text:
Q: ¿Cómo filtrar objetos de un array? Hola mi problema consiste en lo siguiente, tengo un array de objetos:
[
 {
  "id": 2,
  "nombre": "...",
  ...
  "finalizado":true
 },
 {
  "id": 6,
  "nombre": "...",
  ...
  "finalizado":false
 },
 ...
]

Para mostrar la lista completa utilizo un AsyncTask y muestro los items a través de una clase Adapter. Lo que necesito hacer es filtrar esta lista en base al campo finalizado descartando los que tienen como estado true y mostrar solamente los que vienen false.
Para esto, sé que en el onPostExecute tengo que recorrer mi array e ir verificando en que estado me devuelven cada uno de los items:
JSONArray fullList;

@Override
    protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
        super.onPostExecute(result);
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < fullList.length(); i++) {
                //if()
            }
        }
        catch (JSONException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

Cómo debería preguntar por el campo finalizado? En el caso de ser false tengo que agregarlo a un nuevo array cierto? Podrian darme una ayuda con esto? Gracias!

A: Podemos recuperar cada objeto para ver los valores
JSONArray jsonArray = new JSONArray(jsonString);

for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {
    JSONObject object = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);
    clave = object.getString("clave");
}

Supongo que es esta https://developer.android.com/reference/org/json/JSONArray.html

A: Solo tendrias que iterar sobre el JSONArray y por cada iteracion utilizas el metodo getJSONObject(index) y luego para obtener el valor boolean el  metodo getBoolean(name):
for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {
    JSONObject elementoActual = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);
    boolean finalizado= elementoActual .getBoolean("finalizado");
    if(finalizado)
    {
        // filtras el contenido
    }
}

A: Para consultar el campo "finalizado", tienes que crear un objeto JSonObject, crearlo y ya podrás consultar el estado
protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
    super.onPostExecute(result);
    try {
        for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {
            JSonObject js = jsonArray[i];
            if(!js.getBoolean("finalizado")){  //Comprobamos el valor del campo
                //Ahora lo añades al array que necesites
            }
        }
    }
    catch (JSONException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

Creo que es así, no he podido probar mi código

A: Crea un objeto JSON y comprueba el valor del campo "finalizado".
for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {
        JSONObject obj = c.getJSONObject(i);
        if (obj.getBoolean("finalizado") == true {
            //Lo que necesites
        }
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


My school is very tough, exciting, fun and an enjoyable approach to learning.
Lee High tech Central is a great vocational school with an excellent reputation in the area. They have a 100% pass rate on the NCLEX for students who complete the program. There is a very strict dress code, attendance policy and grade scale which I think is an excellent way to prepare for the medical field. In order to have lives in your hands one must be very disciplined and this is a great way to measure employability skills.
If I could go back and talk to myself in high school I would tell myself that learning while you are young is easier than waiting until later in life. Life is much easier if you have a skill and a matching degree or license and entering a career young is such a great investment on yourself. Even if you do not go to school full time straight after high school it is a good idea to continue on the education path and take at least one class each semester. Surrounding yourself with people who want the same things out of life makes your education a journey that is fun when travelled by friends.
Fort Myers Technical College administrators: claim your school to add photos and details.


First App as such that brings together all city services: AutoHailing, Online Food delivery, Women Safety,Tourism Help Desk,Collects Grievances and which promotes the commercial sector andgenerate value to citizens.Under a PPP (Public–Private Partnership)framework, Team-Up! and Karimnagar Smart city corporation LTD.jointly presents this app build at Happy City Lab @ Sree chaitanyacollege of engineering.How it Works:Up! Autos: Auto Hailingservices, with verified Drivers, Door Step pick up, cashless ridesetc., Events & Polls: This module serves as bridge b/w cityadministration and citizens in daily updates and informationservices.Be-Safe: This module serves as an effective tool of womensafety in Karimnagar, in transforming City in to a SafeCity.Grievances: Serves as smart complaint box to directly putcitizen complaints at the fingertips of cityadministration.Tourism: Acts as Virtual Tourism Help desk forKarimnagar.Find?: Information services like ATM'S Live Statusetc.,and online food booking services.The city open-data willprovide valuable information for citizens, improve their quality oflife and generate wealth.
Up! Driver- THE APP FOR DRIVERS - Help people move around yourcity, and make money on your schedule. Drive whenever you want—TeamUp! offers a flexible way to make extra cash on your terms. Nooffices, no bosses.- Download the Up! Driver app, and sign up todrive in the app. We'll guide you through the steps and notify youwhen you're all set to drive.HITTING THE ROAD - The app offers thelatest features that help you focus on driving and making money. -We'll explain how to use the app, provide optional navigation andHelp support, and let you know when there are special opportunitiesto make even more.*** Every trip you take is fully tracked by GPSfor safety and security. GETTING RIDES-To get the rides the driverhas to recharge his account same as mobile phone recharge from ourmaintenance team @ Up!GETTING PAID - You can see how much you'vemade anytime after every trip. You'll be paid directly to receivecash on each trip.
Jahez is platform that helps you find and order food from whereveryou are. Install the mobile application, type in an address, welist the restaurants that deliver to that location, other usersratings. Base on your choice, we will deliver your food with ourstate of the art delivery system, you can track your meal asneeded, and you will be notified once the driver is close to you.
Hungry? All the delicious food can be speedily and efficientlydelivered to your door steps by "Talabatey According to yourOrders" All you need to do is to download the application"Talabatey" or "Itlib wa Tadalal". We have chosen this sloganbecause our objective is to make your life easier since we care forall your daily diet demands. "Talabatey" can meet all your fooddesires promptly and easily whether you prefer popular, eastern orwestern dishes, fast food, sweets, or drinks. By using Talabateyapplication, you will be able to order any type of food you likefrom more than 1000 restaurants in Iraq and Sudan and in Syria. TheApplication advantages: Simple, easy to use and speedy; all thatyou need to do is to determine your location and then to chooseyour favorite dish; that is all. Extensive choices of restaurants:more than 1000 restaurant in Iraq and Sudan and in Syria You havethe option to select the meal that you like. You can also getdiscounts and special offers from the restaurants on Talabateyapplication It clarifies to you the meal cost together with thedelivery cost if required It will also tell you when therestaurants are open or closed. On the application, there are listsof the meals that are in demand to help you choose if you preferany of them The countries available are Iraq, Sudan and Syria.
Fast, reliable and convenient, Now is an on-demand food deliveryservice app in Vietnam, also featuring a variety of other localservices such as fresh grocery & medicine delivery, tablebooking, passenger & parcel transportation and home/personalservices. Make your life easier is our mission! We offer: - Allyour favorite and popular restaurants/stores in one app andthousands more for you to explore - Guarantee to deliver at yourdoor - Daily discounts to indulge your taste buds Available inmajor cities in Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, Danang, Hai Phong, NhaTrang, Vung Tau, Bien Hoa, Binh Duong, Hue, Can Tho, Vinh, QuangNinh. Hassle is a thing of the past, let us help you, download ourapp Now!
hipMenu helps you find your next meal and have it delivered fromyour favourite restaurant. The enticing photos will help you makethe right decision. *Available in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara,Oradea and some areas in Bucharest. With hipMenu you can - Placeorders for delivery or pickup at local restaurants. - Pay the sameprice as in the restaurant. You can pay also online. - Browsenearby restaurants to see menus and actual food photos. -Coordinate group orders with your team. - Translate restaurantmenus in over 10 supported languages (English, French, German,Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Slovakian, Serbian, Turkish,Polish, Russian, Bulgarian, Czech).
OrderIn is South Africa's most affordable food delivery app thatallows you to order for pickup or delivery with a seriously minimaldelivery fee. It's not just pizza on the couch. It's dinner; adate; a party; or a chance to meet up with your bestie (nojudgement if that's the delivery driver) Simply install the app,enter your location & choose from a huge variety of the city'sbest restaurants. Pay via the app by linking your debit or creditcard; sit back and relax while we hustle and deliver your foodwithin 45 minutes. Whether you're in Cape Town, Johannesburg orDurban, you can enjoy the best restaurants without leaving thecouch or your desk. Need some help? Our customer service team isalways available for a chat - [email protected], you'll love it delivered.
Ordering food online made simple. Download the free Talabat app andget access to over thousands of delivery restaurants straight fromyour smartphone or tablet. Order food online in Kuwait, United ArabEmirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and JordanEnough wasting time searching for restaurants' phone numbers or forpaper menus to make an order. You can now browse and filter cuisinetypes of thousands of restaurant menus near you using the Talabatapp. Check out food images before adding them to your cart,customize your food the way you want it and find the latestpromotions and deals all in one place. Pay online by card, or Cashon Delivery, get the door and enjoy your food! Talabat app at aglance: • Select your area to find local restaurants near youserving wide variety of cuisines such as Indian, Chinese, American,Italian, Healthy food and much more. • Explore locally reviewedrestaurants' menus at your fingertips. • Discover and receiveupdates on latest restaurant offers, promotions and discountsavailable near you. • Easily control the restaurants you see usingsort, filter, cuisines and search. • Use smart search to find whatyou are looking for. • View restaurant's menu with updated images,prices and choices. • Add your personal special request to any fooditem you choose. • Choose when you want your order to be delivered.• Pay securely online with Debit card, Credit card or Cash onDelivery. • You can save your delivery addresses for a fasterordering process. • Share your food experience online by rating andreviewing your order. • Login using your account details or take amoment and create an account. You may order without an account, butmembers benefit from a better personalized ordering experience. •Craving something you ordered before? Get access to your previousorders and reorder with ease. • Need help? Get instant assistanceusing our Live Chat, our customer service agents are available 24hours 7 days a week. We would love to hear from you, let us knowyour thoughts and suggestions. You can provide feedback at any timefrom 'About App' menu, or just shake your device. For moreinformation, you may contact us [email protected] Connect with us: -www.facebook.com/Talabat - www.instagram.com/Talabat -www.twitter.com/Talabat Happy Ordering!
Get the food you want, from the restaurants you love, deliveredquickly. Food you want: We're working with over a hundredrestaurants in your city to put great local food all in one place.Speed you need: You can get anything from our roster of localrestaurants, within minutes. Service you love: When you're ready toplace your order, you'll see a total that includes the food anddelivery price.


text:
Christopher Denk ou Chris Denk  est un scénariste et producteur américain.

