Sept. 11, 2018, 8:05 a.m.
OU Extended Campus boasts a long history of helping nontraditional students of all ages and from all walks of life reach their educational and professional goals. From working moms and single dads returning to school after a long hiatus to military personnel and young professionals seeking advanced degrees, our students have found richer lives through our programs.
OU Extended Campus aspires to be a leading global force in making our degrees and programs available to students and organizations around the world, transforming each person we touch through their learning experience.
But how do we do that? What do we strive to achieve on a daily basis to carry that out?
OU Extended Campus provides access to transformational, world-class University of Oklahoma degrees, certifications and programs for a diverse group of learners.
That mission includes three important words: access, transformation and world-class.
These expectations are not only met, but they're reflected by continually earning high rankings from U.S. News & World Report.
Just as important as what we do at OU Extended Campus is how we do it. Our core values are what drive us toward our mission.
We are STUDENT-CENTERED. Our students are fundamental to all we do, so every decision and action we make affects our students' learning experiences.
We are SERVICE-ORIENTED. We provide exceptional service for our students, clients and each other.
We are INCLUSIVE. We are strengthened through diversity, and we actively seek to embrace and learn from all.
We are QUALITY-DRIVEN. Students learn best when they are engaged, challenged and supported, and we seek to provide an optimal combination of those factors throughout all our program offerings.
We are INNOVATIVE. We constantly search for the most effective ways to serve and engage our unique student populations, and to do so, we encourage forward thinking, creativity and initiative.
We act and relate with INTEGRITY. We operate honestly, ethically, transparently and respectfully.
Whether you're a parent, a professional seeking a job advancement, a member of the military, someone just entering the workforce or a student seeking a degree while juggling any other life circumstance, we want you to succeed. When we fully embody our mission and core values, we're able to provide you with the tools you need to reach your goals.
Have you noticed OU Extended Campus implementing these core values? How has OU Extended Campus transformed your life? We want to know. Please share your experiences here.


New Delhi,April 22,2018 : Pramanit Foundation in its continuous endeavor to support the underprivileged children and Adults through good health and education started an E learning and Computer Hardware Training Centre with the installation of computers and equipment for the training of computer hardware at its Pramanit Charitable Library and Education Centre established at Rama Vihar New Delhi.The installation ceremony was attended by the community in large numbers in the presence of its area Councillor Jainendra Dabas .
The Councillor JainendraDabas expresses his willingness to promote this project in his areaand as usual ensure his support to Pramanit Foundation for the increase innumber if desired individuals for his endeavor of Adult and Child Literacy.
Thechairman of Pramanit Foundation Mr Brijesh Mathur states that we will do his bestefforts for making Everyone digitally sound for achieving the missionof Prime Minister Narendra Modi to make Digital India. He furtherstates that Pramanit Foundation will provide certified courses to the studentsso that they can earn their livelihood by getting good placements.
Thepresident of Rotary Club of Capital City New Delhi Ms Amrit Mohini Suri said that our club is always insupport of Pramanit Foundation and for the promotion of the centre our membershave donated computers also to make sure that our club will continues itseffort of improving the education of the underpriviledge and to make themindependent.
Rotarian NeerajDigani who has taken this pledge of training the desired persons withhis computer hardware training programme at the centre through his organisationwas feeling so excited for his new venture and committed himself to studentsover there for their development and growth .
XLRI to Host International Conference .


