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principles of analytical chemistry skoog
Douglas A. Skoog was a professor of chemistry at Stanford University and the lead author of several best-selling texts during his career. It contain most of the basic fundamental instrumental technique and for some topics depth knowledge of subject . Douglas A. Skoog has 23 books on Goodreads with 6305 ratings. - Under Construction; Book: Non-Isothermal Kinetic Methods (Arhangel'skii et al.) Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction by Douglas Skoog The new edition highlights some of the latest techniques such as supercritical fluid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. F. James Holler is professor emeritus of chemistry and recipient of the Alumni Association Great Teacher Award at the University of Kentucky. … written by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. … 1 Review. skoog instrumental … Edition: 7. The text also introduces students to elementary analog and digital electronics, computers, and the treatment of analytical data. In 1980, he was hired as a staff writer for the Village Voice. That same year, he was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. He was born on December 14, 1945 in Los Angeles, California. Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. Presentation of instrumental methods for introductory students. Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction (Saunders golden sunburst series) by Douglas A. Skoog and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.co.uk. Supplemental Modules (Analytical Chemistry) Exercises: Analytical Chemistry; Book: Analytical Chemistry 2.1 (Harvey) Book: Physical Methods in Chemistry and Nano Science (Barron) Map: Principles of Instrumental Analysis (Skoog et al.) Douglas A. Skoog was a professor of chemistry at Stanford University and the lead author of several best-selling texts during his career. He earned a B.S. Stanley Lawrence Crouch was an author, poet, music and cultural critic, essayist and columnist. Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry 5. Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Dr. Stephen Summerfield Page 1 April 2010 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry By Dr Stephen Summerfield Department of Chemistry April 2010 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 – UK: England & Wales License. chapter 15 instructor's manual chapter 15 15-1. in a fluorescence emission spectrum, the excitation wavelength is held constant and the emission intensity is measured as a function of the emission wavelength. Updated material enhances the book's proven approach, which places an emphasis on the fundamental principles of operation for each type of instrument, its optimal area of application, its sensitivity, its precision, and its limitations. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry-Douglas A. Skoog 2004 This text is known for its readability combined with a systematic, rigorous approach. Douglas A Skoog. In 1993, he received the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry Award for … answers-to-skoog-fundamentals-of-analytical-chemistry 1/1 Downloaded from voucherslug.co.uk on November 29, 2020 by guest ... ' but not for any of the others! The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. in chemistry from Oregon State University and received his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Illinois. The Nature of Analytical Chemistry PART I: TOOLS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2. Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking, Detection Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Vapors. Known for its readability and systematic, rigorous approach, this fully updated Ninth Edition of FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY offers extensive coverage of the principles and practices of analytic chemistry and consistently shows students its applied nature. Using Spreadsheets in Analytical Chemistry 4. Chemistry ABC. His fiction included, Don't the Moon Look Lonesome: A Novel in Blues and Swing. in chemistry from Oregon State University and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Illinois. These award … In 2016, he was awarded the Windham-Campbell Literary Prize. This item: Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Douglas A. Skoog Hardcover $92.36 Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson Hardcover $270.35 Atkins' Physical Chemistry 11e by Peter Atkins Paperback $82.94 Customers who viewed this item also viewed He earned a B.S. Stanley Crouch died on September 16, 2020 in New York City at the age of 74. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry Douglas A. Skoog , Donald M. West , F. James Holler , Stanley R. Crouch Known for its readability and systematic, rigorous approach, this fully updated Ninth Edition of FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY offers extensive coverage of the principles and practices of analytic chemistry … Extensive coverage of the principles and practices of quantitative chemistry ensures suitability for chemistry majors. After graduating from high school in 1963, he attended several junior colleges and became active in the civil rights movement. Extensive coverage of the principles and practices of quantitative chemistry ensures suitability for chemistry majors. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry-Douglas A. Skoog 1982 Publisher: Cengage Learning. Fort Worth: Saunders College Pub., pp.80, 246-247, 333-336, 735-736. Free download Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7th edition) written by Douglas A. Skoog (Stanford University), F. James Holler (University of Kentucky) and Stanley R. Crouch (Michigan State University) in pdf. PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS is the standard for courses on the principles and applications of modern analytical instruments. Language: english. The addition of spreadsheet exercises and problems throughout the text provides students with a more modern approach to analytical … In the 7th edition, authors Skoog, Holler, and Crouch infuse their popular text with updated techniques and new Instrumental Analysis in Action case studies. 2 Reviews. In 1993, he received the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry Award for … Extensive coverage of the principles and practices of quantitative chemistry ensures suitability for chemistry majors. In addition to his role as co-author of several bestselling texts, he is co-creator of the world-famous Periodic Table of Comic Books. He wrote a biography, The Rise and Times of Charlie Parker. He became poet-in-residence at Pitzer College in in 1968. These award … He received his Ph.D. from Michigan State University. Dr. Skoog was the 1999 recipient of the American Chemical Society award in analytical chemistry, sponsored by the Fisher Scientific Company. We also acknowledge previous National Science … Free download Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (ninth edition) written by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler and Stanley R. Crouch in pdf. Douglas A. Skoog, James J. Leary. Douglas A. Skoog (deceased) earned a B.S. Bis(hydroxylamino)triazines: High Selectivity and Hydrolytic Stability of Hydroxylamine-Based Ligands for Uranyl Compared to Vanadium(V) and Iron(III) very useful for analytical people and beginners. He earned a B.S. Douglas A. Skoog's most popular book is Fundamentals Of Analytical Chemistry. 1. ISBN 13: 978-1-305-57721-3. Dr. Skoog was the 1999 recipient of the American Chemical Society award in analytical chemistry, sponsored by the Fisher Scientific Company. Douglas A. Skoog was a professor of chemistry at Stanford University and the lead author of several best-selling texts during his career. published by Brooks/Cole in 2014… Chemicals, Apparatus, and Unit Operations of Analytical Chemistry 3. The lead author of several best-selling texts, Dr. Skoog was the 1999 recipient of the American Chemical Society award in analytical chemistry, … Volume: 40.8MB. PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS has long been the standard for courses that deal with the principles and applications of modern analytical instruments. The New look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features of chapter 15 skoog/holler/crouch principles Skoog! Best-Selling texts during his career Holler and Crouch Association Great Teacher Award at New! New look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features civil rights movement for Skoog / West of! Non-Isothermal Kinetic Methods ( Arhangel'skii et al. with the principles and practices of quantitative ensures... 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Sometimes you need to know the Red, Green and Blue values of a Visual Basic OLE Colour, particularly if you are going to use the colour in an API function. This tip shows you how to correctly convert an OLE_COLOR type to a RGB value using the OleTranslateColor API call exposed by OLEPRO32.DLL. It works for all colours, whether they are RGB colours, system colours of the type &H80000000F (vbButtonFace) or palette-matching colours such as &H2EECC99.
When you change the selected item in the combo box , the text box will be set to the R,G,B components of the colour.


