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Category Archives: Anaerobic Digestion
By Emily Folk | July 8, 2019 - 12:14 pm | July 8, 2019 Agriculture, Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Biomass Energy
Biogas is an often overlooked and neglected aspect of renewable energy in India. While solar, wind and hydropower dominate the discussion in the cuntry, they are not the only options available. Biogas is a lesser known but highly important option to foster sustainable development in agriculture-based economies, such as India.
What is Biogas
Briefly speaking, biogas is the production of gaseous fuel, usually methane, by fermentation of organic material. It is an anaerobic process or one that takes place in the absence of oxygen. Technically, the yeast that causes your bread to rise or the alcohol in beer to ferment is a form of biogas. We don't use it in the same way that we would use other renewable sources, but the idea is similar. Biogas can be used for cooking, lighting, heating, power generation and much more. Infact, biogas is an excellent and effective to promote development of rural and marginalized communities in all developing countries.
This presents a problem, however. The organic matter is putting off a gas, and to use it, we have to turn it into a liquid. This requires work, machinery and manpower. Research is still being done to figure out the most efficient methods to make it work, but there is a great deal of progress that has been made, and the technology is no longer new.
Fossil Fuel Importation
India has a rapidly expanding economy and the population to fit. This has created problems with electricity supplies to expanding areas. Like most countries, India mainly uses fossil fuels. However, as oil prices fluctuate and the country's demand for oil grows, the supply doesn't always keep up with the demand. In the past, India has primarily imported oil from the Middle East, specifically Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
Without a steady and sustainable fossil fuels supply, India has looking more seriously into renewable sources they can produce within the country. Biogas is an excellent candidate to meet those requirements and has been used for this goal before.
Biogas in India
There are significant differences between biogas and fossil fuels, but for India, one of the biggest is that you can create biogas at home. It's pretty tricky to find, dig up and transform crude oil into gas, but biogas doesn't have the same barriers. In fact, many farmers who those who have gardens or greenhouses could benefit with proper water management and temperature control so that plants can be grown year round, It still takes some learning and investment, but for many people, especially those who live in rural places, it's doable.
This would be the most beneficial to people in India because it would help ease the strain of delivering reliable energy sources based on fossil fuels, and would allow the country to become more energy independent. Plus, the rural areas are places where the raw materials for biogas will be more available, such animal manure, crop residues and poultry litter. But this isn't the first time most people there are hearing about it.
Biogas in India has been around for a long time. In the 1970's the country began a program called the National Biogas and Manure Management Program (NBMMP) to deal with the same problem — a gas shortage. The country did a great deal of research and implemented a wide variety of ideas to help their people become more self-sufficient, regardless of the availability of traditional gasoline and other fossil fuel based products.
The original program was pioneering for its time, but the Chinese quickly followed suit and have been able to top the market in biogas production in relatively little time. Comparatively, India's production of biogas is quite small. It only produces about 2.07 billion m3/year of biogas, while it's estimated that it could produce as much as 48 billion m3/year. This means that there are various issues with the current method's India is using in its biogas production.
Biogas has the potential to rejuvenate India's agricultural sector
The original planning in the NBMMP involved scientists who tried to create the most efficient biogas generators. This was good, but it slowed people's abilities to adopt the techniques individually. China, on the other hand, explicitly worked to help their most rural areas create biogas. This allowed the country to spread the development of biogas to the most people with the lowest barriers to its proliferation.
If India can learn from the strategy that China has employed, they may be able to give their biogas production a significant boost which will also help in the rejuvenation of biomass sector in the country. Doing so will require the help and willingness of both the people and the government. Either way, this is an industry with a lot of room for growth.
Tagged Agriculture, animal manure, Biogas, Biogas in India, China, Crop Residues, fossil fuels, India, Renewable Energy, Rural Development
By Salman Zafar | July 7, 2019 - 11:57 am | July 7, 2019 Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Industry
Slaughterhouse waste (or abattoir waste) disposal has been a major environmental challenge in all parts of the world. The chemical properties of slaughterhouse wastes are similar to that of municipal sewage, however the former is highly concentrated wastewater with 45% soluble and 55% suspended organic composition. Blood has a very high COD of around 375,000 mg/L and is one of the major dissolved pollutants in slaughterhouse wastewater.
In most of the developing countries, there is no organized strategy for disposal of solid as well as liquid wastes generated in abattoirs. The solid slaughterhouse waste is collected and dumped in landfills or open areas while the liquid waste is sent to municipal sewerage system or water bodies, thus endangering public health as well as terrestrial and aquatic life. Wastewater from slaughterhouses is known to cause an increase in the BOD, COD, total solids, pH, temperature and turbidity, and may even cause deoxygenation of water bodies.
Anaerobic Digestion of Slaughterhouse Wastes
There are several methods for beneficial use of slaughterhouse wastes including biogas generation, fertilizer production and utilization as animal feed. Anaerobic digestion is one of the best options for slaughterhouse waste management which will lead to production of energy-rich biogas, reduction in GHGs emissions and effective pollution control in abattoirs. Anaerobic digestion can achieve a high degree of COD and BOD removal from slaughterhouse effluent at a significantly lower cost than comparable aerobic systems. The biogas potential of slaughterhouse waste is higher than animal manure, and reported to be in the range of 120-160 m3 biogas per ton of wastes. However the C:N ratio of slaughterhouse waste is quite low (4:1) which demands its co-digestion with high C:N substrates like animal manure, food waste, crop residues, poultry litter etc.
Slaughterhouse effluent has high COD, high BOD, and high moisture content which make it well-suited to anaerobic digestion process. Slaughterhouse wastewater also contains high concentrations of suspended organic solids including pieces of fat, grease, hair, feathers, manure, grit, and undigested feed which will contribute the slowly biodegradable of organic matter. Amongst anaerobic treatment processes, the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process is widely used in developing countries for biogas production from abattoir wastes.
Slaughterhouse waste is a protein-rich substrate and may result in sulfide formation during anaerobic degradation. The increased concentration of sulfides in the digester can lead to higher concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the biogas which may inhibit methanogens. In addition to sulfides, ammonia is also formed during the anaerobic digestion process which may increase the pH in the digester (>8.0) which can be growth limiting for some VFA-consuming methanogens.
Tagged Abattoir, abattoir wastes, Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Blood, BOD, Effluent, Fertilizer, Protein, Slaughterhouse, Slaughterhouse Waste Management, Wastes
Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Manure
By Salman Zafar | June 22, 2019 - 10:07 am | June 22, 2019 Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas
Animal manure is a valuable source of nutrients and renewable energy. However, most of the manure is collected in lagoons or left to decompose in the open which pose a significant environmental hazard. The air pollutants emitted from manure include methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter, which can cause serious environmental concerns and health problems. In the past, livestock waste was recovered and sold as a fertilizer or simply spread onto agricultural land. The introduction of tighter environmental controls on odour and water pollution means that some form of waste management is necessary, which provides further incentives for biomass-to-energy conversion.
Anaerobic digestion is a unique treatment solution for animal manure as it can deliver positive benefits related to multiple issues, including renewable energy, water pollution, and air emissions. Anaerobic digestion of animal manure is gaining popularity as a means to protect the environment and to recycle materials efficiently into the farming systems. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants, based on anaerobic digestion of cow manure, are highly efficient in harnessing the untapped renewable energy potential of organic waste by converting the biodegradable fraction of the waste into high calorific gases.
The establishment of anaerobic digestion systems for livestock manure stabilization and energy production has accelerated substantially in the past several years. There are thousands of digesters operating at commercial livestock facilities in Europe, United States, Asia and elsewhere. which are generating clean energy and fuel. Many of the projects that generate electricity also capture waste heat for various in-house requirements.
Important Factors
The main factors that influence biogas production from livestock manure are pH and temperature of the feedstock. It is well established that a biogas plant works optimally at neutral pH level and mesophilic temperature of around 35o C. Carbon-nitrogen ratio of the feed material is also an important factor and should be in the range of 20:1 to 30:1. Animal manure has a carbon – nitrogen ratio of 25:1 and is considered ideal for maximum gas production. Solid concentration in the feed material is also crucial to ensure sufficient gas production, as well as easy mixing and handling. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is the most important factor in determining the volume of the digester which in turn determines the cost of the plant; the larger the retention period, higher the construction cost.
Process Description
The fresh animal manure is stored in a collection tank before its processing to the homogenization tank which is equipped with a mixer to facilitate homogenization of the waste stream. The uniformly mixed waste is passed through a macerator to obtain uniform particle size of 5-10 mm and pumped into suitable-capacity anaerobic digesters where stabilization of organic waste takes place.
In anaerobic digestion, organic material is converted to biogas by a series of bacteria groups into methane and carbon dioxide. The majority of commercially operating digesters are plug flow and complete-mix reactors operating at mesophilic temperatures. The type of digester used varies with the consistency and solids content of the feedstock, with capital investment factors and with the primary purpose of digestion.
