text:
Agustin de Iturbide
Title: Agustin de Iturbide
Subject: 1823, Iturbide (surname), Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Agustín de Iturbide y Green, Francisco Morazán, José Cecilio del Valle, 1824 Constitution of Mexico, Isis (disambiguation), Mariano Matamoros, Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain
Agustín I
Portrait of Agustin I at the National Palace
Emperor of Mexico
19 May 1822 – 19 March 1823
Monarchy established
Maximilian I of Mexico
President of the Regency of Mexico
28 September 1821 – 18 May 1822
Ana María Josefa Ramona de Huarte y Muñiz
Agustín Jerónimo, Prince Imperial
Princess Sabina
Princess Juana María
Princess Josefa
Prince Ángel
Princess María Jesús
Princess María de los Dolores
Prince Salvador
Prince Felipe Andrés María de Guadalupe
Prince Agustín Cosme
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu
House of Iturbide
José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí
María Josefa de Arámburu y Carrillo de Figueroa
(1783-09-27)27 September 1783
Valladolid, Michoacán
19 July 1824(1824-07-19) (aged 40)
Padilla, Tamaulipas
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824), also known as Augustine I of Mexico, was a Mexican army general and politician; during the Mexican War of Independence, he built a successful political and military coalition that took control in Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively gaining independence. After the liberation of Mexico was secured, he was proclaimed President of the Regency in 1821. A year later, he was announced as the Constitutional Emperor of the new nation, reigning as Emperor briefly from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823. He is credited as the original designer of the first Mexican flag.[1][2][3]
Although Iturbide's reign was short, it defined the political struggles before and after independence. The two ends of Mexico's political spectrum, liberals who favored populist representative government and conservatives who favored a more authoritarian regime, would each gain the upper hand at various times in the decades after Iturbide's abdication.
1 Life before the war of independence
2 Marriage and family
4 Combating insurgency
4.2 Relieved of command
4.3 Against Guerrero
5 Switching sides
5.1 The Criollo rebellion
5.2 Alliance with Guerrero
5.3 Plan of Iguala
6 Independence
7 Emperor Agustín I
8 Dissolution
9 Exile
10 Execution
11 Iturbide's role in history
12 Titles, styles, honours and arms
12.1 Titles and styles
12.2 Full title as Emperor
13 Issue
Life before the war of independence
Agustín Cosme Damiáno de Iturbide y Arámburu was born in what was called Valladolid, now Morelia, the state capital of Michoacán, on 27 September 1783.[4][5] He was baptized with the names of Saints Cosmas and Damian at the cathedral.[6] The fifth child born to his parents, he was the only male to survive and eventually became head of the family.[7] Iturbide's parents were part of the privileged class of Valladolid, owning farmland[4][5] such as the haciendas of Apeo and Guaracha as well as lands in nearby Quirio.[6] Iturbide's father, Joaquín de Iturbide, came from a family of the Basque gentry who were confirmed in their titles by King Juan II of Aragon. One of his ancestors, Martín de Iturbide, was designated as Royal Merino in the High Valley of Baztan in the 1430s, and thereafter many in the family held political or administrative positions in the Basque region from the 15th century on. As a younger son, Joaquín was not in line to inherit the family lands, so he migrated to New Spain to make his fortune there.[7] While the noble and Spanish lineage of Agustin's father was not in doubt, historians had questions about his mother's ancestry.
Some sources state his mother was a mestiza, meaning she had some Indian blood.[1][8][9] Other sources insist she was of pure Spanish blood born in Mexico, and therefore, a criolla.[6][7] Others say she came from a high-ranking family in Michoacán.[4][5][10] According to the casta system of the era, a criollo could have Amerindian ancestry; the child of a castizo (a person with 1/4 Amerindian ancestry) and a "pure" Spaniard was 7/8 European and considered a Spanish criollo (born in Mexico.)[11] In the Spanish colonial era, racial caste was important to advancement, including military rank, and having too much Indian ancestry could work against someone.[11] Iturbide insisted throughout his life that he was criollo (native born of Spanish descent).[8][9]
Agustín studied at the Catholic seminary called Colegio de San Nicolás in Valladolid, enrolled in the program for secular officials, though he was not a distinguished student.[1][4][7] After that, he worked as an overseer at one of his family's haciendas for a short time, discovering he was a very good horseman.[1][4]
In his teens, Iturbide entered the royalist army, having been accepted as a criollo.[8] He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the provincial regiment.[4][5] In 1806, he was promoted to full lieutenant.[7]
In 1805, when he was twenty-two, Iturbide married Ana María Josefa Ramona de Huarte y Muñiz, member of the House of Tagle of the family of the Marquises of Altamira.[4][7] She came from Valladolid, from a prosperous family of businessmen and landowners.[12] She was the daughter of wealthy and powerful noble Isidro de Huarte, governor of the district and the granddaughter of the Marquis of Altamira. With her dowry of 100,000 pesos, the couple bought the Hacienda of Apeo in the small town of Maravatío.[7]
In the early nineteenth century, there was political unrest in New Spain. One of Iturbide's first military campaigns was to help put down a mutiny headed by Gabriel J. de Yermo.[13] He gained a reputation early in his career for using his authority for financial gain, although he was recognized as valiant in combat.[8] He may have been involved in the initial conspiracy to declare independence in 1809 that was headed by José Mariano Michelena in Valladolid.[13][14] Some historians believe that he betrayed Michelena when he was not chosen leader.[1]
Combating insurgency
After the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla offered Agustín de Iturbide the rank of general in the insurgent forces. Agustín rejected the offer, choosing instead to fight for the royalist forces. Over the course of the war, Agustín fought against generals José María Morelos from 1810 to 1816 and Vicente Guerrero in 1820.[1][5]
One of Agustín's first encounters with the rebel army was in the Toluca Valley in 1810 as it advanced toward Mexico City from Valladolid. Royalist and rebel forces engaged on the east bank of the Lerma River at the end of October, in what is now known as the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. Royalist forces under the command of Colonel Torcuato Trujillo withdrew from the area, allowing rebels to take Toluca.[15] Despite the loss by his side, Iturbide distinguished himself in this battle for valor and tenacity.[4][13]
Iturbide's next major encounter with the rebels would be against Morelos himself and in his native city of Valladolid. Iturbide led the defenders. He demonstrated his tactical skill and horsemanship by breaking Morelos' siege of the town with a well-executed cavalry charge, causing the insurgent forces to withdraw into the forest.[8] For this action, Iturbide was promoted to captain.[16]
As a captain, he pursued rebel forces in the area, managing to capture Albino Licéaga y Rayón, leading to another promotion.[16] In 1813, Viceroy Félix María Calleja promoted Iturbide to colonel and put him in charge of the regiment in Celaya.[10] Then, in 1814, he was named the commander of forces in the Bajío area of Guanajuato where he continued to pursue rebels with vigor,[16] in a strongly contested area,[10] and was Morelos' principal military opponent from 1813 to 1815.[12]
The next major encounter between Morelos and Iturbide occurred in a town called Puruarán, Michoacán,[7] on 5 January 1814. In this battle, rebel forces were soundly defeated by forces under Iturbide, forcing Morelos to retreat to the Hacienda of Santa Lucía and leaving Mariano Matamoros and Ignacio López Rayón in command of the rebel army with over 600 insurgents killed and 700 captured. This marked a turn in the war.[17] Iturbide and other Spanish commanders relentlessly pursued Morelos, capturing and executing him late in 1815.[2]
Relieved of command
Iturbide's fortunes reversed with the viceroy when a number of accusations of cruelty and corruption surfaced.[12][16]
Iturbide's persistence against the rebels was widely known as well as his views against their liberal, anti-monarchical politics. In his diary, he refers to the insurgents as "perverse," "bandits," and "sacrilegious."[4] In a letter to the viceroy in 1814, he wrote of how he had 300 rebels (to whom he referred as excommunicates) executed to celebrate Good Friday.[18] Iturbide was also criticized for his arbitrariness and his treatment of civilians, in particular his jailing of the mothers, wives and children of known insurgents.[10] As for corruption, the Count of Pérez Galvez extensively testified that profiteering by many royalist officers, of whom Iturbide was the most visible, was draining the effectiveness of the royal army. Iturbide accrued a large personal fortune before 1816 through questionable dealings.[15] Some of these shady practices included creating commercial monopolies in areas he controlled militarily. Other accusations against Iturbide included sacking private property and embezzling military funds.[10] In 1816, the viceroy relieved Iturbide of his command for corruption and cruelty.[2][10][16]
However, one year later, with the support of an auditor named Bataller and staunch monarchists in the viceregal government, these charges were withdrawn. Iturbide's supporters further convinced the viceroy that he was needed to vanquish the last remaining rebel leader.[2][10][16] However, Iturbide never forgot the humiliation of his dismissal.[10]
Against Guerrero
Iturbide was fully reinstated to military command in November 1820 by viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca.[12] He was reinstated as colonel of the royalist army[13] and general of the south of New Spain. For a couple of years after the defeat of Morelos at Puruarán, the independence movement had diminished significantly. However, Iturbide was given the task of putting down the growing insurrectionist movement southwest of Mexico City led by Vicente Guerrero .[13][16] In spite of regaining command, Iturbide still had to finagle and even steal the funds he needed for the task.[2] Iturbide installed his headquarters at Teloloapan; however, he was never able to defeat Guerrero militarily. Guerrero was a guerrilla leader who had for years lived and fought against the same soldiers who were trying to capture him. Guerrero managed to deliver a number of serious reverses to Iturbide's troops.[2][13] In particular, on 2 January 1821, his troops suffered a bad defeat, leading Iturbide to conclude that he might not be able to defeat Guerrero.[4]
Switching sides
The Criollo rebellion
From 1810 to 1820, Iturbide had fought against those who sought to overturn the Spanish monarchy and Bourbon dynasty's right to rule New Spain and replace that regime with a republic. In this, he was solidly aligned with the Creole class.[2][8][12] However, events in Spain caused problems for this class, as the very monarchy they were fighting for was in serious trouble. The 1812 Cadiz Constitution, that was reinstated in Spain in 1820 after the successful Riego Revolt, established a constitutional monarchy, which greatly limited Ferdinand VII's powers. There was serious concern in Mexico that the Bourbons would be forced to abandon Spain altogether.[13][19] This led to the disintegration of viceregal authority in Mexico City and a political vacuum developed that the Mexican nobility sought to fill, seeking limited representation and autonomy for themselves within the empire.[12] An idea arose among this class that if Mexico became independent or autonomous, and if Ferdinand were deposed, he could become king of Mexico.[19]
Alliance with Guerrero
Iturbide was convinced that independence for Mexico was the only way to protect the country from a republican tide. He decided to become the leader of the Criollo independence movement. However, in order to succeed, he would need to put together a very unlikely coalition of Mexican liberal insurgents, landed nobility, and the Church. Iturbide held a series of negotiations with Guerrero and made a number of demonstrations of his intentions to form an independent Mexico.[2] Iturbide offered Guerrero a full pardon if he surrendered. Guerrero rejected the pardon but agreed to meet with Iturbide to discuss the independence of Mexico.[4] The two met to discuss a plan for independence drawn up by Iturbide called the "Plan de Iguala". This meeting is now referred to as the "Embrace of Acatempán", named after the locale where they agreed to implement the plan.[1][2] Iturbide, Guerrero, and another insurgent leader, Guadalupe Victoria, announced the plan on 24 February 1821.[2] On 1 March 1821, Iturbide was proclaimed head of the Army of the Three Guarantees.[4]
Plan of Iguala
The plan was a rather vague document that sought the transition of the center of power in New Spain from Madrid to Mexico City. Essentially, the idea was to bring Ferdinand VII to Mexico City to rule. If he did not come to Mexico, another member of the Bourbon royal family would be chosen to rule there.[18] To attract the disparate parties involved in this scheme, the plan offered three guarantees: Mexico would be independent from Madrid, Roman Catholicism would be the official religion, and all of Spanish blood, whether born in Spain or in the Americas, would be able to live as equals in the new state.[12][19]
The promise of independence convinced the insurgents to accept the proposal. The promise of the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church was offered to the clergy, who were frightened by anti-clerical policies of Spanish Liberalism.[12] The offer of equality between Criollos and the Spanish-born Peninsulares assured the latter that they and their property would be safe in the new state. This was important because the Peninsulares owned a significant part of the valuable real estate and many of the businesses in Mexico. If the Spaniards had left, it would have been disastrous for the Mexican economy.[19]
The plan gained wide support because it demanded independence without attacking the landed classes and did not threaten social dissolution. With this, Iturbide succeeded in bringing together old insurgents and royalist forces to fight against the new Spanish government and what was left of the viceregal government. Military leaders, soldiers, families, villages, and towns that had been fighting against one another for almost ten years found themselves joining forces to gain Mexican independence. However, their reasons for joining together were very different, and these differences would later foment the turmoil that occurred after independence.[19]
Both the sitting viceroy and Fernando VII rejected the Plan of Iguala.[7][10] The Spanish parliament sent a new "viceroy", Juan O'Donojú, to Mexico. (Technically, the office of viceroy had been replaced by a "superior political chief" under the 1812 Spanish Constitution.) Although Iturbide tried hard to convince O'Donojú that independence was inevitable, the new political chief refused to yield.[7]
To show the military might of this alliance, Iturbide coordinated with associated royalist and insurgent commanders in the provinces, opting for a replay of the strategy of closing in on Mexico City from the periphery which Morelos had unsuccessfully attempted in 1811–14. However, Iturbide had the advantage of having most of the former royalist army on his side.[1][12] Iturbide marched into Mexico City on 27 September 1821, his own birthday, with the Army of the Three Guarantees.[19] The army was received by a jubilant populace who had erected arches of triumph and decorated houses and themselves with the tri-color (red, white, and green) of this army.[4] The following day, Mexico was declared an independent empire.
What remained of the royalist army retreated to Veracruz, and was cornered in the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa,[18] while Juan de O'Donoju hastily negotiated a treaty with Iturbide, called the Treaty of Córdoba.[15] Similar to the Plan de Iguala, this document tried to guarantee an independent monarchy for New Spain under the Bourbon dynasty. This successor state would invite Ferdinand VII to rule as emperor or, in default, his brother Don Carlos. If both refused, a suitable monarch would be searched for among the various European royal houses. In the meantime, a regency would replace the viceroy. All existing laws, including the 1812 Constitution, would remain in force until a new constitution for Mexico was written.[12] The government of Spain rejected the treaty and deposed O'Donoju.
Iturbide named himself President of the Provisional Governing Junta, which selected the five-person regency that would temporarily govern the newly independent Mexico.[1] The junta had thirty six members who would have legislative power until the convocation of a congress. Iturbide controlled both the membership of this junta and the matters that it considered.[2] This junta would be responsible for negotiating the offer of the throne of Mexico to a suitable royal.[5][18] Members of the republican insurgent movement were left out of this government.[13]
The new government overwhelmingly consisted of people loyal to Iturbide himself.[10] Opposition groups included the old insurgents as well as a number of progressives and those loyal to Ferdinand VII. Many of the liberals and progressive groups also belonged to Masonic lodges of the Scottish rite, leading these branches of the opposition to be called escoceses (Scots). The independence achieved under the leadership of Iturbide might have surprised both Hidalgo and Morelos. It was a movement more concerned about the preservation of elite status than the liberal value of equality of the masses. Only Iturbide and other Criollos really gained power.[2]
