text:
\section{Introduction}

In the current cosmological paradigm, the content of the Universe is
dominated by the "dark sector" (Dark Matter and Dark Energy), with
only $\sim 4.5\%$ being in the form of baryonic matter.  This
distribution is observationally supported by the angular shape of
the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies and by counts of type
Ia Supernoave as a function of redshift. The small fraction of
baryons was inferred long ago by Big Bang nucleosynthesis being
responsible for the formation of light elements.  In particular a
higher baryon density early Universe would be unable to produce
enough Deuterium (and $^3$He) to the level required by its measured
abundance and a lower baryon density Universe would not generate
enough $^4$He. It is a remarkable success that the value of the
baryon density inferred from D/H measurements in the Lyman $\alpha$
forest towards distant QSOs agrees with that derived from the power
spectrum of the anisotropies in the CMB, with a value $\sim 4.5$\%
(for a Hubble constant $H_0=70\, {\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}\, {\rm
Mpc}^{-1}$, a value used throughout this paper).

As noted in a number of works, at redshift $z>2$ the amount of
baryons found in the Universe is roughly consistent with the above
estimate (see, e.g., Fukugita, Hogan \& Peebles 1998). A significant
fraction of them reside in the Lyman $\alpha$ absorption systems,
and in particular in the Damped Lyman $\alpha$ Absorbers or DLAs. At
lower redshift, it is expected that the amount of baryons contained
in these absorbers decreases, as they should be forming stars.  The
number of absorbers per unit redshift decreases substantially
towards lower redshift in such a way that the amount of baryons
contained in the Lyman $\alpha$ absorbers is negligible at $z=0$.
However, the baryon density found in stars, interstellar and the
intra-cluster medium in the local Universe is significantly lower
than the 4.5\% of baryons contained in the Universe. This has been
summarized by Nicastro et al (2005a) with the conclusion that the
grand total of detected baryons at $z<2$ is $2.5\%$. Therefore this
opens a major cosmological issue:  45\% of the baryons in the local
Universe are missing.

On the other hand, it is theoretically inconceivable that all
baryons at low $z$ are locked into stars, galaxies and clusters of
galaxies. There are at least two reasons for this: first the
efficiency of forming galaxies in binding all baryons is surely not
100\%; second, the evolution of stellar populations in galaxies
involves Supernovae, winds and other phenomena that will end up
polluting and enriching the surrounding intergalactic medium. Using
simulations, it has been confirmed in a number of papers (Ostriker
\& Cen \break 1996, Cen \& Ostriker 1999, Dav\'e\ et al 1999) that a
significant fraction of baryons would reside today in a Warm-Hot
Intergalactic Medium (WHIM), with temperatures ranging between
$10^5$ and $10^7$K. Using cosmological simulations, Dav\'e\ et al.
(2001) concluded that this Warm-Hot component of the Intergalactic
Medium becomes more abundant towards low redshift, that it becomes
hotter with time and that its spatial distribution follows the
general Dark Matter filamentary structure. The WHIM is heated to
such high temperatures primarily by shocks, as assumed in the above
modeling. Extra heating from Supernovae or AGN of the intergalactic
baryons has also been invoked by Pen (1999) and Wu, Nulsen \& Fabian
(2001), in such a way that its thermal emission does not exceed the
extragalactic component of the soft X-ray background. The required
amount of heat deposited in the WHIM by these non-gravitational
processes (of the order of 1 keV per nucleon) will increase the
temperature of the intergalactic gas to $\sim 10^7$~K.

Most of the WHIM gas is contained in non-virialized structures.
Detailed simulations of the distribution of various ion species have
been performed by Fang, Bryan \& Canizares (2002), showing that higher ionisation species\\
tend to appear in higher density environments, but the abundant ions
such as OVII or OVIII are to be found in the low-density filaments,
and when observed in absorption towards distant X-ray sources might
give rise to an ``X-ray forest'' (Hellsten et al 1998). Velocity
broadening in these structures is significant ($\sim 100\, {\rm
km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$).

In this paper I review some of the attempts conducted during the
last few years with the {\it XMM-Newton} and {\it Chandra} gratings
in attempting to detect WHIM filaments in absorption towards bright
background sources. A local WHIM component has been detected and
confirmed beyond any doubt.  However, the situation regarding
non-local WHIM filament detections is not fully settled. Earlier
claims of detections of absorption features at significant redshifts
were not confirmed later.  There is now a heated debate around the
detection of a couple of intervening WHIM filaments along the line
of sight towards Mrk 421, with unclear outcome.  After discussing
all this, I will suggest a possible way forward do detect WHIM
filaments with contemporary instrumentation.

\section{Detecting WHIM filaments}

According to simulations, the WHIM filaments potentially detectable
are constituted by extremely tenuous gas (density $\sim
10^{-4}-10^{-6}\, {\rm cm}^{-3}$) extending over vast regions of
space ($\sim 1\, {\rm Mpc}$). The temperature should exceed $10^5$K,
otherwise the usual UV absorption lines would be detected, and
cannot exceed too much $10^7$K as otherwise the CMB would be
significantly Comptonised.

The possibility of detecting the WHIM in emission has been
discussed, e.g., by den Herder et al (2004).  The intrinsic
difficulty in detecting tenuous gas resides in the fact that the
emissivity scales with the square of the density.  The figure of
merit for an extended source is the grasp (effective area times
solid angle times exposure time), and as discussed by den Herder et
al (2004) this requires a dedicated mission. High spectral
resolution across the field of view is essential to fight
efficiently the background, which is rich in emission lines. Indeed,
detecting the WHIM in emission would yield the most complete
picture, as in addition to redshift distribution, physical state of
the filaments, chemical abundances etc. it would also yield the
spatial distribution itself, i.e., the filamentary structure.

The alternative way of detecting tenuous gas is in absorption
towards a bright background source. For a given resonant transition,
the equivalent width of the absorption lines scales as the gas
density, as opposed to the gas emissivity which scales as the square
of the density. Therefore, absorption is in principle an easier way
to detect the low density WHIM. The most important requirement then
is that a bright enough background source must be found.  High
resolution spectroscopy (for a point source) is also essential to
detect weak absorption features, as the ones expected from tenuous
gas.  The obvious disadvantage with respect to the detection of
emission from the WHIM is that each observation traces only a single
line of sight and therefore information on the spatial distribution
is in principle lost (or it requires multiple observations along
nearby lines of sight).

There is, however, an important additional difference between the
gas seen in emission and absorption.  Emission dims as the square of
the distance and therefore samples preferentially the local WHIM
component.  The redshift dependence of the absorption equivalent
width is very mild (only through the stretching of the wavelength
scale, so the dependence with distance is marginal), so in principle
higher redshifts can be explored with absorption experiments.  The
difficulty resides, obviously, in finding bright enough targets at
significant cosmological distances.

At the spectral resolution of contemporary instruments like {\it
Chandra}/LETGS or {\it XMM-Newton}/RGS (with spectral resolution
slightly better than $1000\, {\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$), most WHIM
absorption lines, with a Doppler velocity parameter\\ $b\sim 100\,
{\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$ will be unresolved.  The minimal equivalent
width detectable in a properly sampled spectrum, with signal to
noise $S/N$ per spectral resolution element (of width
$\Delta\lambda$) is of the order of a few $ \Delta\lambda
(S/N)^{-1/2}$. Experience with UV and optical absorption line
spectroscopy towards distant QSOs demonstrates that unless $S/N$
exceeds several tens, the spectrum will be polluted with large
numbers of spikes which will make the detection of weak absorption
features almost impossible.  If that condition can be met, then the
minimum detectable equivalent width is a fraction of
$\Delta\lambda$.

In practice this means that both spectral resolution and effective
area are essential for this exercise. The most important transitions
used so far (OVI K$\alpha$ at 22.02\AA, OVII K$\alpha$ at 21.60\AA,
OVIII Ly$\alpha$ at 18.97\AA) occur at a wavelength around $20\,
$\AA\ which we take as a reference. The RGS on board {\it
XMM-Newton} has an effective area of $\sim 50\, {\rm cm}^2$ (in each
RGS unit), while the LETGS on {\it Chandra} has an effective area
$\sim 20\, {\rm cm}^2$ at this wavelength.  The spectral resolution
of both instruments are formally equal $\lambda/\Delta\lambda\sim
300$ in first order spectroscopy at 20\AA.  However, as discussed
thoroughly by Williams et al. (2006a), the RGS line spread function
has significant extended wings, which subsequently reduces the
sensitivity to weak absorption lines (see fig. 3 in that paper). As
a consequence we do not have at the moment an instrument that is
optimal for the detection of WHIM features in absorption: while {\it
XMM-Newton} has the capability of collecting the counts, {\it
Chandra} has a better suited spectral resolution.