Biographie

Débuts
Denk commence sa carrière en 1995, faisant partie du département des arts pour l'émission de télé-réalité WMAC Masters. La même année, il est assistant de production du département des arts pour le film The Walking Dead. En 1998, il est un des producteurs de Art House.

Arrivée dans le monde du cinéma
En 2004, Denk est nommé assistant-réalisateur du téléfilm Frankenfish de Mark A.Z. Dippé. L'année suivante, il est assistant de production des films London et Dirty.

En 2006, il fait ses débuts comme scénariste avec le film d'animation américano-sud-coréen Festin de requin avant de revenir dans la production, en étant assistant du producteur Timothy Wayne Peternel pour le film Le grand Stan. Malgré cela, Denk revient dans le cinéma d'animation en étant le scénariste de téléfilm Bats: Human Harvest ou encore Cendrillon et le Prince (pas trop) charmant 2.

En 2010, il revient dans le monde du cinéma en étant un des scénaristes de Alpha et Oméga et celui de The Outback qui sort en début d'année 2012. Il est actuellement en projet sur The Reef:High Tide''.

Filmographie
 Comme scénariste :
 Festin de requin (2006)
 Bats: Human Harvest (téléfilm, 2007)
 Cendrillon et le Prince (pas trop) charmant 2 (vidéo, 2009)
 Alpha et Oméga (2010)
 The Outback (2012)
 The Reef:High Tide (prévu pour 2012)

 Comme producteur :
 The Walking Dead : Assistant de production du département des Arts
 London (2005) : Assistant de production
 Dirty (2005) : Assistant de production
 Le grand Stan (2007) : Assistant de Timothy Wayne Peternel (producteur)

 Comme assistant-réalisateur :
 Frankenfish (téléfilm, 2004) de Mark A.Z. Dippé

 Comme assistant-département des arts :
 WMAC Masters (télé-réalité, 1995)

Liens externes

Scénariste américain de cinéma
Producteur américain
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pads, Protests and Partying
ASG in Review: Year-End Edition The entirety of SCC's ASG is about to graduate. As the new guard prepares to take over, it bears the responsibility of having to look at the shoes they intend...
ASG in Review – Vol 53 Issue 4, Nov. 17, 2017
The Associated Student Government (ASG) has meetings the first and third Monday of every month. If students would like to meet their representatives or voice an issue, they may attend. Meetings...
ASG in Review – Vol 53 Issue 3, Nov. 3, 2017
Inquiries: [email protected] The Associated Student Government (ASG) has meetings the first and third Monday of every month. If students would like to meet their representatives or voice...
ASG in review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Cairns Historical Sketchbook
Written in 1991, Cairns Historical Sketchbook explains the historical meaning behind the naming of some areas around Cairns, and the development of the area in general. The book also talks about some of the important historical buildings in Cairns City, some of which no longer exist. Embellished with Ron Edwards' beautiful sketches the book is a nice memento of a visit to the city.
Published in Explorers Guides to Far North Queensland Towns
cairns historic
Explorer's Guide to Georgetown
Kuranda Sketchbook
Explorer's Guide to St Pauls Moa Island
Explorer's Guide to Mabuiag Island
An Explorers Guide to Lockhart River
More in this category: « An Explorers Guide to Jowalbinna and Deighton River Explorer's Guide to Georgetown »
Wild Master and the Bongo Multiwagon
This is the story about a journey around Shikoku Island, Japan, in a vehicle called a Bongo Multiwagon following a famous Buddhist pilgrim's path. Our leader was Wild Master, a…
A Whipmaker's Yarns by Robin Wills
*NEW* Novel by Whipmaker Robin Wills. We are proud to present Robin Will's debut book - a collection of yarns representing Robin's youth as a stockman working in rural Australia.…
in Whipmaking
Lizard in a Blizzard
A delightful story about a blue - tongued lizard that dreams of visiting Antarctica to see the penguins. Nicky Boynton-Bricknell is a Brisbane author, who is keen to encourage literacy…
in Children's Books
Approaching Perfection 1 - The Art of Classical Horsemanship
Approaching Perfection 1 - The Art of Classical Horsemanship by Senor Ramon Guerrero. This is the first book in a series of books by Senor Ramon Guerrero, which will assist…
in Horsemanship
A time to grow
A time to grow is a second edition of a 1986 book by Ron Edwards called Going Tropical. The original book was one Ron was never happy with, and after…
in Alternative Living
Whip Handle Designs
Not intended for beginners but for those who can make a plain whip and now want to work some patterns into the handle. Most of the designs are for 12…
Watercolour and Sketching Book 1 Getting Started
A relaxed approach to Watercolour and Drawing by an artist who excelled at producing beautiful clean, spectacular watercolours. Ron Edwards taught an enthusiastic group of beginners in 2004, and from…
in Art and Poetry
Dictionary of Torres Strait Languages
By Sydney H. Ray. Edited and illustrated by Ron Edwards. The only available dictionary of Eastern and Western Island languages. Drawn from Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres…
in Indigenous
Bushcraft 10- Living in the Bush
The final Volume in this popular series, it's back to a mixed bag of bushcrafts. More fencing tips and bush furniture designs, as well as instructions on saddle repairs and…
in Bushcrafts
Big Book of Australian Folk Songs
Written and illustrated by Ron Edwards. Was originally published in 1976 and although the reviews were very good and the first edition sold out it was decided not to do…
in Australian Folksongs and Folklore
Basic Rammed Earth
How to build strong stable earth walls. Possibly faster than mud bricks. Various methods with full details including how to make use of bush timber.
in Earth Building/Mud Brick Construction
Advanced Leatherwork Vol 1 Interesting Braids and Flat Plaits
This is the largest book on flat plaits to have been published, yet it does not cover the most common plaits! This is because they have already been covered in…
in Plaiting


John Rudnick has 35+ years experience researching his wife's and his ancestry in the United States, Germany and Poland in all the traditional sources. He is expert in newspaper research, Internet research techniques and organizing computer family history data files. He is a former volunteer at the Beaverton Family History Center and has been a teacher of local family history research classes for over 15 years. He has been a guest presenter at the Salt Lake Family History Library. Power user of PC and Macintosh platforms in computerizing family history data.
Presenter shows how easy it is to take a 9 page, text only ancestral biography of his great grandfather and embed it with 54 pages of historical images and documents. And then, how to add bookmarks / hyperlinks for ease of electronic navigation of document.
This pdf file is meant as a "Visual Reference" as it is too long for printing. The author has granted permission to download and save the pdf file on your personal computer.
Easy-to-understand explanation of genealogical proof, of what it is and when to use it. Lots of illustrations and examples.
Also includes a perfect bad example, and how to deal with it, how to provide source information, important genealogical terms are defined. Concludes with comments on the dangers of copying data from "public family trees" without any attempt to verify data accuracy.


text:
package filters

import javax.inject.Inject

import brave.play.filter.ZipkinTraceFilter
import play.api.http.DefaultHttpFilters

class Filters @Inject() (
  traceFilter: ZipkinTraceFilter
) extends DefaultHttpFilters(traceFilter) {

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Client-Client communication through a server I'm trying to figure out how to do a very small chat program where I have a server and several clients, lets say 3, the server should be the middleman in all the communication and all message should be passed to it before passing it forward to the right client.
Now I'm quite new at this so all I got is a client that can connect to the server using TcpListener and Socket. The client can then send a message to the server and the server can reply.
Essentially what I'm asking is how can I connect 3 clients at once, and how I can i destinguish the difference between them, so I know which client to forward my message to.
This is what I got so far:
https://gist.github.com/4555536
Also, how do I handle when I want to send several messages in a row without having to send back an acknwoledgement ? I mostly do games where I got an update method that can handle this for me.
Edit: How do I do it localy ? I know I can use IP adresses otherwise.
Best Regards, Fredrik

A: You could identify the connecting client by its IP


Situated on a private, 0.44 acre wooded lot in the Oak Marsh subdivision on Mankato's Hilltop, this absolutely gorgeous 2-Story home offers over 4,000 square feet, 5 bedroom & 3.5 baths.
that lead to the beautiful sun room.
There is also a kitchen w/ hardwood floors, stainless steel appliances, granite countertops & center island.
Finishing off the main floor are the office/formal dining room, laundry room and a half bath.
Upstairs you will find the master bedroom w/ his & her walk-in closets & master bath w/ custom tile shower, whirlpool tub, dual vanities & tile flooring w/ in-floor heat. Also located upstairs is a cozy sitting area, 3 additional bedrooms and the 2nd full bath.
Moving downstairs, the basement is the perfect place to entertain your family & friends. Here you will find a huge family/recreation room along with a wet bar w/ custom cabinets, granite countertops & built-in wine rack and 5th bedroom and 3rd full bath.
There are also 2 separate utility rooms w/ ample storage space. Additional features of the home include: 3-Car attached garage which is insulated & finished; Security system; Covered wrap-around front porch; Large deck w/ maintenance free floor; Lawn sprinkler system; 10′ X 12′ Storage Shed.
Please call today for your own private tour of this gorgeous home!


text:
using Jupiter.Mvvm;
using Jupiter.Utils.Extensions;
using Meridian.Controls;
using Meridian.Enum;
using Meridian.Services;
using Meridian.Services.VK;
using Meridian.Utils.Helpers;
using Meridian.View.VK;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Linq;
using VkLib.Core.Users;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Data;
using Windows.UI.Xaml;

namespace Meridian.ViewModel.VK
{
    public class FriendsViewModel : ViewModelBase
    {
        private readonly VkUserService _userService;

        private List<VkProfile> _friends;
        private CollectionViewSource _friendsCollection; //used for grouping

        protected ObservableCollection<ToolbarItem> _toolbarItems = new ObservableCollection<ToolbarItem>();

        protected PeopleSortType _selectedSortType;

        protected bool _isToolbarEnabled = true;