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Duggan investigation: Can Detroit inspector general be impartial?
April 11, 2019, 1:48 PM by Violet Ikonomova
Inspector General Ellen Ha previously served in the city law department under Mayor Mike Duggan.
Detroit Inspector General Ellen Ha has spent most of her career working for the city of Detroit, serving mayors from Coleman Young through Mike Duggan. Today her job is to investigate that same city government — specifically her most recent former boss.
Ha on Monday launched an investigation into whether Duggan gave preferential treatment to a prenatal program run by his rumored mistress in a possible conflict.
The probe follows a Free Press report that found Duggan steered more than $350,000 in city funds to the Make Your Date program and ordered city staff to fundraise on its behalf.
But Detroit activists, ex-city employees and politicos say the investigation itself may be conflicted and have called on Ha to disqualify herself.
Before she was named Inspector General by city council last year, Ha was a longtime employee in the city law department. Her final role in the office was as its chief of staff, a promotion awarded by former corporation counsel Butch Hollowell, a Duggan appointee.
"It just doesn't pass the smell test," former police commissioner Ricardo Moore told Deadline Detroit. "She's supposed to be independent but at the same time there's a certain amount of allegiance to city government, to make sure city government comes out looking good."
Chris White, a political consultant and activist, also felt Ha's past service to the city could compromise the investigation.
"Right now a position that should be used as a watchdog is occupied by someone that's from within the system," said White, who previously worked for embattled State Rep. Bert Johnson. "Under Ha, it's not really an independent position as much as it is a promotion."
Ha's office did not respond to emails seeking comment. People who know her professionally — including city staffers — vouched for her integrity.
The city's law department handles legal business for the mayor, city council and various city departments. As chief, Ha was charged with overseeing relations with those "clients."
She first joined the department in the '90s, under Mayor Young, then left and returned as Freedom of Information Act supervisor under Dennis Archer in 2001.
"It's probably a legitimate concern about whether the investigation can be done in an unbiased manner, but it certainly doesn't mean that she can't do an unbiased investigation," says Tom Ivacko, associate director of the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy at the University of Michigan's Ford school.
Created in 2012 to hold city government more accountable in the wake of the Kwame Kilpatrick scandal, Detroit's Inspector General serves as a municipal watchdog investigating corruption, waste, abuse and fraud. The position is appointed by council and has a six-year term.
The charter allows the IG, at their own discretion, to tap an outside lawyer to handle a case in the event of a conflict. Ivacko said this and other provisions, like the detailed investigative reports that are made public after a review, are designed to instill public trust in the process.
If Ha were to stay on the investigation, she could manage the possible conflict through additional transparency, like sharing confidential files with the public, he said.
Her office, however, has thus far declined to answer media questions regarding the probe. And it's not clear whether she opened the investigation of her own accord or was prompted by a complaint from the public or another party.
But Detroit's language surrounding the IG role doesn't go as far as other cities to safeguard against potential conflicts in the first place. Some cities allow only certified inspectors general to take on the role and have so-called "cooling periods" for ex-city employees. Albuquerque, for example, does not allow IGs to have worked in city government for four years prior to taking the job. Baltimore's inspector general must be board-certified and win approval from an independent panel.
Regardless of the rules, it's rare that former city employees take the position. Deadline Detroit reviewed the bios of inspectors general in Chicago, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Albuquerque, and found none previously worked for the cities they're now tasked with holding accountable. Baltimore has had five inspectors general, none of whom came from city government.
The Association of Inspectors General — which creates standards for the industry — is silent on cooling periods. Its guidebook requires "independence, fairness, objectivity and freedom from real or perceived impairment" and encourages IGs to disqualify themselves from investigations when they have "personal impairments" including "professional … relationships that might appear to lead the [office] to limit the extent of the work, to limit disclosure, or to alter the outcome of the work."
Despite this, people who know Ha say she has the integrity to set aside personal feelings about her former employer.
"Ellen Ha is a professional and I have no reservations about her ability to do the job as the charter requires," said her predecessor, former Detroit Inspector General James Heath. "I think anyone who thinks [she] cannot do a thorough job … I think they're wrong about that."
And city council members, who appointed her in an 8-0 vote, seem to view her lengthy career in city government as a strength. When Ha was sworn in, Council President Brenda Jones applauded the "many years of legal and municipal experience" she brought to the position.
Duggan was also satisfied with the choice.
"Throughout her career, Ellen has proven herself to be a thoughtful, fair and extremely hardworking lawyer and I'm very happy for her," he said in the release. "A person of her ethics and integrity is a perfect fit for the position of Inspector General."
Duggan has said he welcomes Ha's investigation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The other day the new MSFE students showed up at Columbia for orientation and I had to welcome them. These are some notes from what I said.
Several years ago, my son, who did a PhD thesis on the reception history of Max Weber, the founding father of sociology, introduced me to two influential essays by Weber, entitled respectively Science as a Vocation and Politics as a Vocation. In them Weber discusses what problems you have to face, and what personality and character you have to own, if you decide to make these fields your calling, and he's surprisingly thoughtful and yet practical about it.I thought it would be interesting to begin to think about the same questions with respect to entering the field of Quantitative Finance, particularly from a practitioner's point of view.
According to Zvi Bodie, financial engineering is the application of science-based mathematical models to decisions about saving, investing, borrowing, lending, and managing risk. I think that's a reasonable definition.
Science – mechanics, electrodynamics, molecular biology, etc., – seeks to discover the fundamental principles that describe the world, and is usually reductive and analytic. Engineering is about using those principles, constructively and synthetically, for a purpose. Thus, mechanical engineering is concerned with building devices based on Newton's laws, suitably combined with heuristic or empirical rules about more complex forces (friction, for example) that are too difficult to derive from first principles. Electrical engineering is the study of how to create useful electrical devices based on Maxwell's equations and solid-state physics, combined with similar heuristics. Similarly, bio-engineering is the art of building prosthetics and other biologically active devices based on the principles of biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology.
So what is financial engineering? In a logically consistent world, financial engineering should be layered above a solid base of financial science. Financial engineering would be the study of how to create functional financial devices – convertible bonds, warrants, synthetic CDOs, etc. – that perform in desired ways, not just at expiration, but throughout their lifetime. That's what Black-Scholes does – it tells you, under certain assumptions, how to engineer a perfect option from stock and bonds.
But what exactly is financial science?
Canonical financial engineering or quantitative finance rests upon the science of Brownian motion and other idealizations that, while they capture some of the essential features of uncertainty, are not finally very accurate descriptions of the characteristic behavior of financial objects. (You should perhaps even object to my use of the word 'characteristic' since it's not clear that financial markets even have time-invariant characteristics.) Markets are filled with anomalies that disagree with standard theories. Stock evolution, to take just one of many examples, isn't Brownian. We don't really know what describes its motion. Maybe we never will. And when we try to model stochastic volatility, it's an order of magnitude vaguer.
So, the point I want to make, for those people who consider coming into the field from one of the hard sciences, is that financial engineering rests on a shaky basis. That's not to say that it isn't worth doing. In one sense it makes it more interesting. If you're going to work in this field, you have to understand that you're not doing classical science at all, and that the classical scientific approach doesn't have the unimpeachable value it has in the hard sciences. You have to ask yourself if you can live with that.
A personal story. In 1985, bond options were the hot new product, the synthetic CDOs of the era. At that time most trading desks used Black-Scholes style models for bond options, in which each bond was treated as a weird kind of stock. Our major theoretical problem was how to consistently model the yield curve and all the bonds that defined them in unison, so that we could then value options on them. Eventually we came up with BDT, which, while it had its problems, was at least self-consistent and perhaps more usable than what came before.
But, surprisingly, it was the new user interface to the model, that I built myself in those primitive pre-mouse days of screen-based programs, that had the biggest impact. It worked well because I made it do what the traders needed, which I learned from working with them. My new version saved them countless keystrokes compared to the command-line interface that drove the previous FORTRAN version. All my model's input and output were visible on one screen. There were also fields for storing information about the client and the trade. And best of all, you could save a possible trade under discussion and retrieve it the next day for continued development and discussion.
Though primitive by today's standards, this interface was astonishingly better than what the desk had used before, and the traders and salespeople were overjoyed. By creating and saving the most common types of option trades as templates in files at the start of each day, they could respond rapidly to clients, accommodating many more requests much more efficiently.
Ever since then, it's been impossible for me to overlook the difference a simple and well-designed piece of software can make to a business, no matter how good or bad the model underneath.
If you work in this field, then, despite the genuine glories of quantitative finance, you may have to face the fact that you can have the most dramatic effect by improving the ergonomics of trading and sales. Is that fact something you can live with?
Financial Engineering is a multidisciplinary field. It involves financial knowledge, business knowledge, mathematics, statistics, and very importantly, computation, because there's little you can achieve without computation. There are very few analytic solutions that apply to the markets and products you actually deal with, so you must approximate all the time, and decide what complexities to ignore.
Because of this you need experience to be genuinely useful, and so there are very few young geniuses in the field, unlike mathematics or chess. Experience and some wisdom is often necessary, because you're dealing with people and their quirks, and a large part of it is a social science. Hard science assumes there is a stable world underlying the observed phenomenon; in social sciences that stability is much less obvious, perhaps even non-existent, because you're playing with people and they keep changing the rules.
The methodology of quantitative finance is different from large parts of physics or chemistry or even biology. Financial models are crude, and are mostly analogies. They say something like "it may be useful to think that people value bonds by discounting them over the paths of all future short-term interest rates." This isn't true, but it's just possibly useful. In contrast, in physics you can say that the quantum mechanical world behaves as though a particle really does take all future paths to its target, with interfering probabilities. This isn't merely useful, it's actually true.
So, if you work as a practitioner, you will have to live with the fact that you are going to have to make crude, false but hopefully useful approximations.
If you go to work in a big investment bank, you'll soon discover that traders and salespeople order you about and often make more money but have less technical skills than you. That's less true today, when more trading is technology and algorithm based, and when products are more complex, and when the buy side offers many different opportunities, but it's still often the case.
Many practitioners or programmers gets weary after a while, and want to become "one of them." But they may not have the skill or more importantly the personality to do that. There are more opportunities these days, especially at hedge funds, but nevertheless I've seen many people get disillusioned by having to continue in their mainly technical role. Can you change to be what you want? Can you live with being who you are?
Dr. Derman, are there really going to be enough jobs for financial engineers to "soak up" all of the MFE grads?
This it a time when well-known prop desks are laying off staff, structured finance is blamed for the 2008 crash and following stagnation, and — according to the NuclearPhynance phorum — there are at least 100 mega-brilliant young people vying for every 1 junior position.