Despite all this, there has been an important success in the search
for the WHIM.  Nicastro et al (2002), using {\it Chandra}/LETGS data
towards Pks 2155-304, along with data from {\it FUSE}, found clear
evidence for a local WHIM component. Specifically OVII K$\alpha$ and
NeIX K$\alpha$ were clearly detected, while OVIII K$\alpha$ and OVII
K$\beta$ were detected at lower significance.  This was accompanied
by the FUSE detection of at least two velocity components of OVI
K$\alpha$. Using {\it XMM-Newton}/RGS data, Rasmussen et al (2003)
confirmed that the detection of the $z=0$ OVII K$\alpha$ is
ubiquitous among extragalactic lines of sight, with clear detections
towards Pks 2155-304, 3C273 and Mrk 421.

The origin of this WHIM component is however still unclear.  Given
the resolution of the existing X-ray dispersive spectrometers, the
velocity and structure of the absorbing clouds cannot be determined
with enough accuracy to distinguish between an origin in the
interstellar medium, the Galactic halo or an extragalactic origin
associated to the Local Group.  This has been extensively discussed
by Nicastro et al (2002), Nicastro et al (2003) and Williams et al
(2006b) among others.  The mass implied in this absorbing gas
component is clearly dependent on the scale spanned, and in the most
extreme case of being associated to the Local Group it could account
for all the missing baryons in this structure; if, on the contrary,
the $z=0$ WHIM absorber is associated to the ISM or the Galactic
halo, the mass implied would be small.  As it has been extensively
demonstrated by many years of work on UV/optical QSO absorption
lines, and confirmed here, the importance of spectral resolution
when trying to assign absorbers to known objects (i.e., galaxies)
cannot be overstated.

\section{Detecting non-local WHIM}

Detecting WHIM absorption beyond the local group and trying to
somehow quantify the amount of baryons residing in this phase has
been and is still a major target of X-ray spectroscopic studies.
Ultimately we are dealing with the fate of almost one of every two
baryons present in the Universe, so it is hardly surprising that
various groups are devoting a lot of effort to this.

The strategy has been to target the brightest background sources
with the dispersive spectrometers on board {\it XMM-Newton} and {\it
Chandra}. For reference, an X-ray source with a 0.5-2 keV flux of
$10^{-11}\, {\rm erg}\, {\rm cm}^{-2}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$ requires
several hundreds of ks to produce a spectrum which has a $S/N$ of a
few tens per spectral resolution element, as required if weak
absorption lines need to be detected.  Of course, the sources need
to be at cosmological distances to sample a significant path along
the line of sight.  Often, the highly variable background sources
have been observed when in high state to maximise the $S/N$.

There have been various tentative detections of WHIM absorption
lines at significant redshift (Fang et al 2002,\\ Mathur et al 2003)
that turned out not being confirmed by deeper observations (Cagnoni
et al 2004, Rasmussen et al 2003).

The most recent and detailed work on this has been conducted on the
highly variable Blazar Mrk 421 ($z=0.03$).  Nicastro et al (2005a)
and Nicastro et al (2005b) claimed the detection of two WHIM
absorption systems towards this line of sight, using $\sim 200$ ks
of {\it Chandra}/LETGS data, when the source was at its historic
maximum. The WHIM filaments were reported at $z=0.011$ (with
detections of OVII and NVII at a combined significance of
3.5$\sigma$) and another one at $z=0.027$ (with detections of OVII,
NVII and NVI, at a combined significance of 4.9$\sigma$).  The
excitement that triggered these tentative discoveries was enhanced
by the estimates presented by Nicastro et al (2005b) whereby the
inferred amount of baryons in the WHIM, should these detections be
proven reliable, would be $\Omega_{\rm WHIM}\sim
2.7_{-1.9}^{+3.8}\%$ for an O/H abundance of 0.1 solar, i.e., the
WHIM would contain exactly the amount of missing baryons at low
redshift.

The same team tried to confirm later these findings with a stacked
{\it XMM-Newton}/RGS spectrum of the same source, collecting $\sim
500$ ks of good data. In the paper by Williams et al (2006a) it was
concluded that despite the long {\it XMM-Newton} exposure, the data
were not sensitive enough to either confirm or reject the {\it
Chandra} findings.  For this team, the main reasons for this lack of
sensitivity reside in the large number of narrow instrumental
features caused by bad detector columns, the intrinsic line spread
function (due to its extended wings) and the presence of fixed
pattern noise at 29\AA. Williams et al (2006a) found upper limits to
absorption features expected from the {\it Chandra} data around
4m\AA, while 2-3m\AA\ features were expected.

All this has been severely disputed by Rasmussen et al (2007).  This
competing team has analyzed a total of 950 ks of RGS data on Mrk
421, with a very careful and highly non-standard processing to
isolate many detector spatial and temporal features. In addition,
they claim that stacking data from a variable source should not be
done, but rather an analysis of the combined data set should be
performed.  The net result is that Rasmussen et al (2007) do detect
features associated with the local WHIM as weak as 2.5 m\AA, and
find upper limits to the features expected from the non-local WHIM
absorbers detected by {\it Chandra} at the level of 1.9m\AA\ (the
consistency between LETGS and RGS data has been addressed in detail
by Kaastra et al 2006). Rasmussen et al (2007) conclude that {\it
XMM-Newton}/RGS data do not confirm the existence of the two WHIM
filaments reported by Nicastro et al (2005a) and Nicastro (2005b).
Further, Rasmussen et al (2007) point out that the expected number
of absorbers towards Mrk 421 down to the best attainable sensitivity
is very small, in addition to the fact, remarked by all groups in
this field, that the O/H abundance in the WHIM is unknown and
difficult to predict from fundamental cosmological principles.

\section{A possible way forward}

The discussion presented in the previous section shows that the
detection of the WHIM features is at the limit of the capabilities
of contemporary X-ray dispersive spectrometers. Whether non-local
WHIM filaments have been detected is, to say the least,
controversial. Even if {\it Chandra} or {\it XMM-Newton} end up
detecting one or a few WHIM absorbers, the full characterisation of
the WHIM will have to await future missions, such as
XEUS\footnote{{\tt http://www.rssd.esa.int/XEUS}} which are capable
of collecting many more photons at a similar or better resolution
that the current X-ray spectrometers.

For the time being, my personal view is that the race to detect the
first WHIM absorbers and confirm them should be more
success-oriented and targeting the detection of a few of such
absorbers - to the best of the current knowledge.  I propose to keep
in mind three points:

\begin{itemize}

\item Conduct a ``serendipitous'' search, i.e., do not target specific
lines of sight with nearby groups or clusters or known
high-ionisation absorbers from the UV.  Only in this way, and
following an eventual detection, we might have a direct idea on how
many baryons are contained in the WHIM.

\item Go for a ``secure'' detection, i.e., sample enough line of sight
(with one or several targets) to span a long $\Delta z$ range, in
such a way that the number of expected absorbers is of several.

\item Metal abundance will always be a caveat, as it is very
difficult to reliably predict.  All the numbers will scale with the
value of O/H.

\end{itemize}

With all this in mind, I used the Chen et al (2003) predictions for
the number of OVII and OVIII absorbers per unit $z$ as a function of
minimum detectable equivalent width. I then adopted a conservative
3m\AA\ limit, which Rasmussen et al (2007) demonstrated that can be
achieved in an RGS spectrum that contains 10,000 counts in a 50
m\AA\ bin (this is formally S/N=100 per resolution element). In
terms of $dN/(d\ln (1+z))$, we can expect 4 and 3 OVII and OVIII
absorbers respectively, for a 0.1 solar metalicity WHIM.