        #region Commands

        public DelegateCommand RefreshCommand { get; private set; }

        public DelegateCommand<VkProfile> GoToFriendCommand { get; private set; }

        #endregion

        /// <summary>
        /// Friends
        /// </summary>
        public List<VkProfile> Friends
        {
            get { return _friends; }
            private set
            {
                Set(ref _friends, value);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Friends collection
        /// </summary>
        public CollectionViewSource FriendsCollection
        {
            get { return _friendsCollection; }
            private set
            {
                if (Set(ref _friendsCollection, value))
                    RaisePropertyChanged(nameof(Friends));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Friends sort types
        /// </summary>
        public List<PeopleSortType> SortTypes { get; } = new List<PeopleSortType>
        {
            PeopleSortType.Rating,
            PeopleSortType.Name
        };

        /// <summary>
        /// Selected sort type
        /// </summary>
        public PeopleSortType SelectedSortType
        {
            get { return _selectedSortType; }
            set
            {
                if (Set(ref _selectedSortType, value))
                    ApplySort();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Toolbar items
        /// </summary>
        public ObservableCollection<ToolbarItem> ToolbarItems
        {
            get { return _toolbarItems; }
            protected set { Set(ref _toolbarItems, value); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True - toolbar buttons enabled
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsToolbarEnabled
        {
            get { return _isToolbarEnabled; }
            protected set { Set(ref _isToolbarEnabled, value); }
        }

        public FriendsViewModel()
        {
            _userService = Ioc.Resolve<VkUserService>();

            RegisterTasks("friends");

            InitializeToolbarItems();

            Load();
        }

        protected override void InitializeCommands()
        {
            GoToFriendCommand = new DelegateCommand<VkProfile>(friend =>
            {
                NavigationService.Navigate(typeof(FriendMusicView), new Dictionary<string, object>
                {
                    ["friend"] = friend
                });
            });
        }

        protected virtual void InitializeToolbarItems()
        {
            var refreshItem = new ToolbarButton()
            {
                Title = Resources.GetStringByKey("Toolbar_Refresh"),
                Icon = new BitmapIcon() { UriSource = new Uri("ms-appx:///Resources/Images/Toolbar/refresh.png") },
                Command = RefreshCommand
            };

            var sortItem = new ToolbarPicker()
            {
                Title = Resources.GetStringByKey("Toolbar_Sort"),
                Items = {
                    new ToolbarButton() { Title = Resources.GetStringByKey("Toolbar_SortByRating") },
                    new ToolbarButton() { Title = Resources.GetStringByKey("Toolbar_SortByName") }
                },

                OnSelectedItemChanged = index =>
                {
                    this.SelectedSortType = SortTypes[index];
                }
            };

            sortItem.SelectedItem = sortItem.Items.First();

            ToolbarItems = new ObservableCollection<ToolbarItem>(new[] { (ToolbarItem)sortItem, refreshItem });
        }

        private async void Load()
        {
            var t = TaskStarted("friends");

            try
            {
                var response = await _userService.GetFriends();
                if (response.Friends != null)
                {
                    Friends = response.Friends;

                    ApplySort();
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Logger.Error(ex, "Unable to load friends");
            }
            finally
            {
                t.Finish();
            }
        }

        private void ApplySort()
        {
            if (_friends.IsNullOrEmpty())
                return;

            switch (_selectedSortType)
            {
                //by rating
                case PeopleSortType.Rating:
                    FriendsCollection = new CollectionViewSource() { Source = _friends };
                    break;

                //by name
                case PeopleSortType.Name:
                    FriendsCollection = new CollectionViewSource()
                    {
                        Source = _friends.ToAlphaGroups(t => t.Name),
                        ItemsPath = new PropertyPath("Value"),
                        IsSourceGrouped = true
                    };
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
}


Thanks so much for your offer, but this is a free website and we don't accept money. The best thing you could do for LearnEnglish is to help us attract more users. So, if you know other people who are learning English, please tell them about us!
Oh, and if you have a smartphone, we are launching some free apps which will allow you to pay for upgrades soon, so if you want to buy something from us, that would be one possibility. Mostly, though, just spread the word about LearnEnglish!
Really helpfull foo0r me.A bundle thanks of you british council..
I am delighted doing this exercises. Thank you for giving us this opportunity.
Firstly, I would like to thank you for the great job you do.
In the paragraph describing the modal verbs, you wrote "We use modals verbs to show..". However, in the title of this chapter you had used "modal verbs"!
It's very simple - we made a mistake! Thanks for telling us, I've fixed it now. Please let us know if you find any more problems on the site.
Pleased to interact with you.
Good luck to you and all British Council learn English team.
i really like this website. As a beginner It really help me understand English more..
Thanks syaasy, that's really good to hear!


text:
Q: Проверка включения заголовка - CMake Я хочу получить поведение в CMake похожее на функцию в Bazel cc_library.
Вот описание.
У меня есть директория, в которой лежат несколько файлов.
explorer/a.h
explorer/b.h

Я хочу создать библиотеки

*

*a_lib состоит из a.h

*b_lib состоит из b.h и a_lib
Для этого я написал функцию function(mi_cc_library).
explorer/a.h
struct a {
  int _a;
};

explorer/b.h
#include "explorer/a.h"

struct b {
  a   _a;
  int _b;
};

В CMake просто создаю две библиотеки.

Ситуация 1.
# explorer/CMakeLists.txt

mi_cc_library(
  NAME a_iib
  SRCS a.h
)

mi_cc_library(
  NAME b_iib
  SRCS b.h
  DEPS a_lib
)

Должна быть ошибка, файл a.h приватный в a_lib (потому что в SRCS) и не подключен к b_lib.

Ситуация 2.
# explorer/CMakeLists.txt

mi_cc_library(
  NAME a_lib
  HDRS a.h
)

mi_cc_library(
  NAME b_lib
  SRCS b.h
  DEPS a_lib
)

В a_lib файл a.h открытый (потому что в HDRS), ошибок нет.

Ситуация 3.
# explorer/CMakeLists.txt

mi_cc_library(
  NAME a_lib
  SRCS a.h
)

mi_cc_library(
  NAME b_lib
  SRCS a.h b.h
  DEPS a_lib
)

В a_lib файл a.h приватный (потому что в SRCS), но он подключен напрямую к b_lib, ошибок нет.

Проблема в том, что если я реализую mi_cc_library примерно так, то к библиотеке добавляется полностью вся папка с исходниками, тогда все *.h файлы ей доступны вне зависимости от того, подключал ли я их в HDRS или SRCS.
function(mi_cc_library)
  cmake_parse_arguments(
    _RULE
    "PUBLIC;TESTONLY;SHARED"
    "NAME;WINDOWS_DEF_FILE"
    "HDRS;TEXTUAL_HDRS;SRCS;COPTS;DEFINES;LINKOPTS;DATA;DEPS;INCLUDES"
    ${ARGN}
  )

  if(NOT _RULE_IS_INTERFACE)
  ...
  else()
    # Generating header-only library.
    add_library(${_NAME} INTERFACE)
    target_include_directories(${_NAME} SYSTEM
      INTERFACE
        "$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${MI_SOURCE_DIR}>"
        "$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${MI_BINARY_DIR}>"
    )
    target_link_libraries(${_NAME}
      INTERFACE
        ${_RULE_DEPS}
    )
    _mi_cc_library_add_object_deps(${_NAME} ${_RULE_DEPS})
    mi_add_data_dependencies(NAME ${_NAME} DATA ${_RULE_DATA})
    target_compile_definitions(${_NAME}
      INTERFACE
        ${_RULE_DEFINES}
    )
  endif()
endfunction()


Using the KTM RC8 R engine as its base, the Austrians have bored the 75° v-twin out to 108mm (+3mm), with a stroke of 71mm (+2mm), which in addition to the horsepower boost, helps give the KTM Super Duke 1290 R a peak 106 lbs•ft of torque, with 74 lbs•ft available at just 2,500 rpm.
Braking is handled by Brembo, with 320mm discs up front, mated to Brembo M50 monobloc calipers. Fully adjustable WP suspension pieces are fore and aft as well.


