This report represents the results of research conducted by the authors and does not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Minnesota Department of Transportation and/or the Center for Transportation Studies. This report does not contain a standard or specified technique.
The authors and the Minnesota Department of Transportation and/or SRF Consulting Group, Inc. do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to this report.
We wish to thank the Minnesota Local Road Research Board (LLRB) and its Research Implementation Committee (RIC) for the financial support to make this important report a reality. The Technical Advisory Committee that steered this project was extremely helpful in identifying key issues and concerns related to dust control and the resources needed at the local level. They also were very generous with their time in attending meetings, reviewing and providing oversight for this final document.
More than 50 percent of U.S. roadways are gravel roads, making them a vital part of our transportation system. One of the drawbacks and biggest complaints about gravel roads is the dust that they produce when vehicles drive over them. Residents that live on gravel roads deal with the dust that settles on their homes, yards, and parked cars, potentially reducing their quality of life. Dust can also have adverse effects on air quality, crop yields and the environment and reduce the safety for drivers due to impaired vision. To control the dust on gravel roads, local agencies apply various dust suppressants on their roadways, mainly calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. However, many other dust suppressant options exist.
The Minnesota LRRB has developed this document, Aggregate Roads Dust Control, A Brief Synthesis of Current Practices, to provide local agencies with a summary of research that has been completed on various dust suppressants, their effectiveness, and impacts. Results from two surveys that document dust suppressants that local agencies (within Minnesota and Iowa) use is included as well.
To determine how local agencies are currently combating dust created by gravel roads, two online surveys were completed. The first was a short survey sent to local agencies nationwide to determine if they have a dust control program and what products they have used. The second was a more in-depth survey that was sent to respondents of the first survey who indicated that they had a dust control program. This survey asked them to provide feedback (pros/cons) about the dust control products they have used. The following is a summary of the findings from each survey.
The first online survey was distributed locally to Minnesota county engineers (not cities) and nationally via Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) network in November of 2011. A total of 253 people completed the survey (72 from Minnesota and 181 nationwide). Note that the number of total responses per question decreases after the first question, as agencies that do not have a dust control program would not be able to respond to the remaining questions.
Graph. 1. Do you currently have a dust control program?
Graph. 2. Have you had a dust control program in the past?
Table. 3. If you no longer have a dust control program, why did you quit using it?
Table. 4. Which of the following dust suppressants have you used?
15,000 gallons/yr of calcium chloride brine and flakes.
Magnesium chloride specified as an alternative but never used.
Program called "Gravel Road Stabilization Program" water used during hauling operations on roads not treated as part of the county stabilization program. Calcium chloride brine and flakes used otherwise.
30,000g of calcium chloride brine and flakes.
Soybean oil product (not successful).
I don't know. It was before my time.
We chip and seal our roads in front of any residence on the gravel road. We use MWS-150 and pea gravel.
None – water when doing construction.
38% and 42% calcium chloride.
Rotomill/with a 50% gravel mixture.
The best products are the rotomill w/ 50% gravel and magnesium chloride.
Base 1 has been used some, not sure which clank that would be.
The second online survey was distributed on February 15th, 2012, to 47 people who indicated that they had a dust control program in the first survey. A total of 39 local agencies completed the survey. In addition, the survey was sent to local agencies in Iowa, via one of the TAP members. A total of 29 local agencies in Iowa completed the survey.
Table. 1. How Many miles of gravel road do you maintain?
Table. 2. How do you determine what segments of roadway to suppress dust on?
• Dust control treatment in front of residences on gravel-surfaced roads is initiated by resident upon payment of 50% of the cost of the treatment.
• Due to small mileage, once it was decided to apply to one road decision was made to do all roads.
• We allow property owner to apply dust treatment at his cost after getting a permit from us.
• Vendor deals directly with the landowner wanting dust control. Dust control is voluntary and up to individual landowners. Landowner pays vendor directly, so the county's budget does not show these expenses. Vendor contacts us before the applications so we can prepare the roads for treatment.
• Detour Routes, otherwise it is up to the resident to pay for their dust control.
• Private dust control areas are permitted by the county and paid for by adjacent property owners. County only applies dust control on sections with threshold ADT and detour routes.
• Maintenance gravel haul routes from county owned pits.
• Homeowner solicits a contractor for placement of dust suppressant, county grades or places gravel on the segment prior to placement.
• Most residents will contract it themselves.
• Residents are allowed to hire an approved contractor and pay all costs themselves.
• Property owners arrange and pay for application themselves- we just prep the roadway. We apply if using as haul road.
• Placed on newly surfaced roads.
• By request only. Residents are charged all costs.
• We do not place these products for dust control, rather we use them for gravel stabilization and increasing the useful life of gravel. We maintain gravel stabilized with chloride on roads with ADT's of 100 vehicles per day.
• We do not apply "dust suppressants" for dust control. We do it to stabilize the gravel surfacing of the road. Dust control is too objective of a criteria. One car can cause a dust problem for someone who lives close to a gravel road.
• We coat all roads with 250 ADT or more and 300' in front of any homes within 150' of the road.
• County Policy that we do not provide dust control for normal traffic. Dust control is required for all contract hauling operation on the gravel haul roads.
• County pays if traffic is diverted from paved road to gravel road due to construction.
• Have always used calcium chloride based on research of performance and cost of alternative treatment types.
• Resident's choice from approved list.
• Talked to counties with past experience.
• The property owner decides which company they want to use. We allow only approved dust treatment companies. Right now we allow calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and tree sap.
• Homeowners experience with product or contractor.
• Private landowners purchase the material and have it applied. Landowners determine what type of material they would like to use.
• We use calcium chloride as the county program for construction of rock base and for rock roads with 200 vehicles per day by DOT traffic survey. We use seal coat for rock roads with 400 vpd or higher.
• Have used calcium chloride and magnesium chloride in the past. Calcium chloride has usually been cheaper and has been selected most seasons.
• We currently decide between using calcium chloride or magnesium chloride depending on the cost.
• We use calcium chloride.
• The material used for dust control depends on the roadway condition, the amount of traffic and the length of time the hauling operations will be conducted.
• Talking with other counties.
• We simply make every effort to allow only environmentally accepted products.
• Vendor chooses dust suppressant, landowner pays vendor.
• Past experience we have had with several materials.
• We operate from a dust control policy.
• Dow chemical has several brochures on application guidelines, storage and handling of CaCl.
5. Please select a dust suppressant that you use regularly and provide input on the attributes, limitations, application rate and frequency, environmental impacts, application tips, effectiveness and cost, based on your personal experience.
Twenty respondents provided the information listed above for various dust suppressants.
The table on the following pages documents all of the responses received. Note that information that the TAP felt should be highlighted is listed in bold text within the table.
Graph. 6. Do you have specifications for applying dust suppressants?
Table. 7. What are your specifications for the following categories?
Graph. 8. Do you know of other agencies or vendors that have specifications for dust control products?
Clay County has similar specifications to Beltrami's. Hubbard County and Cass County also use MgCl/CaCl alternate bidding but use different application rates.
Goodhue County, Olmsted County, and Mower County.
Many agencies appear to have specifications.
9. Are there other products out there that you haven't used but would like to know more about? Please list.
Anything that is available would be nice to know more about.
We have heard about a product the vendor called glycerin, which is a soy based sugar product.
Mag Chloride and Calcium Chloride.
Alternatives to chlorides that could be manufactured locally.
We have some experience with lignon products through our private dust control permit process. With ethanol production, this product may prove to be more cost effective. Quality control and effectiveness appear to be of interest with this product if it is to be used for county funded programs.
All options. I'm interested in Benefits vs. Cost.
Anything that is cheaper than liquid CaCl.
A cost effective non-chloride product with comparable results.
The general year to year updating of products.
10. What knowledge have you gained through your experience with dust control that should be shared with other agencies?
Having a 50% cost share program seems to be a good way to keep dust control costs under control, yet provide the service for those who want it. Has been an effective tool to deal with nuisance dust complaints that we get, especially during dry periods.
It can also reduce blading, hold the road together longer, and prevents washboards.
Should be using a modified class 5 gravel with the 200 passing being 8 to 10 %.
The public feels that once the dust control is applied, they own that section of roadway; people need to understand that the investment they make in dust control has no implied or guaranteed life.
Our experience seems to indicate that higher gravel binder content provides for a longer lasting benefit from the application.
We had persons apply cooking grease (French fry grease); this is no longer allowed because of a number of problems experienced.
The pros and cons from the spreadsheet provided pretty much mirror our uses.
None of it lasts as long as advertised. Weather and traffic are deciding factors.