Table 1 shows the RGS exposure time needed for a few distant
targets, at significant $z$ along with the number of expected
absorbers. Approximately, 10 Ms of {\it XMM-Newton} RGS exposure are
needed for a source with 1 ROSAT PSPC ct/s. Unfortunately only RGS1
counts can be used, as the region around the detectable Oxygen
features in the RGS2 is covered by one of the non-functioning CCDs.

\begin{table}
\centerin
\caption{RGS exposure times and expected number of absorbers}
\label{tlab}
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\hline
Target& $z$ & $t_{exp}$ (Ms) &$ N_{abs}$\\
\hline
3C 279 & 0.53 & 20 & 2.9\\
4C 71.07 & 2.17 & 14-19& $\geq 10$(*)\\
3C 454.3 & 0.86 & 16 & 4.3\\\hline
\end{tabular}

(*) The exact number depends on the precise ionisation history of
the WHIM.
\end{table}

The exposure times are very long, and still carry the uncertainty of
the metalicity. But exploring the fate of 50\% of the ordinary
matter in the Universe is among the most important challenges of
contemporary Astrophysics.

\acknowledgements I'm grateful to Frits Paerels, Yoh Takei and Andy
Rasmussen for illuminating discussions. Financial support for this
work has been provided by the Spanish Ministry of Education and
Science under project ESP2006-13608-C02-01.

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TTBooks Newsletter, Issue No. 22

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Within a federal system, government agencies and regulatory policies can be fractured -- even at odds with each other. National actors share power with their counterparts in states and localities, as do presidents with Congressional leaders, and bureaucrats with judges. Understanding the broad economic and political contexts of environmental policymaking illuminates the motivations behind policy choices of various interested parties, from the National Park Service and the EPA to environmental activists and members of Congress. Rothenberg utilizes basic economic ideas to provide, not only a fresh look at how the U.S. deals with environmental ills, but a way of thinking about policy making in general.


Pesi Shroff-trained Your Royal Majesty who showed that he can win over a mile by his victory during the month of February, repeated that act when staving off the spirited bid of a host of challengers en route to victory in the Gr 2 Ebco Maharaja Sir Harisinghji Trophy, a terms race for four-year-olds, the feature event of Sunday`s Mumbai races. The fancied duo of Whomakestherules and New England found the going tough and though they finished in a cluster, they failed to save place money.
The race had a competitive look about it. In a race of this nature, the horse which gets it right along with the jockey doing his bit wins the race. Since the horses are closely matched, there is little scope for margin for error. Your Royal Majesty who had the rating as well the terms of the race in his favour chased the front-running B Fifty-Two deep into the straight before asserting his supremacy in the closing stages of the race. New England who had a new jockey this time in Dashrath Singh who has had a poor season on the local circuit, was not ideally positioned to cause a flutter. Though the progeny of Arazan covered a lot of ground and finished in the cluster, the task was an impossible one because when the race came to the boil, he was more than four lengths adrift of the front-runner who stayed put to take the second position. The progeny of Multidimensional Your Royal Majesty powered his way to victory in the hands of jockey Zervan by a length. B Fifty Two barely managed to save the second position from Supreme General, New England, Whomakestherules, Themis and Jack Frost who finished in a line.
Imtiaz Sait trained Truly Epic recorded a smashing win in the 1400 metres Sprint Star Plate, a race for maiden three-year-olds. Bushtops and Non Plus Ultra who had the benefit of race runs, were the market fancies. Trevor had Non Plus Ultra lead all the way but approaching the final furlong, was shocked by the spirited burst shown by Truly Epic who stormed clear to record an emphatic win by a margin of over four lengths. Trainer Altamash has been struggling to find a winner and he was hoping that Non Plus Ultra could break the jinx but it was not to be as the fancied runner caught a tartar in Truly Epic. Rose One nosed out Notting Hill to get the third place while Bushtops was not spotted at the busy end.
Vishal Gaikwad trained Glyndebourne had won last time out despite running after a long lay off and on the expectation that the sparingly raced filly would make further progress, was backed strongly to repeat in the 120 metres Stylecracker Gold Cup, a race for horses rated 40 to 66. Sandesh had Glyndebourne lead from the start and the progeny of Western Aristocrat proved too speedy for the rest as the others could not even hope to catch up with her shadow. Bunting showed some zest while finishing second ahead of Fringe Benefit.
Faisal Abbas trained Southpaw had shown immense promise in the comfortable win recorded last time and as such, was backed to the exclusion of the rest to win the 1000 metres A Hoyt Plate, a race for horses rated 20 to 46. Southpaw assumed command as soon as the horses straightened for the homestretch and skipped clear to win by a widening margin of six lengths over Arabian Storm and Montana. Fancied Yutaka ran poorly.
S N Joshi trained Arc of Passion had been consistent and the quality of opposition that she was meeting meant that she had an excellent chance to bounce back to winning form in the 1400 metres S A Wahid Plate, a race for horses rated 20 to 46. Trevor had Arc of Passion race a handy third into the straight before pushing the progeny of Pinson along the rails. The fancied runner quickened very well and stormed clear in the final furlong to win by a comfortable margin. Provi necked out Sandalphon for the second position. Questionable who was also in betting was not sighted.
Hyderabad based jockey Deep Shankar pulled off a narrow win on Imtiaz Sait trained Spontaneous Eddie in the 1600 metres Sion F Nessim Plate, a race for horses in the lowest category. The final stages of the race produced dramatic moments with those who liked like pulling it off being surprised by the finishing efforts of Spontaneous Eddie, Wizard of Odds and Sweeping Move who flew home in the order mentioned. Highland Wind who was in contention going into the final furlong totally disappeared from the scene despite staying in touch till the final 100 metres.


Sunsets are undeniably a wonder of nature. After a long day at work, nothing dumps the stress better than a setting sun, together with people we love. The surprise orange-pinkish hue is just too satisfying and ephemeral; making this phenomenon always the same but also always unique. We also got some really cool sunset spots in Malta and Gozo, so go on – discover where is your next spot to catch the nightfall!
4. Mellieha (Triq tad- Dahar).