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AC Milan hosts Parma
Genoa hosts Juventus
Crystal Palace hosts Premier League leaders Tottenham Hotspur
Manchester City will host Fulham
West Ham United will have a difficult test
Lazio faces Sampdoria
Lazio faces Sampdoria in a match from the 34th round of the Italian Serie A. The game is going to be played on Sunday afternoon at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome.
Lazio continues their fight for a Champions League qualification. Right now the Eagles are 4th in the Serie A standings with 64 points, being on par with the 3rd Roma. Lazio has just one point advantage in front of the 5th Inter, so the fight between these three teams are going to be really intense.
Right now Lazio has a record of 19 wins, 7 draws and 7 losses. In their last five games, they are unbeaten, winning three of their matches and making two draws against Bologna and Roma. In the last round, Lazio enjoyed a thrilling 4-3 win during the visit to Fiorentina in Florence. Simone Inzaghi's team showed some great character in this match and proved that Lazio really wants to qualify for the Champions League.
Sampdoria, on the other hand, is 8th in the Serie A with 51 points. They are on just three points behind the 6th AC Milan, so their hopes for a European qualification are not over. They still have a chance.
In their last five games, Sampdoria won twice, lost twice and made one draw. In the first part of the season Sampdoria were a little bit better, but after that, they became a little bit shaky. Which made them lose some positions in the standings.
Lazio are favourites against Sampdoria, especially at home. Against Fiorentina, the Eagles showed everyone that they are ready to finish the season in a very strong way. They really want to return to the Champions League, so they are ready on everything to do it. As for Samp, their season is also not over.
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What Is Malicious Prosecution?
Home New York Personal Injury Law Firm New York Civil Rights Lawyer What Is Malicious Prosecution?
Zealous authorities often pursue criminal defendants with aggressive tactics that are intended to wear down defenses and to win convictions. Authorities have a right to pursue their cases, but only if their tactics do not cross the line into malicious prosecution. Defining where that line exists, however, can be a difficult challenge.
What Are the Elements of a Malicious Prosecution Claim?
The laws in New York State set a relatively high bar for proving that you were the victim of malicious prosecution. To make your case as strong as possible, you need a New York City personal injury lawyer on your side with the resources and experience to show that the following took place:
1. First, the defendant must have caused or commenced a criminal case against you, the aggrieved party;
2. Second, that case must have ended in your favor;
3. Third, the person charged with malicious prosecution must have lacked probable cause for initiating the criminal complaints; and
4. Fourth, that person must have initiated the complaint with malice or gross and reckless disregard of the facts.
Who May Be Liable for Malicious Prosecution?
Authorities may be liable for malicious prosecution when they commit extreme misconduct, such as hiding evidence that exonerates a defendant.
Detectives, police and the local or state government may be liable for malicious prosecution if they pursue criminal charges with no probable cause. "Probable cause" has been interpreted under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to mean that the police have a reasonable basis for believing that a crime has been committed or when evidence of a crime is present at a location that is subject to a valid search.
What Evidence Is Needed to Prove Malicious Prosecution?
Criminal prosecutions cannot go forward without a grand jury or other valid indictment. The transcript of grand jury proceedings is, therefore, the starting point to gather evidence for a malicious prosecution claim. A skilled civil rights attorney will review that transcript to determine what information was presented to or withheld from a grand jury and to assess whether any witnesses lied in their grand jury testimony.
A criminal prosecution that proceeds based on a faulty grand jury indictment will be a strong basis for a malicious prosecution claim.
What Damages are Available for Malicious Prosecution Claims?
Victims of malicious prosecution are eligible to seek monetary compensation for a variety of losses and damages, including:
Mental suffering and anguish
Loss of reputation
Lost wages and employment opportunities, past, present, and future
Medical expenses resulting from the negative impact on your physical health and well-being
In particularly egregious cases, a victim may even be entitled to punitive damages.
Choose a Civil Rights Law Firm You Can Trust
If you believe you or a loved one were the victim of malicious prosecution, the New York City civil rights law firm of Friedman, Levy, Goldfarb & Green, P.C. is ready and able to hear your side of the story and give you all the information you need to decide if pursuing a lawsuit is the right next step.
All initial consultations are free of charge, and you never owe us a fee unless we win your case. We take pride in standing up for people whose civil rights are violated by prosecutors and law enforcement personnel who breach the limits of legal conduct in trying to get a conviction.
Call today to speak with a New York City civil rights attorney about whether you have a valid claim for malicious prosecution.
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August 11, 2017- Resident Engineering Inspection Services for the Installation of High Level Storm and Combined Sewers in 229th St. and 230 Pl. Between 145th Ave. and 147th Ave.; Etc., Southeast Queens, Laurelton Area, Phase 1.
This procurement is subject to participation goals for MBEs and/or WBEs as required by Local Law 1 of 2013. The Cost Estimate Range: $1,000,000.00 to $3,000,000.00.
August 14, 2017- NYC Health and Hospitals was awarded a New York State Department of Health capital grant through the Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment (DSRIP) Program to design, install and deploy the technology infrastructure platform which will create a common system across the Participating Provider System (PPS) and enable partners to define, understand, engage and track patient populations and measure and track processes over time.
August 14, 2017- Located at 18-48 Cornaga Avenue, Borough of Queens. Contract Q446-116MA. The Cost Estimate Range is $500,000.00 to $1,000,000.00.
August 15, 2017- Please contact Mark Thompson.
August 16, 2017- Located at West 173rd Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Highbridge Park, Borough of Manhattan. The Cost Estimate Range: $1,000,000.00 to $3,000,000.00.
August 17, 2017- Please contact Mark Thompson.
August 17, 2017- SUNY Cortland is requesting information from mascot costume manufacturers. This RFI is intended to gather information that could assist the college in developing a Request for Proposal.
August 17, 2017- Operation and maintenance of the year-round tennis professional concession in historic Bethpage Sate Park in Farmingdale, NY, including the operation of a Tennis Pro Shop, development and management of a junior tennis program, tennis instruction, court rental, promotion of tennis activities (leagues, clinics and tournaments), and the sale and rental of tennis equipment and related merchandise. Proposals are invited to include new capital projects, such as the development of enhanced or relocated tennis and multi-sport courts/facilities.
August 17, 2017- Consultant will create a smartphone app that will connect riders on Amtrak and Metro North Hudson River trains to the region's history and resources right outside their windows. This GPS enabled app will use geo-fences to provide on the fly and customizable interpretation of the valley's resources and serve as a jumping off point to experience the parks, trails, historic sites, cultural designations and historic downtowns within the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area. The app will be available for download to mobile devices. The app must work on both northbound and southbound Hudson River trains and highlight points of interests from the moment a northbound train pulls out of the Park Avenue tunnels in New York City all the way to the Rensselaer Train Station or on a southbound train between the same locations. Project will build on a printed booklet produced by the HRVNHA called "Windows on History" and other previously developed materials and narratives. Project will be scalable and expandable over time via content uploads that can be performed by NHA staff.
August 23, 2017- The New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) acting on behalf of New York City and in partnership with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYCDPR) and the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT), requests proposals for engineering and landscape architectural design services for preparing all analyses, surveys, designs, permit applications and related documents for the development of a portion of the East Midtown Waterfront Project, the East Midtown Greenway – 53rd to 61st Streets along the East River in Manhattan, NY. The design of East Midtown Greenway will consist of repurposing existing caissons and design of a new structure to support a pedestrian esplanade, landscaping, construction of walkways, waterfront fencing/railings, lighting, utility improvements, and structures for the connection of a new esplanade to the Andrew Haswell Green Park and a pedestrian bridge at East 54th Street.
NYCEDC plans to select a consultant on the basis of factors stated in the RFP which include, but are not limited to: the quality of the proposal, experience of key staff identified in the proposal, experience and quality of any subcontractors proposed, demonstrated successful experience in performing services similar to those encompassed in the RFP and the proposed fee.
August 29, 2017- Located at Caton Avenue and Stratford Road in the Parade Ground, Borough of Brooklyn.
August 30, 2017- Please contact Mark Thompson.
September 7, 2017- The Faculty Student Association of Stony Brook University will be issuing a Request for Proposals (RFP) for proposals to operate Campus Store Services on July 31, 2017. A mandatory Bidders' Conference will be held on August 14, 2017. If you are interested in submitting a proposal you must immediately contact Donna Klingel at (631) 632 9829 or CampusStores_RFP@stonybrook.edu for information and a copy of the RFP.
September 8, 2017- Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation ("BNYDC") is seeking proposals from qualified Security Consulting Companies to assess our current security policies, procedures and staffing. The successful Company will perform a comprehensive review of the BNYDC security operations to identify deficiencies and provide specific recommendations for improvements. Based on the assessment the Company shall develop a detailed Security Master Plan for BNYDC.
The Brooklyn Navy Yard, often referred to as the Yard, is a mission-driven industrial park that is a nationally acclaimed model of the viability and positive impact of modern, urban industrial development. The Yard is now home to over 330 businesses employing more than 7,000 people and generating over $2B per year in economic impact for the City. Building on the Yard's history as the economic heart of Brooklyn, the 300-acre, waterfront asset offers a critical pathway to the middle class for many New Yorkers.
The Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation (BNYDC) is the not-for-profit corporation that serves as the real estate developer and property manager of the Yard on behalf of its owner, the City of New York. BNYDC constantly strives to provide an environment in which businesses and careers can take root and grow. Industrial users are BNYDC's highest priority.
The Brooklyn Navy Yard was once one of the nation's most storied naval shipbuilding facilities that for over 150 years built and launched America`s most famous fighting ships, including the USS Maine, USS Arizona, and USS Missouri. The Yard also served as an important point of passage, home, and workplace for countless veterans as they served our country. Through its public programming, the Yard continues to honor and preserve this rich history.
September 11, 2017- Governor Cuomo's Reforming the Energy Vision (REV) initiative will provide New York State consumers and communities with new opportunities to participate in their energy future by enabling the deployment of distributed energy resources (DER), such as community solar projects. While these opportunities will provide consumers and communities with greater control over how they consume and source their energy, LMI communities and EJ areas often lack the technical expertise and financial resources to plan for, develop, and implement a community-scale clean energy project, preventing these communities/areas from fully benefiting from the opportunities provided by REV and necessary to realizing its success.
Provide funding through this solicitation to community-based organizations (CBOs) that provide services or otherwise represent LMI communities or EJ areas to aid the planning and development of a community-scale clean energy project.
Develop best practices for planning a community scale clean energy project through the creation of toolkits to overcome knowledge gaps and accelerate the timeline from project planning to implementation. NYSERDA will provide draft toolkits to the projects selected through the RFP to test and refine throughout the project planning and development process. The toolkits will then be made available to community-based organizations across the state.
boost the ability of community-based organizations to carry out local clean energy priorities in the context of REV-enabled programs and projects.
Funds awarded under this RFP can be used by CBOs to procure technical assistance to address key planning and development issues such as identifying successful models of community engagement, site selection, identifying ownership and finance structures, customer enrollment, and mechanics for the allocation of benefits. The planning and development process from REVitalize projects will be used to foster technology transfer and replication of processes in similar communities so that best practices are scaled statewide. To ensure that the REVitalize funds are used most effectively, NYSERDA will prioritize funding to proposals that are able to demonstrate that initial community energy planning activities have occurred.
September 15, 2017- Program Opportunity Notice (PON) 3582, Manufacturing Corps (M-Corps) Pilot Program, sseeks proposals to establish partnerships in New York State focused on overcoming the challenges of product manufacturing for clean technology startup companies.
The Manufacturing Corps (M-Corps) Pilot Program aims to provide operational and programming support to organizations offering services to manufacturers that accelerate the time it takes to move from a prototype to a commercial product. Selected awardees will develop curriculum and milestones for manufacturers, cleantech hardware startup founders and the organizations that support them, including: incubators, proof of concept centers, universities, and independent non-profits. Proposals will be evaluated based on: program innovation and impact, utilization of existing institutional resources and regional assets, and collaboration with partners.
The funding opportunity seeks activities designed to better prepare hardware startup companies and manufacturers for the challenges of working together to mobilize the manufacture of cleantech hardware in New York State. Funds will be awarded to establish and implement one or more M-Corps pilot programs that provide regional coverage in New York State. Up to $4,000,000 of NYSERDA funding is available through this M-Corps Pilot Program. This M-Corps funding is intended to cover approximately 24 months of services. Future M-Corps funding may be available. Future solicitations, if deemed appropriate, will utilize the learnings from this pilot to provide services across the State over a period of years.
September 15, 2017– Please contact Mark Thompson.
September 22, 2017- The Agency is seeking an appropriately qualified vendor to provide procurement, licensing and implementation services, including cabling services and electrical work, for VoIP equipment, accessories and network infrastructure hosted by the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications ("DoITT").
December 28, 2017- NYSERDA supports the growth of the energy storage portfolio in New York State. Despite advances in storage technology, several technological challenges still exist including high hardware costs, suboptimal system performance (efficiency, life cycle and thermal stability), and insufficient integration field testing with the grid and other applications. These barriers continue to hinder and effect the growth of energy storage deployment.
Executive Vice President Jeanne Mullgrav on Successful Community Partnerships – What Does it Take?