Effectiveness of the dust control depends greatly upon the characteristics of the soil type and amount of clay, and the fines type and percent in the road surface material, i.e. limestone or gravel.
The term dust control is a misnomer. A better term would be dust suppressant. The point here is that many new rural residents associate dust control with not having any dust. The real fact, in my experience, is that you have less dust with treatment than you would without it. Ever wonder why the old timers set their houses back so far from the rock road? It wasn't just to have a lot to graze sheep!
The competitive market does not really exist with chloride products. Envirotech supplies most of the local contractors, which does not help in controlling the material cost very well.
We have allowed through permit several products to be applied as dust control, including: ground asphalt shingle, soy oil, lignon, magnesium chloride, and various mixtures of liquid asphalt. It is clear that success is possible with proper preparation and placement for all these products and with realistic expectations. Allowing choice and protecting the public through permitting and contractor responsibility has provided affordable and effective dust control along rock roads with very low traffic volumes.
Some types of material attract moisture while some products tend to encapsulate the surface material.
Personally, I am just starting as Maintenance Engineer, but through the years the department has pretty much singled in on calcium chloride as our preferred method of dust control.
We were a participant in a LRRB study completed a few years ago.
The County facilitated providing dust control to residents. I determined this was an inefficient use of county resources, since a majority of the sites were not on the 151 miles of county granular surfaced roads, but rather on the 512 total miles of local township roads. Residents now work directly with their local township officials to arrange for dust control. Local control is better.
It is our opinion that magnesium chloride and calcium chloride both perform similarly well. If you didn't test side-by-side you wouldn't be able to tell the difference.
For our area of the State CaCl and MgCl perform equally when applied as specified. The life cycle is very dependent of what the summer season gives you with respect to rainfall. The past two years we have not applied a second application due to timely rainfall events.
The CaCl used for dust control and the CaCl used for prewetting for ice control have different percentages of concentration and substantially different freezing points. Don't try to use any leftover 38% CaCl for ice control.
Limit the application amount, for products other than water, to what works instead of over applying. If more is needed, use another application. Most residents want it done for aesthetics – quality of life, but it's also important to provide visibility for safety.
Realizing that the dryer and sandier the material is the less benefit you get out of dust suppressants.
Program has been turned over to independent contractors. This has worked well.
11. Are there questions about dust control that you are seeking more information about?
We are interested in how many counties used dust control and what they budget every year. Will this be an area to be cut or at least reduced due to budget issues?
Is there anything as effective and as inexpensive as CaCl or MgCl?
What is the best dust control measure for a low plastic, silt or clay material?
Looking for alternatives (competition) to chlorides that would be proven to be just as effective.
Additional products present themselves periodically. Getting base information concerning spread rate and effectiveness assists in evaluating proposals. Comparison of effectiveness at various application rates for the various products would help. Having some standard of comparison for dust suppression would make discussion with suppliers more reasonable.
For the past two years we have only received a bid from one vendor. Is there other competition out there?
Need verification on what the appropriate application rates for MgCl and CaCl should be to correctly compare in alternate bidding. At their common given solutions, what is the proper application rate for MgCl to have the same effectiveness of an application of CaCl? Some Counties (Hubbard and Cass) are using the same application rates for each Chloride. Others (Beltrami and Clay) are using different application rates for each Chloride.
How many agencies apply dust control as a means of saving on gravel loss as opposed to just applying in front of homes? In other words, can the cost of applying CaCl over the entire road (not just in front of homes) be justified by the amount of gravel savings?
Are there road authorities that are applying dust control nearly system wide due to benefits from reduced maintenance costs (i.e. reduced maintenance blading, reduced quantity of maintenance gravel)? Would they have cost/benefit information available to share?
An additional survey was conducted by the Federal Highway Administration for dust control at a national level. This report documents survey results regarding the state of the practice of using chemical treatments on unpaved roads. It provides insights into road manager choices and challenges and is useful supplementary reading to the accompanying Unpaved Road Dust Management, A Successful Practitioner's Handbook by Jones et al. (2013). A summary and the findings of this survey can be accessed at the link below. Upon reviewing the national survey results, it was found that there is a lot of "user" information/experience within this national survey that parallels information provided in the Minnesota survey. Example findings are included in the summary below.
Agency: Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division, Lakewood, CO, U.S.A.
Summary: This report documents survey results regarding the state of the practice of using chemical treatments on unpaved roads. It provides insights into road manager choices and challenges and is useful supplementary reading to the accompanying Unpaved Road Dust Management, A Successful Practitioner's Handbook by Jones et al. (2013). Roughly 80% of the survey respondents used chemical treatments for six or more years. Ninety eight percent (98%) of those indicated it was to control (fugitive road) dust, in part, to comply with federal regulations, for human and livestock health, in response to public complaints, or as a courtesy to the public. Other top reasons were to reduce maintenance costs and extend grader maintenance intervals. The most common treatment method was spray-on surface application with the top three chemical treatments being magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and lignin sulfonate, respectively.
A literature search was completed to identify resources that could assist local agencies in determining the best dust suppressants to use on their roadways, effectiveness, and impacts. Three resources that were found to be the most helpful are listed below. The Unpaved Road Dust Management, A Successful Practitioner's Handbook was recently released (May 2013) and is based on a scan tour conducted to observe real-world dust control issues. The Unpaved Road Chemical Treatments, State of the Practice Survey is an accompanying document to the guidebook mentioned above and was also referenced in the survey section above. The last resource, Dust Palliative Selection and Application Guide, includes a detailed table starting on page 9 of the report, which lists the various dust suppressant categories as well as the attributes, limitations, application, origin, and environmental impacts of each. This resource was developed in 1999, but it is still considered accurate by industry experts. At the time this report was published, the author of the Dust Palliative Selection and Application Guide indicated that an updated version may be available in the future.
This handbook provides broad programmatic aspects of unpaved road management. It is based on observations made during a national scan tour and provides useful and insightful excerpts of real world examples and includes practical how-to instructions for determining what type of treatment may be needed for different situations. It ultimately strives to encourage road managers to think broadly about the process of unpaved road management rather than just focusing on a specific type of chemical treatment.
This report documents survey results regarding the state of the practice of using chemical treatments on unpaved roads. It provides insights into road manager choices and challenges and is useful supplementary reading to the accompanying Unpaved Road Dust Management, A Successful Practitioner's Handbook by Jones et al. (2013). Roughly 80% of the survey respondents used chemical treatments for six or more years. Ninety eight percent (98%) of those indicated it was to control (fugitive road) dust, in part, to comply with federal regulations, for human and livestock health, in response to public complaints, or as a courtesy to the public. Other top reasons were to reduce maintenance costs and extend grader maintenance intervals. The most common treatment method was spray-on surface application with the top three chemical treatments being magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and lignin sulfonate, respectively.
Agency: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
The purpose of this publication is to help practitioners understand and correctly choose and apply the dust palliative that is appropriate for their particular site, traffic conditions, and climate. In addition, this publication describes the expected performance, limitations, and potential environmental impacts of various palliatives. This guide examines most of the commonly available dust palliatives currently available and does not endorse any particular product. Since new products will become available and existing products will most likely change following publication of this report, it is recommended that this guide be used as a starting point for determining which palliative would be most appropriate for a given situation.
A significant amount of research has been completed on dust control, and it was a challenge to identify what resources were the best. The following list includes frequently used resources available at the time that this report was published. The resources below are listed alphabetically by the last name of the author.
Agency: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
This report describes research conducted at Colorado State University to evaluate the effect of road dust suppression on unpaved road maintenance schemes. A field-based method was used to measure the effect of road soil physical characteristics on the effectiveness of some of the commonly used dust suppressants. The study also evaluated the stabilization of unpaved road base material because of the use of dust suppression. The effect of dust suppression on safety and driving conditions on unpaved roads was examined. The chloride compounds and ligninsulfonate commonly used as dust suppressants are water-soluble and can be leached into the environment. They contain chlorides, heavy metals, and organic compounds that are regulated. Their potential to have adverse environmental impact was examined.
Over 25% of the roads in the United States are unpaved, and frequently result in dusty conditions. Road dusts pose a safety hazard for drivers, and health hazards for people living near such roads. In addition, such roads cause environmental impacts ranging from erosion to contamination of biota. A variety of substances are used in dust suppression. The impact of such chemicals is not well documented for the variety of terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals that can potentially be exposed during application and from run-off and erosion. The persistence of toxicity will be determined for selected dust suppressant agents. The data will provide Road Maintenance Managers scientifically based information with which to make informed decisions regarding selection and used of suppressant chemicals.