For the second part of the two part crossover with Casualty, we start with Holby in darkness, the computer virus has shut off the power and the lights too, Henrik is making his way down one of the corridors with a torch.
Heading into AAU he gathers the staff here together to talk to them all about the procedure for the hospital, and what's to happen next under the circumstances.
First it's an arguement with Ric about the pregnancy test Sacha assumes is Beka's, and then another one with Jac when Sacha feels that his good friend isn't supporting him or taking his side in regards to things that have happened with his daughter. When both Ric and Jac walk away and go back to their prospective duties, Sacha collapses into the nearby locker room, his phone ending up on the floor, will someone come back to find him?
Talking of finding people, Essie and Beka are also trapped due to the virus shutting down the hospital, both women are in the CT scan room, an injured Beka was just about to have a scan when the blackout happened, and Essie the only member of staff with her.
After Elle and Darla do a pregnancy test in the women's toilet the result is positive, the fourteen year old is pregnant, the question is how is this going to work with Ric being her grandad and his reaction, plus her dad and the fact she's a Jehovah's Witness.
Ric is the one who finds Sacha collapsed on the floor after stepping on his friend and colleagues phone on the floor, calling for help he and other staff get Mr Levy on a trolley and into AAU, whilst here, Jac comes to find out what's happened and after a quick assessment and scan they discover that he has a life threatening clot, an after effect of the car accident, he wasn't checked over properly in the aftermath and chaos at the hospital with the virus.
Still no nearer to deciding on the fate of Holly, as well as the current blackout in Holby, Serena and Ange discuss the situation, Serena says that the teenager needs to be moved to a fully functioning hospital, something Holby isn't at the moment, Ange isn't happy to say the least at the prospect of moving the young woman given she's in the state that she's in, telling Ms Campbell that basically they're keeping her alive until the judge decides a verdict for her.
The next argument of the day is between two heavyweights Jac and Connie, both women are shouting at each other about which patient is going to take precedent over the other inside the operating theatre, Sacha or Iain?
After some heated and harsh words between them both, Jac pulls rank and says that given she's clinical lead of Cardiothoracics and this is a surgical decision between the two men, after a few more words exchanged between them she tells the staff to get Iain off the table and goes to prep for Sacha's surgery, Connie tells David to prepare for Iain's surgery outside the theatre.
Unable to lie to her grandad, Darla reveals to Ric that the pregnancy test was hers and she's pregnant. Leaving the office to try and digest the news he's just been told, Elle follows him down the corridor near to where Sacha was found, as they talk about Darla, the topic turns to the one night stand they had, also the fact that she didn't return his call. Ric goes onto tell her that he's now seeing Francoise, this seems to upset Elle, is this the end for both of them and any chance that was there in the past?
Essie and Beka having still been missing somewhere in the hospital and no one knowing where they are, Noel goes looking for them, finding them both on the floor of the CT scan room, Essie has collapsed in a hypo from her diabetes, and Beka trying to get their rescuers attention got herself up from the spinal board she was put on and taking off her neck brace, her leg wound starting to bleed out as Noel realises this is where the two women are.
Back in theatre with two men's lives hanging in the balance, Jac finds herself struggling in finishing the operation on Sacha, and due to Xavier not being a heart surgeon and having the necessary skills to help her, Jac has to swallow her pride and ask for Connie's help, after a little thought Connie agrees and switches places with Xavier, telling him to just stem the bleeding with Iain until she gets back.
Ric now on scene with Noel to help him get to Essie and Beka, medical kit in hand, Mr Griffin turns into John McClane from Die Hard and starts to climb through the ceiling vents to try and drop into the CT room, since the virus has locked all the electronic doors tight shut. With a bit of trial and error and a few broken ceiling tiles later, he finds them, dropping into the CT scanner room and after giving Essie a injection of glucose, starts to attend to Beka's now heavily bleeding, serious leg wound.
Unable to get Iain's heart started again after doing his best to stem the bleed, Xavier is just in front of David about to call Iain's time of death when Jac moves into the make shift theatre, she's finished her part of Sacha's operation and has seen and heard the struggle, taking charge and eventually manages to restart his heart, it seems Jac has done a favour for Connie, like for like as it were. Both men saved, just, and the lights all come on in the theatre.
Elsewhere in the ITU the lights are also back on and the power has kicked back in too, all this just as Serena and Ange are going to move Holly to the helicopter outside the hospital for her transfer to Aberdeen, Serena had found this hospital for the teen since Holby at the time with the lack of power wasn't able to fully have the facilities for her, now the power is back does this mean the young woman is staying?
Both men in HDU and ITU, Noel has taken himself up to Henrik's office, telling the CEO that he clicked on what he thought to now be a bogus email to do with staff awards, and that when he heard of the virus in the hospital computer system he thought maybe his actions had caused it, and therefore has handed in his notice, feeling guilty about the lives that have been put at risk. Henrik steps in at this point, whilst glancing at his letter, telling him that the virus started at St James's and got into Holby by their shared computer software, and also that the email Noel received was in fact a genuine one, that he himself made the nomination for Noel, ripping up the resignation letter and telling the receptionist that he'll see him at work tomorrow, Noel agrees he will, Henrik you're such a lovely, lovely man and rock as CEO!!
Essie is sat up in her hospital bed recovering from her hypo, Fletch comes into her room and talks to about her overworking, and he's given her time off, as well as giving her information and leaflets about adoption that Beka asked him to give to her, will this persuade Essie that she should go forward and try to adopt a child just like she wants too?
A little talking too from Serena on AAU later regarding him saying sorry to Darla about how he reacted earlier, and the fact the young girl needs him and his reassurance, Ric moves into the office and sits with his granddaughter, putting his arm around her and beginning to speak with her, she needs you Ric, now more than ever.
In the second to last scene of what has been a packed and tense episode, with action and drama at every turn, Connie makes her way to Iain's room on HDU, standing outside with Ruby and Rash, Gem Iain's sister is sat in the room at his bedside. Connie then reveals to both Ruby and Rash, that she doesn't know how Iain will be when he wakes up until he wakes up, adding with a haunted look on her face, that'd be if he wakes up at all, it seems his life and what happens next really is hanging in the balance.
The last scene is a little bit of a lighter one, we all need it after what has been going on for the last hour, Henrik and Serena are finally going home after a frenetic shift at Holby, she asks what they should call the current state of things at the hospital, namely the Holly situation and the protesters that are still outside, although now they're more peaceful in how they're going about things, always ready with wit and wisdom, Henrik replies with Tuesday, cue a chuckle from Serena and a smile from the man himself, you really can rely on Mr Hanssen when the chips are down!


No one expects teachers to risk their lives to disarm a disturbed adolescent with the intention to mass murder their classmates. And even though most teachers would do anything to protect their students, instincts take over in the middle of a crisis. When someone starts shooting inside a school, most teachers would have the instinct to hide their students behind desks, lock the door, and/or evacuate the building, following school lockdown instructions. But not all teachers.
Jason Seaman, a seventh grade science teacher and football coach at Noblesville West Middle School in Indiana, had no instinct to hide behind a desk when one of his students walked into the classroom with 2 handguns, opening fire on him and his kids. Instead, he hurled a basketball at the armed student, and then bum rushed the 17-year-old to the ground, taking 3 bullets in the process — one in the hip, one in the forearm, and one in the abdomen. Talk about BRAVERY. Talk about living up to your promise to take a bullet to protect your students. Mr. Seaman took three.
He deserves all the praise and honor that the world is showing, and WAY MORE! Here are a few tweets from students and supporters, honoring this lionhearted teacher, one day after his valiant act of heroism.
Because everyday teachers are heroes & pillars of strength for our communities. Thank you Jason Seaman for your bravery today. May these events stop being the norm.
#NoblesvilleWest science teacher and seventh-grade football coach Jason Seaman, who stopped school shooter, is 6'6" and was a defensive end at @SIUFootball2. He made the tackle of his life.
Thank you Jason Seaman. A true hero. Prayers for a healthy recovery. God bless you sir.
Jason Seaman. THAT is who the media needs to be talking about. THAT is who we need to be glorifying.
NRA: It takes a good guy with a gun to take down a bad guy with a gun.


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Check out initial plans outlining the future of parks and trails along Minnehaha Creek!
View the plans and weigh in online or see them in person and discuss with planners at two upcoming events!
The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board (MPRB) has published initial proposed long-term plans for improving and managing Minnehaha Creek and the parkway, parkland and trails adjacent to it between Minnehaha Regional Park and the western Minneapolis border. These initial park design concepts were created after considering thoughts, ideas and opinions compiled throughout last summer and fall from public events, online surveys that garnered hundreds of comments, and discussions with partner organizations, MPRB staff and stakeholders.
These concepts are not final. Follow the links below to view and provide feedback online.
Western Minneapolis border to Lake Harriet outlet/west terminus of Minnehaha Parkway.
If you're interested in the Minnehaha Parkway Regional Trail Master Plan, you may also be interested in the Southwest Service Area Master Plan (called Southwest Parks Plan for short), which also released initial proposed design concepts today. The Southwest Parks Plan covers more than 40 neighborhood park properties in Southwest Minneapolis.
This event is Community Advisory Committee Meeting #4. All CAC meetings are open to the public and anyone interested in the future of Minnehaha Creek and the parkland and trails that surround it is encouraged to attend!


