitar Strings with AuthorHouse, UK, his single debut collection of poetry. He sees writing poems as his voice of expression. I.J. Kalia is a product of Nasarawa State University, Keffi and NTI Kaduna. He is a founding member of Grinlemon Literary Society and also a member of AWF (Abuja writers' forum).
Great Work I. J . Keep letting them flow like a fresh spring.


Wise, LA., Wesselink, AK., Mikkelsen, EM., Cueto, HT., Hahn, KA., Rothman, KJ., ... Hatch, EE. (2017). Dairy intake and fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 105(1), 100-110. [pii: ajcn138404].


text:
POLICY SUPPLIER CODE OF CONDUCT SUPPLIER / PARTNER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT
Download "POLICY SUPPLIER CODE OF CONDUCT SUPPLIER / PARTNER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT"
Letitia Oliver
1 POLICY Title: Process Group: Process Owner: SUPPLIER CODE OF CONDUCT SUPPLIER / PARTNER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT PROCUREMENT & LOGISTIC DIVISION Effective Date: Summary: This Supplier Code of Conduct describes the criteria that COSMOTE Romania uses to evaluate its suppliers in terms of Social Responsibility Issues. These criteria address Labor, Health and Safety, Environmental and Ethical issues. POSITION SIGNATURE Created by: Ionut Stan Process Management Manager Poly Paleogeorgou Process Management and Improvement Deputy Director Mihaela Ionita Legal Director Epameinondas Gardelis Procurement & Logistics Director Christos Christopoulos Information Technology Director Reviewed by: Costas Kapetanopoulos Marketing & Communications Director Epameinondas Karavas Human Resources Director Spyridon Spyropoulos External Business Affairs Director Nikos Choumis Sales & Customer Care Director Konstantinos Apostolou Financial Director Version: 1 Page 1 of 8
2 Approved by: Iskos Lampros Network Development & Operations Executive Director Stefanos Theocharopoulos CEO - General Director This policy has been acknowledged by the Internal Audit Department: Version: 1 Page 2 of 8
3 DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG Version Date Description of Changes Document creation & approval. Version: 1 Page 3 of 8
4 Contents 1) Scope ) Area of Application ) Access Rights ) Description ) Definitions Abbreviations ) Related Documents... 8 Version: 1 Page 4 of 8
5 1) Scope According to the «COSMOTE GROUP Code of Ethics» (Chapter 8. «Our conduct towards Suppliers & Associates» - «We respect our associates»), Cosmote states that: «We treat our associates and suppliers in all countries of operation with respect and transparency. We give potential suppliers equal opportunities to establish a professional relationship with COSMOTE by selecting them based on objective criteria. We trade in fair and reasonable terms. We expect our associates to implement best business ethics practices and not only to comply with laws and internationally established trade rules, but also to be socially and environmentally sensitive themselves.» Considering the commitment of COSMOTE Group and based on the Supplier Code of Conduct issued by COSMOTE Group, COSMOTE Romania, as part of the same Group, decides also to adopt the same set of core values and business principles for the evaluation of present and future suppliers of goods and services across the world, regarding Corporate Social Responsibility issues in the fields of Labor, Health and Safety, Environment and Ethics, as stated in this Supplier Code of Conduct. COSMOTE Romania reserves the right to reasonably change these requirements set out in this Supplier Code of Conduct. In such event, COSMOTE Romania expects its suppliers to accept those reasonable changes. The Supplier Code of Conduct is part of COSMOTE Romania supplier agreements. By signing a contract with COSMOTE Romania, a supplier agrees to comply with this Supplier Code of Conduct, as well. Furthermore, COSMOTE Romania suppliers are committed to take all necessary actions so that their sub-contractors comply with the obligations stated in this Supplier Code of Conduct. 2) Area of Application This Policy is applicable to Cosmote Romania and its Suppliers. 3) Access Rights Access to the document is public. 4) Description A. Labor Suppliers are committed to uphold the human rights of their employees and to treat them with dignity and respect, as understood by the international community. A.1 Freely Chosen Employment Suppliers shall not use any form of forced, bonded, compulsory, or prison labor. All work must be voluntary and employees are free to leave work or terminate their employment with reasonable notice. Version: 1 Page 5 of 8
6 Employees must not be required to lodge any government-issued identification, passports, work permits or deposits as a condition of employment. A.2 Child Labor Avoidance No person shall be employed, if his age is below the minimum age for an employment agreement (namely under the age of 16 years). Persons who are over 16 years old, but under the age of 18 years (hereinafter referred to as «Young Persons») shall not be employed for any hazardous work, or work that is inconsistent with their personal development, their health, safety, or moral. Young Persons shall not be employed at night. Young Persons shall not ne employed without the written agreement of the parents or, if case, of the legal tutor. Where Young Persons are employed, according to the provisions and the requirements of the relevant legislation, their best interest must be the employer s primary concern. The establishment and implementation of Policies and Programs by the Suppliers that assist in finding any child performing illegal child labor are endorsed and shall be taken into account for the purpose of their Assessment. A.3 Working Hours Studies of business practices clearly link employee