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Peter is not the Rock according to the Orthodox Study Bible
We got an email that said:
Orthodox Study Bible pg. 1299 says that Jesus' statement "You are peter and upon this Rock I will build my Church (Mat 16:18) was not of Peter himself, but of the faith of his confession. So isn't Jesus is the Rock of the Church, and the Church "is built on the faithful confession of Christ?"
The "little rock, big rock" theory
However Jesus stated "upon this rock I will build my church" in reference to Peter's declaration that He (Jesus) was the Christ (Matthew 16:16).
Let's call this the "little rock, big rock" theory. It claims that Peter is a little rock and his declaration (Jesus is the Christ) is the foundation of the Church. The Greek text of the passage says "You are Peter (Petros) and upon this rock (petra) I will build my Church."(Mat 16:18-20). In modern Greek, the name Peter Petros means "small stone" and Petra means "stone." The theory proposes that Peter was only a little pebble and unimportant, while the big rock was the "declaration" of several verses earlier, that Jesus was the Christ.
OK, I'm going to get a little "heady" here by talking about Aramaic, and ancient Greek. The Greek text is a translation of Jesus' words, which were actually spoken in Aramaic. Aramaic only had one word for rock, kephas (which is why Peter is often called Cephas in the Bible). The word Kephas in Aramaic means "huge rock." The Aramaic word for "little stone" is "evna," and Peter was not called "Evna" or "Envas" or anything like that. In Aramaic, Jesus said "You are Peter (Kephas) and upon this rock (kephas) I will build my Church." The metaphor worked well in Aramaic where nouns are neither feminine or masculine, but in Greek, the noun "rock" was feminine, and therefore unsuitable as a name for Peter. So the Aramaic word Kephas was translated to the masculine name Petros when it referred to Peter, and to the feminine noun petra when it referred to the rock. In ancient Koine Greek, petra and petros were total synonyms, unlike modern Attic Greek and unlike Ionic Greek which was about 400 year before Christ.
I (Hugh) am a Canadian who speaks both English and French. In English, nouns are not masculine or feminine. However, in French all nouns have a "gender." In French, the name Pierre (Peter) is masculine and the noun pierre (rock) is feminine. The metaphor works wonderfully in French as it did in Aramaic. "Tu es Pierre et sur cette pierre je bâtirai mon Eglise..."
In Evangelical circles, the "little rock, big rock" theory is fairly recent. Nearly every Protestant commentary written in the last 50 years interprets Peter as the rock upon which the Church was built. (However, they didn't believe that Peter had a successor, more about that here ). The scholarly Evangelical work, Carson's "Expositors Bible Commentary" explains this well. It is in the section on Matthew 16. These Evangelical scholars looked closely at the Greek word for rock "Petra" and determined that it refers to Peter. The early Christians also referred to Peter as the Rock. Some Quotes are here.
I recently spoke with a grammar specialist who is not Catholic. She explainedthat the adjective "this" grammatically must refer to the nearest preceding noun, which was Peter, not his declaration which occurs two verses earlier.
When Jesus says "whatever you bind" to Peter in Mat 16:18, the Greek text used for "you" is singular. In Mat 18:18 the Greek text, the word for "you" in "whatever you bind" is plural. Catholics think these two juxtaposed but similar phrases lay out the early structure of the Church with Peter as the Pope and the other apostles as priests.
Didn't some of the Church Fathers identify Peter's confession as the Rock?
Some of the Church fathers do speak of Christ or of Peter's confession as "the Rock" of Matt 16:18, ALL of these SAME Church fathers ALSO speak of Peter himself as the Rock. In other words, the confession of Peter is in relation to Peter. It says something about him, and his faith. In this respect, it was not an either-or proposition for our ancient Christian forefathers, but a "both-and" proposition. Here are what the fathers (and some other scholars of the ancient Church) have to say.
The fathers –including ALL the Greek fathers –say that Peter himself is the Rock of Matt 16. They make no distinction between Peter himself and Peter's confession; for any father who speaks of it as Peter's confession is ALSO on record calling Peter himself the Rock. Our Orthodox friend continues:
What the Church has always believed is that Christ Himself is the only TRUE Rock of the Church. But, in Matt 16:18, Peter (because of his Divinely inspired confession) was made the VICARIOUS Rock of the Church --the focal point of Church unity and sound, orthodox doctrine in Christ's own physical absence. A parallel dynamic can be seen in John 21:15-19,. where Christ makes Peter the primary shepherd of His flock, telling Him to "feed my lambs" and "tend ("rule" in the original Greek) my sheep." Jesus could "feed" and "tend/ rule" His own sheep. Clearly, He can, since He is God and since He is always the Church's TRUE Good Shepherd. But, Jesus commands Peter to do it IN A VICARIOUS SENSE --that is, to lead the Church and govern it with sound teaching and unity in Christ's PHYSICAL absence. Thus, there is only one TRUE Shepherd (Jesus Christ), and one primary VICARIOUS Shepherd to unify the entire flock (St. Peter). Likewise, there is only one TRUE Rock (the Lord Himself) and one Christ-appointed VICARIOUS Rock --that is, St. Peter, who was commissioned with this ministry in Matt 16:18-19 and then reaffirmed in this same ministry in Luke 22:31-32 and John 21:15-19.
If we compare Matt 16:18-19 with Isaiah 22:20-24, which describes the appointment of the Prime Minister of the old Hughic Kingdom of Israel --the minister who could act with the King's own authority in the King's physical absence --we can see quite clearly that Peter himself is being made the Rock in Matt 16:18. And, again, this is what all of the Church fathers consistently say (even when they also speak of other things as the Rock). Catholics believe that Jesus had a very specific purpose in saying that Peter was the Rock upon which he would build his Church. He was evoking Isaiah 22:22.
Mat 16:18-19
22:15 (Shebna) you have cut out a tomb here for yourself ... in the rock? ...I will thrust you from your office....22:20 On that day I will call my servant Eliakim son of Hilkiah, 21 and will clothe him with your robe and bind your sash on him. I will commit your authority to his hand, and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. 22 I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David; he shall open, and no one shall shut; he shall shut, and no one shall open. 23 I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his ancestral house. 24 And they will hang on him the whole weight of his ancestral house, the offspring and issue, every small vessel, from the cups to all the flagons.
...you are Peter and upon this rock I will build my Church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys of the kingdom of Heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in Heaven and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.
In the Isaiah passage, Shebna was the Chancellor (like a Prime Minister) under King Hezekiah. This Prime Minister had a special role above the cabinet. He got the keys to the kingdom. Shabna messed up and was unfaithful so God appointed Eliakim to Prime Minister and gave him the keys. In Mat 16:18, Peter got the keys just the way Eliakim got them in Isaiah 22:15-24.
Jesus is the head of the Church and Peter was his Vicar on Earth.
I heard a great Evangelical Christian song by the band Audio Adrenaline that says "I want to be your hands, I want to be your feet." Most Evangelicals understand that Jesus needs people to do his work on earth. Catholics are saying that Jesus wants someone to lead his people on earth. This person is not taking Jesus' place, he is simply guiding the Church the same way Peter did when he stood up in the upper room, and told the apostles that they must replace Judas, and do so with someone who had traveled with them from the time of John the Baptist (Acts 1:15). As the head of the apostles his duty was to guide the apostles and oversee a successful unanimous outcome. Catholics think Jesus is still doing that through Peter's successor today.
Jesus said "Upon this rock 'I' will build my Church." Jesus is the head of the Church. Catholics believe the Pope is simply his "vicar" on earth, the one who He has appointed. The Pope could sing the song "I want to be your hands, I want to be your feet." Jesus is the King which in Isaiah 22:22 is represented by King Hezekiah. Peter is the Vicar on Earth which in the Isaiah 22:22 passage is represented by Eliakim. The Pope's role is kind of like that of a chairman of a board, or captain of a football team, with the other team players being the bishops. It has been like this since the dawn of Christianity. The owner and leader of the team is Jesus.
Catholics don't think the Church is "man-made." They think it is God made. Jesus said "Upon this rock 'I' will build my Church." (Mat 16:19) He did not say "you" will build my Church. Catholics think the Church was conceived at the Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit descended on the Apostles. (Acts 2:3) Catholics believe the Holy Spirit has been resting on the Catholic Church ever since. An historical timeline of the early Church is here
If Jesus said he will build his Church on the man Peter wouldn't that be like worshipping a man?
It does not imply worship at all. Rather, it merely means that Peter would be the Prime Minister of Jesus' Kingdom, the Church. Again, compare Matt 16:18-19 with Isaiah 22:20-24, which speaks of the Prime Minister of the old Hughic kingdom of Israel in the same exact terms. See also Isaiah 51:1-2, which speaks of Abraham as the Rock of the Israelite people. Is Isaiah saying that the Jews should "worship" Abraham? Of course not.
> He will send out His Holy Spirit upon him, and Peter will be one of the main constructors of the Church of Christ (working the will of the Lord).
Not "one of the main," but THE main –the PRIME minister of the Church. It is Peter alone who possesses the ultimate authority to bind and loosen.
< Do you know that "Petros" in Greek means "rock", and the Gospel of Saint Matthew was originally written in Greek?
Yes, "Petros" means rock in Greek. However, according to all the early fathers, the Gospel of Matthew was not originally written in Greek, but in "the language of the Hebrews" –that is, Aramaic. For example, St. Ireneaus of Lyon (a Greek father), writing in A.D. 180, says …
"Matthew also issued among the Hebrews a written Gospel in their own language, while Peter and Paul were evangelizing in Rome and laying the foundation of the Church." (Against the Heresies 3, 1:1 --180 A.D.)
St. Ireneaus was of course the disciple of St. Polycarp, who was the disciple of the Apostle John. And, still earlier (c. A.D. 130), we have yet another disciple of St. John, St. Papias, who says …
"Matthew put together the oracles [of the Lord] in the Hebrew language, and each one interpreted them as best he could." (Papias in Eusebius, H.E.).
Our Orthodox friend continues:
The Orthodox Study Bible says about Matthew 16:18 (in fuller detail): "Peter/rock is a play on the word for "rock" in both Aramaic and Greek (petros/petra). This rock refers not to Peter per se, but to "the faith of his confession" (Saint John Chrysostom).
We need to pay attention to what St. John Chrysostom teaches us IN FULL? For, along with the other Greek fathers, he also speaks of Peter himself as the rock and foundation of the Church. See quotes from Chysostom presented in the box to the right. The Orthodox Study Bible is inconsistent with the faith of the fathers, and I will put my money on the Greek fathers rather than an 1984 Amercian publication.
>The true Rock is Christ Himself (1 Cor 10:4), and the Church is built on the faithful confession of Christ."
Christ is the true Rock of the Church, but that is not what is being referred to in Matt 16:18. Rather, the reference is to Peter himself, who is the vicarious Rock of the Church. All the fathers clearly teach this.
> [the Orthodox Study Bible says] "Sometimes the voice of the past is the clearest and most vivid guide for the minds and hearts of men of today, taking them out of the confused values of this life.
I find it odd your source would say something like that while ignoring the consistent and universal teaching of the ancient Church fathers. Peter is the Rock of Matt 16:18, where he is made Christ's vicar / vicarious Rock.
On your comparison of Matthew 16:18-19 to Isaiah 22:20-24, the Orthodox Study Bible says: "Eliakim replaced Shebna before the attack on Jerusalem. Yet, by the end of his administration, Eliakim too would fall (v.25)"
As did the kings of Israel who preceded Jesus Christ. Does this stop Christ from being the true King and Messiah, or does it stop His Church from being the true Israel of God (Gal 6:16; 1 Peter 2:9-10)? What Isaiah 22 shows is that an office existed –that is, the office of Prime Minister to the King of Israel; and Jesus, Who is the promised King and Messiah of Israel, makes Simon Peter His own Prime Minister in Matt 16:18-19.
Even St. John Cassian, a BYZANTINE GREEK and a disciple of St. John Chrysostom, noticed this connection. For, he writes …
"O Peter, Prince of Apostles, it is just that you should teach us, since you were yourself taught by the Lord; and also that you should open to us the gate of which you have received the Key (singular). Keep out all those who are undermining the heavenly House; turn away those who are trying to enter through false caverns and unlawful gates since it is certain that no one can enter in at the gate of the Kingdom except the one unto whom the Key (singular), placed by you in the churches, shall open it." (John Cassian, Book III, Chap 12, Against the Nestorians on the Incarnation)
As all scholars admit, St. John Cassian is taking his language directly from Isaiah 22, which speaks about the power to "open and shut" and which confers the authority of a "Key" (singular) over the "House" of Hugh (i.e., the Church).
And two of your quotes I especially like: "Peter, with his whole soul, associates himself with the Lamb; and, by means of the change of his name, he is changed by the Lord into something more divine. Instead of Simon, being both called and having become a Rock, the great Peter did not by advancing little by little attain unto this grace, but at once he listened to his brother (Andrew), believed in the Lamb, and was through faith perfected, and, having cleaved to the Rock, became himself Peter." (Gregory of Nyssa, T. i. Hom. xv. in C. Cantic).
If you "like" this quote so much, then we need to see that St. Gregory of Nyssa (along with his brother St. Basil and his colleague St. Gregory Nazianzus –indeed, all the Greek fathers) taught and believed that Peter himself is the Rock of Matt 16:18?
>"Christ is the Rock, 'For they drank from that spiritual Rock that followed them and that Rock was Christ, ' and He did not refuse to bestow the favor of this title even upon His disciple, so that he too might be 'Peter,' in that he has from the Rock a solid consistancy of firm faith." (Ambrose, Expos. in Luc.).
Christ Himself is the true Rock of the Church, BUT …as St. Ambrose goes on to say …Christ 'bestow[ed] the favor of this title upon His disciple, so that HE TOO might be Peter" –that is, the Rock of the Church in a VICARIOUS sense. And, this SAME St. Ambrose ALSO says …
"Peter is called the Rock because, like an immovable rock, he sustains and joins the mass of the entire Christian edifice." (Ambrose, Sermon 4). "[Christ] made answer: 'You are Peter, and upon this rock will I build my Church . . . ' Could he not, then, strengthen the faith of the man to whom, acting on His own authority, he gave the Kingdom, whom he called the Rock, thereby declaring him to be the foundation of the Church [Matt. 16:18]?" (The Faith 4:5 [A.D. 379]).
"It is to Peter that he says: 'You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church' [Matt. 16:18]. Where Peter is, there is the Church. And where the Church, no death is there, but life eternal" (Commentary on Twelve Psalms of Hugh 40:30 [A.D. 389]).
Again, the Tradition is clear. The Rock of Matt 16:18 is Peter. One cannot ignore this and also claim to be of the same Faith with the eastern fathers.
The Eastern Church fathers call Peter the Rock
Tatian the Syrian (170 A.D.): "Simon Kephas answered and said, 'You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.' Jesus answered and said unto him, 'Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah: flesh and blood has not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I say unto thee also, that you are Rock, and on this Rock will I build my Church; and the gates of hades shall not prevail against it" (The Diatesseron 23 [A.D. 170]).
Tertullian (220 A.D.):"Was anything hid from Peter, who was called the Rock, whereon the Church was built; who obtained the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and the power of loosing and of binding in heaven and on earth?" (Tertullian, De Praescript Haeret).
Tertullian thereafter writes to criticize Pope Callistus I by saying ...."I now inquire into your opinions, to see whence you usurp the right for the Church. Do you presume, because the Lord said to Peter, 'On this rock I will build my Church ...[Matt 16-19]' that the power of binding and loosing has thereby been handed over to you, that is, to every church akin to Peter? What kind of man are you, subverting and changing what was the manifest intent of the Lord when He conferred this personally on Peter? 'On you,' He says, 'I will build my Church; and I give to you the keys'...." (Tertullian, On Modesty 21:9-10)
The Apocryphal Letter of St. Clement of Rome to St. James (C. 221 A.D.) "Be it known to you, my lord, that Simon [Peter], who, for the sake of the true faith, and the most sure foundation of his doctrine, was set apart to be the foundation of the Church, and for this end was by Jesus Himself, with His truthful mouth, named Peter" (Letter of Clement to James 2 [A.D. 221])
St. Gregory Nazianzus write …. "See thou that of the disciples of Christ, all of whom were great and deserving of the choice, one is called a Rock and entrusted with the foundations of the Church." (Gregory Naz., T. i or xxxii). ... and "Peter, the Chief of the disciples, but he was a Rock (Gregory Naz., T. ii.) …and … "[Peter], that unbroken Rock who held the keys." (Gregory Naz., Sect. ii Poem Moral. tom. ii.)
St. Gregory of Nyssa: "Peter, with his whole soul, associates himself with the Lamb; and, by means of the change of his name, he is changed by the Lord into something more divine. Instead of Simon, being both called and having become a Rock, the great Peter did not by advancing little by little attain unto this grace, but at once he listened to his brother (Andrew), believed in the Lamb, and was through faith perfected, and, having cleaved to the Rock, became himself Peter." (Gregory of Nyssa, T. i. Hom. xv. in C. Cantic). …and …. "Peter ...that most firm Rock, upon which the Lord build His Church." (Gregory of Nyssa, Alt. Or. De. S. Steph.)
St. Basil the Great:…. "The house of God, which is the Church of the living God, the foundations of which are on the holy mountains, for it is built upon the Apostles and prophets. One also of these mountains was Peter, upon which Rock the Lord promised to build His Church." (Basil, T. i. Comment. in Esai. c. ii.). …and …. "The soul of blessed Peter was called a lofty Rock ..." (Basil, Sermon 1 De Fide I.13).
St. John Chrysostom: "...and when I name Peter, I name that unbroken Rock, that firm foundation, the Great Apostle, the First of the disciples ..." (Chrysostom, T. ii. Hom. iii. de Paednit). …and …. "Peter, the leader of the choir, that Mouth of the rest of the Apostles, that Head of the brotherhood, that one set over the entire universe, that Foundation of the Church." (Chrysostom, In illud. hoc Scitote). and …. "Peter, ... that Pillar of the Church, the Buttress of the Faith, the Foundation of the Confession." (Chrysostom, T. iii. Hom. de Dec. Mill. Talent)
More on the Pope here
Thanks to Mark Bonocore for the basis of this article.