Iturbide moved to Mexico City and settled himself in a large palatial home which now bears the name Palace of Iturbide. This mansion was lent to him by the family that owned it but was not living in it.[20] Iturbide began to live extravagantly, assigning himself a large yearly sum as compensation. He demanded preference for his army and also personally chose ministers.[18] In the meantime, Ferdinand VII rejected the offer of the Mexican throne and forbade any of his family from accepting the position, and the Spanish parliament rejected the Treaty of Córdoba.[9]
Emperor Agustín I
Shortly after signing the Treaty of Córdoba, the Spanish government reneged.[18] Ferdinand VII had regained the upper hand against the liberals in Spain and increased his influence outside the country. He even had credible plans for the reconquest of the old colony. For these reasons, no European noble would accept the offer of a Mexican crown. Inside Mexico itself, there was no noble family that the populace would accept as royalty.[19] In the meantime, the governing junta that Iturbide headed convened a constituent congress to set up the new government. This new government did have indirect representation, based on the Cadiz model. However, Iturbide did not approve as it restricted the power of the landed elite. He and the junta therefore declared that they would not be bound by the Cadiz Constitution but kept the Congress that was convened.[12] This led to divisiveness which came to a head in February 1822. Congress assigned sovereignty to itself rather than to a monarch, and considered lowering military pay and decreasing the size of the army. These moves threatened to reduce Iturbide's influence in current and future governments.[2][12]
This led to political destabilization, which was resolved temporarily when Iturbide took the crown of Mexico for himself.[12] However, it is not clear whether he took this crown at the insistence of the people or whether he simply took advantage of the political situation. Some call Iturbide's decision a coup[2][18] and state that the public support for Itubide was orchestrated by him and his followers.[2][7][12] Others insist that the people's offer of the throne was sincere, based on there being no other candidate and the people's gratitude to him for the liberation of Mexico. The latter accounts stress that Iturbide initially rejected the offer in favor of persuading Ferdinand VII to change his mind about ruling Mexico but then reluctantly accepted.[6][7]
Most historical accounts mention the crowd that gathered outside of what is now the Palace of Iturbide in Mexico City to shout "Viva Iturbide!" and insist that he take the throne of Mexico in May 1822. This crowd included Iturbide's old regiment from Celaya. Some insist that this demonstration was staged by Iturbide himself or his loyalists. From a balcony of the palace Iturbide repeatedly denied his desire for the throne but there is doubt that he was sincere in this.[2][5][10] One interesting twist to this story is reported by Mexico City daily La Jornada which states that Iturbide held the first popular referendum in Mexico. According to this article, Iturbide sent out a questionnaire to military and civilian leaders as to whether the people preferred a republic or a monarchy. Supposedly, the answer came back in favor of a monarchy.[21] After Iturbide accepted the crowd's offer of the throne, he went to the congress the next day to have his appointment confirmed. Iturbide's supporters filled the balconies overlooking the chamber. The congress confirmed him and his title of Agustín I, Constitutional Emperor of Mexico, by a vast majority.[1][2]
Iturbide's coronation was held at the Mexico City Cathedral on 21 July 1822, with his wife, Ana María, crowned empress, in an elaborate ceremony.[2] It was attended by the bishops of Puebla, Guadalajara, Durango, and Oaxaca, and presided over by Archbishop of Mexico Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete.[10] Just as Napoleon did, Iturbide placed the crown upon his own head.[7] The new emperor had congress decree the crown to be hereditary with the title of "Prince of the Union". As emperor, Iturbide had sovereignty over lands bordered by Panama in the south and the Oregon Country in the north, including the current countries of Central America and the U.S. states of California, Texas, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, and New Mexico.[22]
Republicans were not happy with Iturbide as emperor. While the Catholic clergy supported him,[18] Iturbide's coronation both dashed republican hopes and broke with the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba. Many of the landed classes supported Iturbide and these documents because they offered a sense of continuity with what had always been. Iturbide's self-appointment as emperor broke with Spanish and colonial practices, which caused discontent among the most traditional of Iturbide's supporters.[19]
The strongest opposition to Iturbide's reign came from the congress. A significant number of this congress supported republican ideas.[16] A significant number of these members also belonged to Masonic lodges, which were introduced to Mexico in the 1780s and they found a voice when Manuel Cordorniu founded the newspaper El Sol, essentially becoming the in-house publication for the Scottish Rite lodge in their struggle against Iturbide.[1] Gorka Rosainz claims that these lodges also received support from the United States, who wanted to see European influence decreased in the Americas.[6] To combat the resistance, Iturbide closed down the congress on 31 October 1822, and created a new junta to legislate in its place, answering only to him.[16][19] He persecuted his enemies, arresting and jailing a score of former members of the congress, but this did not bring peace.[1][2][13] In fact, a number of prominent politicians and military, many of whom initially supported Agustín as emperor, turned against him, for having "made a mockery of national representation."[19]
During this time, Mexico suffered as an independent country. Ferdinand's resurgence as a ruler in Spain meant that no European nation was willing to recognize Mexico's independence and most broke off economic ties with the new state. Mexico was also under the threat of reconquest by Spain. Iturbide's economic policies were draining resources as well. To increase his popularity, he abolished a number of colonial-era taxes. However, he still insisted on a large and very well paid army and lived extravagantly himself.[19] The elite turned against him when he imposed a 40% property tax on them.
This would not last long. Soon Iturbide was unable to pay his army, forming discontent in a significant portion of his power base. When criticism of the government grew strong, Iturbide censored the press — an act that backfired against him. Opposition groups began to band together against the emperor.[2] Leaders like Valentín Gómez Farías, Gertrudis Bocanegra, and Antonio López de Santa Anna began to conspire against the imperial concept altogether and became convinced that a republican model was needed to combat despotism.[19]
Santa Anna publicly announced his opposition to Iturbide in December 1822[2] with the support of Colonel José Antonio Echavarri and other military officers.[19] The emperor tried to stop Santa Anna by inviting him to Mexico City. Recognizing the danger of such an invitation, in early spring 1823 Santa Anna responded with his Plan de Casa Mata, which called for Iturbide to abdicate the throne, for the end of the empire, and for the formation of a republic governed by a written constitution.[2] Iturbide's enemy-turned-ally, Vicente Guerrero, turned to enemy again when he supported Santa Anna's plan.[8]
In addition to opposition to Emperor Agustín I within what is now Mexico, much of the area now known as Central America declared its opposition to Mexico City's rule. In 1823, authorities in what are now El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras convened a Congress to declare themselves independent from Mexico and Spain as the United Provinces of Central America.[18]
Santa Anna's army marched toward Mexico City, winning small victories along the way.[1] Iturbide gathered and sent troops to combat Santa Anna, but the effort was not very strong. The two leaders met on 1 February 1823 to sign Santa Anna's plan which called for the reinstatement of congress, Iturbide's abdication and his exile.[18] Iturbide did as he promised and personally reopened the same congress he closed in March 1823 to present his abdication to this body. However, congress refused to accept it, arguing that such would imply that the existence of said throne was legitimate. Instead they nullified their own election of Iturbide as emperor.[18] Iturbide left for Europe soon afterwards.[10][18] Leadership of the country was passed on to what was called the "triumvirate," made up of generals Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo and Pedro Celestino Negrete.[19]
On 11 May 1823, the ex-emperor boarded the British ship Rawlins en route to Livorno, Italy (then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany)[4] accompanied by his wife, children, and some servants. There he rented a small country house and began to write his memoirs. However, Spain pressured Tuscany to expel Iturbide, and the Iturbide family moved to England.[7] Here, he published his autobiography, Statement of Some of the Principal Events in the Public Life of Agustín de Iturbide. When he was exiled, Iturbide was given a government pension, but Congress also declared him a traitor and "outside of the law," to be killed if he ever returned to Mexico. Whether he was aware of this second part is in dispute.[2][4][9][10][13]
After his departure, the situation in Mexico continued to worsen. Reports of a probable Spanish attempt to retake Mexico reached Iturbide in England.[8][9] He continued to receive reports from Mexico as well as advice from supporters that if he returned he would be hailed as a liberator and a potential leader against the Spanish invasion.[9] Iturbide sent word to congress in Mexico City on 13 February 1824 offering his services in the event of Spanish attack. Congress never replied.[18] More conservative political factions in Mexico finally convinced Iturbide to return.[5][8]
Iturbide returned to Mexico on 14 July 1824,[2] accompanied by his wife, two children, and a chaplain.[18] He landed at the port of Soto la Marina on the coast of Nuevo Santander (the modern-day state of Tamaulipas). They were initially greeted enthusiastically, but soon they were arrested and escorted by General Felipe de la Garza, the local military commander, to the nearby village of Padilla.[6][10] The local legislature held a trial and sentenced Iturbide to death. When a local priest administered last rites, Iturbide said, "Mexicans! I die with honor, not as a traitor; do not leave this stain on my children and my legacy. I am not a traitor, no."[10] He was executed by firing squad on 19 July 1824.[5] Three bullets hit him, one of which delivered the fatal blow.
His body was buried and abandoned at the parish church of Padilla[10] until 1833. In that year, then-President Santa Anna decided to rehabilitate the memory of Iturbide, ordering that his remains be transferred to the capital with honors. However, it was not until 1838, during the presidency of Anastasio Bustamante that this order was confirmed and carried out. His ashes were received in Mexico City with much pomp and ceremony, and the same Congress that had been against him for so many years gave him honor as a primary hero of the War of Independence.[13]
His remains were placed in an urn on 27 October 1839 in the Chapel of San Felipe de Jesús in the Mexico City Cathedral where they remain. On the stand is an inscription in Spanish that translates to "Agustín de Iturbide, author of the Independence of Mexico. Compatriot, cry for him; passerby, admire him. This monument guards the ashes of a hero. May his soul rest in the bosom of God."[6]
Iturbide's role in history
While Iturbide's reign lasted less than a year, it was the result of and further defined the struggle between republican and traditional ideals, not only in Mexico, but also in Europe. For a number of Mexican autonomists, a constitutionally sanctioned monarchy seemed a logical solution to the problem of creating a new state as it seemed to be a compromise between those who pushed for a representative form of government and those who wished to keep Mexico's monarchist traditions. If viewed in this light, historian Eric Van Young states that Iturbide's seizure of the crown "seems less cynical and idiosyncratic when it comes along at the end of the independence struggle."[15] However, the rest of the 19th century would be marked as vacillation between the two political extremes, with each side gaining the upper hand at one point or another. The old Mexican nobility kept their titles and coats-of-arms close at hand, ready for a comeback. Members of the Iturbide family intrigued against Mexican government in Madrid, New York City, Paris, and Rome as late as the 1890s.[23]
Liberal or republican ideas were and would continue to be embraced by creoles outside of the Mexico City elite. These came out of Bourbon reforms in Europe that were based on the Enlightenment. Attacks on the Church by liberals in Spain and elsewhere in Europe would be repeated in Mexico during the La Reforma period. Ideals of the Constitution of Cadiz would find expression in the 1824 Constitution of Mexico. An interesting fact is that this constitution would influence political thought on both sides of the Mexican political spectrum, with even Iturbide bending to it when he created the first congress of an independent Mexico. After Iturbide, there was wide general consensus, even among the landed elite, that some form of representative government was needed. The question was how much power would be in legislative hands and how much in an executive.[19]
Iturbide's empire was replaced with the First Republic which was soon usurped by Santa Anna's regime. This regime would be overthrown with the War of the Reform, which reimposed republican ideals. Porfirio Díaz in the late 19th century would impose one-man rule more successfully than either Iturbide or Santa Anna ever did. He would be overthrown with the Mexican Revolution.[12] Early in the independence period of Mexico's history, even the day used to mark Independence would be based on which side you were on. Traditionalists favored 27 September to celebrate when Iturbide rode into Mexico, but more liberal politicians favored 16 September to celebrate Father Hidalgo's call for rebellion against Spain.[23]
In modern-day Mexico, the liberalist tendency has dominated, to the extent that the conservative movements are academically and politically almost ignored. When they are treated, it is with a strong partisan slant. This is true of much of the writing about Iturbide, being portrayed as a "traitor" of 19th century Mexico.
Iturbide's strategy of defining a plan and using the military to back it up started a trend in Mexican politics that would dominate until the 20th century. He can also been seen as the first "caudillo" or charismatic dictator who used a combination of widespread popularity and threat of violence toward opposition to rule and would be followed by the likes of Antonio López de Santa Anna and Porfirio Díaz.[2]
Another legacy that Iturbide left to Mexico was its modern flag, creating the flag known today. The three colors of red, white and green originally represented the three guarantees of the Plan of Iguala. In the place of the Spanish emblem for Mexico, he resurrected the old Tenochtitlan symbol for Mexico City, an eagle perched on a nopal cactus holding a snake in its beak. With it he hoped to link the upcoming Mexican Empire with the old Aztec one.[3][6]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Template:Infobox Monarch styles
Titles and styles
19 May 1822 – 19 March 1823: His Imperial Majesty the Emperor
Full title as Emperor
His Imperial Majesty Don Agustín I, By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico.
Agustín was married on 27 February 1805 to Ana María Josefa Ramona de Huarte y Muñiz (1786–1861); they had 10 children:
HIH Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, Prince Imperial of Mexico (1807–1866)
HH Doña Sabina de Iturbide y Huarte (1809–1871)
HH Doña Juana María de Iturbide y Huarte (1811–1828)
HH Doña Josefa de Iturbide y Huarte (1814–1891)
HH Don Ángel de Iturbide y Huarte (1816–1872) father of Agustín de Iturbide y Green
HH Doña María Isis de Iturbide y Huarte (1818–1849)
HH Doña María de los Dolores de Iturbide y Huarte (1819–1820)
HH Don Salvador de Iturbide y Huarte (1820–1856) father of Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán
HH Don Felipe Andrés María Guadalupe de Iturbide y Huarte (1822–1853)
HH Don Agustín Cosme de Iturbide y Huarte (1824–1873)
HH Don Jesus de Iturbide y Huarte (1817–1841) ????
Mexican War of Independence
First Mexican Empire
Robertson, William Spence. Iturbide de México. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico (2012). ISBN 978-607-16-1187-1
Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830. John Murray, London (2000). ISBN 0-7195-5566-3
Imperial House of Mexico
Portal to Texas History.
Born: 27 September 1784 Died: 19 July 1824
Regnal titles
Independence from Spain
Empire declared
19 May 1822 –19 March 1823 Monarchy abolished
Republic declared
Maximiliano I
Juan O'Donojú Mexican head of state
as Emperor of Mexico
19 May 1822 – 19 March 1823 Vacant
Titles in pretence
New title — TITULAR —
19 March 1823 – 19 July 1824 Succeeded by
Prince Agustín Jerónimo
Pretenders to the Mexican throne since 1823
First Empire
Emperor Agustín I (1823-1824)
Prince Imperial Agustín (1824-1864)
Emperor Maximilian I (1867)
Prince Agustín (1867-1925)
Princess María (1925-1949)
See also House of Iturbide
Name Iturbide, Agustín de
Alternative names Iturbide, Agustín de (Spanish); Agustín I (Spanish)
Short description Emperor of Mexico
Place of birth Valladolid, Michoacán, Mexico
Date of death 1824-07-19
Place of death Padilla Municipality, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Germany, London, Julian calendar, Berlin, 1901
Iturbide (surname)
Michoacán, State of Mexico, Basque language, Agustin de Iturbide, French Intervention in Mexico
Guanajuato, Mexico, Mexican War of Independence, Morelia, Michoacán
Agustín de Iturbide y Green
Mexico, House of Iturbide, Mexico City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Francisco Morazán
Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Costa Rica, El Salvador, José Gregorio Salazar


