text:
George Hodges
The Arian Debate
I. The Conversion of Constantine
C ONSTANTINE, being the imperial ruler of Britain and Gaul, and Maxentius, being the imperial ruler of Italy, Spain, and Roman Africa, the two fell to fighting for undivided power. Down came Constantine out of Britain; in Gaul he reinforced his army; he crossed the Alps; at Verona he won a victory; and finally, at the Milvian Bridge over the Tiber, he found Maxentius holding the road to Rome. The soldiers of Constantine forced the soldiers of Maxentius back into the river, and Maxentius himself was drowned.
It was on his way to this decisive battle that Constantine was suddenly converted.
Our knowledge of the event comes mainly from Eusebius of Cæsarea, the preacher of the sermon at he consecration of the church in Tyre, who was informed by Constantine himself. On a day in October, 312, Constantine with his army was making his difficult way over the Alps. In the blaze of noon, "he saw with his own eyes," says Eusebius, "the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the brightness of the sun, and bearing the inscription, 'By this conquer' ( )." That night Christ appeared in a dream and told him to make a likeness of the celestial cross as a protection against his enemies. This he did in the form of a monogram of the first two letters of the name Christ in Greek ( ), and under banners and behind shields thus emblazoned he marched to victory.
That the course of history has been determined on several occasions by the experience of a vision is a phenomenon which is substantially attested. Saul of Tarsus saw a strange sight on the road to Damascus, and was changed thereby from a purpose to persecute the Christians to a position of singularly influential leadership among them. Augustine heard a sound of words at Milan which suddenly brought him out of indifference and doubt into a faith which mightily affected Christian theology for a thousand years, and affects it still.
A vision however, is only part a matter of the senses. Whatever the external facts may be, the determining sight is seen with the eyes of the mind, and the determining words are heard with the hearing of the mind. And the mind sees and hears what it brings of sight and hearing. And this depends on the preparation of previous thought and experience. So it was in Saul. The vision seemed as sudden as a flash of lighting; but the suddenness of lighting is only in appearance, it is the result of a long and gradual assembling of forces. The whole life of Saul had made him ready for that day. So it was with Constantine.
Diocletian, in his reorganization of the empire, had found himself confronted by the Christians. They made up one twelfth of the population, and their influence was out of all proportion to their number. They were constantly enlisting the allegiance of men of outstanding character and ability. It was plain to the emperor that he must either be the head of the Christina Church or its destroyer. He resolved to destroy it.
With this resolution the father of Constantine was not in sympathy. Constantius took such part in the general persecution as the necessities of his position demanded, but in his portion of the empire the campaign was not carried on with rigor. The young prince, his son, shared his father's counsels, and partook of his spirit.
The event had revealed the folly of Diocletian, and had justified the wisdom of Constantius. It had proved, by the hard test of persecution, that the church could not be destroyed. The alternative, then, was alliance. He who would be master of Rome,—so it appeared to the clear mind of Constantine, —must have the Christians on his side.
With these thoughts in his heart, at a critical moment in his life, on the eve of a battle the object of which was to gain the Roman throne, Constantine saw a shining object in the sky which he perceived to be the Cross of Christ.
The conversion of Constantine was at the same time a victory for Christianity and a defeat. The new religion triumphed with the converted emperor. The edict of toleration which was issued in 313 put a definite end to persecution. Thenceforth the Roman world which had been officially pagan was officially Christian. But it was like the triumph of the Romans over the Greeks, wherein the Romans held the power of position, but the Greeks retained the power of influence. The world against which the saints had protested came into alliance with the church. The current standards of life lowered the Christian standards. The current philosophy affected the Christian theology.
We stand with Constantine where two rivers meet. One is the Christian river, having its rise in Judaism, bringing down Jewish and Christian elements together. The other is the pagan river, formed from a hundred contributory streams, bringing myths and legends, ceremonies of worship, mysteries, gods and goddesses, ancient customs, ancient interpretations of the world. At this point the rivers join to form the Church Catholic, from this moment a world of religion, Christian and pagan, having its source no longer in Jerusalem and in Antioch alone, but in the springs of all the hills of history, and in the brooks which flow though all the valleys of the past. The conversion of Constantine diverted not only the Jordan and the Orontes, but the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile, the Danube and the Rhine, and made them flow into the channel of the Tiber.
II. The Council of Nicaea
The first rush of the new current endangered not only the morals but the essential beliefs of Christians. It was by no accidental coincidence that he Edict of Toleration was speedily followed by the Arian Debate.
The central assertion of all advanced philosophy and religion is the assertion of the unity of God. In the fourth century it was a commonplace of educated thought. Behind the Gods was god.
But pagan philosophers were denying either the personality or the presence of God. The Epicureans and the Stoics denied His personality, making Him identical with Chance or Fate, and the Gnostics and the Neoplatonists were denying His presence, conceiving of Him as infinitely removed from the affairs of the world. Pagan priests were indeed ministering to the instinct which craves relationship with God. Mithraism was providing in Mithra a mediator between God and man. But Mithra was a celestial figure whose only dwelling was in a Persian dream. He had no actual existence.
The characteristic assertion of Christianity was the declaration of the divinity of Christ. Here, they said, is the true bond of union between God and man, in Him who is at the same time God and man.
The first task of Christian theologians had been that of affirmation: thus they had met the Ebionites, who denied the divinity of Jesus, and maintained that he was only a man like us. And thus they had met the Docetics, who denied the humanity of Jesus, holding that his human form and life were not in reality but only in appearance. These affirmations they based, without much discussion, on the revelation contained in Holy Scripture.
But the taks of affirmation was followed of necessity by the task of interpretation. Admitting that the Scriptures assert the divinity of Christ, how, then, is the divine Christ related to the one only God? The Sabellians explained the relation as consisting in distinction of activity. When we think of God as the maker and maintainer of the universe, we call Him the Father; when we think of Him as in Christ for the redemption of mankind, we call Him the Son. God is eternally one and the same, but we speak of Him under different names. Against this explanation, however, there was general protest. Conservative theologians held that it destroyed the Christian religion by destroying the reality of Christ. Christ, according to this doctrine, was absorbed in God.
The discussion was at this stage of progress, with Sabellianism in common disfavor, when a clergyman in Alexandria publicly accused his bishop of holding the Sabellian heresy. The accusing clergyman was Arius, the rector of the Church of Baucalis, the largest in the city. He was sixty years of age, dignified in appearance, austere, and blameless in life, learned, eloquent and pious, the most popular of the Alexandrian clergy. The Son, said Arius, is not—as Bishop Alexander and the Sabellians falsely affirm—identical with the Father. How can a son be identical with a father? There is one God, the Father, from whom the Son is derived, and to whom the Son is inferior. The Father is the Creator, eternally existing, before all time; the Son is created—there was a time (if we may use the word "time" of conditions so infinitely remote)—there was a time when He was not.
Thus over against the endeavor of the Sabellians to reconcile the divinity of Christ with the unity of God by identification, appeared the endeavor of the Arians to reconcile the divinity of Christ with the unity of God by distinction.
Immediately the church in Alexandria was divided into two contending parties, some siding with Alexander, some with Arius. Alexander appealed to his neighbors, the bishops of Egypt, summoning a council by whose action Arius was excommunicated. Arius appealed to his friends among the bishops of Syria: Eusebius of Cæsarea, Eusebius of Nicomedia, influential persons in the Court of Constantine. By them he was sustained.
The subtlety of the question was equalled only by the fury with which it was discussed. The debate was conducted with the violence of a political convention. Everybody entered into it. Men who met to transact business neglected their bargaining to talk theology. If one said to the baker, "How much is the loaf?" he would answer, "The Son is subordinate to the Father." If one sent a servant on an errand, he would reply, "The Son arose out of nothing." Arius put his doctrine into verse, to popular tunes, and it was sung and whistled in the streets. The arguments were punctuated with fists and clubs.
The news of this dissension disturbed the Christian emperor. Hoping by his espousal of Christianity to unify the empire, he was distressed to find that the Christians were themselves divided. He wrote to Alexander and to Arius, with a natural misunderstanding of the seriousness of the matter, and urged them to be reconciled and keep the peace. Believe in God, he said, and do not disturb yourselves concerning questions which no man can answer. But the letter did not good; the strife continued and increased. At last the emperor, to regain peace, determined upon the wise expedient of a free and representative assembly. He would have a meeting and conference of the chief men of the Christian religion.
Thus was convened, in the early summer of 325, the Council of Nicæa.
Asia Minor, bounded on the north by the Black Sea and on the west by the Ægean, holds between the two, at its northwest corner, the Sea of Marmora,—the Propontis,—connected with the Black Sea by the Bosphorus, and with the Ægean by the Hellespont. Opening into the Propontis from the east are a bay and a lake. On the bay is Nicomedia, then the capital of the empire of the East, and the residence of Constantine; on the lake is Nicæa.
Over the long roads, from all directions, borne in conveyances provided by the emperor, came the bishops. The number of them is uncertain, though tradition finally placed it at three hundred and eighteen, attracted by the coincidence with the number of the armed servants whom Abraham took to rout the invading kings. Most of them were from the East; partly because the place of meeting was in that region, but partly also because the church was still an Eastern Church. The West was missionary ground. Moreover, the subject of discussion was congenial with the Easter mind; it was foreign to the practical interests of the West. The council was essentially an Eater conference. The discussions were carried on in Greek; the resulting creed was not only in Greek, but its distinctive words were found afterwards to be almost incapable of translation into Latin.
Indeed, of the three hundred bishops, only five are known to have come from Latin Christiandom: from Spain one—Hosius of Cordova, the emperor's "chaplain" in the West; form Carthage one—Cæcilian, who had contended with the Donatists; one from Calabria, one from Gaul, one from Pannonia.
But the Westerns were not missed in the throng of Easterns. From the cities which Paul had evangelized came the bishops of Greece and Asia Minor. One was Spyridion of Cyprus, a shepherd bishop, who in the intervals of his episcopal duties still watched his flock; a simple, homely man, whose embalmed body is to this day carried twice a year about the streets of Corfu in procession; one may still look upon the hands which signed the Nicene Creed. Another was Acesius, a stout separatists, who believed that only he and a few like-minded with him would be saved, to whom Constantine is reported to have said, "Acesius, plant a ladder and climb up into heaven by yourself." To this a pleasant legend adds St. Nicholas of Myra, patron of the festivities of Christmas, even Santa Claus himself, who appears in an ancient picture of the council in the act of giving Arius a great box on the ear.
From Syria came Eusebius of Cæsarea, the emperor's Eastern "chaplain," a great prelate and a fair historian, afterwards biographer of Constantine; and Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Eustathius of Antioch, and Bishop John from Persia; and Bishop Jacob of Mesopotamia, who had been a hermit, and still wore his cloak of goat's hair.
From Egypt came Potammon and Paphnutius, each of whom had lost an eye in the Diocletian persecution. Indeed, many of the bishops bore the honorable marks of torture. From Alexandria came the bishop, Alexander, bringing with him as chaplain and secretary a young deacon, named Athanasius. Also came the minister of the parish of Baucalis, the heretic Arius.
In the place of meeting long benches were set against the walls on either side, upon which sat the bishops with their attendant clergy. In the middle of the room upon a chair lay a copy of the Gospels, a symbol of the presence of Him in whose name for whose honor they were assembled. At the end of the room was a seat for the emperor. Silence was called as he approached; all rose as he entered. They said afterward that he looked like an angel from heaven. Indeed, to any eyes the face and figure of Constantine fitted his high position. He was tall and stalwart; his beard was short, his hair fell upon his shoulders; his purple robe of silk embroidered with gold and pearls; he wore his crown; his eyes, they said, flashed like the eyes of a lion. He seemed as much impressed by the situation as they were, being at first doubtful whether to stand or sit, till they beckoned to him to be seated. A speech of welcome and gratitude was made, a gracious response was returned, and the sessions of the council were formally begun.
How long the fathers sat in conference is not known; neither is there any satisfactory record of the progress of the debate.
It is remembered that early in the proceedings the emperor brought in a package of letters, and caused a fire to be made in the brazier in the hall, and burned the letters in the presence of the bishops. These, he said, are communications which you have sent to me making complaints and accusations one against another. He begged them to be brotherly, to put their bickering aside, and cultivate the virtues of peace.
As regards to the main purpose of their meeting, however, they seem to have been, for the most part, agreed. They found the doctrines of Arius novel and objectionable. It is said that when some of the songs of Arius were recited to the council, the bishops clapped their hands over their ears, and shut their eyes. Eusebius of Nicomedia presented a creed setting forth the Arian ideas, and it was torn in pieces. Arius appeared to have few friends.
When it came, however, to the formulation of an acceptable creed, much difficulty was encountered. The general church possessed no creed. There were many statements of beliefs, used mainly in the sacrament of baptism, expressing in a manner which gradually had approached to uniformity the mind of the church respecting matters which had been brought into controversy. In the West, the short formula called the Apostles' Creed had gained wide acceptance. In the East, the local creeds tended to greater length. Eusebius of Cæsarea recited one which was in common use in his diocese. It seemed to the fathers to be both true and sufficient. Indeed, they were on the point of accepting it, when they perceived that it was equally acceptable to the Arians.
With such condition of happy agreement a conference in search of working unity would have been satisfied. Within the safe limits of such an inclusive formula they would have been content to leave conflicting details for future peaceful settlement, or even to have permitted a difference of opinion regarding matters which seemed so far beyond all human understanding. It was plain, however, to the Nicene fathers that the debate concerned the essential nature of the Christian religion. They saw in the doctrines of Arius a new invasion of old paganism. If Christ, as he said, was an inferior god, then Christianity recognized two gods; and if two, why not twenty? If the god Christ, why not the god Mithra? Why not the gods of Greece and Rome? Why not the endless æons of the Neoplatonists? Where was the line between Christianity and polytheism? And if polytheism were readmitted into theology, what power could keep it out of morals? The world was still pagan; the Christians were still in minority. The emperor, indeed, was on their side, but the emperor himself was almost as much a pagan as he was a Christian; he had not been baptized; in Rome he was still Pontifex Maximus, the official head of the old religion.