strain to reduced productivity and turnover and to increased injury and illness. Working hours of employees must therefore comply with national laws and not be excessive. A.4 Terms & Payment Wages or salaries paid for a standard working week are to meet or exceed the minimum determined in national law. Wages or salaries shall not be paid in kind. Deductions from wages or salaries, as disciplinary measures, are not permitted. Fair and reasonable terms of employment are to be provided. Furthermore, employees are to be provided with understandable, written information about their employment conditions, before starting the employment. A.5 Humane Treatment Employees shall be treated with respect and dignity. Physical or verbal abuse or other harassment and any threats or other forms of intimidation are prohibited. A.6 Non-Discrimination Unlawful discrimination, including racial or sexual discrimination, is prohibited. Companies shall not engage in discrimination based on race, color, age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, pregnancy, religion, political affiliation, union membership or marital status. A.7 Freedom of Association Suppliers must respect the right of employees to associate freely, form and join organizations of their own choice, seek representation, and bargain collectively, as permitted by and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. However, basic employee rights to open communication, direct engagement and humane and equitable treatment must be respected even in countries where they are not given meaningful legal protection. Version: 1 Page 6 of 8
7 B. Health and Safety Suppliers recognize that the employees morale, the consistency of production and consequently the quality of products and services are enhanced by a safe and healthy work environment. Suppliers also recognize that it is imperative to identify and solve health and safety issues in the workplace. B.1 Occupational Safety Suppliers shall provide employees with a healthy and safe working environment, in accordance with international standards and national laws, including prevention and management of both employee exposure to potential safety hazards and occupational injury and illness. B.2 Facilities A healthy and safe working environment includes access to clean toilet facilities, drinkable water and, if applicable, sanitary facilities for food storage. In case Suppliers provide their employees with accommodation, it shall be clean, safe and meet the basic needs of employees. B.3 Physically Demanding Work Employee exposure to physically demanding tasks, including manual material handling and heavy lifting, prolonged standing and highly repetitive or forceful assembly tasks shall be identified, evaluated and controlled. B.4 Health & Safety Policy The establishment and implementation of a Health & Safety Policy by the Suppliers is endorsed and shall be taken into account for the purpose of their Assessment. C. Environment Environmental considerations are an integral part of COSMOTE Romania Corporate Social Responsibility objectives. Suppliers shall therefore recognize that environmental responsibility is requisite to supply world class products and services as well as for the society s general prosperity and adhere to national laws regarding the protection and preservation of the environment. Adverse effects on the community, environment and natural resources are to be minimized, while safeguarding the health and safety of the public. C.1 Pollution Prevention and Resource Reduction Suppliers shall persue and demonstrate continuous environmental improvements in various areas, including reduction of emissions, discharges, noise, waste, and reduction in the use of natural resources. C.2 Hazardous Substances, Wastewater and Solid Waste Emissions Suppliers shall comply with any applicable laws and regulations regarding: o prohibited or restricted substances. o the identification, monitoring and safe use, handling, transportation, storing, recycling, reuse and disposal of substances, that pose a hazard, if released to the environment. o the labeling of such hazardous substances. o the monitoring, controlling and the disposal of wastewater and solid waste generated from operations, industrial processes or sanitation facilities. Version: 1 Page 7 of 8
8 C.3 Environmental Policy The establishment and implementation of an Environmental Policy by the Suppliers, including procedures, clear targets and improvement programs regarding pollution prevention, resource reduction, safe utilization, handling, transportation, storing, recycling, re-use and disposal of hazardous substances as well as disposal of wastewater and solid waste, is endorsed and shall be taken into consideration for Supplier Assessment purposes. D. Ethics Suppliers must be committed to ethical conduct when dealing with employees, suppliers, and customers. D.1 Corruption, Extortion, or Embezzlement Corruption, extortion, and embezzlement, in any form, are strictly prohibited and may result in immediate termination of the co-operation with the specific supplier. D.2 Disclosure of Information Suppliers must disclose information regarding their business activities, structure, financial situation and performance, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and prevailing industry practices. D.3 No Improper Advantage Suppliers shall not offer or accept bribes or other means of obtaining undue or improper advantage. D.4 Protection of Intellectual Property Suppliers shall respect intellectual property rights. Transfer of technology and know-how shall be done in a manner that protects intellectual property rights. 5) Definitions Abbreviations Word/ Phrase/ Abbreviation Definition - - 6) Related Documents Document Code Title Link Version: 1 Page 8 of 8