4th Forum of the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR) as TalkB2B client, will use your personal data in order to manage your request and send you communications, by electronic means, about the activities and / or the services 4th Forum of the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR) offers. 4th Forum of the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR) may use your data for the aforementioned purposes because it is obligated to attend your request and is expressly authorized by law to send you communications about its activities and services. Your data may be submitted to Public Administrations and service providers to 4th Forum of the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR).
Your data will be preserved during your relationship with 4th Forum of the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR) and, when finalized, until the applicable legal prescription deadlines and / or the necessary deadlines have been completed in order to guarantee the fulfillment of the public interest mission of our entity.
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text:
Commonwealth Court Rejects Constitutional Challenge to Natural Gas Production on State-Owned Lands and Use of Lease Funds in General Budget
The Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania has dismissed a lawsuit filed by the Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation (PEDF) to declare unconstitutional and enjoin natural gas extraction from State park and forest land. PEDF also sought to stop the Legislature from using monies generated from mineral leases for purposes other than conservation.
PEDF's claims were based on Article I, Section 27 of the Pennsylvania Constitution (the Environmental Rights Amendment), and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's discussion of that provision in Robinson Township v. Commonwealth (2013). PEDF asserted that extraction of natural gas from State lands causes immediate and long-term negative impacts to public natural resources held in trust for Pennsylvania citizens. Citing Robinson Township, PEDF argued that by allowing natural gas production on and under State lands, the Commonwealth violated its constitutional duty to protect those natural resources.
Pennsylvania has been leasing State lands for mineral extraction since 1947. Since 1955, rents and royalties obtained from the Commonwealth's leasing program were deposited into the Oil and Gas Lease Fund and used for conservation, recreation, dams and flood control. Before the advent of shale gas development, annual revenues were about $2.7 million. But since 2009, the Commonwealth's oil and gas lease program has generated over $500 million in new revenue.
In recent years, the General Assembly has transferred some of this revenue from the Oil and Gas Lease Fund to the General Fund to address budgetary needs, while continuing to adequately fund conservation and environmental programming. PEDF argued that the money generated from the Commonwealth's oil and gas lease program is part of a public trust constitutionally protected by the Environmental Rights Amendment. According to PEDF, the Legislature is constitutionally required to use these trust funds solely for conservation and may not redirect it to other budgetary needs.
The Commonwealth Court considered PEDF's case en banc: the panel consisted of seven judges rather than three as is customary. In its unanimous decision, the court rejected PEDF's far-reaching constitutional arguments and denied all of its claims.
The court summarily dismissed PEDF's claims relating to past and current leasing of State lands for gas extraction. First, PEDF seeks to extinguish the contractual rights of the leaseholders who paid for the right to conduct gas production operations on or under State lands, but PEDF did not make those leaseholders parties to the case. Because the leaseholders' rights are so connected with PEDF's claims, they are indispensable parties, and the court determined that it could not act in their absence.
Second, the court did not accept PEDF's maximalist interpretation of the Environmental Rights Amendment and its aggressive use of the Robinson Township plurality decision. Rather, the Commonwealth Court noted that the rights and duties conferred by the Environmental Rights Amendment are balanced by other legitimate state interests, such as sustainable property use and economic development. The court also noted that because the plurality decision in Robinson Township did not command a clear majority, the Supreme Court's treatment of Article I, Section 27 in that case is persuasive only to the extent it is consistent with existing precedent on the same subject. This means the balancing test established in the 1973 case Payne v. Kassab remains viable and controlling.
The Commonwealth Court's rejection of PEDF's constitutional theory regarding the meaning and scope of the Environmental Rights Amendment is perhaps the most significant aspect of the decision.
Finally, the court refused to second-guess the Legislature's fiscal decisions with respect to budget priorities and the sources and uses of Commonwealth funds. Without a clear constitutional limitation on the use of monies generated by the State's oil and gas leasing program, the Legislature remains free to make funding decisions without judicial oversight.
PEDF has indicated its intention to appeal the Commonwealth Court's decision to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.
David J. Porter, Kevin P. Lucas and Thomas G. Collins of Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney represent the Republican Caucuses of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and Senate in this litigation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This test is used for determining the presence of hyperinflated lungs (as in COPD) or phrenic nerve palsy. It uses percussion on the posterior thorax.
Percuss along the posterior chest to get a rough idea of where the diaphragm lies under normal breathing. The lungs will be tympanic on percussion whereas the retroperitoneum below the diaphragm will be dull.
Ask the patient to fully inspire.
Percuss the new level of dullness and mark this as the inferior level of diaphragmatic excursion.
Ask patient to fully expire.
Percuss the new level of dullness and mark this as the superior level of diaphragmatic excusion.
Repeat on both sides, comparing for symmetry.
Diaphragmatic excursion is usually 5-6 cm.