text:
-Galahad, Arthur Rackham
In ASoIaF we are told about the Prince that was Promised, who may also equate with the eastern legend of Azor Ahai Reborn. The signs of the Prince's coming are believed to be:
The birth of a prince from the line of the dragon (gender may not matter, per Maester Aemon)
Born amidst smoke and salt
A bleeding star
Return of dragons
Of Azor Ahai, we have this, from Melisandre:
"There will come a day after a long summer when the stars bleed and the cold breath of darkness falls heavy on the world. In this dread hour a warrior shall draw from the fire a burning sword. And that sword shall be Lightbringer, the Red Sword of Heroes, and he who clasps it shall be Azor Ahai come again, and the darkness shall flee before him."
"When the red star bleeds and the darkness gathers, Azor Ahai shall be born again amidst smoke and salt…"
The bleeding star and smoke and salt are what connect the two prophecies. To indicate the Prince will also wield a sword, we have Rhaegar's pronouncement:
"I will require a sword and armor. It seems I must be a warrior."
In both cases, we seem to be dealing with a messianic figure.
In Arthurian legend, King Arthur himself stands in the role of Messiah, the King that was and will come again to save his people. In other words: the Prince that was promised to return. This messianic figure occurs frequently in European tradition. Finn Mac Cumhaill in Ireland, Arthur in Britain, Bran the Blessed of Wales, Ogier the Dane, Saint Wenceslas of Bohemia, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, the mighty Charlemagne of France and a host of others are all reputed to be sleeping under a mountain or lost beyond a Wall or sea, waiting for the final need of their people to return for their salvation.
Galahad is the son of Elaine of Corbenic and Sir Lancelot. Elaine is the daughter of King Pelles and the two are closely associated with grail mythology and are often equated with the Fisher King and the Grail Maiden. Pelles, according to Malory, had reason to believe that his daughter Elaine's son Galahad would become the greatest knight the world has known and lead "a foreign country… out of danger," something Jon Snow has already done for the Wildlings. (Bonus: In Welsh tradition Galahad is descended from Bron, one of the original followers of Joseph of Arimathea, whose name is a very close cognate to the name Bran, held by numerous illustrious Stark ancestors.) Galahad himself is closely analogous to Arthur, earning a mystical sword and wide repute as a knight at a young age.
Getting back to the parallels between the messianic figures of tPtwP/AAR and Arthur/Galahad we should first deal with the "bleeding star." In both traditions in ASoIaF there is a bleeding star which many assume to be a red comet. Indeed, we see a red comet blazing across the Westerosi sky around the time of the birth of Daenerys' dragons. While the comet has different names and significance in various regions, the most common associations seem to be fire and blood or, as Old Nan puts it "…dragons, boy" undeniably relating it to House Targaryen. Yet on several occasions it is also likened to a sword, including by Septon Chayle of Winterfell "…the sword that slays the seasons." Meanwhile, in Arthurian legend there is a very important comet, also associated with blood and dragons. Legend has it that Arthur's father Uther Pendragon took his name from a red, dragon-like comet seen in the sky over Britain as his brother and king lay dying. "Pendragon" literally means "chief dragon" or "war leader" but can also be interpreted as "hanging dragon." This red comet alternately presaged the death of Aurelius Ambrosius, the rise of Uther and the birth of Arthur. In all instances, it is closely associated with the British version of "dragons." Incidentally, there are some scientists who believe that a comet's tail passing over northern Europe in the sixth century caused a bombardment of debris that led to a period of climate change and darkness where crops failed and disease killed people in the tens of thousands. In fact early chronicles are rife with descriptions of sixth century comets, which are most often associated with fire, blood and dragons. One can't help but notice the similarity to the comet and the impending long winter in ASoIaF. These same scientific discoveries have led to theorists who postulate that the myths of Arthur's sword, his many battles and his mysterious departure are really expressions of the passing of a large comet over Britain, which brings us to the parallel of the swords. The magical sword is another common theme in northern European legend, with swords made by the legendary Norse blacksmith Wayland Smith found in the possession of everyone from Sigurd and Roland to Ogier the Dane and King Arthur. Both Arthur and Galahad possess magical swords that they retrieved from a stone by a test of worthiness only they could pass. Compare to "Lightbringer", the legendary sword of AAR and the renowned Stark greatsword "Ice" (the original, not Eddard Stark's Valyrian steel model) While it is early to tell, it has been predicted that Jon Snow will find himself in possession of one of these swords.
Checking in with the list of PtwP and AAR portents and parallels, we have Jon Snow and Arthur as princes of the line of dragons, predicted to wield or wielding a magical sword, and dragons returning to the world (literally in Westeros, in the form of the descendants of Constantine II in ancient Britain.) We have a long summer ending and a red comet in the sky in both worlds, more or less, and "the cold breath of darkness" is certainly about to hit the world of Westeros like a ton of bricks, while according to chronicles the sixth century saw drought, unusual summer frosts and "failure of bread." So what of salt and smoke? Those are actually the easiest signs to find as salt can be found in tears (plenty of those in Westeros and Arthurian legend, including Bowen Marsh's) and smoke is also ever present (witness Jon's wound "smoking" in his final ADwD chapter and the monk Gildas describing the smoking island of Britain in 540AD) On the other hand, it's also been suggested that the salt and smoke represent an interpretation of snow and icy breath by someone who had never experienced a cold climate, which certainly prevails in northern Westeros and sixth century Britain. Finally, since R+L have been shown to parallel both Uther and Ygraine (traditional) and Elaine and Lancelot (upon closer inspection), from parentage to comets to swords either Arthur or Galahad works for Jon Snow. Of course, his story has yet to play out upon the page so there will be new depths to explore in the future.
Arthurian analysis, ASoIaF, asoiaf meta, Azor Ahai Reborn, Galahad, Jon Snow, King Arthur, the Prince that was Promised
I sat upon the shore
Fishing, with the arid plain behind me
Shall I at least set my lands in order?
T.S.Eliot, The Wasteland
The Fisher King is sometimes known as the Wounded King and is nearly always presented with a leg or groin wound. Because the wound causes a loss of fertility, his kingdom becomes barren (as in "The Wasteland") and he has little to do but fish in the river outside his palace. He is Keeper of the Grail, but must wait for the chosen one to heal him. Only when he is healed is the chosen one (alternately, Peredur, Percival or Galahad) allowed to "achieve" the Grail. The legend of the Fisher King is closely related to the story of Bran the Blessed and his magical cauldron from the Mabinogian, a mythical cycle thought by many to be closely related to the Stark family. Interestingly, the Mabinogian uses a severed head as the motif, rather than a lower body wound. Celtic scholars believe some Celts practiced a cult of head worship, as that is where they believed the soul resided. In fact, Diodorus Siculus, in his 1st century History, relates: "[Celts] cut off the heads of enemies slain in battle and attach them to the necks of their horses." We have seen this motif with the story told about the Freys' treatment of Robb Stark and Grey Wind.
In some versions of the story we are presented with a father and son pair, representing the wounded King and his fishing counterpart. I propose that Ned Stark, whose leg wound precedes his death which leaves his "kingdom" almost literally a wasteland, represents the wounded aspect of the Fisher King. Lord Rickard stands in as the patriarch of the clan in whose keeping the "sangreal" or cauldron has been left, only to be offered to one who has proven himself worthy. Of course, it is Lyanna herself who stands in for the cauldron, as in Celtic mythology the cauldron represents a womb. Robb Stark represents the severed head on the platter (the original "sangreal"), presented to the Welsh hero Peredur, who later recognizes it as his cousin. Jon Snow, as the son of Lyanna Stark and cousin of Robb, ties together the two versions of the Grail: the cauldron/womb and the vessel/platter.
Arthurian analysis, ASoIaF, asoiaf meta, Fisher King, Grail Legend, Holy Grail, House Stark, Jon Snow, Lyanna Stark, Ned Stark, Robb Stark
The Lady of Shalott, John William Waterhouse
Under tower and balcony,
By garden wall and gallery,
A pale, pale corpse she floated by,
Deadcold, between the houses high,
Dead into tower'd Camelot.
-Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Lancelot is closely associated with three women named Elaine, one of many applications of triplism in the Arthurian cycle. As previously mentioned, Elaine of Corbenic becomes the mother of his son, Galahad. His mother is Elaine, the wife of King Ban of Benioc. When they are forced to flee their lands, Lancelot is taken by the Lady of the Lake and raised, as was Arthur, in ignorance of his identity.
Elaine of Astolat, better known to many as the Lady of Shallott, falls in love with Lancelot at a tournament, is rejected by him and later when she dies of a broken heart, her body is floated downstream to Camelot, where the reason for her death becomes known to the court and all mourn the tragedy of her demise. While not completely analogous, this story has strong elements of the Ashara Dayne story as we know it: a noble young woman, a lover at a tourney, death from a broken heart and her body floating away.
As Lancelot was unhorsed by his cousin Bors at the Astolat Tourney, one has to consider Brandon Stark, a young man who fought in the tourney at Harrenhal and was unhorsed by Prince Rhaegar, in the role of Lancelot here. Barristan Selmy, who loved Lady Ashara from afar, thought about quote "the man who had dishonored her at Harrenhal" in the same thought as someone with the name "Stark."
In the case of Elaine and Lancelot, she tended the wounds he sustained. If Ashara and Brandon were connected at the tourney, perhaps a situation somewhat parallel to that of Robb Stark and Jeyne Westerling may have arisen. Brandon, we have every reason to believe, did not possess the extreme sense of honor that his nephew, as Eddard's son, would later show. Based on what we know of Brandon, he would leave in the morning, pleading his commitment to Catelyn Stark and leave Ashara to cope with the consequences.