Author(s): Gebhart, R.L.; Denight, M.L.; Grau, R.H.
Agency: US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, IL, U.S.A.
Although considerable research has been conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, product manufacturers, and other Federal and State agencies concerning dust control, results from this body of work have been published in a number of diverse and obscure documents that are largely unavailable or inaccessible to Army environmental, safety, public works, and natural resources managers. This lack of readily available information limits the ability of Army environmental, safety, public works, and natural resources managers to make informed, cost effective decisions regarding the selection and application of appropriate dust control products with proven performance characteristics and maintenance requirements. The objective of this work was to produce a sample to use guidance document for dust control on roads, trails, and landing strips which summarizes, to the greatest extent possible, results from previous research that has experimentally documented (1) research site characteristics, (2) chemical composition of dust control products tested, (3) application rates and techniques, and (4) performance, durability, cost, and maintenance requirements. Summarized data was subsequently used to develop a dichotomous key that allows the user to select the most appropriate/environmentally acceptable dust control product based on site specific information such as climate, underlying soil types and textures, trafficked surface and aggregate material characteristics, vehicle type, anticipated traffic volumes, and length of service required.
Agency: Minnesota Local Road Research Board, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Author(s): Huntington, G. and Ksaibati, K.
This section outlines the Background, Problem Statement, Objectives, Report Organization, Analytical Methods, and Summary and Conclusions.
This section is designed to assist local road and street departments with implementation or improvement of a gravel roads management system. It is written primarily for road managers tasked with acquiring the necessary information to develop an information systems process.
This section is intended to assist programmers and database managers with programming the information needed to implement a gravel roads management system.
Author(s): Irwin, K.; Hall, F.; Kemner, W.; Beighley, E.; Husby, P.
Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of several common dust control products when applied to a variety of gravel surface roads at various schedules. The findings of this study would be used to better control the dust on rural roads and reduce the number of calls for service, particularly from residents moving to the country from the city who have higher expectations for dust-free roads.
Dust Control Field Handbook: Standard Practices for Mitigating Dust on Helipads, Lines of Communication, Airfields, and Base Camps.
Author(s): Rushing, J.; Tingle, J.
Agency: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, U.S.A.
The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center has evaluated potential chemical dust palliatives for mitigating fugitive dust in military operations. The products were compared in laboratory testing and several field trials. The results of these efforts are compiled in this document to provide assistance for selecting and applying chemical dust palliatives for use on helipads, roads, airfields, and base camps. This document summarizes recommendations and conclusions derived from individual research projects. The information is intended to serve as a guide for acceptable dust mitigation. Variations of the procedures documented may be necessary to meet specific requirements.
Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The manual is designed for the benefit of elected officials, managers, and grader operators who are responsible for designing and maintaining gravel roads. The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right. The manual is presented in the following sections: (I) Routine Maintenance and Rehabilitation; (II) Drainage; (III) Surface Gravel; (IV) Dust Control/Stabilization; and (V) Innovations. Numerous photographs accompany the text and an index is provided.
Author(s): Smith, G.A.; Makowichuk, P.B.; Carter, D.J.E.
Author(s): Steevens, J.; Suedel, B.; Gibson, A.; Kennedy, A.; Blackburn, W.; Splichal, D.; Pierce, J.T.
Personnel of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC and Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) evaluated the environmental fate and effects of six commercially available dust stabilizer products. As part of the evaluation, a relative risk comparison was made of the six materials to other materials that have been used historically to control dusts (i.e., diesel, crude oil, fuel oil). Data for this evaluation were obtained primarily through literature review, communication with the manufacturers of the products, and through some limited analytical chemistry. Data gaps and uncertainties were also identified and described. Conclusions were derived from the results of the evaluation, with each stabilizer group presented separately along with general conclusions applicable to all stabilizers studied.
Agency: Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Juneau, AK, U.S.A.
Air quality monitoring data collected in several rural Alaska communities over the past few years reveal elevated levels of fine particulate matter smaller than 10 microns in diameter (PM10). The high readings are coupled with complaints of heavy dust conditions reported to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) from residents of these communities together with anecdotal information from local hospitals of increases in health problems and visits during these periods. Review of information collected from emission inventories and interviews of rural community residents has led ADEC to conclude that unpaved road use is a significant contributor to elevated PM10 levels in these communities. ADEC is interested in evaluating alternative methods for control of dust emissions from unpaved road use to assist the communities in air quality improvement. ADEC also believes that control measures that reduce emissions from unpaved road use will also reduce emissions from unpaved airfield use and from windblown dust emissions from these surfaces. ADEC has requested that a study be conducted of these control measures that would (1) Develop a matrix of feasible dust control strategies for reducing road and airport dust emissions (2) Identify costs and benefits of various dust control materials and strategies; and (3) Identify and prioritize needs for identifying, selecting, and implementing effective, economic, and environmentally sound dust control measures. For this study, Sierra performed a literature search on dust control from unpaved roads and collected specific data relative to dust problems in two rural Alaska communities and promising dust control measures.
Potential Environmental Impacts of Dust Suppressants: "Avoiding Another Times Beach": An Expert Panel Summary.
Agency: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
The purpose of this report is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the potential environmental impacts of chemical dust suppressants. Furthermore, the report summarizes the views of an Expert Panel that was convened on May 30-31, 2002 at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas to probe into the potential environmental issues associated with the use of dust suppressants.
Guidelines for Geometric Design of Very Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT ≤ 400), 1st Edition.
These guidelines address the unique design issues highway designers and engineers face when determining appropriate cost-effective geometric design policies for very low-volume local roads. This approach covers both new and existing construction projects. Because geometric design guidance for very low-volume local roads differs from the policies applied to highvolume roads, these guidelines may be used in lieu of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, also known as "The Green Book." Design values are presented in both metric and U.S. customary units.


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Building 3D Structures from a 2D Template
New Etching Method to Produce Three-dimensional Microstructures in Silicon for the Processing of Light Signals in Telecommunications
Deep below the silicon surface, the SPRIE method produces regular structures in the micrometer range that refract light. (Photo: KIT/CFN)
In modern telecommunications, light carries digital information over kilometers within seconds. Tailored optical materials con-trol the light signals. In the AFM journal, researchers from Ber-lin, Louvain, and from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology present a method to produce photonic crystals. Their optical properties are adjusted by structures of micrometer size. The method is rapid, cheap, and simple and partly uses the self-organization principle (DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201138).
"Optical properties of materials can be influenced decisively by spe-cific structurization," explains Andreas Frölich from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Silicon is used in components, e.g. filters or deflectors, for telecommunications. So far, however, all these com-ponents have been flat, i.e. two-dimensional. Entirely novel concepts might be feasible using three-dimensional components. The ex-penditure required to structure the silicon is very high. The structure has to be very regular in all three spatial directions and details are to have the size of about one micrometer, which corresponds to one hundredth of the thickness of a hair.
"Our new SPRIE fabrication methode uses established technologies, such as etching and innovative methods like self-organization and combines them in a very creative manner," says Martin Wegener, Professor of the Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nano-technology of KIT and coordinator of the DFG Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN). The SPRIE method is applied to structure silicon on large areas in a simple and three-dimensional manner. First, a solution with micrometer-sized spheres of polystyrene is applied to the silicon surface. After drying, these spheres automati-cally form in a dense monolayer on the silicon. Upon metal coating and the removal of the spheres, a honeycomb etching mask remains on the silicon surface.
"This etching mask is our two-dimensional template for the construc-tion of the three-dimensional structure," says Frölich. The free areas are removed by etching with a reactive plasma gas. An electric field is applied to make the gas particles etch into the depth only or ho-mogeneously in all directions." In addition, we can specifically pas-sivate the walls of the hole, which means that it is protected from further etching by a polymer layer."
Repeated etching and passivation makes the holes of the etching mask grow into the depth. With up to 10 micrometers, their depth exceeds their width by a factor of more than 10. The process steps and the electric field are adjusted precisely to control the structure of the walls. Instead of a simple hole with vertical smooth walls, every etching step produces a spherical depression with a curved surface. This curvature is the basis for the regular repeating structures of novel waveguides. "Optical telecommunication takes place at a wavelength of 1.5 µm. With our etching method, we produce a cor-rugated structure in the micrometer range along the wall." The field at closely adjacent and very deep, structured holes acts like a regular crystal that refracts in the desired manner.
The SPRIE (Sequential Passivation and Reactive Ion Etching) method can produce a three-dimensional photonic crystal within a few minutes, as it is based on conventional industrial processes. In principle, a three-dimensional structure can be generated in silicon using a mask chosen at will. This opens up new possibilities for meeting the requirements made on optical components in telecom-munications.