Biogas contain significant amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas which needs to be stripped off due to its highly corrosive nature. The removal of H2S takes place in a biological desulphurization unit in which a limited quantity of air is added to biogas in the presence of specialized aerobic bacteria which oxidizes H2S into elemental sulfur. Biogas can be used as domestic cooking, industrial heating, combined heat and power (CHP) generation as well as a vehicle fuel. The digested substrate is passed through screw presses for dewatering and then subjected to solar drying and conditioning to give high-quality organic fertilizer.
Tagged AD of Animal Wastes, AD plant, Agricultural Farms, Anaerobic digestion, animal manure, Animal Wastes, Animals, Biogas, Biogas from Animal Manure, Biogas Process Description, Biomethanation, Cow dung, Farm Waste Management, Livestock Waste, Major Factors in Biogas Plant, organic wastes, Waste-to-energy, Wastes, working of biogas plant
Renewable Energy from Food Residuals
By Salman Zafar | June 1, 2019 - 7:19 am | June 1, 2019 Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Food, Renewable Energy
Food residuals are an untapped renewable energy source that mostly ends up rotting in landfills, thereby releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Food residuals are difficult to treat or recycle since it contains high levels of sodium salt and moisture, and is mixed with other waste during collection. Major generators of food wastes include hotels, restaurants, supermarkets, residential blocks, cafeterias, airline caterers, food processing industries, etc.
In United States, food scraps is the third largest waste stream after paper and yard waste. Around 12.7 percent of the total municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the year 2008 was food scraps that amounted to about 32 million tons. According to EPA, about 31 million tons of food waste was thrown away into landfills or incinerators in 2008. As far as United Kingdom is concerned, households throw away 8.3 million tons of food each year. These statistics are an indication of tremendous amount of food waste generated all over the world.
The proportion of food residuals in municipal waste stream is gradually increasing and hence a proper food waste management strategy needs to be devised to ensure its eco-friendly and sustainable disposal. Currently, only about 3 percent of food waste is recycled throughout U.S., mainly through composting. Composting provides an alternative to landfill disposal of food waste, however it requires large areas of land, produces volatile organic compounds and consumes energy. Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore better recycling alternatives.
Anaerobic digestion has been successfully used in several European and Asian countries to stabilize food wastes, and to provide beneficial end-products. Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Germany and England have led the way in developing new advanced biogas technologies and setting up new projects for conversion of food waste into energy.
Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste
Anaerobic digestion is the most important method for the treatment of organic waste, such as food residuals, because of its techno-economic viability and environmental sustainability. The use of anaerobic digestion technology generates biogas and preserves the nutrients which are recycled back to the agricultural land in the form of slurry or solid fertilizer.
The relevance of biogas technology lies in the fact that it makes the best possible use of various organic wastes as a renewable source of clean energy. A biogas plant is a decentralized energy system, which can lead to self-sufficiency in heat and power needs, and at the same time reduces environmental pollution. Thus, anaerobic digestion of food waste can lead to climate change mitigation, economic benefits and landfill diversion opportunities.
Of the different types of organic wastes available, food waste holds the highest potential in terms of economic exploitation as it contains high amount of carbon and can be efficiently converted into biogas and organic fertilizer. Food waste can either be used as a single substrate in a biogas plant, or can be co-digested with organic wastes like cow manure, poultry litter, sewage, crop residues, slaughterhouse wastes, etc.
A Typical Energy Conversion Plant
The feedstock for the food waste-to-energy plant includes leftover food, vegetable refuse, stale cooked and uncooked food, meat, teabags, napkins, extracted tea powder, milk products, etc. Raw waste is shredded to reduce to its particle size to less than 12 mm. The primary aim of shredding is to produce a uniform feed and reduce plant "down-time" due to pipe blockages by large food particles. It also improves mechanical action and digestibility and enables easy removal of any plastic bags or cling-film from waste.
Fresh waste and re-circulated digestate (or digested food waste) are mixed in a mixing tank. The digestate is added to adjust the solids content of the incoming waste stream from 20 to 25 percent (in the incoming waste) to the desired solids content of the waste stream entering the digestion system (10 to 12 percent total solids). The homogenized waste stream is pumped into the feeding tank, from which the anaerobic digestion system is continuously fed. Feeding tank also acts as a pre-digester and subjected to heat at 55º to 60º C to eliminate pathogens and to facilitate the growth of thermophilic microbes for faster degradation of waste.
From the predigestor tank, the slurry enters the main digester where it undergoes anaerobic degradation by a consortium of Archaebacteria belonging to Methanococcus group. The anaerobic digester is a CSTR reactor having average retention time of 15 to 20 days. The digester is operated in the mesophilic temperature range (33º to 38°C), with heating carried out within the digester. Food waste is highly biodegradable and has much higher volatile solids destruction rate (86 to 90 percent) than biosolids or livestock manure. As per conservative estimates, each ton of food waste produces 150 to 200 m3 of biogas, depending on reactor design, process conditions, waste composition, etc.
Biogas contains significant amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas that needs to be stripped off due to its corrosive nature. The removal of H2S takes place in a biological desulphurization unit in which a limited quantity of air is added to biogas in the presence of specialized aerobic bacteria that oxidizes H2S into elemental sulfur. The biogas produced as a result of anaerobic digestion of waste is sent to a gas holder for temporary storage. Biogas is eventually used in a combined heat and power (CHP) unit for its conversion into thermal and electrical energy in a cogeneration power station of suitable capacity. The exhaust gases from the CHP unit are used for meeting process heat requirements.
The digested substrate leaving the reactor is rich in nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus which are beneficial for plants as well as soil. The digested slurry is dewatered in a series of screw presses to remove the moisture from slurry. Solar drying and additives are used to enhance the market value and handling characteristics of the fertilizer.
Diverting Food from Landfills
Food residuals are one of the single largest constituents of municipal solid waste stream. Diversion of food waste from landfills can provide significant contribution towards climate change mitigation, apart from generating revenues and creating employment opportunities. Rising energy prices and increasing environmental pollution makes it more important to harness renewable energy from food scraps.
Anaerobic digestion technology is widely available worldwide and successful projects are already in place in several European as well as Asian countries that makes it imperative on waste generators and environmental agencies to root for a sustainable food waste management system.
Tagged Anaerobic digestion, Asian, Biogas, CHP, Energy, Europe, Food Residuals, Food Scraps, Food Waste, Food Waste to Energy Plant, Landfills, Renewable Energy
Biogas in Agriculture Sector in India: Key Challenges
By Zahir Kapasi | May 28, 2019 - 9:53 am | May 28, 2019 Agriculture, Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development
Although the conversion of agriculture waste – cattle dung and crop residues – to biogas and digested slurry is an established and well-proven technology, it has been under-used, probably because until recently, firewood was easily available and chemical fertilizer was relatively affordable to most of the farmers in India.
The National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) was put in place to lower the environmental degradation and prevent greenhouse gas emissions, like carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere. However, this objective of the program is less likely to motivate the farmers and their families to install biogas plants.
This program rolled out by Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (now Ministry of New and Renewable Energy), New Delhi, with heavy subsidies for family-type biogas plants to increase adoption, was successful with lakhs of biogas plants being installed across the country till now.
It was realised that due to poor dissemination of information and unsatisfactory communication about the plant operation & application of the digested biogas slurry, and unable to perceive the return in terms of value resulted in discontinuation of lakhs of biogas plants across the country.
The entire biogas technology marketing efforts failed to highlight major advantage – an increased revenue from agriculture with the use of high quality and a low-cost homegrown digested biogas slurry as fertiliser. Another advantage was to help farmers' understand that their land quality and output per acre will increase over the years by the use of digested biogas slurry which has been degraded from the rampant use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides.
Challenges to be addressed
The farmer's communities today are required to made to understand that their revenue from agriculture is decreasing year on year due to increasing deforestation, degradation of land quality, rampant use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides, lack of farm cattle, injudicious use of water for irrigation, and use heavy vehicles for ploughing.
These ill-advised decisions have made the farmers poorer, impacted the health of their families and the rural environment of villages. The years ahead are crucial if this trend is not reversed.
Unending benefits of biogas technology
Most of the rural and semi-urban areas have a poor perception of the Anaerobic Digestion (or biogas or biomethanation) technology. This technology offers benefits to all spheres of society but have a particular emphasis on the needs of the farmers in rural areas.
Farmers with dairy animals generally have free access to animal waste (dung), which provide input feed for the biogas digesters. Normally, these farmers stock-pile the dung obtained from their cattle as a plant fertilizer, but this has lower nitrogen content than the digested biogas slurry created by the biogas digestion process, which is odorless and makes a better fertilizer to substitute chemical fertilizers. They can use the gas for cooking or heating, for running power generators. The biogas technology helps farmers reduce their burden to buy LPG and harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