Taking Ashara's story and its parallels to Elaine of Astolat at face value doesn't rule out other possibilities, such as a faked death or the child surviving. Rather, the analogy enhances these possible scenarios.
Arthurian analysis, Ashara Dayne, ASoIaF, asoiaf meta, Elaine of Astolat, grrm, Lady of Shalott, Lancelot
Lyanna Stark: Elaine of Corbenic into Gwenhwyfar
Most versions of the stories report that Lancelot has a son called Galahad with a woman named Elaine of Corbenic. The father of Elaine of Corbenic is King Pelles, sometimes called the Fisher King, who is the guardian of the Holy Grail. Legend has it that Pelles is descended from one Bron, a follower of Joseph of Arimathea, who brought the Grail to Britain. Bron is also thought to be derived in part from the character of Bran the Blessed in the Welsh Mabinogian. Bran possessed a magic cauldron that could resurrect the dead. Bran and his cauldron bring to mind the North, from the name itself to the resurrected dead of from beyond the Wall.
Additionally, there is a detail in the etymology of Corbenic which I believe ties Corbenic, Elaine and the Fisher King very closely to the Starks. There are a number of possible linguistic connections, among them the Brythonic Caer Bran (literally Fort of Bran, or Fort of the Raven) and the middle French corbin, also meaning Raven, thought by many to be an allusion to Bran the Blessed with whom the Fisher King is closely connected. We'll get to the larger connection between Pelles, Bran the Blessed and the Starks shortly. But given all of the above, I would assume a Stark connection for the character of Elaine.
In Le Morte d'Arthur, Thomas Malory describes Elaine as "passing fair and young." Compare that to Eddard Stark's memory of his sister "Lyanna had only been sixteen, a child woman of surpassing loveliness." After Lancelot rescues Elaine from a "scalding bath" she falls in love with him. If we apply this to Lyanna, we might wonder again if she could have been in trouble with a fiery minded Targaryen. Getting back to the idea of a rescue in the Lyanna and Rhaegar story, isn't it curious that this theme appears again in the story of Elaine of Corbenic and Lancelot?
In this version of the tale though, Elaine must ultimately resort to a magical disguise to trick Lancelot into lying with her and conceiving Galahad. I propose that, with typical Martinism, the analogy is now given a different twist, but one that remains centered on the Tourney at Harrenhal and Lyanna's actions there.
Lancelot, it turns out, is closely connected with a traditional folk story that has three main elements: a child raised by a water sidhe, the appearance of a hero at a tournament on three consecutive days in three different disguises, and the rescue of a kidnapped queen.
If we assume that Lyanna Stark is the KotLT and also analogous to Elaine of Corbenic with her Stark connections, we see that both are associated with disguises. As it happens, the disguise Elaine assumes for Lancelot is of Gwenhwyfar.
Now, if we assign the role of sidhe child, with its close association with water, to the "little crannogman" at the tourney and agree that Lyanna's disguise as the KotLT and defeat of three champions satisfies the second element we have two of the elements of the original topos present. Is it possible to see Lyanna as also fulfilling the role of the captive queen of the third element? Since we've already proposed that Lyanna is analogous with Gwenhwyfar in one version of the rescue story, and given that Elaine assumed Gwenhwyfar's identity to conceive Galahad we might now stop to consider if the young man widely assumed to be Lyanna's son has any similarities with Galahad.
Arthurian analysis, ASoIaF, asoiaf meta, Elaine of Corbenic, grrm, Gwenhwyfar, Lyanna Stark
Arthur Dayne as Sir Lancelot
At first glance, it's hard to ignore the visceral parallel of a knight named Arthur with a fabled sword appearing in each canon. But look again! Who better to fulfill the role of Lancelot du Lac, King Arthur's First Knight, than Arthur Dayne, Sword of the Morning, almost universally reckoned to be the finest knight who ever lived? Here's a scholarly description of Lancelot:
In Chretien de Troyes' work Lancelot is portrayed as not only the bravest of knights, but one that everyone he meets is forced to describe as uniquely perfect
Compare with Ned's and Jaime's descriptions of Arthur Dayne
the finest knight I ever saw was Ser Arthur Dayne, who fought with a blade called Dawn, forged from the heart of a fallen star. They called him the Sword of the Morning, and he would have killed me but for Howland Reed
I learned from Ser Arthur Dayne , the Sword of the Morning, who could have slain all five of you with his left hand while he was taking a piss with his right
Another detail of note about Lancelot is the name of his castle and the location of his final resting place. Joyous Gard. Formerly called Dolorous Gard, the name was changed to Joyous Gard after Arthur and Gwenhwyfar visited as his guests. Gard is an old english word for yard or garden, used in this instance to describe a castle in the wilderness. If it were a simple watchtower rather than a castle, it might well be called the Tower of Joy. While there's no indication that the Daynes owned that watchtower in the Red Mountains, it is near to their family holdings and is, without a doubt, the final resting place of Ser Arthur.
Chretien de Troyes is the medieval poet whose tale "The Knight of the Cart" introduced the Lancelot-Gwenhwyfar affair to the medieval world. In his story Lancelot rescues Gwenhwyfar, who has been abducted by Melwas, also known as Meleagant. His quest portrays the struggle to balance his role as King Arthur's warrior within the framework of courtly love and his love affair with Gwenhwyfar. In order to reach her to effect the rescue, Lancelot must travel in a cart, which the audience understands to be a mode of transport usually reserved for criminals. This foreshadows the consummation of the affair, which occurs after the rescue. Essentially, Lancelot breaks his contract with his king and becomes a criminal or social outcast through his actions. Critically, his role as the King's First Knight does not change, but has been sullied.
So we have parallels for Rhaegar as Arthur married to Elia as Gwenhwyfar. By all accounts, Rhaegar and Elia, like Arthur and Gwenhwyfar, had a marriage of mutual respect and fondness, if not passion. Arthur Dayne, the Sword of the Morning, legendary kingsguard and "bravest of knights" is Lancelot, King Arthur's First Knight who before he learned his true name was known only as "The White Knight." Here's where it gets sticky. It's hard to see a parallel here with Arthur Dayne and Elia Martell. If there were some previously existing relationship between the two Dornish nobles, it might have been hinted at. And if there was any reason to suspect the fabled White Knight had broken his vows we'd surely have heard of it. So how to resolve the question of Lancelot? And how does Lyanna Stark fit into this equation? As usual, with GRRM things are not so straightforward, as our next installments will show.
Arthur Dayne, Arthurian analysis, ASoIaF, asoiaf meta, grrm, Lancelot
A Ghost in Winterfell
Winterfell by Lino Drieghe © Fantasy Flight Games
As discussed in Radio Westeros Episode 18
In Theon Greyjoy's chapter "A Ghost in Winterfell" in ADwD, we find one of the great minor mysteries of the ASoIaF fandom. It begins with a series of deaths. A Ryswell man at arms, Aenys Frey's old squire, and a Flint crossbowman. Theon does not believe any of the excuses made for these deaths, thinking to himself each time that foul play was a more likely answer.
When Ramsay Bolton's own man Yellow Dick is found dead, with his actual member cut off and stuffed into his mouth, there can be no doubt that a bad actor is responsible for these deaths. Things are starting to go badly wrong for Roose Bolton, the snow is making the men anxious, the Freys and Manderlys are fighting and the stables have collapsed. It is during this chaos and friction that Theon flees a meal in the great hall and has a curious encounter.
When Theon steps outside he has a moment of peace in the falling snow that is strangely evocative of Sansa's "snow castle" scene from the Eyrie. Then he walks on and meets a man:
Farther on, he came upon a man striding in the opposite direction, a hooded cloak flapping behind him. When they found themselves face-to-face their eyes met briefly. The man put a hand on his dagger. "Theon Turncloak. Theon Kinslayer."
"I'm not. I never … I was ironborn."
"False is all you were. How is it you still breathe?"
"The gods are not done with me," Theon answered, wondering if this could be the killer, the night walker who had stuffed Yellow Dick's cock into his mouth and pushed Roger Ryswell's groom off the battlements. Oddly, he was not afraid. He pulled the glove from his left hand. "Lord Ramsay is not done with me."
The man looked, and laughed. "I leave you to him, then."
That short passage has inspired the eternal question — who is the hooded man? Many identity theories have been floated about the fandom, from Benjen Stark to Hal Mollen to Brynden "Blackfish" Tully. And while there is some value in ideas like Robett Glover, the brother of the lord of Deepwood Motte who was last seen trying to raise troops in White Harbor, and an idea which proposes the hooded man is simply in Theon's imagination, our call is someone much closer to home, someone who would have very good reason to be in Winterfell, who may be much changed from the last time Theon saw him, and who Theon actually thinks is dead, making him a perfect candidate for an alternate interpretation of the chapter title. Harwin, son of Hullen, is both a possible alternate as "A Ghost in Winterfell" and a strong candidate for being the hooded man Theon encounters.
Probably the first question to address is why Harwin? That answer lies with Lady Stoneheart. Starting in ASoS, in the Merrett Frey epilogue, it's made clear that she and the BwB are searching for her daughter Arya in the Riverlands. Remember that, besides Sandor Clegane, the BwB are the last people to knowingly see Arya Stark alive. The search continues into AFfC, when the BwB question Brienne about Arya, and we also learn that they have been gathering orphans in the Riverlands and housing them at the Inn at the Crossroads. It's been speculated this is most likely an effort to discover Arya among the orphaned and displaced young people of the Riverlands.
Lady Stoneheart and the BwB would know that Arya was last seen with Sandor Clegane prior to the Red Wedding, and they will have also heard the news that some weeks after the Red Wedding, Roose Bolton set out for the north with a young woman in a closed carriage, reputed to be Arya Stark being taken home to marry his son Ramsay. In that light, it makes perfect sense that Lady Stoneheart would send a spy to Winterfell to see if this was truly her daughter, and if so to effect her rescue. Who better to send than the one member of the BwB who not only knew Arya well, but grew up in Winterfell and was an expert horseman?