Under these conditions Arius came, a Christian polytheist. He came asking the recognition and approval of the church. The Nicene fathers saw behind him, waiting for the opening of the gates, all that pagan world with which they had contended, against which they had suffered martyrdom, over which they had for the moment triumphed. The pagan world, which had endeavored in vain to conquer the church by violence, was now endeavoring to conquer it by subtlety.
Thus when the creed which Esebius offered was found to be so phrased that the Arians were willing to sing it, the fathers proceeded deliberately to insert into it a word which the Arians would not accept. This they found in the expression homoousios, which we translate by the phrase "of one substance." Jesus Christ, they said, is of one substance with the Father. The word was not contained in Holy Scripture. It had the further disadvantage of having been formally condemned and rejected in the discussion of the heresy of Paul of Samosata (268). But it me the necessities of the occasion. It expressed the mind of the orthodox, and no consistent Arian could pronounce it. The word was therefore written into the Eusebian formula, and the church was thus provided with a creed.
We believe in one God, Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the son of God, begotten of His Father, only-begotten, that is of the substance (ousia) of the Father, God of God, and Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten not made, of one substance (homoousios) with the Father, by whom all things were made, both things in heaven and things on earth, who for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven and was made flesh, and was made man, suffered, and rose again on the third day, went up into the heavens, and is to come again to judge the quick and the dead. And in the Holy Spirit.
This creed was signed. Arius and those who were loyal to his doctrine were excommunicated. The emperor added the sentence of exile. Several lesser matters were considered and decided. Then the council was adjourned. The bishops returned to their dioceses satisfied that the crisis was over, and that he great question was successfully and definitely settled.
III. The Wars of Theology
But the conference at Nicæa was like the conference at Jerusalem, which is reported in the Acts of the Apostles. The fathers and brethren at Jerusalem disposed, as they thought, of the difficulties involved in the relationship of Christianity to Judaism. They put Judaism out. The resolved that the Christian Church was an independent society, in no wise bound by the ceremonial laws which were written in the Bible. It was not necessary, they said, to keep the law of Moses in order to be a Christian. But the apparently unanimous decision of the conference was only the beginning of the debate. St. Paul, all his life long, was hindered and opposed by conservative Christian brethren who refused to accept the rulings of the Council of Jerusalem. The matter was too great and vital to be finally determined by any single assembly.
So it was with the Council of Nicæ. Even on the journey home, the fathers who had signed the creed began to be perplexed. Some of them were plain persons who felt that they had involved themselves in metaphysics beyond their understanding. It seemed to them that the simplicity of the gospel had been lost in the debate. Some of them objected to the Nicene Creed on the ground that it had introduced into religion a new and unproved word, of which the apostles had no knowledge. Some of them perceived on reflection that the difficulties which had been revealed by Arius were real and serious, and were not satisfactorily settled by the taking of a vote. Certain influential bishops, such as Eusebius of Cæsarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, had been on the side of Arius from the beginning, and had not been convinced by the action of the council. They had signed the creed, but with reservations. And these bishops were in a position to determine the opinion of the imperial court.
Moreover, in the air which all the Christians breathed was the spirit of paganism, with which Arianism was in subtle accord. Among the new Christians who had been attracted to the church, not by any deep conviction but by the imperial approval, there were many who had been nurtured in polytheism, to whom it seemed reasonable that there should be superior and inferior deities. It seemed to them that Arius, making Christ a lesser god, was reconciling Christianity with the doctrines of the philosophers, with the teachings of the ancient religions, and with the general wisdom of the world. Hardly, then, had the Nicene Creed been signed when the orthodox found themselves to their surprise, facing an Arian reaction.
In the long and bitter contention which ensued, the faith of Nicæa was defended and finally preserved by the courage and wisdom of Athanasius.
Athanasius was a native of Alexandria, where he had lived as a youth in the household of the bishop and had studied in the catechetical school. Before the meeting of the Council of Nicæa he had been ordained a deacon and had written a book on the Incarnation. When he accompanied Bishop Alexander to the council he was twenty-eight years of age. Soon after the adjournment of the council the bishop died, and Athanasius was chosen in his place. The city of Alexandria was at that time as preëminent in the East as Rome was in the West. Even the founding of Constantinople as a "New Rome" served rather to strengthen than to weaken the pride of the capital of Egypt. The bishops of the two cities contended for a supremacy which neither would yield to the other. Thus Athanasius was equipped for leadership by his high position, as well as by his strong conviction. At the same time the rivalry of the cities —Arian Constantinople against orthodox Alexandria—complicated the theological contention from the start.
The fist campaign in the war of the theologians extended to the death of Constantine, in 337. The Nicene Creed remained formally in force, though many construed its articles so loosely as to defeat its purpose. Constantine would not permit any open attack upon it, but the bishops who were closest to him were friends of Arius. These Arian sympathizers and their followers busied themselves during the emperor's lifetime with attacks not upon the doctrine, but upon the administration of Athanasius.
The bishop of Alexandria held a difficult position. The clergy of the city could not forget the time when the bishop was not only elected but consecrated by themselves, and differed from them in office hardly more than a chairman differs from the members of a committee. They asserted a traditional independence. One of them had disturbed the episcopate of Alexander by ordaining priests and deacons in his own right. They were now divided by the controversy which Arius had started.
Moreover, the Meletians were making trouble. Meletius, a bishop of Upper Egypt, had taken the austere side in the debate concerning the restoration of apostates, against the compassionate position of the bishop of Alexandria of his day, and had established schismatic parishes which called themselves the "Churches of the Martyrs." These churches vexed the soul of Athanasius, and ha attacked them with the inconsiderate enthusiasm of youth. They complained of him to Constantine.
They said that Athanasius had sent emissaries to a Meletian priest named Ischyras, and that they had overthrown his altar and sacrilegiously broken his chalice. Athanasius was compelled to appear before Constantine and explain the matter. This he did by the testimony of witnesses who showed that messengers did indeed go from Athanasius, but that they found Ischyras ill in bed, so that any disturbance of a service was impossible.
Then they brought against the bishop the accusation of the Dead Hand. They said that he had murdered Arsenius, a Meletian bishop, and had cut off his right hand to use for the purposes of magic. Arsenius had certainly disappeared, and the accusers had the dead hand in their possession. To meet this charge, Athanasius was summoned to be tried by his brethren. The court sat at Tyre, in the church at whose consecration Esuebius had preached. The bishops who composed the council were of the Arian side. Athanasius was confronted by his enemies. Standing there, however, to be tried for murder, Athanasius beckoned to a veiled figure at the back of the church, and when this mysterious person came forward and removed his veil, behold the bishop Arsenius himself, not only alive, but having his two hands! Even the most hostile could hardly, under these circumstances, pronounce Athanasius guilty. They did, however, return to the charge of the broken chalice, and on that charge and other accusations of violent action condemned and deposed him.
Immediately, Athanasius took ship and went to Constantinople. He put himself in the way of the emperor and demanded a fair hearing. Thereupon the bishops, who had now gone to Jerusalem to consecrate the new church which Constantine, at the suggestion of Helena his mother, had built over the Holy Sepulchre, withdrew the matter of the chalice and accused Athanasius of threatening to hold back the corn fleet, which carried the produce of the granaries of Egypt to the markets of Constantinople. Then Constantine perceiving in the midst of these perplexities that Athanasius had many enemies, and probably suspecting that he had done something to deserve their hostility, cleared his mind of the matter, and restored, as he hoped, the peace of the church, by sending the accused bishop into banishment in Gaul.
During his residence in Gaul, Athanasius received word of the death of Arius. Arius had been recalled from exile by the influence of his friends at court, and had succeeded in convincing Constantine of his sufficient orthodoxy. The emperor had ordered the aged bishop of Constantinople to receive the heretic on a certain day in the church, and to admit him to the Holy Communion. So important an event—whether it indicated the conversion or the triumph of Arius—was to be made an occasion of some festivity. The heretic was to go to the sacrament attended by a procession of his friends. But Arius was overtaken by a sudden hemorrhage, and his friends found him dead. Thus he passed out of the world into which he had introduced so much confusion, a man of eighty years, honest, devout, of stainless character, having the courage of his convictions, maintaining what he believed to be the truth in the face of the church which he believed to be mistaken, suffering hatred and exile and the loss of all things, that he might keep unbroken his loyalty to his reason and his conscience. We should remember him with respect; remembering at the same time that had his heresy prevailed the Christian religion—as Carlyle said—would have been degraded to a legend.
The death of Arius was followed by the death of Constantine. In his last hours the emperor off his robe of imperial purple, and was attired in the white garments which were worn by those about to be baptized, and was admitted at last into the membership of the church over which he had so long presided as the bishop of the bishops. In Rome his monument was set among the statues of the divine emperors with the ceremonies of the old religion, but in Constantinople he was buried by the Christians, and about his tomb stood the twelve pillars which symbolized the twelve apostles.
The second campaign in the contention between the Athanasians and the Arians extended to the death of Constantine's son, the emperor Constantius, in 361. It was a time of theological discussion.
During this period no less than twelve councils of bishops were convened, until the pagans complained that the Christians had ruined the postal service by using the horses to convey them to the synods. Some of these meetings were held in the East, some in the West, some in the East and in the West at the same time, the different parties holding separate sessions. The East and the West took temperamentally characteristic positions: the speculative East eager to discuss the Nicene Creed and to amend it, the practical West content for the most part to take it as it stood.
Almost every council made its own creed. There appeared four creeds at Antioch, in the main orthodox but declining to use the test word homoousios. There appeared four creeds of Sirmium, departing farther and farther from the orthodoxy of Nicæa. The second creed of Sirmium was signed by Hosius, the veteran of the Nicene Council, now an aged and broken man. The creed of Ariminum (Rimini), dictated to the council by Arian leaders with whom the fathers conferred at Nice in Thrace, was signed by Liberius, bishop of Rome. "The whole world," said Jerome, "groaned, and was amazed to find itself Arian."
But Constantius failed to overcome Athanasius. At first he had recalled him from his banishment in Gaul, only to send him again into banishment in Rome. From Rome he was recalled, and the day of his return to Alexandria was long remembered as the festival "when the Pope Athanasius came home." The people thronged the streets to meet him with palm branches and fireworks. For five years he administered his diocese, and wrote letters and sermons and books in explanation and defence of the Nicene Creed.
Then finding that neither the imperial favor nor the imperial disfavor moved him, Constantius drove the bishop out of Alexandria with soldiers. He made his way into the Nitrian deserts, among the monks and hermits, where he spent six years in hiding. The world seemed to be against him, and he alone against the world. The state was Arian; the church was Arian. Everywhere the bishops were setting their signatures to Arian creeds. He was in the exceedingly difficult position of one who finds himself in disagreement with the church, and yet knows that the truth which he maintains is the truth of God. Shall he go out? Shall he say, "My understanding of the creed is disallowed by the majority of my brethren; on all sides the bishops are against me; I must resign my place"? Happily not. Athanasius believed that the church exists not for the maintenance of any position theological or ecclesiastical, but solely for the maintenance of the truth. Whatever is true, is of the essence of the church. Whatever is false, though it may be reiterated by endless councils, and confirmed by excommunication and anathema, is nevertheless nothing at all but heresy and schism and a lie, to be opposed by every honest man; to be opposed for the sake of the church as well as for the sake of the truth, and within the church.
The third campaign in the Arian war began with the accession of Julian and ended with the death of Valens.
Julian, abandoning the religion which seemed to him a hopeless tangle of controversy and endeavoring to restore the paganism of the great days of Rome, brought back all the exiled bishops, hoping that the Christians being left to fight their quarrels out with no restraint would so destroy the church that it would disappear like a bad dream. But when Julian's brief reign ended in defeat, it was the Arians in whom his hostile expectations were fulfilled. They were divided by the bitter discussions in the councils. All their initial differences were magnified. There appeared now not only Arians, but conservative Arians and radical Arians. Many who had been in sympathy with the Arian ideas were weary of the Arian debates. Many were scandalized by the spectacle of conventions of bishops set upon by Arian soldiers and compelled to sign their names to Arian creeds.
When Valens came to the throne he increased the confusion by taking the side of one Arian party against another. Thus they fought among themselves as Julian had devoutly hoped they would. In 378, when Valens fell at the battle of Adrianople, in his war against the Goths, Arianism as an organized party in the church came practically to an end.
By this time Athanasius had come to the end of his life of long contention, seeing victory and peace afar off, yet not entering himself into the new era. At the council held in Alexandria in 362, he made notable contribution both to the theology and to the religion of the debating Christians. He discussed the words which were in use in the controversy and showed how a great part of the contention was due to a failure to define the terms. What we anti-Arians mean, he said, is this and this; and the more reasonable of is opponents found themselves in substantial agreement with him, after all. The result was the formation of a "New Nicene" party which was able to commend its theological position to the general Christian mind. The difficulty throughout had been the danger, on the one side, of a doctrine which recognized a superior god and one or two inferior gods, and, on the other side, of a doctrine which recognized in the "Son" and the "Holy Spirit" only names to distinguish functions or activities of God the Father. The church was in peril of shipwreck between the Scylla of Arianism and the Charybdis of Sabellianism. What they did under the leadership of Athanasius at he Council of Alexandria was to state the difference between ousia and hypostasis: hypostasis signifying a distinction of being, roughly and inadequately translated out of the Latin into English by the word person; ousia signifying a common essence or being, translated out of Latin into English by the word substance. We believe, they said, in one ousia and three hypostases, in one substance and three persons. This, said Gregory of Nazianzus, was more honorable and important and profitable than all the books which Athanasius wrote.
The Athanasian Creed is so called because of its expression of Athanasian orthodoxy. It was composed in the middle of the fifth century, probably in Lerins in Gaul, and shows the influence of the theological teachings of Augustine.