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April 7 2010 started as a wonderful day on which we would be able to enjoy 66-year-old 33-504 (ex German Reichsbahn 52 793) to the fullest.
At 7:45 a.m. we arrived in front of the loco shed, this time I could take the reflection photo under blue skies and undisturbed by rain drops.
Off we went to shunting service.
A quick peek into the dispatcher's office couldn't hurt even in sunny weather.
The first task: put together loaded coal wagons for the interchange to the power plant. This took place only about twice weekly.
The cars partly belonged to Termoelektrana Tuzla power station, the biggest in Bosnia.
Up to here and no further!
An impressive train of 14 loaded cars had formed which were now pushed across the track scales.
The already refurbished tender of 33-248, which we had observed under general inspection during the last two travelogues inside the workshop.
The tender featured some practical ladders, so let's climb up and use it as a photo spot! In the foreground you can see a row of abandoned class 62s, 62-637 (Djuro Djakovic #637 / built 1955) in front.
After weighing was finished, the class 33 steamed past us.
Now we had to wait for line clearance by the power station staff, so a few photo departures partly onto the line could be squeezed in.
Through the door of Bukinje mine facility, the colour-light signal was out of order.
The next photo run with a touch of spring, Bernd and I were taking the shot lying in the gravel.
After another 45 minutes the time had come: we were waiting close to the railway crossing of the main road, the crossing guard had arrived. 33-504 was rolling away - regular line operation of a WWII loco in 2010!
After 10 minutes the single loco returned passing the level crossing guard's hut.
At 9:40 a.m. our morning shift at Bukinje was over, until late afternoon we spent our time at other lines nearby.
After four o'clock we returned to Bukinje workshop, for the moment a thin cloud layer darkened the sky.
A memorial for the victims of the Bosnian war.
We explored the area towards the mine entrance, a mine car loaded with timber could be found, as well as a strange monorail-overhead railway construction.
We waited for an hour until the sky had cleared, at 17:30 it finally had happened.
Next we changed to the track with the scales, the overhead railway to the left.
... which was leading across this bridge into the underground mine.
33-504 was presenting itself with its train beautifully in the last evening light after six o'clock.
Just as we thought the programme was over, an overhead railway train out of the mine chugged by. It was a really strange contraption put together from various modules including a passenger cockpit, all in all it could have come right out of a science fiction movie. It was difficult to capture it as a whole on photo, so best watch it on video (see link above). Next to some sort of loco shed for the vehicle a track triangle was in place operated by manual switches.
After dinner at our hotel we returned to the usual night photo session.
Lighting was set up at the loading facility.
This time a beautiful starry sky could by enjoyed as well.
After 9 p.m. we went to sleep, the following morning we as well as the loco and crew would have to start early for a big day - more about it in the next part!
Wow, absolutely fantastic. I'm booking a trip there right now!