Different designs of photonic crystals are available. Some are applied as waveguides with very small curvature radii and small losses or as extremely small-band optical filters and multiplexers. In few decades, computers working with light instead of electricity might be feasible. Apart from KIT, the Belgian Université catholique de Louvain and Humboldt University, Berlin, were involved in the development.
The publication in the Advanced Functional Materials journal:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291616-3028
Being "The Research University in the Helmholtz Association", KIT creates and imparts knowledge for the society and the environment. It is the objective to make significant contributions to the global challenges in the fields of energy, mobility, and information. For this, about 9,600 employees cooperate in a broad range of disciplines in natural sciences, engineering sciences, economics, and the humanities and social sciences. KIT prepares its 23,300 students for responsible tasks in society, industry, and science by offering research-based study programs. Innovation efforts at KIT build a bridge between important scientific findings and their application for the benefit of society, economic prosperity, and the preservation of our natural basis of life. KIT is one of the German universities of excellence.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Each year we have been blessed with organizational growth. Many things have changed since our inaugural year in 2014. In that first event we had a tremendous turn out in Saratoga and we raised over $12,000 for the Liddy Shriver Sarcoma Initiative. After meeting, Bruce and Beverly Shriver at our July 2014 5k event we soon realized we would need to find another organization to collaborate with since they were dissolving their organization in memory of their daughter Liddy who lost her battle with Ewing's sarcoma.
Partnered with MSTS
In 2015, we partnered with the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, under the leadership of Richard Terek and Michelle Ghert, and continued to grow our event in Saratoga and raised over $40,000.
UAlbany Here We Come!
In 2016, we moved to the University at Albany campus as we had outgrowth the State Park in Saratoga. We saw continued growth in event numbers and funds raised.
New Name, Same Mission
In 2017, we rebranded as Sarcoma Strong from Team Sarcoma and funded our 1st MSTS/Sarcoma Strong research grant for $100,000.
Expanding Funding
In 2018, we started to build momentum through inspiring other institutions to host their own events and support our research grant funding. We were able to raise over $90,000 to continue to support sarcoma research. 2018 also brought a restructuring of the research mission of the MSTS and we became the sole funding source for sarcoma research. The executive committee of the MSTS recognized the importance of mentorship in inspiring and leading our younger, energetic clinician scientists. New Sarcoma Mentorship Grants for $25,000 were established to support this mission. Sarcoma Strong wanted to continue to fund more experienced researchers with a recurring $50,000 grant as funds would support.
In 2019, with the help of 5 other centers and over 600 participants in Albany we were able to surpass our goal of $100,000 raised for the year. Our total raised from 2015-2019 is ~$352,000. By the end of 2020 we will have funded $300,000 in Sarcoma research grants in collaboration with MSTS.
Global Response to COVID-19 Pandemic
In 2020, during a Global Pandemic we shifted our focus to engage a worldwide audience. We saw our greatest participation numbers to date at 1075. We welcomed participants from 14 countries and 38 States across the US. Despite economic uncertainty for many we were able to raise over $88,000 to fund sarcoma research. Our total funds raised now exceeds $440,000.
Collaboration and Proof of Concept
In 2021, we experienced continue growth and many accomplishments to highlight. We raised over $138,000 in 2021, surpassing our previous highest fundraising year in 2019. Overall participation for our global event exceeded 1600 donors and participants. We had 18 institutions in the US organize their own event or collaborate with our main weekend. Six international sites spread our message worldwide. Our social media presence continues to grow, reaching more sarcoma warriors along their journey. At Albany Medical College, we have increased our SarcomaStrong service learning program to ten medical students increasing the education of future doctors and helping increase sarcoma awareness and support for our local sarcoma community. Our proof of concept in supporting SarcomaStrong research funding occurred this summer when Dr. Bang Hoang, our 1st grant recipient in 2017, received a $1.6 million NIH research grant to continue his Osteosarcoma research. Onwards and upwards to 2022
rebranding, establishing a board, and globalization
We welcomed 2022 with a fresh look for Sarcoma Strong. A new logo, a new image, and a merchandise shop. The mission remains the same. Our essential intent is to lead efforts of continuous knowledge improvement of this rare disease and lessen the human suffering from sarcoma. We raised close to $150,000 in 2022, with 29 institutions participating worldwide, over 2000 donors and participants, from 14 countries, and 35 states in the US. Our service learning program with medical students at Albany Medical College continues to grow with 13 members driving continuous improvement. Our organizational structure was greatly enhanced by the official establishment of our Sarcoma Strong Board of Directors midway through 2022. Under the collective guidance of this passionate group, and with a big push from our student leaders we are organizing our 1st Sarcoma Strong Dinner Gala set for February 25, 2023. Our collaboration with MSTS is strong and there is a commitment to fund even more research in 2023. The MSTS Annual meeting in Clearwater, Florida, towards the end of the year, helped inspire colleagues from around the world with a call to action and we anticipate increased sites of collaboration in 2023 providing continued growth of our signature run event.


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Marcin Dziewulski (born 24 October 1982, in Tarnowskie Góry) is a retired Polish footballer and current head coach of Ruch Radzionków.

Career

Club
In February 2011, he was released from Ruch Radzionków. After tests, he signed a contract with Polonia Bytom.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Polish footballers
Polish expatriate footballers
People from Tarnowskie Góry
Sportspeople from Silesian Voivodeship
Association football midfielders
Ruch Radzionków players
Polonia Bytom players
Gwarek Zabrze players
Górnik Zabrze players
Stal Kraśnik players
Avia Świdnik players
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Polish football managers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Kamloops Blazer reflects on his Canada World Juniors Experience
Dylan Garand represented Canada over the holidays and walked away with a silver medal
Sports Jan. 20, 2021 James Fraser
Dylan Garand posted a franchise-best 2.21 goals-against average and a .921 save percentage during his most recent season for the Kamloops Blazers. (Submitted)
Dylan Garand represented Kamloops after the Blazers goaltender was selected by team Canada to play in the 2020/2021 World Juniors championships. Garand played one game with four saves for his country.
The back-up goalie reflected on the surreal experience: "Getting the call felt unbelievable. Knowing your about to fulfill one of your dreams is a huge honour and something a lot of people dream of. I was very lucky to get that opportunity," Garand remarked. "Representing our country was awesome. Getting to be apart of that group was something I'll never forget. The feeling of being on the ice and knowing millions of people are watching was a super cool experience."
Garand had an unbelievable season for the Blazers last year after posting record-breaking numbers and was named the WHL scholastic player of the year which is a prestigious award given annually to a player who excels both in the classroom and on the ice.
Despite his impressive accolades, Garand notes the different level of play between the WHL and the World Juniors.
"It was definitely a different transition. Overall, it's certainly a faster pace than the WHL but we were all off for about 8 months before so the pace seemed a lot faster at the beginning," Garand admits. "The shooters are better and everything is just a lot quicker so it was definitely cool to have that experience."
It was not all awe and glory for the Canadian players as most of us know they suffered a gutting 2-0 loss to the U.S.A in the gold medal game. Canada failed to score on their home turf in Edmonton.
"It was pretty emotional after the final game. A lot of tears and emotions coming about," Garand admitted. "Having to say goodbye to the guys after working so hard to try and win was tough. Coming up just short was heartbreaking and disappointing for sure."
Garand has a bright future as rumours are already circulating that he will be starting goalie for Canada next year at the World Juniors. He plans to play this upcoming season with the Blazers and is on the radar of most NHL teams. Surely, this won't be the last we hear of the young all-star goalie.


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← Open by Design: Open Educational Experiences
At least it's an ethos →
Cinema Retro: A Primer for Italian Crime Films and more
Posted on March 2, 2013 by Reverend
When Anto was in New York City a couple of months ago she picked me up the latest issue of Cinema Retro, which is similar to my favorite film magazine Filmfax. The main differences being it's a British publication and it focuses specifically on 1960s and 70s films. The writing is interesting enough, though the focus on James Bond in this issue is a bit tiresome for me—especially given the recent Daniel Craig-led series has mistaken itself for a Bourne film. I despised Skyfall, not only was it predictable and trite–but it continues the tradition of recent Bond films of making fun of its own history in a way that insults longtime fans. I'm done with any Bond films after Pierce Brosnan (although Roger Moore remains the beesknees bond for me), the Daniel Craig films have been nothing short of an abortion of the franchises' credibility.