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The name of Charles Dickens is indelibly linked with London and, throughout his life, the great novelist had a love-hate relationship with England's Capital City.
On this walk you will journey through streets and places that Dickens both knew and wrote about.
Indeed, you'll follow in his footsteps on a Dickens-packed tour that will follow him from his childhood, on through his formative years as a budding author and into to his latter years, when he had assailed the dizzy heights of English literature to become one of the most famous, and instantly recognisable, people of the Victorian age.
Leaving Borough Underground Station, we pause alongside a local landmark that Dickens would have looked upon as he passed it en route to the years he would later remember as being the happiest and most settled of his childhood.
Six years later he passed it again when, having arrived back in London, he was forced to confront one of the most traumatic events of his young life.
Indeed, no sooner had he returned to the City of which he was destined to become the undisputed chronicler, than his father, John, was arrested for debt and he and the rest of the family - with the exceptions of Charles and his beloved sister, Fanny - were incarcerated in the Marshalsea Prison.
Left to his own devices, Charles felt totally abandoned by his parents and that feeling of abandonment never left him, with the consequence that, if there was one type of character that the adult Charles Dickens would portray better than any other writer, before or since, it was the abandoned child.
Thus, as we make our way through the historic Borough streets to locate the last surviving wall of the Marshalsea Prison, we really are exploring the very streets where the likes of Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Pip were forged.
Then, suddenly, there it is.
The soaring brick wall of the Marshalsea Prison alongside which we will pause and discuss this troubled, and troubling, period in Dickens early life and reveal how, as you stand on these time worn flagstones you are, to quote Dickens "standing amongst the crowding ghosts of many miserable years."
Having charted Dickens confrontation with the loss of his childhood, our journey continues through a sequence of alleyways that are still as they were when Dickens explored them.
These will deliver us to a true highlight of the tour, a secret garden no less, which was established in 1887 by one of the greatest philanthropists of the Victorian age, a lady who, in her childhood years, had met and been influenced by Charles Dickens.
It is a lovely, and idyllic spot and, once you've discovered it, you'll no doubt want to make a mental note of its location so that you can return under your own steam. It really is that special a place.
The surprises come thick and fast then as we encounter the Crossbones Burial Ground, where paupers and prostitutes were buried from the 14th to the mid-19th century; duck into a splendid sequence of cobblestone courtyards, each one of which was once the entrance to an old coaching inn, the type of inn that Dickens himself would have known and from which he sent many of his most immortal characters galloping off along the highways and byways of merrie olde England to embark upon their adventures.
The majority of those inns have gone now. Ploughed into the London earth with the coming of the railways in the mid-19th century.
But, not all of them have been lost, for one of them managed to survive the gluttonous appetite of the age of steam and it nestles away from the busy Borough High Street, a true survivor of bygone London.
Having stepped into its courtyard, you will find yourself suddenly pitched back in time, surrounded by a picturesque gallery, ancient walls, and doorways so reminiscent of days gone by that you wouldn't be in the least bit surprised if Mr. Pickwick and his fellow Pickwickians were to come strolling out to greet you!
Speaking of whom, the next cobbled yard we venture into is a true Dickensian landmark, for it was here that Mr. Pickwick met Sam Weller and, thereafter, Dickens reputation skyrocketed, as the public flocked to get their hands on the latest installments of Pickwick Papers , and to eagerly devour the latest adventures of Mr. Pickwick and his companions.
From this set back Dickensian landmark, we venture into the heart of London's oldest market to hear how it featured in the aforementioned work.
Having passed the oldest Gothic church in London, we wash up on the banks of the Thames to picture the memorable, though stomach churning, opening of Our Mutual Friend , as a small boat bobs up and down on the murky waters of the Victorian river its occupants involved in a decidedly sordid nefarious activity!
And so we ebb into the winter moments of our walk.
But, what a finish we have for you.
For, here in this timeless hinterland of Dickensian London, we gaze upon an old arch of London bridge, and look across at the very steps on which Nancy betrayed Bill Sikes to Mr. Brownlow in Oliver Twist .
Can there be a better location at which to end a relaxed and leisurely few hours spent exploring the streets and passageways of Dickens London?
And, since Richard Jones, your guide is an expert on the life, times and works of Charles Dickens, your passage through the timeless world of old and secret London will have been made truly memorable by extensive quotes from the pen of England's greatest novelist, coupled with some absolutely fascinating facts about the life and times of the man himself.
The Charles Dickens Walk can be booked as a private tour for your office social, tour group, or even as an outing with a difference for a group of friends or relatives.