In short, biogas technology is an integrated solution for sustainable agriculture, improving health and lowering environment degradation.
The promise of biogas technology
Biogas technology can help in the following manner:
Enhance bio-security for dairy animals – being fully fermented, bio-slurry is odorless and does not attract flies, repels termites and pests that are attracted to raw dung.
Provides high quality and low-cost homegrown fertiliser for sustainable agriculture.
Reduce energy poverty and ensure energy security.
Digested biogas slurry is an excellent soil conditioner with humic acid.
Save time for women for education and livelihood activities.
Increase forest cover as less firewood would be needed on a daily basis.
Reduce weed growth
Importance of Government Efforts
The agriculture sector is playing a major role in India economy and it comprises a huge vote bank. Our government has launched various initiatives like GOBAR-DHAN (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan), Sustainable Alternative towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT), and New National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme (NNBOMP) in attempt to revive interest in biogas technology for farmers and entrepreneurs.
Agricultural residues, such as rice straw, are an important carbon source for anaerobic digestion
These initiatives are aimed at developmental efforts that would benefit the farmers, vehicle-users, and entrepreneurs. These initiatives also hold a great promise for efficient solid waste management and tackling problems of indoor air pollution caused by use of firewood, deforestation and methane gas release in the atmosphere due to open piling of cattle dung.
These initiatives aren't marketing the value which solves a major challenge – degradation of agriculture land for farming in rural India. The initiative and efforts are majorly focused on waste management, environment and towards behavioral change. These changes are of global importance and can be managed effortlessly by generating tangible results for farmers.
India has an aspiring young workforce which is moving to urban settlements in hope for better opportunities, therefore, productivity and revenue from agriculture needs to grow. The biogas technology can restore agriculture productivity and strengthen revenue to make it attractive.
Note: This article was first published by author on LinkedIn.com. The link to this article – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/bio-gas-misunderstood-agri-technology-zahir-kapasi/
Tagged Agricultural Productivity, Benefits of Biogas for Farmers, Biogas Sector in India, Cattle Dung, Digested Biogas Slurry, Farmers, Fertilizer, Firewood, Importance of Biogas Technology for Farmers, India, National Biogas and Manure Management Programme
Biogas from Crop Wastes: European Perspectives
By Emily Folk | May 25, 2019 - 6:09 am | May 25, 2019 Agriculture, Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Biomass Energy
Most, if not all of Europe has a suitable climate for biogas production. The specific type of system depends on the regional climate. Regions with harsher winters may rely more on animal waste and other readily available materials compared to warmer climates, which may have access to more crop waste or organic material.
Regardless of suitability, European opinions vary on the most ethical and appropriate materials to use for biogas production. Multiple proponents argue biogas production should be limited to waste materials derived from crops and animals, while others claim crops should be grown with the intention of being used for biogas production.
Biogas Production From Crops
Europeans in favor of biogas production from crops argue the crops improve the quality of the soil. Additionally, they point to the fact that biogas is a renewable energy resource compared to fossil fuels. Crops can be rotated in fields and grown year after year as a sustainable source of fuel.
Extra crops can also improve air quality. Plants respire carbon dioxide and can help reduce harmful greenhouse gasses in the air which contribute to global climate change.
Biogas crops can also improve water quality because of plant absorption. Crops grown in otherwise open fields reduce the volume of water runoff which makes it to lakes, streams and rivers. The flow of water and harmful pollutants is impeded by the plants and eventually absorbed into the soil, where it is purified.
Urban residents can also contribute to biogas production by growing rooftop or vertical gardens in their homes. Waste from tomatoes, beans and other vegetables is an excellent source of biogas material. Residents will benefit from improved air quality and improved water quality as well by reducing runoff.
Proponents of biogas production from crops aren't against using organic waste material for biogas production in addition to crop material. They believe crops offer another means of using more sustainable energy resources.
Biogas Production From Waste Materials Only
Opponents to growing crops for biogas argue the crops used for biogas production degrade soil quality, making it less efficient for growing crops for human consumption. They also argue the overall emissions from biogas production from crops will be higher compared to fossil fuels.
Growing crops can be a labor-intensive process. Land must be cleared, fertilized and then seeded. While crops are growing, pesticides and additional fertilizers may be used to promote crop growth and decrease losses from pests. Excess chemicals can run off of fields and degrade the water quality of streams, lakes and rivers and kill off marine life.
Once crops reach maturity, they must be harvested and processed to be used for biogas material. Biogas is less efficient compared to fossil fuels, which means it requires more material to yield the same amount of energy. Opponents argue that when the entire supply chain is evaluated, biogas from crops creates higher rates of emissions and is more harmful to the environment.
The supply chain for biogas from agricultural waste materials is more efficient compared to crop materials. Regardless of whether or not the organic waste is reused, it must be disposed of appropriately to prevent any detrimental environmental impacts. When the waste material is then used for biogas production, it creates an economical means of generating useful electricity from material which would otherwise be disposed of.
Rural farms which are further away from the electric grid can create their own sources of energy through biogas production from waste material as well. The cost of the energy will be less expensive and more eco-friendly as it doesn't have the associated transportation costs.
Although perspectives differ on the type of materials which should be used for biogas production, both sides agree biogas offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to using fossil fuels.
Tagged Agriculture, Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, crop wastes, Crops, Europe, Farms, fossil fuels, Organic, Rural, Wastes
Miscanthus: Reducing the Establishment Costs
By John O'Loughlin | April 27, 2019 - 1:49 am | April 27, 2019 Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy
Miscanthus has been lauded as a dynamic high potential biomass crop for some time now due to its high yields, low input requirements and perennial nature. Miscanthus is commonly used as a biomass fuel to produce heat and electricity through combustion, but studies have found that miscanthus can produce similar biogas yields to maize when harvested at certain times of the year. Miscanthus is a C4 grass closely related to maize and sugarcane, it can grow to heights of three metres in a single growing season.
High Establishment Costs
However, high establishment costs have impeded the popularity of the crop. High establishment costs of miscanthus are as a result of the sterile nature of the crop, which means that miscanthus cannot be propagated from seed and instead must be propagated from vegetative material. The vegetative material commonly used is taken from the root structure known as rhizomes; rhizome harvesting is a laborious process and when combined with low multiplication rates, results in a high cost for miscanthus rhizomes. The current figure based on Irish figures is €1,900 ha for rhizomes.
Promising Breakthrough
Research conducted in Teagasc Oak Park Carlow Ireland, suggests that there may be a cost effective of method of propagating miscanthus by using the stem as the vegetative material rather than having to dig up expensive rhizomes. The system has been proven in a field setting over two growing seasons and plants have been shown to be perennial.
A prototype planter suitable for commercial up scaling has been developed to sow stem segments of miscanthus. Initial costs are predicted at €130 ha for plant material. The image below shows the initial stem that was planted in a field setting and the shoots, roots, and rhizome developed by the stem at the end of the first growing season.
Feedstock for AD Plants
Switching from maize to miscanthus as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion plants would increase profitability and boost the GHG abatement credentials of the systems. Miscanthus is a perennial crop which would provide a harvest every year once established for 20 years in a row without having to be replanted compared to maize which is replanted every year. This would provide an obvious economic saving as well as allowing carbon sequestration in the undisturbed soil.
There would be further GHG savings from the reduced diesel consumption required for the single planting as opposed to carrying out heavy seedbed cultivation each year for maize. Miscanthus harvested as an AD feedstock would also alleviate soil compaction problems associated with maize production through an earlier harvest in more favourable conditions.
Miscanthus is a nutrient efficient crop due to nutrient cycling. With the onset of senescence nutrients in the stem are transferred back to the rhizome and over-wintered for the following year's growth. However the optimum date to harvest biomass to produce biogas is before senescence. This would mean that a significant proportion of the plants nutrient stores would be removed which would need to be replaced. Fertiliser in the form of digestate generated from a biogas plant could be land spread to bridge nutrient deficiencies. However additional more readily available chemical N fertiliser may have to be applied.
Some work at Oak Park on September harvested miscanthus crops has seen significant responses from a range of N application rates. With dwindling subsidies to support anaerobic digestion finding a low cost perennial high yielding feedstock could be key to ensuring economic viability.
Tagged Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Biomass, C4 Grass, Crop, digestate, Elephant Grass, Energy crop, Miscanthus, Nutrient, Planter
Description of a Biogas Power Plant
By Salman Zafar | April 1, 2019 - 10:07 pm | April 1, 2019 Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Technology, Waste-to-energy
A biogas plant is a decentralized energy system, which can lead to self-sufficiency in heat and power needs, and at the same time reduces environmental pollution. The components of a modern biogas (or anaerobic digestion) plant include: manure collection, anaerobic digester, effluent treatment, biogas storage, and biogas use/electricity generating equipment.
Working of a Biogas Plant