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Central African Republic (CAR) – The Central African Republic's interim parliament has reportedly started voting in elections for a new president, amid continuing violence it was reported on the 20 Jan 14. Eight candidates are running for the post following the forced resignation of ex-leader Michel Djotodia. EU foreign ministers agreed at a meeting in Brussels on the 20 Jan 14 to send troops to CAR to bolster African and French forces, diplomatic sources said. Nearly a million people have been forced from their homes - 20% of the population - by the conflict between Muslims and Christians. Mr Djotodia resigned on 10 January under pressure from regional leaders and the former colonial power, France, over his failure to curb the conflict. There are currently about 4,000 African troops and 1,600 French troops in CAR to help end the violence. If the problems in CAR are not resolved shortly the country stands a chance of becoming a hub for terrorists. As its name states it is central with many other countries either sharing a border or with access to other countries currently having problems with terrorists. The country can be accessed from different routes from Libya which has numerous weapons for sale and which terrorists could obtain weapons, ammunition and explosives. In order to stop the flow of these types of ordnance then the CAR requires being stable and the only way that the country can do that is to have fair and free elections. The newly elected government requires to be put into a position where it brings stability and trust between Christians and Muslims. Failing to carry out this action will result in an al-Qaeda franchise attempting to place a strong hold in the country and cause more problems.
On the 24 Jan 14 it was reported that heavy gunfire erupted in Bangui after Christian militias allegedly assassinated a prominent Muslim former government minister. Rwandan peacekeepers backed by French forces later came to the scene and began firing their weapons. According to Ahmadou Tidjani Moussa Naibi, the Imam at Central Mosque, "The Imams announced that, starting today (24 Jan 14), they will let their followers decide themselves which reactions they deem most appropriate to this new provocation." The election of a new transitional president has had little effect in calming the sectarian tension. The peacekeeping mission is not keeping the peace. There will be more incidents and atrocities to come if control cannot be gained.
Egypt – At least four people have died during demonstrations across Egypt on the third anniversary of the nation's Arab Spring uprising. Earlier on the 25 Jan 14 two explosions hit Cairo; The first blast, at the police's central security directorate building, killed four people and wounded dozens, and left a crater in the ground. The second blast outside a metro station killed a security officer. The third attacked a police station, while the fourth outside a cinema killed one person. Ansar Beit al-Maqdis, an al-Qaeda-inspired group led by Bedouin fighters in the Sinai Peninsula, said that it carried out the attacks to avenge the deaths of Morsi's supporters since his removal. These acts of terror appear top have been well planned and the targets carefully selected. The authorities would be wise to think that these explosions maybe the start of a bombing campaign by terrorists.
An al-Qaeda inspired group has claimed it shot down an Egyptian military helicopter in the Sinai Peninsula, in what the army said was an accident that killed five soldiers. The Ansar Beit al-Madqis group, which has taken responsibility for a series of deadly attacks across the country, said its fighters brought down the helicopter on the 25 Jan 14 with a missile. The military issued a statement saying five soldiers were killed in a helicopter "accident" as they pursued militants in the restive peninsula. Ansar Beit al-Maqdis said the helicopter was shot down near the North Sinai town of Sheikh Zuwayed with a "surface-to-air missile, killing all its crew." The group's statement was published on a forum used by Islamist militant groups to claim responsibility for attacks. It is unclear who is actually telling the truth with incidents of this nature. The Egyptian authorities will not admit that they lost a helicopter by a missile attack. On the other side the terrorist would see this as a propaganda coup if there were truth in the claims. One thing is for sure that if the terrorists do have missiles that are capable of downing military helicopters then this will severely hamper future anti terrorist operations. In the 31 Oct 13 361 Terrorist and Security Report it was reported that on the 24 Oct 13 that a large scale arms cache was found in Illizi on the border between Algeria and Libya. Within the cache there were 100 anti-aircraft missiles and they were thought to have originated in Libya. It is possible that these same missile types have found their way into Egypt.
Kenya – Kenyan security forces have arrested three suspects in connection to an explosion on the 16 Jan 14 at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport an investigation into the incident was started as at the time it was unsure if the incident was terrorist related or not. Inspector General of Police David Kimaiyo initially said the explosion was caused by a small fire set off after a light bulb fell down, but Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Interior and Co-ordination of National Government Mutea Iringo later said it could have been an act of terrorism.
On the 24 Jan 14 Several European countries and foreign organisations operating in the country have cautioned their citizens and staff about impending terror attacks in Kenya. This follows the killing of senior Al Shabaab leaders in Somalia last week by the Kenya Defence Forces. The British High Commission, International Rescue Committee and Finlays Horticulture Kenya have cautioned their nationals and employees through circulars titled Security Advisory dated January 21 and 22. Other embassies and companies have also issued security alerts warning their staff. Regarding the incident at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Kenyan police have now publicly confirmed that the explosion on the 16 Jan 14 at JKIA was caused by an improvised explosive device. They had arrested three men in connection with this attempted attack. On the 23 Jan 14 the media are reporting, an earlier discovery of smoke grenades in the toilets at the airport. These are only the latest, and most ambitious, in a series of IED and grenade attacks over the last month both in Nairobi and down on the Coast. Such attacks, whilst not explicitly directed at the UK or their staff, only serve to underline the potential for any of them to be caught up in a terrorist incident. Such attacks are very hard to predict and it is therefore very unlikely we will be able to issue specific warnings," reads the letter from the British High Commission. The security alerts warn that the attackers may target government offices and law enforcement personnel or facilities and Somali government interests in Kenya. "Take extra security precautions if you're travelling to any of these places. Attacks could be indiscriminate and may occur in places frequented by foreigners like hotels, bars, restaurants, nightclubs, supermarkets, buses, shopping centres, beaches and transport hubs. Another security alert warns that it is expected that the group might carry out a serious revenge attack against the government of Kenya within the next few weeks/months according to Intelligence sources who have received credible information. "Timing of the attack is not known, however, the source has reason to believe that the potential attack is in the last stages of planning. Staff should also remain alert in residential areas, and at outdoor recreational events. Avoid potential symbolic places e.g. Kencom, Key installation (Government installation) and crowded areas," the report says.
Libya – Unknown gunmen kidnapped a South Korean trade official in the Libyan capital Tripoli it was reported on the 20 Jan 14 the latest incident of violence linked to the activities of competing militias. A foreign ministry official confirmed the identity of the kidnapped man as Han Seok-woo, the head of trade relations at the Korea Trade Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA). Four gunmen stopped the car Han was riding in as he was leaving work about at about 1730 hrs on the 19 Jan 14 and bundled him into another vehicle, the official said. There was no word from the kidnappers and the reason for the abduction was unknown.
On the 29 Jan 14 Libyan Interior Minister Sadiq Abdulkarim escaped from an assassination attempt in Tripoli. Abdelkarim, who is also the deputy prime minister, was in his car when "unknown gunmen fired a barrage of bullets" at the vehicle, no one was killed or wounded during the attack. The incident was confirmed by the head of the minister's office, al-Bahlul al-Sid who did not give any further details. The interior minister was on his was to parliament when his car was fired upon, according to the prime minister's office. Wednesday's attack comes less than three weeks after the assassination of deputy industry minister Hassan al-Droui, who was shot in the northern city of Sirte on the 12 Jan.
Libya/Egypt – At least four Egyptian embassy personnel have been kidnapped in the Libyan capital Tripoli on the 24 Jan 14. Another embassy official was seized in the Libyan capital on the 25 Jan 14. Several kidnappings of officials in Libya recently have been blamed on militias. They are often paid by the government, but their allegiance and who controls them remain in doubt. The abductions on Friday and Saturday came days after a powerful Libyan militia reported its leader had been arrested in Cairo and threatened to retaliate. One militia group, "the Operations Room of Libya's Revolutionaries", said on the 24 Jan 14 that its leader Shaban Hadia had been arrested in Egypt, where he had been travelling with his family for medical treatment. Another of the group's leaders, Adel al-Gharyani, denied it had kidnapped the first Egyptian diplomat. But he called on Egyptian authorities to release their commander or there would be a "strong response" from the group. On the 27 Jan 14 news outlets stated that the hostages had been released. Kidnappers on the 25 Jan 14 called a Dubai-based television channel Al Arabiya, demanding Mr Hadiya's release. One of the Egyptian diplomats was put on the line to call on Cairo to respond to the demands. At the time of writing it is still unclear who was responsible for the kidnapping however, all indicators point towards the Operations Room of Libya's Revolutionaries.
Nigeria – Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan on the 16 Jan 14 replaced the chiefs of defence, army, navy and air force, a presidency statement said, without giving a reason. Nigeria has been struggling to end a four-and-a-half-year-long Islamist insurgency by Boko Haram. Jonathan is also facing a political crisis within his ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) and mass defections to an increasingly powerful opposition. All four new appointed chiefs of staff are experienced military officials in their mid-50s. Air Marshal Alex Badeh takes over from Admiral Ola Sa'ad Ibrahim as Chief of Defence staff and Major-General Kenneth Tobiah Jacob Minimah takes over from Lieutenant-General Azubike Ihejirika as Chief of Army Staff. Rear Admiral Usman O. Jibrin takes over from Vice Admiral Dele Joseph Ezeoba as Chief of Naval Staff and Air Vice Marshal Adesola Nunayon Amosu becomes the new Chief of Air Force, a position previously held by newly promoted Badeh. With the pressure mounting to end the insurgency by Boko Harem terrorists and currently not being successful the Nigerian President may feel that he has done enough by replacing those in charge of the various parts of the armed service. If successful it may assist him in reducing some of the political problems.
Somalia – Since the United States of America stepped up its campaign against Al-Shabaab after the Kenyan Westgate terrorist incident the US have again attacked the terrorist group in Somalia. On the 27 Jan 14 the US military has launched a missile strike in Somalia targeting a suspected Al Shabaab militant leader. One of the officials said an unmanned drone launched the missile in the late evening hours, but declined to confirm the suspect's identity or whether the strike was successful. A US official said the strike in the south-eastern port town of Barawe "was against a senior al-Shabaab commander." The US was assessing the results of the operation" to determine if the suspect was killed. The US strike took place just a day after Al Shabaab, which are linked to Al-Qaeda, called for attacks against foreign forces after arch-enemy Ethiopia joined the African Union force battling the extremists. Al-Shabaab are likely to attack one or more soft targets in Somalia if the countries security is not tight.