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Alberta company's perks earn it a spot on Canada's top employers list
Several Alberta-based businesses have made this year's list of top 100 Canadian companies to work for, including a pulp and paper mill north of Edmonton in Athabasca County. When you look at the list of perks Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries (Al-Pac) offers its employees, the accolade is not all that surprising. First of all, new hires at the company start at four weeks of vacation – plus an average of 12 "personal days" off each year. That means that as long as the rest of your team doesn't mind, a worker can go watch their child's game or recital, for instance.
Provincial minister turns down SRD's request for mediator in Campbell River pole peeler dispute
The province will not step in and appoint a mediator in a dispute between the city and residents of Duncan Bay Road over a pole peeler plant that moved into their neighbourhood last January. Residents of both Gordon Road and Duncan Bay Road spent the past winter, spring and summer protesting the industrial operation outside city hall, the Strathcona Regional District offices and the pole plant. …"I come to this decision for a number of reasons. Mediation requires an acceptance of involvement by the outside party from those who are directly involved in a dispute.
Raw log exports don't create jobs, they kill jobs
Letter by Bob Matters, chair Steelworkers Wood Council
Alberni Valley Times
…Surely Dave Peterson doesn't really think things are fine because we have a "process" for determining whether logs are "surplus to domestic needs?" He should be reminded that forest minister Steve Thompson has pretty much sabotaged that process by ignoring the recommendations of his own Timber Export Advisory Committee. A shortage of bids on logs doesn't mean that B.C. manufacturers don't need them. More exports mean fewer and fewer mills, fewer mills mean less demand, that means more log exports.
Vancity, West Fraser on top employers list
Vancouver companies ranging from Vancity to West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd. to Telus Corp. (TSX:T) have been named on Mediacorp Canada Inc.'s list of top 100 Canadian employers. …According to Mediacorp, employers were compared to other employers in their fields to determine which offers "the most progressive and forward-thinking programs."
Foundations nearly complete for new plant at Harmac
by Robert Barron
Nanaimo Daily News
The construction of the foundations for Harmac Pacific's new $45-million electrical-generation plant is almost completed and workers are expected to begin building the housing for the turbine in November. Harmac president Levi Sampson said the 25-megawatt plant should be completed and selling electricity to B.C. Hydro as scheduled by next summer.
Trades Training Centre May Not Go Ahead
HQ Prince George
BC's Jobs, Tourism, and Skills Training Minister is hinting the proposed trades training centre at the former Rustad mill site may no longer be in the cards. Work towards the joint venutre between Canfor and the Bid Group has gone quiet, at least publically. Meanwhile Pat Bell says an assessment is underway to see what post-secondary schools in the North require for facilities.
Resources still drive B.C.'s economy
By Don Cayo – B.C. Business Council report stresses need for government policies to recognize and support these industries
If the rest of the world continues to see British Columbians as hewers of wood and drawers of water, perhaps it's because they know something that many of us – especially those who too rarely stray from the Lower Mainland – don't always acknowledge. It's because, in our dealings with the rest of the world, that's precisely what we are, as a new report from the B.C. Business Council makes clear. And the council thinks we're likely to stay that way for a long time to come. …here has been a sharp drop in the relative importance of forest products, from nearly half the export economy (wood products at 32.2 per cent, plus pulp and paper at 17.6 per cent) in 2002 to a combined total of just over 30 per cent today.
Lumber mill fills third shift
Chronicle Journal
A third shift at Resolute Forest Products' Thunder Bay lumber mill could be up and running early in the new year, union officials say. "I think by the time they get everybody hired and trained they should be ready to go by then," Communications, Energy & Paperworkers union national rep Marvin Pupeza said Thursday. Resolute is to host a second hiring information session for the mill this morning at Thunder Bay's Slovak Legion following Thursday night's session at the same location.
Date Set for Skeena Sawmill Opening
Terrace Sawmill set to run at full capacity by November 5th
CFTK-TV Terrace
Skeena sawmill owners have set a deadline to have the plant up and running at full capacity. Roc Holdings management consultant Gian Sandhu says the plant has set the target of November 5th to have the plant fully operational. Until then, they plan to continue to train staff and test the equipment. Plant manager, Don Macdonald says they're currently testing two lines of log processing. "November 5th we'll have two lines running. We're running both lines now, checking optimization, throughput numbers, recovery numbers and sawing accuracy."
Weyerhaeuser Announces 13 Percent Dividend Increase
Weyerhaeuser Company today announced that its Board of Directors has authorized a 13% increase in the Company's regular quarterly cash dividend, from $0.15 per share to $0.17 per share. The dividend of $0.17 per share on the common stock of the corporation is payable November 30, 2012, to shareholders of record at the close of business November 9, 2012. "The Board is pleased to take this action," said Chuck Williamson, Chairman of the Board.
Disney breaks ties with paper makers over Indonesian rainforest concerns
Environmentalists campaigning to prevent the wholesale destruction of the Indonesian rainforest scored a major victory on Wednesday after coaxing the Walt Disney company, one of the world's largest publishers of children's books, to revamp its paper purchasing policies and sever ties with two of Asia's most controversial pulp and paper manufacturers. After two years of occasionally testy exchanges and intense negotiation with the Rainforest Action Network (Ran), a San Francisco-based advocacy group, Disney agreed in a new written policy to do everything it could to safeguard endangered forests and their ecosystems, which support the sorts of animals celebrated in Disney feature films and their multimedia spinoffs.
International Paper Hikes Dividend
nternational Paper hiked its quarterly dividend by 14% to 30 cents per share from the previous 26.25 cents. The increased dividend will be paid on December 17, 2012, to shareholders of record on November 15, 2012. In addition, International Paper declared a regular quarterly dividend of $1.00 per share for the period from October 1, 2012, to December 31, 2012, on the cumulative $4.00 preferred stock of the company. This dividend will also be paid on December 17, 2012, to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 15, 2012.
Potential buyers for Gunns assets
The administrators of Gunns are negotiating with potential buyers of the timber company's assets. …Administrator Daniel Bryant from PPB Advisory says he can not reveal who may be interested in restructuring the business. He says the talks are in their early stages. "There's been a number of parties which were in dialogue with management of Gunns pre-appointment," he said.
Strong Demand for Red and White Oak Hardwood Flooring
Many hardwood industry contacts voiced unease and worry about the future in conversations last week. However, present business conditions were not that bad. Some sawmills and concentration yards have experienced slower kiln-dried lumber sales in recent weeks, but many more have reported steady sales. Green mills had ready markets for most items. …Concentration yards had steady sales and most had plenty of lumber, with only poplar hard to find. Distribution yards in most areas reported flat sales, with their inventories also in good shape, albeit at much lower levels than in the past.
Group Fights Hardwood Plywood Antidumping
PORTLAND, OR— Protesting the hardwood plywood antidumping petition, a group of U.S. companies has formed the American Alliance of Hardwood Plywood (AAHP) to ensure the availability of the "unique" plywood product imported from China. The AAHP says the hardwood plywood product manufactured in China uses thinner veneer than that which is manufactured in the United States. Hardwood plywood is used in a variety of products including furniture, cabinetry and components. AAHP is comprised American importers, distributors, manufacturers and retailers, with Greg Simon of Far East American and Gregg Wilkinson of Liberty Woods International listed as co-chairs of the coalition.
The American Alliance for Hardwood Plywood warns of proposed tariffs on Chinese plywood imports from Lesprom
Nekoosa Nekoosa launches carbonless paper with antimicrobial protection
Pulp and Paper News
Nekoosa Coated Products' creates the world's first antimicrobial carbonless paper by adding Biomaster® silver ion technology, a non-toxic, naturally occurring antimicrobial technology to protect against the spreading of bacteria. "As the cost of health care continues to rise, more and more antimicrobial treated products are offered to protect against non-pathogenic bacteria, producing cleaner product surfaces. For the first time, Nekoosa Coated Products brings a superior level of product protection to carbonless and copy paper products," says Charlie Matthews of BiomasterUSA, LLC, the manufacturer of Biomaster®.
Budworm 'death by a thousand cuts'
Kamloops Daily News
A defoliating forest insect is building "almost in a circle around us," threatening both logging values and backyard trees, a provincial entomologist based in Kamloops said Friday. While analysis is not yet complete, Lorraine MacLauchlan said there is evidence of rising Western budworm attack on fir trees close to the city. "If you drive over the Coquihalla you get a sense – it's severe… You walk into stands," she said. "You see defoliation and there's moths everywhere." …Unlike pine beetle, however, there is an effective way to reduce building populations.
???BEYOND THE BEETLE: A mid-term timber supply action plan HFHC Coordinator response
The recently released Mid-Term Timber Supply Action Plan by the Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (MFLNRO) is disappointing at best and sends a clear message of defensiveness. …The limited Terms of Reference of the Committee prevented innovative recommendations related to key issues regarding the future of BC forests identified by experts and communities through the Healthy Forests-Healthy Communities (HFHC) initiative. However, the response by the MFLNRO further marginalized priority actions to move towards a desired future forest.
Change to permits for cutting timber from community forests will help harvest initiatives
Campbell River Courier-Islander
The B.C. government is introducing a single cutting permit procedure to make it easier for local governments, First Nations and other non-commercial organizations throughout the province to harvest timber from community forests. …The streamlined process supports the government's forest sector strategy commitments to improve access to forest tenures for a range of users and identify and pursue community forest agreement opportunities
Province to halt logging in Castle after completion of Spray Lakes project
Pincher Creek Echo
Those protesting the logging operations of Spray Lakes Sawmills near Beaver Mines, Alberta will be able to have their say during upcoming consultations on the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan (SSRP), and they will be able to do so knowing that the current timber harvest will be the last one approved in the Castle Special Management Area while the SSRP is being developed. Duncan MacDonnell, Public Affairs Officer for Alberta Sustainable Resources, said that the logging project that has currently been approved will be permitted to finish but after that, the Castle Special Management Area will be put on hold while everyone is given an opportunity to have their say.
Group aims to protect eagles' night roost
by Mark Hume
A small grove of timber in the Fraser Valley used as a night roost by flocks of eagles has long been a secret known only to a few people in British Columbia. But now an environmental group, the Ancient Forest Alliance, and a landowner who has property adjacent to the roosting trees are working together to publicize the area, in the hopes of saving it from logging. …Mr. Ben-Oliel said a Ministry of Forests land use plan under study for the Fraser Valley sets aside part of the old-growth timber around Echo Lake, but would allow a swath of trees that the eagles perch in at night to be logged. …Why not save this little place.…Why not leave this as the place they sleep?" he asked.
Dry Cowichan a grim warning
…A weir at Lake Cowichan, managed by the Forest Ministry, controls water flow into the river, under a water licence held by Catalyst Paper…..For the past decade, according to groups who work on protecting the river, the ministry has done just that, providing a needed reserve. But this year, the Forests Ministry said that the licence rules prohibit the practice. …It's also disappointing that no one in government – not Thomson or any official – has been prepared to answer questions about the decision.
A River nearly ran dry: Anger grows over lack of action on BC water levels from the Victoria Times Colonist
Halifax man slams NDP clearcut policy with billboard
A Halifax man has bought a billboard on Barrington Street calling the provincial forest policies "shameful." Jamie Simpson, who has a masters of science in forestry, said Nova Scotia's woods are not being protected. His major concern is the NDP's definition of a clearcut. "They had a real opportunity to give a real solid definition of what a clearcut is and to set a real goal to work towards reducing clear cutting. Instead they've created a definition so narrow you really have to create a moonscape before it falls with within their definition," he said.
Perry demands legislative protection for Plan B old growth forests
Atlantic Farm Focus
[Charlottetown, PEI]- Tory forestry critic Hal Perry is calling upon Forestry Minister George Webster to take immediate action to place Plan B forest lands under Legislative protection. "Last week, Minister Webster during National Forest Week stressed the importance of our forests yet has done nothing to protect the sensitive forest areas which will be destroyed by Plan B," said Perry. "It is completely hypocritical." Perry added the project area is an undeveloped, ecologically unique habitat with old growth forest including hemlocks, ravines, streams and many species of plants and wildlife.
Climate change, aging forests and wildfires
In the Oct. 8 news article "Burning through wildfire budgets," forestry experts and environmental groups referred to the method that Congress uses to determine funding levels to battle wildfires as "inadequate at a time when climate change is causing longer periods of dryness and drought." … The challenges we face with climate change will pale in comparison with the threat of catastrophic wildfires if poor management continues, and that is a destined result with a Forest Service that's forced to act more as firefighter than forest manager.
Sudden Oak Tree Epidemic Threatens North Peninsula
Patch.com
Sudden Oak Death, a disease that can destroy oak and tanoak trees in California, has reached "epidemic" proportions in some parts of the East Bay and the Peninsula and prevention efforts against further infestation are "urgently needed," according to an environmental task force. Surveys of California Bay Laurel trees in selected Bay Area cities, conducted by the University of California at Berkeley and volunteers, show that the pathogen that triggers the disease has spread rapidly in the western East Bay area and the North Peninsula, where "a staggering 48 percent" of bay laurel trees tested in the Burlingame Hills were infected, according to the California Oak Mortality Task Force.
Sudden Oak Death, Tree Pathogen, Rapidly Killing Northern California Forests from the Huffington Post
Federal judge sides with BLM on Cottonwood timber sale
MEDFORD — A federal judge denied a request for a preliminary injunction to halt a U.S. Bureau of Land Management timber sale in southern Oregon. The BLM wants to harvest 3.2 million board feet of timber from the Cottonwood timber sale in the Jenny Creek watershed between Highway 66 and the Howard Prairie Lake east of Ashland. U.S. District Court Judge Owen Panner ruled Tuesday that plaintiffs did not prove the public interest favors injunctive relief.
UM Foresters' Ball seeks volunteers' help with pole run this Saturday
The Missoulian
…In all three cases, a little help was involved. On Saturday, anyone interested in a coniferous invasion of Schreiber Gym can volunteer to help with the Foresters' Ball pole run. …The student-run, two-day dance and fundraiser doesn't take place until March 22, 2013. But its 1880s-style log cabins and pavilions require at least 400 tree trunks to construct, so the crews start early. The work also helps the university's forest managers do some groundskeeping. Most of the trees cut are standing beetle-kill, while others are part of a thinning effort to improve the health of other trees.
Ruidoso committee continues to review forest waste rules
Ruidoso News
Members of the Ruidoso Forestry Working Committee keep edging closer to some specific recommendations for changes to the village's forest management rules and a fee structure. But they also heard during a meeting last week that the prospect of using woody material cut from lots in the community to generate power looks unlikely, because of an uncertain sufficient future stream of fuel and a relatively small energy product output. Forestry Director Dick Cooke of the forest utilization subcommittee was told to continue refining his recommendations to present to the full committee in November when finance subcommittee members also are expected to share their recommendations.
Forest health plan to be discussed
Shoshone News Press
Forest Service officials will be on hand at the end of this month to discuss a proposed 28,000 acre forest health plan, which is in the early scoping phase. The area stretches from the Beaver Creek drainage over King Hill to the Prichard Creek drainage area, said Shoshone County Commissioner Vince Rinaldi, who met with fellow commissioners and Forest Service officials Tuesday afternoon to discuss the project. Everyone agrees the area has a huge, catastrophic fire potential, he said.
Another signatory returns to peace talks
Timber Communities Australia has lifted its suspension from Tasmania's forest peace talks. The group left the negotiations with environmentalists last month over the State Government's plan to restructure Forestry Tasmania. Its return to the table comes with conditions. The group's Jim Adams says a peace deal must be struck by the end of the month.
Sri Lanka forestry program expanded by Australia
Lanka Business Online
A community based program to increase forest cover in Sri Lanka's dry zone and support small farmers has been launched by Australia and the United National Development Program. … Sri Lanka's forestry department with Australian support had done a pilot program from 2003 to 2008 in 55 areas in Anuradapura, Kurunegala, Matale, Monaragala and Puttalam. The pilot had regenerated of 11,000 hectares of forest and increased the monthly income of beneficiaries by almost 100 per cent.
Greens to grow missing trees
The ACT Greens have made an election pledge to boost the number of trees in Canberra. The party would set-up a $4 million Urban Tree Trust to ensure more trees are grown and planted in urban areas of Canberra. Greens spokeswoman Caroline Le Couteur says work by Territory and Municipal Services looking after urban trees is underfunded by millions. "That money will be set aside to be spent when the seasons are right," she said.
Industry group snubs forestry peace talks
An industry group involved in the Tasmanian forest peace talks has confirmed it will not take part in negotiations which are set to resume next week. The Australian Forest Products Association suspended its involvement in the talks a month ago over concerns about the future of Forestry Tasmania. The association wants the State Government to guarantee the existence of a single, independent management authority to maintain wood production forests.
Tree replanting essential to Calgary's urban forest (with video)
Calgary City blog
Planting trees helps build communities is a mantra Calgarians truly believe in and maintaining and sustaining the health of Calgary's urban forest is a key environmental priority for The City. That's why City of Calgary Parks is in the process of planting 366 trees across the city as part of its Poplar Lifecycle and Species Diversity Project. … "For every one tree removed, two are being planted. Where possible, shade trees such as oak, ash or elm are replacing poplars," says Spence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tuesday, 16 July 20:51 (GMT -05:00)
Russia's Dangerous for USA, FBI Director Comey Says
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation James Comey assumes that Russia is one the biggest threats for the United States. Russia is put in the same line together with China, Iran, and North Korea.
At the same time, he underlines that today's threats are slightly different from those seen 30 years ago. First of all, he says that such powers as China and Russia create a lot of dangers in the field of cyber security. Moreover, he believes that their governments not only avoid prosecute local hackers, but they also spur hacker activities and even hire them to do some dirty jobs. On top of that, he believes that those counties are involved in stealing money and technologies, intervening into the internal affairs of other countries, both small and vulnerable and even powerful ones.
Europe Is getting Ready for Euro Disintegration, Stratfor Reports
This is going to be a decisive year for the entire European union and the Eurozone. Starting from the next month and through September 2017, we are going to see a series of elections in France, Germany and the Netherlands. International experts say that those elections will decide the future of the common European currency as we know it. By the way, Italy may also hold a similar election in late 2017.
Dialog between Washington and Moscow Turns into a Clash of Ambitions
According to some political observers, both Russian and American politicians are ambitious, which is why the dialog between them is gradually getting harder to maintain.
More and more Western experts say or imply the word "crisis" when talking about the relations between the United States and Russia. They say that the key reason for this is the fact that the Kremlin treats some of the regions in Eastern Europe as those included in Russia's area of influence while the Western world wants to see those regions as emerging Western-style democracies. This is the very contradiction that leads the sides to confronting each other.
Trump Starts a New Arms Race with Russia
More and more experts say that president Trump nearly destroyed the Russian economy by starting a new arms race.
For those of you who don't know, in late February 2017, Donald Trump announced his decision to increase the defense budget by 10% next year. However, this wasn't an unexpected decision since Donald Trump had mentioned the necessity to boost defense spending a number of times, even when making his election pledges as a candidate.
No Big US-Russia Deal, Ukrainian Minister Klimkin Says
So far, Ukrainian Minister of External Affairs Pavel Klimkin has been spending most of the time abroad, including Washington, New York, Munich and other Western cities. Over the last couple of weeks, he managed to participate in a number of meetings.
While the entire world is watching President Trump still making his first steps in big politics, the European Union is getting ready for elections in several EU member states. Apparently, the Western world is not focused on Ukraine now as it used to be a couple of months ago. That's why the minister is travelling around Europe and the USA trying to explain the pain that Ukraine has been suffering from over the last couple of years.
Publication date: 06 March 11:38 PM
Don't Mess With America! USA's Military Power Will Be Reinforced, Trump Says
President Trump is planning to seriously expand the budget spending on defense while upgrading the U.S. Army and Navy in order to stay the world's biggest military force. Donald Trump is sure than after the USA has regained its strength, nobody will want to mess with America. By the way, Donald trump believes in peace through force.
US-Russia Deal at the Expense of Ukraine Will be a Strategic Mistake, Vershbow Says
Since Donald Trump was elected President of the United States, the international community has been discussing the possibility of a big deal between Moscow and Washington, with the USA betraying Ukraine and giving it to Russia. In reality international experts can hardly believe that this can happen. Alexander Vershbow, former Deputy Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, shares this standpoint.
Trump's Impeachment Gets More Probable
Several political observers are inclined to think that the possibility pf impeachment for Donald Trump is growing. There is nothing to be surprised about since a coalition of secret services, American establishment and mass media has been working on getting Donald Trump out of the White House.
Kremlin Goes Hysterical on Failed Expectations Related to Trump
According to a famous Russian political scientist and observer Andrey Piotrovskiy, the Kremlin's reaction to Donald Trump's recent unexpected moves is more like hysteria. To be more specific, after a short pause, Russia has become hostile to the USA once again.
Putin Gets a Psychological Dossier on Trump
They say that during the preparation for the first meeting between Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump, the former got a psychological dossier on the latter. They say getting ready for this kind of meeting and talks is common practice, but a dossier is something extraordinary.
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'AP set to allot 2,720 acres to DRDO for missile project'
October 2, 2015 by sana
Vijayawada, Oct 1: The Andhra Pradesh cabinet, which met here under the chairmanship of Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu, decided to allot 2,720 acres of land near Orvakallu in Kurnool district for DRDO's missile testing project.
The cabinet also decided to allot 1,965 acres of land to build a naval base at Rayavaram village in Visakhapatnam district, AP Minister for Information and Public Relations Palle Raghunatha Reddy told reporters.
He said that the cabinet also decided to issue ration cards to all eligible applicants from November 1 to sanction ration and LPG connections under the 'Deepam' scheme. The cabinet has decided to grant nativity status to people who shift from Telangana to Andhra Pradesh before June 2, 2017, he said.
He further said that the AP government has decided to reduce VAT on shipping to transform AP coast into a shipping and logistics hub. VAT will be reduced from 22.5 per cent to 0.5 per cent on international shipping and from 22.5 per cent to 5 per cent on national shipping transactions, he said.
The AP cabinet has also decided to raise forest cover of the state from 24 per cent to 40 per cent by 2020, by encouraging people to plant 15 crore saplings a year, he said.
Categories Andhra Pradesh, News Tags Andhar pradesh, Defence.ArmsFunds, DRDO, Missile, Project, weapons
US military says Russia not hitting IS targets in Syria
Hardik claims sedition charges can't be slapped on him


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We Are The Future Summit
We Are The Future Summit will be held on April 27, 2023 as a one-day live summit, powered by Minority Millennials and City & State NY
By Minority Millennials, Inc.
Thu, April 27, 2023, 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM EDT
David S. Mack Sports and Exhibition Complex - Hofstra University 245 North Hofstra Avenue Hempstead, NY 11549
We Are The Future Summit will be held on April 27, 2023 as a one-day live summit, powered by Minority Millennials and City & State NY held in person at Hofstra University's David S Mack Arena for the whole region to attend. The live programming for attendees will consist of live groundbreaking sessions and leadership insights from the emerging wave of diverse thought leaders, keynote presentations by notable corporate, nonprofit, and government executives, lunch, and an exciting networking cocktail reception.
We are uniting creative leaders from across the New York Metropolitan areas, focused on supporting next generation talent, entrepreneurs, emerging leaders, executives, and government leaders.
Things to do in East Garden City, NY
East Garden City Conferences
East Garden City Government Conferences
#hofstra
#earnyourleisure
#minoritymillennials
#cityandstate
Browse Hempstead Events


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Q: Just need a simple if ... else statement to work just trying to get a simple if ... else statement to work. Initially, we were given:
<?php
$IntVariable = 75;
($IntVariable > 100) ? $Result = '$IntVariable is
greater than 100'
: $Result = '$IntVariable is less than or equal
to 100';
echo "
$Result
";
?>

That needs to be turned into an if ... else statement. So far, I've written:
<?php
$IntVariable = 75;
if ($IntVariable > 100) {
    $Result = '$IntVariable is greater than 100';
    }
    else {
    $Result = '$IntVariable is less than or equal to 100';
    }
    else {
    echo "
$Result
";
}
?>

I'm really new to PHP so I may be missing something really simple...

A: Why an else again to echo $result
if you have many conditions you can use else if .. otherwise give else
<?php
$IntVariable = 75;
if ($IntVariable > 100) {
    $Result = '$IntVariable is greater than 100';
    }
    else {
    $Result = '$IntVariable is less than or equal to 100';
    }
        echo "
$Result
";

?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When Juan Pinto gets in line at the movie theater, he takes out his phone and trades just enough bitcoin for Venezuelan bolivars to pay for the ticket by the time he gets to the counter. Pinto lives in Venezuela, but doesn't keep any of his money in the national currency. The 29-year-old quit his job as a mechanical engineer to dedicate his life to cryptocurrency three years ago, when he says he "fell in love with the technology." Venezuela's crumbling economy played a part as well. "Being a Venezuelan and living in the situation that I'm in, I was more willing to take some risks," he tells me over Skype.
In the US, bitcoin is primarily a speculative investment, whose soaring price has been compared to a bubble. But in Venezuela, where inflation topped 2,616 percent last year, cryptocurrency is a way around restrictions on holding foreign currency, and in some cases, a means of survival. That's made Venezuela an interesting laboratory for cryptocurrency serving as both a real currency and a viable means of storing value. As the government prints more bolivars, their value plummets; the government recently released a 100,000-bolivar note, currently worth less than 50 US cents at the black-market rate. Bitcoin holders, by contrast, have something most people don't: a currency that's worth something.
The national currency, officially called the "strong bolivar," has lost 98 percent of its value against the dollar at the black-market rate in the last year, and the International Monetary Fund predicts that the country's economy will shrink by 15 percent in 2018. Even President Nicolás Maduro's government seemed to have lost confidence in the bolivar when last month it introduced a cryptocurrency of its own, the "petro." Maduro says his digital money is backed by the country's natural resources such as oil, gold, and diamonds.
The petro may be novel—a digital token centrally controlled by a government is ideologically at odds with the original idea for cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin relies on a ledger, called a blockchain, stored on millions of computers. By design, the currency, created in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, is not owned or controlled by any single person, company, or government. Many Venezuelans who have turned to bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in recent years have done so precisely because their government has nothing to do with it.
"Being a Venezuelan and living in the situation that I'm in, I was more willing to take some risks."
Pinto started earning bitcoin in 2015 by mining it from his home, meaning his personal computer was continuously running software that works to solve complex math problems, which over time earns you fractions of the digital money. He still has six mining machines but he's shipped them all to a business partner in China, for safety reasons.
The low cost of electricity in Venezuela makes the socialist country one of the most popular places to operate the energy-guzzling mining computers, but it's also one of the most dangerous places to do so. Mining bitcoin from home is an easy way to earn extra money in Venezuela, but Pinto says that it also puts a target on your front door. Maduro's government, which controls the electric utilities, has gotten hip to what exorbitant energy use in a single residence means. Authorities with information on energy use show up at homes and either confiscate the machines or extort the miners, and sometimes arrest and detain them as well. Pinto says he's heard too many stories like this, and that for him, mining inside Venezuela is not worth it.
One Caracas software developer, who did not want to be named for security reasons, mines cryptocurrencies on five machines that he's installed in the homes of five different friends. On average, the coins he's mining yield a value of $300 to $500 per machine each month. He and other clever miners in Venezuela spread out their machines so there's no detectable increase in their electricity use.
Some of the homes that host the developer's machines are empty because the owners have fled the country. The homeowners collect up to 30 percent of the developer's earnings, and the machines record electricity use, making it less likely their home, and belongings, will be seen as abandoned. In other words, mining in excess can put you at risk, but mining just the right amount can protect your home, and your possessions, from being stolen.
The developer says he has a good salary that he's able to live on in Venezuela, so he says he no longer exchanges any of his cryptocurrency for bolivars. He's holding on to his digital coins as investments. If he ever decides to emigrate, he won't have to open a new bank account or send wire transfers to access his savings of cryptocurrencies.
John Villar is a computer engineer who lives in Caracas with his wife and three kids. In 2013 he realized that the fraction of a bitcoin he had mined two years earlier, just for fun, was worth $100. "With $100 you can live for a month like a king in Venezuela," Villar laughs. He says he spends just $50 on groceries each month to feed his family of five.
Villar stopped mining about a year ago for the same reason that Pinto shipped his machines to China: He doesn't want to live in fear. Now most of his income comes from "bounties," solving complex coding bugs for companies such as Counterparty, which use blockchain technology. The first coder to fix the bug earns the bounty. He says he will collect 500 Counterparty tokens, worth roughly $6,500 at the moment, for his most recent code fix.
Villar lives very well by current Venezuelan standards, but says that much of his earnings go toward buying and shipping medicines for his wife, who has multiple sclerosis. Her medications haven't been available in Venezuela for two years. In order to get those and other household supplies, Villar sells bitcoin for US dollars, buys the products online, and ships them to a company in the US that provides door-to-door delivery to his home in Venezuela.
Another Venezuelan, who works in the creative industry, entered the bitcoin economy in March 2017 when a client asked to pay in bitcoin. One bitcoin was worth around $1,000 then; it has since soared to roughly $8,500, making that project even more lucrative. Since then, this man has accepted payment on two other projects in bitcoin and started buying other cryptocurrencies and trading them in search of profits. But he doesn't widely advertise that he accepts bitcoin because he doesn't want people to know that he has some, again, for security reasons.
The creative worker was in his office in Caracas when I asked him what he thought the future held for the Venezuelan economy. He told me that from his desk he can see the street below, where people frequently rummage through the garbage for food; it's rare, he says, to find a trash bag in the city that hasn't been ripped open.
People with jobs that pay them in US dollars or other foreign or cryptocurrencies live in a different reality than those who are paid in bolivars.
Bitcoin holders have something most people don't: a currency that's worth something.
Pinto says he feels bad for people earning bolivars and trying to make ends meet, "I hear people complaining everytime I go to a grocery store or a restaurant about the prices like, 'No, it's impossible,' about a meal that is $4, and that's not a lot, but in Venezuela $4 is a lot of money." The minimum wage in the country is currently hovering around $5 per month.
The site Pinto uses to instantly exchange bitcoin for bolivars is called LocalBitcoins, where buyers and sellers meet and negotiate their own exchange rate. That's convenient in a country where the local currency's value changes nearly every day.
Pinto started a business called Dr. Miner where he charges a one-time fee to install a single mining computer in a home. The owner doesn't need to know anything about cryptography or even mining; the software runs on the machine and the owner can earn from $200 to $900 per month, he says. The machines generally cost $100 to $300.
Of his friends and family, Pinto says only about 10 percent are still in Venezuela. Most with the means to do so have left the country. His entire family is in Spain and he tells me that he will probably go there soon too. But for now he, like others who've stayed, must manage his family's assets, and this too he is facilitating with cryptocurrency. When he discovered that a prospective renter for his father's apartment in Caracas also had bitcoin, they agreed the renter would pay half of the deposit (six months rent) in bitcoin. After agreeing on the deal, the renter sent Pinto the bitcoin; Pinto then transferred it to his brother in Madrid, and his brother sold it on LocalBitcoins for euros. Pinto's father had the rent money in his Spanish bank account within the hour, avoiding delays and fees of an international wire transfer.
The appeal of cryptocurrency in a sick country such as Venezuela is obvious, it takes away the need to trust the government and the banks, and puts some control in the hands of people living in a place of chaos. For now, bitcoin is mostly accessible to Venezuela's middle and upper class, those with college degrees and often multiple passports or access to bank accounts outside of the country. But necessity is the mother of innovation, and perhaps, unlike most prior technological inventions, bitcoin will be driven into the mainstream by economies that are failing rather than thriving.
Despite last year's rapid rise in bitcoin's value, weakness in its underlying technology could crimp its long-term viability.
Read this epic tale of a man who forgot his PIN, and lost $30,000 in bitcoin.
Bitcoin mining consumes more electricity than the nation of Serbia; it could soon surpass US electricity consumption.
Mark Frauenfelder saved 7.4 bitcoins on a Trezor electronic vault then he lost the passcode. Here he hacks the device to unlocks his funds.


text:
Here's the trailer for Leatherheads. It stars George Clooney, so we're already fans of the film.
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Theatrical trailer for You Again, starring Kristen Bell, Sigourney Weaver, Betty White, Jamie Lee Curtis and Kristin Chenoweth.
American Hustle Clip: You Have No Choice
Bradley Cooper tells Christian Bale he has no choice in the latest clip from American Hustle. The film is the latest from David O. Russell.
Wolfman Cast Interviews
ShockTillYouDrop.com's Ryan Rotten interviews the cast of The Wolfman.
Jim Carrey at MTV Movie Awards
Jim Carrey channels Jim Morrison at the MTV Movie Awards.
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The first five minutes of the thriller The Disappearance of Alice Creed, starring Gemma Arterton.
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Behind the scenes video features the Pied Piper and the making of Shrek Forever After's dance sequences.
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Panic Attack!
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Displaying videos 73 - 84 of 1398 in total


text:
Photographic Lenses Tutorial
[ Usenet FAQs | Web FAQs | Documents | RFC Index | Counties ]
Archive-name: rec-photo/lenses/tutorial
Last-modified 1996/10/26
Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!thetimes.pixel.kodak.com!news.kodak.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-pen-16.sprintlink.net!news.nevada.edu!lazy.cs.unlv.edu!news.wizvax.net!usenet.logical.net!news.mathworks.com!howland.erols.net!usc!sdd.hp.com!col.hp.com!cello.hpl.hp.com!news
From: jacobson@cello.hpl.hp.com (David Jacobson)
Newsgroups: rec.photo.moderated,rec.answers,news.answers
Subject: Photographic Lenses Tutorial
Supersedes: <5jhcv5$ng7@cello.hpl.hp.com>
Followup-To: rec.photo.moderated
Date: 21 May 1997 11:01:03 -0700
Organization: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
Expires: 22 June 1997 06:00:00 GMT
Message-ID: <5lvd8v$r5i@cello.hpl.hp.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cello.hpl.hp.com
Summary: This posting contains a summary of optical facts for photographers.
It is more detailed that a FAQ file, but less so than a text book.
It covers focusing, apertures, bellows correction, depth of field,
hyperfocal distance, diffraction, the Modulation Transfer
Function and illumination.
Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu rec.photo.moderated:1201 rec.answers:30897 news.answers:103138
Lens Tutorial
by David M. Jacobson
jacobson@hpl.hp.com
Revised October 26, 1996
This note gives a tutorial on lenses and gives some common lens
formulas.  I attempted to make it between an FAQ (just simple facts)
and a textbook.  I generally give the starting point of an idea, and
then skip to the results, leaving out all the algebra.  If any part of
it is too detailed, just skip ahead to the result and go on.
It is in 6 parts.  The first gives formulas relating object (subject)
and image distances and magnification, the second discusses f-stops,
the third discusses depth of field, the fourth part discusses
diffraction, the fifth part discusses the Modulation Transfer
Function, and the sixth illumination.  The sixth part is authored by
John Bercovitz.  Sometime in the future I will edit it to have all
parts use consistent notation and format.
The theory is simplified to that for lenses with the same medium (eg
air) front and rear: the theory for underwater or oil immersion lenses
is a bit more complicated.
Object distance, image distance, and magnification
Throughout this article we use the word "object" to mean the thing of
which an image is being made.  It is loosely equivalent to the word
"subject" as used by photographers.
In lens formulas it is convenient to measure distances from a set of
points called "principal points".  There are two of them, one for the
front of the lens and one for the rear, more properly called the
primary principal point and the secondary principal point.  While most
lens formulas expect the object distance to be measured from the
front principal point, most focusing scales are calibrated to read the
distance from the object to the film plane.  So you can't use the
distance on your focusing scale in most calculations, unless you only
need an approximate distance.  Another interpretation of principal
points is that a (probably virtual) object at the primary principal
point formed by light entering from the front will appear from the
rear to form a (probably virtual) erect image at the secondary
principal point with magnification exactly one.
"Nodal points" are the two points such that a light ray entering the
front of the lens and headed straight toward the front nodal point
will emerge going straight away from the rear nodal point at exactly
the same angle to the lens's axis as the entering ray had.  The nodal
points are identical to the principal points when the front and rear
media are the same, e.g. air, so for most practical purposes the terms
can be used interchangeably.
In simple double convex lenses the two principal points are somewhere
inside the lens (actually 1/n-th the way from the surface to the
center, where n is the index of refraction), but in a complex lens
they can be almost anywhere, including outside the lens, or with the
rear principal point in front of the front principal point.  In a lens
with elements that are fixed relative to each other, the principal
points are fixed relative to the glass.  In zoom or internal focusing
lenses the principal points generally move relative to the glass and each
other when zooming or focusing.
When a camera lens is focused at infinity, the rear principal point is
exactly one focal length in front of the film.  To find the front
principal point, take the lens off the camera and let light from a
distant object pass through it "backwards".  Find the point where the
image is formed, and measure toward the lens one focal length.  With
some lenses, particularly ultra wides, you can't do this, since the
image is not formed in front of the front element.  (This all assumes
that you know the focal length.  I suppose you can trust the
manufacturer's numbers enough for educational purposes.)
So      object to front principal point distance.
Si      rear principal point to image distance
f       focal length
M       magnification
1/So + 1/Si = 1/f
M = Si/So
(So-f)*(Si-f) = f^2
M = f/(So-f) = (Si-f)/f
If we interpret Si-f as the "extension" of the lens beyond infinity
focus, then we see that this extension is inversely proportional to a
similar "extension" of the object.
For rays close to and nearly parallel to the axis (these are called
"paraxial" rays) we can approximately model most lenses with just two
planes perpendicular to the optic axis and located at the principal
points.  "Nearly parallel" means that for the angles involved,
theta ~= sin(theta) ~= tan(theta).  ("~=" means approximately equal.)
These planes are called principal planes.
The light can be thought of as proceeding to the front principal
plane, then jumping to a point in the rear principal plane exactly the
same displacement from the axis and simultaneously being refracted
(bent).  The angle of refraction is proportional the distance from the
center at which the ray strikes the plane and inversely proportional
to the focal length of the lens.  (The "front principal plane" is the
one associated with the front of the lens.  It could be behind the rear
principal plane.)
Beyond the conditions of the paraxial approximation, the principle
"planes" are not really planes but surfaces of rotation.  For a lens
that is free of coma (one of the classical aberrations) the principle
planes, which could more appropraitely be called equivalent refracting
surfaces, are spherical sections centered around and object and image
point for which the lens is designed.
Apertures, f-stop, bellows correction factor, pupil magnification
We define more symbols
D       diameter of the entrance pupil, i.e. diameter of the aperture as
seen from the front of the lens
N       f-number (or f-stop)  D = f/N, as in f/5.6
Ne      effective f-number, based on geometric factors, but not absorption
Light from an object point spreads out in a cone whose base is the
entrance pupil.  (The lens elements in front of the diaphragm form a
virtual image of the physical aperture.  This virtual image is called
the entrance pupil.)
Analogous to the entrance pupil is the exit pupil, which is the
virtual image of the aperture as seen though the rear elments.
Let us define Ne, the effective f-number, as
Ne = 1/(2 sin(thetaX))
where thetaX is the angle from the axis to the edge of the eXit pupil
as viewed from the film plane.  It can be shown that for any lens free
of coma the following also holds
Ne = M/(2 sin(thetaE)).
We will ignore the issue of coma throughout the rest of this
document.
The first equation deals with rays converging to the image point, and
is the basis for depth of field calculations.  The second equation
deals with light captured by the aperture, and is the basis for
exposure calculations.
This section will explain the connection between Ne and light striking
the film, relate this to N, and show to compute Ne for macro
situations.
If an object radiated or reflected light uniformly in all directions,
it is clear that the amount of light captured by the aperture would be
proportional to the solid angle subtended by the aperture from the
object point.  In optical theory, however, it is common assume that
the light follows Lambert's law, which says that the light intensity
falls off with cos(theta), where theta is the angle off the normal.
With this assumption it can be shown that the light entering the
aperture from a point near the axis is proportional to sin^2(thetaE),
which is proportional to the aperture area for small thetaE.
If the magnification is M, the light from a tiny object patch of unit
area gets spread out over an area M^2 on the film, and so the relative
intensity on the film is inversely proportional to M^2.  Thus the
relative intensity on the film, RI, is given by
RI = sin^2(thetaE)/M^2 = 1/(4 Ne^2)
with the second equality by the defintion of Ne.  (Of course the true
intensity depends on the subject illumination, etc.)
For So very large with respect to f, M is approximately f/So and
sin(thetaE) is approximately (D/2)/So.  Substituting these into the
above formula get that RI = ((D/2)/f)^2 = 1/(4N^2), and thus for So >> f,
Ne = D/f = N.
For closer subjects, we need a more detailed analysis.  We will take
D = f/N as determining D,
Let us go back to the original approximate formula for the relative
intensity on the film, and substitute more carefully
RI = sin^2(thetaE)/M^2  = ((D/2)^2/((D/2)^2+(So-zE)^2))/M^2
where zE is the distance the entrance pupil is in front of the front
principal point.
However, zE is not convenient to measure.  It is more convenient to
use "pupil magnification".  The pupil magnification is the ratio of
exit pupil diameter to the entrance pupil diameter.
p       pupil magnification (exit_pupil_diameter/entrance_pupil_diameter)
For all symmetrical lenses and most normal lenses the aperture appears
the same from front and rear, so p~=1.  Wide angle lenses frequently
have p>1.  It can be shown that zE = f*(1-1/p), and substituting this
into the above equation, carrying out some algebraic manipulations,
and solving with RI = 1/(4 Ne^2) yields
Ne = Sqrt((M/2)^2 + (N*(1+M/p))^2).
If we further assume thetaE is small enough that
sin(thetaE) ~= tan(thetaE), the (M/2)^2 term drops out and we get
Ne = N*(1+M/p).
This is the standard equation, and will be used throughout the rest of
this document.  The essence of the approximation is the distinction
between the axial distance to plane of the entrance pupil and the
distance along the hypotnuse to the edge of the entrance pupil, which
is the really correct form.  Clearly in typical photographic sitations
that distinction is insignificant.
An alternative, but less fundamental, derivation is based on the
relative illumination varying with the inverse square of the distance
from the exit pupil to the film.  This distance is just f*(1+M) - zX,
where zX is the distance the exit pupil is behind the rear principal
point.  It can be shown that zX = -f*(p-1), so
Ne/N = (f*(1+M)+f*(p-1))/(f+f*(p-1)) = 1+M/p, and hence Ne = N*(1+M/p).
It is convenient to think of the correction in terms of f-stops
(powers of two).  The correction in powers of two (stops) is
2*Log2(1+M/p) = 6.64386 Log10(1+M/p).  Note that for most normal
lenses p=1, so the M/p can be replaced by just M in the above
equations.
Circle of confusion, depth of field and hyperfocal distance.
The light from a single object point passing through the aperture is
converged by the lens into a cone with its tip at the film (if the
point is perfectly in focus) or slightly in front of or behind the
film (if the object point is somewhat out of focus).  In the out of
focus case the point is rendered as a circle where the film cuts the
converging cone or the diverging cone on the other side of the image
point.  This circle is called the circle of confusion.  The farther
the tip of the cone, ie the image point, is away from the film, the
larger the circle of confusion.
Consider the situation of a "main object" that is perfectly in
focus, and an "alternate object point" this is in front of or
behind the main object.
Soa     alternate object point to front principal point distance
Sia     rear principal point to alternate image point distance
h       hyperfocal distance
C       diameter of circle of confusion
c       diameter of largest acceptable circle of confusion
N       f-stop (focal length divided by diameter of entrance pupil)
Ne      effective f-stop Ne = N * (1+M/p)
D       the aperture (entrance pupil) diameter (D=f/N)
M       magnification (M=f/(So-f))
The diameter of the circle of confusion can be computed by similar
triangles, and then solved in terms of the lens parameters and object
distances.  For a while let us assume unity pupil magnification, i.e. p=1.
When So is finite
C = D*(Sia-Si)/Sia = f^2*(So/Soa-1)/(N*(So-f))
When So = Infinity,
C = f^2/(N Soa)
Note that in this formula C is positive when the alternate image point
is behind the film (i.e. the alternate object point is in front of
the main object) and negative in the opposite case.  In reality, the
circle of confusion is always positive and has a diameter equal to
Abs(C).
If the circle of confusion is small enough, given the magnification in
printing or projection, the optical quality throughout the system,
etc., the image will appear to be sharp.  Although there is no one
diameter that marks the boundary between fuzzy and clear, .03 mm is
generally used in 35mm work as the diameter of the acceptable circle
of confusion.  (I arrived at this by observing the depth of field
scales or charts on/with a number of lenses from Nikon, Pentax, Sigma,
and Zeiss.  All but the Zeiss lens came out around .03mm.  The Zeiss
lens appeared to be based on .025 mm.)  Call this diameter c.
If the lens is focused at infinity (so the rear principal point to film
distance equals the focal length), the distance to closest point that
will be acceptably rendered is called the hyperfocal distance.
h = f^2/(N*c)
If the main object is at a finite distance, the closest
alternative point that is acceptably rendered is at distance
Sclose = h So/(h + (So-F))
and the farthest alternative point that is acceptably rendered is at
Sfar = h So/(h - (So - F))
except that if the denominator is zero or negative, Sfar = infinity.
We call Sfar-So the rear depth of field and So-Sclose the front depth
field.
A form that is exact, even when P != 1, is
depth of field = c Ne / (M^2 * (1 +or- (So-f)/h1))
= c N (1+M/p) / (M^2 * (1 +or- (N c)/(f M))
where h1 = f^2/(N c), ie the hyperfocal distance given c, N, and f
and assuming P=1.  Use + for front depth of field and - for rear depth
of field.  If the denominator goes zero or negative, the rear depth of
field is infinity.  ("!=" means "is not equal to".)
This is a very nice equation.  It shows that for distances short with
respect to the hyperfocal distance, the depth of field is very close
to just c*Ne/M^2.  As the distance increases, the rear depth of field
gets larger than the front depth of field.  The rear depth of field is
twice the front depth of field when So-f is one third the hyperfocal
distance.  And when So-f = h1, the rear depth of field extends to
infinity.
If we frame an object the same way with two different lenses,
i.e.  M is the same both situations, the shorter focal length lens
will have less front depth of field and more rear depth of field at
the same effective f-stop.  (To a first approximation, the depth of
field is the same in both cases.)
Another important consideration when choosing a lens focal length is
how a distant background point will be rendered.  Points at infinity
are rendered as circles of size
C =  f M / N
So at constant object magnification a distant background point will
be blurred in direct proportion to the focal length.
This is illustrated by the following example, in which lenses of 50mm
and 100 mm focal lengths are both set up to get a magnification of
1/10.  Both lenses are set to f/8.  The graph shows the circles of
confusions as a function of the distance behind the object.
circle of confusion (mm)
#               *** 100mm f/8
#               ... 50mm f/8
0.8 #                                                               *******
#                                                      *********
#                                             *********
#                                         ****
#                                    *****
#                                ****
0.6 #                            ****
#                       *****                                   .......
#                    ***                      ..................
#                  **            .............
0.4 #              ****     .........
#           ***     ....
#         **   .....
#        * ....
#      **..
0.2 #    **.
#  .*.
# **
#*
*######################################################################
250    500       750     1000     1250    1500     1750     2000
distance behind object (mm)
The standard .03mm circle of confusion criterion is clear down in the
ascii fuzz.  The slope of both graphs is the same near the origin,
showing that to a first approximation both lenses have the same depth
of field.  However, the limiting size of the circle of confusion as
the distance behind the object goes to infinity is twice as large for
the 100mm lens as for the 50mm lens.
Diffraction
When a beam of parallel light passes through a circular aperture it
spreads out a little, a phenomenon known as diffraction.  The smaller
the aperture, the more the spreading.  The normalized field strength
(of the electric or magnetic field) at angle phi from the axis is
2 J1(x)/x, where x = 2 phi Pi R/lambda
and where R is the radius of the aperture, lambda is the wavelength of
the light, and J1 is the first order Bessel function. The
normalization is relative to the field strength at the center.  The
power (intensity) is proportional to the square of this function.
The field strength function forms a bell-shaped curve, but unlike the
classic E^(-x^2) one, it eventually oscillates about zero.  Its first
zero is at 1.21967 lambda/(2 R).  There are actually an infinite number
of lobes after this, but about 86% of the power is in the circle
bounded by the first zero.
Relative field strength
1 #  ****
#      **
0.8 #        *
#         **
#           *
#            **
#              *
0.6 #               *
#                *
#                 *
0.4 #                  *
#                   *
#                    **
0.2 #                      **
#                        **
#                          **                         *****************
###############################*###################*****###################
#                             *****        ******
#          0.5         1          1.5******    2         2.5          3
Angle from axis (relative to lambda/diameter_of_aperture)
Approximating the aperture-to-film distance as f and making use of
the fact that the aperture has diameter f/N, it follows directly that
the diameter of the first zero of the diffraction pattern is
2.43934*N*lambda.  Applying this in a normal photographic situation is
difficult, since the light contains a whole spectrum of colors.  We
really need to integrate over the visible spectrum.  The eye has
maximum sensitivity around 555 nm, in the yellow green.  If, for
simplicity, we take 555 nm as the wavelength, the diameter of the
first zero, in mm, comes out to be 0.00135383 N.
As was mentioned above, the normally accepted circle of confusion for
depth of field is .03 mm, but .03/0.00135383 = 22.1594, so we can
see that at f/22 the diameter of the first zero of the diffraction
pattern is as large is the acceptable circle of confusion.
A common way of rating the resolution of a lens is in line pairs per
mm. It is hard to say when lines are resolvable, but suppose that we
use a criterion that the center of a dark band receive no more than
80% of the light power striking the center of a light band.
Then the resolution is 0.823 /(lambda*N) lpmm.  If we again assume 555
nm, this comes out to 1482/N lpmm, which is in close agreement with
the widely used rule of thumb that the resolution is diffraction
limited to 1500/N lpmm.  However, note that the MTF, discussed below,
provides another view of this subject.
Modulation Transfer Function
The modulation transfer function is a measure of the extent to which a
lens, film, etc., can reproduce detail in an image.  It is the spatial
analog of frequency response in an electrical system.  The exact
definitions of the modulation transfer function and of the related
optical transfer function vary slightly amongst different authorities.
The 2-dimensional Fourier transform of the point spread function is
known as the optical transfer function (OTF).  The value of this
function along any radius is the fourier transform of the line spread
function in the same direction.  The modulation transfer function is
the absolute value of the fourier transform of the line spread
Equivalently, the modulation transfer function of a lens is the ratio
of relative image contrast divided by relative object contrast of an
object with sinusoidally varying brightness as a function of spatial
frequency (e.g. cycles per mm).  Relative contrast is defined as
(Imax-Imin)/(Imax+Imin).  MTF can also be used for film, but since
film has a non-linear characteristic curve, the density is first
transformed back to the equivalent intensity by applying the inverse
of the characteristic curve.
For a lens, the MTF can vary with almost every conceivable parameter,
including f-stop, object distance, distance of the point from the
center, direction of modulation, and spectral distribution of the
light.  The two standard directions are radial (also known as
sagittal) and tangential.
The MTF for an an ideal lens (ignoring the unavoidable effect of
diffraction) is a constant 1 for spatial frequencies from 0 to
infinity at every point and direction.  For a practical lens it starts
out near 1, and falls off with increasing spatial frequency, with the
falloff being worse at the edges than at the center.  Adjacency
effects in film can make the MTF of film be greater than 1 in certain
frequency ranges.
An advantage of the MTF as a measure of performance is that under some
circumstances the MTF of the system is the product (frequency by
frequency) of the properly scaled MTFs of its components.  Such
multiplication is always allowed when the phase of the waves is lost
at each step.  Thus it is legitimate to multiply lens and film MTFs or
the MTFs of a two lens system with a diffuser in the middle.  However,
the MTFs of cascaded ordinary lenses can legitimately be multiplied
only when a set of quite restrictive and technical conditions is
satisfied.
As an example of some OTF/MTF functions, below are formulas for and
plots of the OTFs three cases:
1.  Diffraction for an f/22 aperture.
2.  A .03mm circle of confusion
3.  The combination of these; more precisely, the OTF of an otherwise
ideal lens with an f/22 aperture and defocused to produce a .03mm
circle of confusion.
Let lambda be the wavelength of the light, and spf the spatial
frequency in cycles per mm.
For diffraction the formula is
OTF(lambda,N,spf) = 2/Pi (ArcCos(lambda N spf) -
lambda N spf Sqrt(1-(lambda N spf)^2))   if lambda N spf <=1
= 0                            if lambda N spf >=1
Note that for lambda = 555 nm, the OTF is zero at spatial frequencies
of 1801/N cycles per mm and beyond.
For a circle of confusion of diameter C,
OTF(C,spf) = 2 J1(Pi C spf)/(Pi C spf)
where, again, J1(x) is the first order Bessel function.  The OTF goes
negative at certain frequencies.  Physically, this would mean that if
the test pattern were lighter right on the optical center than nearby,
the image would be darker right on the optical center than nearby.
Some authorities use the term "spurious resolution" for spatial
frequencies beyond the first zero.  The MTF is the absolute value of
the OTF.
Consider the case where there is a combination of diffraction and
focus error dz, the distance the between the film plane and the plane
of sharpest focusing.  (A focus error of dz by itself would cause a
circle of confusion of diameter dz/N.)  The OTF for this combination
is given by the following formula, which involves an integration that
must be done numerically.  Let s = lambda N spf, and a = Pi spf dz / N.
Then the OTF is given by
OTF = 4/(Pi a) integral y=0 to sqrt(1-s^2) of sin(a(sqrt(1-y^2)-s)) dy
for s < 1
0 for s >= 1
This formula is an approximation that is best at small apertures.
Here is a graph of the OTF of the f/22 diffraction limit, a .03mm
circle of confusion, and the combined effect.
# +$$*
#   +$*
#    + *$             $$$$ Diffraction
0.8 #     + **$           **** Circle of confusion
#      ++ *$$         ++++ Combined diffraction and circle of confusion
#        + * $$
#         + *  $
0.6 #          ++*  $$
#            +*   $$
#              *    $$
#               *     $$
0.4 #                *      $$
#                *++++    $$
#                 *   +++++ $$$$
#                  *       +++++$$$$
0.2 #                   *           ++++$$
#                    *               +$$$
#                     *                  $$$$*****************
#######################**##################**$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$******$$$
0 #                        **           *****                         ***
#          20         40   ***** *****        80          100        120
#                              **
Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm)
Note how the combination is not the product of each of the effects
taken separately.
Some authorities present MTF in a log-log plot.
The classic paper on the MTF for the combination of diffraction and
focus error is H.H. Hopkins, "The frequency response of a defocused
optical system," Proceedings of the Royal Society A, v. 231, London
(1955), pp 91-103.  Reprinted in Lionel Baker (ed), _Optical Transfer
Function: Foundation and Theory_, SPIE Optical Engineering Press,
1992, pp 143-153.
(by John Bercovitz)
The Photometric System
Light flux, for the purposes of illumination engineering, is
measured in lumens.  A lumen of light, no matter what its wavelength
(color), appears equally bright to the human eye.  The human eye has a
stronger response to some wavelengths of light than to other
wavelengths.  The strongest response for the light-adapted eye (when
scene luminance >= .001 Lambert) comes at a wavelength of 555 nm.  A
light-adapted eye is said to be operating in the photopic region.  A
dark-adapted eye is operating in the scotopic region (scene luminance
</= 10^-8 Lambert).  In between is the mesopic region.  The peak
response of the eye shifts from 555 nm to 510 nm as scene luminance is
decreased from the photopic region to the scotopic region.  The
standard lumen is approximately 1/680 of a watt of radiant energy at
555 nm.  Standard values for other wavelengths are based on the
photopic response curve and are given with two-place accuracy by the
table below.  The values are correct no matter what region you're
operating in - they're based only on the photopic region.  If you're
operating in a different region, there are corrections to apply to
obtain the eye's relative response, but this doesn't change the
standard values given below.
Wavelength, nm   Lumens/watt         Wavelength, nm  Lumens/watt
400           0.27                600              430
450          26                   650               73
500         220                   700                2.8
550         680
Following are the standard units used in photometry with their
definitions and symbols.
Luminous flux, F, is measured in lumens.
Quantity of light, Q, is measured in lumen-hours or lumen-seconds.
It is the time integral of luminous flux.
Luminous Intensity, I, is measured in candles, candlepower, or
candela (all the same thing).  It is a measure of how much flux is flowing
through a solid angle.  A lumen per steradian is a candle.  There are 4 pi
steradians to a complete solid angle.  A unit area at unit distance from a
point source covers a steradian.  This follows from the fact that the
surface area of a sphere is 4 pi r^2.
Lamps are measured in MSCP, mean spherical candlepower.  If you
multiply MSCP by 4 pi, you have the lumen output of the lamp.  In the case of
an ordinary lamp which has a horizontal filament when it is burning base
down, roughly 3 steradians are ineffectual: one is wiped out by inter-
ference from the base and two more are very low intensity since not much
light comes off either end of the filament.  So figure the MSCP should be
multiplied by 4/3 to get the candles coming off perpendicular to the lamp
filament.  Incidentally, the number of lumens coming from an incandescent
lamp varies approximately as the 3.6 power of the voltage.  This can be
really important if you are using a lamp of known candlepower to
calibrate a photometer.
Illumination (illuminance), E, is the _areal density_ of incident
luminous flux: how many lumens per unit area.  A lumen per square foot is
a foot-candle; a one square foot area on the surface of a sphere of radius
one foot and having a one candle point source centered in it would
therefore have an illumination of one foot-candle due to the one lumen
falling on it.  If you substitute meter for foot you have a meter-candle
or lux.  In this case you still have the flux of one steradian but now it's
spread out over one square meter.  Multiply an illumination level in lux by
.0929 to convert it to foot-candles.  (foot/meter)^2= .0929.  A centimeter-
candle is a phot.  Illumination from a point source falls off as the square
of the distance.  So if you divide the intensity of a point source in candles
by the distance from it in feet squared, you have the illumination in foot
candles at that distance.
Luminance, B, is the _areal intensity_ of an extended diffuse source
or an extended diffuse reflector.  If a perfectly diffuse, perfectly
reflecting surface has one foot-candle (one lumen per square foot) of
illumination falling on it, its luminance is one foot-Lambert or 1/pi
candles per square foot.  The total amount of flux coming off this
perfectly diffuse, perfectly reflecting surface is, of course, one lumen per
square foot.  Looking at it another way, if you have a one square foot
diffuse source that has a luminance of one candle per square foot (pi times
as much intensity as in the previous example), then the total output of
this source is pi lumens.  If you travel out a good distance along the
normal to the center of this one square foot surface, it will look like a
point source with an  intensity of one candle.
To contrast: Intensity in candles is for a point source while
luminance in candles per square foot is for an extended source - luminance
is intensity per unit area.  If it's a perfectly diffuse but not perfectly
reflecting surface, you have to multiply by the reflectance, k, to find the
luminance.
Also to contrast: Illumination, E, is for the incident or
incoming flux's areal _density_; luminance, B, is for reflected or
outgoing flux's areal _intensity_.
Lambert's law says that an perfectly diffuse surface or
extended source reflects or emits light according to a cosine law: the
amount of flux emitted per unit surface area is proportional to the
cosine of the angle between the direction in which the flux is being
emitted and the normal to the emitting surface.  (Note however, that
there is no fundamental physics behind Lambert's "law".  While
assuming it to be true simplifies the theory, it is really only an
empirical observation whose accuracy varies from surface to surface.
Lambert's law can be taken as a definition of a perfectly diffuse
surface.)
A consequence of Lambert's law is that no matter from what
direction you look at a perfectly diffuse surface, the luminance on
the basis of _projected_ area is the same.  So if you have a light
meter looking at a perfectly diffuse surface, it doesn't matter what
the angle between the axis of the light meter and the normal to the
surface is as long as all the light meter can see is the surface: in
any case the reading will be the same.
There are a number of luminance units, but they are in categories:
two of the categories are those using English units and those using metric
units.  Another two categories are those which have the constant 1/pi built
into them and those that do not.  The latter stems from the fact that the
formula to calculate luminance (photometric Brightness), B, from
illumination (illuminance), E,  contains the factor 1/pi.  To illustrate:
B = (k*E)(1/pi)
Bfl = k*E
where:	B = luminance, candles/foot^2
Bfl = luminance, foot-Lamberts
k = reflectivity   	    0<k<1
E = illuminance in foot-candles (lumens/ foot^2)
Obviously, if you divide a luminance expressed in
foot-Lamberts by pi you then have the luminance expressed in
candles /foot^2.  (Bfl/pi=B)
Other luminance units are:
stilb = 1 candle/square centimeter      sb
apostilb = stilb/(pi X 10^4)=10^-4 L    asb
nit = 1 candle/ square meter            nt
Lambert = (1/pi) candle/square cm       L
Below is a table of photometric units with short definitions.
Symbol      Term                 Unit              Unit Definition
Q      light quantity       lumen-hour          radiant energy
lumen-second        as corrected for
eye's spectral response
F      luminous flux        lumen               radiant energy flux
as corrected for
I      luminous intensity   candle              one lumen per steradian
candela             one lumen per steradian
candlepower         one lumen per steradian
E      illumination	        foot-candle         lumen/foot^2
lux                 lumen/meter^2
phot                lumen/centimeter^2
B      luminance            candle/foot^2       see unit def's. above
foot-Lambert   =    (1/pi) candles/foot^2
Lambert        =    (1/pi) candles/centimeter^2
stilb          =    1 candle/centimeter^2
nit            =    1 candle/meter^2
Note: A lumen-second is sometimes known as a Talbot.
To review:
Quantity of light, Q, is akin to a quantity of photons except
that here the number of photons is pro-rated according to how bright
they appear to the eye.
Luminous flux, F, is akin to the time rate of flow of photons except
that the photons are pro-rated according to how bright they appear to the eye.
Luminous intensity, I, is the solid-angular density of luminous flux.
Applies primarily to point sources.
Illumination, E, is the areal density of incident luminous flux.
Luminance, B, is the areal intensity of an extended source.
Photometry with a Photographic Light Meter
The first caveat to keep in mind is that the average unfiltered light
meter doesn't have the same spectral sensitivity curve that the human eye
does.  Each type of sensor used has its own curve.  Silicon blue cells aren't
too bad.  The overall sensitivity of a cell is usually measured with a
2856K or 2870K incandescent lamp.  Less commonly it is measured with
6000K sunlight.
The basis of using a light meter is the fact that a light meter uses
the Additive Photographic Exposure System, the system which uses
Exposure Values:
Ev = Av + Tv = Sv + Bv
where:   Ev = Exposure Value
Av = Aperture Value = lg2 N^2         where N = f-number
Tv = Time Value = lg2 (1/t)           where t = time in sec.s
Sv = Speed Value = lg2 (0.3 S)        where S = ASA speed
Bv = Brightness Value = lg2 Bfl
lg2 is logarithm base 2
from which, for example:
Av(N=f/1) = 0
Tv(t=1 sec) = 0
Sv(S=ASA 3.125) E
Bv( Bfl = 1 foot-Lambert) = 0
and therefore:
Bfl = 2^Bv
Ev (Sv = 0) = Bv
From the preceeding two equations you can see that if you set the
meter dial to an ASA speed of approximately 3.1 (same as Sv = 0), when
you read a scene luminance level the Ev reading will be Bv from which you
can calculate Bfl.  If you don't have an ASA setting of 3.1 on your dial, just
use ASA 100 and subtract 5 from the Ev reading to get Bv.
(Sv@ASA100=5)
Image Illumination
If you know the object luminance (photometric brightness), the
f-number of the lens, and the image magnification, you can calculate the
image illumination.  The image magnification is the quotient of any linear
dimension in the image divided by the corresponding linear dimension on
the object.  It is, in the usual photographic case, a number less than one.
The f-number is the f-number for the lens when focussed at infinity - this
is what's written on the lens.  The formula that relates these quantities is
given below:
Eimage = (t pi B)/[4 N^2 (1+m)^2]
or:		Eimage = (t Bfl)/[4 N^2 (1+m)^2]
where:	Eimage is in foot-candles  (divide by .0929 to get lux)
t   is the transmittance of the lens (usually .9 to .95 but lower
for more surfaces in the lens or lack of anti-reflection
coatings)
B   is the object luminance in candles/square foot
Bfl is the object luminance in foot-Lamberts
N   is the f-number of the lens
m   is the image magnification
G.E. Miniature Lamp Catalog
Gilway Technical Lamp Catalog
"Lenses in Photography" Rudolph Kingslake Rev.Ed.c1963 A.S.Barnes
"Applied Optics & Optical Engr." Ed. by Kingslake c1965 Academic Press
"The Lighting Primer" Bernard Boylan c1987 Iowa State Univ.
"University Physics" Sears & Zemansky c1955 Addison-Wesley
Thanks to John Bercovitz, donl mathis, and Bill Tyler for reviewing an
earlier version of this file.  I've made extensive changes since their
review, so any remaining bugs are mine, not a result of their
oversight.  All of them told me it was too detailed.  I probably
should have listened.  Thanks to Andy Young for pointing out that
Lambert's law is only empirical.  Thanks to John Bercovitz for
providing the material on photometry and illumination, for helping me
improve the presentation, and for nudging me into dusting it off from
time to time and touching it up.
Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 David M. Jacobson
Rec.photo.* readers are granted permission to make a reasonable number
electronic or paper copies for their themselves, their friends and
colleagues.  Other publication, or commercial or for-profit use is
prohibited.
jacobson@cello.hpl.hp.com (David Jacobson)


E5 Elliptical Cross Trainer With Track Connect Console 5 out of 5 based on 20 ratings.
E5 Elliptical Cross-Trainer With Track Connect Console By Life Fitness The E5 Adjustable-Stride Elliptical Cross-Trainer is a versatile home exercise machine for effective total-body workouts.
Cons While Life Fitness is known for durable, quality trainers at all levels, the average cost for an entry level trainer is somewhere around $1,500, as compared to the $2,599 price tag on the Track + Console option.
Quick Summary. The Life Fitness Club Series Elliptical is the home version of Life Fitness's most popular health club elliptical trainer. Built to fit almost anyone, this whisper-quiet trainer has an adjustable 18″ to 20″ footpath and a maximum weight capacity of 350 pounds.
John Lewis is set for a busy Black Friday this year (Picture: PA) John Lewis are one of the many retailers getting involved in the Black Friday madness this year, with hundreds of offers and deals ava.
In a year of high-profile game releases, this trailer for the relatively unknown game Dead Island was by far the most talked about console ad this year.
India's plan to release the single track alb.
The X1 elliptical cross trainer is the entry level machine in the Life Fitness X Series (X1, X3 & X5) of elliptical cross-trainers. This machine is built with an Eddy Current resistance system and WhisperStride ™ Technology, using a self-aligning ball bearings system that creates a.


text:
Squirrel fishing is the sporting practice of "catching" squirrels and attempting to lift them into the air using a nut (preferably a peanut) tied to a string or fishing line, and optionally some kind of fishing pole.

There has been some debate over where modern squirrel fishing originated. The practice was popularized either by Nikolas Gloy and Yasuhiro Endo at the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University, and by the Berkeley Squirrel Fisher's Club (BSF), an official student group at the University of California, Berkeley, that has been featured in the campus newspaper. , Ohio State University also had a squirrel fishing club. Michigan State University was late to join in 2015.

Squirrel fishing occurred at least as early as 1889 in the United States.

References

External links
 Video of child squirrel fishing
 Squirrel Fishing Instructions

Squirrels
Animals in sport

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Angular JS with Yii 2, hide # from url I have started a project, with angular Js on frontend, and yii2 framework as back end. Everything is working fine, expect the fact that the Site url contains a #/ every time, and it is annoing. I would like to hide it. I tried the following :
        if(window.history && window.history.pushState){
        //$locationProvider.html5Mode(true); will cause an error $location in HTML5 mode requires a  tag to be present! Unless you set baseUrl tag after head tag like so: <head> <base href="/">

        // to know more about setting base URL visit: https://docs.angularjs.org/error/$location/nobase

        // if you don't wish to set base URL then use this
        $locationProvider.html5Mode({
            enabled: true,
            requireBase: false
        });
    }

( base url in head is set... )
I tried the following url : site/test ( site/#/test is working! )
But I am getting an error from the framework :
exception 'yii\base\InvalidRouteException' with message 'Unable to resolve the request "test".' in C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\vendor\yiisoft\yii2\base\Module.php:462
Stack trace:

#0 C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\vendor\yiisoft\yii2\web\Application.php(83): yii\base\Module->runAction('test', Array)
#1 C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\vendor\yiisoft\yii2\base\Application.php(375): yii\web\Application->handleRequest(Object(yii\web\Request))
#2 C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\frontend\web\index.php(18): yii\base\Application->run()
#3 {main}

Next exception 'yii\web\NotFoundHttpException' with message 'Page not found.' in C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\vendor\yiisoft\yii2\web\Application.php:95
Stack trace:
#0 C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\vendor\yiisoft\yii2\base\Application.php(375): yii\web\Application->handleRequest(Object(yii\web\Request))
#1 C:\xampp\htdocs\angularyii\frontend\web\index.php(18): yii\base\Application->run()
#2 {main}

How can i solve this problem ? Thank you very much.


text:
The Antlers a Wyndham Hotel - Colorado Springs
The Antlers a Wyndham Hotel
4 S Cascade Ave
Hotels > Hotels
In 1871, General William Jackson Palmer founded the city of Colorado Springs. His vision was to create a posh resort community featuring a luxury hotel and tree-lined boulevards. Thus, the first Antlers Hotel had begun welcoming guests in 1883.
Nestled in the shadow of majestic Pikes Peak, the Antlers soon became the center of the community and the benchmark for future hotels. Over 100 years later, the third rendition of our historic ancestor, The Antlers Hotel Colorado Springs still maintains its prominence as the hotel leader in Colorado Springs.
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Charlotte's headstone is by the south-west gate to the churchyard, numbered A1 in the Crimlisks' Survey of Monumental Inscriptions – reason enough to put a photograph of it on FST as a 'memory' to her and infant son Francis. It felt a bit like breaking the ice, though I actually put up my first headstone photograph on FST a few weeks ago. I have well over a hundred stone pictures ready to go so will try to upload more in the coming weeks.
The old LaF post included a link which probably doesn't work on the UK Web Archive but in my saved Word doc it took me to the LaF Wiki. I'm amazed that website has survived (thanks PB Works) so I feel obliged now to give it a thorough spring clean. There's plenty of dead wood to clear out but also a lot of information that may be of value to someone, sometime. I have just realised I edited out the reference to the headstone of Charlotte's father in the Fox Memory so if you are interested in sampling the goods at the Wiki start here. I will, over time, replace the red fctIDs (Filey Community Tree) with FST IDs.
I did find some time for my Ain Folk today. I took possession of a copy of my atDNA file and put it on GEDmatch. In a day or two I should be able to access the One to Many Matches. My Heritage has supplied me with about 80 matches so far and it will be interesting to see how much this number will grow. I'm hoping GEDmatch will point me more surely towards the potential cousins I should be contacting as a priority.


This is going to hurt. Today, I pay $79.99/month for unlimited everything. I can have any phone I want and use anything I want. No restrictions. Tomorrow, AT&T will find a way to force us to move to their plan, and we will have to pay $134.99 for lesser service (i.e., capped service).
Doubling the monthly bill cannot be good for consumers.
AT&T is very aggressive at capping its subscribers' Internet usage (wireless and wired). In the wired world, we still have some alternatives. I am using Sonic.net, but, in the GSM world, after this acquisition, we will be limited to only one carrier, which caps its Internet usage strictly despite charging more for it.
So, today, I have unlimited everything with T-Mobile but, tomorrow, with AT&T, my Internet usage will be capped at 4GB despite paying almost double for it. 4GB is very little if you plan to tether or even to watch video on your mobile device. So, with AT&T Wireless, you cannot watch HD-video streaming to your mobile or tablet device.
Capping the Internet cannot be good for the consumer.
T-Mobile offers month-to-month usage and allows you to use any phone.
AT&T tends to tie the phone to their plan very closely. You can pick a sim-card only option, but even then, AT&T requires you to give the IMEI number for the phone you are using.
Forcing users to tie their phone to their network cannot be good for the consumer. The GSM promise was to decouple the device from the network.
Well, this is just a gimmick and it won't work.
First, after the acquisition the better and cheaper T-Mobile plans will cease to exist. So, yes, existing T-Mobile consumers might carry over their contract (at least for a while), but, at some point, they will need more or something different, and the only option will be to pay more to get less.
Second, AT&T's 3G and 4G bands are different from those of T-Mobile, and I would bet that AT&T will use this technical difference to force T-Mobile users to move to AT&T plans. In other words, when a T-Mobile user wants to get an iPhone or enjoy the latest network bandwidth performance AT&T will gently suggest (i.e. force) the user to move to an AT&T plan (the pay more to get less plan).
The sad part is that, I think, despite all these facts, AT&T and T-Mobile shareholders might genuinely think that this deal will be good for T-Mobile consumers, and consequently, our only only hope is that our government put a stop to this proposed new monopoly. AT&T Wireless will have a GSM wireless monopoly in the U.S.A., and that cannot be good for the American people and businesses. Everybody will pay more to get less.


text:
De Blasio addresses bike safety 'emergency' after 17th New York cyclist dies
Seventeen cyclists have died in New York this year, Mayor Bill de Blasio said Thursday, while announcing a $58.4 million plan to enhance bike safety. He said 2018 saw just 10 cyclist deaths in total.
"This has been an extraordinarily painful few weeks," de Blasio said during a news conference where he held a moment of silence for the victims. Two of bicyclists were fatally struck by trucks on Tuesday, and another cyclist is in critical condition after a crash Wednesday morning, according to reports from the New York Police Department.
The new bike safety plan promises to add 30 miles of protected bike lanes — which put a physical barrier between riders and vehicles — every year, with the goal of reaching 80 miles by 2021, Commissioner Polly Trottenberg of the New York Department of Transportation said Thursday. The city will also hire 80 new staff members dedicated to carrying out these efforts, she said.
Safety efforts will focus on Brooklyn, where most of the 2019 deaths have happened, and increase police enforcement on trucks, which are increasingly a cause of fatal bike crashes, Trottenberg said.
It was a truck that collided with 17-year-old Alex Cordero on Tuesday in Staten Island, according to an NYPD report. The report says Cordero was subsequently pronounced dead at a hospital. The teenager was out biking with some friends that afternoon, his cousin Pablo Cordero told CNN, when the crash occurred.
"The family is devastated," Pablo said. He said he was "like a big brother" to his cousin and described him as loving, jovial and family-oriented.
Pablo has been riding bikes in New York for more than two decades and had come close to accidents many times. Even so, he said, he wasn't aware of how big the issue was until tragedy struck his family.
Marco Conner, interim director of the advocacy group Transportation Alternatives, told CNN he'd hoped the plan would include automated camera technology that would capture vehicles blocking bike lanes. It doesn't have that, "but it is a good plan," Conner said.
A May 2019 report by the city transportation department found that there are 490,000 cycling trips made in a typical day in New York, and Conner said that number is only expected to grow.