Biogas Cleanup
Biogas contain significant amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas which needs to be stripped off due to its highly corrosive nature. The removal of H2S takes place in a biological desulphurization unit in which a limited quantity of air is added to biogas in the presence of specialized aerobic bacteria which oxidizes H2S into elemental sulfur.
Utilization of Biogas
Biogas is dried and vented into a CHP unit to a generator to produce electricity and heat. The size of the CHP system depends on the amount of biogas produced daily.
Treatment of Digestate
The digested substrate is passed through screw presses for dewatering and then subjected to solar drying and conditioning to give high-quality organic fertilizer. The press water is treated in an effluent treatment plant based on activated sludge process which consists of an aeration tank and a secondary clarifier. The treated wastewater is recycled to meet in-house plant requirements.
Monitoring of Environmental Parameters
A chemical laboratory is necessary to continuously monitor important environmental parameters such as BOD, COD, VFA, pH, ammonia, C:N ratio at different locations for efficient and proper functioning of the process.
The continuous monitoring of the biogas plant is achieved by using a remote control system such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. This remote system facilitates immediate feedback and adjustment, which can result in energy savings.
Tagged AD plant, Anaerobic Digester, Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Biogas Holder, biogas storage, CHP, description of biogas plant, desulphurization, Dewatering, digestate, effluent treatment plant, electricity, Fertilizer, manure, process flow of biogas plant, SCADA, working of biogas plant
Importance of Biomass Energy
By Salman Zafar | March 22, 2019 - 9:02 pm | March 22, 2019 Agriculture, Anaerobic Digestion, Biofuels, Biogas, Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy, Waste-to-energy
Biomass energy has rapidly become a vital part of the global renewable energy mix and account for an ever-growing share of electric capacity added worldwide. Renewable energy supplies around one-fifth of the final energy consumption worldwide, counting traditional biomass, large hydropower, and "new" renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels).
Traditional biomass, primarily for cooking and heating, represents about 13 percent and is growing slowly or even declining in some regions as biomass is used more efficiently or replaced by more modern energy forms. Some of the recent predictions suggest that biomass energy is likely to make up one third of the total world energy mix by 2050. Infact, biofuel provides around 3% of the world's fuel for transport.
Biomass energy resources are readily available in rural and urban areas of all countries. Biomass-based industries can foster rural development, provide employment opportunities and promote biomass re-growth through sustainable land management practices.
The negative aspects of traditional biomass utilization in developing countries can be mitigated by promotion of modern waste-to-energy technologies which provide solid, liquid and gaseous fuels as well as electricity. Biomass wastes encompass a wide array of materials derived from agricultural, agro-industrial, and timber residues, as well as municipal and industrial wastes.
The most common technique for producing both heat and electrical energy from biomass wastes is direct combustion. Thermal efficiencies as high as 80 – 90% can be achieved by advanced gasification technology with greatly reduced atmospheric emissions.
Combined heat and power (CHP) systems, ranging from small-scale technology to large grid-connected facilities, provide significantly higher efficiencies than systems that only generate electricity. Biochemical processes, like anaerobic digestion and sanitary landfills, can also produce clean energy in the form of biogas and producer gas which can be converted to power and heat using a gas engine.
Advantages of Biomass Energy
Bioenergy systems offer significant possibilities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions due to their immense potential to replace fossil fuels in energy production. Biomass reduces emissions and enhances carbon sequestration since short-rotation crops or forests established on abandoned agricultural land accumulate carbon in the soil.
Bioenergy usually provides an irreversible mitigation effect by reducing carbon dioxide at source, but it may emit more carbon per unit of energy than fossil fuels unless biomass fuels are produced unsustainably.
Biomass can play a major role in reducing the reliance on fossil fuels by making use of thermochemical conversion technologies. In addition, the increased utilization of biomass-based fuels will be instrumental in safeguarding the environment, generation of new job opportunities, sustainable development and health improvements in rural areas.
The development of efficient biomass handling technology, improvement of agro-forestry systems and establishment of small and large-scale biomass-based power plants can play a major role in rural development. Biomass energy could also aid in modernizing the agricultural economy.
Consistent and reliable supply of biomass is crucial for any biomass project
When compared with wind and solar energy, biomass power plants are able to provide crucial, reliable baseload generation. Biomass plants provide fuel diversity, which protects communities from volatile fossil fuels. Since biomass energy uses domestically-produced fuels, biomass power greatly reduces our dependence on foreign energy sources and increases national energy security.
A large amount of energy is expended in the cultivation and processing of crops like sugarcane, coconut, and rice which can met by utilizing energy-rich residues for electricity production.
The integration of biomass-fueled gasifiers in coal-fired power stations would be advantageous in terms of improved flexibility in response to fluctuations in biomass availability and lower investment costs. The growth of the bioenergy industry can also be achieved by laying more stress on green power marketing.
Tagged Advantages of Biomass Energy, Agriculture, Agro-Forestry, Bioenergy, biofuels, Biomass, Biomass Energy, Biomass Wastes, Coconut, crop wastes, Energy, Energy Security, Importance of Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy Mix, Rice, Rural Development, Significance of Biomass Energy, Sustainability
Biogas Plants at Akshaya Patra Kitchens
By R. Madan | March 11, 2019 - 7:18 pm | March 11, 2019 Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Waste-to-energy
The Akshaya Patra Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, is focused on addressing two of the most important challenges in India – hunger and education. Established in year 2000, the Foundation began its work by providing quality mid-day meals to 1500 children in 5 schools in Bangalore with the understanding that the meal would attract children to schools, after which it would be easier to retain them and focus on their holistic development. 14 years later, the Foundation has expanded its footprint to cover over 1.4 million children in 10 states and 24 locations across India.
The Foundation has centralised, automated kitchens that can cook close to 6,000 kilos of rice, 4.5 to 5 tonnes of vegetables and 6,000 litres of sambar, in only 4 hours. In order to make sustainable use of organic waste generated in their kitchens, Akshaya Patra Foundation has set up anaerobic digestion plants to produce biogas which is then used as a cooking fuel. The primary equipment used in the biogas plant includes size reduction equipment, feed preparation tank for hydrolysis of waste stream, anaerobic digester, H2S scrubber and biogas holder.
Vegetable peels, rejects and cooked food waste are shredded and soaked with cooked rice water (also known as ganji) in a feed preparation tank for preparation of homogeneous slurry and fermentative intermediates. The hydrolyzed products are then utilized by the microbial culture, anaerobically in the next stage. This pre-digestion step enables faster and better digestion of organics, making our process highly efficient.
The hydrolyzed organic slurry is fed to the anaerobic digester, exclusively for the high rate biomethanation of organic substrates like food waste. The digester is equipped with slurry distribution mechanism for uniform distribution of slurry over the bacterial culture.
Optimum solids are retained in the digester to maintain the required food-to-microorganism ratio in the digester with the help of a unique baffle arrangement. Mechanical slurry mixing and gas mixing provisions are also included in the AD design to felicitate maximum degradation of organic material for efficient biogas production.
After trapping moisture and scrubbing off hydrogen sulphide from the biogas, it is collected in a gas-holder and a pressurized gas tank. This biogas is piped to the kitchen to be used as a cooking fuel, replacing LPG.
Basic Design Data and Performance Projections
Waste handling capacity 1 ton per day cooked and uncooked food waste with 1 ton per day ganji water
Amount of solid organic waste 1000 Kg/day
Amount of organic wastewater ~ 1000 liters/day ganji (cooked rice water)
Biogas Production
Biogas production ~ 120 – 135 m3/day
Equivalent LPG to replace 50 – 55 Kg/day (> 2.5 commercial LPG cylinders)
Fertilizer (digested leachate) ~ 1500 – 2000 liters/day
Major Benefits
Modern biogas installations are providing Akshaya Patra, an ideal platform for managing organic waste on a daily basis. The major benefits are:
Solid waste disposal at kitchen site avoiding waste management costs
Immediate waste processing overcomes problems of flies, mosquitos etc.
Avoiding instances when the municipality does not pick up waste, creating nuisance, smell, spillage etc.
Anaerobic digestion of Ganji water instead of directly treating it in ETP, therefore reducing organic load on the ETPs and also contributing to additional biogas production.
The decentralized model of biogas based waste-to-energy plants at Akshaya Patra kitchens ensure waste destruction at source and also reduce the cost incurred by municipalities on waste collection and disposal.
An on-site system, converting food and vegetable waste into green energy is improving our operations and profits by delivering the heat needed to replace cooking LPG while supplying a rich liquid fertilizer as a by-product. Replacement of fossil fuel with LPG highlights our organization's commitment towards sustainable development and environment protection.
The typical ROI of a plug and play system (without considering waste disposal costs, subsidies and tax benifts) is around three years.
Our future strategy for kitchen-based biogas plant revolves around two major points:
Utilization of surplus biogas – After consumption of biogas for cooking purposes, Akshaya Patra will consider utilizing surplus biogas for other thermal applications. Additional biogas may be used to heat water before boiler operations, thereby reducing our briquette consumption.
Digested slurry to be used as a fertilizer – the digested slurry from biogas plant is a good soil amendment for landscaping purposes and we plan to use it in order to reduce the consumption of water for irrigation as well as consumption of chemical fertilizers.
Tagged Akshaya Patra, Anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Biogas from Kitchen Waste, Biomethanation, Cooking, Cooking Fuel, digestate, Digested Slurry, Fetilizer, Food Waste, Fruit, Kitchen, LPG, organic waste, Vegetables