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Why We Thrive in Discomfort: The Ugly Font and The Awkward Stranger
Unlike Mondays, Januarys allow us to hit a more likeable reset button. The January of my sophomore year of college was a January where I particularly needed to hit refresh. I desperately wanted to reload my attitude on motivation. It wasn't even spring yet but I knew I needed to do some cleaning. My recently acquired affinity for the bubbly So Jennie in my hand and the illusion that I had all the time in the world had had me feeling inspired. With nothing on the agenda for my fourteen-hour flight, I gleefully readjusted my reading on the armrest, loaded the screen and popped up the footrest. After a lot of toggling, I settled on a talk by Tim Harford on frustration and discomfort. As an economist, journalist and broadcaster, I felt like he could teach me a thing or two about getting stuff done and embracing discomfort.
I've been thinking about discomfort a lot lately - mostly my urge to accomplish things but shirking away at the first sign of it. I used to think that I could get my hands dirty. Get right in mud and wiggle my way through the wires and all the obstacles that would come my way. But as my to-do list gets longer and the more I'm faced with challenges, the less inclined I feel to tackle them. I've realized that I keep dressing for success but when it comes to doing the grimy work - I don't. My biggest concern is perhaps that my go-getter attitude is completely being masked by the urge to do - well, nothing - and go take a nap instead. Do I get lazy? Yes. Do I still know how to work hard? Most definitely. So what was it that was keeping me from remaining perseverant?
Harford's TED talk helped offer some clarity. He begins with an anecdote about a young girl and a pianist. To the girl's dismay, the pianist initially refuses to play a concert where the only available instrument is an unplayable piano. After much convincing and some excellent PR skills on the girl's part, he agrees and goes on to perform the best selling solo-jazz album in history. Keith Jarrett, the pianist, had been handed a mess. He embraced that mess, and it soared. Simply put, Harford's talk suggests that when we don't feel like something's helping us – we resist. I resist actively working through math problems and jump to Symbolab. Does this help me? No. Do we all do it? Yes. Cutting corners has become second nature. But what Harford says is that just because you don't like something, doesn't mean its not helping you. Now what really got me thinking were his other little anecdotes about the ugly fonts and the awkward stranger.
"We've actually known for a while that certain kinds of difficulty, certain kinds of obstacle, can actually improve our performance. For example, the psychologist Daniel Oppenheimer, a few years ago, teamed up with high school teachers. And he asked them to reformat the handouts that they were giving to some of their classes. So the regular handout would be formatted in something straightforward, such as Helvetica or Times New Roman. But half these classes were getting handouts that were formatted in something sort of intense, like Haettenschweiler, or something with a zesty bounce, like Comic Sans italicized. Now, these are really ugly fonts, and they're difficult fonts to read. But at the end of the semester, students were given exams, and the students who'd been asked to read the more difficult fonts, had actually done better on their exams, in a variety of subjects. And the reason is, the difficult font had slowed them down, forced them to work a bit harder, to think a bit more about what they were reading, to interpret it … and so they learned more."
Similarly, when three friends and a stranger were given the task of solving a murder mystery problem as a social experiment, they excelled in it with a twenty-five percent chance of doing better. It was the disruptions that helped them do better. The awkwardness that made them pause, think and try harder. So essentially, Harford really nails in the fact that the more unpleasant a task is, the more it allows us to grow. Think about that task you have on your to-do list - the one that never really gets checked off. Day after day, week after week it is simply reassigned its seat on the lower ranks of your list - waiting, begging to be checked off. But it never really is. And a part of you most definitely knows that it may never be. Right now that task for me is making my yearly budget. It never really gets done because it makes me uncomfortable. I'm scared to see how much money I'm spending – the college student equivalent of avoiding reading that credit card bill. And yet it must urgently be done (sorry dad!).
Depending on how pressing the issue is, this feeling ranges from discomfort to fear. While I feel uncomfortable looking at my bank statements, I am genuinely scared of taking notes for certain classes. It is a gripping, chill inducing fear. Last semester it was a computer science class, and the code did in fact look like a foreign language. Rationalizing this sensation was coming to terms with the fear of the unknown. The future, how I am convinced that I can't figure out the code no matter how long I stare at it and the grades that may result as an outcome of this. To then do the unpleasant thing anyway is an odd sensation. We despise it while we do it and even after, the pride is mixed with the urge to stray as far away from it as possible. In these times, it is our duty to handle these fears with kindness. We owe it to ourselves to do the uncomfortable thing, the scary thing. Whatever bothers you the most. For me, overcoming this fear translated into pursuing a minor in computer science. For you it may look like something else. Whatever it is – trust that that icky 'I really don't want to do this feeling' is helping you – see what it might bring you.
Cover photo courtesy webdepot.com


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Margo Harshman Net Worth, Wiki, Age, Height, Weight, Nationality, Career, Family, Husband
By Evelyn Jones
American Guitarist
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1. Who is Margo Harshman?
2. Birthday and Zodiac
4. Physical Stats
5. Net worth
6. Family and Relationship
8. Margo Harshman Childhood and Early Life
9. Margo Harshman Professional Life and Career
10. Margo Harshman Relationship Husband
11. Margo Harshman Physical Appearance Age, Height, Weight
12. Margo Harshman Net Worth
13. Margo Harshman Social Media
14. Trivia
15. Frequently asked Questions
Who is Margo Harshman?
Margo Harshman is an American actress best known for her role as Tawny Dean on Even Stevens's Disney Channel sitcom. She plays Alex Jensen, Dr Sheldon Cooper's assistant, in season 6 of The Big Bang Theory.
About Info
Full Name Margo Harshman
Profession American Actress
Popular For The Big Bang Theory
Birthday and Zodiac
Age (As in 2022) 35 years old
Date of Birth March 4, 1986
Birth Place San Diego, California
Ethnicity N/A
School/University Hewes Middle School
Estimated net worth $6 million
Family and Relationship
Father Jack Harshman
Mother Janelle Harshman
Husband Austen Hooks
Social Media Instagram
Margo Harshman Childhood and Early Life
Margo Cathleen Harshman was born and raised in San Diego, California, on March 4, 1986. She has an American nationality, but her ethnicity is unknown, and also Pisces is her zodiac sign. She grew up in La Costa, San Diego County, California, and attended school there until she was 12 years old when she relocated to Orange County, California. Margo grew up with her family and five siblings (she has two older sisters, an older brother and a younger brother). Regarding her parents, Janelle Harshman is her mother. She is related to Jack Harshman, her father, a former professional baseball pitcher, and Marv Harshman, a former Washington State University basketball coach.
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Margo has attended Hewes Middle School and then Foothill High School. She played softball for eight years before retiring to pursue an acting career.
Margo Harshman Professional Life and Career
Margo Harshman began her career by competing in beauty pageants at two. She was interested in dancing and gymnastics as a child, and she also learnt to play the piano. When Margo was eight years old, she met her first manager and performed. Keith, College Road Trip, Sorority Row, Mentryville, Briana Evigan, Jamie Chung, and Audrina Patridgeare her films. Margo has also starred in House, Modern Family, 90210, Boston Legal, Grey's Anatomy, Without a Trace, and Everwood.
Delilah Fielding, the love interest of NCIS Special Agent Timothy McGee (played by Sean Murray (actor)|Sean Murray), has a recurring role on NCIS (TV Series)|NCIS. It is rumoured that she got paralyzed in her real life. Margo only utilizes the wheelchair as a prop to bolster her character's storyline in Season 11 when she becomes paralyzed.
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Margo Harshman Relationship Husband
Margo is unmarried and still living a single life. She married Austen Hooks in 2017 in a private ceremony. For some reason, they got a divorce. There is no information available about why the couple is separated. Furthermore, She is currently concentrating on her career.
As previously stated, She got married to actor Josh Keaton. After that, they both got split for no reason. She has faced bad in her relationship. As of now, Margo is currently living happily as a single woman in Los Angeles, California.
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Margo Harshman Physical Appearance Age, Height, Weight
Margo Harshman is a beautiful woman with a pleasant demeanor. She stands 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 54 kilograms. Furthermore, her essential stats are 35-25-35 inches. Margo Harshman, meanwhile, has lovely blue eyes and dark brown hair. As of 2022, her age is 36.
Margo Harshman Net Worth
Margo is a talented woman who has made a respectable living from her work. Margo's high income allows her to live a luxury lifestyle. However, her estimated net worth is $6 million, a substantial sum. By her profession, she is living a healthy and luxurious life.
Margo Harshman Social Media
Margo Harshman is active on social media sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. She has a large number of followers on Twitter and Instagram. Likewise, she goes by the handles on Twitter and Instagram. On the other hand, Margo has a private Instagram account with almost 1.4 million followers and 11 posts.
As Wikipedia reports, she has a net worth of $6 million.
She has a height of 5 feet 4 inches.
She is active mainly on her Instagram and Twitter accounts.
Margo is famous for The Big Bang Theory of season 5.
She is an American nationality with a Pisces zodiac sign.
Is Margo Harshman paralyzed in real life?
No, Margo Harshman is not paralyzed in real life.
What is Margo Harshman doing now?
Margo Harshman is currently living in Los Angeles.
Is Margo Harshman really in a wheelchair?
No, Margo Harshman is not really in a wheelchair.
How old is Margo Cathleen Harshman?
Margo Cathleen Harshman is currently 36 years old as of 2022.
Who is Margo Harshman married to?
Margo Harshman is married to Austen Hooks.
Why did Margo Harshman leave NCIS?
Margo Harshman's character in NCIS, Delilah, left for her dream career in Dubai before season 11 wrapped up.
Margo Harshman
Margo Harshman Age
Margo Harshman Career
Margo Harshman Family
Margo Harshman Height
Margo Harshman Husband
Margo Harshman Nationality
Margo Harshman Weight
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The EZ66 GUIDE was developed by Route 66 historian Jerry McClanahan and The National Historic Route 66 Federation to make it as easy as possible for travellers to find and follow the various alignments of Route 66. The guides have been used by thousands of travellers from around the world. The 200 page guide is spiral bound, to make it easy to use while travelling. It includes easy to use maps you can follow going EAST or WEST.
I personally used this guide and found it invaluable. In my opinion everyone should have a copy of this if they're thinking of driving Route 66. It's a complete "must purchase". Brilliant.
The Route 66 Encyclopedia provides a sweeping look at a highway that has become more than just a road. These pages cover the history of Route 66 and the people who played a role in its transformation from highway to icon between 1926 and the present, but like the highway itself, this work does not fit within the traditional confines of generalities or terminology. Yes, this is an encyclopedia, a reference book for all things Route 66. However, it is also a time capsule, a travel guide, a history book, a memorial, a testimonial, and a chronicle of almost a century of societal evolution.
Having always dreamt about taking a trip on the legendary Route 66, Billy Connolly finally heads off on the ride of a lifetime. Traveling all 2,488 miles of this epic road, hitting both its classic landmarks and uncovering lesser-known gems, Billy shares the experiences of the countless travelers who have taken the journey before him.
Packed with local flavor, the tales he gathers on the way, from the skyscrapers of Chicago through the Wild West badlands of Oklahoma and Texas and on to the beaches of the Pacific coast, tell the story of modern America – and they might just inspire a few readers to get on their bikes as well. The book also contains a section with maps, playlists, recipes, and more, bringing the reader to the heart of this adventure.
Featuring recommendations by members of the National Historic Route 66 Federation, this guide has been used by thousands around the world to find the best places to stay and eat along the Route.
It lists over 500 dining and lodging establishments objectively reviewed by Federation Adopt-A-Hundred members (no advertising is allowed) and concentrates on the vintage properties that made the Route famous. Price ranges, amenities, credit cards accepted, must stops and other specialty features are included. The Route 66 Dining and Lodging Guide makes an excellent companion to the EZ66 GUIDE.
A very useful book with plenty of interesting stories and features. Celebrating the history and current revival of a great American highway, the author paints a vivid portrait of life on Route 66, and the people who haunt it, including cattle rustlers, gangsters, hitchhikers, and everyday travellers. Considered by many to be a must-have book for the glove-box.
Now, more than 20 years after the original publication of "Route 66", this completely updated and expanded version will make the trip along the Mother Road easier and even more exciting. Responding to requests from readers and travellers, Snyder offers up-to-date routings, elegant and easy-to-read new maps, and revised information on roadside attractions.
A guide to all the exuberance, splendour, and absurdity of Route 66. This reference includes details on the magnificent architecture, natural wonders, vintage motels and cafes, unique museums, offbeat attractions, fascinating artefacts and icons, and kitschy tourist traps that dot this famous stretch of road. Painstakingly researched, this resource provides information on how to locate unmarked portions of the old highway; contact information for Route 66 associations and local visitor bureaus; maps and other navigational aids; an index of all Route 66 towns; and anecdotes, trivia, attractions, and suggested side trips. From well-known hotspots to obscure, off-the-beaten-path destinations, this inspiring guide presents a wealth of information for both first-time adventurers and seasoned travellers.
This book is a concise description of the route and maintains the authority of previous Lonely Planet publications.