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text:
Daniel R. Bes. Quantum Mechanics, third edition (Springer-Verlag, 2012).
Theoretical Atomic Model and the Theory of Everything
Osama Khalil1,
1Alexandria 21648, Egypt
International Journal of Physics. 2017, Vol. 5 No. 3, 87-91
DOI: 10.12691/ijp-5-3-4
Osama Khalil. Theoretical Atomic Model and the Theory of Everything. International Journal of Physics. 2017; 5(3):87-91. doi: 10.12691/ijp-5-3-4.
Correspondence to: Osama Khalil, Alexandria 21648, Egypt. Email: osama_kalil6@hotmail.com
In the atom, the negatively charge electrons move about positively charged nucleus. Bohr suggested a model which was intended to explain the connection between atomic structure and the frequencies of the spectral lines. Following the Rutherford atomic model, it assumes that the electrons move about the nucleus like planets around the sun in circular orbits [1]. However, the explanation of what prevents the negatively charged electrons from falling into the positively charged nucleus due to the strong electrostatic attraction is poorly known. Here I show that the photon move about the electron like the moon around a planet depending on the solar system model. The moon controls the motion of the planet and so as photons with the electron. In an inertial frame of reference there is no such thing as centrifugal force [2]. The centrifugal force between the nucleus and the electron is not hypothetically considered in the existence of orbiting photon around electron. So, the repeating involves the atom and the solar system. From this atomic model, it is concluded the theory of everything which is the repeating in our universe. It shows the provident that our universe is infinite.
atomic model, theory of everything, the nature of photon, the origin of gravitational force


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Fabio de Laurentiis is the founder of the theory of the red line of a project which is a theory of materialization of concepts generators.
"The red line of a project" corresponds to the generative idea made early in the project, and then will be stable reference to the process of evolution of the project item. It allows to make sense of what it wants to create and adapt project constraints that are specific. This philosophy of work to produce architecture providing an adequate response to a specific time and in a particular place (space-time). It allows an architectural solution adapted to the various constraints and intentions.
The generator concept will correspond to the expectations of the person who relies on our know-how and will then be developed stable reference to the process of evolution of the project. The realization of the generator concept translates the materialization of intentions to create unique spaces. These intentions must be simple to get a graphical achievement of quality.
Architectures designed are rare places where mingle spatial processing design and fashion. Resultant aspects places luxurious (the uniqueness of the scene and "design" treatment gives them scarcity and elegance, which are specific to the luxury components). Spaces are born of the unique places where sequences, perspectives, technical lighting to give space interact all sounds sense.


Well-known journalist and presenter Nanna Karagianni, was found dead on Tuesday at 3 p.m. in her Kypseli home in Athens. She was only 38 years old.
Nanna had serious problems and was battling anorexia nervosa for years before tragically succumbing to the disease. The young woman's close relatives were trying to get in touch with her by phone for several hours before finally going to her apartment where they found her dead.