text:
Марија Темрјуковна (, око 1544. — 1. септембар 1569) била је черкезијска (кирказијска) кнегиња и друга супруга Ивана IV Грозног, цара Руског царства.

Биографија
Марија је рођена као ћерка владара Кабардије Темрјука, под именом Ајдар Темрјуку бин Гуешчене, позната и као кнегиња Кученеј.

Након смрти прве супруге, руски цар Иван IV Грозни је у друштву Ајдариног оца Темрјука у Москви упознао ову кнегињу. Према руском народном предању, Иванова прва супруга (Анастасија Романовна) је, на самрти, упозорила Ивана да не узима супругу паганске религије. Иван је био толико погођен Маријином љепотом, да је одлучио одмах да се ожени. Брак је закључен четири дана пре 31. Ивановог рођендана, 21. августа 1561. године. Уз чин вјенчања обављено је и крштење нове руске царице гдје је добила ново хришћанско име, Марија.

Многи историчари се слажу да је Иван убрзо зажалио због одлуке да се ожени, а разлог је био што је његова нова жена сматрана неписменом и осветољубивом. Она никада није била у потпуности интегрисана у московски начин живота, те је третирана као сиромашна маћеха Ивановим синовима Ивану и Фјодору. Марија је 21. марта 1563. родила сина Василија, који је име добио по њеном тасту, Ивановом оцу Василију, а који 3. маја исте године преминуо. Генерално, према Марији највећа мржња је долазила од њене дворске свите, јер су вјеровали да се она понаша извјештачено и пречесто манипулише људима. Неки историчари сматрају да је управо она подстакла свог мужа да формира опричнике.

Умрла је 1. септембра 1569. године у 25. години живота. Иванови непријатељи су шпекулисали да је царица отрована по његовом налогу, што је сам цар касније више пута демантовао.

Види још
 Руско царство
 Иван IV Грозни

Референце

Литература

Рођени 1544.
Умрли 1569.
Черкези
Руске царице
Руско племство
Супруге Ивана Грозног

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The costumes, several of which were very tongue-in-cheek, varied from Formula 1 racing drivers, to mothers, surgeons and librarians. Prizes were given to the Scooby-Doo gang in the Fourth Form, Elan as a member of the Air Force, and Lauren as the girlfriend of Justin Bieber! Mrs Cavill won the staff prize. A delicious dinner was followed by a silent disco in Top Hall which had morphed into a disco den, complete with glitter ball lighting for the occasion. A good evening was had by all and thanks must go to Year 13 girls Millie (Head of Osmund) and Arabella for their fine organisation of the supper.


When fantasy football season arrives, you may find yourself completely buried in stat sheets and injury reports. You may even read every article about sleeper picks that will give you the most returns on your investment. Fantasy football, for many, is an excuse to watch every game so they can brag about it and talk to their friends.
But, another "use case" for fantasy football is that it is often a useful tool for divorced dads. Following a divorce, non-custodial fathers face a tough time of year when their children go back to school, as that means they will have less time to spend with their children. Playing fantasy football with your children may serve as an effective way to connect with them while teaching them useful life skills.
Teach math skills – It is often difficult to interest kids in developing their math skills. A way to make the task easier is to turn it into fun. Keeping score involves operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Ask your kids to determine how many points they need to win, or their opponent needs, and help them understand algebraic functions while also working on problem-solving abilities.
Practice persistence – Patience and persistence are part of every fantasy football game and two key qualities for children to learn. Drafting requires research, and once you have set your lineup, patience is crucial. There is no immediate gratification in fantasy football. To go through a complete season, dedication and commitment are essential. When your kids play with you, they are compelled to develop these attributes.
Learning to predict results – The key to winning big in fantasy football is to choose players wisely. You need to predict the performance of each player on any given weekend by looking at their past accomplishments, taking into account numerous variables, gauging matchups, and using the data to predict the outcome. When you involve your kids in this, they develop logic and comprehension skills and sharpen their critical thinking. They will also learn that any amount of efforts cannot guarantee success. Even after a lot of research, the outcome may differ from what they predicted.
Handling disappointments – While you would not want to be harsh on your children, it is important for them to realize that disappointments are a part of life. Things don't always work out in the way they should have. This uncomfortable lesson will prove as a useful lesson to them in the long term.
Strengthen your parental bond with your child by being involved in their daily activities as you play the game. Fantasy football can have an unintended positive effect on your parental relationship as a divorced father.
If you need assistance regarding any divorce- or custody-related issue from a father's perspective, choose The Micklin Law Group as your go-to team of NJ divorce and custody lawyers for fathers.
Attorneys at The Micklin Law Group focus on handling family law matters from men's perspectives. If you want to get tailored advice on a divorce issue, choose The Micklin Law Group's team of New Jersey divorce lawyers for men. Contact us today.


DW Studio worked with Arkonik to create an online showcase of luxurious vehicle stock, including all optional extras combinations. Each Land Rover Defender configuration option was delivered fully through CGI from the ground up. These were then utilised as a high-end "Configurator" retail tool on Arkonik's website, delivering an interactive 'real-time' experience for their customers researching online. This allowed Arkonik to improve sales conversions through a digitalised dealership experience. Our vast experience of working with innovative companies has refined our workflow. This project is another example of how our processes have evolved to deliver the best possible results. In this case, by working very closely with the in-house team, the maximum number of combinations were achieved using the minimum image assets. Highly considered static renders, powered the retail configurator to rapidly deliver an engaging user experience.


Thank you, Mr. President, and thank you, Secretary-General Guterres, for your remarks and for sharing your strategy to strengthen the UN's counterterrorism efforts.
The United States is determined to do whatever it takes to defeat the threats posed by radical terrorist organizations and to cut off state sponsorship of terror. There is no higher priority.
Terrorist acts directed or inspired by ISIS, Al-Qaida, and other such organizations are unequivocally a threat to international peace and security – a threat that should inspire each of us to act decisively. All Member States should commit themselves to building a stronger response to terrorism.
The reason for a new approach is clear. ISIS and groups like it are finding new ways to thrive in the world's ungoverned spaces and to launch attacks across borders. Terrorist organizations have developed resilient networks to recruit, radicalize, and bankroll their killing. The United States will not tolerate terrorism or the infrastructure that supports it.
No country is immune to the threat. From Paris to Brussels, from Baghdad to Nigeria, and from Boston to Orlando, the path of destruction has reached worldwide proportions. All of us must act now to prevent these attacks.
Because terrorism is a transnational threat, the United States is hopeful that the United Nations can play a valuable role in helping Member States counter it. But to do that, the UN will need to adapt. The UN was designed to maintain international peace and security by facilitating the peaceful resolution of conflicts between states. Whether the UN is effective in addressing the challenges posed by non-state actors and supporting counterterrorism is a test of this institution's ability to meet the international security challenges of today.
The United States supports the Secretary-General's proposals to reform the UN's counterterrorism architecture. These changes can start with the appointment of an Under-Secretary-General to oversee and coordinate the numerous entities whose work with the UN relates to counterterrorism. This new Under-Secretary-General will need to set clear priorities to implement the UN's Global Counterterrorism Strategy.
But there is room for the UN to do more. It can expand the assistance it provides to Member States. It can help states stop the flow of foreign terrorist fighters. It can work with states to build more robust systems to check who is coming across a border.
The UN can also contribute to stopping terrorist recruitment by amplifying anti-violent extremist voices in its programs, and by partnering with civil society organizations that speak out against violent extremism.
And the UN's work to promote respect for human rights, including freedom of expression, and the rule of law remains essential to preventing radicalization to violence.
But let's be clear: Defeating the world's most dangerous terrorist organizations cannot fully succeed until UN Member States stop their own support of terrorist activity. Proposals on paper will have limited impact as long as there are states that choose to arm, shelter, and finance terrorist organizations. It is vital that the international community, and this world body, state that with clarity, and act upon it. The United States will not hesitate to stand against the forces of terrorism, and that includes standing against the states that sponsor it, in particular the Islamic Republic of Iran.
So I commend the Secretary-General for his reform proposals, and for the seriousness with which he considers this issue. We have much work to do to rid the world of the threat of terrorism.