That said, the current issue of Cinema Retro had more than a few things that intrigued me. In a sidebar titled "That Was the Week That Was," the magazine re-prints stories from Boxoffice magazine from a specific date in its publication history. One of the reprints was a short blurb about Veronica Lake's final film from October 5th, 1970:
John F. Rickert, CineWorld Corp. president, reports from his Miami base of operations that the first 150 play dates on the Veronica Lake starrer Flesh Feast have proven that the new Viking International Pictures production is an exceptionally strong grossing horror film. It may also, says Rickert, re-establish Veronica Lake as a box office name, as he has received several inquiries from U.S. producers regarding ehr availability for film work. Miss Lake, prior to leaving Hollywood in 1951, starred in more than 25 feature films, which made her one of the "hot properties" of the 1940s.
The idea that this film was going to be a box office success was a joke, it was panned at the time and is still panned today. It was a the last ditch effort for Lake that she personally financed with the proceeds of a memoir of her turbulent life. Lake died impecunious three years later at the age of 50. A sad story of a fallen star, which is actually kind of a submerged theme for this issue given there's another compelling article about the train wreck of a career that belonged to British actor Oliver Reed—he was awesome in his comeback role in Gladiator, too bad his return was cut short, for unlike Lake he still had real presence. Anyway, after reading this bit I couldn't help but seek out more about Flesh Feast, so I got the plot as told by Wikipedia, which is brilliant:
Lake plays Dr. Elaine Frederick, a mad scientist working on developing maggots that prefer human flesh, while her services are used to make a clone of Adolf Hitler. She cooperates with the plan to resurrect Hitler as a way of exacting revenge for the death of her parents, political prisoners executed in a concentration camp. While convincing everyone the flesh-eating maggots are for regeneration research, she simply wants to throw them in the resurrected Hitler's face, which she does.
Flesh-eating maggots? Zombie nazies? The only problem with this film is it was made 40 years too early 😉 As for actually spending the time to watch the film, I actually might after this seven minute clip of her interacting with the zombie Hitler (go to minute 2).
But the real draw of this issue, and why I will be subscribing to the magazine was Dean Brierly's Crime Wave International article that focuses on the Italian poliziotteschi (or police films) from the 1960s and 70s. He provides a great list of ten films from this genre which includes filmmakers like Fernando Di Leo, Enzo Castellari, Umberto Lenzi and Ruggero Deodato (better know for his Cannibal Holocaust films than his one poliziotteschi) to name just a few. I haven;t seen any of the films and I am working on getting them all right now, going through his list. For anyone interested here they are:
Violent City (1970) (a.k.a Città violenta and The Family)
Directed by Sergio Sollima, this film stars Charles Bronson and Telly Savalas (need I say more?) and was inspired by Jean-Pierre Melville's Le Samouraï. Sold. Below is the 4 minute trailer.
Milan Caliber 9 (1972)
Directed by Fernando Di Leo, this is the first film in his Milieu Trilogy, and again is said to have been inspired by Jean-Pierre Melville's noirs and has gone on to inspire Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994). Tarantino claims Di Leo as the undisputed master of the poliziotteschi. What's more, Brierly has the money quote for the whole issue in his description of Milan Caliber 9: "Di Leo's films are also noteworthy in their rejection of the sentimentality that mars the overrated Godfather trilogy…" Wow. That is bold!
High Crime (1973) Italian: La polizia incrimina la legge assolve
Directed by the Enzo G. Castellari and starring the great Fernando Rey, this one takes place in Genoa and according to Brierly its box office success paved the way for numerous films that were to follow in this genre. And as with all the poliziotteschi, the focus on drug lords, the mob, terrorists, and general violence spilling out in the streets spoke to that extremely bloody moment in Italian history known as "The Years of Lead." In fact, I imagine all of these films are inspired by the intense, political violence occurring in numerous cities around Italy.
The Violent Professionals (1973) Italian: Milano trema: la polizia vuole giustizia
Directed by Sergio Martino, the film stars Luc Merenda (Giorgio Caneparo) who goes undercover as a getaway driver for the mob so he can wage a one-man war on crime to avenge the death of father-figure cop Gianni (Silvano Tranquilli).
And here is the entire film on YouTube (score!)
Gang War in Milan (1973) Italian Milano rovente (a.k.a Burning City)
Directed by Umberto Lenzi, according to Brierly this is one of Lenzi's more stylized and harsher films of the genre (he made several) though like his other films is "incredibly sleazy and misogynistic." The plot is might spell some of that out given the war breaks out when a French mobster tries to use the prostitutes of the pimp protagonist to distribute heroine. The horrific deaths, mostly of the prostitutes, punctuate the rest of the film. Hmmm.
Emergency Squad (1974) Italian: Squadra Volante
Directed by Stelvio Massi, this post at the Violent Italy blog does a good job summarizing the film:
Tomas Milian…stars as Ispettore Tomas Ravelli, a[n] interpol cop. Ravelli's wife was killed years ago during a robbery and he's never quite got over it and time has only made him hungrier for revenge against the men who killed her. When a similar robbery takes place in the city, Ravelli is convinced the men responsible are the same ones that killed his wife, due the similar circumstances of both cases. From there the hunt is on and Ravelli will risk his job to get his revenge.
Rome Armed to the Teeth (1976) Italian: Roma a mano armata
Here's another directed by Umberto Lenzi, I love the plot sumamry by Il Commissario in this post on the euro cult movie forum Love Lock and Load , the Euro cult movie
Inspector Tanzi…is driven over the edge by the rampant violence and bloodshed from the criminal elements in Rome. Crooks he catches are released for various reasons- lack of evidence, his soft hearted psychologist girl friend (Maria Rosaria Ommagio). Tanzi, meanwhile, has his hands full with The Hunchback (Tomas Milian) and a rapist kidnapper (Ivan Rassimov) whom Tanzi has much trouble nailing them for their crimes. It all comes to an incredibly violent finale when the Hunchback commandeers an Ambulance just moments after Tanzi has killed off crooks robbing a bank. An impressive chase sequences follows where the Hunchback goes about mindlessly shooting people in the streets to escape Tanzi's grasp. One of the least subtle action films you'll ever see, Lenzi is in total over the top, take no prisoners mode with the violence so overdone it becomes comical. The film never slows down for a minute and is an adrenaline rush of bloody shootouts, car chases and grimy criminals having their way with society.
The Big Racket (1976)
Another film in the genre directed by Castellari, this one was described by Italian film critic Morando Morandini as follows: "It's a fascist film. It's a vile film. It's an idiot film." Here's a good plot summary by Jason Buchanan at Rotten Tomatoes:
A by-the-books cop struggling to bust a brutal protection racket in Rome is forced to throw the rules out the window when the vicious gang attempts to cement their status by moving into the drug trade in director Enzo G. Castellari's tough-talking poliziotteschi. As the citizens of Rome continue to suffocate in the cold grip of fear, it's up to determined inspector Nico Palmieri (Fabio Testi) to take back the streets from the murderers and rapists who terrorize the population and give the cruel thugs a hard lesson in street justice. When the only language that the criminal element understands is violence, Inspector Palmieri is more than willing to communicate in terms that will get the message across.
Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man (1976) Italian: Uomini si nasce poliziotti si muore
This is director Ruggero Deodato's only foray into the genre, but according to Brierly it left its mark: "Even within the politiziotteschi canon, some films are so transgressive and over-the-top as to beggar description. So a film is this mind-bending slice of cinematic incandescence from director Ruggero Deodato." Nice! The film was written b Fernando Di Leo, and it is described by Brierly as the "most violent and politically incorrect Italian cop film ever." I like Trevor Willsmer's description over at Amazon:
Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man plays like a bright and breezy and bloody cross between Dirty Harry and Starsky and Hutch as Ray Lovelock and Marc Porel's inseparable cops cheerfully go about their business of killing street scum a la Roma, whether they're seriously injured or haven't actually got round to starting the armoured car robbery they're planning, all to the accompaniment of Lovelock's easygoing ballads on the soundtrack. They may be a two man death squad, but the film retains a surprisingly bright and breezy tone as they go about their business with little in the way of opposition from their boss Adolfo Celi, the violence at once extreme but over the top – this is the kind of film where it's not enough to shoot assassin off a motorbike, he has to crash into a car and fly off. And then get crushed by another oncoming car. Like the Dirty Harry films, most of the action scenes have little to do with the plot that sees them trying to track down Renato Salvatori's elusive mobster but are just vignettes thrown in to keep things lively, but it manages it so well that it's more a strength than a weakness.