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Forever 17: Jason Davis's Death Brings Attention to Black Lives Matter at Clark
April 21, 2016 10:17 am by Indy Staff Views: 20
https://clarkcollegeindependent.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/davis-speech-excerpt.wav
A father who lost his 17-year-old son to a deadly shooting in November of 2012 crossed the country from Jacksonville, Florida, bringing his message of fighting for justice and equality to Clark College Sunday evening.
Ron Davis, father of Jordan Davis, visited Clark for a movie screening of the award-winning documentary "3½ Minutes, Ten Bullets," which portrayed the aftermath of the shooting, including the family's constant battle for a fair trial. The documentary featured police interrogation footage, prison phone recordings and interviews with people who were with Jordan that night.
Davis said their experience was unique because they're "the only family that got a conviction in the South, where a white citizen killed a black kid." 45-year-old Michael Dunn was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.
Upwards of 30 community members gathered in Gaiser Student Center to see the film and participate in a public forum afterwards, led by a panel and facilitated by King County Superior Court Judge LeRoy McCullough.
The panel was made up of Ron Davis, Camara L. J. Banfield from the Clark County Prosecuting Attorney's Office, Lt. Greg Raquer from the City of Vancouver Police Department and Rick McLeod, an attorney from the Clark County Bar Association President Board of Trustees.
After McLeod said he welcomes of people of different backgrounds and has no fears or biases against other races, Banfield countered his comment.
"I think it's really important that we acknowledge our fear of other people, regardless how that may make us appear as a person," Banfield said. "If we don't acknowledge our prejudices … and fear, we're not able to get past them."
Reassuring the audience, Davis said it's good to be uncomfortable. "We need to be talking about stuff that's real and that hits you hard and makes you feel it all the way down to your toes."
At the reception, Gumbo Goddess Catering served a mix of Creole and Italian food, including caprese bites, fruit infused water and a signature Voodoo cake with white chocolate butter.
The Harambee Black Student Union, Black People United from WSU V, the Vancouver Black Lives Matter chapter and Vancouver's National Association for the Advancement of Colored People attended the event and set up tables with information in the back of the room.
Davis concluded his speech by reminding the audience to accept allies with backgrounds and cultures different from their own.
"Some of the best people that will support you and understand you are people that don't look like you," he said. "It's not about the color of your skin. It's about your character … and whether you care for humanity … for your children … for your future."


Operating machinery is known to pose many risks for workers and those around them. Guards are used to protect the operators from gaining access to the dangerous parts of the machines. When these guards are removed the risks of injury increase dramatically and therefore it is essential they are always fitted and in place.
One engineering firm based in Coventry has recently been fined for failing to ensure the safety guards were in place. An unnamed employee was injured while working at MNB Precision back in 2011. As he worked the machine to cut a component he wanted to examine the cut so he reached over with his arm. Unfortunately his sleeve was caught in some of the rotating parts inside the machine. As his clothing got caught he was thrown over the top of the machined and left suspended as his belt was trapped on the component.
The injuries sustained by the 56 year old worker included bruising and cuts to his arms, back and leg. He was able to return to work for about one month after the incident yet he no longer works for the firm. The Health and Safety Executive investigated the accident and they discovered that the machine that was being used had been on site for about 15 years, and in that time it had never been fitted with a guard.
The firm pleaded guilty for breaching regulation 11(1) of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations. They were fined £18,000 and told they had to pay the full costs amounting to £3,356. Matthew Whitaker, an inspector from the HSE said that it was lucky that the injured man had not been killed as incidents similar to the one at MNB Precision often end in fatalities. All employees must be protected from the moving parts of machines that are dangerous. Guards are easy to install and use and therefore there are no excuses not to have them in place.
In the past five years 31 people have died after accident in the manufacturing industries. There are ways to help to reduce the risks that are required to be carried out and maintained by law. If you want to make sure your employees are kept safe at work it is a good idea to review your health and safety policies and conduct regular health and safety audits to show what's working, and what areas are failing.
Don't wait for an accident before you make changes. They can end lives and result in huge fines and even prison sentences. Health and safety consultants are available to help you. There are many health and safety services available including audits, training and risk assessments. To request more help and information for your workplace contact our friendly trained advisors on 0800 1488 677 for immediate assistance.


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Compare Brazil to other countries
Show the size of Brazil compared to Bahamas, The Hide the map
If Brazil were your home instead of Bahamas, The you would...
Brazil has an unemployment rate of 4.80% while Bahamas, The has 15.00%
The GDP per capita in Brazil is $12,100 while in Bahamas, The it is $32,000
The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in Brazil is 19.21 while in Bahamas, The it is 12.50.
Bahamas, The consumes 4.7376 gallons of oil per day per capita while Brazil consumes 0.5376
The per capita consumption of electricity in Bahamas, The is 5,577kWh while in Brazil it is 2,249kWh
Per capita public and private health expenditures combined in Brazil are $1,056.50 USD while Bahamas, The spends $1,646.60 USD
289 in every 100,000 people are currently imprisoned in Brazil compared to 379 in Bahamas, The
26.50 in every 100,000 people are murdered annually in Brazil compared to 29.70 in Bahamas, The
The life expectancy at birth in Brazil is 73.28 while in Bahamas, The it is 71.93.
The annual number of births per 1,000 people in Brazil is 14.72 while in Bahamas, The it is 15.65.
More Information about Brazil
With its 202,656,788 people, Brazil is the 5th largest country in the world by population. It is the 5th largest country in the world by area with 8,514,877 square kilometers.
Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in 1930. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than a half century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader, one of the first in the area to begin an economic recovery. High income inequality and crime remain pressing problems, as well as recent years' slow down in economic growth.
Languages spoken: Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language)
Reading about Brazil
Check out the recommended reading list below for great sources of information on Brazil


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Title: The Air
Creator: Walt Whitman
Source: The Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library. Transcribed from digital images of the original item. For a description of the editorial rationale behind our treatment of the manuscripts, see our statement of editorial policy.
Editorial note: At one point, this manuscript likely formed part of Whitman's cultural geography scrapbook.
Contributors to digital file: Nicole Gray, Farrah Lehman, Ashlyn Stewart, and Kevin McMullen
Cite this page | Color key | View XML | Hide/show metadata
Cite this page: Whitman, Walt. "[The Air]." The Walt Whitman Archive. Gen. ed. Matt Cohen, Ed Folsom, and Kenneth M. Price. Accessed 15 January 2021. <http://www.whitmanarchive.org>.
[begin leaf 1 recto] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Air (Space)
considered with reference to the earth—as all ^parts of the universe bear reference to each other, and all other things therefore bear down their influence more or less upon this earth.—
A Description of those things that may be said to be most closely related toidentified with the air, (—for movement, visibility, occupancy &c) as the orbs, space, light, heat (—as Silliman says—Cosmical—not Terrestrial)
All the wonders of the Sea—the Sea covering three-fourths of the land
Physical facts of the land—as first its nebulous beginning—then its geology all through to the present—then its present beauty, reality, & diversity, as the home of man.—


Costco wire shelving wire storage shelves storage shelves with. Costco wire shelves trusted wiring diagram. Garage 40 inspirational costco wire shelves ideas: contemporary. China black wire shelves, commercial shelving racks, industry rack.


text:
Q: ¿Cómo concatenar valores de checkbox en un input type text? Tengo una tabla en mysql con alrededor de 15,000 registros de enfermedades, utilizo un buscador para encontrar la enfermedad, todo bien hasta aquí. Quiero agregar un checkbox para seleccionar las enfermedades que presenta el paciente ya que pueden ser varias de la tabla, de ser posible que me las muestre en un <input type="text"/> concatenando el id_enfermedad, o en otra tabla donde pueda ver todos los datos de la patología en la misma página.
Intente agregando un form en la tabla donde esta el checkbox pero me hace muy lento el llenado de la tabla y solo me muestra en el la caja de texto un dato. ¿Alguien me puede orientar como hacerlo o si tienen un ejemplo mucho mejor.
Este es el archivo index.php

    <form accept-charset="utf-8" method="POST">
    <input type="text" name="busqueda" id="busqueda" value="" placeholder="" maxlength="30" autocomplete="off" onKeyUp="buscar();" />
    </form>