The default value of timeout is 20 seconds.
When you specify the s flag, sends one datagram per second (adjust with -I) and prints one line of output for every ECHO_RESPONSE that it receives. ping produces no output if there is no response. In this second form, ping computes round trip times and packet loss statistics; it displays a summary of this information upon termination or timeout. The default data_size is 56 bytes, or you can specify a size with the data_size command-line argument. If you specify the optional npackets, ping sends ping requests until it either sends npackets requests or receives npackets replies.
When using ping for fault isolation, first ping the local host to verify that the local network interface is running.
By default, if the name of a host is provided, not the literal IP address, and a valid IPv6 address exists in the name service database, ping will use this address. Otherwise, if the name service database contains an IPv4 address, it will try the IPv4 address.
Specify the address family inet or inet6 to override the default behavior. If the argument specified is inet, ping will use the IPv4 address associated with the host name. If none exists, ping will state that the host is unknown and exit. It does not try to determine if an IPv6 address exists in the name service database.
If the specified argument is inet6, ping uses the IPv6 address that is associated with the host name. If none exists, ping states that the host is unknown and exits.
Turn off fragmentation. For IPv4, this means setting the Don't Fragment bit. For IPv4 and IPv6, this means do not allow fragmentation as the datagrams are sent. If the data_size exceeds the MTU, then ping might report that sending failed due to Message too long.
Turn on the statistics mode and specify the interval between successive transmissions. The default is one second. See the discussion of the -s option.
Turn off loopback of multicast packets. Normally, members are in the host group on the outgoing interface, a copy of the multicast packets will be delivered to the local machine.
Specify a next-hop router so that the probe packet goes through the specified router along its path to the target host. This option essentially bypasses the system routing table and leaves the probe packet header unmodified. Only one next-hop router can be specified.
Set the type of service (tos) in probe packets to the specified value. The default is zero. The value must be an integer in the range from 0 to 255. Gateways also in the path can route the probe packet differently, depending upon the value of tos that is set in the probe packet. This option is valid only on IPv4.
Record route. Sets the IPv4 record route option, which stores the route of the packet inside the IPv4 header. The contents of the record route are only printed if the -v and -s options are given. They are only set on return packets if the target host preserves the record route option across echos, or the -l option is given. This option is valid only on IPv4.
Send UDP packets instead of ICMP (ICMP6) packets. ping sends UDP packets to consecutive ports expecting to receive back ICMP (ICMP6) PORT_UNREACHABLE from the target host.
ping all addresses, both IPv4 and IPv6, of the multihomed destination. The output appears as if ping has been run once for each IP address of the destination. If this option is used together with -A, ping probes only the addresses that are of the specified address family. When used with the -s option and npackets is not specified, ping continuously probes the destination addresses in a round robin fashion. If npackets is specified, ping sends npackets number of probes to each IP address of the destination and then exits.
Bypass the global IPsec policy and send and receive packets in the clear for this connection only. This option can be used to troubleshoot network connectivity independent of IPsec. Because this option bypasses system-wide policy for this connection, it can only be used by superuser or a user granted the sys_net_config privilege.
Specify the traffic class of probe packets. The value must be an integer in the range from 0 to 255. Gateways along the path can route the probe packet differently, depending upon the value of traffic_class set in the probe packet. This option is valid only on IPv6.
Specify a loose source route gateway so that the probe packet goes through the specified host along the path to the target host. The maximum number of gateways is 8 for IPv4 and 127 for IPv6. Note that some factors such as the link MTU can further limit the number of gateways for IPv6.
Specify the outgoing interface address to use for multicast packets for IPv4 and both multicast and unicast packets for IPv6. The default interface address for multicast packets is determined from the (unicast) routing tables. interface_address can be a literal IP address, for example, 10.123.100.99, or an interface name, for example, eri0, or an interface index, for example 2.
Use to send the probe packet to the given host and back again using loose source routing. Usually specified with the -R option. If any gateways are specified using -g, they are visited twice, both to and from the destination. This option is ignored if the -U option is used.
Show network addresses as numbers. ping normally does a reverse name lookup on the IP addresses it extracts from the packets received. The -n option blocks the reverse lookup, so ping prints IP addresses instead of host names.
Set the base UDP port number used in probes. This option is used with the -U option. The default base port number is 33434. The ping utility starts setting the destination port number of UDP packets to this base and increments it by one at each probe.
Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached network. If the host is not on a directly attached network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has been dropped by the router daemon. See in.routed(1M).
Send one datagram per second and collect statistics.
Specify the IPv4 time to live, or IPv6 hop limit, for unicast and multicast packets. The default time to live (hop limit) for unicast packets can be set with the ipadm(1M) set-prop subcommand, using the icmp_ipv4_ttl property for IPv4 and the icmp_ipv6_hoplimit property for IPv6. The default time to live (hop limit) for multicast is one hop. See EXAMPLES. For further information, seeipadm(1M).
Note - You might observe property names that begin with "_" (underbar). These properties are private to a protocol and are subject to change or removal. See ipadm(1M).
Verbose output. List any ICMP (ICMP6) packets, other than replies from the target host.
This example shows ping sending probe packets to all the IPv6 addresses of the host xyz, one at a time. It sends an ICMP6 ECHO_REQUEST every second until the user interrupts it.
The following commands use ipadm(1M) to set IPv4 and IPv6 hop limits.
Successful operation; the machine is alive.
An error has occurred. Either a malformed argument has been specified, or the machine was not alive.


Those of us who live in the mountains are accustomed to confronting risk on a daily basis: extreme weather, avalanches, and coyotes in our backyards. However, we often forget that much of the planet defines risk differently. Risk may be making the decision to leave everything behind in search of a better life for you and your family. And what if those "coyotes" were actually human traffickers, guaranteeing you access to the Promised Land for an exorbitant fee? What is the risk you would be willing to take for a new life and freedom?
John Vaillant has always been known as one of Canada's preeminent non-fiction authors so it's no surprise that The Jaguar's Children, his first foray into fiction, would come in with a roar. The Jaguar's Children launches us precisely into this world of risk, struggle and survival. Two young Mexican friends, Hector and Cesar, put their trust in "coyotes" (the Mexican term for human smugglers) and agree to be sealed into an empty water tanker that will bring them across the border into the U.S. Along with many others, they turn over their life savings and are at the mercy of untrustworthy, morally repugnant humanity — those that will do anything for a buck. They risk it all. So it's no shock when the circumstances go sideways and the story turns in to one of grief and tragedy.
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The story takes on a secret tack as well: the very sustenance that feeds rural Mexican communities – the ability to grow corn – is at risk and everything relies on the clear passage of Hector and Cesar into the U.S. Vaillant goes beyond simple metaphor to explain the seriousness of this fate. The book speaks to many primary issues of our generation such as loss of tradition, multi-national-style food production versus small farming communities, and the ever-growing movement towards information and fact overruling myth and the supernatural. Vaillant's tale is visceral and timely but ultimately horrific and devastating. The Jaguar's Children is gripping and poignant and impossible to put down as you become prey to this powerful story.


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Longevity AI Consortium at
ARK Longevity AI Consortium
Ageing Research at King's (ARK) will develop the UK's first Longevity AI Consortium in 2019, which will serve as a leading R&D hub and industry-academic hotspot for advanced AI-driven AI-driven personalized preventive diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics.
This represents a paradigm shift from treatment to prevention and a new frontier - from precision medicine to precision health, enabling the UK to become the #1 global hub for the application of AI to Longevity and Precision Health.
Precision Health through AI will be developed by a combination of AI-Driven Precision Diagnostics, AI-Driven Advanced Prognostics, Personalised Treatment Optimization, and AI-Driven Preventative Treatment.
In addition, the Longevity AI Consortium also plans on dedicating resources to R&D in other niches where the science is ahead of the funding: e.g. microbiome diagnostics and therapeutics, recent advancements and innovations in advanced cosmetics in particular.
The Consortium will develop a comprehensive cloud computing platform to enable the development of "minimum viable" and "most comprehensive" panels of biomarkers of ageing, creating an ecosystem that incentivizes the participation of doctors, clinics, data providers, AI companies and corporate partners, and which enables efficient and streamlined commercialization and clinical implementation of both validated and experimental biomarkers of ageing as a framework for the extension of national Healthy Longevity in the UK.
The establishment of this consortium should be further developed into the launch of a complimentary AI Consortium for Financial Wellness, utilizing financial and behavioural data to develop products and services that can enable UK citizens to maintain financial stability, social activity and psychological well-being across extended periods of Healthy Longevity.
We propose the formation of leading AI Consortiums for Longevity, which will apply the latest advances in AI, precision health, preventive medicine and biomarkers of aging to accelerate the development of technologies, procedures and services to increase the UK's National Healthy Longevity.
King's College London would be the logical choice of location for the first Longevity AI Consortium, due to their unique combination of resources, departments and technologies for both AI and Longevity. This should be established in 2019 and further developed in 2020.
About Precision Healthcare
AI Longevity Accelerator


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E-commerce Business The Design Republik Offers Wear-Now Tactic
The outfits are designed to coordinate with future offerings as well as work back to previous deliveries.
By Sharon Edelson on April 13, 2015
Two veterans of the Australian fashion industry have launched The Design Republik, an e-commerce business that each month offers a limited number of sartorial sets for pre-order.
This story first appeared in the April 14, 2015 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.
The outfits, which are introduced on the 8th of every month, cost $350 and are designed to coordinate with future offerings as well as work back to previous deliveries. "Every month we aspire to provide the perfect outfit," said Kate Wallace, who spent two decades at Myer, Australia's largest department store and other retailers in positions such as creative consultant and senior buyer. Her partner, Garry Wallace, was a founding member of Cotton On, the largest value-driven fashion company in Australia, with eight brands.
Rejecting the traditional fashion calendar that forces retailers to sell apparel out of season, the Wallaces are taking a buy-now-wear-now approach. They're manufacturing on-demand, which allows them to eliminate waste while lowering their investment and risk in the self-funded business.
"We're less focused on the seasonal element so we can deliver to the Northern and Southern Hemispheres," Kate Wallace said. "The existing models don't work. Dropping a heavy winter collection in the middle of high summer, especially in Australia where it's 40 degrees Celsius [104 degrees Fahrenheit] doesn't make sense. By the second week of April, the products are already heavily discounted.
"We've been on the path of wholesaling before," she said. "You can get stung badly by that. We're trying to do something new. We're very conscious of making to order and limiting the amount of unused garments. We're doing a limited run. We anticipate about 1,000 orders. We'll keep it unique initially and see how demand grows from there."
The first delivery featured a double-breasted coat in a two-toned bouclé wool, a sand-washed silk crêpe de chine top and spandex ponte pants with vertical panel detail on the side. In addition to the single monthly outfit, an ongoing selection of extras is available, such as leather leggings and waffle mesh tops, and basics, including cashmere scarves, cowl-neck sweaters, boyfriend blazers and leather totes to supplement the outfits.
The first delivery for men was comprised of a hooded wool zip-up coat, knit turtleneck with rib detail and drill pants in a soft enzyme wash.
"We've spent the last 12 months perfecting our execution and building an efficient logistical structure that allows us to make this a reality and offer our collection at a true cost," Garry Wallace said. "It's not inflated with multiple margin requirements."
The company uses Australian and New Zealand merino wools, silks and cashmere, Japanese denim and fair-trade organic cotton. "We use the same factories as Armani Exchange and Camilla and Marc, Alannah Hill and Country Road," Kate said. "Our denim factories make a lot of the European brands."
Garry said The Design Republik makes donations to environmental charities to offset its carbon footprint, and the Wallaces' own foundation, Inch by Inch Against Poverty, donates a percentage of the proceeds from its handbag collection to support businesses in developing nations.
Blue Yonder VP on Bridging the Supply Chain 'from Planning to Execution'