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Matthew Kehn studies Medicaid programs and initiatives for people with disabilities, including efforts to improve access to care and care coordination, and policies to improve service delivery and system integration for this group.
Kehn's current projects center on access to health care and care coordination among underserved populations, the availability of long-term community-based supports and services, affordable accessible housing, work incentives and employment, and independence and community integration for people with disabilities. He is leading a case review of state initiatives to improve care coordination for individuals with serious mental illness as well as quantitative and qualitative data collection for recipients of Health Care Innovation Awards, which facilitate better health, improved care, and lower costs for Medicare, Medicaid, and Children's Health Insurance Program beneficiaries. He has also played a key role in implementation of the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefit Offset National Demonstration project.
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The Finance Coordinator is an entry level position supporting Budget and Account Payable. Under direction of the Budget Director, and with day to day supervision from the Accounts Payable and Budget Specialist, the Finance Coordinator will assist in all aspects of the purchasing and invoicing process for the entire BPDA and assist in the processing of Accounts Payable for all BPDA entities. Additional work will include coordinating and documenting the budget development process, as well as maintaining budget reports and supporting variance analysis projects. Additional work will be assigned as needed to support the Accounting team with data entry and reconciliations as needed. The Finance Coordinator will support communication, assist in document management and support transactional work. The Finance Coordinator is also responsible for supporting the Budget Director, the Fiscal Analyst and Controller in ad hoc projects.
Process weekly Accounts Payable check runs; verify accuracy of invoices/checks; submit to Fiscal Analyst for approval. Post A/P transactions weekly to General Ledger and reconcile A/P detail to General Ledger on a monthly basis.
Maintain and update invoice files, vendor listings, purchase order reports and check registers, and maintain complete Vendor/ Contract files for all BPDA entities.
Support the improvement of BPDA Electronic Requisition/Purchase Order System and communicate with staff and vendors regarding purchase order and invoice inquiries.
Perform standard duties as Accounts Payable Agent for all BPDA entities, including vouching and processing invoices for all BPDA companies utilizing Financial Edge, the Agency's electronic financial management system as well as an electronic requisition system.
Assign project/funding source and general ledger account codes to approved BPDA purchase requisitions/contracts in Financial Edge system.
Input high volume and time sensitive requisitions and purchase order coding into Financial Edge to meet established management deadlines.
Assist in management and organization of budget data and use various financial data sets to establish forecasting and projection models.
Support coordination of efforts to improve systems and promote innovative changes in use of technology and communication tools for financial management system across the Agency.
Assist and support the implementation of financial controls in areas including but not exclusively, invoice processing, capital budget reporting, coordinating budget activities and operating budget reporting.
Book journal entries, reconcile accounts and generate reports as needed.
Prepare and improve upon Budget reports and activities. Monitor variances and collaborate with Budget and Finance team to ensure integrity of reports.
Perform other related duties as assigned by Budget and Procurement Manager and Controller.
Work requires completion or near completion of Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration, Finance, Accounting, Economics, or related field, or 2 years of experience including budgeting, financial planning, accounting or accounts payable. Preference given to applicants with secondary degrees or additional certifications. Ability to use office software and automated accounting modules is required. Must be a proactive, curious team player with strong communication and innovative organizational skills. Preference for applicants who have a strong understanding of accounting principles.
Little or no exertion; may spend extended periods at terminal.


I really want to say "Thank you" for the past four days.
Of course, to God. Okay, really, only to God… because through Him it's all possible. Through Him I knew what a Daniel Fast was. Through Him, I was able to keep my focus and resist things that have been haunting me for months, for years, heck… for my entire life. Through Him I have been brought to a point of knowing that I needed to eat better, that I needed to take care of my body, that I needed to honor Him through EVERY part of my life.
But really, I also want to say thank you… to you guys. For doing the four-day fast with me.
1) I needed to start small. Very small. A typical Daniel Fast is 21 days and I just knew that was not where I needed to start. Four days just seemed so feasible this time.
2) I needed some major accountability. That's mainly why I asked you guys on my facebook and twitter to do one with me.
And when I said that I'd offer up menus and recipes… yeah, I really originally meant it for you guys, but it helped me A TON! Having a plan for every meal took all of the guessing game out of it. When I was knocking against those pangs of hunger, I didn't have to think what I was going to eat – I already knew! And I was like, well, my friends said they were going to do it so I want to stick by it with them, so I went to the store to make sure I had supplies.
For the first time in months I have been able to eat "right" for four days in a row. Sugar and chocolate were again not temptations for me. I felt so… free. And I see why Daniel chose to not eat rich or eat meat for those three weeks while he prayed… he wanted to be free of the distractions. He knew too from when He was captured: he knew the power of food over the body. And he saw what it could do for a person when coupled with the guidance and power of God.