Here's some fresh news from the ever-popular Urbanologi – they have a brand-new menu that's a step in the right direction! They've taken a new stride in the journey to sustainability and how they source their ingredients. Cue, Project 150, Urbanologi's new culinary mantra that sees all ingredients being sourced within a 150km radius from the restaurant.
Mad Giant, 1 Fox Street, Ferreirasdorp, Johannesburg CBD.
The gastronomic hub inside Joburg's award-winning Mad Giant brewery, Urbanologi, has taken a bold step in its voyage to ecosystem sustainability and its strategy for sourcing fresh ingredients. Project 150 is Urbanologi's new culinary mantra that sees all ingredients, except spices, sourced within 150km of the restaurant.
Project 150 was inspired by the desire to contribute to conscious living and sustainable practices around food, and to pursue culinary excellence. Unfortunately, most of the food we consume daily or are served is unsustainable. Urbanologi Chef, Jack Coetzee, says unsustainability has also been a result of the "commercialisation of food", which encourages food to be prepared quickly and cheaply, and as a result the quality of the nutrition is poor.
To solve this problem, Urbanologi suggests that we need to embrace our local produce that makes our corner of the globe interesting. The reason Urbanologi settled on a 150km radius around the restaurant is that the area is close enough for people to relate to and helps get the message across, yet far enough to get a wide range of produce year-round to keep their menu interesting.
The menu also includes the distance in kilometres that the food and produce travelled to get to the table, putting a pin on a map of where the produce comes from. It's impact on the menu is wide-ranging. Diners can expect dishes focused on utilising nose-to-tail and root-to-tip.
They're also in pursuit of being zero waste. As an example, they take spent lemon halves left over from squeezing juice and turn them into sumac, which forms a base spice for a wide range of Lebanese spice blends.
The eatery has increased its focus on exceptional produce, with the advantage of sourcing fresh from the "farmer, breeder and vegetable whisperers" on its doorstep. Many might think the choice of ingredients will be limited. To show how diverse and rich the produce around Johannesburg is, Urbanologi is doing a social media campaign, posting a new, locally-sourced ingredient every day for 150 days.
For more information on Urbanologi, visit www.urbanologi.co.za.
You can also contact them on reservations@urbanologi.co.za or call 011 492 1399.
Don't forget to share your Urbanologi moments on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and tag @urbanologi.
Urbanologi is open Mondays to Saturdays for lunch and dinner, and lunch only on Sundays.