text:
HomeInnocentSeason 1, Episode 2
InnocentSeason 1, Episode 2
The police continue their search for Tara's murderer, as David tries to reconnect with his children.
Innocent was broadcast on ABC at Tuesday 29 September 2020, 14:00. This episode was initially placed on Saturday 10 March 2018.
Rating3.3 of 5 (9 votes)
Spicks And Specks
Season 9, Episode 6 - Kyla Matsuura-miller, Kate Mccartney, Isaiah Firebrace & Peter Helliar
Innocent catch up
Innocent is a TV show on Australian national television from ABC with an average rating of 3.8 stars by TVCatchUpAustralia.com's visitors. We have 8 episodes of Innocent in our archive. The latest episode of Innocent was broadcast in August, 2021. Did you miss an episode of Innocent but don't want that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Innocent to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. Completely free: handy!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


New York, 31 December 2008 – Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict, calls on all parties to commit to an immediate ceasefire. Though she condemns the continuous indiscriminate rocket fire into Israel, she deplores the Israeli offensive in Gaza that has resulted in so many civilian casualties, many of whom are children. "The use of disproportionate force is not a solution", the Special Representative said.
"The situation in Gaza is unbearable for the civilian population and especially for children. They are trapped within the conflict and deprived of their fundamental human rights. Children are victims of the bombings and traumatized by the escalation of violence. The access to humanitarian aid, basic services, education, and medical assistance is severely hampered," said Ms. Coomaraswamy.
The Special Representative urges all parties to the conflict to abide by international humanitarian law and to respect the separation of combatants from civilians as well as the rule of proportionality in the use of force. "Both these fundamental cornerstones of the law have been developed over the centuries for the protection of women and children. It is crucial that all parties to the conflict adhere by these principles," she stated.
Ms. Coomaraswamy reiterated her call to the Palestinian groups to take all necessary measures to prevent the involvement of children in political violence. She announced her intention to visit the region to follow-up on previous commitments in this regard.