Berries have a low glycemic index which is a value assigned to foods. It's based on how slowly or quickly the food increases blood sugar levels. It's the soluble fiber in berries that makes the difference. Fiber can slow down the absorption of sugar into the blood. This leads to much better blood sugar control. As a result, foods with a low glycemic index help you to feel full longer and help to control your appetite better. Being overweight is a major risk factor for diabetes.
Most fruits and veggies have a low glycemic index but berries have the lowest when it comes to fruit. You can have a larger portion of berries than most other fruits and still control your carbohydrate and calorie intake. For example, 1 and ¼ cups of strawberries has the same carbohydrate content as a ½ cup of peaches.
According to a recent study in the Annals of Neurology, it was found that women who ate 2 servings of strawberries or one serving of blueberries every week, experienced less mental decline than peers who did not. Those with the highest intakes postponed cognitive decline by two and a half years. It is believed that anthocyanidins, a kind of flavonoid, are responsible.
Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments with a powerful punch when it comes to nutrition. They are primarily known for their antioxidant properties but are also known to cross the blood brain barrier and locate in learning and memory centers of the brain.
Feeling satisfied with the food you are eating is a major objective of any eating plan aimed at helping you lose weight. For reasons described above, berries help with blood sugar control and appetite. In addition, fiber and water content of berries help us to feel full. Sweet, delicious berries can also help us cope with sugar cravings.
Again, it's the anthocyanidins. They reduce blood pressure and work as an anti-inflammatory inside our blood vessels. In a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, eating about 1 cup of mixed berries every day for 8 weeks is associated with higher "good" HDL levels and lower blood pressure.
Of all the foods studied, berries show the most promise in fighting cancer. Blueberries are chock full of antioxidants. Cancer cell growth in test tubes under laboratory conditions are reduced by these compounds.
All berries, but particularly strawberries and raspberries, are rich in ellagic acid. In laboratory studies, this phytochemical has shown the ability to prevent cancers of the skin, bladder, lung, esophagus and breast. Research suggests that ellagic acid seems to utilize several different cancer-fighting methods at once: it acts as an antioxidant, it helps the body deactivate specific carcinogens and it helps slow the reproduction of cancer cells.
It's easy to add berries to your diet. Try them in your smoothie in the morning or sprinkle some on your cereal. They are a great addition to a salad or a snack and really the best choice for dessert. If you would like some more adventurous ideas on how to capitalize on this season's berry harvest, go here.


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Home Governance and science-policy interface Chile proposes new constitution steeped in science (Nature)
Chile proposes new constitution steeped in science (Nature)
Although many researchers support the draft, opposition could sink it.
By Emiliano Rodríguez Mega
Chile has a new best seller. Since it was finalized on 4 July, a draft of what could become the nation's constitution has commanded massive numbers of online downloads and crowds waiting to buy paperback copies.
"It may become one of the most-read texts in Chile in recent times," says Ximena Báez, president of the country's National Association of Postgraduate Researchers, who is based in Valparaíso.
As researchers in Chile pore over the text, which could reshape their country if approved during a 4 September vote, they are finding a lot to like. It contains a number of articles designed to boost science, expand environmental protection and improve the nation's education system.
These stand in stark contrast to the contents of the current constitution, enacted more than four decades ago under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. That document contains only brief, weak mentions of science, says Santiago-based sociologist José Ortiz Carmona, who authored a 2021 report comparing how science is represented across 193 constitutions — and many see it as the source of profound inequality in Chile.
In October 2019, many Chileans protested decades-long social and economic inequalities stemming, as they saw it, from Pinochet's policies, and demanded political reform, as well as a new constitution. A year later, the nation voted overwhelmingly to replace the document.
A democratically elected assembly, including scientists, teachers, students and Indigenous representatives, formed to draft it. The product, some have pointed out, is the first constitution in Chile's history not written by political, economic or military elites.
Despite having been drafted by a diverse group, the vision for Chile's future has not won favour with everyone. Some academics reject it. And several polls show that the majority of people surveyed plan to vote against it.
Boosting science
Similar to the current constitution, the proposal mandates that the state "stimulate" science and technology — crucial for a country that, for the past decade, has consistently invested less than 0.4% of its gross domestic product in the fields.
In October 2019, Chileans protested a rise in metro ticket prices, which they viewed as emblematic of deep inequality in the country.Credit: Javier Torres/AFP/Getty
But it goes further by adding that scientific achievements and technological solutions should be used to improve the life of Chileans. For example, one of its articles says that the state should rely on science to ensure the "continuous improvement" of public services and goods.
The draft aims to decentralize research. "The largest universities are all in [the capital] Santiago," Báez says, "so they're the ones that receive the highest percentage of resources." The proposed constitution indicates that the state should create the conditions needed to develop science across Chile.
Also included is the state's obligation to guarantee freedom of research, which, according to Ortiz Carmona, could prevent "undue pressures" from economic or political powers aiming to influence the country's research. Chile is not immune to such attempts. Last year, for example, presidential candidate José Antonio Kast pledged to banish the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, an organization based in San Juan, Costa Rica, that promotes academic research and dialogue, because he considers it "a stronghold of political activism".
Another big winner in the proposed constitution is education. Beginning in the 1980s, Chile enacted policies supporting privatized education. This resulted in a system that was "deeply unequal, segregated and inefficient", says Cristián Bellei Carvacho, an education researcher at the University of Chile in Santiago. The new constitution, he says, would reverse that by making education universal, inclusive and free for all.
The proposal has been called an 'ecological constitution' because it emphasizes environmental rights. It says the state has a duty to prevent and adapt to the risks of the climate and biodiversity crises, as well as to mitigate their effects. It "considers that the human being is part of nature, and therefore its care is a condition for human survival", explains Pilar Moraga, deputy director of the Center for Climate and Resilience Research in Santiago.
Most notably, the document says nature has its own rights, meaning that it can legally be protected, even in the absence of direct harm to people. In an online panel this month, David Boyd, the United Nations special rapporteur on human rights and the environment, who is based on Pender Island, Canada, said that major industries aren't likely to be pleased with the ecological provisions. If the constitution is enacted, many lawsuits will pop up, he said, and the Chilean government will need to stand its ground to fight against these "vested interests".
The draft constitution also seeks to protect the rights of Chile's Indigenous peoples — some 13% of the country's population — for the first time in its history. The document says research should be ethical and that scientific progress should not be linked to discrimination, which could bolster efforts to rethink the relationship between Chilean scientists and the people they study, says Constanza Silva Gallardo, a substance-use researcher at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, and a member of the Diaguita Mapochogasta Autonomous Community in Santiago. Its inclusion in the draft constitution, she thinks, could make research more participatory, improve informed-consent processes and address the uneven power dynamic between academia and Indigenous groups.
An unclear outcome
Given that initial enthusiasm over the constitution seems to have dissipated, it's not yet clear what will happen when Chileans vote in September.
Some researchers are unsure about certain aspects of the draft. For example, although the education system is supposed to receive "permanent, direct, relevant and sufficient" funding, research does not seem to get the same consideration, says José Manuel Jiménez, a pharmacologist and secretary of the National Association of Postgraduate Researchers, who is based in Santiago. This could open the door to the government cutting back on science whenever times are tough, he says.
Soledad Bertelsen, a legal researcher at the University of Los Andes in Santiago, worries that the proposed draft lacks any mention of intellectual-property rights, which are guaranteed in the current constitution. It is "an explicit step backwards", she says, adding that entrepreneurs might decide to move their investments out of Chile.
Still, many scientists are betting on the proposed constitution to take the country into a new age. For Carlos Olavarría, a conservation biologist and director of the Center for Advanced Studies of Arid Zones in La Serena, Chile, the promises to protect the environment and make science a pillar of society point to a future that he is eager to see.
"I don't know if I will witness it before I die," he says. "But I dream that Chile walks towards that path."
Read at Nature.
Nicole Tondreau
Snow Blanket for the Andes (Nasa Earth Observatory)
'We beg God for water': Chilean lake turns to desert, sounding...
Mail: centro.cr2@uchile.cl
Address: Blanco Encalada 2002, 4th floor, FCFM Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile.