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Rudozem (in bulgaro Рудозем) è un comune bulgaro situato nella regione di Smoljan di 11.388 abitanti (dati 2009). La sede comunale è nella località omonima.

Località
Il comune è formato dall'insieme delle seguenti località:
Rudozem (sede comunale)
Boevo
Borie
Breza
Bărčevo
Bjala reka
Čepinci
Dobreva čereša
Dăbova
Elhovec
Gramade
Ivanovo
Kokorci
Koritata
Močure
Ogled
Plovdivci
Poljana
Ravninata
Ribnica
Sopotot
Vitina
Vojkova lăka

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Città della Bulgaria
Comuni di Smoljan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Male And Female Peppers: Fact Or Fiction?
March 23, 2022 March 18, 2022 by Matt Bray
13Twitter3.7kFacebookEmail103Pinterest1RedditSubscribe
Do bell peppers have a gender? Some say they do. The idea has been around for a while but only recently has it caught traction. According to the theory, there are distinct male and female peppers and the gender indicates whether a bell pepper has more seeds or whether it is better for cooking or eating raw. Interesting theory, but is it fact or fiction? The short of it: Total fiction. There's no such thing as bell pepper genders. But let's break the urban legend down to make things clear.
Is there such a thing as male and female peppers? Do the amount of lobes matter?
The bell pepper gender theory
The lobe fallacy – What does the number of lobes actually show in a bell pepper?
Do four-lobe bell peppers have more seeds?
Are these "female peppers" sweeter?
So is there anything interesting about gender in relation to bell peppers?
The theory states that the lobes or bumps on the bottom of the fruit are the indicators of the bell pepper's gender. So, you can tell, then, the fruit's gender by counting them. Male bell peppers, according to the theory, have only three lobes while female bell peppers have four. These genders point to their best use case: Male bell peppers, the theory states, are better for cooking while female bell peppers are sweeter, contain more seeds, and are better eaten raw.
Absolutely nothing in terms of gender. Bell peppers can have anywhere between two and five lobes, not just the three or four listed in this urban legend.
The number of lobes that a bell pepper has is related to the variety of bell pepper. There are different varieties that produce different numbers of lobes. Some produce two, while others may produce between three and five lobes. The most popular variety of bell pepper in the U.S. produces four lobes so many plants have been bred for this characteristic.
They may, but only because they have more lobes, meaning more cavity space in which seeds can be grown. But even this is not 100% true all the time. Peppers can have a single chamber or multiple chambers containing the white pithy tissue with the seeds. Exactly how many chambers does not always indicate the number of seeds of the bell pepper, but more lobes is a better guess if you are hunting for bell pepper seeds.
Sweetness has nothing to do with the number of lobes on your pepper. It has everything to do with your cultivated variety, the soil you've grown your peppers in, the weather, and, especially, how long you've left the fruits on the vine. Bell peppers that have aged from green to their mature red will be sweeter, no matter if they have three lobes or four.
There is: the pepper plant creates "perfect flowers" also called hermaphroditic or unisex flowers. All plants of the nightshade family follow suit (tomatoes, eggplants, sweet peppers, chili peppers, etc); their flowers contain both stamens and carpels – they have reproductive systems that are both male and female.
Some other types of plants have male flowers as well as female flowers. Sometimes these flowers are on the same plant and sometimes they grow on separate plants.
So the real truth here is that not only are bell peppers genderless, the flowers of the bell pepper plant themselves are – simplistically – all genders. This is a pepper that breaks down all barriers.
Is Spicy A Flavor? In another "Fact or Fiction", we cover what is "spicy" really? A flavor or another physical experience altogether?
Does Cooking Peppers Make Them Hotter? What happens when a chili is cooked? Is it a way to increase the spiciness of a dish?
Eating Pepper Seeds: The Fact and Fiction: We cover commonly asked questions about pepper seeds. Can you eat them? Do they make a dish hotter?
Spicy Food For Colds – Does It Help? Spicy food is known as a go-to when you're under the weather, but should it have that reputation?
What Does The Number On The Bottom Of A Tabasco Bottle Mean? Mystery solved in this post.
Alaskan house pirate
As a former Senior Journeyman Produce clerk I can say that I have heard this before, but as a frugal shopper let me point out that bell peppers are most often sold by the each. This means buy the biggest ones getting more for your money, and the four lobed ones should have more edible flesh than those with less lobes. I'm sure this varies ,but this should hold true in relation to the the stock with which it was picked.
Walt Grzyb jr
I heard this, don't know about the sex thing, but I like my green peppers with my scrambled cheese eggs. So, I saute some 4 bumps and 3 bumps in a skillet, The 4's stayed firm, 3's were to soft… Put some of each in a salad and 4's were to firm, 3's were sweet and tender..
Zakia
Thanks very much for the info. This makes so much sense especially since some cites say one thing and others say the opposite thing. My husband & I were checking which amount of bumps was for eating & which for cooking since he was going to the store to buy for both uses.
Thanks again for solving our dilemma.


text:
Home Election News Indian General Elections WATCH: PM Narendra Modi addresses NDA leaders in Parliament's Central Hall after they unanimously endorse him to be Prime Minister again
WATCH: PM Narendra Modi Addresses NDA Leaders In Parliament's Central Hall After They Unanimously Endorse Him To Be Prime Minister Again
Indian General Elections
Prime Minister Narendra Modi was unanimously elected leader of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance on Saturday at a meeting attended by its newly-elected MPs and senior leaders in Parliament's Central Hall.
Written By Press Trust Of India | Mumbai | Updated On: May 25, 2019 22:10 IST
Modi will now call on President Ram Nath Kovind to stake his claim to form the government, following which he will be sworn in as the next prime minister, likely next week.
"Modi is elected the leader of the parliamentary party of 353 MPs unanimously," BJP president Amit Shah announced after the election as Modi acknowledged the support and cheers from MPs.
Top alliance leaders, including JD(U)'s Nitish Kumar, Shiv Sena's Uddhav Thackeray and Akali Dal's Parkash Singh Badal, extended their party's support after Modi was elected as the leader of the BJP parliamentary party at first.
Delhi: Narendra Modi bows before the constitution before starting his address at the NDA parliamentary meeting. pic.twitter.com/es3Moi0A7L
Narendra Modi: You all deserve greetings but those elected for the first time deserve an even bigger one. I offer all of you my greetings. pic.twitter.com/MWy9ii90eV
PM Narendra Modi addressing NDA parliamentary meeting: This is for the first time in Independent India that such large number of women MPs are sitting in the Parliament. This has been made possible due to women power. pic.twitter.com/2CinVlEnKc
WATCH: PM Modi addresses PMO staff after election win, hails virtues of efficiency
Senior BJP leaders L K Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi were present on the dais with other alliance leaders.
Shah proposed Modi's name and former party presidents Rajnath Singh and Nitin Gadkari seconded the proposal.
Modi's election was a mere formality as the NDA had already declared him the alliance's prime ministerial candidate.
He has led the NDA to a landslide win in the general election, with the BJP winning 303 seats, its highest ever, and its allies 50.
READ | 'He Is A Great Man And Leader For The People Of India - They Are Lucky To Have Him!': USA President Donald Trump Calls PM Modi To Congratulate Him On 'big Political Victory'
Watch PM Modi's speech to the NDA in the video above
Published: May 25, 2019 20:50 IST
Roman Polanski's wife slams Quentin Tarantino
'Always so insightful': Anil Kapoor does some 'catching up' with 'Slumdog Millionaire' director Danny Boyle
READ: Congress debacle in 2014 vs Congress disaster in 2019, seat by seat comparison of party's performance in Lok Sabha elections
PM Narendra Modi to visit his mother on Sunday to seek blessings; will be in Varanasi the day after. Here's what he said
China keen to work with re-elected PM Modi to further deepen bilateral ties
Indian-American supporters of BJP organise victory parties across US
IN PICTURES | Intimate moments from PM Narendra Modi's meeting with his mother Heeraben Modi in Gandhinagar, Gujarat after winning historic mandate in Lok Sabha elections


Weldtite Wet Lubricant 75 ml.
Weldtite TF2 Extreme Wet lubricant is a tenacious chain lube for those situations where longevity and corrosion resistance take precedence.
It's a blend of high grade ISO oils with specialist additives to prevent wash-off, while providing high quality lubricant/corrosion inhibiting qualities.