Harwin is last mentioned by name in AFfC when Thoros tells Brienne that Harwin begged him to raise Catelyn Stark when they discovered her in the river three days after her death. And while there is a "young northman" in the cave when Brienne is brought before Lady Stoneheart, we think there's a chance that young man is Hal Mollen, Catelyn's sworn sword who was last seen heading into the Neck with Ned's bones in ACoK.
The young man in the Brienne scene, whose voice is "frosted with the accents of the north", is never identified by name. There has been opportunity for Hal to have rejoined his lady's service, since Lady Stoneheart is noted to have been in Hag's Mire and the Neck recently. In addition, it's interesting that this young man says to Brienne:
"Can it be that my lady has forgotten that you once swore her your service?"
Hal Mollen witnessed Brienne's oath to Lady Catelyn in ACoK, and since this comment seems to come from personal knowledge rather than something Lady Stoneheart said, we give pretty good odds to this man being Hal Mollen, and to Harwin having been sent on a mission sometime earlier, possibly during that trip into the Neck. But the theory doesn't hinge upon that being true, since by most reckonings nearly two months pass between Brienne's trial and the hooded man sighting. This would seem to be more than enough time for an expert horseman who knows the lay of the land well to make his way to Winterfell.
So having established motive and opportunity for Harwin, let's look at the scene itself. It's not immediately clear if Theon recognises the man. He wonders if this is the killer who has claimed four victims to that point, and thinks of him only as "the man." But it's very obvious the hooded man knows him. He clearly recognises Theon, and calls him "Turncloak" and "Kinslayer" — epithets that one could certainly expect from someone who lived in the Winterfell household. Theon denies being a kinslayer as usual, since he knows he didn't kill Bran and Rickon. And as usual this is met with disgust and the hooded man says "False is all you were" and wonders "How is it you still breathe?" Now, we know that Theon's torture by Ramsay was known in the Riverlands, Roose had made no secret of it. The man doesn't seem surprised, and even laughs, when he sees Theon's maimed hand, and seems to take some pleasure in leaving Theon to Ramsay.
These reactions seem to be all in keeping with what one would expect from Harwin. But what about Theon? It's possible he wouldn't recognise Harwin whom he hasn't seen in several years, especially when we recall that Harwin was much changed and Arya barely recognised him when she first met the BwB. But it's also possible that he does recognise him. And that is the really intriguing possibility because while Theon hasn't seen Harwin in years, he does think of him.
In ADwD, in the chapter following his encounter with the hooded man, Theon is thinking about the ghosts that inhabit Winterfell and we get this:
That was long ago, though. They were all dead now. Jory, old Ser Rodrik, Lord Eddard, Harwin and Hullen, Cayn and Desmond and Fat Tom, Alyn with his dreams of knighthood, Mikken who had given him his first real sword. Even Old Nan, like as not.
So it seems that Theon assumes that all of the men who went with Ned perished in King's Landing, but Harwin is the only person in his thoughts that's actually alive. We think we're alerted to this mistake on Theon's part for a reason. Consider that while the chapter title "A Ghost in Winterfell" clearly applies to Theon, it's made very plain in his thoughts that he thinks of himself as only one of very many ghosts: "there are ghosts in winterfell, and I am one of them." Now if we consider that these chapter titles sometimes do have alternate meanings, and imagine what Theon would think if he saw Harwin, who he thinks is dead… the alternate meaning for this chapter title becomes very clear. The hooded man would literally appear to be a ghost to Theon, who is already spending a lot of time musing about ghosts and wondering about the voice he is hearing from the weirwood tree. In that light some lines that come immediately after the encounter with the hooded man make a lot of sense. First he thinks "He was trapped here, with the ghosts" and then "Leave Winterfell to me and the ghosts" and finally, when surprised in the godswood by Abel's women:
"The ghosts," he blurted. "They whisper to me. They … they know my name."
While the heart tree has been speaking to him in Bran's voice, we think he has another ghost in mind as well. Imagine Theon, already haunted by the ghosts he created and hearing a voice speaking to him from the weirwood tree, seeing someone he has thought dead for these last two years. Might be good cause for him to think the ghosts are talking to him. Then in Theon's TWoW spoiler chapter, when recalling how he tried to explain his story to Asha when they met in the snow, Theon thinks "He told her how he bedded down with Ramsay's bitches, warned her that Winterfell was full of ghosts."
Warning his sister "that Winterfell was full of ghosts" is very interesting in light of this theory that Theon had an encounter with a man he would consider a ghost. Let's now provide some clarity on the other options that have been identified. One good question is why rule out other candidates like Robett Glover, Hal Mollen, the Blackfish and Benjen Stark? The obvious answer is that not only would Theon have recognised all of those men, having seen most of them recently during the fighting in TWot5K, but that he has never been shown to think any of them are dead, as he has Harwin, and so his reaction to seeing them might have been much different. One other thing about Harwin as an option that is important is that neither Roose, nor any of the lords or soldiers who are with him would be expected to recognize him, as they would Glover, Tully or Benjen Stark. Even Hal Mollen, who was Robb's standard bearer when the northmen left Winterfell in AGoT, would be a familiar face to many. Harwin could thus easily blend in with the grooms, servants and freeriders that Winterfell is noted to be teeming with.
Consider also Theon's reaction, wondering "if this could be the killer, the night walker who had stuffed Yellow Dick's cock into his mouth and pushed Roger Ryswell's groom off the battlements." There is an almost supernatural feeling to this, and the fact that he feels no fear is appropriate given the fact that he seems so comfortable with his "ghosts."
Speaking of Theon's suspicion that the hooded man could be the killer, we think it unlikely. After Theon's various interactions with Abel's women it seems pretty clear that they were responsible for the Ryswell man at arms, Ser Aenys Frey's squire, the Flint crossbowman and Yellow Dick. Since there isn't anything we know of in the political situation at Winterfell to connect those four men, we surmise that they had some knowledge that made them dangerous. Since all were found outside, we further assume it was something they saw that marked them for death.
But what about Little Walder? Rowan denies that his death was down to Abel's washerwomen, implying they are responsible for the others. We can't rule them out because the body was discovered in the vicinity of the tower Abel met Theon in the night of the murder, but we definitely think there could be a second murderer in Winterfell who killed Little Walder. We find it highly suspicious that Big Walder is noted to be spattered in blood, when it's just been stated that Little Walder's blood was frozen, due to the body being found in a snowdrift. So while we can't rule out one of Abel's women or the hooded man as the killer, we do think that Big Walder, who was so quick to implicate a knight from White Harbor, is definitely a strong suspect in that murder.
In conclusion, Harwin as the hooded man makes thematic sense and is well supported by the text, but it appears that it's probably best to look elsewhere for the perpetrators of the mysterious deaths that take place in Winterfell as tensions rise to the boiling point and Roose Bolton commands a snowy march to meet Stannis Baratheon in battle.
A Dance with Dragons, ASoIaF, asoiaf theories, BwB, ghosts, grrm, Harwin, the winds of winter, Theon, Winterfell
Brown Ben Plumm: The Boldest Sellsword of Them All
Brown Ben Plumm by The Mico
Spoilers for The Winds of Winter here!
Ben Plumm, currently the commander of the Second Sons, claims to be the veteran of a hundred battles and a former bodyguard for the Pahl family of Meereen. It was he who suggested infiltrating Meereen through her sewer network, a plan allegedly inspired by his one time escape from the sword of Meereenese champion Oznak zo Pahl.
Plumm also claims to be part Braavosi, part Summer Islander, part Ibbenese, part Qohorik, part Dothraki, part Dornish, and part Westerosi. He's been heard to claim that he has a "drop of dragon blood" as well. This odd claim seems to have been inspired by the fact that Queen Daenerys' dragons have a certain fondness for him.
"…as Brown Ben was leaving, Viserion spread his pale white wings and flapped lazily at his head. One of the wings buffeted the sellsword in his face. The white dragon landed awkwardly with one foot on the man's head and one on his shoulder, shrieked, and flew off again. "He likes you, Ben" said Dany.
"And well he might." Brown Ben laughed. "I have me a drop of the dragon blood myself, you know."
"You?" Dany was startled. Plumm was a creature of the free companies, an amiable mongrel. He had a broad brown face with a broken nose and a head of nappy grey hair, and his Dothraki mother had bequeathed him large, dark, almond-shaped eyes. He claimed to be part Braavosi, part Summer Islander, part Ibbenese, part Qohorik, part Dothraki, part Dornish, and part Westerosi, but this was the first she had heard of Targaryen blood. She gave him a searching look and said, "How could that be?"
"Well," said Brown Ben, "there was some old Plumm in the Sunset Kingdoms who wed a dragon princess. My grandmama told me the tale. He lived in King Aegon's day."
"Which King Aegon?" Dany asked. "Five Aegons have ruled in Westeros." Her brother's son would have been the sixth, but the Usurper's men had dashed his head against a wall.
"Five, were there? Well, that's a confusion. I could not give you a number, my queen. This old Plumm was a lord, though, must have been a famous fellow in his day, the talk of all the land. The thing was, begging your royal pardon, he had himself a cock six foot long."
Where does this claim originate? Tyrion Lannister believed that Brown Ben Plumm was telling the truth, and may be possessed of not one, but two, drops of dragon blood. In fact, he offered this clever assessment not long after meeting Plumm:
"You're less purple and more brown than the Plumms at home, but unless your name's a lie, you're a westerman, by blood if not by birth. House Plumm is sworn to Casterly Rock, and as it happens I know a bit of its history. Your branch sprouted from a stone spit across the narrow sea, no doubt. A younger son of Viserys Plumm, I'd wager. The queen's dragons were fond of you, were they not?"
That seemed to amuse the sellsword. "Who told you that?"
"No one. Most of the stories you hear about dragons are fodder for fools. Talking dragons, dragons hoarding gold and gems, dragons with four legs and bellies big as elephants, dragons riddling with sphinxes … nonsense, all of it. But there are truths in the old books as well. Not only do I know that the queen's dragons took to you, but I know why."