SQL Server installation or removal is an important DBA task. I have written many articles on how to install SQL Server 2017 on different Linux flavors and you can take a look at "Next Steps" section to access those articles. In this tip, I am going to demonstrate how to uninstall SQL Server 2017 from an Ubuntu Linux server.
As you probably know, Microsoft started SQL Server support on Linux operating systems starting with SQL Server 2017. This has generally been referred to as SQL Server vNext. Now you can design, build and deploy your application anywhere whether its Windows or Linux. This version has brought SQL Server to a larger audience.
Sometimes, we need to remove SQL Server from an existing operating system as per business needs and we will cover how to do this for SQL Server running on Ubuntu.
I installed SQL Server 2017 on this machine and now I want uninstall it cleanly from the Ubuntu machine. Follow the steps in this tip to proceed with the SQL Server 2017 uninstall.
NOTE: I recommend testing this first on a lower life cycle system before performing this action in production.
Make sure you have proper approvals in place to uninstall the SQL Server installation. The next step to proceed with the uninstall of SQL Server is to secure your data for future reference. Make sure to run full database backups of all databases and save to a secure location so that you can access the if needed in the future. You can use the BACKUP DATABASE command or your backup jobs to execute the backups.
Once you have executed the backup and saved the backup files, we will proceed with the uninstallation steps. Launch PuTTY terminal and connect to your Ubuntu server on which SQL Server is running that needs to be uninstalled. You can also directly be logged in to the Ubuntu server locally and connect to with a local terminal window.
I have performed this process using PuTTY terminal. If you are going to use PuTTY then launch a terminal screen and enter your Ubuntu server details to establish the connection. Once you will get the login screen, type your login and password and press enter to connect.
Once you connect to the Ubuntu server, we need to uninstall SQL Server 2017. The next step is to check and verify whether SQL Server is installed and running on this server or not. We will check the SQL Server services that are running by executing the below commands.
You can see the in the below screenshot where we have executed the command and we can see SQL Server is active and running on this machine.
Now we will check and verify the database files under their respective directory. SQL Server installs databases under /var/opt/mssql directory. I ran the ls-lrt command to check the files and folders present under this directory. We can see the data folder is showing under /var/opt/mssql directory and when we look inside the data directory, we can see the mdf and ldf database files.
To access the content of the above directory we need to run the commands using sudo access. I have executed this to see the below files in the below screenshot.
Now we will start the SQL Server uninstall from this Ubuntu server by executing the below command.
#Uninstall SQL Server 2017 from Ubuntu Server.
You can see I have executed the above command in the below screenshot. Once we execute the command, it will read the package list and build a dependency tree as shown in the below image. This command will remove two SQL Server packages mssql-server and mssql-server-agent. We can see this in the output of the command. Execution will ask you again to enter Y to proceed with the removal. You can also see how much disk space will be freed post uninstalling SQL Server from this machine in the below screenshot.
Once you will type Y and press enter to proceed with the uninstall, execution will start to remove SQL Server from this Ubuntu server. You can have a look at the below screenshot where SQL Server has been removed from the Ubuntu server.
We can see in above the screenshot that SQL Server and SQL Server Agent have been uninstalled from the Ubuntu server. The package name for SQL Server and SQL Server Agent is mssql-server and mssql-server-agent respectively that have been removed from this Ubuntu server.
But uninstalling SQL Server or the SQL Server package does not delete the created database files from the server. We need to delete them manually in order to clean the system from SQL Server.
First, let's verify whether the database files or mssql folder under directory /var/opt/ is removed or still present.
Run the same commands we ran in Step 4 to check the database files. We can see all of the files and folders are still there. Now we need to remove them manually.
We will remove the mssql folder, so that all files and folders inside this directory are removed from this Ubuntu server. Be aware that running the below command will remove whatever directory you pass.
Run the below command to remove all mssql related files.
#Remove SQL Server folders and files.
When you access the above folder to see the details, you will end with the below error because all files and folders have been removed.
Now you have completely removed SQL Server from the Ubuntu machine. Next, we will verify this uninstall by checking the SQL Server service. Run the below command to check the SQL Server service.
The SQL Server service was not found on the Ubuntu server as shown in the below screenshot.
Check out this tip to install SQL Server on Ubuntu.
Read more articles on SQL Server on Linux.
Explore more knowledge with these SQL Server Database Administration tips.


Suprised to see no comments on this pet. Granted I've not used other snakes so maybe they are all the same. I use a fast breed quite often in critter fights and he seldom dissapoints. He has the poison dot, burrow, and a speed debuff. Love using burrow to cath other tunnelers.
The Jade Forest's mountain hozen fear these venomous reptiles and often hunt them out of pure spite.


Rudyard Kipling may have said it best… way back in 1895… in his poem "If". Was he thinking of Tech Managers?
Sound familiar? I am sure that it does to most of you. There are times when everyone seems to think that the entire systems is falling apart and that you should have prevented it. There are times when everything that others try to do to fix things, jsut makes them worse.
Then you arrive… bringing calmness when things get tough.
A CAD/BIM Manager has to remain calm and reduce the stress level of everyone involved. How do you project calmness?
First you have to actually be calm. Internally you are confident that you can fix the problem, or get people back on track quickly. You know how to dissect troubles and find the root cause. You can make things better. If you are not the calm type… work on that first. start researching ways that you can remain cool as others heat up.
You take on relaxed mannerisms – not tensed up. You are not grabbing things from people or nudging them out of the way. Your shoulders are relaxed. Your breathing remains regular.
You defuse negative talk that travels down the "what if" path. Not letting long term conclusions be drawn from the current short term situation. ("if we miss this deadline…"). You calmly refocus conversations back to productive processes.
You don't jump to conclusions. The methodical approach you are taking will get you through. Just stay the course.
You keep people informed. Let others know what you are going to do. If you leave the scene, let people know you are going to check on something and when you expect to be back. ("I need to check the server, I will be back in 5 minutes"). If you are gone longer, let people know or send someone back to the trouble spot to let them know. Texting works great for this now days.
You let them know you are making progress. And if you make small gains, let them know that the whole process is not fully restored yet, but that they can start using specific portions. This is a measured restoration that allows progress while you are working on a full restore.
By remaining calm and projecting a calm exterior, you will comfort everyone that is ramping up the stress levels. Stay cool.


20Kg Sack of Proctors Spring and Summer lawn feed – now with FREE P & P and just £26.99!
We are offering a 20 kg bag of spring and summer lawn food at a price per kilo which is a fraction of the cost of small packs available from the DIY chains and garden centres.
The chemical composition is 11- 5 - 5 plus Fe + mgo application rate is 35 grams per sq metre (this bag will do one treatment for 571 square metres).
You will notice a huge difference if your lawn is well fed. Within a few days it will be lush and dark green.
Proctors have been supplying fertilizers for nearly two hundred years and are a highly respected company in the industry.
You can use this fertiliser through to the end of September.


U-Guard Security Products offer a high voltage rechargeable stun gun that features a bright LED flashlight. This lipstick stun gun is meant to be discreetly held in purse or pocket so you can surprise the attacker with it. The lipstick stun gun is conveniently designed to be ultra-portable and effective in emergency situations.
Guard Dog Security created a lipstick stun gun self-defense weapon designed to be convenient and ultra-portable. The stun gun can deliver a 3 million volt punch which means that this self-defense weapon guarantees optimum defense performance in case of attack. Also, this lipstick stun gun features a LED flashlight.
Red Scorpion lipstick stun gun features immense power and provides you with an efficient defense option in case you get attacked. Also, this lipstick stun gun features an internal rechargeable battery so you won't need to spend money on battery replacement. The stun gun is designed to be a discrete self-defense weapon.
Stun Master lipstick stun gun is able to deliver a 3 million volt punch that is more than enough to temporarily stun and disable the attacker. Also, the stun gun features a disguised flashlight that enables you to illuminate large areas. This stun gun is powered by a built-in rechargeable battery and includes a charging cable.
This gold lipstick stun gun features a potent stun gun concealed in lipstick shape. Also, the stun gun comes with a wallet holster designed to enhance gun's portability. It's recommended that you store this stun gun inside purse wallet so you can prevent accidental stuns and harming yourself. The stun gun is designed to provide you with reliable defense performance.