The Last Round (1976)
Directed by Stelvio Massi, a plot summary can be found on Amazon:
…is a gritty, violent updating of A FISTFUL OF DOLLARS and FOR A FEW DOLLARS MORE. Former middleweight boxing champion Carlos Monzón stars as a drifter who arrives in town with nothing but a music box and pictures of two dead women. Offering himself as a hired hand to the murderous Manzetti clan….Marco makes a side deal with the Manzetti's rivals, the Belmondo family….setting the two gangs against one another in a bloody power struggle that will leave more dead than alive. Revenge is the motive… and hell to pay for both guilty and innocent.
After a quick search I found five of the above ten films are available as DVDs on Netflix: Milan Caliber 9, The Big Racket, Milano Rovente, Emergency Squad, and The Last Round . Violent City and Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man are listed in Netflix but both DVDs are not currently available. None of these films are streaming—though I did discover Mario Bava's Rabid Dogs (Cane Arrabiati) is streaming in the U.S. under its DVD title Kidnapped.
Now that's pretty cool, a top ten list of films I have never seen before, and thanks to Dean Brierly I have my next few weeks of 70s film mapped out, I am now officially a fan and Cinema Retro!
This entry was posted in Movie Lists, movies and tagged Cinema Retro, movies, poliziotteschi. Bookmark the permalink.


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ABC's "Pan Am" flight experience takes off at select malls
August 23, 2011 Jeff Pfeiffer Drama, TV News & Program Updates 1
By Jeff Pfeiffer
Follow @ChannelGuideJP
Ready to go back to those thrilling days of yesteryear when air travel was actually romantic, glamorous and fun — not a colossal pain in the ass? ABC's new fall series Pan Am certainly conveys the look and feel of such a time (star Christina Ricci is pictured), and in anticipation of the show's premiere Sept. 25, the network is bringing a similarly themed "flight experience" to malls across the country, culminating in a daylong event in New York's Times Square.
The special booth at these stops, which premiered at San Diego's Comic Con in July, is a re-creation of a first-class cabin from a 1960s Pan Am plane. Visitors to the booth will be given a flight time and a boarding pass. Once they check in, they'll watch a preview of Pan Am and receive Pan Am bags. A few "passengers" at each stop will also be given Pan Am Explorer bags. To complete the retro, Jet Age experience, brand ambassadors dressed in Pan Am stewardess uniforms will be assisting with each "flight."
Here's a list of stops at which the Pan Am flight experience will be laying over:
Los Angeles, The Grove — Aug. 26, 11am-8pm; Aug. 27-28, 11am-5pm
Chicago, Woodfield Mall — Sept. 2, 11am-8pm; Sept. 3-4, 11am-5pm
Boston, Burlington Mall — Sept. 9, 11am-8pm; Sept. 10, 11am-5pm
Philadelphia, King of Prussia Mall — Sept. 16, 11am-8pm; Sept. 17-18, 11am-5pm
New York Times Square Event — Sept. 23, 6am-6pm
© 2011 American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Credit: Patrick Harbron
William Fuster says:
ohhh Well…..its for my sister-in-law…realllllly !!
"24/7 Mayweather/Ortiz" premieres Aug. 27 on HBO
Good luck, Cedric the Entertainer: Spinoff do's and don'ts
When is "A Charlie Brown Christmas" on TV 2014?
November 24, 2014 Jeff Pfeiffer Animation, Holiday, TV News & Program Updates Comments Off on When is "A Charlie Brown Christmas" on TV 2014?
When is A Charlie Brown Christmas on TV 2014? A Charlie Brown Christmas — Tuesday, Dec. 2, 2014, at 8:30pm ET on ABC; Tuesday, Dec. 16, 2014, at 8pm ET on ABC. RELATED: CHANNEL GUIDE'S 2014 HOLIDAY PROGRAMMING GUIDE (Description below from ABC) In the digitally remastered 1965 special A Charlie Brown Christmas, Charlie Brown complains about the overwhelming materialism that he sees everywhere during the Christmas season. Lucy suggests that he become director of the school Christmas pageant, and Charlie Brown accepts, but it proves to be a frustrating struggle. When an attempt to restore the proper spirit with […]
7 Questions with Kristin Lehman of ABC's "Motive"
May 20, 2013 Ryan Berenz 7 Questions With..., Drama, TV News & Program Updates 1
7 Questions with Kristin Lehman, star of ABC's Motive premiering with a sneak preview on May 20 and airing Thursdays beginning May 23. ABC's new drama Motive takes a page from Law & Order: Criminal Intent, revealing the killer and victim at the beginning of each hour, and then exploring the crime via stylized flashbacks and the efforts of Detective Angie Flynn (Kristin Lehman) and her partner Detective Oscar Vega (Louis Ferreira) to bring the killer to justice. Motive sneak preview airs Monday, May 20, at 10pm ET, and premieres in its regular time slot on Thursday, May 23, at […]
NASCAR Chase 2014 TV schedule on ESPN and ABC
September 12, 2014 Ryan Berenz Sports, TV News & Program Updates Comments Off on NASCAR Chase 2014 TV schedule on ESPN and ABC
The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series "playoffs" begin Sunday, Sept. 14, at Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet, Ill., in the MyAFibStory.com 400, the first race of the 10-race Chase for the NASCAR Sprint Cup. ESPN will air nine of the Chase races, with the Oct. 11 Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway airing in primetime on ABC. It's the final year of ESPN/ABC covering NASCAR, as that portion of TV rights will go to NBC Sports Group beginning in 2015. NASCAR is introducing an elimination format to the Chase this season, as a Chase Grid of 16 drivers gets reduced […]


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2013 Senate Bill 182: Appropriations: K-12 School Aid budget
Introduced by Sen. Roger Kahn (R) on February 13, 2013
To provide a "template" or "place holder" for a Fiscal Year 2013-2014 K-12 School Aid budget. This bill contains no appropriations, but may be amended at a later date to include them. Official Text and Analysis.
Referred to the Senate Appropriations Committee on February 13, 2013
Reported in the Senate on April 23, 2013
With the recommendation that the substitute (S-1) be adopted and that the bill then pass.
Substitute offered in the Senate on April 24, 2013
To adopt a version of this budget that expresses the fiscal and policy preferences of the Republican-majority in the Senate on various spending details.
The substitute passed by voice vote in the Senate on April 24, 2013
Amendment offered by Sen. Hoon-Yung Hopgood (D) on April 24, 2013
To add $83.2 million in spending for school district "technology improvements" related to proposed "computer adaptive" tests, with the money coming from the state rainy day fund.
The amendment failed 14 to 22 in the Senate on April 24, 2013.
See Who Voted "Yes" and Who Voted "No".
To not use tax revenues earmarked to the state School Aid Fund in the university and community college budgets, but instead use non-earmarked revenue. Although the state constitution explicitly authorizes using SAF money for higher education, the public school establishment contends that the 1994 Proposal A initiative earmarking a sales tax increase to the SAF means it can only be used for K-12 schools.
To strip out a provision increasing the amount of online courses students could take in public schools.
To strip out a provision allocating $46 million to districts on the basis of their adopting certain specified "best practices," and instead distribute the money on a per-pupil basis.
To strip out a provision authorizing a technology-based certification program in collaboration with a private information technology company.
The amendment passed 26 to 8 in the Senate on April 24, 2013.
Amendment offered by Sen. Bert Johnson (D) on April 24, 2013
To eliminate use of a "blended" pupil count formula that bases school district grants partly on the number of students they had in the previous school year.
To strip out $18 million proposed for adopting "computer adaptive" tests, and use this to increase spending on adult education programs.
Moved to reconsider by Sen. Tupac Hunter (D) on April 24, 2013
The vote by which the fifth set of amendments offered by Senator Hopgood were not adopted.
The motion failed 12 to 23 in the Senate on April 24, 2013.
Amendment offered by Gov. Gretchen Whitmer on April 24, 2013
To tie-bar the bill to Senate Bill 295, meaning this bill cannot become law unless that one does also. SB 290 would allow school districts to use a "sinking fund" property tax of up to 5 mills to buy or fix school buses, computers and software, or security equipment.
Amendment offered by Sen. Patrick Colbeck (R) on April 24, 2013
To revise funding related to "catching up" on unfunded liabilities in school employee pension system. The amendment essentially distributes "catch up" money to districts on the basis of their payroll, rather than giving individual school districts higher per-pupil foundation grants using a formula that would allocate more for lower-spending districts.
The amendment passed by voice vote in the Senate on April 24, 2013
To strip out a provision allocating more money to lower-spending school districts. A related amendment allocates more money to districts on the basis of payroll, and in intended to mitigate higher pension costs.
To increase funding for districts with a higher proportion of students from low income households.
Passed 21 to 15 in the Senate on April 24, 2013.