text:
MORTUCODLD
Leading underlying cause of death (ICD-10)
For persons age 18+ included in the NHIS during survey years 1986 to 2014 who provided sufficient data for linking (MORTELIG) and whose final vital status was judged deceased (MORTSTAT), MORTUCODLD reports the leading underlying cause of death. This information was determined by NCHS based on probabilistic matches of survey participants' NHIS records to National Death Index (NDI) records and aggregated into 10 cause of death categories. For survey respondents in the 2005 or later surveys and decedents who died after December 2006, MORTUCODLD is the most detailed information available on the linked NHIS-NDI public use files about underlying cause of death. For access to the detailed cause of death codes available on the linked NHIS-NDI restricted access files, see documentation on the restricted version of the NHIS Linked Mortality Files.
MORTUCODLD is a recode created by NCHS to classify underlying cause of death across 113 categories. Deaths that occurred prior to 1999 are coded based on the 9th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD-9). Deaths that occurred from 1999 forward were coded based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD-10).
Weights for Mortality Data
Because adult survey participants who provided insufficient data for linking may differ from those who provided enough data for linking, ignoring the ineligible adult respondents (IPUMS NHIS code 3 in MORTELIG) could lead to biased mortality analysis. To correct this bias, NCHS developed eligibility-adjusted weights: MORTWT, available for 1986-2014, for use with variables from the NHIS person files, and MORTWTSA, available for 1997-2014, for use with variables from the sample adult files. When analyzing NHIS variables from the person files in conjunction with MORTUCODLD, users should employ MORTWT (rather than the standard person weight, PERWEIGHT). When analyzing variables from the sample adult files in conjunction with MORTUCODLD, users should employ MORTWTSA (rather than the standard sample weight, SAMPWEIGHT).
MORTUCODLD is largely comparable over time. As noted above, deaths occurring prior to 1999 are based on the 9th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD-9); deaths occurring from 1999 forward are coded based on the 10th revision (ICD-10).
1986-2014: All persons age 18+ eligible for mortality follow-up, assumed dead, and whose assumed cause of death was not unknown.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One of the most sought after gemstones from the US is Montana Sapphire. The most famous locality for blue US Sapphire is the Yogo mine, but it is not the only locality. Montana is one of the largest producers of gem grade Sapphire rough in the world. Every color of Sapphire imaginable comes from Yogo and Rock Creek and has been producing Sapphire since the start of the 20th century and still does to this day. I absolutely love US gems and Montana Sapphires are at the top of the list. All of the rough produced from Montana is alluvial and obtained through placer mining. Most of the material found is flat and yields wide flat stones, or small well cut stones.
This gem has a bright and pretty ice blue color with flashes of bright green. The stone just gleams in the sunlight! The stone flashes so prettily on the hand with excellent light return. There is a pastel quality to the color that is soft yet distinct. This stone will look so wonderful once set into jewelry! The stone measures 4.23 mm in diameter, and the depth is 3.14 mm. Enjoy!
Gorgeous Brilliant White Sri Lankan Sapphire Gemstone 1.17 cts.


The Matthew Henson Community Development Corporation would like Baltimore City Mayoral and 7th District City Council candidates to materially (written document) and publicly address this subject matter.
What specifically will she/he do to bring back to the Winchester Community, where Freddie Gray went to both Elementary School and Senior High School, a food market to replace the Stop Shop and Save food market that closed 2 years ago and the community is now in the most significant food deserts in Baltimore City?
My campaign is completely about rebuilding all surrounding communities in Baltimore creating two initial community economies: a construction economy created from demolition, hauling of debris, recycling debris, rehabbing houses, and building new mixed-income multi-family housing. All of these projects will not be outsourced---they will be used to create small businesses surrounding all those construction areas. At the same time we will be rebuilding our Baltimore City Public Works and hiring these positions from each community. This creates a platform that builds housing and employment security for each community.
The second economy built at the same time is a fresh food economy. As we demolish and haul away all that bad housing and concrete infrastructure not needed in a downsized community, we create a great public green space central to each community. This will be several acres as communities downsize. That central green space will have a grand public green house and a barn for animal husbandry to be accessed by any citizen in the community wanting to participate. Individual citizens may want to designate space----some may want to provide work in exchange for fruit and vegetables-----those being too poor to buy food would want that option for example. We would see businesses grow from this in those that wanted to plant or care for animals, those wanting to create food products from harvesting, those that wanted a small food distribution business delivering fresh food to fresh food stores in the community and to farmers' markets. At each point it is a citizen in each community owning and operating these small businesses with all citizens having access to this fresh food. I would like to see fruit orchard trees included---maybe each community could have a different fruit tree and exchange between communities. Space for fish farming could be made as well. Animal husbandry means chickens, goats, lambs, maybe pigs----we would have to change zoning ordinances in the Baltimore City Charter. This means a small business wanting to care for these animals, one that wants to butcher for meat or create products like sausage or butter/dairy products. Again, you will need a business to distribute those products to fresh food stores in the community and farmers' markets.
THIS WILL BUILD A PERMANENT PLATFORM IN EACH COMMUNITY FOR LOCAL FRESH FOOD.
Everyone in a community wants as well a super market option and I am all about regional super markets over national or global food market chains. So, I would not promote a SAVE – A – LOT for example as that is a national chain----the food quality is not often what we would want for our citizens as chains go national or global. I will provide that option and will work to downsize the number of convenience stores in communities where that was often the only option. We can get those store owners re-directed into other businesses in the community.
I want to emphasize to all citizens in rebuilding our economy. Fresh food is a human right and a vital resource that we must be sure to establish and maintain a LOCAL FRESH FOOD ECONOMY. We do not want the same progression of consolidated stores becoming larger and less responsive and more expensive. Be sure to do this no matter who becomes mayor!


We do not have statistics for Daniel at this time.
After realizing that you will need help with a chemical addiction problem you have made the first and hardest step toward sobriety, however the next step of finding that help will be a difficult task if you do not know where to look. This page provides you with a list of public, private, non-profit, and Christian drug rehabilitation programs and addiction specialists near Daniel, Wyoming.
Daniel is located in Sublette County and contains the following zip codes: 83115.


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text:
Q: App not saving or displaying data correctly My app is supposed to save data in a database then display it in a listView.
Problem is that the listView doesn't display anything.
Looking through the error log it seems to say that it has problem saving the data.
Thanks in advance
DBAdapter
package se.welovecode.wdmmg;

import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.util.Log;

public class DBAdapter {

    private static final String TAG = "DBAdapter"; //used for logging database version changes

    // Field Names:
    public static final String KEY_ROWID = "_id";
    public static final String KEY_TRANSACTIONS = "transactions";
    public static final String KEY_ITEM = "item";
    public static final String KEY_SUM = "sum";

    public static final String[] ALL_KEYS = new String[] {KEY_ROWID, KEY_TRANSACTIONS, KEY_ITEM, KEY_SUM,};

    // Column Numbers for each Field Name:
    public static final int COL_ROWID = 0;
    public static final int COL_TRANSACTIONS = 1;
    public static final int COL_ITEM = 2;
    public static final int COL_SUM = 3;

    // DataBase info:
    public static final String DATABASE_NAME = "db";
    public static final String DATABASE_TABLE = "mainTransactions";
    public static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1; // The version number must be incremented each time a change to DB structure occurs.

    //SQL statement to create database
    private static final String DATABASE_CREATE_SQL =
            "CREATE TABLE " + DATABASE_TABLE
                    + " (" + KEY_ROWID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "
                    + KEY_TRANSACTIONS + " TEXT NOT NULL, "
                    + KEY_ITEM + " TEXT NOT NULL, "
                    + KEY_SUM + " INTEGER"
                    + ");";

    private DatabaseHelper myDBHelper;
    private SQLiteDatabase db;

    public DBAdapter(Context ctx) {
        Context context = ctx;
        myDBHelper = new DatabaseHelper(context);
    }

    // Open the database connection.
    public DBAdapter open() {
        db = myDBHelper.getWritableDatabase();
        return this;
    }

    // Close the database connection.
    public void close() {
        myDBHelper.close();
    }

    // Add a new set of values to be inserted into the database.
    public long insertRow(String transactions) {
        ContentValues initialValues = new ContentValues();
        initialValues.put(KEY_TRANSACTIONS, transactions);

        // Insert the data into the database.
        return db.insert(DATABASE_TABLE, null, initialValues);
    }

    public long insertRow2(String item) {
        ContentValues initialValues = new ContentValues();
        initialValues.put(KEY_ITEM, item);

        // Insert the data into the database.
        return db.insert(DATABASE_TABLE, null, initialValues);
    }
    public long insertRow3(int sum) {
        ContentValues initialValues = new ContentValues();
        initialValues.put(KEY_SUM, sum);

        // Insert the data into the database.
        return db.insert(DATABASE_TABLE, null, initialValues);
    }

    // Delete a row from the database, by rowId (primary key)
    public boolean deleteRow(long rowId) {
        String where = KEY_ROWID + "=" + rowId;
        return db.delete(DATABASE_TABLE, where, null) != 0;
    }

    public void deleteAll() {
        Cursor c = getAllRows();
        long rowId = c.getColumnIndexOrThrow(KEY_ROWID);
        if (c.moveToFirst()) {
            do {
                deleteRow(c.getLong((int) rowId));
            } while (c.moveToNext());
        }
        c.close();
    }