If the weather holds, those with an eye to the sky may have some luck making Christmas wishes on shooting stars.
The Geminid meteor shower began Tuesday, December 4, and while the shower won't peak until December 13-14, the new moon on December 7 and the waxing crescent leadin gup to the shower's peak make for ideal view conditions. The shower will also be most active well after moonset, which gets later each night and will hover around 10:50 p.m. on December 13 and 11:50 p.m. on December 14.
Read more in the Wednesday, December 5, edition of The West Virginia Daily News.


This is collection of most visited sights of Azerbaijan. If you will finish all of this you can tell that you have seen most of sightseeings in Azerbaijan.
2. Baku Boulevard Boat Tour - Then we will go to the Baku Boulevard where you will enjoy the boat cruise trip on Caspian Sea.
4. Highland Park - Panoramic view pf Baku from this point will make you wow!
6. Qobustan National Park and Petroglyph Museum - Qobustan it is an ancient place of habitants which live in these areas on the dates of 5,000-40,000 years ago.
The car type depends on the number of participants. This is a private tour. If you and your friends or family are up to 3 pax - we will use SUV car. If your group consist of 4-7 PAX we will use Mercedes Vito, and if your group are more than 7 and till 15 PAX we will use Mercedes Sprinter.
All days will start at the morning, about 9-10 am. Only first day depends on your arrival time. Please be aware that for Mud Vulcano trip we will change our car to the Russian Lada`s. Because of bad roads to Mud Vulcano we need to use service of local drivers for 5 kms only. Believe us that this part of the tour will be like a "Safari Tour".


I am sitting in my lounge on a corner of the couch surrounded by the contents of my kitchen.
This weekend I was lucky enough that the guys from work had some time to be able to come and tile my kitchen floor. Only when you have to clear out a lot of your kitchen and stay out of it do you realise just how integral that room is to your weekends.
Thankfully we have a second kettle from when my daughter was in her own flat so I can have that with me and still get cups of tea when I want. I have of course left the main kettle in the kitchen with the guys. Let's face it, who do we know works without having a steady supply of tea and coffee nowadays?
It's amazing to see the wear and tear on my kitchen when all the extraneous "things" have been removed and the original vinyl lifted. I think some saving may be in order to allow a new kitchen in the next couple of years.
Doors that are not sitting just quite as square as they should be, flooring that has been affected by moisture, things looking a bit worn and just not quite right.
I came into this house when it was built, all brand new and shiny. It's so easy to think it will stay that way forever. Things happen however, leaks and spills, bumps and knocks and before you know it what used to be shiny and perfect becomes worn and damaged.
Stupidly we got an interest only mortgage which has now finished and at 53 years of age I am now having to take out another mortgage this time with my daughter as co owner. This of course required a valuation which meant I had to look at my home critically for the first time in over 15 years.
Water stains where the bath had overflowed and the water tank had leaked, I remembered those instances. What I didn't remember was how the door to the hall cupboard had been hit so hard the surface was dented inward. According to my daughter that was when she lost her balance and fell into it. Small parts of beading missing from the lounge laminate flooring and the rather large area in the kitchen floor that had to be replaced when the washing machine leaked.
The call went out to my daughter's friends who thankfully came to our rescue with decluttering and decorating. We made the required value for the valuation with not a penny to spare.
I decided that whilst the house was the clearest it's been in many a year, I would see about getting some improvements made. Hence sitting in my lounge this weekend whilst the very talented guys I work with are tiling my kitchen floor. Fingers crossed it gets finished today so I can get some space back before going back to work tomorrow.


Welwyn Wheelers' Rupert Cavill and Fin Woodliffe.
There was no shutdown for Welwyn Wheelers over the Christmas period with a number of their squad in action at various cyclo-cross events.
The Eastern League Cyclo-cross Series held two rounds, the first at Trinity Park in Ipswich.
That saw three Wheelers in action with Finlay Woodliffe gaining victory in the U12 event and Mark Lightfoot's seventh in the youth race making him the first U14 across the line.
Daniel Elliot was fourth in the U10s.
The league moved onto Writtle College near Chelmsford on Saturday with Joe Kiely warming up for the final round of the National Series with the win in the Youth category.
Following in behind were Nathan Hardy (eighth), Caelen Miller (11th) and Toby Brown (16th).
Woodliffe was back on the podium again but had to settle for second behind partner in crime and fellow Wheeler Rupert Cavill.


text:
CP7 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but with the same level of functionality.  Sportspeople in this class can walk but may appear to have a limp as half their body is affected by cerebral palsy.

Sports which are open to this classification include athletics, football, skiing, standing volleyball, and swimming.  In athletics, they compete in the T37/F37 class. CP7 alpine skiers compete in  LW9/1 and LW9/2 in para-alpine, and in LW9 for para-Nordic skiing. CP7 swimmers are often classified in S7, S8, S9 or S10.

Definition and participation

Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association defined this class in January 2005 as, "Hemiplegic This Class is for the true ambulant hemiplegic athlete. A Class 7 athlete has Spasticity Grade 3 to 2 in one half of the body. They walk without assistive devices but often with a limp due to spasticity in the lower limb. Good functional ability in dominant side of the body. Lower Extremities-Hemiplegia Spasticity Grade 3 to 2. Dominant side has better development and good follow through movement in walking and running. Athlete has difficulty walking on his heels and has significant difficulty with hopping on the impaired leg. Side stepping towards the impaired side is also affected. Athletes with moderate to minimal athetosis do not fit into this Class. Upper Extremities-Arm and hand control is only affected in the non-dominant side. There is good functional control on the dominant side."

CP7 class sports people tend to participate in football, cycling, swimming and athletics.

Performance
CP7 sportspeople are able to walk, but appear to do so while having a limp as one side of their body is more effected than the other.  They may have involuntary muscles spasms on one side of their body.  They have fine motor control on their dominant side of the body, which can present as asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy.

Sports

Athletics

In athletics events, CP7 competitors participate in T37/F37 classes. Their running form manifests as if they have a limp.  Their disability manifests itself less when they are running as opposed to walking.

Cycling
People with cerebral palsy are eligible to compete in cycling at the Paralympic Games. CP7 and CP8 may compete on a bicycle in the C4 class.

Football
CP7 sportspeople are eligible to compete in association football in the sport of CP football. CP7 players are classified as FT7.

When running, CP7 soccer players knee pickup is not as high as able-bodied players and their stride may be shorter as a result of spasticity.  Lack of coordination may make it difficult for them to do accurate headers.  Their level of disability is such that most can be mainstreamed and compete against able-bodied players.

CP footballers are first required to go through national level classification before being eligible for international classification.  The first stage of international classification involves a physical assessment.  This may involve classifiers who are medical experts.  The second stage involves observing the footballer practising their sport specific skills in a non-competitive setting.  The third stage involves classifiers observing the player in competition for at least 30 minutes.  Following that, the classification panel then assigns the footballer to a class, which may also include "Not Eligible."

Skiing

People with cerebral palsy are eligible to compete in alpine and Nordic skiing at the Paralympic Games. CP7 alpine skiers compete in  LW9/1 and LW9/2 in para-alpine, and in LW9 for para-Nordic skiing.

In teaching skiers with cerebral palsy, instructors are encouraged to delay the introduction ski poles as skiers may overgrip them. Use of a ski bra is also encouraged as it helps the skier learn correct knee and hip placement. One method of learning to ski for competitors with cerebral palsy in this classification is the American Teaching System. They first thing skiers learn is what their equipment is, and how to put it on and take it off. Next, skiers learn about positioning their body in a standing position on flat terrain. After this, the skier learns how to side step, and then how to fall down and get back up again. The skier then learns how to do a straight run, and then is taught how to get on and off the chair lift. This is followed by learning wedge turns and weight transfers, wedge turns, wide track parallel turns, how to use ski poles, and advanced parallel turns.

While learning to ski, skiers in this class with cerebral palsy may use ski-bras, bungee cords, outriggers, slant boards or toe boards.

Standing volleyball
Standing volleyball is a disability sport variant open to people with different types of permanent minimal disabilities, with two different grades of teams depending on the severity of their disability. CP7 and CP8 sportspeople are eligible to participate in Grade A.  This grade includes people who have finger amputations.

Swimming
CP7 swimmers are often classified in S7, S8, S9 or S10 because of their hemiplegia and spasicity.  The less severe, the closer they are to S10.

Because of the neuromuscular nature of their disability, they have slower start times than other people in their classes. They are also more likely to interlock their hands when underwater  in some strokes to prevent hand drift, which increases drag while swimming.  For S8 classified swimmers with CP, they are able to record long distances underwater. The longest distances Paralympic S8 swimmers can measure are often half that of comparable Olympic counters. This is attributed to neuromuscular related drag issues.  CP swimmers are more efficient at above water swimming than underwater swimming.

CP7 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 0.6 to 0.8. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB6, PDB8, and PDB9.

CP7 swimmers experience swimmers shoulder, a swimming related injury, at rates similar to their able-bodied counterparts. When fatigued, asymmetry in their stroke becomes a problem for swimmers in this class. The integrated classification system used for swimming, where swimmers with CP compete against those with other disabilities, is subject to criticisms has been that the nature of CP is that greater exertion leads to decreased dexterity and fine motor movements.  This puts competitors with CP at a disadvantage when competing against people with amputations who do not lose coordination as a result of exertion.

Other sports
People with cerebral palsy are eligible to compete at the elite level in a number of other sports including wheelchair fencing, wheelchair basketball, table tennis, sledge hockey, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, archery, para-equestrian.  They can also participate in cycling, where they compete in the C4 class.  In race running, CP7 may be classified as RR4. Para-Taekwondo is another sport open to CP5, CP6, CP7 and CP8 class competitors. Early on, the CP7 classification competed as CP7 before a different sport specific classification system was developed.

References

Parasports classifications
Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes


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Dr. Thompson fosters a nurturing relationship with his patients in order to provide comprehensive, quality family medical care for all members of your family-from infants to seniors. He provides a wide range of medical care including: preventive, wellness care and women's health.
Ross University, School of Medicine, Dominica, W.I.


Pine Hills is an unincorporated community in San Diego County, California, about a mile south and slightly west of Julian. It is located along and at the southern end of Pine Hills Road, about two miles south of state Highway 78. The residents of Pine Hills have an address in Julian in the 92036 zip code. Pine Hills is located largely within the Cleveland National Forest on a knoll that extends from about 3,900 feet (1,200 m) asl to about 4,300 feet (1,300 m) asl. The community includes the Pine Hills Lodge and the YMCA Camps Marston and Raintree, and is near William Heise County Park—Pine Hills Fire Station and Robotic Weather Station. The Pine Hills Water District is based in the community. Many homes in Pine Hills burnt in the 2003 Cedar Fire.


This post was originally from my weekly devotional, Starlight Reflections.
Thinking that someone is following you is a terrifying experience, isn't it? You feel vulnerable. Exposed. Unsure of what to do or how to handle it. Ironically, though none of us want anyone to follow us in that manner, our society is geared toward gaining followers. We thrive on likes, shares, retweets, mentions, and on and on. But do we really know what it means to be followed? Do we know what it means to follow someone?
In the last month, I've gained over a hundred new followers on social media: strangers that are able to see everything I post. They've seen pictures of me. They've been able to go to my website and learn about me. Some of them have purchased or downloaded my books. They've read my words. So, like it or not, I'm exposed. I'm vulnerable. But my fear is not for my safety. My fear is whether I'm worth following, or if the person who wrote those books is a fraud. I try to be honest and sincere, I really do. I wrote The Gadarene as a means of helping people to have strong faith. Do I have strong faith? I wrote Through the Needle as a means of helping people overcome their past to pursue the calling God has placed on them. Have I overcome my past? Am I pursuing the calling God has placed on me? I wrote Fate of the Watchman to convince people to have compassion on others. Do I have compassion on others?
Where am I going, and who is following me on that path? That two-part question is one we should all ask ourselves. Personally, I don't know if I want to answer it. Here's what I know: the world I live in is desperately in need of Jesus, and yet I very rarely share the gospel of Jesus Christ with people. There. I said it. I admitted it. Are you disappointed? I have worked with people--at my current job and at my former places of employment--for years and have never so much as handed them a gospel tract or invited them to church, let alone gave them the gospel. Yet, I write books about people with great faith. Yet, I wrote a book about a man who sees the suffering of the world and realizes how selfish and willfully blind to the needs of others he is. I profess to believe that a place called Hell is real, but I don't sound the warning to the lost and unsaved. I read my Bible most days of the week, but I don't spend much time meditating on the word. I desire answers to prayer, but I don't pray nearly as often as I should.
I'm not telling you all of this for pity. I'm just being real. If someone is following you, where are you leading them? I want people to meet the Savior. I want those who've met the Savior to trust him more. The book I'm currently writing deals with spiritual warfare and the power of prayer. My warfare is no different than that of anyone else. The nature of my flesh and the nature of my spirit are enemies. My flesh wants a life of comfort. My spirit desires to live a life pleasing to the Lord. My flesh fears that because it knows "...all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution" (2 Timothy 3:12). My spirit wants to count it all joy when I suffer for the name of Christ. So when I think about losing my temper, gossiping, laughing at or saying inappropriate things in front of the lost, I am ashamed because I know I'm not leading my followers down the right path. Am I saying this so that you'll feel sorry for me? No. I'm saying this because it's time for me to look behind me and realize that there is a following, and I have a responsibility to be like Paul when he said, "Be ye followers of me, even as I also am of Christ" (1 Corinthians 11:1). I also say these things in hope that you'll pray for me. Pray that I do become a better witness for Christ and a more devoted follower of my Lord and Savior.
I also say these things to YOU because YOU have a following. Where are you leading the people in your life?


Smartling is a startup that builds an online real-time service for web-sites translation. Smartling uses technology to transform the way content is created and consumed around the world. Smartling's Global Fluency Platform helps brands access new markets, more customers and greater value. The Global Fluency Platform enables ambitious brands to achieve a more dominant global position.
On-line businesses must reach non-English speaking web users in their native language but current translation processes are too slow and manual to keep pace with today's business practices. There is demand for a modern cloud-based technology to replace the aging localization process. The new approach must allow businesses to work with translation resources of choice while enable automatic capture and deployment of translated content.
The Smartling Platform was built from scratch in 2009 by Smartling's co-founder and an Archer software architect. Today Smartling is a scalable platform for managing translation, extracting content and delivering translations, allowing Web apps to be converted into up to 100 languages – all as rapidly as companies release updates to their sites or apps.
A team of 40 Archer engineers collaborate with distributed Smartling teams to support development and significant infrastructure across multiple data centers serving more than a billion page views per month on behalf of Smartling clients.
The team is very efficient using modern agile software development processes including continuous deployment. New code is moved to production multiple times each day for exceptional speed to market for new features and bug fixes.
Archer's Ops team provides Smartling with 24/7 support ensuring 99.99% uptime.
Archer was instrumental in helping Smartling achieve PCI Level 1 and SOC2 certified.
• Outsource partnership with Archer allowed Smartling be market ready in record time a low-cost. Our cost effective outsourcing model helped Smartling to save $10M to date. Having a staff of 180+ full-time IT professionals Archer is able to provide the services at a reasonable cost, with no HR and back-office overhead (like recruiting fees, taxies, benefits, paid vacations, etc.) for Smartling.
• Smartling raised $63M in venture capital from First Round Capital, IDG Ventures, US Venture Partners, Venrock.
• Among Smartling's clients are of the world's hottest tech companies like SurveyMonkey, foursquare, Path, Vimeo, Nokia, Kodak, Pratt & Whitney and more.
• Winner of Dow Jones / Wall Street Journal's "FASTech 50" for most innovative startup.
• The Smartling platform currently serves more than one billion page views per month.


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The Ministry of Ordinary Places.
Shannan's wise, humble; a true blue, honest cheerleader who reminds with grace that one needn't be 'called' into full-time, fancy-pants ministry to advance the kingdom of God and take part in the Great Commission. As someone who once sold nearly every earthly treasure with plans of an overseas move and aspirations of sharing the Gospel in exotic locales abroad, I found Shannan's message to be an important reminder that soothes the ordinary soul: Live and love and be intentional right where presently planted– in your own neighborhood and the ordinary messy places of raising kids and breaking bread and sharing fences and driving carpool.
You simply must pick up this profound but approachable book– pre-order today for fun bonuses and share in Shannan's vision of ministering in ordinary places.
*Though I received a complimentary ARC in exchange for an honest review, all my 'pinions are 100% the whole truth and nothing but the truth– so help me, Jesus.


Shop local & meet Tucson's independent designers, makers & shops at a lively pop-up market on Saturday, December 3rd from 9am-4pm. Check out a pop-up market, floral shop, coffee shop, and community gathering space!
20% of all proceeds go to a local non-profit. This year's featured non-profit is Iskashitaa Refugee Network. Iskashitaa empowers refugees by creating opportunities to better integrate with the larger Tucson community while gaining skills that serve them in America.
This event is free, family-friendly, & open to the public. Sorry, no pets.