Este es el archivo buscar.php
<?php

require('conexion.php');

$consultaBusqueda = $_POST['valorBusqueda'];

//Filtro anti-XSS
$caracteres_malos = array("<", ">", "\"", "'", "/", "<", ">", "'", "/");
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$consultaBusqueda = str_replace($caracteres_malos, $caracteres_buenos, $consultaBusqueda);

$mensaje = "";

if (isset($consultaBusqueda)) {

  $consulta = mysqli_query($conexion, "SELECT * FROM enfermedades
  WHERE enfermedad COLLATE UTF8_SPANISH_CI LIKE '%$consultaBusqueda%'
  OR id_enfermedad COLLATE UTF8_SPANISH_CI LIKE '%$consultaBusqueda%'
  ");

  $filas = mysqli_num_rows($consulta);

  if ($filas === 0) {
    $mensaje = "
No hay ningún usuario con ese nombre, apellido, curp o poliza
";
  } else {
    echo 'Resultados para '.$consultaBusqueda.'';
?>

    id enfermedad:
    enfermedad:
    Agregar

    <?php
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    while($resultados = mysqli_fetch_array($consulta)) {
      $id_enfermedad = $resultados['id_enfermedad'];
      $enfermedad = $resultados['enfermedad'];
      ?>
     <?php echo $id_enfermedad ?>
     <?php echo $enfermedad ?>

        <input type="checkbox" value="<?php echo $id_enfermedad ?>" name="id_enfermedad">

  };
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A: Si quieres que todos los checkbox sean agrupados con el mismo nombre, tienes que agregar [] al nombre asi:
<input type="checkbox" value="<?php echo $id_enfermedad ?>" name="id_enfermedad[]">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Miami is one of the most southern and large seaside resorts located in the continental part of the United States. It is situated in the tropical climatic zone of the east coast of the state of Florida near Biscayne Bay, in the south-eastern part of the Florida peninsula, washed by the warm current of the Gulf Stream and waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
In Florida that is perhaps the most visited resort area of the North America, the mean annual temperature is 24°C, summer is hot and humid and winter is warm and comfortable with an average temperature in January above 20°C. That is why it is often called «Sunshine State», «Floral» or «Orange» state of America, in which about two-thirds of the citrus fruit crop of the whole country is gathered.
Miami has a world class modern sea, air and land transport infrastructure. In terms of technical equipment, service quality and volumes of annual passenger and cargo transportation by these means of transport, the metropolitan area of the same name has one of the best indicators in the USA and in the world.
Despite the fact that the metropolitan area is a typical resort area, in terms of the level of its residents' provision with public facilities, Miami compares favourably with the largest cities of the USA. In the recent decades, modern medical and sports centres, educational, theatre and concert complexes, art galleries, museums and cinemas were built in this megalopolis. The metropolitan area conducts annually ones of the largest in the country book fairs, art and music festivals.
In the city's planning structure there are dozens of municipal garden and park complexes and multi-kilometre wide sandy beaches with clean and well-warmed water with a year-round bathing season.
The city resort areas are located along the picturesque territory of the Everglades National Park and the Atlantic coast. About 10 miles separate the urban area of Miami from the chain of coral islands of the Florida Keys archipelago, and the Great Florida Reef, the third largest coral system in the world that stretches along the coast of the peninsula for 270 kilometres.
The tropical climate of the resort city with the picturesque landscapes of its Atlantic coast attracts people from different countries and makes them come for recreation and settle for permanent residence in Miami more often than in Los Angeles or, for example, in San Francisco.
It is not accidental that «Coppertone», the world's first sunscreen cream was invented by Benjamin Green, a military physician, in Miami in 1944.
The tourist sector of Miami produces up to 60% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the urban economy. According to the official data, in 2017, 15.8 million of tourists overnight stays and tourists with the total costs for recreation and entertainment of more than $ 25.9 billion, were registered in the resort city. Over the last 10 years, Miami-Dade County faces a steady growth of 2-4% in the number holidaymakers. In terms of the number of the staff employed in "the hospitality industry" of the city, Miami ranks the 4th in the country after Oahu (the Hawaiian Islands), San Francisco and New York.
The increase in international tourist traffic in South Florida positively affects the development of the economy and resort infrastructure of this sunny and hospitable area of the United States. It also stimulates the growth of civil construction and the annual increase in the residential real estate operations in Miami.


If your home is cluttered and unclean, you could face real difficulty with really relaxing- which isn't the most ideal state of mind to find yourself in when you've had a long or hard day and just want to really unwind.
When you barely have a couple of hours to yourself at the end of the day though, it can be tricky to find the time to conduct a thorough clean in the home- the result of which is clutter and uncleanliness.
For those who can't see how they'll be able to find the time to de-clutter and thoroughly clean the home any time in the near future, the state of the home can really play on the mind. Rather than letting it have an effect on state of mind though, busy householders should just look to the simple and affordable solution- professional house cleaning.
Professional house cleaning is now a very affordable choice, and this makes it accessible to a large proportion of society.
Modern professional house cleaning services are not only now very affordable, but also very flexible, and most cleaners are more than happy to accommodate individual requirements.
Allow a professional to help with clearing your home and clearing your mind.


Koh Lanta is made of two islands: Koh Lanta Noi and Koh Lanta Yai.
Koh Lanta Noi is the smaller of the two islands and doesn't have tourist facilities. Visitors traveling by road from the mainland travel across the smaller island on the way to the resorts on Koh Lanta Yai.
Koh Lanta Yai is made up of Si Raya (known today as Lanta Old town), a small, quiet village with 100 year-old shacks and shop-houses built on stilts over the water. Ban Saladan on the northern tip of the island is the business and commercial center where most visitors arrive on the island. Koh Lanta Yai has a very diverse cultural mix with Thai-Muslim, Thai-Chinese and the original Sea Gypsies, all having lived on the island in harmony for hundreds of years.
An island so beautiful, Koh Lanta has been voted as one of the World's Top 7 Best Islands for Living by the International Living magazine. Similarly too, the astounding Ba Kantiang Bay has been voted as one of the World's Top 10 Best Tropical Beaches by the Sunday Times, London.