    // Return all data in the database.
    public Cursor getAllRows() {
        String where = null;
        Cursor c =  db.query(true, DATABASE_TABLE, ALL_KEYS, where, null, null, null, null, null);
        if (c != null) {
            c.moveToFirst();
        }
        return c;
    }

    // Get a specific row (by rowId)
    public Cursor getRow(long rowId) {
        String where = KEY_ROWID + "=" + rowId;
        Cursor c =  db.query(true, DATABASE_TABLE, ALL_KEYS,
                where, null, null, null, null, null);
        if (c != null) {
            c.moveToFirst();
        }
        return c;
    }

    // Change an existing row to be equal to new data.
    public boolean updateRow(long rowId, String transaction, String item, String sum) {
        String where = KEY_ROWID + "=" + rowId;
        ContentValues newValues = new ContentValues();
        newValues.put(KEY_TRANSACTIONS, transaction);
        newValues.put(KEY_ITEM, item);
        newValues.put(KEY_SUM, sum);
        // Insert it into the database.
        return db.update(DATABASE_TABLE, newValues, where, null) != 0;
    }

    private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper
    {
        DatabaseHelper(Context context) {
            super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
        }

        @Override
        public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase _db) {
            _db.execSQL(DATABASE_CREATE_SQL);
        }

        @Override
        public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase _db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Upgrading application's database from version " + oldVersion
                    + " to " + newVersion + ", which will destroy all old data!");

            // Destroy old database:
            _db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DATABASE_TABLE);

            // Recreate new database:
            onCreate(_db);
        }
    }
}

MainActivity
package se.welovecode.wdmmg;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.preference.PreferenceManager;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuInflater;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.SimpleCursorAdapter;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity {

    DBAdapter myDB;
    TextView Balance;
    Double value;
    ListView lwTransactions;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        Balance = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tvBalance);
        refreshSum();
        openDB();
        populateListView();

    }

    @Override
    protected void onResume() {
        super.onResume();

        refreshSum();
        populateListView();

    }

    protected void onDestroy(){
        super.onDestroy();
        closeDb();

    }

    private void openDB(){
        myDB = new DBAdapter(this);
        myDB.open();

    }

    private void closeDb(){

        myDB.close();

    }

    @Override
    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
        // Inflate the menu items for use in the action bar
        MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater();
        inflater.inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
        return super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu);

    }

    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        // Handle presses on the action bar items
        switch (item.getItemId()) {
            case R.id.action_add:
                Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, AddTransaction.class);
                startActivity(intent);
            default:
                return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
        }
    }

    private void refreshSum(){
        SharedPreferences prefs = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
        value = (double) prefs.getFloat("KEY", 0f);
        Balance.setText(value.toString());
    }

    private void populateListView(){
        Cursor cursor = myDB.getAllRows();
        String[] fromFieldNames = new String[]{DBAdapter.KEY_ROWID, DBAdapter.KEY_TRANSACTIONS, DBAdapter.KEY_ITEM, DBAdapter.KEY_SUM,};
        int[] toViewIDs = new int[] {R.id.textViewRowID, R.id.textViewStore, R.id.textViewService, R.id.textViewCost};
        SimpleCursorAdapter myCursorAdapter;
        myCursorAdapter = new SimpleCursorAdapter(getBaseContext(),R.layout.item_layout, cursor, fromFieldNames,toViewIDs,0);
        lwTransactions = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.lwTransactions);
        lwTransactions.setAdapter(myCursorAdapter);
    }
}

Errorlog
06-12 17:33:38.383  29168-29168/se.welovecode.wdmmg E/SQLiteLog﹕ (1299) abort at 7 in [INSERT INTO mainTransactions(transactions) VALUES (?)]: NOT NULL constraint failed: mainTransactions.item
06-12 17:33:38.383  29168-29168/se.welovecode.wdmmg E/SQLiteDatabase﹕ Error inserting transactions=hsns
    android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConstraintException: NOT NULL constraint failed: mainTransactions.item (code 1299)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.nativeExecuteForLastInsertedRowId(Native Method)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.executeForLastInsertedRowId(SQLiteConnection.java:952)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteSession.executeForLastInsertedRowId(SQLiteSession.java:788)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteStatement.executeInsert(SQLiteStatement.java:86)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.insertWithOnConflict(SQLiteDatabase.java:1595)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.insert(SQLiteDatabase.java:1465)
            at se.welovecode.wdmmg.DBAdapter.insertRow(DBAdapter.java:68)
            at se.welovecode.wdmmg.AddTransaction.onClick_AddTransaction(AddTransaction.java:55)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
            at android.view.View$1.onClick(View.java:4268)
            at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:5217)
            at android.view.View$PerformClick.run(View.java:20983)
            at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:739)
            at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:95)
            at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:145)
            at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:6141)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
            at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1399)
            at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1194)
06-12 17:33:38.393  29168-29168/se.welovecode.wdmmg E/SQLiteLog﹕ (1299) abort at 6 in [INSERT INTO mainTransactions(item) VALUES (?)]: NOT NULL constraint failed: mainTransactions.transactions
06-12 17:33:38.393  29168-29168/se.welovecode.wdmmg E/SQLiteDatabase﹕ Error inserting item=bsb
    android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConstraintException: NOT NULL constraint failed: mainTransactions.transactions (code 1299)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.nativeExecuteForLastInsertedRowId(Native Method)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.executeForLastInsertedRowId(SQLiteConnection.java:952)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteSession.executeForLastInsertedRowId(SQLiteSession.java:788)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteStatement.executeInsert(SQLiteStatement.java:86)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.insertWithOnConflict(SQLiteDatabase.java:1595)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.insert(SQLiteDatabase.java:1465)
            at se.welovecode.wdmmg.DBAdapter.insertRow2(DBAdapter.java:76)
            at se.welovecode.wdmmg.AddTransaction.onClick_AddTransaction(AddTransaction.java:58)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
            at android.view.View$1.onClick(View.java:4268)
            at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:5217)
            at android.view.View$PerformClick.run(View.java:20983)
            at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:739)
            at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:95)
            at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:145)
            at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:6141)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
            at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1399)
            at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1194)
06-12 17:33:38.393  29168-29168/se.welovecode.wdmmg E/SQLiteLog﹕ (1299) abort at 6 in [INSERT INTO mainTransactions(sum) VALUES (?)]: NOT NULL constraint failed: mainTransactions.transactions
06-12 17:33:38.393  29168-29168/se.welovecode.wdmmg E/SQLiteDatabase﹕ Error inserting sum=120
    android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConstraintException: NOT NULL constraint failed: mainTransactions.transactions (code 1299)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.nativeExecuteForLastInsertedRowId(Native Method)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.executeForLastInsertedRowId(SQLiteConnection.java:952)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteSession.executeForLastInsertedRowId(SQLiteSession.java:788)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteStatement.executeInsert(SQLiteStatement.java:86)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.insertWithOnConflict(SQLiteDatabase.java:1595)
            at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.insert(SQLiteDatabase.java:1465)
            at se.welovecode.wdmmg.DBAdapter.insertRow3(DBAdapter.java:83)
            at se.welovecode.wdmmg.AddTransaction.onClick_AddTransaction(AddTransaction.java:61)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
            at android.view.View$1.onClick(View.java:4268)
            at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:5217)
            at android.view.View$PerformClick.run(View.java:20983)
            at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:739)
            at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:95)
            at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:145)
            at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:6141)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
            at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
            at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1399)
            at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1194)

A: U got  KEY_TRANSACTIONS TEXT NOT NULL and KEY_ITEM TEXT NOT NULL
but u pass in insertRow only KEY_TRANSACTION but u need to put KEY_ITEM also
 public long insertRow(String transactions) {
    ContentValues initialValues = new ContentValues();
    initialValues.put(KEY_TRANSACTIONS, transactions);
    initialValues.put(KEY_ITEM, "some key item");

    // Insert the data into the database.
    return db.insert(DATABASE_TABLE, null, initialValues);
}

or remove NOT NULL from your KEY_ITEM column constraints

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Cantor David Margules and Rabbi-Cantor Elana Rosen-Brown, along with many special guests, will present a diverse selection of music in honor of our anniversary. Through a wide range of musical genres, including broadway, art, song, ladino and Yiddish, we will explore themes close to Rodef Sholom's heart: worship, community, social justice, lifelong learning, and Israel. Our concert will conclude with a special musical havdalah and dessert reception. It will be an evening to remember!