There was a ceasefire between Myanmar's Tatmadaw army and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) between 1994 and 2011. Why did violence flare up again?
The Kachin leaders felt there was little to show for the 17-year ceasefire, apart from being sidelined and discriminated against. The Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), the political arm of KIA, allowed no substantive input in negotiations and there was no real discussion of ethnic grievances. When the Myanmar state demanded that the KIA be turned into a Border Guard Force under the partial command of the Tatmadaw in 2010, the KIO refused and the ceasefire was declared void. In June 2011, the KIA openly challenged the Tatmadaw and the conflict quickly escalated.
The Rohingya crisis is getting all the attention in the press. Does the Kachin conflict deserve more press than it is getting?
The Rohingya conflict has garnered worldwide attention because of the international refugee crisis it has created. The Kachin conflict has not garnered as much international focus as the Rohingya crisis because the conflict there is unlikely to give rise to a similar refugee crisis. Besides, the Kachins are officially recognised as an ethnic group by Myanmar, unlike the Rohingyas… The Kachin conflict ought to be getting more press coverage as the international focus on the Rohingya crisis has allowed the Tatmadaw to escalate its campaign against the KIA that displaces thousands of villagers, without as much international condemnation.
You have written of Kachin's "conflict economy" and the need to shift it to an economy that broadly benefits Kachin's people rather than just a few elite ethnic and military players. What would this broader economy look like, and how could it be achieved?
First, there must be a political settlement between the Tatmadaw, the National League for Democracy (NLD) government and the KIO before there can be talks on broader economic development of the area beyond natural resources. Revenues from natural resources alone have limited impact on poverty reduction and growth… With natural resources, elites that control the revenue stream become rich with little effort. There is little incentive for the in-group to consider the rest of the population. Reliance on natural resources is not a long-term solution. So, there must be political will to invest in other areas that can provide jobs.


text:
Practice Report: Gateway
For a third and final time this season, Andretti Autosport's Indy Light quartet hits an oval as the series takes to the 1.25-mile Gateway Motorsports Park in the shadows of the famed St. Louis Arch. Coverage of Saturday's 75-lap Round 15 race broadcasts Monday, Aug. 28, at noon ET on NBC Sports Network. For more information, visit AndrettiAutosport.com and IndyLights.com.
FINISHED: 2nd
Turned a fastest lap of 162.138 mph for a time of 27.7542 seconds, 0.0513 behind leader Urrutia
"I feel pretty good overall. I'm definitely happy with where we ended up. When we tested here last week, we didn't really get a lot of track time due to a pit lane incident - we only got about 50 laps or so. We were definitely behind the eight ball coming here. The first 50 laps we did in this session, we were just feeling the track out. The new surface is really hard. It's just so smooth - it's hard to feel what the car is doing. It took a while to get the confidence but once we figured it out, we were obviously pretty quick. I think we'll have a good qualifying setup. This track is probably the hardest out of all the ovals to get up to speed quickly, so we'll have to work on that for our setup and I think qualifying is going to be important. I think you can race here, but it's always easier when you start up front."


text:
Home Automobile
Over the last few weeks, the chatter around the new BMW X8 has intensified. We first learned that prototypes are currently being built in Spartanburg which will lead to some public roads testing in the near future. Next, we also heard that the highly unique BMW X8 will come in three variants with at least one of them being a full-fledged X8 M model. The third member of the X8 family was rumored to be the brand's first M Performance hybrid with the badge M45e attached to it.
Another independent source with a decent track record has just posted a similar announcement on the BMW X8 M45e, so we're now inclined to believe that BMW is indeed planning the M Performance PHEV. What the source left out was the fact that the car will be using a 3.0 liter inline-six cylinder engine paired with an electric drivetrain. Again, not a big surprise considering BMW's latest hybrids.
Rendering by x-Tomi Design portraying a model based on the X6
The current PHEV drivetrains deliver 286 horsepower and 332 pound-feet of torque from the six-cylinder petrol unit, while the electric motor has a rated output of 113 horsepower and 195 pound-feet of torque, gains of 2 hp and 9 lb-ft. Total power output: around 394 horsepower and 442 lb-ft of torque.
It's likely that the X8 will deliver a bit more oomph and longer electric driving range, considering BMW's continuous advancements in the field.
We've also learned that almost certainly the X8 won't take the shape of an X6 or X7, but rather have its own identify within the design language at BMW. Think along the lines of a new kidney grill design and overall shape.
The X8 has always been rumored to be a more luxurious model, with a more bespoke finish for the discerning customer looking for the ultimate luxury. It will also be more expensive than the X7 and will most likely become the priciest car with a BMW roundel on you can buy.
The new range-topping BMW X8 M model would be conceived as a competitor to the likes of the Audi RS8, the Mercedes-AMG GLE 63 and the Porsche Cayenne Turbo. And we believe it will deliver the highest power output in any BMW car today.
Be the first to comment on "Future BMW X8 will have an M Performance hybrid – X8 M45e"