"My mother said my father had a drop of dragon blood."
"Two drops. That, or a cock six feet long. You know that tale? I do."
The history Tyrion speaks of is this: During the reign of the fourth Aegon, his beautiful cousin Elaena married the elderly Lord Ossifer Plumm at the king's request. Although Lord Ossifer died on their wedding night, reportedly after beholding his young wife's naked beauty, the princess conceived a child, who was born some time afterwards and named Viserys, possibly after her uncle, the former king. The timing of the young Plumm's birth led to the legendary tale of Ossifer Plumm's six foot long member, as clearly many speculated that the babe was born too late to have been conceived while old Ossifer still walked the earth. Many in the Westerlands believe that Elaena's child was in fact fathered by none other than her cousin, King Aegon IV.
As Tyrion noted, it must have been a younger son of this Lord Viserys who made his way across the Narrow Sea, there to begin the mongrelized cadet branch of House Plumm from which sprang Ben of the Second Sons. And given the timing, we have to wonder of this young Plumm might have left Westeros to support his Blackfyre cousins. One other interesting thing of note is that while it's mentioned repeatedly that the dragons are fond of Ben, and Daenerys thinks wistfully that "even the dragons had been fond of old Brown Ben, who liked to boast that he had a drop of dragon blood himself" it is her white dragon Viserion who is shown on page being friendly with Plumm. Viserion was hatched from a cream and gold egg. A close look at Westerosi history reveals that Elaena Targaryen's most cherished possession was a dragon egg of those same colors, a curious fact that can only make us wonder at the mysterious origins of Daenerys Targaryen's three dragon eggs. Could the egg that hatched Viserion have once belonged to another Targaryen princess, who became Brown Ben Plumm's great great great grandmother?
This sellsword of uncertain birth and checkered past grew to be one of Queen Daenerys' most trusted captains. Companies of sellswords that can be bought to solidify defenses or further a military cause are common in Essos, and are usually comprised of soldiers from various origins. Men from Westeros have been known to join such companies, most often while in exile as in the case of Aegor Rivers, the founder of the Golden Company, or Prince Oberyn Martell who famously served with the Second Sons. And while the slave armies of Essos have little choice in their part, sellswords will go to war for anyone who can satisfy their lust for gold. However, men who would fight and kill for gold are susceptible to one glaring weakness — loyalty. As Kevan Lannister said "a man who fights for coin is loyal only to his purse."
Now, with just a quick glance at recent history, we can see this treachery evident in sellsword companies, even including those renowned for their loyalty. We have the Brave Companions, never well known for their honour, brought to Westeros at the behest of Tywin Lannister. All the gold in Casterly Rock couldn't stop Vargo Hoat from turning on his employer, and switching his allegiance to House Bolton when the tide of the WoT5K was turning in Robb Stark's favour. Then there is the case of the Golden Company, who have a long reputation of being the most loyal company in the world. The Golden Company had never broken a contract in their history until the return of their former leader Jon Connington in the company of a young man claiming to be Aegon VI Targaryen led them to break a contract with Myr and sail for Westeros. While rumours as to what led to this are swirling in Essos, Illyrio Mopatis told Tyrion "some contracts are writ in ink, and some in blood" which supports the idea that young "Aegon" is actually a Blackfyre descendant of some sort, since the Golden Company was founded by Aegor Rivers in the wake of the rebellion of his half brother Daemon Blackfyre. Then we have the case of the Stormcrows who turned cloak against the Yunkai'i and now fight for Daenerys, under the leadership of Daario Naharis. The Second Sons also deserted Yunkai in favour of Daenerys when she planned a nighttime attack upon them after giving their leader Mero a gift of wine. There was a general rout during which their captain fled, and the Second Sons elected Brown Ben Plumm as their new commander and turned their cloaks.
However, the plot thickens here, as Ben Plumm and the Second Sons turned their cloaks once more, going over to the Yunkai'i when the Queen confessed that she could not control her dragons and thus would not be loosing them in the coming battle. At the end of ADwD the Second Sons were part of the forces besieging Meereen. But we learned from a Tyrion spoiler chapter from The Winds of Winter that when the tide of battle seemed to be turning in favor of Meereen, the Second Sons turned once more, with Ben declaring that they had been for Daenerys all along:
"We have always been the queen's men," announced Brown Ben Plumm. "Rejoining the Yunkai'i was just a plot."
With this history, especially on the part on the Second Sons, one could be forgiven for wondering if it's only a matter of time before the sellsword who clearly wants nothing more than to be on the winning side, turns his cloak again. And that same passage from The Winds of Winter gives us a subtle hint that perhaps Ben is destined to do exactly that.
As Tyrion observes Ben entering the Second Sons' camp, we get a description:
Brown Ben Plumm wore plate and mail over boiled leather. The silk cloak flowing from his shoulders was his only concession to vanity: it rippled when he moved, the color changing from pale violet to deep purple
It's interesting to consider the description of the cloak "changing from pale violet to deep purple" as possible foreshadowing of a turned-cloak in light of the fact that while Daenerys' eyes are described on numerous occasions as violet, "Young Griff"'s eyes are described by Tyrion as dark purple. And when one considers the thematic significance of an offshoot of House Plumm supporting an offshoot of House Blackfyre things get even more interesting.
First, let's recall that Viserys Plumm is rumoured to be the son of Aegon IV and Elaena Targaryen, while Daemon Blackfyre is the acknowledged son of Aegon IV and Daena Targaryen, Elaena's elder sister. Daenerys comes from the line of Daeron II, Aegon IV's legitimate son with his wife Naerys. Now if we assume as many do that "Young Griff" is in reality "Aegon Blackfyre" (*for a discussion of the possibilities see here) the possibility of his long lost cousin Ben Plumm becoming his supporter seems quite strong, especially if it were a position that might bring Plumm a good chance at collecting not only a reward from Aegon, but the promise he received from Tyrion upon the latter's acceptance into the Second Sons:
Brown Ben's note was the last. That one had been inscribed upon a sheepskin scroll. One hundred thousand golden dragons, fifty hides of fertile land, a castle, and a lordship.
We've just outlined that for sellswords, gold is a principal motivator. In Ben Plumm's case, gold seems to come second only to saving his own skin, as he told Daenerys:
Silver's sweet and gold's our mother, but once you're dead they're worth less than that last shit you take as you lie dying. I told you once, there are old sellswords and there are bold sellswords, but there are no old bold sellswords.
In other words, a hundred thousand gold dragons would be worth nothing to Ben Plumm if he found himself in mortal danger. With that in mind, let's consider what it might take for Ben Plumm to abandon the dragon queen once again.
Obviously in order to collect of Tyrion's note, Ben and Tyrion both have to make it safely to Westeros, and there will have to be a regime change in King's Landing. This is a compelling reason for Ben to have switched his allegiance back to Daenerys as the tide began to turn against the Yunkai'i. At that point in time, Dany might have seemed his best bet for getting both himself and Tyrion safely to Westeros. But what might happen if news reaches Meereen that another Targaryen has invaded Westeros and looks to be toppling the Lannisters from their perch in King's Landing? This could be very interesting news indeed for someone who values personal survival only slightly more than cold hard cash. Because Ben Plumm just might be a position to deliver the Targaryen prince the very currency he needs to secure his claim to the Iron Throne, while securing his own future and collecting on his promise from Tyrion Lannister in the bargain.
Remember how Dany's dragons are noted on numerous occasions to be "fond" of Ben? And that the white dragon, Viserion, was even shown to perch on his shoulder? What if Ben were to somehow abscond with that very dragon that we earlier speculated may have been hatched from an egg that once belonged to his ancestor, Elaena Targaryen? How could such a thing happen, and what might the outcome be?
Basically we see two possibilities for the how. First, Ben might decide not to wait for Dany's eventual return and could simply kidnap Tyrion and the white dragon and make for Westeros with the intention of presenting Aegon with the dragon he needs in exchange for rich rewards and assurances of Tyrion's ability to make good on his debt. But since we think that not only is the plot best served by Ben being reunited with Dany in Meereen, but also that Tyrion has some significant role to play there, it seems the second option fits best. That is that, if Valyrian blood is needed in order to be a dragon rider as seems to be indicated by GRRM's comments here, Ben could be asked to bond with the dragon by the queen, since if she were to be actively seeking to use her force multipliers she would need riders for Viserion and Rhaegal. Once bonded and in possession of the dragon, he could break for Westeros for all the same reasons noted above, with the biggest difference being that his betrayal would be so much worse in this case and could even count as the "treason for gold" the Undying Ones warned Daenerys of in Qarth.
However it happens, there's a lot of thematic sense in Ben Plumm turning his cloak once more in favor of Aegon Targaryen. Not only might it get a dragon into the hands of Dany's rival, but it would put Ben in a position to collect his IOU from Tyrion. It could reunite the offspring of two of the Maids in the Tower in a neat twist that would be thematically fitting, and possibly fulfill one of the prophecies that have haunted Daenerys since Qarth. The textual hints are all evident, culminating in that one description from The Winds of Winter of Ben's cloak turning "from pale violet to deep purple." In which case, we suggest that Old Ben Plumm may turn out to be the boldest sellsword of them all.
Written with yolkboy, and featured in part on Radio Westeros Episode 15: The Battle of Fire
A Dance with Dragons, A Game of Thrones, ASoIaF, asoiaf meta, asoiaf theories, Blackfyre, Brown Ben Plumm, Daenerys Targaryen, Dragons, Targaryen