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english| Danish| Dutch| français| deutsch| italiano| Russian|
Global Consumers Seek Companies That Care About Environmental Issues
A new era of sustainability is rising, and it's touching every corner of the world. Consumers in markets big and small are increasingly motivated to be more environmentally conscious and are exercising their power and voice through the products they buy. But why do these shifts feel so urgent? There is mounting evidence to support that in many parts of the world, sustainability has become a life and death matter.
Health issues like asthma and typhoid have been linked to deteriorating air and water quality, and in extreme cases, decreased brain function and death. The World Health Organization estimates that 12.6 million people die from environmental health risks annually, and that environmental factors in developing countries carry roughly 25% of the disease burden. Air and water pollution are top of mind for global consumers in our recent online survey, but regional differences can be seen in what issues respondents say matter most.
In light of these concerns, consumers around the world are making adjustments in their shopping habits. While still juggling convenience, price and awareness along with their need to better the world, they're looking for companies to step up as partners in their quest to do good.
In fact, a whopping 81% of global respondents feel strongly that companies should help improve the environment. This passion for corporate social responsibility is shared across gender lines and generations. Millennials, Gen Z and Gen X are the most supportive, but their older counterparts aren't far behind.
Regions that are rife with emerging market consumers—many of whom are dealing with environmental hazards in their everyday lives—show higher expectations than developed markets. In search of better solutions, it's no surprise that these consumers are more demanding of companies.
"Facing rapid urbanization and a growing disparity between classes, many people in emerging markets are experiencing the harsh reality of pollution in this post-modern industrial age," said Regan Leggett, Executive Director, Thought Leadership and Foresight, Global Markets, Nielsen. "As a result, sustainability has become an urgent opportunity for companies to connect with consumers who are excited about change," said Regan Leggett, Executive Director, Thought Leadership and Foresight, Global Markets, Nielsen.
Corporate responsibility and sustainability strategies may take different shapes around the world, but one thing is clear: Consumers are using their spending power to effect the change they want to see. They key to being benevolent and bankable partners in their efforts is in understanding where current sales spikes can be seen and embracing the changes that are on the horizon.
For a closer look at the trends that are driving sustainable shopping, a deep dive into specific sales indicators being seen in major markets and a roadmap for future success, check out Nielsen's Sustainable Shoppers Buy the Change They Wish to See in the World report. You might also enjoy our recent episode of the Database podcast on sustainability.
Around The World| cause marketing| consumer insights| global| shopper
https://www.nielsen.com/eu/en/insights/article/2018/global-consumers-seek-companies-that-care-about-environmental-issues/
Changing Consumer Prosperity
The Nielsen Changing Consumer Prosperity report reveals consumers' sentiment toward their financial situations and explores the behavior and impact on spending, and how this has changed over time.
Webinar: Changing Consumer Prosperity
In this webinar, we explore the regions where consumers have experienced the biggest improvement in their financial situations since 2016. We also discuss consumers' changing spending behavior on fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) categories over the past five years.
Battle of the Brands: Consumer Disloyalty is Sweeping the Globe
Only 8% of global consumers say they are committed to the brands they purchase. That's an alarming stat, and it highlights the challenge brands face as they seek to engage with consumers and retain them.
High Net-Worth Individuals


SAMPE Benelux started beginning of the 80 ies, just after the creation of SAMPE Europe. SAMPE Benelux counts about 125 members now, both professionals from industry and academia and students.
SAMPE France counts about 250 members now, both professionals from industry and academia and students.
SAMPE Germany counts about 190 members, both professionals from industry and academia and students.
SSC was founded in 1985 by initiative Swiss people with former US SAMPE membership. SSC has about 100 members, originating about half from industry and academia.
The UK & Ireland Club became a full chapter in 2001, the first European club to do so. Currently there are around 125 members, the second largest chapter in Europe.
Clubs are started by people who are enthusiastic about material and process engineering. Its the first step to become an official chapter later. As they are local or regional, SAMPE clubs have the ability to customize their programs to meet and discuss specific local issues.
The minimum number of people to form a SAMPE Chapter is 20 active members.
Go to organisation for contact details.


One of the reasons why I love MAC is their recycling program — Back2MAC. In my previous post I mentioned that you should recycle all your old expired or unused MAC makeup containers. I honestly don't think any other cosmetic line offers a recycling program. And if they do, please let me know in my comments. I like supporting brands that give back.
Basically to recycle with MAC, all you have to do is save your MAC containers (plastic, glass, or aluminum). If you followed my HOW TO: depot your MAC eye shadows post, those containers count as well. Once you accumulate 6 of any sort, bring it to your local MAC counter & redeem it for a FREE lipstick! Easy as 1,2,3!
So now that you know this, don't throw away any of your MAC containers, even if they are super old or still have product in them.
Tip: Save your MAC bag, label it recycle & keep it under your sink. You'll be surprised on how much containers you accumulate after a few months.


The First Tee Core Value of Honesty (my personal favorite) has helped me the most on my journey to become a better student, citizen, golfer, and being better prepared for life by building morale within me. When I am honest all the time it builds up a certain feeling of self-pride which builds confidence in me to be a role model and a leader to my peers, especially my younger peers who are getting into the game of golf. A prime example of using honesty on the golf course is when I was placed in a situation where my playing partner who had my scorecard marked me down for a lower score than I had actually hit. While this situation was beneficial towards me, I knew I had to do the right thing by informing him that he had marked me down for an inaccurate score. While some would think this was not wise on my part, it actually helped me play better because the relief of doing the right thing gave me the confidence to play one of my best rounds ever.
I used The First Tee's 9 Core Value of Perseverance to help my sister achieve her goal of qualifying at the local Drive Chip and Putt qualifier. Makaela (my sister) has followed me around all of the Drive Chip and Putt tournaments when it was my turn to qualify a couple of years ago. Last Summer, she asked if I would help her get ready to go to the Drive Chip and Putt qualifier. At first, she was very open-minded about practicing techniques required for competing at Drive Chip and Putt qualifiers, but I soon realized that she has little patience for practicing. Although this is a negative, I persevered by turning the practice sessions, into fun mini-games to make it more interesting for her. This would soon lead to Makaela successfully qualifying for her local Drive Chip and Putt qualifier.
One of the greatest lessons I have ever been taught, from my swing coach, Jason Witczak, was "Pressure is only something you feel when you don't know what you're doing." This has helped me in my daily life by teaching me that if I work hard and prepare properly, I can do anything. Picture this, there was a three-way tie for first place, me being the youngest and smallest of the three. One would think that I would feel pressured and intimidated by the other players, but I was unphased. I thought back to what my swing coach had told me, and all my anxiety disappeared because I knew I had just as good of a chance as both of them. His words instilled the confidence within me to go win in the playoff at Coal Creek Golf Club. These motivating words will be forever ingrained in my mind, to empower me through each and every day.


Confidence is something that seems to come so easily to some people but is elusive as far as the rest of us are concerned. New people, new environments, unfamiliar situations and the fear of looking silly or being judged, it can all have a profound effect on how we behave and react in certain circumstances.
We're often bombarded with images of flawless celebrities that ooze confidence, either in interviews, Instagram posts or red carpet events like the Met Gala – the Met Gala is a star studded event – but one thing you need to remember about confidence is that for every confident person you come across, there's probably a hundred more with issues like you and me.
Building your confidence and working on yourself is something that you can accomplish overtime, but for many it doesn't matter if they feel unconfident on the inside, as long as they look confident on the outside. Try a few of these handy confidence tips.
When it comes to confidence, posture is everything. Walking tall with your head up, shoulders back, eyes forward and spine in a straight, neutral position makes you look as if you're walking with a purpose and know exactly what and where you're going. Standing straight is also good for your general posture, your breathing and it's better for your health! People who tend to slouch to hide their bodies and make themselves look inconspicuous are viewed as such, so remember to stand tall!
If you don't want to be judged as rude, skittish and lacking in confidence then you need to remember to make eye contact during conversation. Difficult, I know. When you're speaking, make you're looking at addressees eyes and maintain eye contact when they are speaking too. It's perfectly fine to move your eyes and look away for a moment or two! But try not to do it too much. If you're speaking to a crowd, try to look at each audience member in turn, even if its just for a second.
You might think that speaking at speed and not stumbling over your words and getting into a muddle is a sign of confidence, but actually it's the opposite. You might also prefer to have your speaking moment over and done with quickly, so it's tempting to gabble your way through a sentence. When you're speaking try to speak slowly and clearly. Speaking slowly allows you to think about what you're saying and won't open you up to saying utter rubbish in a desperate attempt to say something or anything! It's tricky but take your time.
Folding your arms or hiding your hands in your pockets is a sign of insecurity and dishonesty. So make sure your hands are visible. You can make gestures as you talk, which in turn will make you look more confident. If the conversation allows – a touch on the arm of the person you're speaking to also demonstrates that you have confidence!


Looking for adventure or just simply a good story? Hop aboard the Galactic Odyssey. You will stumble upon any genre. Love, mystery, horror, or a laser shooting space ship driven by aliens. Anything goes.
The vision for the future of Galactic Odyssey.
Journey with the legendary viking Ragnar Lothbrok as he attempts to slay a vicious dragon!
Find out the mystery and power behind the sword in the stone. Join us on this Galactic Odyssey!
Hello, my name is John from Le Krewe. Whether you are watching or listening, know this, you will be taken on an adventure in the past, present, or future. Join us on a Galactic Odyssey!


text:
Preprint gmd-2021-212
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-212
Submitted as: model evaluation paper 26 Aug 2021
Submitted as: model evaluation paper | 26 Aug 2021
Review status: a revised version of this preprint is currently under review for the journal GMD.
Improved Runoff Simulations for a Highly Varying Soil Depth and Complex Terrain Watershed in the Loess Plateau with the Community Land Model
Jiming Jin1,, Lei Wang2,3,, Jie Yang2,3, Bingcheng Si4, and Guo-Yue Niu5,6 Jiming Jin et al. Jiming Jin1,, Lei Wang2,3,, Jie Yang2,3, Bingcheng Si4, and Guo-Yue Niu5,6
1College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China
2College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
3Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
4Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
5Biosphere 2, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85623, USA
6Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
These authors contributed equally to this study.
Received: 29 Jun 2021 – Accepted for review: 25 Aug 2021 – Discussion started: 26 Aug 2021
Abstract. This study aimed to improve runoff simulations and explore deep soil hydrological processes for a watershed in the center of the Loess Plateau (LP), China. This watershed, the Wuding River Basin (WRB), has very complex topography, with soil depths ranging from 0 to 197 m. The hydrological model used for our simulations was the Community Land Model (CLM) version 5 developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Actual soil depths and river channels were incorporated into CLM to realistically represent the physical features of the WRB. Through sensitivity tests, CLM with 150 soil layers produced the most reasonable results and was adopted for this study. Our results showed that CLM with actual soil depths significantly suppressed unrealistic variations of the simulated sub-surface runoff when compared to the default simulations with a fixed soil depth of 8 m. In addition, CLM with higher-resolution soil layering slightly improved runoff simulations, but generated simulations with much smoother vertical water flows that were consistent with the uniform distribution of soil textures in our study watershed. The runoff simulations were further improved by the addition of river channels to CLM, where the seasonal variability of the simulated runoff was reasonably captured. Moreover, the magnitude of the simulated runoff remarkably decreased with increased soil evaporation by lowering the soil water content threshold, which triggers surface resistance. The lowered threshold was consistent with the loess soil, which has a high sand component. Such soils often generate stronger soil evaporation than soils dominated by clay. Finally, with the above changes in CLM, the simulated total runoff matched very closely with observations. When compared with those for the default runoff simulations, the correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and Nash Sutcliffe coefficient for the improved simulations changed dramatically from 0.02, 10.37 mm, and −12.34 to 0.62, 1.8 mm, and 0.61. The results in this study provide strong physical insight for further investigation of hydrological processes in complex terrain with deep soils.
How to cite. Jin, J., Wang, L., Yang, J., Si, B., and Niu, G.-Y.: Improved Runoff Simulations for a Highly Varying Soil Depth and Complex Terrain Watershed in the Loess Plateau with the Community Land Model, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-212, in review, 2021.
Preprint (PDF, 10487 KB)
Preprint (10487 KB)
Jiming Jin et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
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CEC1: 'Comment on gmd-2021-212', Astrid Kerkweg, 04 Oct 2021
Dear authors,
in my role as Executive editor of GMD, I would like to bring to your attention our Editorial version 1.2: https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/12/2215/2019/
This highlights some requirements of papers published in GMD, which is also available on the GMD website in the 'Manuscript Types' section: http://www.geoscientific-model-development.net/submission/manuscript_types.html
In particular, please note that for your paper, the following requirement has not been met in the Discussions paper:
"The main paper must give the model name and version number (or other unique identifier) in the title."
Please add a version number for CLM to the title upon your revised submission to GMD.
Astrid Kerkweg
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-212-CEC1
AC1: 'Comment on gmd-2021-212', Jiming Jin, 10 Oct 2021
We have actually addressed this issue in the revised manuscript in the early stage. For some reason, the revised manuscript was not posted here.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-212-AC1
RC1: 'Comment on gmd-2021-212', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Oct 2021
My main problem with this manuscript is that the authors have misrepresented CLM5 as having a constant soil depth of 8.03 m. This is not true. Variable soil thickness has been implemented into this newest version of the model (see the CLM Technical Note at https://escomp.github.io/ctsm-docs/versions/release-clm5.0/html/tech_note/index.html). With this implementation, the number of hydrologically active layers varies from grid cell to grid cell.
Therefore, what the authors are investigating here is not the addition of variable soil thickness but the impact of vertical resolution with variable soil thickness. They need to make this crystal clear in Section 5.1. Also, are the bottom of the "soil" columns all at the same depth in each of the SLN sensitivity tests? If so, the authors should state that. If not, the authors should note what the bottom depth in each test simulation is.
The goal of this work is to improve the runoff simulated in this region of interest, the Wuding River Basin. It is clear that the increase in vertical resolution improves the simulations, but the runoff is still biased. I am pleased to see the improvements made by adding the realistic river network and the changes made to improve the evapotranspiration.
Of minor note, at Line 134, the authors introduce the acronym WRB without earlier definition in the body of the text. They do define this in the abstract, but they need to define it in the body of the manuscript.
Finally, shouldn't the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency be between 0 and 1 in magnitude?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-212-RC1
AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Jiming Jin, 26 Nov 2021
Response: This part of the model description in the previous manuscript was inaccurate, which was based on the previous versions of CLM. We have corrected the issue throughout the revised manuscript. We have treated the constant soil depth of 8.03 m as a default option as described in Section 2.2.2.1 in Lawrence et al. (2018) and examined how the soil depth changes affect the runoff simulations through the sensitivity tests.
Lawrence, D. et al.: Technical Description of version 5.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM5), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 2018.
Response: We have revised Section 5.1 based on the suggestion from this reviewer. Yes, the bottom of the soil columns is at different depths across the watershed in each of the SLN sensitivity tests except for the default run with the fixed soil depth of 8.03 m (see Section 2.2.2.1 in Lawrence et al. 2018). The spatial distribution of the soil depth is shown in Figure S1 (in the supplement file), and was also added to the manuscript as Figure 1b.
Response: Thanks for the positive comments.
Response: Thanks! This has been corrected in the revised manuscript.
Response: The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies can range from -infinity to 1.0. Please see the following reference:
Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V., River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — A discussion of principles, Journal of Hydrology, 10 (3), 282-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6, 1970.
RC2: 'Comment on gmd-2021-212', Anonymous Referee #2, 15 Nov 2021
Jin et al. present a sensitivity analysis of improving runoff simulation using CLM5 for loess plateau watershed. They evaluate the parameter parameters and significantly improve the simulation performance. I feel this paper is well written with scientific insights. However, I have some serious concerns and suggestions and hope the authors can clarify/answer.
L24: What is the depth of the 150 soil layers?
L27: What's the "higher-resolution"? I suggest adding them explicitly in the abstract.
L71: It's surprising that the authors didn't mention the seasonal and/or extreme precipitation impacts on the surface and subsurface runoff, as well as other physical processes such as erosion in the LP geology.
L92: Another benefit of a hydrological model can be that models output the quantity of different components of water budget (subsurface and/or surface runoff) that are difficult or impossible to be measured directly.
L134: The authors choose one of the largest loess area watershed, but did you address the human activities and their impacts on hydrological analysis? My understanding is that CLM does not explicitly address those activities that makes the evaluation of model difficult in the large scale watershed.
L228: If I understand the authors correctly, this study only evaluates the sensitivity of layer thickness and/or the number of layers, etc. Would the soil properties more important, such as water capacity, or other soil parameters in CLM? Did you use the default options? What about the runoff generation parameters (there are a lot in CLM)?
L233: Did you use the same spin-up for all sensitivity analysis cases, or each sensitivity case uses their own spin-up?
L244: A few details are missing here for how the simulated surface and subsurface runoff are compared to the streamflow gauge observation at the outlet of the watershed. Did the authors use the runoff at the grid cell of the watershed outlet for comparison, or use the total flux over the watershed for the comparison? If the latter option is used, the watershed is relatively large so did you expect any delay in hydrological response time?
L249: Also shown in Figure 2 and 3, the total water budget or accumulated runoff are way more greater than the observation. I think it will be helpful to plot their ratio against the total precipitation.
L298: With more layers, the RMSE still looks great or the simulated total runoff still does fit well to observation. Maybe the number of layers is not a significant variable? Should you examine other parameters or model setup?
L323: Again the NSE value of all of those results are smaller than the default option of CLM. I'm still confused about how this could happen (why the results after changing/improving conditions and model setup) are still worse than the first trial? It seems simulated total runoff are way higher than the observation.
L376: Now I understand that the authors adjust ET parameters to improve the runoff results. But this still doesn't explain why the default options of CLM actually simulate the runoff relatively well? Is the simulated ET also underestimated with the default options of CLM?
L394: If I understand the paper correctly, the authors adjusted the Pgu values to represent the number of river channels in the watershed, but do not explicitly use river network in their model. I feel this sentence can be misleading by letting readers assume they use the river routing model.
Response: The geographic distribution of the soil depth in the Wuding River Basin is shown in Figure S1 for our responses to the comments of RC1, and this figure was also added to the manuscript as Figure 1b. The soil depth data were from observations, and were used for the 150 soil layer model simulations.
Response: We removed this vague phrase and revised the statement as follows in the abstract:
"In addition, when compared with the default version with 20 soil layers, CLM5 with 150 soil layers slightly improved runoff simulations."
Response: We added a statement here to discuss the issue as follows:
"Especially, extreme rainfall events that mostly occur during the summer monsoon season (Tian et al. 2020) produce strong soil erosion and a large amount of fast infiltration-excess surface runoff to the river channels in hillslope areas, sometimes causing severe flooding."
However, in this study, we focused mostly on the effects of the model structures on the runoff simulations, which is the main objective of this study. The effects of the forcing data on the runoff simulations and soil erosive processes are beyond the scope of this study. Therefore, we did not conduct an analysis related to extreme precipitation and soil erosion. However, based on our final results, we can see that the model relatively well captured the magnitude and phase of the observed runoff peaks (Figure 8) during which extreme precipitation events could often occur. This implyed that CLM may be able to handle the impact of extreme precipitation on the runoff in our study region when such events occur. In addition, we should indicate that CLM has no capacity to simulate soil erosion for this region.
Response: Thanks. We adopted this reviewer's suggestion by adding a similar statement in the text.
Response: Yes, the impact of the human's activities on the runoff is always important in this region, but it is quite a challenge to incorporate those activities into the physical models such as CLM. Thus, to avoid human's factors in our runoff simulations, we intentionally selected a study period of 1956-1969 when human activities were minimal (Jiao et al., 2017). We have also explained this in Section 6.1.
Jiao, Y., Lei, H., Yang, D., Huang, M., Liu, D., and Yuan, X.: Impact of vegetation dynamics on hydrological processes in a semi-arid basin by using a land surface-hydrology coupled model, J. Hydrol., 551, 116-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.060, 2017.
Response: As we have mentioned above, this study focused mostly on examining the model structures in simulating the runoff. After we adjusted the deficient model structures to more closely reflect the reality, the model can reasonably simulate the runoff, implying that the model parameters related to the runoff simulations should be within the reasonable range except for the soil evaporation parameter as discussed in Section 6.5. Without tuning those parameters, our final results show that the model can realistically capture the observed runoff.
Response: Each sensitivity case has its own spin-up, and we also clarified the issue in Section 5.2.
Response: It is a good question. During the early stage of this study, we compared the runoff simulations with and without river routing at a monthly scale, but did not see a significant difference (Figures not shown). In fact, for our study watershed that can easily fit into a 200 km by 200 km box, a month time mostly should be sufficient for the river flow to come out to the outlet from the farthest point in this watershed with elevation ranging from nearly 2,000 m to about 500 m. In addition, we can see in Figure 8 that there are no systematic phase shifts between the runoff observations and simulations, further indicating that a river routing may not be necessary. Thus, we used the simulated total flux over the watershed for the comparison with observations in this study and explained this in Section 4.
Response: We have plotted the ratio of both observed and simulated runoff to observed precipitation and found that the ratio over the summer rainy season is less than 1 (see Figure S2 in the supplement file). However, the ratio is much larger than 1 during the winter and spring dry seasons. This is because the runoff comes mostly from the groundwater during the dry period when precipitation was very weak. During this period, the magnitude of runoff is often greater than that of precipitation. Figure S2 shows that the simulated runoff to precipitation ratio is larger than the observed value, resulting from the underestimated evaporation as discussed in Section 6.5.
Response: In fact, the model with more soil layers did not give great benefits to improve the runoff simulations. The key factors for the improvements of the simulated runoff are the addition of the river channels and the adjustment of the soil evaporation parameter. However, even though the model with more soil layers did not generate much better runoff simulations, the simulated vertical soil moisture showed much smoother patterns than that with less soil layers (Figure 5 in the revised manuscript). Due to the homogenous textures of the loess soil, these smoother patterns may be more reasonable when compared with those with less soil layers. We also will need to further verify the soil moisture profile simulations when observations are available.
Response: After we improved the model structures (model layering and river channels), the NSE actually increased slightly from -12 to about -10. However, the R-squared dramatically increased from 0.02 to 0.52 with a Pgr of 0.15, resulting from the improvement in the simulated runoff variability. Due to the underestimated evaporation, the simulated total runoff was still way higher than observations, which was discussed and fixed in Section 6.5.
Response: In fact, the default options of CLM had a poor performance in simulating the runoff for our study watershed with an R-squared of 0.02 and an NSE of -12.34. We can see that both phases and magnitudes of the simulated runoff did not match with observations. The addition of the river channels to CLM significantly improved the runoff variability simulations, and the adjustment of the soil evaporation parameter improved the runoff magnitude simulations, which are the key findings in this study. These improvements drastically increased the R-squared to 0.62 and the NSE to 0.61.
Yes, the default options of CLM significantly underestimated ET as discussed in Section 6.5.
Response: The detailed definition of the river channels in this study are given in Section 3.2 where the soil depths were generated through the elevation comparison between the 90 and 5 km resolution DEMs. However, the river network is generated through the river routing module in CLM5 based only on one DEM. We added a simple statement to Section 3.2 as follows to clarify the issue:
"This is different from river routing that is based only on one DEM."
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This study aimed to improve runoff simulations and explore deep soil hydrological processes for a highly varying soil depth and complex terrain watershed in Loess Plateau, China. The actual soil depths and river channels were incorporated into the model to better simulate the runoff in this watershed. The soil evaporation scheme was modified to better describe the evaporation processes. Our results showed that the model significantly improved the runoff simulations.
This study aimed to improve runoff simulations and explore deep soil hydrological processes for...


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