Expert: Jamie-Law replied 6 months ago.
A reasonable settlement offer taking into account her injuries, time off work and longterm losses. I would like to know the minimum and maximum settlement offer. Is there anything that can be said additionally?
Do you have evidence of loss of earnings?
Do you have evidence of the psychiatric damage?
Has she had a proper medical report setting out causation and prognosis?
Havent you report this to your insurers? They would deal with any claim.
I got a medical and police report as well as evidence for the loss of earnings. Insurance advised to give independent legal advice and second opinions. Are you able to give a rough estimate?
No. Because unless I know the injuries and prognosis I can not give an estimate.
I have stated there was a fracture to the wrist and dislocated knee. There was psychological harm from the accident for getting in the car in the future and the prognosis was she will be okay but will have 26 weeks off work.
Yes but you need a prognosis period. Without that I can't advise.
Isn't that the 26 weeks?
No. That is just time off work. That does not mean they won't be injured beyond that.


Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Competitions and Bristol City Council have announced the launch of an international competition to design a new arena for Bristol.
The Bristol Arena project is a large indoor multipurpose arena, to be located on the former diesel depot site close to Temple Meads railway station in central Bristol. It is anticipated that the Arena will open in the summer of 2017.
Multi-disciplinary teams will have the opportunity to design the 12,000 capacity entertainment arena. The successful experienced design team will have architectural, structural and building engineering capabilities as well as experience within the performance venue field and significant knowledge of the creation and development of urban spaces.
George Ferguson, Mayor of Bristol said: "The Bristol Arena is key to the city region's future and will act as a major catalyst to the development of the Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone. We have to grasp the opportunity to design a building that not only works really effectively but is an inspiring place that enriches this new quarter of the city.
Among the iconic buildings resulting from previous RIBA Competitions are the Welsh National Assembly's Senedd in Cardiff, The Hepworth Wakefield gallery in Wakefield and Sage Gateshead, the music venue on Gateshead's quayside.
Expressions of Interest are invited from suitably qualified design teams worldwide. A shortlist of five teams will then be selected to participate in the design phase of the competition. The arena project budget is approximately £90 million.


Welter's music is 'lyrical acoustic rock' about the lived experience. Be carried away by Elliott's infectious voice.
Welter is a Sydney based band who have produced some amazing contemporary 'Lyrical Acoustic Rock' over the past few years. Singer-songwriter Elliott Weston has a gift for storytelling and casts a spell over the audience with his breathtaking voice. Together with drummer Dave Williams and a turnstile of guest musicians, they have released EP 'Cleaver', their critically acclaimed album 'Satellite Generation' followed by 'Million Star Motel' album and have just released their latest album 'Vladivostok Air', possibly their best yet.
"The breadth, tonal range and expressive quality of Elliott Weston's voice are a delight." – Sydney Morning Herald Feature Album column.


Please click on the link below to see to the pdf version of the research trial results.
This entry was posted in CFGW, disease, Flowers and tagged 2011, 2012, 2013, bio-fungcide, CFGW, cranberry mulch, cut flowers, Dane County, echinacea, fungicides, madison, organic, powdery mildew, research, rudbeckia, sunflower, University Display Gardens, wisconsin by bemerson. Bookmark the permalink.


We're busy finishing last minute preparations for Thanksgiving and cannot wait for a day filled with family, good food, a beautifully designed table, and giving thanks.
We absolutely love this harvest inspired table, featuring a centerpiece filled with pumpkins of a variety of shapes, sizes and colors, succulents, a few feathers, and fresh greenery. The blue-hued patterned and textured linen created the perfect foundation for a beautifully unexpected color palette.
We finished the look with blue water glasses, ceramic dinner plates, wicker chargers, cane back chairs, dusty blue napkins tied with a leather cord complete with tassels, and rose gold flatware.
This year, we feel especially grateful for all of our amazing clients and talented industry friends and we're just giddy with excitement that engagement season is officially here!
Happy Thanksgiving from team MLE!
And for all of you newly engaged couples, be sure to contact us HERE to get started planning your big day!


Minute book of the Provisional Committee, 1902-1903; list of subscribers to New Street Wesleyan site, 1903-1908.
Records of Trustees', comprising meeting minute book, 1845-1851, and treasurer's account book, 1829-1852.
Register of baptisms, 1909-1920; Management Committee minute book, 1909-1920; application to enlarge and alter mission hall and statement of building account, 1892-1894.
Programme for Young Men's Class, 1892.


About Me: I am interested in japanese culture and language. I have been to Japan several times and love Kyoto.
I am looking for: A fun companion, who loves to travel. I don't mind age, as long as you're OK with mine.


Washington (CNN) — Nancy Pelosi isn't giving an inch.
The House speaker, fortified by brutal polling for Donald Trump, refuses to provide the President an easy way out of his own political box as the government shutdown sparked by his demand for a border wall drags into a 34th day.
In his latest skirmish with Pelosi, Trump effectively admitted defeat late Wednesday and conceded that he would not be able to give his State of the Union address until after the shutdown ends. Earlier in the day, he had publicly thrown down a gauntlet and tried to force the speaker to back down over her refusal to let next Tuesday's showpiece speech take place in the House chamber.
Pelosi's victory came ahead of a pair of Senate votes due to take place on Thursday on dueling Republican and Democratic plans designed to end the shutdown. Neither is likely to break the deadlock, and may simply underline that Trump's hopes of a win remain slim.
The President is trying hard to reshape a political battlefield that is stacked against him, as sources suggest he is increasingly mystified that his tactics have not turned the tables on Democrats. Throughout his life, in business and in politics, Trump has leveraged his domineering personality, flair for showmanship and an unshakable self-belief that often defies the facts of a situation to get his way.
But he is finding in the new political context of divided Washington against an experienced adversary that his force of will and talent for engineering televised spectacles are not moving the political needle.
After Pelosi accepted his dare Wednesday and canceled his State of the Union address, Trump lashed out but failed to come up with an effective response.
"She's afraid of the truth and the super left Democrats, the radical Democrats," the President said at the White House while teasing an alternative plan for the address.
But later, the President announced on Twitter that he had shelved an idea that would have done more to showcase his diminished political standing than to damage the Democratic leadership of the House.
"I am not looking for an….alternative venue for the SOTU Address because there is no venue that can compete with the history, tradition and importance of the House Chamber. I look forward to giving a 'great' State of the Union Address in the near future!" Trump tweeted.
Trump did not specifically rule out some kind of political event next Tuesday.
CNN's Kaitlan Collins reported that White House officials were caught off guard with Pelosi's swift, decisive response. Her move left the President looking outmatched and out of answers when his bluster was returned with interest.
It's looking more and more like the President misjudged the politics of the shutdown or is perhaps so trapped in his West Wing and media bubble that he's not getting an accurate fix on his worsening political position.
Little that he does — an Oval Office address, a trip to the border, a weekend offer that was swiftly rejected by Democrats — seems to improve his position.
Polls show that a majority of the public still solidly blames Trump for the shutdown and are opposed to his border wall — 71% in a new CBS poll said it's not worth the shutdown.
The spectacle of the President and the speaker squabbling over a speech meant to highlight national unity, was hardly in keeping with the dignity of either of their offices. Pelosi's claim that the shutdown meant the Capitol could not be secured is also debatable.
It could take a few days to see whether Pelosi's move would make her look "petty" as Trump's counselor Kellyanne Conway had predicted.
Trump former economic adviser Stephen Moore said on CNN that Pelosi's move was a "seventh-grade" maneuver and was motivated by a desire to prevent a repeat of what was widely reviewed as a strong State of the Union address by the President last year.
But Pelosi's hardball tactics amounted to a literal example of how she is using the constitutional mechanism of government to constrain and frustrate Trump and a reminder of the importance of the Democratic midterm election victory.
A replacement State of the Union?


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Lender Vip Reviews, The company has existed for many years and contains been featured on CNN, NBA TV, and TBS. They have an A+ rating with all the Better Business Bureau or BBB.
The company serves a niche market in operation how the banks won't: Small businesses who have below stellar credit ratings. It can do whatever your company's credit rating is or if perhaps you already have it, the most important thing is basically that you show to them that you may have an enterprise phone number (it is required whenever you fill in the applying form). They generally do not even require that you disclose your monthly income, that is a welcome relief for startups. Apart from the business phone number, really the only other thing they require is that you simply fit in with the industries which they support.
We discussed earlier that exist amounts ranging from $4,000 to $2 million. If you visit their official website, you will find that they have a separate application for loans above $25,000 and loans below that amount. Even though application forms for both look exactly the same, we believe they check out different apartments once the Submit Form button is sent.
The great thing about My Pay Usa.com is the payment terms are flexible and you can adjust it so that you will make payments on days when the money will come in. Another plus point is the fact you may get the amount of money within two business days. We will repeat that. You can find the amount of money within two business days. That is quicker compared to banks and also the credit unions.
Needless to say, with this particular convenience, you can't expect it to come at no cost. In this case, you for the service with higher-interest rates - we did point out that the company can be a payday cash loan lender for small enterprises.
But if we must require a guess, we think the rates of interest are certainly not too much and they usually are not reasonable. Really, any company that has an A+ rating in the BBB has ethical business practices which actually help their clientele.


At Tri-global, we combine business knowledge, professional skills, insight and ingenuity to deliver measurable value and achieve visible results. We consistently present a strong team of experienced consultants committed to helping clients achieve their critical business needs. Our consultants have played key roles in many initiatives that have involved strategic planning, and delivery frameworks and processes, which gives us significant insight into the complexities and intricacies of critical public and private sector projects.
Tri-global Solutions is a Management and IT consulting firm that has earned a solid reputation as a trusted partner and outstanding service provider. We understand, represent and uphold the needs and interests of our clients in each and every project we undertake. We are fully and completely committed to making all project engagements with our clients a success.
Tri-global has demonstrated repeatedly our experience and positive reputation working with major organizations in the public sector. We are known for our outcome-based planning and program/project management, governance, policy and communications expertise with an emphasis on strategic and operational alignment.
The real challenge for organizations today lies not in the ability to align technology with business processes, but in the ability to seamlessly integrate technology and business in response to rapid growth and change. Tri-global offers consultants with a unique blend of management, IT expertise, and business knowledge when applying recognized best-practice standards to deliver true business value to businesses and government organizations.
With memberships in international associations such as the International Academy of Management and Business (IAMB), IT Governance Professionals (ISACA) and affiliations with research leaders such as Forrester Research and Gartner Group, we put global best practices to work for you. An unwavering commitment to quality and customer service is our primary business objective. Our company was founded on it. Our reputation depends on it.
We approach each engagement as a collaborative partner and unbiased advisor. Our work is not done until our client is fully satisfied. Our clients return to us over again, because we keep our promises and because we consistently deliver outstanding quality. We are not just a service provider – we are a committed business partner.


The first thing that people notice about you is usually your smile. Having a beautiful smile can really improve both how you look and how you feel. Damaged teeth can have a negative effect on how you feel about yourself and how you present to others.
Your teeth are the only tissue in your body unable to repair themselves, which is why it's sometimes necessary to have dental fillings to fix broken, chipped, damaged or decayed teeth. At Dental Fresh we make the process simple and cost-effective, so the perfect smile is never far away.
Should you require a tooth to be repaired there are options available depending on the location and type of damage you have sustained. Traditional Amalgam or silver fillings are hardwearing and cost effective. Composite or white fillings offer great cosmetic advantage, as they blend in to be largely indiscernible from your natural teeth. Composite fillings are often used to repair front teeth that are more visible, but more and more with the advancements in technology, composite fillings are being used for a wider variety of repairs, including hard working molars.
Composite fillings are now much stronger than they used to be, although they come at a higher cost than amalgam fillings. Most health funds rebate the equivalent cost of Amalgam fillings with the patient covering any residual costs for the Composite. Tooth fillings last around 7-10 years and are used for a variety of purposes, for example; to correct chipped, broken or cracked teeth, to fill spaces between teeth or to repair worn or decayed teeth.
If you're worried about dental filling costs, then rest easy – we' provide comprehensive and careful service at a very competitive price. No two sets of teeth are the same, which means that no two people have the same requirements when it comes to dental fillings, so we'll examine your teeth and assess the situation during the consultation, before deciding with you on the best course of action. You and your dentist will discuss what is the best option for you, you will make a decision together on how best to proceed with your tooth repair.
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The third Sunday of Advent in the Roman Catholic calendar of the church year. The term is derived from the Latin opening words of the introit antiphon, "Rejoice (Gaudete) in the Lord always." The theme of the day expresses the joy of anticipation at the approach of the Christmas celebration. This theme reflects a lightening of the tone of the traditional Advent observance. It was appropriate for the celebrant of the Mass to wear rose-colored vestments on this day instead of the deeper violet vestments that were typically used in Advent. This Sunday was also known as "Rose Sunday." This custom is not required in the Episcopal Church, but it is observed by some parishes with a traditional Anglo-catholic piety. This custom is reflected by the practice of including a pink or rose-colored candle among the four candles of an Advent wreath. See Laetare Sunday.


Gjerset & Lorenz, LLP is dedicated to the representation of healthcare providers. Founded in 1998, we represent a wide spectrum of providers, from some of the largest public, non-profit and investor-owned hospital systems in the country to individual providers. From our principal offices in Austin, Texas, we serve a diverse national client base of various types of healthcare providers.
Gjerset & Lorenz consults on a wide range of healthcare business and legal issues. Our attorneys have extensive experience in representing individual hospitals, hospital systems, physicians, and community health providers in regulatory, transactional and litigation matters.
Our firm focuses on the deeply intertwined areas of healthcare compliance, reimbursement, and operations. In this broad and complex area, we work with clients to develop compliant strategies for achieving positive business outcomes. We assist hospital operators in projecting the financial impact of operational changes and educate them about the effect of new regulatory proposals.
Gjerset & Lorenz is one of the few boutique healthcare firms that focuses solely on healthcare law and, as a result, we provide a comprehensive approach that is unmatched in the health law field. Whether we are handling a straightforward legal question or designing a complex business solution, we balance our clients' needs for effective strategy with the requirements of regulatory compliance to achieve optimal results. Gjerset & Lorenz emphasizes an individual approach to each client's unique circumstance.
Business Transactions - Gjerset & Lorenz provides operational, reimbursement, and transactional services to a broad range of healthcare clients. Our services include structuring and negotiating business transactions and assisting clients with reimbursement, physician contracting, licensing, and other regulatory issues affecting transactions.
Provider Operations – Our attorneys serve in a wide variety of roles for different clients, from providing day-to-day general counsel advice to solving complex individual operational issues. Our services include drafting and negotiating contracts, developing policies and procedures that meet regulatory and business requirements and creating tax-exempt entities to more efficiently utilize community resources for the poor.
Regulatory Compliance – We advise clients regarding local, state and federal laws and regulations with a particular focus on Medicare and Medicaid funding. We also help clients comply with anti-kickback laws, Joint Commission requirements, Stark law, antitrust laws and other requirements.
Government Reimbursement – Our nationally-recognized professional team assists clients in analyzing complicated formulas underlying government reimbursement and making decisions within that framework to meet their business objectives.
Administrative and Commercial Litigation – We help healthcare providers to efficiently utilize the dispute resolution process to realize the best long-term solution for their organization.
Legislative and Regulatory Strategies – The firm assesses legislative and regulatory issues to help clients develop statewide initiatives for achieving business objectives. We also model financial impacts resulting from proposed changes so clients can proactively engage in the government process to effectuate the best outcome possible.


text:
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Athens Macedonian News Agency: News in English, 16-03-30
[01] We show zero tolerance to all forms of intolerance, President Pavlopoulos stresses
[02] Greek program review may be ready by end of April, says EC's mission chief to Greece
[03] ND to propose parliamentary probe into capital controls and third memorandum, party sources say
[04] Vanessa Redgrave visits refugees at Piraeus
[05] National Bank ready to support economic recovery, NBG chief Katseli says
"We show zero tolerance to all forms of intolerance that affects and undermines our culture and we are bound by the promise we have given: "Holocaust-Never Again," Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos on Wednesday said during his visit to the Holocaust Museum, Israel.
The President laid a wreath in memory of the Jews killed in Nazi camps and noted that "the Holocaust taught us in the most painful and horrible way that the principles and values of Humanism are not, in fact, self-evident. It is our duty to be vigilant in order to protect them. Especially now that racism, intolerance, anti-Semitism are, unfortunately, again on the rise. That is why it is imperative to maintain the memory of the Holocaust and pass it over to the future generations."
Pavlopoulos stressed that "it is a matter of national consciousness to refer, among the millions of victims, to the 67,151 Greek Jews who were killed in Nazi camps."
The Greek program review can be concluded by the end of April, EC's mission chief to Greece Declan Costello said in a meeting of Greek and European Parliament members, according to Europarliament SYRIZA deputy Dimitris Papadimoulis.
During the meeting of the Social Affairs Committees of the European and the Greek Parliaments, Costello informed the Greek delegation that the International Monetary Fund wishes an agreement is reached and is not asking for more than those agreed in August. He also estimated that the differences between the Greek side and the creditors can be bridged.
Main opposition New Democracy intends to table a proposal within the day for a parliamentary probe to investigate the reasons why capital controls were imposed on Greece, as well as the signing of the third memorandum and the need for a fresh recapitalisation of Greek banks, sources at the party's headquarters said on Wednesday.
Such a parliamentary examining committee should also investigate whether there was a plan for the country's exit from the euro through the issue of a parallel currency and a haircut of bonds held by the European Central Bank, or whether there was a plan to break into Greece's national mint that involved ministers of the previous government, the same sources said.
It should also look into whether the prime minister knew about such plans, as ministers of the then government had claimed, or whether they were acting not on his orders and without his knowledge, they noted.
The sources pointed out that ND leader Kyriakos Mitsotakis, during Tuesday's debate in Parliament, had called on Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras to strike an agreement under which the main opposition will vote in favour of the government's proposal for an examining committee on the loans to political parties and the media, while the government will vote in favour of ND's own proposals for an examining committee.
British actress and activist Vanessa Redgrave on Wednesday visited the refugees that are temporarily hosted at Pireaus port.
Redgrave spoke with refugees and migrants and listened closely to their problems. Most of them said they want to go to Europe but the borders are closed.
In her statements, the British actress said it is a shame for Europe and for the Europeans to not accept refugees and some countries to continue to keep their borders closed.
Redgrave was accompanied by playwright Martin Sherman and on the part of "Medicines Sans Frontieres" the responsible of the Greek department Apostolos Veizis. Redgrave supports "Medicines Sans Frontieres" action.
National Bank (NBG) meets the pressing needs of the country for reconstruction of the productive base in order to safeguard social cohesion and the continuous upgrading of the educational and cultural level, its governor Louka Katselli on Wednesday said in an event for the celebration of its 175 anniversary.
On his part, the managing director of National Bank Leonidas Fragiadakis said that the bank is ready to commit all its forces in order to lead the economic recovery.
National Bank, with unprecedented capital ratios in our market, and excess liquidity, it is ready to finance the economy and support innovative businesses through sound risk-taking, and an alignment of incentives between the bank and the company, he added.
British actress and activist Vanessa Redgrade on Wednesday visited the refugees that are temporarily hosted at Pireaus port.
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11/19/2003--Introduced. Equity in Law Enforcement Act - Amends the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to include within the definition of "public safety officer" (thus qualifying for line-of-duty death and disability benefits) individuals serving private institutions of higher education in an official capacity as law enforcement officers, or employed by a rail carrier as police officers, who are sworn, licensed, or certified under State law for purposes of law enforcement and trained to meet training standards for law enforcement officers established by the relevant governmental appointing authority.
Qualifies such officers serving private institutions of higher education and rail carriers under that Act's programs of matching grants for law enforcement armor vests and technical assistance to States and local governments.


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Did Howard Stephen Berg comprehend 80 pages per minute?
On this video, Howard Stephen Berg appears as a guest speaker, where the host claims that he could read 80 pages per minute. That just seems impossible.
I understand that speed reading is possible and successful to some extent, with a trade-off between comprehension and speed. In speed reading courses I've noticed that you'll typically be taught to spend no more than 0.5 seconds per line, and keep working at it until you get it, but at 80 pages per minute (supposedly 25,000 words) the guy would have to read 1.3 pages per second. So I understand that at ultra high speeds, the comprehension level drops to nearly 50% of the content, and that's a valid result if one desires to absorb light, non complex information quickly, but to read an entire page of any length in 1.3 seconds, that sounds fishy.
I know that he talks about using the subconscious mind to take in the content, but there don't seem to be any strategies mentioned on Wikipedia which don't involve reading line by line.
So my question is: Is there an actual record of Howard Stephen Berg reading 80 pages per minute? Is it a trustworthy record? Do statistics exist with the record showing the comprehension level?
The best I can figure, he could have a photographic memory, and just flip the pages, reading them later from his visual memory to answer questions about the content proving "comprehension". Edit: After looking into photographic memory, it seems to be unproven scientifically, so perhaps that isnt a possibility after all.
perception reading
ViziionaryViziionary
According to this letter addressed to Mr. Howard Stephen Berg from Cyd Smith, the Assistant director of Guinness Book of World Records (1990):
Dear Mr. Berg:
We have accepted your speed reading claim for the inclusion in the 1990 edition of the GUINNESS BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS but we are unable to use any of your photographs.
Also regarding the existence of the actual record and his comprehension level, here is the quote taken from the actual Gunniess Book of World Records (1990),
Reading Fast. 80 pages (25,000 words) per min is the supersonic "reading" speed claimed by Howard Stephen Berg (b 1949, Brooklyn, NY), who has convinced a number of TV hosts that he comprehends and remembers what he scanned, perhaps not the details, but the concepts, with the details left for a later, slower reading. He teaches speed reading and gives lectures throughout N America on using the unused part of one's brain.
Here is Mr. Berg's perspective of reading at ultra high speeds, taken from his book Speed Reading Secrets:
When reading over 60 pages per minute, an altered state of consciousness is experienced. The text seems to disappear as you become one with the book. You actually read faster than your mind can think. In this eightened state, text appears as images and experiences rather than words and phrases. It almost seems as though you are viewing a movie instead of reading a book.
TheChetanTheChetan
So in other words there's zero proof whatsoever, it wasn't recorded or monitored by any official means. "One with the book." is probably equivalent to "I looked at the pages, read 10 words from each had some guesses about which words came in between, and called it a world record to benefit my career as a speed reading entrepreneur." Did I get that right? – Viziionary Dec 13 '15 at 21:13
@Viziionary, Thats right. As stated, the only recording done was convincing a bunch TV hosts. And nice interpretation for the "one with the book". But in the end, how else can a person read 25,000 words in a minute? – TheChetan Dec 14 '15 at 3:55
Yeah, well I guessed it was something like that as soon as I saw them pointing to a link to his speed reading software 2 minutes into the video. – Viziionary Dec 15 '15 at 18:46
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1. Sew red print triangles to opposite edges of the yellow print square (Diagram 1). Then add the remaining red print triangles to the remaining edges of the yellow print square. Press all seam allowances away from the yellow print square.
2. Sew white print triangles to opposite edges of the yellow print square (Diagram 2). Then add the remaining white print triangles to the remaining edges of the yellow print square. Press all seam allowances away from the yellow print square.
3. Sew blue print triangles to opposite edges of the yellow print square (Diagram 3). Then add the remaining blue print triangles to the remaining edges of the yellow print square to make a block (Block Assembly Diagram). Press all seam allowances away from the yellow print square.


This series is an ongoing look at individualism in a world becoming more homogenized. Assimilation can be defined as the process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group. This is not always a bad thing, but in a world that is flattening out with respect to our differences and the things that make us unique we run the risk of being assimilated into uninteresting.
For the photographs I dress all participants in a black turtle neck shirt and photograph them against a black background. This is my way to illustrate the differences in our likeness. I give little or no instructions during the photo session other than to demonstrate to the participants where to stand. Without directions people tend to resort to the familiar. For some this might be nervousness for others it is a chance to get lost in their own thoughts still others turn outward with smiles and laughter. It is this individualism that I am looking for when staring through the viewfinder.
At first I did not see the implication of the project as I was looking at the photos individually, but after I had photographed fifty people, printed the images of each one and laid them out all together it become obvious to me that every person's individualism shined through despite being dressed and photographed the same.
Our personalities come through our faces, our expressions, our mannerisms we use our hands as extensions of our face. When someone squeezes their hands tightly generally their face shows tension and alternatively when they throw up their hands a smile tends to cross their face.
Incorporation maybe unstoppable but the good news is we the people are not faceless drones remain individuals as snowflakes even when dressed alike.


text:
February 2023 Concert
Mar 1 1
49 "I have come to bring fire on the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled! 50 But I have a baptism to undergo, and what constraint I am under until it is completed! 51 Do you think I came to bring peace on earth? No, I tell you, but division. 52 From now on there will be five in one family divided against each other, three against two and two against three. 53 They will be divided, father against son and son against father,


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Whether you're looking to update your home according to the season, or want the space to feel a little more polished, there are a few simple changes you can make to your interior to achieve a luxe look without a big outlay.
Elevating your interior style isn't about spending a lot of money on decor or buying large pieces of furniture. It's about thoughtfully editing your personal collection of treasures and memories into a curated display that speaks to who you are, your personality and your style.
One of the hardest (and most expensive) rooms to update can be the bathroom. However, sprucing up this space needn't be costly. Take note of what vanity top, windowsill and shelving space you might have spare in the room, and think about what items you own that might fit into the space and make it feel a little more 'done' and more your style. This can be anything from a few fab plants to a carefully considered selection of candles, ornaments and shells that the kids may have collected from the beach.
Feeling a little bored with your current furniture or room layout? Try evaluating what space you have available and rearranging the furniture; consider how different pieces may fit together in different ways, and don't be restricted by what furniture happens to be in the room. You may find that a cute stool that has been hiding in a bedroom makes a character-filled side table and conversation starter in the living room. Try arranging your furniture around the flow of natural light, or around indoor/outdoor flow, to create a harmonious space. Even better, centre your living room furniture in such a way that encourages conversation.
Drinks carts, sideboards, shelving and coffee tables are all wonderful opportunities to make a space feel styled. Arrange your drinks cart with pretty bottles and glassware that are complementary, perhaps with a few fun cocktail accessories thrown in to complete the picture.
Create a styled vignette on an otherwise empty sideboard or coffee table by grouping ceramics, glassware, geometric shapes or ornaments in threes or fives. Be sure each grouping of objects has similar or complementary colours and different heights and shapes for the most aesthetically pleasing result.
The first thing a person sees when they visit your home is the front door. Make a bold statement by attaching a wonderful door knocker to your front entrance. From lion's heads and mermaids to gothic shapes and shackles, there are myriad options to choose from.
While you're at it, check out your doorknobs around the house. These days, doorknobs are easily replaceable and you can buy all sorts of styles – from ceramics and mosaics to oversized faux-gemstones – online or in store.
Play with scale in your home by contrasting low-line furniture with tall indoor plants or lamps, as seen in both of these rooms, or using a rug to make a small space feel larger. Really looking at the scale of your furniture (is it all the same height? Are there any standout pieces?) is a great way to add drama or interest to a room. Another way of doing this is using a statement artwork to draw the eye to the centre of a room. Try Artfinder for affordable original artworks that can be shipped direct to your door.
Another way to make a room feel more luxe is to employ the Scandinavian technique of contrasting textures. For example, if you have an empty chair or sofa, try adding a sheepskin, knitted throw, or fluffy cushions in similar colours but varying textures. This is a great way to cosy up a space and make it look more considered. Don't be afraid to artfully throw a blanket across the end of your bed or hallway benches too; it'll just add to the effect.
If you're an avid reader with overflowing bookshelves, you may be unwittingly making your bedroom or living room feel more cluttered or messy than it really is. Give your home library a tidy and ensure all books are standing upright and spines out – it's even better if the covers make for a complementary colour palette, as these books do.
If your book collection is a little bare, use this as an opportunity to shake things up. Stack books horizontally with a candle on top. Add a few plants, photo frames or quirky objects to the shelves to break up the piles of books. Be aware of leaving a little room between items so the scene is calming to the eye.
Finally, an absolute gem of a way to make your space feel a little bit more luxe for less is to check out the local markets. One-off pieces or handmade artisan products are sure-fire ways to make your benchtops, dining tables or coffee tables look suave. Items such as handmade fruit bowls, vases, trays and mugs are great, but also check out your local textile designers for floor pillows, blankets and quilts.


Nancy Pelosi, Anna Eshoo, Barbara Lee and Jackie Speier on the 96th anniversary of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, when women won the right to vote.
Women's Equality Day is a day proclaimed each year by the United States President to commemorate the granting of the vote to women throughout the country.
Women in the United States were granted the right to vote without the compulsory requirement to submit to possible conscription on August 26, 1920, when the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was certified as law. The amendment was first introduced many years earlier in 1878. Every president has published a proclamation for Women's Equality Day since 1972, the year after legislation was first introduced in Congress by Bella Abzug. This resolution was passed in 1971 designating August 26 of each year as Women's Equality Day.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that August 26 of each year is designated as "Women's Equality Day," and the President is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation annually in commemoration of that day in 1920, on which the women of America were first given the right to vote, and that day in 1970, on which a nationwide demonstration for women's rights took place.
↑ "Take the poll: Should Women's Equality Day be a federal holiday?". Retrieved December 2, 2014.
↑ "Women's Equality Day – August 26". About.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "What is Women's Equality Day?". National Women's History Project. Retrieved August 26, 2014.


You nuts? Winnipeg is already weak on the left side of the Defence. Why would they trade their best LHD?
maroon isn't getting a first.
Jets don't need Patches and Montreal doesn't have the assets required to land Morrissey.
Wow that's incredible I could have sworn I saw the same poster claim that GM's were no longer trading 1st round picks for rentals. I guess that does not apply when it's the team you're a fan of.
Nothing applies the same to oilers as anyone else. Get used to that @Unsportsmanlike.
Montreal 2018 1st, 2018 4th & Fredrick Gaudreau.
The Stromes and Larsson's swap..
I wish from the oilers side, but never in a million years.
So Arizona decides to downgrade why?
And easy no from Arizona, however, if they lose OEL for nothing we'll they take a look at it. But Dylan Strome will not be part of the trade he'll stay. But ya no from Arizona lol.
Look who the poster is TSS, that should answer your question.
Lmao, Ft4a whyd u change your name bud? lol.
LA fires the first shot in the California trade war..
NYR Hertl, 2018 1st, 2018 4th.
Seems like a lot for Nash.
Lol nash ainy getting that return.
Yes it is, but I think there will be a bidding war for his services pushing up the usual price tag for a UFA rental.
No shot Steele is involved in the deal for ANA. He is their future down the middle.
Wouldn't hold my breath for that kinda return if I was a Habs fan. I personally think they'd be lucky to get steel straight up for Pacioretty IF ducks even had interest in him. Not s chance ducks give both steel and Richie AND a second. not a chance. GM would be unemployed if he made that trade.
Seems like big overpayments for all the guys. I don't think Flames need Vrbata.
Minor trade proposal that would probably help each team out as Montreal needs some size, Edmonton probably wouldn't mind the speed in the lineup.
i could see this happening, but is that equal value or would oilers have to add a pick? not sure about byron's value.
I understand the speed but no Edmonton definitely does not make that trade. They'll want picks or maybe an AHL player who is ready for the NHL.
Byron has one more year left. Maroon is a UFA. With where Montreal is in the standings, Why would they make this trade for a UFA?
For one, no Edmonton declines. Second, the fact you think edmonton adds shocks me. Third, Maroon will be traded to a playoff team lol.
Byron is better than Maroon.
Maroon was hot last year but he's a 3 re line guy.
And Byron's a first liner? Maroon has slightly better career stats. Wouldn't make sense for either team but who knows.
I just looked up Byrons stats. Nothing impressive at all really.
5'9" 160lbs. 328GP. 63G. 67A. 130P.
Age 28. Played 80 games in a season once in career.
I'll take Byron over Over Maroon in a top 6 role.
I think they're both 3rd liners playing above their heads. You put the right players with them and they look much better. Bozak did it in Toronto for years. Byron and Maroon are totally different players, I guess it depends what you're looking for.
Trade trade trade says Leafs nation..
Hefty price to pay for Martin or Johnson, considering Martin was put on waivers a few days ago.
Martin will be a no go he was literally just on waivers so that's a little dumb. As for jvr trade that's interesting but is that worth it for Toronto in the long run? If they trade JVR they need to get a RHd back.
Leafs are in a pretty good spot. I think the trade requests by the Leaf alumni are a bit pre-mature. They don't need to burn an asset to stay in the race. They are almost a shoe in to make the playoffs with how poorly the rest of the division is doing.
Reilly will be back in time for the playoffs. I'd just stand pat myself. but we all know Leafs Nation demands a lot.
Just because Martin was put on waivers doesn't mean he won't be traded. San Jose will just have to take a contract back (Bozak) . I definitely think San Jose would have to add though.
Johnson trade is a definite no from TO. JVRs played well this season while Johnsons been meh. Our scorings dried up so we need JVR.
martin for bozak is a no simply bc martin was on waivers before. if his salary is retained then it becomes possible tho.
If Detroit or a few other teams get their sh*t together they could be 6 points out of a playoff spot. Toronto is from a shoe in. I thought the leafs should've made a deal for a defenseman before the season started. I would've been happy bringing Franson back a couple weeks ago. They wouldn't have lost anyone and he's better than Carrick IMO. I don't want to see them lose any young studs so I'm happy with just staying the course and letting kids develop.
You guys. Guys get traded a few days after being on waivers a lot. GMs just don't like picking up and gaining a contract unless they see the potential or fit. Lots of times they would rather a contract going out when one is coming in. Some are right up at the limit sometimes.
Just because he was on waivers doesn't mean he couldn't be traded little while later.
@Yup, you're right, leafs already did it this year, traded for Calvin Pickard right after he cleared waivers from Vegas when they claimed Subban from Boston. Still don't see Martin as a possibility at the expense of a good centreman tho.
In the leafs case with Pickard it was because if they claimed him on waivers he had to stay on the NHL roster or have to thru waivers again. So instead they trade one of 15 marlies forwards who were never going to make the leafs for him and get to put him right in the AHL.
JVR for Johnson is actually good.
UFA for UFA that fits teams needs for playoffs. Yep.
Russel or Sekera (4.1M - 5.5M) for Gally (3.75) + something pending player MTL wants.
That's the only way Edm can make this happen with the tight cap situation currently.
Both teams need their first round picks, but Edm needs it's first round pick worse than Montreal with the impending tight cap situation next year.
Doubtful MTL would take either trade, but that's what Edm has currently for the salary in = salary out situation they're in.
Sorry, no go on this one.
Edmonton can't take on Skinner's salary unless an equal amount of salary goes back.
Sekera or Russel straight for Skinner who is in essence a rental player with only 1 year left on his contract before bolting as a UFA is about the only choice.
Pretending for a minute that Edm did have the cap space, a 1st round pick and maaaaybe Jones is all Skinner's worth for 1 year of service.
Sorry Carolina fans. Not getting much more unless Skinner's contract is extended as a part of the deal.
All unproven no names. Massive add required on Calgary's end . even for a rental. Roster D-man ( Not Stone ) probably required.
Why would Vancouver do this?
I agree with Eazy. Not the time for the Canucks to add vets when they are "re-tooling" and have no hope of playoffs in the foreseeable future.
Stone for Bozak sounds like a very realistic trade. Leafs get D depth, Flames get a rental center.
No. Even if the Flames had a 2nd round pick in the next 2 years, No way they get Hoffman for that. More needed from Calgary to attain Hoffman.


Re: Anybody have an RPGIII program they could send me?
Subject: Re: Anybody have an RPGIII program they could send me?
IF's in it - which the code certainly has.
same and would convert the same.
Charles wasn't very explicit about the agenda for his presentation.
conversion tools can get you to RPG IV, but not to ILE RPG.
so much better than that crap in your presentation".
to use the nicest RPG III code possible.
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