The Senate version of the K-12 school aid budget for the fiscal year that begins Oct 1, 2013. It would appropriate $13.225 billion for K-12 public schools, compared to $12.944 billion this year.
Received in the House on April 25, 2013
Referred to the House Appropriations Committee on April 25, 2013
Substitute offered by Rep. Joseph Haveman (R) on May 14, 2013
To adopt a version of the budget that contains no appropriations, intended to launch negotiations to work out the differences between the House and Senate budgets.
The substitute passed by voice vote in the House on May 14, 2013
Passed 60 to 48 in the House on May 15, 2013.
To send the bill back to the Senate "stripped" of all actual appropriations. This vote is basically a procedural method of launching negotiations to work out the differences between the House and Senate budgets.
Received in the Senate on May 16, 2013
Failed 0 to 38 in the Senate on May 16, 2013.
To concur with the House-passed version of the bill. The vote sends the measure to a House-Senate conference committee to work out the differences.
Received in the Senate on June 5, 2013
Referred to the Senate Appropriations Committee on June 5, 2013
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The Speckled Band
The Adventure of the Speckled Band takes place a little over two years from the date that Holmes and Watson first met in A Study in Scarlet. Baring-Gould dates the case in April of 1883. It was originally published in the Strand Magazine in February 1892 (almost a year after Holmes' presumed death, and it is interesting to note that Watson uses the past tense when referring to Holmes in his introduction).
The Adventure of the Speckled Band begins with a visit from a Miss Stoner, a woman who lives in perpetual fear of her stepfather, Dr. Roylott. She tells the story of her twin sister's death, and the unusual set of circumstances that surrounded it. Miss Stoner is now fearful for her own life, for upon being moved from her room into the room of her deceased sister, these circumstances reappear, boding ill for the soon to be married Stoner. Terrified, she enlists Holmes' aid in solving the mystery, but little does she know that Holmes is about to unravel a sinister plot that involves a bolted down bed, a dummy bell rope, a venomous Indian snake, and an inheritance bequeathed to her by her long dead mother. It is interesting to note that Arthur Conan Doyle ranked The Speckled Band as his favourite Sherlock Holmes story.
The Subtext:
Before we get in to the story itself, I want to first comment on the period in which Watson is writing this. The story, as I mentioned above, was first published in February of 1892. Holmes, as we discover in The Final Problem, was thought to have plummeted to his death in 1891. One can assume, then, that this story was written after Holmes' supposed death. This speaks to Watson's obsession with Holmes and, indeed, his love for Holmes, as almost a year after his friend's passing Watson is still writing up Holmes' cases.
It was early in April in the year '83 that I woke one morning to find Sherlock Holmes standing, fully dressed, by the side of my bed.
The above line is interesting for two reasons. First, it is, quite literally, the opening line of the case. The case does not begin in the sitting room, as most cases do. The case does not begin with the arrival of a client, as again, most cases do. It does not even begin with one of Holmes' startling observations which served to both baffle and delight Watson. Instead it begins, simply, in Watson's bedroom, with Holmes leaning over Watson's sleeping form.
The second reason is that Watson does not appear to find this odd. In fact, aside from being slightly groggy, and perhaps a little irritated at having his slumber disturbed, Watson seems quite comfortable with waking to find Holmes standing in his bedroom. The implications of this are quite staggering.
I mentioned above that Watson seems slightly irritated at having been woken in the early hours of the morning against his will. I should point out that this is reflected only in the narrative, and not at all in Watson's interaction with Holmes. In fact, Watson seems quite content to chat with Holmes from the comfort of his bed. Indeed, a few moments later, after Holmes has told him of the case (and Holmes does so in such a way as to suggest that he wouldn't possibly think of interviewing a client without Watson present) Watson is more than eager to hop out of bed and start the day.
Should it prove to be an interesting case, you would, I am sure, wish to follow it from the outset. I thought, at any rate, that I should call you and give you the chance."
"My dear fellow, I would not miss it for anything."
I will touch on the use of 'dear' in a moment, but for now I thought it interesting to point out the trust that has grown between the two men. Here we are, some two years into their relationship, and it is already a given that Watson will assist Holmes in his cases. That Holmes first thought would be of Watson (and not the case at hand) is quite remarkable, especially for someone as consumed by his work as Holmes tends to be.
This is not one-sided, as Watson is the first to admit that he: had no keener pleasure than in following Holmes in his professional investigations, and in admiring the rapid deductions, as swift as intuitions, and yet always founded on a logical basis with which he unravelled the problems which were submitted to him.
It is obvious here that, despite the passage of time, Watson is still quite captivated by Holmes, and his methods.
The bedroom scene continues, with Watson springing from the bed and immediately dressing before following Holmes down to the sitting room. This is again highly suggestive, as it appears as though Holmes has remained in Watson's bedroom throughout Watson's changing. It is important to note that, in Victorian times, men would sleep in full night attire, and wouldn't dream of attending a lady without dressing, so Watson would have needed to undress, and then redress, all under Holmes' watchful eye.
Shortly after arriving downstairs (one can presume from Watson's frequent use of the phrase 'down' that his bedroom sat on the floor above the sitting room), Holmes introduces Watson as his intimate friend and associate. While modern English language has it own interpretation for the term 'intimate', it should be noted that, in Victorian terms, the term 'intimate friend' was used to describe friendships which were particularly close in nature. While this definition is still quite ambiguous, its use was far less scandalous than today's meaning might imply. Still, it speaks to the closeness between the two men; to the bond between them and the underlying affection that marked their friendship.
When compared to A Study in Scarlet, The Speckled Band also marks a distinct shift in Watson's writing. His narrative has become entirely less formal in this story, as he often refers to Holmes as 'my friend' or 'my companion'. The gradual shift in familiarity which we first saw in STUD has been replaced entirely by terms of endearment.
"Excellent. You are not averse to this trip, Watson?"
"By no means."
It is also interesting to note that Watson's presence is now presumed. Holmes is still polite enough to ask, but his question is no longer an invitation, but rather, a request. It is obvious, then, that at this point Watson has established himself as Holmes' trusty biographer and companion.
I want to take a moment now to point out some of the amusing shifts in language that have occurred over the years. One of the things I love about Victorian English is its expressiveness, and I can think of no better example than this:
The ejaculation had been drawn from my companion…
To which we can only reply:
Well done, Watson.
Returning now to more serious matters, I thought it prudent to further examine the nature of their partnership, as The Speckle Band is one of the better cases which highlights Watson's role in Holmes' life.
I should be very much obliged if you would slip your revolver into your pocket.
Over the course of sixty stories, this is not the first, nor is it the last, time that Holmes requests Watson bring his firearm. What is interesting in terms of subtext is that this is a very clear indication of trust. Not only does Holmes trust Watson's skill with a firearm, but he is essentially putting his life in Watson's hands. Holmes, as we see again and again throughout Canon, very rarely carries a firearm. If it came down to it, it would be Watson covering Holmes and not the other way around. This requires an extraordinary amount of faith on Holmes' part, and it is interesting to note that he gives this over without hesitation.
It's shortly after this point that Holmes and Watson head out to investigate the scene of the crime. They take a train out into the country, and then travel by trap (a two-wheeled, informal carriage) to their destination. As they begin their travels, Watson finds himself remarking:
It was a perfect day, with a bright sun and a few fleecy clouds in the heavens. The trees and wayside hedges were just throwing out their first green shoots, and the air was full of the pleasant smell of the moist earth.
He later goes on to talk about the sweet promise of spring. This picture Watson has created is quite lovely. We get the impression of two men, sitting side by side in some sort of carriage, as it meanders through the English countryside, the two men enjoying the sights and quiet country air. This is incredibly romantic. In fact, especially given that this is the only time in the story that Watson waxes poetically on the subject of the weather, it is highly likely that this can be considered an attempt on Watson's part to romanticize the setting. Too often Holmes has scolded Watson for this very thing, and yet it is interesting to note that here (and elsewhere) Watson's romanticisms occur when only Holmes and Watson are present.
Upon arriving at Stoke Moran (their destination), Holmes immediately sets to work. Here, Watson falls into the roll of observer and relays Holmes' doings in vivid, precise detail. It is fascinating to note that, even two years into their partnership, Watson still pays attention to every motion Holmes makes. It has been noted elsewhere, by several Sherlockian Scholars, that Watson tended towards hero-worship as far as Holmes was concerned, and yet, one cannot help but speculate as to the exact nature of his obsession with Holmes. Too often, I have found, Watson sounds more like a man in love than a man awestruck by some great hero.
Some time passes, in which Holmes concludes his investigation of the Manor, upon which it is decided that the two men should wait for the cover of nightfall. They cannot, for obvious reasons, return to London, so instead:
Sherlock Holmes and I had no difficulty in engaging a bedroom and sitting-room at the Crown Inn.
The author would like to draw particular attention to the reference of 'a' bedroom.
One might be curious as to what took place within that bedroom. Fortunately for us, Watson is more than willing to share those particular details.
"Do you know, Watson," said Holmes as we sat together in the gathering darkness, "I have really some scruples as to taking you tonight. There is a distinct element of danger."
I want to break the above statement out into points of interest, for it contains several. The first refers of course to the passage, sat together in the gathering darkness. It has almost become a cliché now to presume that a late evening stake out should be accompanied by unresolved sexual tension. That is not to suggestion that it is without reason; clichés exist, after all, largely in part due to common knowledge and assumption. There is something decidedly subtextual in the image of Holmes and Watson, sitting alone in the dark, shoulder to shoulder, perhaps on the same bed, as they watch out the window for their prearranged signal. I'm fairly certain that this does not require elaboration.
The second passage I wish to highlight is that of Holmes' concern. He knows that this mission is dangerous. He knows, too, that Watson stands a chance of getting hurt. He then voices his concern; states plainly that he doesn't want to place Watson in danger. I can't decide which element of this statement makes the more profound impact; that Holmes worries for Watson's safety, or that he's willing to express this worry, thus revealing the true depths of his feelings.
"My dear Holmes!"
Is Watson's reply, and it is here that we examine the use of the term, dear. Dear, according to the Victorians, was a simple term of endearment. It was meant to express fondness, and affection, and feelings of friendship. The Victorians, however, were quite the repressed group (what does one expect from a people who actively covered their table legs in order to avoid thinking about sex), so their language developed in such a way as to be laden with innuendo, often without their realization. Given this knowledge, even the term my dear becomes highly suggestive in the context of this story. It is interesting to note that both Holmes and Watson use this term of endearment when addressing one another throughout The Speckled Band.
But we shall have horrors enough before the night is over; for goodness' sake let us have a quiet pipe and turn our minds for a few hours to something more cheerful.
This comes in the midst of their stake out, and one can only imagine what something more cheerful could have occupied their minds for several hours, for it is close to nine before they spot Dr. Roylott and close to eleven before they receive their prearranged signal. The details of these two hours, however, I shall leave to the reader's imagination.
Holmes was for the moment as startled as I. His hand closed like a vice upon my wrist in his agitation.
This particular passage occurs during their journey from the inn (and their single bedroom) to the Manor. I think the reader will agree with me when I state that Holmes was not an outwardly affectionate individual. We have very few references of him touching another individual (unless the case warranted it), and yet, the one person whom he does touch (and with some frequency) is Watson.
What is telling in the above line is that Holmes, startled and momentarily afraid, automatically reaches for Watson. In fact, reaching for Watson is his first instinct.
He recovers quickly, but can't quite bring himself to break contact with Watson.
Then he broke into a low laugh and put his lips to my ear. "It is a nice household," he murmured.
Is there anything more intimate than a man leaning close and whispering in his companion's ear? Notice, too, the use of the phrase, put his lips to my ear. Watson could have very easily used whispered and the reader would have been given the same impression, and yet, he chose to say, put his lips to my ear, something that, I confess, sends shivers of pleasure racing down my spine. I can only imagine Watson's initial reaction.
They continue across the lawn, and in through the open window to begin their vigil. Here, Watson again demonstrates the ease created by Holmes' presence.
I confess that I felt easier in my mind when, after following Holmes's example and slipping off my shoes, I found myself inside the bedroom. My companion noiselessly closed the shutters, moved the lamp onto the table, and cast his eyes round the room. All was as we had seen it in the daytime. Then creeping up to me and making a trumpet of his hand, he whispered into my ear again so gently that it was all that I could do to distinguish the words: "The least sound would be fatal to our plans."
In the above passage, the image that one conjures is that of two men, creeping around a dark bedroom, whispering words of warning to one another. Taken out of context this could easily be interpreted as a sexual encounter, hidden from society and the law, for homosexuality was considered immoral and had been branded illegal at the time. We must also note that, once again, Holmes is seen to be whispering in Watson's ear.
"Do not go asleep; your very life may depend upon it. Have your pistol ready in case we should need it. I will sit on the side of the bed, and you in that chair."
It is interesting to note, in the above statement, that Holmes chooses to sit on the bed, while placing Watson on the chair. It is the bed (being bolted to the floor and next to the bell pull, which acted as a bridge for the venomous snake) that provided the largest danger, and yet Holmes chose this location, wanting, perhaps, to keep Watson as far out of harm's way as possible.
They sit this way for some time, until a hissing sound alerts Holmes to the presence of the snake, and instantly he strikes. The snakes retreat and moments later a great cry is heard.
It struck cold to our hearts, and I stood gazing at Holmes, and he at me, until the last echoes of it had died away into the silence from which it rose.
I want to comment on Watson's use of the word, gaze. Gazing is commonly defined as: to look steadily, intently, and with fixed attention. In this particular context, stare, or possibly gape, would have been a better choice of words, and yet Watson uses gaze. This is quite suggestive, as it implies a sense of longing that the story does not particularly warrant.
The case ends, as most cases do, with Holmes explaining his reasoning and filling in, for Watson's benefit, the steps he completed in order to solve the case. In most instances Holmes seems quite frustrated by this process, and yet, here he is patient and, indeed, thrilled to be able to share his deductive reasoning with his friend. The use of 'my dear' comes up several times throughout this exchange, solidifying the suggestion found throughout the story that Holmes holds Watson in an affectionate regard.


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Man points airsoft gun at person near school in Saanich, gets arrested
Posted: Sep. 26, 2022 9:57AM | Last Updated: Sep. 26, 2022 6:20PM
A 19-year-old man was arrested Monday morning after he was seen carrying and pointing an airsoft gun at a person near a school in Saanich.
Saanich Police say officers responded to the area of Cedar Hill Road and McKenzie Avenue at around 6:10 a.m. after receiving reports that a man was seen walking on the field near Cedar Hill Middle School with a firearm.
Police say as officers were responding, the man allegedly pointed the weapon at one person and then walked toward a business complex and into a covered parkade at the corner of Cedar Hill Road and Mckenzie Avenue.
The incident resulted in the shutdown of Cedar Hill Road and Mckenzie Avenue area as well as the evacuation of people inside the complex.
Saanich Police say officers located and arrested the suspect, a 19-year-old man, with an airsoft gun that looked identical to a real semi-automatic rifle inside the parkade.
The man, who has not been publicly identified but is known to police, is facing one count of possession of a weapon for a dangerous purpose and remains in police custody.
"While we are still working on why this man was walking around with a weapon in public, we have no information to suggest he was targeting any person or location," Const. Markus Anastasiades, media spokesperson for the Saanich Police, said in a release, adding.
"Imitation firearms pose a significant risk to the public, as police treat them as real until proven otherwise. Imitation, airsoft, paintball or similar weapons should never be carried or used in public spaces."
Man arrested after exposing himself to woman in Victoria
New playground installed at Errington Community Park


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Services for Clint Montgomery Lewis, Jr., of Sulphur, will be held at 1:00 p.m., Saturday, April 13, 2019 at DeArman's Funeral Chapel in Sulphur, officiated by Rev. Tony Poe. Burial will be at Blue-Seeley Cemetery at Connerville, under the direction of DeArman Funeral Home.
Born September 30, 1981 in Ada, to Clint Montgomery Lewis, Sr. and Angelia F. (Wagon) Lewis, he passed away Saturday, April 6, 2019 in Oklahoma City, OK at the age of 37 years, 6 months and 6 days.
He was married to Penny (Conner) Lewis in Connerville, OK on October 1, 1999. He had lived in Sulphur all of his life and was a graduate of Sulphur High School. He had worked as a mechanic at P&M Wrecker in Davis. He was preceded in death by his parents.
She is survived by his wife, Penny Lewis, of Sulphur; daughter, Analora Elaina Lewis, of Sulphur; son, Cee Jay Hawk Lewis, of Sulphur; two grandchildren, Tobias Hawk Lewis, and Bella Angelia Ann Cox; sister, Wreneme Glenise Pickens, of Sulphur; nephew, Brent Lee Pickens III, and niece, Nevaeh Clineise Pickens.
Pallbearers will be Cee Jay Lewis, Watson Wagon, Tim Pena, Antone Colungo, Terry Byars, and James Byars. Trey Cox will serve as an honorary bearer.


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