Britain is Europe's number one BBQ nation . In fact, it seems we Brits are now nuts about charcoal-based, al fresco dining – and fired up the BBQ on 115.3 million occasions last year – an 8.4% increase on 2015 .
What's more, BBQ-ing at home, along with at-home eating and entertaining is now the number one home leisure activity in summer – and two-thirds of all UK households now own a BBQ grill .
But, what will we all be eating as we fire up the BBQs during National BBQ Week 2017?
According to a recent newspaper article, research from retail analysts Kantar Worldpanel  suggests the old favourites still dominate, although burgers have re-invented themselves to overtake the humble sausage.
Indeed, burgers were the meat of choice in a third more barbecues in 2016, while sausages were left out of around 2.5 million BBQ meals over the same period. Chicken suffered the biggest fall, having been left out of around 6.3 million BBQs.
But our choices are not limited to those basic, if tasty, staples. According to the experts at National BBQ Week, US style "low and slow" cooking is becoming more popular – especially dishes like pulled pork – as are BBQ recipes from hot and spicy food regions like the Caribbean, North Africa, and Southern USA .
Fire up the BBQ This Week!
So, if the weather is kind – what better week to fire up the BBQ? Whether you stick to the burgers and sausages, or try out something a bit different, you won't be alone. The facts don't lie – families all across Britain will be tucking in .
If you're stuck for inspiration, fear not. According to TV chef, Simon Rimmer, lemon, olive oil, rosemary and garlic make a simple marinade that works well with virtually anything – chicken, fish, lamb, and pork .
National BBQ Week 2017 is also the perfect opportunity to support your local high street butcher. So, what are you waiting for? Get shopping! Get grilling!
Find out more about our butcher shop insurance.


text:
Should I Say "Okini" When in Osaka? 51 Ways to Say "Thank You" in Regional Japanese Dialects
Even those who aren't very familiar with the Japanese language may know that "arigatou" is how to say "thank you" in Japanese, and many visitors to Japan make an effort to use this term. More advanced learners might know that "arigatou gozaimasu" (or "arigatou gozaimashita" in the past tense) is how the Japanese say "thank you" while showing the proper level of formality and respect. But did you know that different regions of the country have different ways of expressing gratitude? In many regional dialects, the word for "thank you" is simply a modification of "arigatou," while others use an entirely different word, incomprehensible even to native Japanese speakers! If you're somewhere in Japan and want to say "thank you very much" in Japanese, give these variations a try – locals are sure to appreciate the gesture!
* Note that this is not an exhaustive list of all regional terms for "Thank you". Some regions may have multiple ways of expressing this, while other regions have none, instead simply saying "Arigatou".
The Standard: "Arigatou" or "Arigatou gozaimasu"
We'll start off with the regional terms that are close variations of the standard Japanese "arigatou" (casual) or "arigatou gozaimasu" (formal). Here's a prefecture-by-prefecture list:
dekitateyo / Shutterstock.com
Aichi: arigatou san
Chiba: angatou
Hiroshima: arigatou arimasu / arigatono
"Arigatou arimasu" is no longer very common, though it's still a familiar term to older generations.
Iwate: arigatou gansu
In Morioka City in Iwate Prefecture, what is "-desu" in standard Japanese changes to "-gansu" (basically equivalent to "to be"). "Soudesu yone" ("that's how it is") becomes "soude gansu nasu" in the dialect, while the negative "soudewa arimasen" ("that's not the case") becomes "soudena gansu". Then, "arigatou gansu" is a formal way of saying "arigatou".
Kagawa: arigatou de
Kagoshima: arigatou gozasu
Nagasaki: arigatou gozasu
Nagano, Okayama: arigatou gozansu
Saga: aigatou
Saitama: aigato na
Yamanashi: arigatou goisu
This is in Koshu-ben, the local dialect of Yamanashi Prefecture. Another way of expressing this politely would be "arigatai konde goisu", while a more casual expression is "wari janne." This is counterintuitive for those speaking standard Japanese, as "warui" generally means "bad" and is a casual way of apologizing (literally "my bad"); in this context, "warui" conveys "sorry for bothering you/causing you trouble."
"Okini": the Standard in the Kansai Region
WEI LING CHANG / Shutterstock.com
Next we'll move onto "okini," the standard way of saying "thank you" in the Kansai region (the region including Osaka and Kyoto). "Okini" means "greatly" or "extremely" ("okii" continues to mean "large" in standard Japanese), and in this context, "okini" is a way of emphasizing the message of gratitude ("okini arigatou gozaimasu").
Kyoto, Osaka, Nara, Shiga, Oita: okini
Hyogo: okini / arigatou omasu
Mie: okin na
Shizuoka: okini / okin naa
Wakayama: okini yo
Akita: ogi ni
Miyazaki: okin / aigato guwashita
Distinctive Regional Phrases
Toby Howard / Shutterstock.com
Aomori: arigatou gosu / meyagu da
Within Aomori Prefecture there are multiple words for "thank you" in use: for example, "meyagu da" is used in the Tsugaru region in the west. "Meyagu" is related to the standard Japanese "meiwaku", meaning "bother"; here too, the term "thank you" conveys the sense of "sorry to bother you."
Shimane, Ehime: dan dan
"Dan dan" conveys the sense of "once again" or "repeatedly", and the convention of saying "dan dan" to mean "thank you" originally conveyed "thank you once again."
Tottori: dan dan / yokoso
Elsewhere in Japanese, "yokoso" means "welcome." For English speakers, saying "you're welcome" to mean "thank you" is sure to be more than a little confusing!
Kumamoto: chou jou / dan dan
"Chou jou" is written with the characters for "stacked" and "tatami (straw mats)" and conveys the sense "once again" or "repeatedly." It's a more formal way of conveying gratitude.
Here, instead of saying "dan dan" by itself, it's often the case that "dan dan na -" is followed with further words.
Ishikawa: kinodokuna / anya to
"Kinodokuna" means "pitiful" or "unfortunate" in standard Japanese (literally "poison to the heart"). In Ishikawa Prefecture, it means "thank you" in the sense of "I've done you a disservice"; the term is also used in nearby Toyama and Fukui. It's often combined with the interjection "ara" (roughly "oh dear"), as in "ara, kinodokuna".
Fukui: kinodokuna / ouki nou
Gifu: kinodoku / utate-
Toyama: gochiso sama / kinodoku
Niigata: gochiso sama desu
Throughout the country, "gochiso sama desu" is said at the end of meals and roughly conveys the sense of "thank you for this feast" ("gochiso" = "feast"). In Niigata Prefecture, this term is used to say "thank you" in general; it's used particularly when you've received something from somebody and is a dear term for older generations.
Fukushima: taihen / shite moratte
Fukushima Prefecture has particularly interesting ways of saying "thank you." Throughout Japan, "Taihen" means "a hassle," "grave," as well as "very much," but in Fukushima it means "thank you." "Shite moratte" means "to have someone do something" (as in "I got my hair cut," "I had my car fixed," etc.), and this meaning has gradually morphed into "thank you."
Hokkaido: iya tasukatta
The precise meaning of "iya tasukatta" would be along the lines of "man, you've really helped me out here." It's used, unsurprisingly, when somebody's helped you out with something, and has come to be Hokkaido's way of saying "thank you." Even if the climate in Hokkaido is frigid, the locals' hearts are warm.
Miyagi: manzu domo ne
"Manzu" means "really" in Miyagi Prefecture, while "domo" is an informal way of saying "thanks" throughout the country – "manzu domo ne," then, translates to "thanks so much." In Miyagi, "domo ne" is a very common and versatile term that can also mean "see you later."
Tokushima, Kochi: tamaruka
In standard Japanese, "tamaruka" roughly means "I could never!" and has a negative meaning, but in Tokushima and Kochi, this is used to convey the feeling of gratitude.
Yamagata: oshoshi na
"Oshoshi na" can be found in the dialect of Yonezawa City in Yamagata Prefecture. It's said to come from the term "shoshi," meaning something silly or ridiculous, and the term is said to have originally been used to express bashfulness or embarrassment from a compliment (basically, "don't be ridiculous"). A formal way of expressing this would "oshoshi nashi," while a more casual way would be "oshoshi oshoshi," repeating the word twice.
Yamaguchi: taegatou gozaimasu
In most of Japan, "taegatai" means "unbearable" or "difficult to endure," but in Yamaguchi Prefecture, the term is meshed with the convention "arigatou gozaimasu" to produce "taegatou gozaimasu," a way of expressing gratitude.
Okinawa: nife de biru
Among the Okinawan languages, the version spoken in the main island of Okinawa is known to locals as Uchinaguchi. In Uchinaguchi, "arigatou gozaimasu" translates to "nife de biru": "arigatou" ("thank you") to "nife" and "gozaimasu" (the marker of formality) to "de biru." This phrase, then, is a rather more formal way of saying thanks, appropriate for those of higher seniority or strangers in general.
Of course, it is possible to simply say "arigatou" anywhere in the country, and it's not required to memorize the words in this article. But if you're out in Osaka, buying some takoyaki from a stand, why not go for a lighthearted "okini"? It's sure to help you better enjoy the Japanese experience.
Title image credit: dekitateyo / Shutterstock.com
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text:
package com.java110.fee.bmo.feeReceipt.impl;

import com.java110.dto.RoomDto;
import com.java110.dto.fee.FeeDto;
import com.java110.dto.feeReceipt.FeeReceiptDto;
import com.java110.dto.feeReceipt.FeeReceiptDtoNew;
import com.java110.dto.owner.OwnerCarDto;
import com.java110.dto.owner.OwnerRoomRelDto;
import com.java110.fee.bmo.feeReceipt.IGetFeeReceiptBMO;
import com.java110.intf.community.IRoomInnerServiceSMO;
import com.java110.intf.fee.IFeeReceiptInnerServiceSMO;
import com.java110.intf.user.IOwnerCarInnerServiceSMO;
import com.java110.intf.user.IOwnerRoomRelInnerServiceSMO;
import com.java110.vo.ResultVo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

@Service("getFeeReceiptBMOImpl")
public class GetFeeReceiptBMOImpl implements IGetFeeReceiptBMO {

    @Autowired
    private IFeeReceiptInnerServiceSMO feeReceiptInnerServiceSMOImpl;

    @Autowired
    private IOwnerCarInnerServiceSMO ownerCarInnerServiceSMOImpl;

    @Autowired
    private IOwnerRoomRelInnerServiceSMO ownerRoomRelInnerServiceSMOImpl;

    @Autowired
    private IRoomInnerServiceSMO roomInnerServiceSMOImpl;

    /**
     * @param feeReceiptDto
     * @return 订单服务能够接受的报文
     */
    public ResponseEntity<String> get(FeeReceiptDto feeReceiptDto) {

        int count = feeReceiptInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFeeReceiptsCount(feeReceiptDto);

        List<FeeReceiptDto> feeReceiptDtos = null;
        List<FeeReceiptDto> feeReceiptList = new ArrayList<>();
        if (count > 0) {
            feeReceiptDtos = feeReceiptInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFeeReceipts(feeReceiptDto);
            for (FeeReceiptDto feeReceipt : feeReceiptDtos) {
                feeReceipt.setStoreName(feeReceiptDto.getStoreName());
                feeReceiptList.add(feeReceipt);
            }
            //输入房屋信息
            freshRoomInfo(feeReceiptDtos);
        } else {
            feeReceiptDtos = new ArrayList<>();
            feeReceiptList.addAll(feeReceiptDtos);
        }

        ResultVo resultVo = new ResultVo((int) Math.ceil((double) count / (double) feeReceiptDto.getRow()), count, feeReceiptList);

        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = new ResponseEntity<String>(resultVo.toString(), HttpStatus.OK);

        return responseEntity;
    }

    /**
     * 刷入房屋信息
     *
     * @param feeReceiptDtos
     */
    private void freshRoomInfo(List<FeeReceiptDto> feeReceiptDtos) {

        for (FeeReceiptDto feeReceiptDto : feeReceiptDtos) {
            if (FeeDto.PAYER_OBJ_TYPE_ROOM.equals(feeReceiptDto.getObjType())) {
                feeReceiptDto.setRoomName(feeReceiptDto.getObjName());
                feeReceiptDto.setCarNum("-");
                continue;
            }

            doFreshRoomInfo(feeReceiptDto);
        }

    }

    /**
     * 车位信息刷入房屋信息
     *
     * @param feeReceiptDto
     */
    private void doFreshRoomInfo(FeeReceiptDto feeReceiptDto) {
        feeReceiptDto.setCarNum(feeReceiptDto.getObjName());
        OwnerCarDto ownerCarDto = new OwnerCarDto();
        ownerCarDto.setCarId(feeReceiptDto.getObjId());
        ownerCarDto.setCommunityId(feeReceiptDto.getCommunityId());
        List<OwnerCarDto> ownerCarDtos = ownerCarInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryOwnerCars(ownerCarDto);

        if (ownerCarDtos == null || ownerCarDtos.size() < 1) {
            feeReceiptDto.setRoomName("-");
            return;
        }
        OwnerRoomRelDto ownerRoomRelDto = new OwnerRoomRelDto();
        ownerRoomRelDto.setOwnerId(ownerCarDtos.get(0).getOwnerId());

        List<OwnerRoomRelDto> ownerRoomRelDtos = ownerRoomRelInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryOwnerRoomRels(ownerRoomRelDto);
        if (ownerRoomRelDtos == null || ownerRoomRelDtos.size() < 1) {
            feeReceiptDto.setRoomName("-");
            return;
        }

        List<String> roomIds = new ArrayList<>();
        for (OwnerRoomRelDto tOwnerRoomRelDto : ownerRoomRelDtos) {
            roomIds.add(tOwnerRoomRelDto.getRoomId());
        }

        RoomDto roomDto = new RoomDto();
        roomDto.setCommunityId(feeReceiptDto.getCommunityId());
        roomDto.setRoomIds(roomIds.toArray(new String[roomIds.size()]));
        List<RoomDto> roomDtos = roomInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryRooms(roomDto);
        String roomName = "";
        for (RoomDto tRoomDto : roomDtos) {
            roomName += (tRoomDto.getFloorNum() + "栋" + tRoomDto.getUnitNum() + "单元" + tRoomDto.getRoomNum() + "室" + "/");
        }

        roomName = roomName.endsWith("/") ? roomName.substring(0, roomName.length() - 1) : roomName;
        feeReceiptDto.setRoomName(roomName);
    }

    @Override
    public ResponseEntity<String> gets(FeeReceiptDtoNew feeReceiptDtonew) {
        FeeReceiptDto feeReceiptDto = new FeeReceiptDto();
        feeReceiptDto.setPage(feeReceiptDtonew.getPage());
        feeReceiptDto.setRow(feeReceiptDtonew.getRow());
        feeReceiptDto.setCommunityId(feeReceiptDtonew.getCommunityId());
        feeReceiptDto.setReceiptId(feeReceiptDtonew.getReceiptId());
        feeReceiptDto.setObjType(feeReceiptDto.getObjType());
        feeReceiptDto.setObjName(feeReceiptDto.getObjName());
        int count = feeReceiptInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFeeReceiptsCount(feeReceiptDto);

        List<FeeReceiptDtoNew> feeReceiptDtos = null;
        if (count > 0) {
            feeReceiptDtos = feeReceiptInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFeeReceiptsNew(feeReceiptDtonew);
        } else {
            feeReceiptDtos = new ArrayList<>();
        }

        ResultVo resultVo = new ResultVo((int) Math.ceil((double) count / (double) feeReceiptDto.getRow()), count, feeReceiptDtos);

        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = new ResponseEntity<String>(resultVo.toString(), HttpStatus.OK);

        return responseEntity;
    }
}


text:
A Change in Plans
Lingering concerns over wing cracks on some A-10s have caused the Air Force to modify its plans to send an A-10 unit to South Korea in March on a rotational deployment to relieve Army Apache attack helicopters there. Instead, the service will dispatch a contingent of 12 F-16s in their place, US Forces Korea said in a release Jan. 13. The decision to send the F-16s is "due to increased requirements for inspections and repairs to the A-10 fleet," USFK acknowledged. Remember, it was last October when the Air Force grounded a sizable portion of the A-10 fleet due to wing cracks on those airframes with comparatively thinner skinned wings. As of the end of last year, many of these A-10s had not been cleared to return to flight. Briefing reporters earlier this week, Lt. Gen. Norman Seip, commander of 12th Air Force and Air Forces Southern, said repairs on these A-10s should be complete by June. (AFPS report on his comments) USFK said the F-16s will arrive in South Korea before the Apaches depart to ensure "no gap in capability exists." USFK announced last November that the Apache unit, the 1-2 Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, would re-station to Ft. Carson, Colo., as part of a realignment of US forces on the Korean peninsula. (For more, read this Stars and Stripes report.)
DOD Grapples With Extremist Troops as Congress Urges Investigation
Virtual Events: USAFA Superintendent on Mitchell's 'Aerospace Nation,' and More
Air Force Comptroller to Step in as Acting Secretary After...
Guard to Send 21,000 Troops to D.C. for Inauguration
ABMS, Digital Engineering Decisions on Roper's Final To-Do List
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30 Years After Desert Storm: Jan. 19
In commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of Operation Desert Storm, Air Force Magazine is posting daily recollections from the six-week war, which expelled Iraq from occupied Kuwait.
Operation Desert Storm, the six-week conflict that redefined modern warfare and introduced elements such as stealth, large-scale use of precision weapons, and space support, began 30 years ago Sunday. The operation shaped the world's militaries, which underwent a "revolution in military affairs" in its aftermath.
The Pentagon is reckoning with the growing presence of ideological extremists in its ranks, especially white supremacists and militia members who target troops to bolster their organizations' credibility. A group of lawmakers on Jan. 14 called on the Defense Department to launch a "comprehensive" investigation into the problem. The issue…
On Jan. 21 at 11 a.m. EST, the Air Force Association's Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies will host USAFA Superintendent Lt. Gen. Richard M. Clark on the next installment of its "Aerospace Nation" series. Clark will share his insights into how the Academy is preparing cadets to face today's global…
30 Years After Desert Storm: Jan. 12-18
In commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of Operation Desert Storm, Air Force Magazine will post a daily recollection from the six-week war, which expelled Iraq from occupied Kuwait. This first post includes several days of events. Most future posts will just include a single day.
Air Force Comptroller to Step in as Acting Secretary After Inauguration
Air Force comptroller John P. Roth will temporarily take over as acting Air Force secretary before President-elect Joseph R. Biden names his pick to run the department, among a slew of other fiscal officials who will oversee their respective services. Defense News reported the information Jan. 14. The Biden team…
National Guard Bureau Chief Army Gen. Daniel R. Hokanson on Jan. 14 told government leaders to expect 21,000 Guard troops to be on the ground within the National Capital Region by Inauguration Day—an approximately threefold increase over the number of troops mobilized in Washington, D.C., as of Jan. 14. "Right…
Air Force acquisition boss Will Roper told reporters Jan. 14 he hopes to wrap up at least two final items in his last week on the job: signing a strategy to develop and buy a mini-internet for the military to use in flight, and finishing new guidance on digital engineering…
Secret Pacific Strategy Called for Stronger India to Counter China
The White House declassified its Indo-Pacific strategy on Jan. 13, revealing its hopes to bolster the military strength of India as a counter to China. It also aims to strengthen a "quadrilateral" alliance with Australia, India, and Japan to share advanced technology and protect democratic values in the region. National…


I have just received the book ...'Knives and Scabbards', an excellant book which documents medieval finds in London.
However, on page 11 it quotes (snip)......'the final stage of manufacture of shear and knife blades was the filing of the surfaces to remove traces of working and to create a smooth finish.....'....even goes on to describe file marks in the steel.
I didnt think that (steel?) files were invented until about the 19th century, so what is the book referring to when it mentions 'filing'?
I believe there have been files found in Viking Age tool hoards and I know that Theophilus mentions making and using files in On Divers Arts from the 1200's.
I'm pretty sure that steel / iron files go back at least as far as Ancient Rome.
Rough cut files really aren't too hard to make... you just need a strip of steel or iron and a chisel.
Thanks Johnathan...I didnt know that.
What sort of finish do you think these medieval knives would have been finished to?......The book describes what seems to be file marks on some blades (or could they be sharpening stone marks).
I s'pose the quality of finish depends on the maker, but do you think they took them past the file finish stage to what we know as a polished finish for working knives?.
I would like to try and duplicate one of these knives and am trying to get a feel for the final finish they would have had.
Files for sure date back to at least the Viking (migration) period. I saw several examples when the Smithsonian's North Atlantic Saga exhibit came to Los Angeles. Many of the files I saw look very much like modern Machine files.
Also the book 'Knives and Scabbards', is from the Museum of London. And I have yet to catch them in any sort of mistake. So if that work says file marks, I will believe they are file marks and not marks from grinding stones. Which means I would expect long linear lines it the finish of the blade.
I am hoping to visit some of these museums this summer so it will be interesting to see the knives in the 'flesh'.
One thing that strikes me is how narrow the blade widths are.
Well everything in that book is an archaeological find from the Themes River Valley. So I would venture a guess that most of those blades were deposited near the end of their useful life. I think you need to take wear and excessive sharpening into account when trying to determine the original size.
But these are for the most part working knives of the lower and middle classes. As such, metal would be a expensive commodity (whereas labor was not, so a small working knife could have a goodly amount of time put into it's crafting and decoration). So maybe they were as small as indicated.
When you are in London, the Museum of London( the source of the collection in this book) doesn't get a lot of coverage in the guide books. But it should be on your list of "must see" locations. Also be sure to hit the Wallace Collection (around the corner from Harrads department store). It's another great collection that gets short shrift in the guide books.
OAL 10 inches, selectively hardened 1095, left as a forge finish.
The handle is a 'whittle' style as described in the book (hidden tang), tang fits very snugly and two wedges have been used to help secure it.....this method works so well that I can see no gaps between tang and handle...I did use some epoxy for additional security and to help seal it.
The 'hilt band' is copper, handle is curly maple.
Need to make the sheath next.
1. (most important) Nice knife Kevin :D I love that blade shape.
Thanks Roger. I have been in contact with Frank who gave me some useful information. I hope to visit the Wallace Collection next month.
I just got the Viking Sword book, and one of the find descriptions mentions that a file was found in the same group as the sword. Also, the surface condition of many of the blades is excellent, I don't see any file marks on them at the scale of the photos. If it were my file finish, I would expect to see some still but they may have had a finer file than I have used (and they certainly were more skilled at filing too). So, I'm guessing that they were quite able to make a smooth finish whenever they felt like it, although maybe not a mirror polish. Then again, with no shortage of labor and extensive trade networks for supplies, they probably could do a mirror polish if they felt like it.
A slight change of subject, but I am reading a book titled Sarum........has anyone here read it?....I am really getting into it and am begining tp understand a bit more about the early history of England.......briefly, the book starts with early prehistoric man that travels south to find warmer weather and better hunting grounds and he eventualy settles in what today is Salisbury Plain ( subsequently his ancestors build Stonehenge).....I have just finished the Roman era and Saxons are now raiding villages along the South Coast...I think it finishes somewhere in the 17th century.....an excellant novel as it puts history into perspective.
Sharkskin has been used by primitive man to sand and polish with.
One method I have read about and used is to take a piece of leather, dampen it, and then dab it into various grits of sand and/or wood ash which will cling to the damp leather. You then use it just like sandpaper. I've used this method on both wood and metal and have achieved the equivalent of at least a 400 grit finish.
ya, Sarum is a very good book trailangel, so are the other books by that author, the one about London is wonderful.
I'm thinking some more, and guessing that scrapers and burnishers were probably used more than we would imagine as well. A burnishing rod would just look like a piece of scrap iron after it's buried for a while, not likely that it would be identified as anything other than part of a scrap hoard. It seems like the hook on a scraper edge would also be unlikely to preserve well enough to identify it as such. The fullers on Japanese swords are finished by burnishing, if I recall correctly, so it stands to reason that other cultures probably would have used the technique as well.
I agree.....the more I learn, the more I believe that they were more than capable of producing any finish they wanted.
I am sure there was the 'lower cost' farmers version that may have just been left as a forge finish as well as the upmarket polished version for the wealthy.
You were right.......I visited several of the museums in London last week and in the Museum of London there was an original Roman file on display.


text:
The Story Behind The Newsletter
CatePresentation, Reflections, WISE, women in computer sciencenewsletter, public speaking, technically speaking, women6 Comments
Credit: Wikipedia
When I decided to leave my corporate tech job, public speaking was part of The Plan. However I didn't really know where to begin. I built a talk from some of my more popular blogposts and started submitting it to CfPs I happened across. Luckily, I met up with Chiu-Ki on a trip to the valley, and mentioned it. She talked about her journey into public speaking, encouraged me, and on a practical level – started sending me CfPs.
As a result, we met in Copenhagen en route to Øredev, where we were both speaking (a CfP she had sent me, and encouraged me to apply to). And we talked about building your identity after leaving an insular environment, about how we had approached it, mistakes we had made, wins, and how we could potentially help other people – especially other women – do the same.
We opted for a mailing list, because we weren't keen on the idea of maintaining a static site and questioned the efficacy of a static site – people expect push notifications now, they rarely check, and because we liked the idea of a regular prompt in the inbox, reminding people that they have expertise to share, along with resources to make it seem more doable. Also I had finally noticed that newsletters were A Thing, everyone seemed to have one – except me.
For collaborative projects, I think there are two things that are important: a process, and your values.
We discussed and agreed on our values up front.
Whilst we had both done a lot of work to raise the profile of women, we didn't see any need to brand what we were doing as a thing "for women". We would brand it for everyone, and have a Secret Feminist Agenda.
Firstly, we would only share CfPs with a Code of Conduct. We believe that a Code of Conduct is necessary, but not sufficient. Not having one is a clear sign that the conference organisers are behind the times, don't value the safety of marginalised people – or worse, don't believe that is relevant.
Secondly, we would curate CfPs based on how they treat the speakers – we agreed that conferences should, at a minimum, cover travel.
Thirdly, at least half the content would be from women. This, to me, has been one of the most interesting aspects. Typically Chiu-Ki curates the CfPs and the inspiration, and I curate the link round up, so this falls more on me to check and balance. At first it was hard, but over time it has got much easier, to the point where sometimes I have to go looking for content from men to balance things out.
Note: whilst we actively look for content from other underrepresented groups we don't measure or have targets for this – maybe we should.
The consequences of The Secret Feminist Agenda have been fascinating, heartening, and also sad.
Men have not seemed to notice. They say, "I love your newsletter", comment on the need for such a thing.
Women notice. Some think it is a newsletter for women – it's not. Is it because it's written by two women? Because they are not used to something for everyone being relevant to them? Because they notice how much content by women is included? Because we talk about diversity?
I don't know. But what I think that we have shown – 6 months on – is that content in tech that considers women as important consumers, can still be branded as for, and be relevant to everyone.
Reaching Profitability – 7 Things I've Learned
6 thoughts on "The Story Behind The Newsletter"
catehstn says:
How @chiuki and I came to start @techspeakdigest – The Story Behind The Newsletter – http://t.co/ayZDklj9SW
kwugirl says:
RT @catehstn: How @chiuki and I came to start @techspeakdigest – The Story Behind The Newsletter – http://t.co/ayZDklj9SW
chiuki says:
osgOlivia says:
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