text:
Success Stories August 26, 2019 December 4, 2019
This Entrepreneur Shines A Light On The Power Of Female Deeptech CEOs
Nigeria's power grid has failed at least 6 times so far in 2019. The latest failure in May left 180M people in the dark for days. Across the country, 20m households are not directly effected by the blackouts. They live in constant blackouts. They do not have power. Nigeria is a study in contrasts. Its tech scene is one of the fastest-growing in Africa boasting companies like Andela, Flutterwave, and Jumia. At the same time, last year Nigeria overtook India as the country with the most people living in extreme poverty.
Ugwem I. Eneyo spent time growing up where these forces collide. Her family is from Andoni in the Rivers State in the Niger Delta. It is the epicenter of Nigeria's oil and gas sector, a sector responsible for 83% of the country's exports. "If you're familiar with the region and its history, you're aware of the enormously devastating environmental and socioeconomic impact of the oil and gas industry. From childhood, I became somewhat obsessed about understanding the nexus of development, energy, and environment," said Eneyo. As an adult, Eneyo turned that obsession into a company.
Eneyo is the founder and CEO of SHYFT Power Solutions, "an energy technology company that develops IoT and software solutions to connect and intelligently manage distributed energy resources in markets that struggle with grid reliability and resiliency." Because the grid is so unstable, Nigerian households and businesses that can afford to have backup energy sources, whether solar panels or the traditional diesel generators. SHYFT's technology optimizes the usage of various power sources for both uptime and cost.
SHYFT Power Solutions looks like a dream for investors. A CEO who knows the problem from both lived and industry experience? Check. A technology developed at Stanford? Check. A massive market? Check. An intelligent internet-of-things solution? Check. You would think that fundraising would be easy.
"Sad." That's how Eneyo would describe the statistics on investments into startups run by women of color. "The entrepreneurial ecosystem still has to grapple with this concept of pattern-matching and how it can exclude individuals who have not been traditionally represented," she added. She's not wrong. According to Inc., "Black women have only raised 0.0006 percent, $289 million, of the $424.7 billion total tech venture funding raised since 2009."
|Forbes
Daughters of Africa, Entrepreneur, innovation, inspire, SHYFT Power Solutions, stories, Success, Technology
From wooden sleds in a Texas garage to the Winter Olympics for Nigeria
Rihanna: Growing up in Barbados, school was a grind. But I was lucky
Five members of one family graduate
Prince Harry, Meghan Markle Are Distant Cousins


text:
Frank Bellamy and the Story World War One
Have you had enough of World War One nostalgia? Let me get my bit out of the way then. I have just finished watching the excellent "37 days" production by the BBC which was broadcast in March this year. The three part mini-series had episode titles:
One month in Summer
One week in July
One long weekend
and was an excellent overview of how the early 20th Century political situation and manoeuvrings worked between the UK, Germany, Austria, France and Russia. Now I knew about the Black Hand, Archduke Ferdinand and of course Kaiser Wilhelm II but had not appreciated General Moltke and Sir Edward Gray's roles in the Prussian aggression (the former) and diplomatic negotiating (the latter) prior to the start of World War One.
It was whilst reading another blog that I realised I missed a great opportunity to highlight Bellamy's work on World War One, so let's make amends.
I've written about the adventures of Geoff West, Peter Richardson, Steve Holland, Stuart Williams (and some guy called Norman Boyd) before, so there's no need to repeat myself.
Frank Bellamy's Story of World War One
But I've never outlined the chapters and episodes written by Michael Butterworth and illustrated by Frank Bellamy so here goes, and along the way I've mentioned key characters in the hope those searching for a simple and beautifully illustrated introduction WWI may choose to purchase a copy. It's available in two editions - Amazon has the paperback of Frank Bellamy's the Story of World War One (ignore the silly Used version price!) but Geoff West deserves your business, so travel over to the Book Palace where you'll see offers galore and the limited edition hardback too. Librarians, Dawsons have the paperback at £25 (ISBN:9781907081002). Lastly I must say thanks to Peter Richardson for allowing me to link to various spreads on his blog.
The Story of World War
An introduction to the Schlieffen Plan and Moltke's part in the start of WWI
German troops move west
'That contemptible British army'
Kaiser Wilhelm was not impressed by the British Forces. We meet Kitchener and King George IV and Field Marshall Sir John French and the march to the River Meuse
Nice layout based on the next page
being a double page spread
British troops march across France
The clash of the mighty on the Western Front!
We learn of the French Plan 17 and meet Prince Rupprecht
The road to Mons
For the first time in nearly a century the British stood ready to do battle on French soil, and we meet General von Kluck and von Moltke
Taken with permission from Peter Richardson's blog
Into battle - by taxi!
600 Paris taxi-cabs transport 6,000 troops to the Marne and we meet General Joffre
Enemy aircraft overhead!
For the first time in any war, this dreaded alarm call rang out! and we meet Anthony Fokker and the Royal Flying Corps and Lieutenants Freeman and Dawes
Enemy aircraft overhead
Life and death in the trenches
Incessant rain day and night, turns the battlefield into a sea of mud and we meet General Sir Douglas Haig
Gas!
Ypres and mustard gas
War in the air
Very early dogfights between bi-planes and French single seaters
The magnificent failure
Enver Pasha, General Liman von Sanders and the battle in the Dardenelles
Attack - and retreat at Gallipoli
French battleship Bouvet and 1,500 Australians fighting Turks
10,000 British troops march on Loos, Piper Laidlow V.C. and the Indian troops
The menace of the Southern oceans
Admiral von Spee, Valparaiso, the Falkland Islands, the Gneisenau and the Atlantic
The flying heroes
Manfred von Richtofen, George Guynemer, Mick Mannock and Albert Ball representing the German, British and French flying aces
News from the homefront
London in 1915, Zeppelins, white feathers and Count Ferdinand Von Zeppelin.
Fight to the last man
These were the orders given to the French army at Verdun. We meet General Von Falkenhayn and General Petain.
A lost chance
Properly used, the tank could have changed the whole pattern of the war.
Stalemate at sea
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty, Vice-Admiral Rheinhard Scheer and Major Harvey in the Battle Of Jutland.
A bitter failure
We meet General Joffre, General Petain and General Nivelle and the inferno at Champagne.
A whole world in conflict
The Battle Of Caporetto, General Paul Von Hindenburg and General Ludendorff and the Russians.
Masters of the skies
Sopwith Camels, Bristol fighters and the German Albatross and the British ace, Albert Ball.
An army in revolt
Passchendaele and David Lloyd-George.
Allenby's sword flash at Jerusalem
British spirits lifted in 1917. We meet Sir Edmund Allenby in Jerusalem and Thomas Edward Lawrence.
The last offensive
Major-General Erich Ludendorff on the Eastern front with Paul Von Hindenburg.
Poor photo by me, but love the detail
General Foch of France appointed commander of the French and British armies from the Alps to the North Sea - and counter-attacks.
Lloyd-George Prime Minister and Winston Churchill Minister Of War, the cenotaph in London and memorials in villages and towns and hardships are suffered in Germany.
The book then has a short biography of Butterworth and Bellamy written by Steve Holland and reproduces "Artists at work", a letter by a Michael Niederman of Ontario who wrote in to Look and Learn to ask about the artist. The letter and reply appeared on 28 November 1970 with a photo of Bellamy at work on issue 460 ("The last offensive")
Labels: Book Palace, Look and Learn, Story of World War One


text:
// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/policy/enrollment_handler_chromeos.h"

#include "base/bind.h"
#include "base/command_line.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/message_loop/message_loop.h"
#include "chrome/browser/browser_process.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/login/enrollment/auto_enrollment_controller.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/policy/device_cloud_policy_store_chromeos.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/policy/proto/chrome_device_policy.pb.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/policy/server_backed_state_keys_broker.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/settings/device_oauth2_token_service.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/settings/device_oauth2_token_service_factory.h"
#include "chrome/browser/chromeos/settings/device_settings_service.h"
#include "chromeos/chromeos_switches.h"
#include "components/policy/core/common/cloud/cloud_policy_constants.h"
#include "google_apis/gaia/gaia_urls.h"
#include "net/http/http_status_code.h"

namespace em = enterprise_management;

namespace policy {

namespace {

// Retry for InstallAttrs initialization every 500ms.
const int kLockRetryIntervalMs = 500;
// Maximum time to retry InstallAttrs initialization before we give up.
const int kLockRetryTimeoutMs = 10 * 60 * 1000;  // 10 minutes.

