War of the Rebellion: Serial 021 Page 0945 Chapter XXVII. CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. - CONFEDERATE.
poses. The medical department reports abundant arrangements for the sick and wounded except ambulances, there being but three at the post.
The commanding officer appeared to be much embarrassed by the presence of a number of women and children at this point remaining in spite of his recommendations to remove - persons who have come to occupy the houses made vacant by owners removed away. It struck me as a matter of importance to the command to have possession of most of these houses for storage and hospital purposes.
I submit for your view several papers relating to the condition of the post.
Columbus, Tex., January 12, 1863.
COLONEL: On Thursday last a committee of Germans waited on me at La Grange, professing to represent 120 Germans of Fayette County, and presented a written declaration, in which they set forth the situation of their families, and stated their willingness to defend the State, provided they had guarantees that their families should be supported in their absence, but they expressly declared that they declined to take the oath to the Confederate States, because they knew of no law requiring State troops to take that oath. The declaration also stated in substance that they were called upon to defend principles far removed from them.
The Governor has the original declaration, and will send a copy to me and also to you, and I request that you wait for the receipt of the paper in order that you may judge the more fairly of its contents, as my memory may not serve me fully. The declaration, however, will support an indictment and arrest under the State laws, and it is the purpose of the Governor to have the ringleaders arrested and dealt with. The punishment is the penitentiary, not less than two nor more than five years.
The Governor arrived at La Grange on Thursday last and remained until Saturday and saw this committed, and gave them a very plain, positive talk, which I have no doubt had a good effect, and I have hope that the victory at Galveston and the knowledge of the conspirators of our being on the alert will have a good effect, and that most of the men will come to the rendezvous at this p lace to-day, it being the day fixed for it, but if there should be any reverse to our arms or a landing in force I anticipate trouble.
I have sent commissioners to all the disaffected regions - men of influence, true to our cause - who have used persuasion and mild representations of the consequences to the conspirators, and a happy effect has been the consequence; and my belief now is that a few will desert, but that a large majority of the disaffected will come here to-day. I am credibly informed that one man declared to B. B. Hudnall that he and others meant to go, but that at a good opportunity they would hoist the white flag and go over to the enemy. I am now trying to get this statement on oath, and will, if able, submit it in form.


Professional Construction Recruitment are currently looking for a CSCS Labourer within commuting distance of Cranleigh for a start on a busy project we have which is based there. This will be working on a residential housing development site for one of our established clients, and comes with an immediate start date and negotiable salary. This should be a good run of work for the right candidate who is reliable and hard working.
Candidates will need to have a valid CSCS, full PPE and some previous site experience.


Fall is officially here and before we turn in our t-shirts and light sweaters for heavy coats and scarves here in Washington, we like to get some last minute blackberry picking in at a local park. Gathering blackberries to make muffins and pie is how we kick off the fall around here. The boys love to walk along the brush and find the fattest berries they can! It is a fun tradition I hope to carry on through the years. Do you have any fun family traditions to jump start the fall?


These products are guaranteed to work with your Samsung Xpress SL-C460W printer.
Samsung SL-C460W is a multifunction device and performs all the printing related things. Measuring at 406 x 362 x 288.6mm (16" x 14.3" x 11.4") Dimension (except paper tray) and weighs 12.82 kg. it's really a compact device. This is a perfect multifunction printer for busy offices this is a reliable document sharing platform and has the features like digital copying, fax unit. It offers print at the rate of 18ppm for monochrome and 4 ppm colour prints. The has 2-Line LCD Display and runs on 128 MB memory. It can print copy and scan and boasts a Dual CPU (Main: 533MHz, Sub: 150MHz) Processor. It has a high duty cycle that can go up to Up to 20000 images per month. With all these functionalities this printer lies among the most suitable choices for a busy office environment.


I love reading poetry, and some of my favorite poets are Yeats, Eliot, and Auden. In college I took a class on Modernist poetry and fiction, and I really enjoyed reading some of the World War I–era poetry we discussed, like Isaac Rosenberg's "On Receiving News of the War" and Wilfred Owen's "Dulce et Decorum Est." The poetry from that period speaks to the senseless tragedy going on at the time and gives a human voice to the suffering, which is crucial in how we process and understand these historical events. An ache for redemption amidst misery and despair is something that can be universally understood regardless of its era, and we can learn from and sympathize with these voices that speak to us from the past.
A few other favorite poems: "La Figlia che Piange" and "Preludes" by Eliot; "Easter, 1916" and "Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven" by Yeats; and "As I Walked Out One Evening" by Auden.
Reading poetry helps me to become a better writer—it makes me more aware of the subtleties of language and of how I'm using each word on the page. I rarely write poetry, although I did take a poetry writing class in college. But an awareness of poetry improves my ability to write prose, and mostly I just love soaking in well-written, lyrical poems.


PRCO is a key national high-tech enterprise with years of development, and has become a famous refractory supplier in China combined with production, engineering, design, service and R&D. It is now well proved to be the most dynamic refractory enterprise in China.
Puyang County Refractories Factory, as its predecessor, was founded in March, 1988. In 2002, it was reconstructed into a limited liability company and in 2007, became Puyang Refractories Group CO., LTD, which registered over 341 million RMB and has a total capital of 694 million RMB, with a staff of over 2825 workers. Among them, 26 have PhD and Masters degrees. The number of experts in high tech industry, R&D, production management is more than 831.
Perfectly done, with strong technical support after the sale, and customer satisfaction guaranteed!


Bringing music to D/deaf, Hard of Hearing and Hearing people in a visual way through the beauty of British Sign Language.
A unique carol concert performed by sign language choir, Youth Handy Voices, including pupils from St Edward's School will take place at 7pm on Monday 3rd December. The programme will feature festive favourites such as Silent Night and hit songs including This is me from The Greatest Showman.
Some of the performers will sing the carols whilst the choir sign them in British Sign Language, offering a visual expression of the lyrics which can be very emotive. The community project brings together young people with different abilities from different backgrounds to learn from each other, make music and have fun. The young members of Youth Handy Voices will be joined for the performance by the adult choir – Handy Voices. The experience has been rewarding and even life changing for those involved.
Choir member Shakeel, from South Oxford, feels his experience with the choir has been 'life changing', helping him with interactions and even a clear career path that he wants to follow.
The sign language choir is just one of a range of community partnerships undertaken by pupils at St Edward's – elsewhere, pupils give one-to-one support at the Endeavour Academy, enjoy crafts sessions with pupils at Northern House, offer sports coaching with Wolvercote Primary, perform concerts at the Lady Nuffield Residential Home, and work with adults with autism and learning disabilities at Farmability, a co-farmers programme.
'One of the huge advantages of being a city school is that we can be part of our local community and really get involved ….', said Paula Diaz Rogado, Head of Community Service.
For more details, contact Tracy van der Heiden, details above and below.
Previous postYouth Handy Voice and Handy Voices Signing Choirs to perform at Royal Albert Hall!


I was really enjoying Rumba, until my husband mentioned that it had an "unfortunate potpourri note." After which I was unable to smell anything other that potpourri.
This is unfortunate, since before he corrupted my imagination, I was re-living my childhood admiration for huge hair, stiletto heals, thick makeup, and cigarettes. It was fun while it lasted.


text:
{| class="infobox" style="font-size: 88%; width: 22em; text-align: center"
! colspan=3 style="font-size: 125%; background-color:#0055A2; color:white; text-align:center;"|
Active departments ofPersib Bandung
|- style="text-align: center"
|Football (Men's)|Football (Women's)|Football U-20 (Men's)
|- style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center"
|Football U-18 (Men's)
|Football U-16 (Men's)
|}

Persib Putri (English: Persib Women''), (also known as Persib Putri Bandung), is an Indonesian professional women's football club based in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Founded in 2019, the club is affiliated with men's professional association football club Persib Bandung. It currently plays in the Liga 1 Putri, the top women's league in Indonesia.

History
In July 2019, Persib announced their commitment to take part in the inaugural season of Liga 1 Putri, a women's football competition in Indonesia and formed a women's football team.

Players

Current squad

References

External links

Putri
 Association football clubs established in 2019
Sport in West Java
Women's football clubs in Indonesia
2019 establishments in Indonesia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Crossing and Reflections are two piano works from my 2016 debut album on the Decca Classics label, simply called Ola Gjeilo. This is the version with downloadable string quartet parts (incl. piano part and full score).


text:
Radio 1's Big Weekend
Radio 1's Big Weekend: The Best Bits (Season 1, Episode 5)
TV Episode | Music
Sally Wood
May 24, 2010 (United Kingdom)
Become a member to see contact information for Radio 1's Big Weekend: The Best Bits.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Supporting Local Businesses! Hayle has a good range of small shops and specialist businesses where you can find all you need as well as something a bit different.
Listed below are links to local businesses which we hope will be of interest. Additions and corrections are currently closed as we are transitioning to the Hayle Town Council web site over the next few months.
Author of book on local archaeology, outsider artist of glass crafts, popper paintings, acrylic abstract, figure drawing, cartoon bookmarks, postcards.
Handmade fine art 1:8 scale replicas historic Grand Prix/Sports cars for collectors museums, etc worldwide.
'We are a fabulous Hayle florist who creates amazing wedding flowers, spectacular corporate flowers and puts her whoe heart into funeral flowers. We offers a bespoke service to all customers but without the bespoke price tag!
Contemporary Jewellery and other Artworks made by Local Artist. Repairs and commissions undertaken.
Discover our Cornish and Venetian masks, lavishly decorated paper from Florence and handmade Italian quills and dip-pens. Our shop is located in Hayle, only a short distance from St. Ives and easy to reach by car, bus or train. We are part of Foundry Farm in Hayle, a community of artists and craftspeople, situated close to Foundry Square with its train & bus station.
UK Surf Shop, with an extensive range of surfboards and associated surf hardware.
Flowertime Florist Limited was founded in 1989, and are the highest qualified florists in Devon and Cornwall.
Brand new website dealing in old and new images of Hayle. Photographs, prints, paintings etc.
Hayle's first video and games shop selling new and pre-owned games and consoles. Sony, Nintendo & Microsoft. Pratt's market.
A collection of 20 specialist shops and services under one roof.
Supply & install everything for modern home/workplace. Designer carpets, furniture, bespoke curtains. Sourced from across Europe.
Furniture, Art and Craft Gallery displaying and selling local artist's and designer makers' work. For our undivided attention call or email to make an appointment.
Visit Lucy Kemp Jewellery specialist at Hayle Indoor Market, Foundry Square for handcrafted unique contemporary jewellery created using fine silver, sterling silver, 24ct gold and semi-precious stones.
The studio shop sells hand crafted gifts, homewares and accessories that are all made on site. I also provide craft workshops for children after school and during school holidays. inspiring one and all! Everybody knows somebody that loves something handmade!
Regular Workshops: Card Making, Painting, Quilting & more. Stockists of Craft products and tools. Crafting Clinic & Club. Stunning Fine Art Figures & Giftware. Hayle Indoor Arcade.
Family run business selling a wide range of beautiful gifts, bath bombs, handbags, jewellery, Yankee Candles plus lots, lots more. We offer a FREE gift wrapping service on all of our lovely products.
Studio pottery stockists. Cornwall's only Vintro chalk paint stockists. All your shabby chic needs.
Best pet shop in Hayle and the oldest, can get special items to order. Next to Flowertime Florist.
Established specialist woodwind shop serving the south west. New and secondhand instruments, range of accessories and music.
Handmade Jewellery and Artefacts, wall art for the discerning martial artist. Oriental calligraphic requests undertaken.
Packaging wholesalers. Supply broad range of packaging materials including carrier bags, boxes, industrial items such as bubble & pallet wrap etc. Biodegradable bags, catering products and gift packaging. Items can be made to order, printed or plain or simply off the shelf.
Independent gift shop by Hayle Harbour, selling local handmade crafts and seaglass jewellery.
Dog friendly garden centre which sells quality garden products and has plant experts on hand to give expert advice.
Aspire fitness and well being centre. Facilities include a fully equipped gym with cardio suite, fixed resistance machines, functional training and free weights area. The facility also benefits from two group exercise studios with a variety of classes, all of which are instructor led for added motivation. Sports therapy is another service offered on site for those requiring treatment. Aspire also offer a comprehensive personal training service for those needing extra motivation. In addition to the fitness facilities, Aspire offer hair dressing and beauty therapy treatments.
Help to achieve your health & fitness goals through a fun and varied program in the gym or at home.
Regular Pilates class every Wednesday 6.30pm at Hayle Community School. Classes taught by a fully qualified and experienced Polestar Pilates UK Level 3 instructor.
Hair by Rachel Silvio is a flexible hair stylist who can be mobile or the client can come to the salon. Offering all the latest cuts and colours. Feel free to contact for a price - you won't be disappointed.
One-to-one personal training sessions at home or outdoors. Small group circuit training sessions. Providing enthusiastic and fun personal training sessions to help you achieve your goals whatever they may be.
Satori Healing is at 3 Foundry Farm, Foundry Lane (opposite jewsons). We offer Reiki healing treatments and Reiki training in all levels up to master/teacher and Karuna Reiki. Reiki is a gentle, non-invasive relaxation therapy which induces natural healing in the body. There may be no greater gift than the gift of healing.
The answer is simple....a splash of colour, a dash of confidence and a little knowledge is all you need to start revealing the image you want the world to see and the one that you deserve to have.
A fully equipped fitness suite, including CV and free weight equipment. Situated at Hayle Community School.
Health and dietary advice for groups or individuals. Nutrition Therapy may improve many health conditions.
Public house and restaurant in Hayle.
All day breakfasts, lunches, cream teas, vegetarian menus.
Ovo, Lacto, Vegan-friendly & Organic. Take-out or eat-in. Outdoor seating. Open weekdays, plus Fri and Sat evenings.
Famously fresh Artisan Ice Cream, produced and sold in two locations in Hayle. Described as the best Ice Cream in Cornwall, Mr B's not only offers Ice Creams but traditional desserts, home made fudge, smoothies and Ice Cream Milk Shakes .
Modern continental style cafe/bar. Serving local fresh produce, premium beers, spirits, wines and funky cocktails 11am till late.
Public House and Restaurant in St Erth.
St Erth Station Buffet 6 days week all year! Nostalgic tearooms One of the top 10 best UK railway tearooms Guardian May 2009.
Free house pub. Excellent upstairs restaurant. In fine weather meals served outside. Large garden. Working water wheel.
Family holiday park. Chalets, Bungalows and Touring pitches.
Self Catering Cornwall Holiday Cottage. Available all year round. Close to beach and town. Sleeps up to 6.
Family-run unspoilt site. Stunning beach 10 mins walk. Village location opposite pub. Great facilities. Dogs welcome.
Quality self catering apartments and 3-bedroomed House.
Stylish, traditional wooden beach chalets. Self catering with modern conveniences in a spacious dune setting.
Fun-filled holiday park bursting with a variety of activities and overlooking St Ives Bay. Gold Star Rated Green Tourism Business.
Enjoy a great holiday or short break in a warm and friendly atmosphere ‐ put your feet up and relax!
Ocean Drive Bed & Breakfast is based at Upton Towans & Revive at 35 Self Catering Riviere Towans.
Cavernous 200 year-old Inn overlooking the RSPB World Wildlife Sanctuary. Real ales, traditional home made food, 9 refurbished ensuite rooms located on pub grounds. 4 of the rooms open unto a Bird Watching deck overlooking the estuary. Ample parking and easy wheelchair access.
Pure Cornwall presents beautiful holiday cottages, homes and apartments across Cornwall, incorporating a property sales division and a full holiday home management service.
We are a family run firm of chartered accountants who work proactively with our clients to help them grow their business.
Quick low-cost divorce by qualified experienced lawyers services for all budgets free consultation.
Bookkeeping, Accountancy, Self-Assessments, VAT Returns, Corporation Tax, Payroll Bureau, CIS.
Migration Consultants specializing in Australia, Canada and UK.
If you want a professional and reliable service from someone who is friendly and approachable just call us.
Consulting Structural/Civil Engineering by a professionally qualified Chartered Engineer.
Providing human resource services for all your staffing requirements.
Registered with Social Service, Commissions for Social Care Inspection. Domiciliary care in the community.
Wide range of mobility products to suit individual needs. We provide a fast & efficient ordering service for bespoke items.
Specialists in windows, doors, conservatories, staircases, hand made furniture, restorations, gates and much, much more! A friendly, reliable and professional service, meeting deadlines and projected forecasts with a guarantee of building and installing any bespoke products for individuals and large corporations alike, and have the expertise, experience and capacity to take on large scale projects domestic or commercial. Contact us for more details!
Full time childcare open 7.45am - 6.00pm 50 weeks a year. Three large rooms for ages 0 - 10 years and local school collection for before and after school care. Amazing large outside play area. Free 15 hours government funding available for 2 - 5 years.
Welcome to Happy Days Cleaning Services and with over 40 years cleaning experience we do all aspects of domestic work. Our rates are very competitive and negotiable. If anyone is interested in our services please leave a message.
Electrical and plumbing supplies to trade and retail. Vacuum cleaner sales and repairs. Garden machinery sales.
Wallworxs is a new and independent electrical business offering discounts to the elderly and all Serving and Ex Armed forces. From a socket change to a rewire we offer our services to all.
Friendly personal service. 7‐day a week free delivery & collection anytime day or evening! Wide choice of cars.
Car transportation & recovery. Car collection & disposal service throughout Cornwall. MOT failures, accident damaged, etc.
Classic Lambretta / Vespa / LML Motor Scooters for sale. Accessories & parts, including Tyres/Oils/Servicing.
Private hire operators in Hayle and district.
Classic Mercedes car hire for weddings, civil ceremonies and special occasions. Car and chauffeur hire from £99.
Est 20 years all makes repaired/serviced, electronic diagnostic specialist, free collect/return.
We hire out luxury s/c lodge, scooters, classic VW campervans and chauffeur-driven VWs for weddings. Bedbug hire/sales.
Providers of all Glass & Glazing Services. Single & Double, UPVc Windows & Doors. Emergency Call Outs.
Carpet care with zero drying time - also steam driven carpet care. Upholstery cleaning, Bio oven cleaning, Professional Cleaning Services.
Cleaning tailored to your needs - we provide a service for Domestic Cleaning /Commercial Cleaning /Holiday Cleaning /Builders Clean /End of Tenancy Clean /Laundry Service. If you would like us to do a home visit please contact Diane (see below).
Reliable female tiler and wood floorer based in Angarrack. Friendly professional service with free no obligation quotes.
Design, creation and installation of furniture and interiors.
We offer professional and friendly management of trees and shrubs. All staff are fully qualified and insured.
Boba Joinery specialise in windows, doors, conservatories, staircases, hand made furniture, restorations, gates and much much more! Contact us for more details!
Apple Macintosh Sales & Service.
Computer Services providing support, training and websites for home users and small businesses..
Fat Fish design is a local web and print design studio based in Hayle. Specialising in creative, affordable solutions for small businesses.
IT West provide IT Managed Services to help effectively employ technology to reduce cost and increase revenue.
Juicy Visual is a forward thinking design agency providing web design, logo design and graphic design throughout Hayle and Cornwall.
Nixon are one of the leading branding and web development agencies working the south west.
Web site for Hen Parties, Birthdays and Fancy Dress.
All aspects of plumbing from a dripping tap to complete bathroom.
All central heating from an annual service to a new complete heating system or boiler change.
"Capture the Moment" Photography of Cornwall. We also do picture framing for local artists, greeting cards, fridge magnets etc.
A collection of Cornish photographs available for purchase.
Publishers of the OVER CORNWALL book of aerial images, and suppliers of high quality aerial and ground images.
Bespoke, storybook. contemporary and traditional wedding photography.
Quick reliable general printers, we offer business stationery, raffle tickets, NCR pads.
Sign Maker and Graphics Manufacturer producing high quality signs and graphics for business and individuals.
An independent estate agent offering good services for sale and rental properties in West Cornwall.
Indusrial, domestic, environmental, commercial cleaning.
Driftwood Properties (in association with Toms Holidays) is a new Estate/Letting Agency located in Hayle.
Security services provider based in Hayle serving Cornwall and the South West.
Mike Matthews has operated as a Local Independent Estate Agent for the past 19 years.
As a friendly family company, we can offer free competitive quotes. As well as a professional 7 days personal service. Whatever your needs, we are here to help and take the stress out of moving.
Local taxi company, 4/8 seaters available, reliable and friendly service, cheap rates. Airport runs, luggage transfers etc. Call for a quote.
Taxi/Private hire.Operating for over 30 years,reliable and honest.
A local Taxi firm for local people. We have 4, 7 (wheelchair accessible), and two 8 seat minibuses and can accommodate for most things including trips to shops, nights out, and airport transfers!
Established in 1962 with a single branch in Falmouth, we are now Devon & Cornwall's largest independent travel agency group.
Tutoring services in Hayle. Primary specialist but can tutor from age 5 to adult. English, maths, science, special needs, ESL.
One-to-one tuition for adults and children in acoustic/electric guitar, bass, ukulele, singing and song writing.
The FSB exists to promote the interests of the self‐employed and all those who run their own businesses.
The voice of business at the gateway to West Cornwall.
Information, advice, events and support across West Cornwall, including mentoring and a tendering partnership.
Gateway to information, advice and guidance for all businesses – start‐ups, existing and growing businesses.
The sector agency for creative businesses in Cornwall. Business information, advice, guidance and training.
The inward investment agency for Cornwall, offering business support and help searching sites and premises.
An exciting and dynamic network for young business people in Cornwall. Monthly networking events and workshops.
Help for 14‐30 year olds. Practical & financial support. Personal / business development programmes.
Young Enterprise is the UK's leading business and enterprise education charity.
The economic development service for Cornwall Council. Mission is to achieve sustainable prosperity.
The site that provides you with all you need to find and bid for contracts in Cornwall.


Corporations have "gotten 100 percent of the gain in our economy,"the Democratic donor and activist said.
Billionaire activist Tom Steyer, who has been mentioned as a possible 2020 presidential candidate, told an Iowa State Fair crowd Tuesday that President Donald Trump is "reckless, dangerous and lawless," and impeaching him would be a patriotic act.
Steyer, the largest individual donor in Democratic politics, called the Republican president corrupt. He claimed that Trump has obstructed justice, accepted personal benefits from foreign governments and committed a host of other offenses recognized as impeachable by constitutional scholars.
"Let me say this: Impeachment, we take very seriously. We are not trying to impeach this president because we disagree with his tax policy," Steyer told about 250 people who appeared to listen closely to his remarks at the Des Moines Register Soapbox.
Steyer, 61, who lives in San Francisco, is a former hedge fund manager best known now for his liberal activism and for spending millions of dollars in an effort to impeach Trump. He is the founder of NextGen America, a group addressing climate change, immigration, health care, education and other issues.
Steyer told the fair audience that wages for American workers have been stagnant the past 40 years, while profits for the nation's corporations have boomed at the expense of average working people.
"We have seen a hostile, corporate takeover of our politics and a hostile, corporate takeover of our economy," Steyer said. Corporations have "gotten 100 percent of the gain in our economy," he added.
He called for sweeping changes in Washington, D.C., to assure health care and education for everyone, along with clean air and water. On immigration, he proposed what he called a just system to fairly treat 11 million undocumented immigrants and provide them with a path to citizenship.
He criticized Trump's tax cut legislation, claiming that more than 90 percent of the benefits will go to rich people and corporations. But he said the American public will pay 100 percent of the cost because of the need to cut government programs such as health care and education to pay for the tax reductions.
Steyer said he is supporting efforts for the largest mobilization of young voters in American history in November's election, including initiatives at college campuses across Iowa. His initiative is based on the fact that men and women under age 35 vote at only half the rate of other Americans, he said.
The solution to the nation's problems, he said, is "more democracy, more participation and more inclusion."
Steyer, who strolled the fairgrounds after his speech, told reporters he won't make a decision on a possible presidential campaign until after the coming election.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An industry pioneer, Global-Link Exhibitions Specialist Inc. is an events organizing and management company that has been in operations since the early 1990s. We have a comprehensive service line, an average of 25 annual trade event titles in our portfolio, and have won the coveted award for Best in Exhibition Management from Pico Global two years in a row. In 2015, the Pico Far East Board of Directors recognized the company as a top performer in the global group of organizers and was given the Award for Excellence.


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It took three months to create the final version of the Ultra-Reinforced DrillMaster bayonet. The DrillMaster worked with the Air Force Honor Guard Drill Team and Supply Airmen to create this extremely reinforced bayonet.
The picture below is the final version. extra spot welds and a small plate of steel to reinforce the handle. This DrillMaster Bayonet* is the Air Force Honor Guard Drill Team's new practice bayonet.
An Airman on the current AFHG Drill Team, SrA Jason Black, contacted my about my bayonets since they do not have a sharp edge or point- a much safer alternative than what they use in performances. The issue was training new members of the team and having them more comfortable with not only spinning a rifle, but having a bayonet on the end.
The Welded DrillMaster Bayonet was the answer, or so we thought. That and two more versions broke after training with it for a while. They needed something extremely strong to take the rigors of a new drill team member constantly dropping the rifle without the constant breakage that the team experienced. SrA Gabriel Goldsborough and finally, A1C Johnathen Howard finished the whole process.
You can now benefit from these three months of work and information exchange between the USAF Honor Guard Drill Team and The DrillMaster. Click here to go to the DrillMaster Bayonet page.


While hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women is highly recommended, it remains and individual decision.
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Your doctor will advise you on the benefits and risks.


The day's first rays of sunlight creep over the dark horizon, finding me crossing through the ocean. I have been awake for a couple of hours already, the alarm on my wrist watch jarring me awake after what seems to be only moments after falling asleep. Waking up in the total darkness of early morning can be a challenge, as it is nearly impossible to tell the time without the assistance of a time keeping device. For me, this results in panicked wake-ups before my alarm, scrambling to find my cell phone to ensure that I have not overslept.
This is my daily routine, as I complete the field work for the project I began setting up last fall. By the end of the morning, I will have put in several hours of hiking, listening, and watching, often returning home before my roommates have woken up or eaten breakfast. With these early starts and my seeming inability to take daytime naps (I either cannot fall sleep, or wake up several hours later–completely disoriented and hopelessly groggy), I have taken to the habit of turning into bed before the sun has set on the day, a challenge equally as daunting as napping.
Though the sunrise is far from marking the beginning of my day, the first golden illumination of the landscape is the moment of the day that I look forward to the most. I soon approach my destination, a dark, dense island of trees amidst the sea of sage. Cold fingers gripping an even colder GPS unit, I quietly make my way to a small orange flag that I had placed weeks ago when I first visited this stand of Douglas-fir. Leaning against a tree, I feel the warmth of the sun finally penetrate the cool, still air as I begin a ten minute avian census, recording all the birds I see and hear from this spot. Having completed two other points before sunrise, I know I have several more to complete before my morning is over. There are birds to be seen, and there is nowhere on Earth I would rather be at this moment in time.
A great description not only of the physical realities of field work but of the unique pleasures of living and going afield in the rural west. I would live nowhere else either.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Real scalar fields could provide
mutual connections between cosmology and particle physics.
The first attempt to admit a gravity scalar was by Nordstr\o m (1913),
whereas Jordan (1959)
as well as Brans \& Dicke (1961) introduced it as a means for  varying the
gravitational `constant' $G$ with time.
The most intensive application of  scalar fields occurs in  the early universe
scenarios. A prime example is inflation  driven
by the potential energy of the real scalar field, the inflaton, and in
phase transitions  together with the production of topological defects
(Vilenkin \& Shellard 1994). It  also arises in the theories
of superstrings where the
dilaton couples universality to the trace of the energy-momentum tensor
 and leads to the so-called
superinflation driven by the kinetic energy of the scalar field
(see ~Gasperini \& Veneziano 1993a, 1993b).

One of the main predictions of general relativity (GR) is the
{\em deflection of
light} in gravitational fields of compact objects known as {\em gravitational
lensing}. Although the deflection of light by the Sun, up to a  factor
{\em of two}, was  suggested    by
Soldner already in 1801  in the context of Newton's theory,
the correct value of
$\delta =4 M_\odot/R_\odot \simeq 1,75^{\prime\prime}$  was derived within the
framework of general
relativity by Chwolson (1924) and Einstein (1936),  see
Schneider et al. (1992) for more details. Intensive studies of gravitationally
lensed objects began  with the observation (Young et
al. 1980) of the double quasar
 Q0957+561 with redshift  $z=0.39$ and were mainly concentrated on the
weak gravitational lensing effect for which the  deflection is
very small, up to a few arcseconds (see
 Bartelmann \& Schneider 2001 for a recent review). In general,
one can distinguish between lensing on non-cosmological and cosmological
distances. As for the former one can have lensing by a star of solar mass
$M_\odot$ in a galaxy with the deflection angles of the order
of milliarcseconds and by a galaxy of $10^{11} M_\odot$ with the
deflection angles of the order of arcseconds.
Although model-dependent luminosity distances have to be assumed,  this
provides us with the opportunity to
determine the mass distribution of dark matter haloes, in particular the inner
density slopes. Moreover, information on the cosmological parameters such as
the Hubble constant $H_0$,
the deceleration parameter $q_0$ and the cosmological constant $\Lambda$
(Fukugita et al.~1990), can be obtained.

In the case of weak lensing, a comparison with Newton's theory
is instructive, but all the Newtonian-based intuition fails
for the cases of the
large deflection angles. If one has a black hole, or a strong compact object
such as a neutron star, then the gravitational lensing effects have to
be treated in fully relativistic terms (Petters 2003). The deflection angles
can be of the order of  degrees allowing the light to orbit the lens several
times such that  multiple images can be formed (Cramer 1997, Dabrowski \&
Schunck 2000). These effects are
especially interesting for accretion disks (Peitz \& Appl 1997).
It is worth mentioning the  possibility of
gravitational lensing by exotic matter such as cosmic strings
(Vilenkin \& Shellard 1994), boson stars (Schunck \& Mielke, 1999, 2003)
and by gravitational waves (Faraoni 1993).

Recently, Virbhadra et al.~(1998, 2002) coupled a real
massless scalar field to the Einstein equations and got a general static
spherically symmetric asymptotically flat solution with a naked
singularity which, apart from mass, has an extra parameter
called ``scalar charge''. They found a possibility of having four
images of a source at the observer position together with
a double {\em Einstein ring}.

In this paper, we investigate the gravitational lensing of a
spherically symmetric  halo  constructed from an exactly solvable scalar field
model with a
{\em self-interaction} of the Emden type. To some extent this adopts  the
proposal of Spergel  \& Steinhardt (2000) that dark matter (DM) could be
weakly self-interacting, or even a Bose-Einstein condensate
(Goodman, 2000) with a repulsive potential. Then, DM would
be more `collisional' and may avoid the central cusps of the conventional
cold dark matter (CDM) haloes.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we study the photon
trajectories  arising from null geodesics in the gravitational field of a
spherically symmetric halo. In Section 3 we derive
the density profile of our non-topological soliton (NTS) model and compare it
with other empirical profiles, such as the quasi-isothermal sphere or the
Burkert fit.
The rotation curves derived for the NTS halo in Section 4 are contrasted
to those emerging from the isothermal sphere and
the Burkert fit. In Section 5, we
discuss the effects of gravitational lensing by such bosonic configurations,
calculate exactly the normalized projected mass, corrections due to pressure,
and draw  the dimensionless
weak-field lens equation. Demarcation curves between `weak' and `strong'
lensing  for the NTS halo are compared with those of other prominent models in
Section 6.  The location of Einstein rings, the image separation and
magnification
are provided in Section 7.  Section 8 summarizes
the results and gives an outlook on the consequences of
a possible flattening of NTS haloes.

\section{Photon trajectories in a gravitational field}

For reasons mentioned in the introduction gravitational lensing requires
a full {\em general-relativistic framework}:

For spherically symmetric halo, the line element reads
\begin{equation}
ds^2 = e^{\nu (r)} dt^2 - e^{\tilde\lambda (r)} dr^2 - r^2 \left(
 d\vartheta^2 + \sin^2\vartheta d\varphi^2 \right)  \; ,  \label{met}
\end{equation}
in which the functions $\nu =\nu (r)$ and
$\tilde\lambda =\tilde\lambda (r)$ depend on the Schwarzschild type radial
coordinate $r$.

The main point of our analysis is the gravitational lensing properties
by a bosonic halo and this requires the discussion of trajectories of photons
along a null geodesics  in the plain $\vartheta =\pi/2$. It is equivalent to
the energy conservation
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{dr}{d\tau}\right)^2 + V_{\rm eff}  =
  \frac{1}{2} F^2 e^{-\tilde\lambda -\nu}
\label{null1}
\end{equation}
of a particle with kinetic energy moving in the effective gravitational
potential
\begin{equation}
V_{\rm eff} = e^{-\tilde\lambda } \frac{L^2}{2 r^2} \; . \label{veff}
\end{equation}
Here $F:=e^\nu dt/d\tau$ is the total energy, $L:=r^2 d\varphi/d\tau$
the angular momentum of the photon, and
$\tau$  an affine parameter along null
geodesics, such that
$L/F= r^2e^{-\nu} d\varphi/dt= re^{-\nu/2}$.

When the light travelling from a source is
deflected by a halo,  the deflection angle is given by
(Sexl \& Urbantke 1983, p. 110)
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}(r_0) =2 \int_{r_0}^\infty
\frac{be^{\tilde\lambda /2}}{\sqrt{r^2 e^{-\nu} - b^2}} \frac{dr}{r} - \pi \; ,
\label{exactbend}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
b=L/F(r_0)=r_0\exp{[-\nu(r_0)/2]} \; ,
\end{equation}
is the impact parameter and and $r_0$ the closest distance between a light ray
and the center
of the halo for which
$V_{\rm eff}(r_0) = (F^2/2) \exp[-\nu(r_0) - \tilde\lambda(r_0)]$ holds.

The diagonal components of the energy-momentum tensor
$T_\mu{} ^\nu(\Phi) = {\rm diag} \; (\rho , -p_r,$
$-p_\bot, -p_\bot )$ of a  scalar field are
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho &=& \frac{1}{2} \left ( \omega^2 P^2 e^{-\nu} +P'^2 e^{-\tilde\lambda} + U
 \right ) \; , \nonumber  \\
p_{\rm r} &=&  \rho -  U \; , \;  \nonumber  \\
p_\bot &=&  p_r -  P'^2 e^{-\tilde\lambda } \; . \label{emt}
\end{eqnarray}
which, due to  $\nabla^{\mu} T_{\mu}{}^{\nu}= 0$, satisfy the {\em generalisation}
\begin{equation}
 \frac{d}{dr} p_{\rm r}= -\nu^\prime\left(\rho + p_{\rm r} -\frac{2}{r}(
p_{\rm
 r}-p_\bot)\right) \label{TOV}
\end{equation}
 of the
Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation for
an anisotropic `fluid',  cf. Schunck \& Mielke (2003).

{}For  stationary configurations,
 the equivalent radial Klein-Gordon equation reads
\begin{equation}
P'' + \left( \frac {\nu' - \tilde\lambda'}{2} + \frac {2}{r} \right)
 P' =e^{\tilde\lambda}  \left[ \frac{dU(P)}{dP^2} -e^{- \nu }
\omega^2\right] P\,, \label{2ska}
\end{equation}
where $P:= P(r)=\Phi (r,t) e^{i\omega t}$ is the radial function and $U$ a
self-interaction.

The decisive non-vanishing components of the Einstein equation are
the `radial' equations
\begin{eqnarray}
\nu' + \tilde\lambda' & = & \kappa (\rho + p_{\rm r}) r e^{\tilde\lambda}
\; ,  \label{nula}\\
\tilde\lambda' & = & \kappa \rho r e^{\tilde\lambda} - \frac {1}{r}
(e^{\tilde\lambda} - 1)
\; , \label{la}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\kappa= 8\pi G$ is the gravitational coupling constant in natural units.
Two further  components are identically fulfilled because of
the contracted Bianchi identity $\nabla^{\mu} G_{\mu}{}^{\nu}\equiv 0$ and
the energy-momentum conservation(\ref{TOV}).

One of the metric functions has the well-known exact parametric solution
\begin{equation}
e^{-\tilde\lambda(r)} = 1 - \frac{2GM(r)}{r}= 1 - \frac{\kappa M(r)}{4\pi r} \; ,
\label{paralam}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
M(r) := 4\pi\int_0^r \rho {\tilde r}^2 d{\tilde r}  \label{Newmass}
\end{equation}
is the Newtonian mass function at the distance $r$ from the center.

\section{Density profile of non-topological solitons
  \label{ntssol}}

As a solvable toy model (Mielke, 1978, 1979) with {\em self-interaction}, let
us consider the Klein-Gordon equation (\ref{2ska}) with
a $\Phi^6$ type potential
\begin{equation}
U(\vert  \Phi \vert ) = m^2 \vert  \Phi \vert ^2 \left(1 -
\chi \vert  \Phi \vert^4 \right), \qquad \chi \vert  \Phi \vert^4\leq 1\,,
\label{pot6}
\end{equation}
where $m$ is the `bare' mass of the boson and  $\chi$
a coupling constant, which are thought of as constants of nature, cf.
Mielke \& Schunck (2002), Mielke, et al. (2002).

For a spherically symmetric configuration and
the choice $\omega =m$, the corresponding
nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (\ref{2ska}) simplifies in the limit
$\nu=\tilde\lambda\rightarrow 0$  of
flat spacetime to an {\em Emden type equation}
\begin{equation}
P^{\prime\prime} + \frac{2}{x} P^{\prime}
  + 3\chi P^5 = 0\, ,
\label{Emden}
\end{equation}
which has the completely {\em regular} exact solution
\begin{equation}
P(r) = \pm \chi^{-1/4} \sqrt{\frac{A }{1+A^2 x^2}} \, , \label{NTS}
\end{equation}
where  we introduced
the {\em dimensionless} radial coordinate $x:=m r$,
and $A = \sqrt{\chi} P^2(0)$ is a free intergration constant depending
on the central value $P(0)$.
As is rather
characteristic  for {\em non-topological soliton} (NTS)
solutions, its dependence on
the nonlinear coupling parameter $\chi$ is singular in the limit
$\chi\rightarrow 0$.

{}From (\ref{emt}) we find in flat spacetime the energy density
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho
 &=& \frac{2\rho_0}{2-A^2}
 \left[\frac{ r_{\rm c}^2}{r_{\rm c}^2+r^2} +
 \frac{A^2 r_{\rm c}^4( r^2- r_{\rm c}^2)}{2(r_{\rm c}^2+r^2)^3}\right]
   \; ,
\label{rhonts}
\end{eqnarray}
where the central density of the NTS model
$\rho_0 =A(2-A^2)m^2/2\sqrt{\chi}$ is positive for $A < \sqrt{2}$
and the core or {\em scale} radius is $r_{\rm c}=1/m A$.
{}For small $A$, the leading term of the Newtonian type mass
concentration (\ref{rhonts})
is exactly the density law of the {\em quasi--isothermal sphere}  (IS)
\begin{equation}
\rho_{\rm IS} (r) = \rho_0
\frac{ r_{\rm c}^2}{r_{\rm c}^2+r^2} \; .
\label{quasirho}
\end{equation}
At large radii the density falls of like $\rho \propto r^{-2}$ which
corresponds to an asymptotically flat rotation curve.
The NTS density (\ref{rhonts}) implies a {\em scaling law} for the dark haloes
of the form
\begin{equation}
\rho_0 = \frac{m}{\sqrt{\chi}} \frac{1}{r_{\rm c}}
\left(1 - \frac{1}{2m^2r_{\rm c}^2}\right)
\simeq \frac{m}{\sqrt{\chi}}\frac{1}{r_{\rm c}}\propto \frac{1}
{r_{\rm c}} \; ,  \label{scallaw}
\end{equation}
where $A$, which may vary from halo to halo,
{\em cancels out}. The remaining quotient $m/\sqrt{\chi}$ may be tentatively
regarded as universal constant of scalar dark matter (DM).

For $r_{\rm c}>>1/m$, which is equivalently to $\chi   P^4(0)<< 1$
and therefore within the positive range of
the NTS self-interaction (\ref{pot6}), the approximate scaling relation
$\rho_0 \propto 1/
{r_{\rm c}}$ has been successfully tested by
Fuchs \& Mielke (2004) against the observed properties of  various types of
galaxies.

Let us contrast these results with the density law of
Navarro, Frenk \& White (1996) based on  simulations of conventional,
i.e., non-interacting CDM:
The corresponding generalized NFW profile
 \begin{equation}
\rho_{\rm NFW} (r) = \rho_0
\frac{ r_{\rm c}^3}{r^\epsilon(r_{\rm c}+r)^{3-\epsilon}}\; ,
\quad 0<\epsilon <3 .
\label{NFWrho}
\end{equation}
is, however,  singular with a cusp at the origin. The original NFW profile
corresponds to $\epsilon=1$. More realistic appears to be the empirical density
profile
\begin{equation}
\rho_{\rm B} (r) = \rho_0
\frac{ r_{\rm c}^3}{(r_{\rm c}+r)(r_{\rm c}^2+r^2)}  \; .
\label{Brho}
\end{equation}
of Burkert (1995).
It has a constant density core, similarly as the NTS halo, but
a $\rho \propto r^{-3}$ fall-off at infinity, similarly as the NFW
profile.

\section{Rotation curves}

In general, for the static spherically symmetric metric (\ref{met}),
an observer at rest at the equator of the  Schwarzschild
type
coordinate system measures the following
tangential velocity squared as a `point particle'  (a star or interstellar HI
gas) flies past him in its circular orbit,
{\em cf.} Misner {\em et al.} (1973), p.~657, Eq.~(25.20):
\begin{eqnarray}
v^2_\varphi &:=& e^{-\nu} r^2 \left ( \frac{d\varphi}{dt} \right )^2
= \frac{1}{2} r\nu^\prime
= \frac{1}{2}\left[1 -
 e^{-\tilde\lambda}  +\kappa p_{\rm r}r^2 \right]e^{\tilde\lambda }\nonumber\\
&\simeq& \frac{\kappa}{2}\left[\frac{M(r)}{4\pi r} + p_{\rm r}r^2\right]
 \, . \label{tanvel}
\end{eqnarray}

As is well-known (Wald 1984), a naive application of the Newtonian limit
would have led us to geodesics in flat spacetime, i.e.~as if
gravity would not affect the motion of test bodies like our stars moving
in the DM halo. Thus it is mandatory to go beyond, as is
indicated by our approximation of the generally
relativistic formula (\ref{tanvel}).
Then,  also the  pressure component $p_r \neq 0$ of an anisotropic `fluid'
contributes, as is the case of scalar
fields.

As our simplest fiducial example, we calculate the total mass
\begin{equation}
M(r)= 4 \pi \rho_0 r_{\rm c}^3 [ r/r_{\rm c} - \arctan(r/r_{\rm c}) ] \, ,
\end{equation}
of the IS halo (\ref{quasirho}) which implies  the corresponding  circular
velocity
\begin{equation}
v_\varphi^2= \frac{\kappa}{2}  \rho_0 r_{\rm c}^2 \left[1 -
\frac{r_{\rm c}}{r}\arctan\left(\frac{r}{r_{\rm c}}\right)\right ] \, .
\end{equation}

On the other hand, from the Newtonian NTS solution (\ref{NTS}) and its radial
pressure (\ref{emt}), we find  the related rotation velocity
\begin{equation}
v^2_\varphi/ v^2_\infty =
 1 + \left(\frac{A ^2}{8}-1\right)\frac{r_{\rm c}}{r}
     \arctan\left(\frac{r}{r_{\rm c}}\right)
 + \frac{A ^2 r_{\rm c}^2(r^2-r_{\rm c}^2)}{8(r_{\rm c}^2+r^2 )^2},
   \label{NTSrot}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
 v^2_\infty =
 \frac{\kappa\rho_0 r_{\rm c}^2}{2-A^2} \leq 10^{-6} \label{vinfty}
\end{equation}
is restricted by observations.

According to Eq. (\ref{NTSrot}) of the NTS model,
the radial component $e^{- \tilde\lambda }$ of the  metric (\ref{met}) asymptotically
approaches the value
$1-2v^2_\infty<1$. After
 a redefinition of the
radial coordinate $r \rightarrow \tilde r:= r/\sqrt{1-2v^2_\infty}$,
the asymptotic space  has a {\em  solid deficit angle}: The area of a sphere
of radius $r$ is not $4 \pi r^2$, but $4 \pi (1-2v^2_\infty) r^2$. However,
there is a remedy by identifying the boundaries of the deficit angle and
thereby retaining an asymptotically flat metric, at the price of a conical
singularity (Tod 1994) at
the origin, similarly as in the case of cosmic strings, global monopoles
and global textures, cf.  Vilenkin \& Shellard (1994).

The more {\em realistic} phenomenological
Burkert fit (\ref{Brho})   amounts
asymptotically  to a {\em  logarithmic modification} of the
Kepler law such that the velocity tends to zero at
spatial infinity, with the consequence that
{\em no} such deficit angle is to be expected.

\section{Gravitational lensing by dark matter haloes}
The lens equation {\em for large} deflection angles may be expressed as
(Virbhadra \& Ellis  2000)
\begin{equation}
\tan\beta = \tan\theta -
\frac{D_{\rm ls }}{D_{\rm  s }}
\left[\tan{\theta} + \tan(\hat{\alpha} - \theta) \right]
\end{equation}
where $D_{\rm ls }$ and $D_{\rm  s }$ are distances from the
lens (deflector) to the
source and from the observer to the source, respectively,  $\beta$ denotes
the true angular position
of the source, whereas $\theta$ stands for the image positions.
Observe that, for large angles, the distance $D_{\rm ls }$
cannot be considered a constant but it is a function of the
deflection angle (Dabrowski \& Schunck 2000).

One usually defines the reduced deflection angle to be
\begin{equation}
\alpha := \theta - \beta = \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{D_{\rm ls }}{D_{\rm  s }}
\sin\hat{\alpha}\right) \, .  \label{redang}
\end{equation}

Since the gravitational potential $\vert\phi\vert< 10^{-4}$c$^2$ of a galaxy
is rather weak and neglecting pressure, one can use the linear approximation
to Einstein's equations, for which
\begin{equation}
e^\nu \simeq 1 +2 \phi= 2-n\,, \quad   e^{\tilde\lambda} \simeq 1 +2r \phi^\prime
\label{weakrefrac}
\end{equation}
holds in radial coordinates. Here $n:= 1-2\phi/c^2$ can be regarded
as an effective refraction index in flat spacetime.

Then the Newtonian potential
\begin{equation}
\phi= -\frac{\kappa}{8\pi}  \int
   \frac{\rho ({\vec r}\;^\prime)}{|{\vec r}-
   {\vec r}\;^\prime|}
  d^3 {r}^\prime  \; ,
\end{equation}
as a solution of  the Poisson equation via the method of Green's functions,
is only determined by the energy density $\rho$.
Accordingly, in this approximation the
 deflection angle is given by
\begin{equation}
{\vec {\hat{\bf \alpha}}} ({\vec r})=-\int_0^s \vec\nabla_\bot n dl=
2 \int_0^s \vec\nabla_\bot \phi dl \,, \label{bendappr}
\end{equation}
where $ dl \simeq dz$ is along the light path in an appropriately
choosen cordinate system. {}For a geometrically-thin
lens  (Narayan \& Bartelmann 1996), one usually considers the mass
sheet orthogonal to the line-of-sight,
commonly called the lens plane. It is characterized by
its {\em surface mass} density
\begin{equation}
\Sigma ({\vec r}_\bot) = \int \rho({\vec r}_\bot, z) dz \; , \label{surf}
\end{equation}
where ${\vec r}_\bot$ is a two-dimensional vector in the lens plane. The
deflection angle at position
${\vec r}_\bot$ is then the sum of the deflections due to all mass elements
in the plane
\begin{equation}
{\vec {\hat{\bf \alpha}}} ({\vec r}_\bot) =\frac{\kappa}{2\pi} \int
   \frac{({\vec r}
 - {\vec r}\;^\prime)_\bot \Sigma ({\vec r}_\bot\;^\prime)}{|{\vec r}-
   {\vec r}\;^\prime|_\bot^2}
  d^2 {r}_\bot^\prime  \; .
\end{equation}
In general, this deflection angle is a two-dimensional vector.
In case of circular symmetry, the coordinate origin can be shifted to the
center of symmetry and, so, light deflection is reduced to a
one-dimensional problem.

Then the {\em dimensionless weak-field lens equation} can be written as
\begin{equation}
\ \beta( \theta) = \theta - \lambda
\frac{g(\theta)}{\theta}\; ,
\quad \lambda:=  \frac{4\rho_0 r_{\rm c}}{\Sigma_{\rm cr}} \, ,
\label{dimlens}
\end{equation}
where $\theta= \vert {\vec r}_\bot\vert/D_{\rm l}$ and
$\Sigma_{\rm cr}=2D_{\rm  s } /(\kappa D_{\rm l}D_{\rm ls })$ is
the {\em critical} surface
density. The function $g$ is the normalized projected mass
\begin{eqnarray}
M_\bot(r_\bot)&:=&
 2\pi\int_0^{r_\bot} du \, u \int_{-\infty}^\infty
  \rho \left ( \sqrt{u^2 +w^2} \right ) dw
 \nonumber \\
&=&
4\pi \rho_0 r_{\rm c}^3 g\left(\frac{r_\bot}{r_{\rm c}}\right)
 \label{nopromass}
\end{eqnarray}
enclosed within a projected radius $r_\bot$ and integrated along
$w:=z/r_{\rm c}$.
An {\em Einstein radius} is defined by the condition
$\beta(\theta_{\rm E}) \equiv 0$,
or $\theta_{\rm E}^2 =\lambda g(\theta_{\rm E})$.

{}For the IS halo, the normalized projected mass is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\rm IS}(x) &=& \int_0^x u du \int_0^\infty \frac{ dw}{1+u^2 +w^2}
   \nonumber\\
 &=&
\frac{\pi}{4}\int_0^x \frac{du^2}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}=
   \frac{\pi}{2}\left(\sqrt{1+x^2}-1\right)\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where we applied for the evaluation of the improper integral the
theorem of residues, and the
 corresponding bending angle is given by
\begin{equation}
\alpha_{\rm IS}(x) = \frac{\kappa}{2} \rho_0
 r_{\rm c}^2 \frac{\sqrt{1+x^2} - 1 }{x}\,.
\end{equation}

For the NTS profile, we similarly find
\begin{eqnarray}
g(x)&=&\frac{1}{2-A^2}
 \Bigl[\pi\left(\sqrt{1+x^2}-1\right)\\ &+&
\frac{A^2}{2}\int_0^x du^2\int_0^\infty
  \frac{u^2 +w^2 -1}{(1+u^2 +w^2)^3} dw \Bigr]\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{\pi}{2-A^2} \left[\sqrt{1+x^2}-1
+ \frac{A^2}{16}\int_0^x   \frac{2u^2 -1}{(1+u^2)^{5/2}}du^2 \right]
   \nonumber\\
&=&\frac{\pi}{2-A^2} \left[\sqrt{1+x^2}-1
  - \frac{A^2}{8} \left ( \frac{1+2x^2}{(1+x^2)^{3/2}} - 1 \right )
  \right]\,.
\nonumber \label{projmaNTS}
\end{eqnarray}

In comparison, for the NFW  profile the projected mass $g(x)$
has been calculated by Bartelmann (1996),
Zhang (2004) derived those of its generalizations (\ref{NFWrho}),
whereas Park \& Ferguson (2003),
discuss the weak and strong lensing regimes of the
Burkert profile (\ref{Brho}) for which $\lambda_{\rm cr} =8/\pi$.

\subsection{Corrections due to pressure}
A conserved symmetric energy-momentum tensor $T_{\mu\nu}$ implies for
 the integrated spatial components  the Laue theorem
\begin{equation}
 \int T^{AB}d^3 {r} =\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^2}{dt^2} \int T_{00}r^A r^B d^3 {r}
\end{equation}
in the limit of {\em flat} spacetime, cf. Sexl \& Urbantke (1983, p.~78). Since the
anisotropic stresses (\ref{emt}) of our NTS are {\em static},
they do not contribute to the gravitational potential $\phi$ in this limit.

However, in a higher order approximation, the contribution from the radial pressure
\begin{equation}
p_{\rm r} =
\frac{A ^3 m^2}{2\sqrt{\chi}(1+A ^2 x^2)^2} =
\frac{A ^2\rho_0 }{2- A ^2}\frac{r_{\rm c}^4}{(r_{\rm c}^2 + r^2)^2}
\label{radp}
\end{equation}
of our NTS solution will cause a gravitational potential
$\widetilde\phi := (e^\nu -1)/2  \simeq\phi +\Psi$, which is
modified in comparison to the linear
approximation (\ref{weakrefrac}) valid for configurations without pressure. Since the shift
 $e^{\tilde\lambda}$ is, according to the exact parametrization (\ref{paralam}),
only determined by the energy density $\rho$, its
 weak field approximation remains intact.

The modified gravitational potential $\widetilde\phi$, entering now in the
corresponding deflection angle (\ref{bendappr}), can readily be obtain by
 caluculating the  derivative
$\vec\nabla_\bot =2\vec r_\bot \partial/\partial r^2$
perpendicular to the light path, but departing  from the
{\em general relativistic} relation (\ref{tanvel})
for the rotation velocity:
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec\nabla_\bot \widetilde\phi &\simeq&\frac{1}{2}\vec\nabla_\bot (e^\nu -1)= \vec r_\bot r^{-2}
v^2_\varphi e^{\nu}\nonumber\\
&=&
\frac{\kappa}{2}\vec r_\bot\left[\frac{M(r)}{4\pi r^3}
  + p_{\rm r}\right]e^{\nu + \tilde\lambda} \, ,
\end{eqnarray}
in which the extra contribution from the radial pressure
$p_{\rm r}$ becomes explicit.

Since $e^{\nu + \tilde\lambda}\simeq 1$ as  in the linear approximation
and $rdr =\sqrt{r^2 -r_\bot^2}dz$ in
the choosen coordinate system,
we find from Eq.~(\ref{bendappr}) for the  deflection angle of a NTS halo
\begin{equation}
{\vec {\hat{\bf \alpha}}} ({\vec r}_\bot)=2{\vec r}_\bot\int v^2_\varphi
\frac{d \ln r}{\sqrt{r^2 -r_\bot^2}}\, .
\end{equation}
In cases with a prescribed equation of state, Bharadwaj \& Kar (2003)
have discussed a similar relation between the deflection angle
and the rotation velocity squared.

In this next order approximation, not only  the normalized projected
mass (\ref{nopromass}) but also the radial pressure $p_{\rm r}$ contributes via
\begin{eqnarray}
p(x) &:=& \frac{x^2}{\lambda} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}p_{\rm r}dz =
\frac{A^2}{2-A^2}\int_0^\infty \frac{x^2 dw}{(1 +x^2 +w^2)^2}
   \nonumber\\
 &=&
 \frac{\pi A^2}{4 (2-A^2)}
 \frac{x^2}{(1+x^2)^{3/2}}  \nonumber\\
 &\rightarrow &
 \frac{\pi A^2}{4 (2-A^2)} \frac{1}{x} \, ,
\end{eqnarray}
to the bending angle, using
the same normalization. In comparison to $g(x)$, the pressure contribution is
negligible for small as well as large angles.
In fact, the resulting $\widetilde g(x)= g(x) + p(x)$
is similar to the expression (\ref{projmaNTS}),
only the term proportional to $2x^2$ will disappear.

The corresponding lens equation (\ref{dimlens}) is drawn in Fig.~\ref{leseq}
for different $\lambda$'s. Its shape is  similar to that of the Burkert
profile, cf.  Park \& Ferguson (2003), albeit for a different scale.

Eventually, more precise approximations would lead us to a
general-relativistic treatment
in which the nonlinear, gravitationally
coupled KG equation
(\ref{2ska}) together with the full radial
Einstein equations (\ref{nula}) and (\ref{la}) need to be solved
self-consistently, before the deflection
angle (\ref{exactbend}) can be determined.
Since the gravitational potential $\phi$ of a
galaxy is  weak, we expect rather small corrections to the Emden type
exact solution (\ref{NTS}) from
such  numerical simulations, which are beyond the scope
of the present paper.

Let us also remark  that our model of a {\em self-gravitating} NTS is
quite different from, e.g.,
 brane-world scenarios (Harko \& Cheng 2006), in which  corrections
to the Einstein equations are considered
due to effective stresses induced by the projected Weyl curvature
in the hypothetical  bulk. Moreover, contrary to the ad-hoc assumption
of Pal. et al. (2005), the IS type  density (\ref{rhonts}) for the dark halo
is an outcome of our NTS model.

\section{Demarcation curves}
Even for our weak field approximation of the gravitational field, one
can distinguish between `weak' and `strong'
lensing, depending whether or not the lense produces one or multiple
images, cf.~Bartelmann \& Schneider (2001). This depends on
the characteristic value of the surface mass density. For the
dimensions lens equation (\ref{dimlens}),
the interval $0< \lambda \leq \lambda_{\rm cr}$ is the range of `weak'
lensing, where the critical value
$\lambda_{\rm cr}$ emerges  from the condition $d \beta/d
\theta_{\vert_{\theta =0}} =0$ of a saddle point at the origin.
Any lens-source
combination with $\lambda >\lambda_{\rm cr}$ will produce multiple images.

Let us compare the  critical values  for different profiles:
\begin{equation}
\lambda_{\rm cr}
=\cases{
0                        &  NFW profile        \cr
16(2-A^2)/[\pi(8+3A^2)]  &  NTS with pressure  \cr
16(2-A^2)/[\pi(8-A^2)]  &  NTS halo           \cr
4/\pi                    &  IS halo            \cr
8/\pi                    &  Burkert profile
}   \label{expect}
\end{equation}

For $0< A < \sqrt{2}$, the critical value of the NTS halo is
larger than that of the NFW halo, but smaller than that of the isothermal
sphere,  assuming for $A\rightarrow \sqrt{2}$ and
$A\rightarrow 0$
 the corresponding limits. Consequently, the NTS halo, although
exhibiting no density cusp at the center, can provide stronger lensing than
the Burkert profile, irrerespective of the baryonic component.

Whereas deflection angles of galaxies still seem to be difficult to measure,
{\em demarcation curves} can more easily distinguish between  lensing
scenarios with one or more images.
Thus these strong demarcation lines could provide  an independent means
to probe the observational validity
of different density profiles for dark matter haloes.
{}For the NTS halo,
there is only one image in the range $0<\lambda \leq \lambda_{\rm cr}$,
beyond $\lambda_{\rm cr}$ gravitational lensing will produce three images.

It is remarkable that {\em constant} $\lambda$ lines, in particular
\begin{equation}
  \frac{4\rho_0 r_{\rm c}}{\Sigma_{\rm cr}}= \lambda_{\rm cr}\,,
\end{equation}
corresponds to the scaling relation
\begin{equation}
\rho_0 \propto r_{\rm c}^{-1} \label{scalrel}
\end{equation}
of DM haloes,
which is  parallel to the approximate
scaling relation (\ref{scallaw})  predicted by NTS model. For `maximum disk'
models, it fits almost ideally
astronomical observations (Fuchs \& Mielke 2004).
{}For Burkert haloes,  Salucci \& Burkert (2000) proposed
the related  {\em scaling relation}
$\rho_{\rm B}(0) \propto r_{\rm c}^{-2/3}$ on an empirical basis.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\leavevmode\epsfysize=9cm
      \epsffile{beta.eps}
 \caption{Dimensionless lens equation for the NTS halo
with presure for $A=0.805$. The solid, dotted, and dashed lines are, respectively,
for $\lambda=2$, $\lambda_{\rm cr}$, $0.3$. Multiple images occur for
$\lambda>\lambda_{\rm cr}=0.692428$.}
         \label{leseq}
  \end{center}
   \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\leavevmode\epsfysize=5cm
      \epsffile{einst.eps}
 \caption{Values for Einstein rings (dotted line) and
for the image separation ($d\beta/d\theta =0$, dashed line),
both for NTS haloes.}
         \label{einst}
  \end{center}
   \end{figure}

\section{Magnification and time delay}

The magnification of lensed images is given by
\begin{equation}
\mu = \left( \frac{\sin{\beta}}{\sin{\theta}} \
\frac{d\beta}{d\theta} \right)^{-1} \simeq
\left( \frac{\beta}{\theta} \
\frac{d\beta}{d\theta} \right)^{-1}\, ,
\end{equation}
cf.~Narayan \& Bartelmann (1996).
The tangential and radial critical curves (TCC and RCC, respectively)
follow from the singularities of the tangential and the radial magnification
\begin{equation}
\mu_{\rm t} \equiv \left(\frac{\sin{\beta}}{\sin{\theta}}\right)^{-1} \, , \quad
\mu_{\rm r} \equiv \left(\frac{d\beta}{d\theta}\right)^{-1} \, ,
\end{equation}
respectively.

Figure \ref{magn} shows the absolute value
$\vert\mu\vert=\vert(\theta/\beta) (d\theta/d\beta)\vert$
of the magnification of a NTS halo
for several values of $\lambda$.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\leavevmode\epsfysize=5cm
      \epsffile{magn.eps}
 \caption{The magnification of a NTS lens.
The solid, dotted, and dashed lines are, respectively,
for $\lambda=2$, $\lambda_{\rm cr}$, $0.3$. The inner peak for $\lambda=2$
notifies the position of a radial critical curve, whereas the
outer peak gives the position of the Einstein ring.
(For the logarithmic representation, the absolute value of
$\mu$ is plotted. The magnifications between the singularities at
both, positive and negative $\theta$, are actually negative.)}
         \label{magn}
  \end{center}
   \end{figure}

Let us also determine the Shapiro delay given by
\begin{equation}
\tau = 2\int \vert \phi\vert  dl =  \frac{\kappa}{4\pi} \int \int
   \frac{\rho ({\vec r}\;^\prime)}{|{\vec r}-
   {\vec r}\;^\prime|}
  d^3 {r}^\prime dl \,.
\end{equation}
It is controlled
dominantly by the Newtonian gravitation potential $\phi$, cf.~Will (2003).

On the other hand, the reduced Shapiro delay $\psi$ is the (super-)potential
for the reduced deflection angle
\begin{equation}
\alpha(\theta) =\nabla_\theta \psi(\theta) =\lambda g(\theta)/\theta \,,
\end{equation}
cf. Eq. (61) of Narayan \& Bartelmann (1996). Thus we find equivalently,
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi(\theta) &=&\lambda \int_0^\theta g(x) d\ln x\nonumber\\
& =&
\frac{\lambda \pi}{8(2-A^2)} \bigl\{ -8- A^2 + 8\sqrt{1+\theta^2} +
\frac{ A^2 }{\sqrt{1+\theta^2}} \nonumber\\
 &-&
 (8-A^2) \ln[ (1+\sqrt{1+\theta^2})/2 ] \bigr\} \,.
\end{eqnarray}
[In the next order approximation $\widetilde g(x)= g(x) + p(x)$,
with the radial pressure of the NTS included, we would obtain the additional term
$\lambda \pi A^2(1-1/\sqrt{1+\theta^2})/4(2 -A^2)$.]

To the observable time delay
\begin{equation}
\Delta t =(1+z_l) \frac{ D_{\rm l}D_{\rm s }}{2D_{\rm ls }}\left[ (\theta
-\beta)^2 -2\psi\right]
\end{equation}
there contribute  a geometrical part and the Shapiro delay,
where $z_{\rm l}$ is the redshift of the lens.
The result is shown in Fig.~\ref{time}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\leavevmode\epsfysize=5cm
      \epsffile{timede.eps}
 \caption{The reduced observed time delay $\widetilde\tau:=(\theta
-\beta)^2 -2\psi$ as a function of $\theta$ for $A=0.805$ and $\lambda=\lambda_{\rm cr}$.}
         \label{time}
  \end{center}
   \end{figure}
\section{Conclusions}

The lens properties of  a solitonic scalar model of DM haloes reveal
all qualitative features of a non-singular
circularly symmetric gravitational lens. We derived the
lens equation and plotted the corresponding curves, which turn out to be
quite similar to those of the IS halo.

{}For a comparison with observations, the Castles survey
(Kochanek, et  al. 2005) of 43 lenses with multiple images
permits us to determine the observed parameter $\lambda$ of the lens equation
(\ref{dimlens}),  i.e.
\begin{equation}
\lambda_{\rm obs}=\frac{0.0057}{h} \frac{d_{\rm l} d_{\rm ls}}{d_{\rm s}}
\frac{\rho_0 r_{\rm c}}{{\rm M}_\odot {\rm pc}^{-2}}\,,  \label{lamobs}
\end{equation}
where $h:=H_0/ 100$ kpc is the normalized Hublle constant and
$d_{\rm l}:= D_{\rm l}H_0/c$ etc. are dimensionless.

The angular diameters have been determined with the code of Kayser et
al.~(1997) adopting the parameters of the cosmological concordance model.
The scaling relation (\ref{scallaw}) for the sample
of galaxies studied by Fuchs \& Mielke (2004) implies $\rho_0 r_{\rm c}
\simeq 200$ M$_\odot$pc$^{-2}$, if we use the minimum disk models. We
find from  (\ref{lamobs}), that
$\lambda_{\rm obs}
\leq 0.3$, which implies that no multiple images would occur,
if the DM haloes were modelled by  the quasi-isothermal sphere (IS), for which
$\lambda_{\rm cr} =4/\pi$. A similar finding
was recently deduced from the CSL-1 candidate (Sazhin et al. 2003):  The
assumption of a DM filament (Fairbairn 2005)
with density $\rho <$ 300 M$_\odot$pc$^{-2}$ is not sufficient in order to
explain the presumably observed splitting of $8.6\times 10^{-6}$ radiants.

However, for our NTS halo, $\lambda_{\rm cr}$ can approach zero as in the NFW
case, whereas   haloes modelled by the Burkert profile need an almost three
times higher $\lambda$ in order to
produce strong lensing (Park \& Ferguson 2003). This
differences between the NTS model and the Burkert fit can be
traced back to the fact that the NTS  metric,  as that of the related IS
profile, corresponds to an
asymptotically constant rotation velocity $v_\infty$.
In a general relativistic setting,
the space necesarily would
exhibit a {\em deficit angle} of $4\pi v_\infty^2$ or, equivalently,
can be joined to a conical metric. Light passing  a NTS halo simulating such a
`cosmic string'
will be deflected by this deficit angle
which, according to (\ref{vinfty}) has the right order of magnitude.
Consequently, after removing the deficit angle by coordinate transformation, the linear mass density
peaking at the location of the
central coordinate `singularity' of the conical metric  would
produce a splitting of images also for NTS haloes.

More recently, there are  indications
of a considerable {\em flattening} of  dark halos from  weak lensing
observations (Hoekstra et al. 2004) of galaxies with a lower bound
$e_{\rm halo}= 1-c/a\geq 1/3$ on the  observed halo
ellipticity.
Our Emden type scalar model has been probed (Mielke \& Peralta, 2004)
with respect to a
possible ellipticity of exact NTS solutions, presumably due to rotation with
angular momentum $l$, and
round and flattened haloes are found, with an $1/r^{2l+2}$ decay of
the density at infinity. A  `superposition' of round and elliptic solitons
to a halo with an effective $l_{\rm eff}=1/2$ could be envisioned which would
have
the $r^{-3}$ asymptotic
decay of the density, familiar from the
Burkert and NFW profiles. This idea, however, needs further study.

With respect to the core/cusp problem
in low surface brightness galaxies, a new analysis by Gentile et al. (2004)
has revealed that the Burkert curve -- as any cored profile -- has
the best fits to the rotation
curves of a new sample of five spiral galaxies.
In general, the properties of DM haloes inferred from weak lensing
(Hoekstra et al. 2004)
provides a strong support for
the existence of DM, whereas alternative theories of
gravity, such as MOND, can almost be excluded.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We would like to thank Fjodor Kusmartsev, Humberto Peralta, Remo Ruffini
and Robert Schmidt for helpful discussions and comments.
One of us (F.E.S.) acknowledges
research support provided by a personal fellowship.
Moreover, E.W.M. acknowledges the support of SNI and
thanks  Noelia,  Markus G\'erard Erik, and Miryam Sophie Naomi
for encouragement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Elvis held Roy Orbison is very high regard, publicly stating that Roy had ' most perfect voice' and referring to him as the 'greatest singer in the world' during one of his Vegas concerts. And Roy's respect was mutual, he went to Elvis' concerts from 1954 to 1976.
Did Elvis have perfect pitch?
He pointed out that despite an impressive vocal range of two and a half octaves and something approaching perfect pitch, Elvis was perfectly willing to sing off-key when he thought the song required it.


Found on page 112 of the 1980 copy of the Boy Scout Handbook: Here are nine different types of fire lay.
Throughout the years, many items change within the different printings of the handbooks, manuals, merit badge books, and fieldbooks. One topic stays constant is the three materials you need to make fire.
This last week we were on the troop summer week long scout camp up in the High Uintas of Utah. As we were hiking along between Trident and Beth Lake, I noticed that there was a ton of lichen on all the rocks. I realized that I did not know anything about lichen, except that it is usually found growing on the rocks. So, here is a few thing that I have found from my research.
Smokey was born on August 9, 1944. The U.S. Forest Service wanted a spokes person to continually remind people that "Care will prevent 9 out of 10 fires", and the fictitious bear was just the ticket... as they said back then. In 1947, Smokey's message changed to the familiar "Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires".
Here are some tips to do your part in keeping your campsite bear free.
Found on page 224 of the 1959 6th edition of the Boy Scout Handbook, the Outdoor Code reminds us of America's natural resources and how to conserve them.
One of my applesolute foods to eat while backpacking is apple leather. For the most part, making these roll-ups of dehydrated fruit is extremely easy.
From the 4th edition of the Boy Scouts of American Handbook printed in 1939, page 488 offers some great tent handicraft projects. Usually made out of canvas, these tents were very basic, but effective designs for scouts to build themselves. For the most part, Scouts now a days do not know the art form of making your own tent. Instead, with prices being so low, it is more cost effective and easier to just go to the store and purchase your three man, nylon, waterproof tent for about twenty five dollars. A fun and less expensive variation, if looking at experiment in making your own tent, is using tarps.
Open Outing Tent With Hood -- This can be made from thirteen yards of 8 oz. duck canvas, which costs very little.
A Tent For Mosuito Country -- Offered by the editor as being especially adapted for use in mosquito country in hot weather. Tent has florr cloth and weather flaps over cheese-cloth windows, and two puckering-string round doors, also with flaps.
One of the most needed necessities while camping is light when it is dark. One trick that I learned was how to make a lantern using only a headlamp and a clear water container. The process is simple; place the light directly on the side of the clear water container. Just make sure that there is water inside the container. I personally like to use an old milk jug so I can have a handle when walking with my newly created lantern.
I take a bag of these fire starters with me on every camp out and hike. Extremely easy to make, easy to use, and light to pack.
Completely coat the cotton ball with the petroleum jelly. Make about 10 per plastic bag and store within your pack.
Always remember to use your best judgment when working with fire.
Tepee Fire Lay. This fire is great for a quick, hot fire. Place a handful of tinder in the middle of your fire ring and circle kindling in a circle facing up. The center of the sticks should come together forming a tepee.
Lean-To Fire Lay. This is a modified version of the Tepee fire. Push a green lean-to stick into the ground with the tip pointed into the wind. Lean the kindling on both sides.
Fire Stick Fire Lay. Place your fire stick down and pile your tinder on top. Lay a number of kindling sticks against the fire stick. Build up with thicker and thicker fuel. Ignite the tinder.
Crisscross Fire Lay. Perfect for getting quick hot coals. Place two sticks on the ground parallel to each other. Put tinder them. Then lay thin kindling sticks crisscross over the two supports. Continue with more layers. Increase thickness from layer to layer.
Cooking this meal can complete requirements for the Cooking Merit Badge along with your rank advancements.
This is a favorite for my scouts on camp-outs. Needless to say, we do not make this while backpacking.
Build a campfire and allow the fire to burn until it has accumulated a bed of coals. Or use charcoal briquettes.
This is a great campsite for winter camping with younger scouts. Located just five miles off of highway 6, Diamond Fork offers year round camping with the North loop being open during the off season winter months. This campsite includes bathroom facilities, picnic tables, fire pits, a creek that runs along the perimeter, and nature trail loop. During the winter months snow caves are able to be made along the bottom of the hillsides to the east of the campsites.
Whiting Campground is located in Maple Canyon, just 3 miles from the town of Mapleton, Utah, at an elevation of 5,400 feet. Visitors enjoy hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding.
A dense, shady grove of maple and cottonwood trees provides pleasant shade and beautiful fall color. Summer wildflowers are plentiful. A perennial creek runs along the campground.
Maple Canyon Trail, for hiking, mountain biking, dirt biking and horseback riding, begins nearby. It leads to a small network of trails with scenic mountain and canyon views.
The campground contains group, single-family and equestrian sites. One group site can accommodate up to 100 people, the other up to 200 people. Both sites are equipped with picnic tables, grills, campfire rings and cement site pads.
Single and equestrian sites have picnic tables, campfire rings and cement site pads. Equestrian sites also have hitching racks. Vault toilets and drinking water are provided.
When camping in cold weather, being wet can drop your body temperature down extremely fast.
One way to stay dry and warm while winter camping is to dress in layers. Layering is a combination of clothes to regulate your body temperature. Layers are broken down into three categories. Inner, Mid, and Outer.
Mid Layer - this layer needs to stay in close contact to the inner layer but not be baggy. I usually use a fleece jacket for my mid layer.
Outer Layer - this layer also needs to not be baggy and should be rugged to withstand the elements.
Below are some examples of the three categories - Stay Dry and Warm!


How do you fall for the false narrative, he is trying to strictly focus, on one program, as if this doesn't happen ANYWHERE else because of a premise, that is TOTALLY false.
Replay on CH. 39.1 WIVM Canton @ 10PM.
Don't forget Longwell, also hasn't pitched this year.
McKinley @ Massillon - Monday @ 5PM.
This imbecile is baiting the thread, when he posts information contrary to the established, set procedure for the handling of these investigations. IGNORE HIM!!!
Mueller had the best of both worlds. He maintained some credibility by reporting he couldn't find PC, yet gave the left an opening, to run with, because "he couldn't exonerate him".
How hard is it to determine political shills and professional reporters?!
WAIT TILL THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION STARTS INTO THE COUP, TO DEPOSE THE PRESIDENT!!!
The FBI normally turns their investigations over to the AG's office, who make a determination to pursue a case.
The AG and deputy AG determined there was NO obstruction!!!
A key question is will the democrats have the sense to limit their hearings, how many candidates, who based their campaign on this, will drop out?
Chuck Todd is going to have a nervous breakdown!


text:
Q: Select Query in MySQL for multiple tables I m working in MySQL and have to write a select query.
I have related data in four tables. Now, the parent table may have data whose child data may not be present in lower tables.
I want to write a single query to get data from all four tables, irrespective of situation that data is present in child tables or not.
I have tried to write nested select and joins as below, but m not getting the data.
select * from property p where p.Re_ID in
  (select Re_id from entry e where e.Re_ID in
    (select Re_id from category c where c.Re_ID in
      (select id from re)))

Please help me how to get data from all 4 tables.

A: If cir_registry is the master, you can select from that and LEFT JOIN the other tables in the order they're distant from cir_registry;
SELECT r.ID rId, r.Description rDescription, c.ID cId ...
       ...
       p.Data_Type pDataType
FROM cir_registry r
LEFT JOIN cir_category c ON c.Registry_ID = r.ID
LEFT JOIN cir_entry    e ON e.Category_ID = c.ID
LEFT JOIN cir_property p ON p.Entry_IDInSource = e.IDInSource

You should also alias the columns as above, otherwise, for example, p.ID and c.ID will both show up in the result set as ID, and you'll only be able to access one of them.

A: You might need UNION? Something like:
Select * FROM cir_registry
Union
Select * FROM cir_entry
Union
Select * FROM cir_property

Check the official doc here: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/union.html

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