text:
2015 National Book Award Shortlist
Since its beginning in 1936, the National Book Awards have harvested a selection of premium stories written by the best current authors. In four areas (Fiction, Nonfiction, Poetry, and Young People's Fiction) 5 panelists, made up of acclaimed writers, go through hundreds of books in the voting process. While these books are submitted by publishers, those on the judging panel can request certain books they deem worthy of the honor. With the longlist released in September, and the Shortlist released last week, it won't be long before the finalist is announced at the NBA Ceremony on November 18. Read on to see the books still in the running, as well as the Longlist runner-ups for each category. Happy Reading!
Fiction Finalists:
Refund: Stories by Karen E. Bender: A collection of stories that revolve around money, what people do to receive or lose it, and how it impacts perceptions of worth.
The Turner House by Angela Flournoy: The fate of a home in Detroit that has seen decades of family members and many fires is to be decided by generations of its previous tenants.
Fates and Furies by Lauren Groff: Delve into the 24 year long marriage that lasted, not in spite of, but because of its secrets. Complex, intriguing, and emotionally binding.
Fortune Smiles: Stories by Adam Johnson: A collection of stories that offer a new look into the world with its new technologies, yet unshakable tendencies.
A Little Life by Hanya Yanagihara: The story of four college friends who grow together to face obstacles that shake and shatter previous held conceptions of friendship, love, and life.
Longlist:
Nonfiction Finalists:
Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates: A powerful contemporary voice writes to his son in this long letter regarding the conception of race, the way it shaped our nation, and what can be done to alter it.
Hold Still by Sally Mann: A personal history of a Southern family presented in an entirely unique manner with letters, photographs, and much more than she thought to find.
The Soul of an Octopus by Sy Montgomery: One woman's connection with an octopus inspired her to explore, investigate, and reveal the depths of the intelligent creatures we know so little about.
If the Oceans Were Ink: An Unlikely Friendship and a Journey to the Heart of the Quran by Carla Power: A journalist and a Sheikh spend a year reading, interpreting, and arguing the content of the Quran in different cultural settings around the world.
Ordinary Light by Tracy K. Smith: The personal story of one woman's adaption of faith, life, and race in America as she encounters higher education and family grief.
Young People's Fiction Finalists:
[/one_sixth]
The Thing About Jellyfish by Ali Benjamin: A youth shaken by the death of her best friend sets off on a journey to prove her own theory regarding the passing of her friend and jellyfish.
Bone Gap by Laura Ruby: This story follows the life of a young Midwestern girl who was kidnapped and the only witness to the event who could not identify the perpetrator of the crime.
Most Dangerous: Daniel Elisberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War by Steve Sheinkin: The story of the a government analyst who leaked the Pentagon papers to the NY Times in what would be known as one of the biggest expositions of US Government misdeeds to date.
Challenger Deep by Neal Shusterman: A youth troubled by his own odd behavior and mental health issues threads between life in school and life as an artist aboard a ship.
Nimona by Noelle Stevenson: Two villains team up to prove the heroes of the kingdom everyone praises aren't the good people everyone thinks them to be.
Books to Read if You Like Taylor Swift
26 Jan 2023 - Books to Read if You Like..., eBook, News, Romance


text:
Maserati said the GranTurismo end production of current generation by the release of a special version Zeda
13 November 2019 FineAuto
Company AF "Grand automotive" the official distributor of Maserati in Ukraine, a structural unit of UkrAVTO Corporation, reports that the Maserati makes a step towards the future, towards a new phase in its history. The brand will present a special GranTurismo Zeda in honor of the completion of production a Maserati GranTurismo. The new car announces the company's plans for innovations in manufacturing in the fields of electrification and Autonomous driving.
GranTurismo Zeda: from the "Z" in anticipation of the new GranTurismo
Maserati is a car of particular significance for the brand, which will be presented to the world in anticipation of the arrival of the new GranTurismo.
Unique model, sports a futuristic exterior hues developed by the Centro Stile Maserati, tells the story of the beginning of a new era with the help of colors and materials: GranTurismo Zeda is the bridge that connects past, present and future of the brand.
A model painted with a gradient that symbolizes the transformation of the building, where Matt grey hints at the origin region, the middle with the "metallic" effect suggests the emergence of new technologies, and the bright blue hue suggests the entry into the era of electrification.
Production a Maserati GranTurismo ends, and the factory in Modena begin work on updating the production line
End production a Maserati GranTurismo and GranCabrio marks a new beginning for the plant in Modena. We are working to upgrade the production line for the production of new high-performance sports model with the most modern technology. Start of production is planned in 2020. In parallel, the construction of paint shops with a special design, so that clients can personally oversee the painting of your car.
Maserati GranTurismo s 2007 Olympus GT
The GranTurismo, unveiled at the Geneva international motor show in 2007, is a significant milestone in the history of Maserati. This quadruple two-door coupe with a classic Pininfarina design and V-8 engine became the modern interpretation of the Maserati A6 1500 1947. In 2009, at the Frankfurt international motor show debut GranCabrio, which also has become a symbolic landmark model of the brand.
The last time the GranTurismo has been updated with MY18, the result of the restyling, improved aerodynamics, ergonomics and infotainment system. MY18 was presented in 16 colors exterior. There were also 14 design options alloy wheels 6 different versions, the brake callipers are presented in 9 colors, and external carbon and exterior colors.
In MY18 GranTurismo and the GranCabrio includes two versions, distinguished by powerful identity: Sport and MC (Maserati Corse). There are over 400,000 possible combinations. Maserati GranTurismo represents the maximum expression of the GT, thanks to the charismatic 4.7-liter Ferrari V8 engine that is able to provide 460 HP at 7,000 rpm and 520 Nm peak torque at 4750 rpm.
All the years of 2007 and today, the GranTurismo and GranCabrio were a great success among fans of the brand; over 40,000 iconic cars sold worldwide, including 28 805 – 11715 and GranTurismo – the GranCabrio.
For those who want to know more about the car and quotas, contact the Maserati car dealerships in Kiev and Odessa. Contact information is available on the website www.maserati.ua
MaseratiNew items
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Do you love garlic? Learn how to plant garlic in 3 easy steps. You can grow your own garlic with little to no effort in a very small space or in a couple of acres.
Softneck types grow best where winters are mild, though some tolerate cold to Zone 5. Most varieties do not produce scapes (edible curled flower stalks), but softnecks are great for braiding. Sub-types include Creole, artichoke and many Asian varieties.
Hardneck types adapt to cold winter climates, and all produce delicious curled scapes in early summer. Popular sub-types include porcelain, purple stripe and rocambole varieties.
Elephant garlic produces a large, mild-flavored bulb comprised of four to six big cloves. Closely related to leeks, elephant garlic is hardy to Zone 5 if given deep winter mulch.
Garlic takes roughly 9 months to mature. To plant, buy a seed bulb online or from a local nursery or farm. Garlic bought from a grocery store may have been treated with a growth inhibitor and will not reproduce a bulb. Garlic likes the full sun and loose, well-drained soil.
In areas that get a hard frost, plant garlic 6 to 8 weeks before the frost.
Separate all the cloves from the bulb with leaving the skin in tact.
Place cloves with the pointy part up and the root side (the bigger side) down.
Plant the individual cloves in a sunny location about 6″ deep and 4-6″ apart.
Cover the planted cloves with mulch and add organic compost.
Water deeply the first two weeks and keep watered on a regular basis until first frost if planting in Fall or until weather warms if planting in Spring.
As the garlic grows, cut the scapes that grow so the garlic can concentrate on producing a large bulb and not the flowers (softneck varieties tend not to flower).
You're garlic is ready to harvest when the 2/3 of the stalk starts to turn brown. Dig from soil, set out to cure for a couple of weeks and enjoy!
For a Easy and AMAZING Garlic Recipe, click here.


Catch the bus from Halong bay or Cat Ba Island to Ninh Binh province.
09h00: Bus and tour guide will pick you up at your hotel in Phong Nha, start a dreamy trip to stunning scenery with thousands of limestone mountains through Phong Nha National park and Ho Chi Minh trails.
10h15: Visit Paradise cave – the Cave was labeled the World's most beautiful and magnificent. It has the length of 31.4 kms and it's the longest dry cave in Asia.
12h30: Bus picks you up to go to Dark cave and stop to have lunch at Dark cave restaurant to taste delicious Vietnamese traditional dishes.
13h30: You will explore Dark cave. The cave is really amazing and you can experience many adventure activities such as Zipline, mud bathing, kayaking on Chay river and swimming.
16h30: Back to Phong Nha town.
Option 1: 21h00 - 22h00 Take a bus trip to go back to Hanoi.
You will arrival Hanoi around 06h00. Tour ends!
Tour inclusion: All transportation, tour guide, entrance tickets, breakfast and lunch.
Option 2: Stay overnight in Phong Nha Town. 04h00: The next day take a bus trip to go to Hue city.
You will arrival Hue city around 08h30. Tour ends!
Tour inclusion: All transportation, Zipline, Mudbath, tour guide, entrance tickets, 01 night accommodation in Phong Nha, breakfast and lunch.