// Testing token used when the enrollment-skip-robot-auth is set to skip talking
// to GAIA for an actual token. This is needed to be able to run against the
// testing DMServer implementations.
const char kTestingRobotToken[] = "test-token";

}  // namespace

EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS(
    DeviceCloudPolicyStoreChromeOS* store,
    EnterpriseInstallAttributes* install_attributes,
    ServerBackedStateKeysBroker* state_keys_broker,
    chromeos::DeviceSettingsService* device_settings_service,
    scoped_ptr<CloudPolicyClient> client,
    scoped_refptr<base::SequencedTaskRunner> background_task_runner,
    const std::string& auth_token,
    const std::string& client_id,
    bool is_auto_enrollment,
    const std::string& requisition,
    const AllowedDeviceModes& allowed_device_modes,
    em::PolicyData::ManagementMode management_mode,
    const EnrollmentCallback& completion_callback)
    : store_(store),
      install_attributes_(install_attributes),
      state_keys_broker_(state_keys_broker),
      device_settings_service_(device_settings_service),
      client_(client.Pass()),
      background_task_runner_(background_task_runner),
      auth_token_(auth_token),
      client_id_(client_id),
      is_auto_enrollment_(is_auto_enrollment),
      requisition_(requisition),
      allowed_device_modes_(allowed_device_modes),
      management_mode_(management_mode),
      completion_callback_(completion_callback),
      device_mode_(DEVICE_MODE_NOT_SET),
      enrollment_step_(STEP_PENDING),
      lockbox_init_duration_(0),
      weak_ptr_factory_(this) {
  CHECK(!client_->is_registered());
  CHECK_EQ(DM_STATUS_SUCCESS, client_->status());
  CHECK(management_mode_ == em::PolicyData::ENTERPRISE_MANAGED ||
        management_mode_ == em::PolicyData::CONSUMER_MANAGED);
  store_->AddObserver(this);
  client_->AddObserver(this);
  client_->AddNamespaceToFetch(PolicyNamespaceKey(
      dm_protocol::kChromeDevicePolicyType, std::string()));
}

EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::~EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS() {
  Stop();
  store_->RemoveObserver(this);
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::StartEnrollment() {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_PENDING, enrollment_step_);
  enrollment_step_ = STEP_STATE_KEYS;
  state_keys_broker_->RequestStateKeys(
      base::Bind(&EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleStateKeysResult,
                 weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()));
}

scoped_ptr<CloudPolicyClient> EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::ReleaseClient() {
  Stop();
  return client_.Pass();
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnPolicyFetched(CloudPolicyClient* client) {
  DCHECK_EQ(client_.get(), client);
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_POLICY_FETCH, enrollment_step_);

  enrollment_step_ = STEP_VALIDATION;

  // Validate the policy.
  const em::PolicyFetchResponse* policy = client_->GetPolicyFor(
      PolicyNamespaceKey(dm_protocol::kChromeDevicePolicyType, std::string()));
  if (!policy) {
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForFetchError(
        DM_STATUS_RESPONSE_DECODING_ERROR));
    return;
  }

  scoped_ptr<DeviceCloudPolicyValidator> validator(
      DeviceCloudPolicyValidator::Create(
          scoped_ptr<em::PolicyFetchResponse>(
              new em::PolicyFetchResponse(*policy)),
          background_task_runner_));

  validator->ValidateTimestamp(base::Time(), base::Time::NowFromSystemTime(),
                               CloudPolicyValidatorBase::TIMESTAMP_REQUIRED);

  // If this is re-enrollment, make sure that the new policy matches the
  // previously-enrolled domain.
  std::string domain;
  if (install_attributes_->IsEnterpriseDevice()) {
    domain = install_attributes_->GetDomain();
    validator->ValidateDomain(domain);
  }
  validator->ValidateDMToken(client->dm_token(),
                             CloudPolicyValidatorBase::DM_TOKEN_REQUIRED);
  validator->ValidatePolicyType(dm_protocol::kChromeDevicePolicyType);
  validator->ValidatePayload();
  // If |domain| is empty here, the policy validation code will just use the
  // domain from the username field in the policy itself to do key validation.
  // TODO(mnissler): Plumb the enrolling user's username into this object so
  // we can validate the username on the resulting policy, and use the domain
  // from that username to validate the key below (http://crbug.com/343074).
  validator->ValidateInitialKey(GetPolicyVerificationKey(), domain);
  validator.release()->StartValidation(
      base::Bind(&EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandlePolicyValidationResult,
                 weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()));
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnRegistrationStateChanged(
    CloudPolicyClient* client) {
  DCHECK_EQ(client_.get(), client);

  if (enrollment_step_ == STEP_REGISTRATION && client_->is_registered()) {
    enrollment_step_ = STEP_POLICY_FETCH,
    device_mode_ = client_->device_mode();
    if (device_mode_ == DEVICE_MODE_NOT_SET)
      device_mode_ = DEVICE_MODE_ENTERPRISE;
    if (!allowed_device_modes_.test(device_mode_)) {
      LOG(ERROR) << "Bad device mode " << device_mode_;
      ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(
          EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_REGISTRATION_BAD_MODE));
      return;
    }
    client_->FetchPolicy();
  } else {
    LOG(FATAL) << "Registration state changed to " << client_->is_registered()
               << " in step " << enrollment_step_ << ".";
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnClientError(CloudPolicyClient* client) {
  DCHECK_EQ(client_.get(), client);

  if (enrollment_step_ == STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_FETCH) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "API authentication code fetch failed: "
               << client_->status();
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForRobotAuthFetchError(client_->status()));
  } else if (enrollment_step_ < STEP_POLICY_FETCH) {
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForRegistrationError(client_->status()));
  } else {
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForFetchError(client_->status()));
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnStoreLoaded(CloudPolicyStore* store) {
  DCHECK_EQ(store_, store);

  if (enrollment_step_ == STEP_LOADING_STORE) {
    // If the |store_| wasn't initialized when StartEnrollment() was called,
    // then StartRegistration() bails silently. This gets registration rolling
    // again after the store finishes loading.
    StartRegistration();
  } else if (enrollment_step_ == STEP_STORE_POLICY) {
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_SUCCESS));
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnStoreError(CloudPolicyStore* store) {
  DCHECK_EQ(store_, store);
  if (enrollment_step_ == STEP_STORE_TOKEN_AND_ID) {
    // Calling DeviceSettingsService::SetManagementSettings() on a non-
    // enterprise-managed device will trigger OnStoreError(), as
    // DeviceCloudPolicyStore listens to all changes on DeviceSettingsService,
    // and it calls OnStoreError() when the device is not enterprise-managed.
    return;
  }
  ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStoreError(store_->status(),
                                               store_->validation_status()));
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleStateKeysResult(
    const std::vector<std::string>& state_keys, bool /* first_boot */) {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_STATE_KEYS, enrollment_step_);

  // Make sure state keys are available if forced re-enrollment is on.
  if (chromeos::AutoEnrollmentController::GetMode() ==
      chromeos::AutoEnrollmentController::MODE_FORCED_RE_ENROLLMENT) {
    client_->SetStateKeysToUpload(state_keys);
    current_state_key_ = state_keys_broker_->current_state_key();
    if (state_keys.empty() || current_state_key_.empty()) {
      ReportResult(
          EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_NO_STATE_KEYS));
      return;
    }
  }

  enrollment_step_ = STEP_LOADING_STORE;
  StartRegistration();
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::StartRegistration() {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_LOADING_STORE, enrollment_step_);
  if (store_->is_initialized()) {
    enrollment_step_ = STEP_REGISTRATION;
    client_->Register(em::DeviceRegisterRequest::DEVICE,
                      auth_token_, client_id_, is_auto_enrollment_,
                      requisition_, current_state_key_);
  } else {
    // Do nothing. StartRegistration() will be called again from OnStoreLoaded()
    // after the CloudPolicyStore has initialized.
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandlePolicyValidationResult(
    DeviceCloudPolicyValidator* validator) {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_VALIDATION, enrollment_step_);
  if (validator->success()) {
    policy_ = validator->policy().Pass();
    username_ = validator->policy_data()->username();
    device_id_ = validator->policy_data()->device_id();
    request_token_ = validator->policy_data()->request_token();

    if (CommandLine::ForCurrentProcess()->HasSwitch(
            chromeos::switches::kEnterpriseEnrollmentSkipRobotAuth)) {
      // For test purposes we allow enrollment to succeed without proper robot
      // account and use the provided value as a token.
      refresh_token_ = kTestingRobotToken;
      enrollment_step_ = STEP_LOCK_DEVICE;
      StartLockDevice();
      return;
    }

    enrollment_step_ = STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_FETCH;
    client_->FetchRobotAuthCodes(auth_token_);
  } else {
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForValidationError(validator->status()));
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnRobotAuthCodesFetched(
    CloudPolicyClient* client) {
  DCHECK_EQ(client_.get(), client);
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_FETCH, enrollment_step_);

  enrollment_step_ = STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_REFRESH;

  gaia::OAuthClientInfo client_info;
  client_info.client_id = GaiaUrls::GetInstance()->oauth2_chrome_client_id();
  client_info.client_secret =
      GaiaUrls::GetInstance()->oauth2_chrome_client_secret();
  client_info.redirect_uri = "oob";

  // Use the system request context to avoid sending user cookies.
  gaia_oauth_client_.reset(new gaia::GaiaOAuthClient(
      g_browser_process->system_request_context()));
  gaia_oauth_client_->GetTokensFromAuthCode(client_info,
                                            client->robot_api_auth_code(),
                                            0 /* max_retries */,
                                            this);
}

// GaiaOAuthClient::Delegate callback for OAuth2 refresh token fetched.
void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnGetTokensResponse(
    const std::string& refresh_token,
    const std::string& access_token,
    int expires_in_seconds) {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_REFRESH, enrollment_step_);

  refresh_token_ = refresh_token;

  enrollment_step_ = STEP_LOCK_DEVICE;
  StartLockDevice();
}

// GaiaOAuthClient::Delegate
void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnRefreshTokenResponse(
    const std::string& access_token,
    int expires_in_seconds) {
  // We never use the code that should trigger this callback.
  LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected callback invoked.";
}

// GaiaOAuthClient::Delegate OAuth2 error when fetching refresh token request.
void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnOAuthError() {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_REFRESH, enrollment_step_);
  // OnOAuthError is only called if the request is bad (malformed) or the
  // response is bad (empty access token returned).
  LOG(ERROR) << "OAuth protocol error while fetching API refresh token.";
  ReportResult(
      EnrollmentStatus::ForRobotRefreshFetchError(net::HTTP_BAD_REQUEST));
}

// GaiaOAuthClient::Delegate network error when fetching refresh token.
void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::OnNetworkError(int response_code) {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_ROBOT_AUTH_REFRESH, enrollment_step_);
  LOG(ERROR) << "Network error while fetching API refresh token: "
             << response_code;
  ReportResult(
      EnrollmentStatus::ForRobotRefreshFetchError(response_code));
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::StartLockDevice() {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_LOCK_DEVICE, enrollment_step_);
  // Since this method is also called directly.
  weak_ptr_factory_.InvalidateWeakPtrs();

  if (management_mode_ == em::PolicyData::CONSUMER_MANAGED) {
    // Consumer device enrollment doesn't use install attributes. Instead,
    // we put the information in the owners settings.
    enrollment_step_ = STEP_STORE_TOKEN_AND_ID;
    device_settings_service_->SetManagementSettings(
        management_mode_, request_token_, device_id_,
        base::Bind(&EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleSetManagementSettingsDone,
                   weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()));
  } else {
    install_attributes_->LockDevice(
        username_, device_mode_, device_id_,
        base::Bind(&EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleLockDeviceResult,
                   weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()));
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleSetManagementSettingsDone() {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_STORE_TOKEN_AND_ID, enrollment_step_);
  if (device_settings_service_->status() !=
      chromeos::DeviceSettingsService::STORE_SUCCESS) {
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(
        EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_STORE_TOKEN_AND_ID_FAILED));
    return;
  }

  StartStoreRobotAuth();
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleLockDeviceResult(
    EnterpriseInstallAttributes::LockResult lock_result) {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_LOCK_DEVICE, enrollment_step_);
  switch (lock_result) {
    case EnterpriseInstallAttributes::LOCK_SUCCESS:
      StartStoreRobotAuth();
      break;
    case EnterpriseInstallAttributes::LOCK_NOT_READY:
      // We wait up to |kLockRetryTimeoutMs| milliseconds and if it hasn't
      // succeeded by then show an error to the user and stop the enrollment.
      if (lockbox_init_duration_ < kLockRetryTimeoutMs) {
        // InstallAttributes not ready yet, retry later.
        LOG(WARNING) << "Install Attributes not ready yet will retry in "
                     << kLockRetryIntervalMs << "ms.";
        base::MessageLoop::current()->PostDelayedTask(
            FROM_HERE,
            base::Bind(&EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::StartLockDevice,
                       weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()),
            base::TimeDelta::FromMilliseconds(kLockRetryIntervalMs));
        lockbox_init_duration_ += kLockRetryIntervalMs;
      } else {
        ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(
            EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_LOCK_TIMEOUT));
      }
      break;
    case EnterpriseInstallAttributes::LOCK_BACKEND_ERROR:
      ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(
          EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_LOCK_ERROR));
      break;
    case EnterpriseInstallAttributes::LOCK_WRONG_USER:
      LOG(ERROR) << "Enrollment cannot proceed because the InstallAttrs "
                 << "has been locked already!";
      ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(
          EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_LOCK_WRONG_USER));
      break;
  }
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::StartStoreRobotAuth() {
  // Get the token service so we can store our robot refresh token.
  enrollment_step_ = STEP_STORE_ROBOT_AUTH;
  chromeos::DeviceOAuth2TokenServiceFactory::Get()->SetAndSaveRefreshToken(
      refresh_token_,
      base::Bind(&EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleStoreRobotAuthTokenResult,
                 weak_ptr_factory_.GetWeakPtr()));
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::HandleStoreRobotAuthTokenResult(bool result) {
  CHECK_EQ(STEP_STORE_ROBOT_AUTH, enrollment_step_);

  if (!result) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to store API refresh token.";
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(
        EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_ROBOT_REFRESH_STORE_FAILED));
    return;
  }

  if (management_mode_ == em::PolicyData::CONSUMER_MANAGED) {
    // For consumer management enrollment, we don't store the policy.
    ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus::ForStatus(EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_SUCCESS));
    return;
  }

  enrollment_step_ = STEP_STORE_POLICY;
  store_->InstallInitialPolicy(*policy_);
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::Stop() {
  if (client_.get())
    client_->RemoveObserver(this);
  enrollment_step_ = STEP_FINISHED;
  weak_ptr_factory_.InvalidateWeakPtrs();
  completion_callback_.Reset();
}

void EnrollmentHandlerChromeOS::ReportResult(EnrollmentStatus status) {
  EnrollmentCallback callback = completion_callback_;
  Stop();

  if (status.status() != EnrollmentStatus::STATUS_SUCCESS) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Enrollment failed: " << status.status()
                 << ", client: " << status.client_status()
                 << ", validation: " << status.validation_status()
                 << ", store: " << status.store_status();
  }

  if (!callback.is_null())
    callback.Run(status);
}

}  // namespace policy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Am attributed to a lot of bad things in my life, a lot of bad actions and their repurcussions. Some of which have caused a wrong notion about me in general to many people i know. Though i dont care about their thoughts and mood swings, i want to correct those sinisters in me. Hell no i am not here to list those one by one and their corrective actions (sounds more like my status report at work). Naah in a plain way i want to be more firm and show backbone to certain places in life. Though i believe life is a stroll on the grass and we must not think it over and confuse ourselves, its always good to rewind and think of alternatives. Its like those balls outside offstump you miss it once or twice then you practise to crack it next time. I have actually begun with the corrective actions it might be from a simple phone call to seeking forgiveness on a previous crazy action. As my colleague Raj puts in his mail signatures "Our lives become beautiful not because we are perfect. Our lives become beautiful because we put our heart into what we are doing". Though late i am upto it.
Killing my odd habits and changing beliefs and opening up is one of 'THE' things i wanna do, kinda birthday resolution [:)].
there may be a lot of people to pass comments based on their skewed viewpoints. just keep your mind clean and your self confident. don't bother much abt what others think. no body is bothered abt you as much you yourself.
Very nice one da...We never knew those silly things which we would have done for fun, would cause some issues in later stage...very well said...Teach me how u gonna do that!!
I had a really hard time during the four years in NSS. Kinda felt the same way. But maybe, I'm not ready yet for a change. Happily sulking!


Help will be on the way as soon as you call us about problems with your garage door remote clicker in Bolingbrook, Illinois. Is your remote lost or broken? Is the clicker not working? Don't try to explain the reasons for the remote clicker not working right or not at all. Contact our company and we will send you a qualified electric garage door repair Bolingbrook IL expert on the double.
With years in this business, the pros chosen by our company have the experience to fix Chamberlain garage door remote problems, Genie opener remotes, Marantec clickers and any remote type of all brands. Universal or not, your remote will be checked in a timely fashion. With their trucks stocked with all necessary spares and tools, the techs can check and fix complications either with the remote or opener. They carry replacement parts for Liftmaster remotes, Sears products, Craftsman clickers, all models and all brands. For the best garage door repair Bolingbrook service, come to us.
When your garage door clicker is broken or lost, the response of the tech will be rapid. We like to help you avoid worse problems and so we send over a tech to erase the memory of the lost remote and program a new product. Our company can provide you with garage door remote replacement products by any brand. The point is to get a remote that will suit your needs and will be compatible with the opener. That's where the assistance of the pro will come handy. With expertise in all electric opener systems, the pros suggest solutions to ensure your satisfaction.
Available to set up garage door opener remote services, our team can handle any request. When you schedule services with us, you can be sure that the remote will be fixed or replaced in a timely and professional manner. We arrange same day garage door remote control services at affordable prices and can help with any model.
Do give us a call if you need Bolingbrook garage door remote clicker repair. A tech will come to your aid before you know it and will handle your service request in the most effective way. Choose us to help you. Call us today if you've got remote related troubles.


text:
Q: How can I call my second function after my first function? I have two functions and two GUI.
I cannot get them to work after each other.
first, I want to open my browse GUI then editing GUI.
help me out, please.
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import filedialog
window = Tk()
def fileme():
    root = Tk()
    root.withdraw()
    file_path = filedialog.askopenfilenames(filetypes=[("Text file","*.txt")])
    print(file_path)
    window.withdraw()
    with open(file_path[0]) as f:
        f_contents = f.read()
        b=(f_contents)
        print(b)
window.title('Edit and save text files by Ali')
frame = Frame(window)
btn = Button(frame, text = 'Browse', command= fileme)
btn.pack(side = RIGHT , padx =55)
frame.pack(padx=100,pady = 30)

root=Tk()
x=filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Text file","*.txt")])
T=Text(root,state='normal', height=20, width=70)
T.pack()
T.insert(END, open(x).read())
def save():
    b = T.get('1.0', END)
    f = open(x, 'wt')
    f.write(b)
    f.close()
btn= Button(root, text='Save', command=save)
btn.pack(side = RIGHT , padx =55)
window.mainloop()
root.mainloop()

A: I figured it out
Here is an answer to this type of questions.
hope to be useful for anyone who is learning programming.
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import filedialog
window=Tk()
def x():
    x=filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Text file","*.txt")])
    T = Text(window, state='normal', height=20, width=70)
    T.pack()
    T.insert(END, open(x).read())

    def save():
        b = T.get('1.0', END)
        f = open(x, 'wt')
        f.write(b)
        f.close()
    btn1 = Button(window, text='Save', command=save)
    btn1.pack(side=RIGHT, padx=55)
window.title('Edit and save text files by Ali')
frame = Frame(window)
btn = Button(frame, text = 'Browse', command= x)
btn.pack(side = RIGHT , padx =55)
frame.pack(padx=100,pady = 30)

window.mainloop()

A: @Epiphnac In your solution both the browser window and the text editor open in the same window. I think my solution is a little bit better than that.
I have put the editor inside a new window using Toplevel.
Like this:
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog

window = tk.Tk()

def editor():
    x = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Text file", "*.txt")])
    new_window = tk.Toplevel()
    t = tk.Text(new_window, state='normal', height=20, width=70)
    t.pack()
    t.insert(tk.END, open(x).read())

    def save():
        b = t.get('1.0', tk.END)
        f = open(x, 'wt')
        f.write(b)
        f.close()
    btn1 = tk.Button(new_window, text='Save', command=save)
    btn1.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, padx=55)

window.title('Edit and save text files by Ali')
frame = tk.Frame(window)
btn = tk.Button(frame, text='Browse', command=editor)
btn.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, padx=55)
frame.pack(padx=100, pady=30)

window.mainloop()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Take the quiz below to see how much you know about keeping your mouth healthy. After you've answered the questions, check the answers at the bottom of the page.
1. A. According to Colgate's Oral and Health Basics, gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss. "Moreover, a Surgeon General's report issued in May 2000 labeled Americans' bad oral health a "silent epidemic" and called for a national effort to improve oral health among all Americans," the site says.
2. B. Periodontal means, "around the teeth" which is the location of your gums.
3. C. Plaque grows both on the teeth and below the gum line. When it reaches too far below the gum line, you need to see a dentist to have it professionally removed.
4. C. Bleeding gums is one of the first signs on gum disease. Others include bad breath; receding gums; red, swollen, or tender gums.
5. B. Tartar. When dental plaque is not broken up by brushing and flossing, it becomes sticky and hard and forms calculus or tartar. It becomes harder to remove at this stage.
Score: One point for each correct answer.
4-5 points: You know the facts, but you still need to visit your dentist regularly to make sure you don't have gum disease.
2-3 points: Brush and floss every day and make an appointment with your dentist soon. You need some help so you can keep your teeth for a long time.
1 point: Call your dentist and arrange for both a check up and a discussion of how to care for your teeth. Dentists can be a big help in keeping you healthy and smiling.


25. Pleurospermum yunnanense Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8. 6: 137. 1894.
Hymenidium yunnanense (Franchet) Pimenov & Kljuykov; Pleurospermum pseudoyunnanense H. Wolff.
Plants 30–60(–100) cm. Taproot stout, dark brown. Stem hollow, distally ribbed and branched. Basal and lower petioles up to 20 cm; sheaths broad oblong, extended to first pinnae in mid and upper leaves, puberulous along veins; blades broadly triangular-ovate, 10–20 cm, 2–3-ternate/pinnate, glabrous; ultimate segments ovate or oblong, 1–2.8 × 0.5–2 cm, acutely serrate to lacerate. Umbels 7–10(–15) cm across; peduncles 7–12 cm; bracts 6–8, oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, divided at apex; rays 12–25, 3–5 cm, brown-hirtellous along ribs; bracteoles 6–10, oblong-obovate, 10–15 mm, membranous except midribs, cuneate, 3–5-lobed to pinnatifid at apex; pedicels numerous, 6–8 mm in fruit. Calyx teeth conspicuous, lanceolate-triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Petals obovate, greenish-white, occasionally flushed pink. Anthers dark purple-black. Fruit broad-ovoid, 3–4 × 2.5–3.2 mm; ribs narrowly winged; vittae 2 in each furrow, 4 on commissure. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct.
Woodland margins, dwarf Rhododendron scrub, valley sides, rocky slopes; 3600–4100 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan [NE Myanmar].


text:
Fleet involved in deadly human smuggling operation issued shutdown order
Matt Cole (CCJ)
Pyle Transportation has been effectively shut down by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for various hours-of-service and driver fitness violations. The company's trailer was used in July's grisly human smuggling operation in San Antonio that left 10 illegal aliens dead.
Pyle Transportation, the trucking company that owned the trailer involved in the grisly human smuggling operation that left 10 people dead in San Antonio in July, has been effectively shut down by the U.S. Department of Transportation.
The Schaller, Iowa-based company was placed indefinitely out-of-service Monday by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration following a compliance review that found hours-of-service and driver fitness violations, FMCSA spokesperson Duane DeBruyne confirmed to CCJ Thursday. The company still has the right to appeal the order, DeBruyne added.
Attempts by CCJ to reach Pyle Transportation for comment Thursday were unsuccessful.
Pyle was previously operating under a "conditional" safety rating due to prior violations. After FMCSA conducted the compliance review, the company's rating was downgraded to "unsatisfactory," and Pyle was effectively shut down.
According to the company's Compliance, Safety, Accountability Safety Measurement System public profile, FMCSA found in the compliance review the company had been making, or allowing drivers to make, false reports regarding duty status. In the last two months, the company had several hours-of-service violations including log book violations, drivers driving beyond the 11-hour driving limit and an out-of-service violation for a driver driving beyond the 14-hour on-duty window.
FMCSA's compliance review also found a violation in the "driver fitness" BASIC, in which the fleet knowingly allowed, required, permitted or authorized an employee to operate a truck when the driver had a disqualified CDL or had been disqualified from driving a truck. According to SMS data, a driver for the company was placed out of service on June 19 for driving while disqualified.
Owner-operator James Matthew Bradley has been indicted on seven charges related to the discovery of dozens of illegal immigrants in a scorching van trailer in San Antonio in July. A total of 39 undocumented aliens were trapped inside the trailer, and 10 of them were either dead when police found them or later died at a hospital.
Bradley told investigators he was taking the trailer to Brownsville, Texas, for Pyle Transportation to deliver it to someone who had bought it from the 19-truck fleet. The company has not been criminally charged in the smuggling case, but its involvement undoubtedly drew increased scrutiny of its safety record.
Additionally, Bradley had his Florida CDL revoked in April and was operating without a license when the smuggling operation was discovered.
Former trucker gets consecutive life sentences for role in deadly 2017 human smuggling case
Small fleet, two drivers effectively shut down after numerous safety violations
Trucker indicted for role in deadly smuggling operation, will not face death penalty
Trucking company, driver involved in high-profile smuggling case reportedly have checkered pasts


text:
Amrapur may refer to the following places in India :

 Amrapur, Jamnagar, Gujarat, a village on Saurashtra peninsula, Gujarat
 Amrapur State, a former princely state in Halar prant, Kathiawad, with seat in the above Gujarati town
 A village in Sutrapada taluka in Gir Somnath District, in Sorath prant, Kathiawar, Gujarat
 Amrapur Mehwa, a village former princely (e)state in Pandu, Rewa Katha, Gujarat
 A village in Mudkhed taluka in Nanded District, Maharashtra
 A village in Shevgaon tehsil of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia