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text:
Jealousy and its Cures
Hasad (jealousy and envy) is among the most destructive emotions orfeeling which a man may have towards his fellow human being. It causes him towish evil for others and to be happy when misfortune befalls them. The Prophet (pbuh) warned against envy by comparing it to fire that completely burns the wood. He said: "Beware of jealousy, for verily it destroys good deeds the way fire destroys wood." [Abu Dawood]
Hasad is a disease of the heart and it causes impurity to the heart,when Allah's Messenger (pbuh) was asked who are the best of people? He (pbuh) replied: "the one with a clean heart and truthful tongue." They asked:'We understand a truthful tongue, but what does a clean heart mean?' he answered: 'It is the heart of one that is pious, pure, and is free of sin, transgressions, hatred and Hasad." [Ibn Majah]
Hasad is such a dangerous characteristic that Allah revealed verses of the Qur'an which can be recited as a protection from the jealous, "Say: I seekrefuge in the Lord of the dawn from the evil of envious when he envies."[Soorah al-Falaq (113): 1]
At-Tirmidhee narrated from al-Zubayr Ibn al-Awam that the Prophet (pbuh) said: "There has come to you the disease of the nations before you,jealousy and hatred. This is the 'shaver' (destroyer); I do not say that it shaves hair, but that it shaves (destroys) faith "
Hasad can cause the person to indulge in disbelief because it causes the individual to feel that Allah has not been fair with him; he forgets all the mercy and blessings which Allah has bestowed upon him. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: "They are enemies for Allah's bounties." They asked:"Who are they?" He said: "Those who envy people for what Allah has given them of Bounty." [at-Tabaranee]
Allah through His Absolute Wisdom has given some people more wealth, intelligence, beauty, strength, children, etc. than others. The believing Muslim should be content with what Allah has destined for him. Allah says: "Allah favoured some of you over others with wealth and properties, do they deny the favours of Allah?" [Al-Qur'an 16:71] And: "Do they envy men for what Allah has given them of His Bounty?" [Al-Qur'an 4:54] "It is We Who portion out between them their livelihood in this world,and We raised some of them above others in ranks, so that some may employ others in their work. But the mercy of your Lord is better." [Al-Qur'an 43:32]
Meaning that the mercy of Allah is better than the convenience of the world. The materials of this life do not make one superior to another in Allah's Judgment. True superiority lies in Taqwa (righteousness, fear of Allah). He said: "Surely, the most noble of you to Allah is the most God-fearing." [Al-Qur'an 49:13] "And the Hereafter with Your Lord is (only) for those who have Taqwa." [Al-Qur'an 43:35]
What belongs to the transient world is of no significance before Allah. The favours of Allah in the world are a test; the more the favours, the more the tests. Al-Hasan al-Basri said: "Umar Ibn Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam wrote this letter to Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, 'Be content with your provision in this world, for the Most Merciful has honoured some of His servants over others in terms of provision as a test of both. The one who has been given plenty is being tested to see if he will give thanks to Allah and fulfil the duties which are his by virtue of his wealth [Ibn Hatim] Allah, the Exalted, has therefore forbidden us from desiring what other have, "Do not wish for what we have favoured some of you over others." [Al-Qur'an 4:32]
In order to discourage envy, the Prophet (pbuh) said: "Do not look to those above you. Look to those below you, as it will more likely remind you of Allah's favors bestowed on you." [Saheeh al-Bukhari & Saheeh Muslim] On another occasion, he said: "If one of you looks at someone wealthier and better built than him, he should also look at someone of lower standard than himself." [Saheeh Muslim]
What Islam permits in contrast to Hasad (destructive jealousy) is Ghibtah (envy that is free from malice), which means neither loving the loss of the blessing nor hating for it to remain with the person, but desiring the same for oneself without the removal of the blessing from others. The Messenger (pbuh) said: "Envy is allowed in two cases, incase of a man whom Allah has given the Qur'an and who recites it throughout night and day; and a man on whom Allah has bestowed wealth who gives it away throughout night and day." [Saheeh al-Bukhari & Saheeh Muslim] and he (pbuh) also explained what may be said: "I wish I were given what he was given and did with it what he did." The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: "The similitude of the people of this Ummah is like four individuals. One whom Allah has given wealth and knowledge, so he handles his wealth with the knowledge. One whom Allah has given knowledge but not wealth and he says, 'Lord, should I have wealth like so-and-so I would have handled it like him.' So they both have the same reward. Such a person loves to have wealth like others so he can do good like others without wishing that the others lose their wealth. Another man, Allah has given him wealth but no knowledge and he spends his wealth in disobedience to Allah. And last, a man whom Allah has not given knowledge nor wealth but he says, 'Should I have wealth like so-and-so, I would spend it in the way he does.' So, both will have the same sin against them." [at-Tirmidhee and Ibn Majah]
Reasons that cause a person to have jealousy anger and malice, can be when one is hurt by someone for any reason, he is angered, and his anger produces malice and urge for revenge in the heart. The slave begins to desire harm for the other person, he enjoys when he sees him in hardships and he may further think that Allah has done it to him as an evil reward! And if the person is blessed with a gift, he grieves and this is Hasad, which does not harm the envied person but it hurts and destroys the Hasid (one who has Hasad) himself. In order to close the door to this evil Islam advises the Muslims to be forgiving in nature and control one's anger. Allah says in the Qur'an: "Those who spend (in Allah's Cause) in prosperity and in adversity, who repress anger, and who pardon men. Verily, Allah loves the good doers." [Al-Qur'an 3:134]
Arrogance, pride and love for fame are other reasons. When a person achieves a high status and position in the society or gains wealth, he hates to see someone other than him compete or go ahead of him or be praised over him. So, he envies the former person. An example of this can be taken of the Jews and their Hasad towards Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), for the Prophet-hood that Allah entrusted him with. Their envy made them reject the divine message given to him, because he was an Arab and not from the Children of Israel. It was their Hasad which caused them to make statements such as, "It is these that Allah as favoured among us?" [AL-Qur'an 6:53] "And they say: 'Why is not this Qur'an sent down to some great man of the two towns?" [Al-Qur'an 43:31]
This also shows one of the grave dangers of Hasad that it hinders the person from following the truth and accepting advice from others just as the Hasad of the disbelievers prevented them from accepting Islam.
Some people, even though they may not be harmed or threatened by other people's success, grieve when they hear about some good happening to others, and enjoy in their adversities. Neither do they seek progress for themselves nor do they wish others to progress!Such kind of defect is difficult to cure for the reason behind their evil attitude is the evil nature of the person which does not allow him to accept other people's success.
So how does one rid themselves of jealousy? Firstly, the believer should have sincerity in repenting from Hasad as Allah's Messenger (pbuh) said: "Three things that every heart of a believer should not hate to have is sincerity in actions, rendering advise to leaders and holding to Jama'ah (community) of the Muslims, for their supplication surrounds everyone with them." [Ahmad and Ibn Majah]
The second requirement is to get rid of all those means which cause one to have Hasad like anger, hatred, love for the world and discontentment. Discontentment comes from the slave's ignorance of his Lord. If he recognises his Lord with the attributes of Perfection, All-Knowledgeable and All-Just to his slaves, he would not be discontent and as a result would not develop Hasad. Imam Ibn Qayyim (rh) said: "It (contentment) opens the door of peace and security for the slave." It makes his heart pure from hatred, evil and malice. The more contented the person is, the purer his heart is.However, this does not mean that the slave should not make efforts to improve his situation. A slave should work to gain success and progress but heshould not envy those whom Allah has granted more wealth or possession but he should be content with the decisions of Allah.
Thirdly, the slave should turn towards the Qur'an which is a healing and treatment for the diseases of the heart. Allah says: "O mankind! There has come to youa good advice from your Rabb and a healing for that in your chests."[Al-Qur'an 10:57] Supplicate to Allah to purify your heart. Allah said in the Qur'an:"And those who came after them say: 'Our Lord! Forgive us and our brethren who have preceded us in Faith and put not in our hearts any hatred against those who have believed. Our Lord! You are indeed full of kindness, Most Merciful." [Al-Qur'an 59:10]
Give Sadaqah (charity) for it purifies the heart and sanctifies the soul. It is for this reason Allah said to His Prophet: "Take Sadaqah from their wealth in order to purify them and sanctify them with it." [Al-Qur'an 9:103]
If thoughts of Hasad cross one's mind, he should seek refuge in Allah from the accursed Shaytan and busy himself with something that will dispel these insinuating whispers and thoughts. But if the Shaytan manages to instill Hasad in the hearts, then beware lest you say or do anything which will show Hasad. A person will not be brought to account for whatever crosses his mind, but he will be brought to account for what he says and does. Shaikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah said: "Nobody is free from Hasad, but the noble person hides it whilst the base person shows it." [Amraad al-Quloob] If you feel that you are jealous of a specific person, then buy him a gift, shake hands with him and give him salaams for Hasad is the result of hatred and the Prophet (pbuh) said: "Shake hands, for this will dispel rancour, and exchange gifts and love one another, for this will dispel hatred." [Narrated by Maalik in al-Muwatta (1413)]
Abu Hurayrah (RA) narrated that the Prophet (pbuh) said: "By Allah, in Whose Hand is my soul, you will never enter Paradise until you believe. And you will not believe unless you love one another. May I tell you something that if you do, you may love one another? Spread Salaam (Islamic greeting) amongst yourselves."Ibn Abdul-Barr said: "This proves that Salaam can lift hatred and produce love." [Saheeh Muslim]
Anas Ibn Malik (RA) reported the famous incident when he and other companions were sitting with the Messenger (pbuh) who said: "A man from the people of Paradise will enter now." And a man from al-Ansar entered, with his beard dripping with water from Wudhu (ablution), and holding his sandals in his left hand. The following day, the Prophet (pbuh) said the same thing and the same man entered. On the third day, the Prophet (pbuh) again repeated his statement and the same man entered with water dripping and holding his sandals. When the Prophet (pbuh) left, Abdullah Ibn Amr Ibn al-As (RA) followed the man and said: 'I quarreled with my father and I swore I would not go to him for three days and night. Would you shelter me for these days?' the man replied: 'Yes.' Anas said: 'Abdullah said that he stayed with this man for three nights and he did not see him praying at night, but every time he moved and changed position in bed he would remember Allah saying, 'Allahu Akbar' Until Salat-ul-Fajr." Abdullah said: 'I didn't hear anything from him but good. When the three nights had passed I said: 'O slave of Allah! I really didn't abandon my father nor was I angry with him. But, I heard the Messenger of Allah speaking of you on three separate occasions, the Prophet had said that a man from the people of Paradise would enter, and you were the one to enter on all the three times. So, I wanted to stay with you to see what you do so that I could follow you. But I have not seen you doing much. So what is that you do for Allah's Messenger (pbuh) to say what he had said?' The man replied: 'It is nothing more than what you saw.' When it was time to leave, he called me back and said: 'Yes, it is nothing more than what you saw, except that I have no place in myself for ill-intentions or Hasad towards any Muslim and what Allah has given them.' Abdullah said: 'This is what has made you deserving of the praise and this is what we cannot do." [Musnad Ahmad]
The righteous salaf were as fearful of their good deeds being squandered, or not being accepted, as the present generation is certain that their neglect would be forgiven. [Hasan Al-Basri]
Say, 'Oh Lord of the Kingdom. You give dominion to whom You please and remove dominion from who You please. You confer honour on whom You will and humble whom You will. In Your Hand is all good, surely You have power over all things.' [Al Qur'an 3:26]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The following consist of individual part books for Violin 1, Violin 2, Viola, Cello, with optional Bass. A score is available for some of the collections.
This piece is a musical delight for a quartet (violin 1, violin 2, viola, and cello), or as a quintet (with bass), or string orchestra. The score is spiral-bound, Parts are camera ready. Purchase includes permission for the buyer to photocopy parts for their own students or string orchestra.
19th century composer, Hans Christian Lumbye, is known as the leading Danish composer of dance music. It can be played as a quartet with violin 1, violin 2, viola, and cello or as a quintet with bass. Includes waltzes, polkas, mazurkas, galops, and a quadrille.
Perfect for the advanced string quartet with symphonic tastes. Each overture has been arranged so that everybody gets the chance to show off, as well as play classic excerpts. They can be played as a quartet with violin 1, violin 2, viola, and cello or as a quintet with bass.
11 rags arranged so that everyone gets a chance to play interesting licks! This string ensemble collection can be played as a quartet with violin 1, violin 2, viola, and cello or as a quintet with bass. It is also suitable for string orchestra.


text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe 'fqdn_rand_string' do
  let(:default_charset) { %r{\A[a-zA-Z0-9]{100}\z} }

  it { is_expected.not_to eq(nil) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params.and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{wrong number of arguments}i) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(0).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(1.5).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(-10).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params('-10').and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params('string').and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params([]).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params({}).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{first argument must be a positive integer}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(1, 1).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{second argument must be undef or a string}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(1, []).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{second argument must be undef or a string}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(1, {}).and_raise_error(ArgumentError, %r{second argument must be undef or a string}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(100).and_return(default_charset) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params('100').and_return(default_charset) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(100, nil).and_return(default_charset) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(100, '').and_return(default_charset) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(100, 'a').and_return(%r{\Aa{100}\z}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(100, 'ab').and_return(%r{\A[ab]{100}\z}) }
  it { is_expected.to run.with_params(100, 'ãβ').and_return(%r{\A[ãβ]{100}\z}) }

  it "provides the same 'random' value on subsequent calls for the same host" do
    expect(fqdn_rand_string(10)).to eql(fqdn_rand_string(10))
  end

  it 'considers the same host and same extra arguments to have the same random sequence' do
    first_random = fqdn_rand_string(10, :extra_identifier => [1, 'same', 'host'])
    second_random = fqdn_rand_string(10, :extra_identifier => [1, 'same', 'host'])

    expect(first_random).to eql(second_random)
  end

  it 'allows extra arguments to control the random value on a single host' do
    first_random = fqdn_rand_string(10, :extra_identifier => [1, 'different', 'host'])
    second_different_random = fqdn_rand_string(10, :extra_identifier => [2, 'different', 'host'])

    expect(first_random).not_to eql(second_different_random)
  end

  it 'returns different strings for different hosts' do
    val1 = fqdn_rand_string(10, :host => 'first.host.com')
    val2 = fqdn_rand_string(10, :host => 'second.host.com')

    expect(val1).not_to eql(val2)
  end

  def fqdn_rand_string(max, args = {})
    host = args[:host] || '127.0.0.1'
    charset = args[:charset]
    extra = args[:extra_identifier] || []

    # workaround not being able to use let(:facts) because some tests need
    # multiple different hostnames in one context
    scope.stubs(:lookupvar).with('::fqdn', {}).returns(host)

    function_args = [max]
    if args.key?(:charset) || !extra.empty?
      function_args << charset
    end
    function_args += extra
    scope.function_fqdn_rand_string(function_args)
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


CPI m/m Fundamental's UK. . – Wealth is a Mindset . .
While the International Monetary Fund has warned that Britain quitting the European Union would be a risk to global financial stability, one of the asset classes most vulnerable to the shock isn't hearing the alarms, according to Allianz Global Investor's sterling fund manager.Peripheral euro-area government bonds are under pricing the risks of a Brexit, said Mike Riddell, the London-based money manager.IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde said May 13 that if Britain votes to leave the EU on June 23 it is an international rather than just a domestic issue. A Brexit could lead to a "protracted period of heightened uncertainty," triggering financial-market volatility and hurting output.
– Meanwhile the Consumer price index data it's going to be released tomorrow with a forecast of 0.5%.
This is considered the UK's most important inflation data because it's used as the central bank's inflation target.Consumer prices account for a majority of overall inflation. Inflation is important to currency valuation because rising prices lead the central bank to raise interest rates out of respect for their inflation containment mandate.
Traded above the 52-week moving average.


Working dually as artists and anthropologists, Hong Kong-based duo Zheng Mahler present New York Post- et Préfiguratif (Before and After New York), a multi-media performance that explores the shifting interplay of global economies and migration, drawing remarkable parallels between their fieldwork in Hong Kong and the experiences of French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss who was exiled in New York in the 1940s.
Zheng Mahler, The Bull, 2014; photo courtesy of the artists.
Sun Sing Theater, The Dragon's Revenge, Life Magazine May 1, 1950; photograph by Jerry Cooke, courtesy of The Jerry Cooke Archives, Inc. and Time, Inc.
Supported by Australia Council for the Arts.
Royce Ng and Daisy Bisenieks and their collaborators Kuang-Yu Fong and Stephen Kaplan, artistic directors and founders of Chinese Theatre Works, and Kenyan-American actor Irungu Mutu discuss the intertwining ideas that informed their Performa Commission.


text:
Raoul Naudin est un homme politique français né le  à Vitry-Laché (Nièvre) et décédé le  à Paris.

Biographie

Capitaine au long cours, il s'installe à Corbigny, dont il devient maire en 1933. Il garde son poste jusqu'à sa révocation, en . Il est député radical de la Nièvre de 1936 à 1940. Après 1944, il quitte définitivement la vie politique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Base Léonore

Naissance en septembre 1889
Naissance dans la Nièvre
Député de la Nièvre (Troisième République)
Député de la seizième législature de la Troisième République
Maire de la Nièvre
Capitaine au long cours
Officier de la Légion d'honneur
Décès en janvier 1976
Décès dans le 14e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 86 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Filter by programs: Agriculture and Food Security
Climate-Resilient Food Systems 104matches
Global Health 102matches
The impacts of COVID-19 responses on the political economy of African food systems (COVID-19-AFS)
Generating rigorous evidence on how and which interventions lead to equitable and sustainable food systems in Africa, South and Southeast Asia
Gender inequality is rife in agriculture, despite women being heavily engaged in the sector.
Enhancing the resilience of smallholder farmers in North and West Africa through upgrading of women-managed milk value chains
The purpose of this project is to support the development of resilient goat and cow milk value chains in Morocco and Senegal respectively.
Building a new generation of female PhD scholars in gender, agriculture, and food security in East Africa
Globally, researchers are important drivers of knowledge production and innovation to support economic growth and improve lives.
Livestock keeping in a changing climate
National and international attempts to mitigate and adapt to climate change are among the highest political priorities globally.
"Feminization" of agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current challenges and opportunities
Myths and assumptions persist regarding women in agriculture that hinder the development of effective food security policies.
AgMIP Adaptation Teams Start-up - A CLARE Transition Activity
The Agricultural Model Inter-comparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) is the research initiative of a consortium led by Columbia University, together with other North American, European, and Southern research institutes.
Building the next generation of agribusiness leaders in Africa
The pressing issue of widespread unemployment among youth across Africa and the economic marginalization that results from many years of "jobless growth" is linked to civil unrest and a host of social ills.
Understanding changing food systems to reduce the triple nutritional burden in Senegal
The project's overall goal is to produce a solid evidence base on which to build a strong public intervention for universal access to healthy food in Senegal.
Empowering Women as Key Leaders in Promoting Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Niger Delta Region
Rural communities in the Niger Delta are highly vulnerable to climate-related disasters, which also makes them effective incubators of community-based adaptation strategies.
Globalization in a nutshell – Opportunities and risks for women shea producers in West Africa
Shea fruits, nuts, and butter are non-timber forest products from the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), the most widely occurring species in parklands in West Africa.
Measuring the Impact of Gender Equality Innovations for Transformative Youth Agricultural Livelihoods Project in Ntoroko And Kasese in Western Uganda
Despite improvements in recent years, UNESCO estimates that one in five children, or 263 million adolescents and youth, are out of school worldwide.
Support to the African Green Revolution Forum 2019–2022
The African Green Revolution Forum (AGRF) is one of the most visible and well-attended high-level agricultural and food security events in Africa.
Making Markets Work for Nutritious Diets - Co-creation of Knowledge
Poor quality diets are considered one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease.
Scale-up Supply of Precooked Beans for Food and Nutrition Security by Leveraging on Public-Private Partnerships in Kenya and Uganda
Beans are the most important pulses grown in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Effectiveness of the Metro Agri-Food Living Lab for Gender Inclusive Youth Entrepreneurship Development in Kenya.
The world's urban population will surpass its rural population by 2030.
Gender Inclusive Financing for Scaling up Improved Fish Processing Technologies in Malawi
Fisheries and aquaculture employ 800 million people globally and provide 3.


Heal&Go application for mobile devices is a result of my team long year practice in physical medicine, rehabilitation, pain therapy, sport injuries recoveries and injury prevention in athletes and professionals.
This app is a product of cooperation with my medical colleagues, orthopedics, physiotherapists, sports trainers and iMotionTherapy technical team members.
For complete recovery and injury prevention, most rehabilitation protocol will require the patient to perform some of the methods and maneuvers on his or her own at home. Our goal is to give you a comprehensive home exercise program outlined for most patients in the rehabilitation process. This allows you to augment your therapy and prevention rehabilitation exercises at home, give you a tool for your own recovery and for your therapy cost control.
We try to choose appropriate methods and their best forms for most often our patient's clinical symptoms. Each chosen method form is designed for performance at home or at work and is focused on the understanding of the maneuvers and execution it on a regular basis.
We know that patient self-motivation is even more crucial in the present medical environment with increased attention and scrutiny directed at cost containment. Many insurance carriers limit coverage for rehabilitation at the patient's expense.
As a head of Joint Hypermobile Syndrome and Fibromyalgia Center with patients are from Canada, USA, and Central Europe aged for 2-3 month to 98 years, I have treated over 10 000 outpatients and more than 800 inpatients in the last 7 years.
I am focused on the holistic approach to medical assessment and treatment. This approach is based on my post gradual study in Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovak Republic. I'm glad that my post-gradual study was built on Prague Rehabilitation School approach and influenced by my excellent pedagogues and clinical specialist, such as Prof. Karel Lewit, MD, Prof. Jan Pfeifer, MD, Assoc. Prof. Frantisek Vele, Ph.D., as. Jan Vacek, MD, Assoc. Prof. Dobroslava Jandova, PhD., Assoc. Prof. Peter Takac, Ph.D. and many more.
In the last 5 years, I'm specialized on pharmacological and physical medicine pain therapy, post-traumatic rehabilitation and injury prevention in athletes with increased joint laxicity.
Methods: spine and joints manipulation and mobilization, Kinesio-taping, dry needle therapy, dynamic postural stabilization, all physical medicine methods, sports performance testing, functional training.
I am 41 years old physician with more than 15 years practice in internal medicine, pain medicine, palliative medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation and sports medicine.


In a large bowl mix the first 4 ingredients together. If you use a whisk it will ensure that all of the ingredients get evenly distributed!
In your mixer blend together the butter and sugar, make sure to have the mixer on high and mix it for about 5 minutes. One at a time mix in the eggs, egg yolk and vanilla.
Bake the cake at 350, depending on what pan size you have the bake time will vary. Keep an eye on it!
In a mixer mix the sugar and butter until smooth. Lastly add the vanilla and whipping cream.
Hello darling & welcome! I'm a 25 year old gal named Emelyne. I fancy Disney World, tea, my 3 furry children and anything vintage.


Puch is manufacturing company company located in Graz, Austria. The company was founded in 1889 by the industrialist Johann Puch and produced automobiles, bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles. It was a subsidiary of the large Steyr-Daimler-Puch conglomerate.
The company, initially known as Josef und Franz Werndl and Company was founded in 1864 as a rifle manufacturer. It grew rapidly during the First World War, by the end of which it employed 14,000 people. The company began producing bicycles in 1894, and Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr automobiles after 1918. In September 1917 Steyr recruited Hans Ledwinka, now remembered as one of the great automobile engineers of the twentieth century, but then relatively unknown, to the position of "Chefkonstrukteur", to lead the creation of their automobile manufacturing business. The first Steyr car, the six cylinder Type II "12/40" appeared in 1920. It was heavy and well-built, if a little cumbersome; soon, however, it spawned sports versions with an impressive list of international achievements. The small but luxurious 1.5 L six Type XII of the late twenties won international motor press acclaim.
The company changed it name to Steyr Steyr-Werke AG in 1924. In 1934, Steyr merged with Austro-Daimler-Puch to form Steyr-Daimler-Puch. The range produced in these years mainly consisted of very modern designs, sporting partially or complete unit construction bodies in streamlined livery, from the one-litre Steyr 50 to the 2.3 L 220 "six".
During World War II, when Austria was part of the Third Reich, Steyr-Daimler-Puch's Generaldirektor Georg Meindl became one of the first German industrialists to suggest the use of slave labour from concentration camps to boost manpower at Steyr.
Most prominent, however, was its range of off-road cars, from the two-cylinder Haflinger and the 4 x 4 or 6 x 6 Pinzgauer, the Fiat Panda 4x4 (999cc) to the Mercedes-Puch G. SDP was the initial designer and manufacturer of these utility vehicles. The Haflinger was produced from 1959–1974, the Pinzgauer from 1971–2000, and the Puch G (also known as Mercedes G-Class) from 1979. In 1987, Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG began selling portions of its different production lines to form separate companies, which included Steyr Nutzfahrzeuge AG (SNF) (still based in Steyr) for truck manufacturing, Steyr Bus GmbH (in Vienna) for bus manufacturing, Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik AG (SFT) and the EUROSTAR joint venture in Graz-Liebenau for assembly of automobiles and, in 1990, Steyr Tractor (Steyr Landmaschinentechnik AG). Other production lines were also spun off or sold outright to form independent companies, including Puch's motorcycle division going to Piaggio and Steyr Mannlicher producing weapons. In 1990, the diesel engine division was spun off into Steyr Motorentechnik GmbH, which in 2001 became an independent company, renaming itself Steyr Motors GmbH. Steyr Landmaschinentechnik AG (Steyr Tractor) was sold to Case Corporation in 1996 and renamed Case Steyr Landmaschinentechnik (and is part of CNH since 1999). Automobile production remained with Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik (SFT) until Magna International acquired a majority holding, in 1998, and in 2001–2 SFT was absorbed fully by Magna, becoming Magna Steyr. In 1998, the production of military vehicles was sold to an Austrian investor company, which named it Steyr-Daimler-Puch Spezialfahrzeug GmbH (SSF). In 2003, SSF was sold to the U.S. company General Dynamics, a defence equipment manufacturer.
Steyr's first truck was the Typ III, presented in 1920. Steyr built traditional bonneted trucks in the post war years, but in 1968 the distinctive cab over Steyr 90 series was introduced. This was followed by the 91 and the 92 series, built until MAN took over Steyr's truck production in 1990. A version of the 92 series is still built as the 12M18/12S18 for a number of military users, and was also sold by Britain's ERF as the ES-series. Some MAN trucks are still available with "Steyr" branding for the Austrian market.
Beginning in 1994, Steyr used MAN's F2000 cab for the NSK series (Neue Schwere Klasse, or "new heavy class"), while the light and medium duty trucks were the NLK and NMK (Neue Leichte Klasse and Neue Mittlere Klasse), based on MAN's similarly situated L2000 and M2000 ranges respectively. The NLK ranged from the 6S10 (6.5 tons, 102 PS) to the 11S23 (11 tons, 233 PS). The NMK range was from 12 tonners up to the three-axle 25S26. These cabins were referred to as "Typ 152" in Steyr's internal parlance.
Der Rest des Konzerns wurde 1998 von der Magna Holding AG ubernommen und beschaftigt sich nach Umstrukturierungen mit Antriebstechnik, vor allem mit Allradantrieben.
The Puch company has a very long history of manufacturing bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles and cars. Many examples of these can be seen at this museum. Today the current companies (Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG and Magna Steyr) manufactures 4x4 systems for a lot of car brands, electrical systems and aluminum car bodies.
C'est d'ailleurs pour repondre a cette demande rurale et montagnarde que les dirigeants de Fiat deciderent d'offrir a sa petite Panda une transmission integrale. Mais pas n'importe laquelle, car il s'agit de proposer de vraie capacites de franchissement. Fiat fera donc appel au constructeur autrichien Steyr-Puch (qu'on connait aussi pour produire le Mercedes Classe G et qui produira plus tard la VW Golf II Country lire aussi: VW Golf Country). D'ailleurs, sous le logo 4x4 de la Panda sera place le logo Puch.
Automotive Technik took over production of the Pinzgauer from Steyr-Daimler-Puch in the year 2000. In 2006 it was taken over by Armor Holdings, Inc. The company also produces engineering, automotive and military solutions.
Automotive Technik Limited is now part of Stewart & Stevenson's Tactical Vehicle Systems (TVS) Division. Centre stage on the ATL is one of the first production Pinzgauer 6x6 Armoured Variants, in the configuration which is being supplied to the New Zealand Ministry of Defence LOV (Light Operational Vehicle) requirement.


from People of the Book (copy editor).
Infers the existence of Creator of the universe at the age of three.
Thrown into furnace by Nimrod for rejecting idolatry.
Moves with his father from Ur Kasdim.
Has a prophetic experience at the age of 75, in which G-d instructs him to travel to Canaan.
Battles the 4 kings in order to rescue Lot.
Marries Hagar and fathers Yishmael.
Changes name from Avram to Avraham.
Fathers Yitzchak, following a miraculous conception.
Binds Yitzchak at the akeidah.
Purchases Me'aros HaMachpalah and buries Sarah.
Sends Eliezer to find a wife for Yitzchak.
Marries Keturah and bequeaths all of his possessions to Yitzchak.
Dies and is buried by Yitzchak and Yishmael in Me'aros HaMachpaleh.
In the first two millennia of history preceding Avraham, mankind had completely lost its way. Twenty generations came and went, but the world remained spiritually vacant, enveloped in a state of darkness.
In his youth, Avraham saw that every created being is destined to die. Perceiving the eternal soul or sparks within, he concluded that there had to be an eternal, infinite force beyond the mortality of the world.
Thus, Avraham discovered God, in a process that our sages compare to a traveler who, passing by a burning castle, inquired: "Can it be that this castle has no master?"--upon which the master revealed himself. Similarly, Avraham asked, "Is it possible that the world has no master?" and G-d appeared to him and said, "I am the Master of the Universe".
A fearless iconoclast, Avraham renounced the idolatry prevalent in his society; as the pioneer of humanity's search for the divine, he was prepared to die in Nimrod's furnace rather than retract his condemnation of idol-worship. Thus, he is called Avraham Ha'Ivrei—literally, "Avraham the other-sider"—for he approached life with a perspective opposite to that of the pagan society that surrounded him.
Avraham was a light that banished the blackness of idol worship and kindled the flame of spirituality. His mission was to reinstate G-d in His creation…permanently.
Avraham single-handedly revolutionized the world. Proclaiming G-d as Master not only of Heaven but of Earth, he fathered a movement that drew people away from idolatry and brought them to G-d.
This heralded the second phase of history: the era of Torah, which is the "blueprint of creation". Using his ability to derive the Torah from G-d's universe, Avraham instructed every person he encountered on how to relate to God and express gratitude for His eternal acts of kindness.
Avraham was the fount and conduit of blessing and kindness in the world.
Wherever he traveled, he invariably "proclaimed G-d's Name in the world," and emulated his Creator's kindness, which is the very foundation of creation. Just as the "world is built upon chesed", so did this patriarch shower his guests with shelter and food, and grant them all their needs, and then redirect their gratitude to the Source of all benevolence.
Avraham's unparalleled love of mankind--his open tent and his supreme hospitality (for he was the paradigm of chesed, kindness)– made an everlasting impression upon mankind.
Passing ten supreme tribulations in the course of his life, Avraham became an example to others. Through his teachings and exemplary behavior, people gained an awareness of the presence of G-d.
Avraham's triumphs and his great personal sacrifices as well (such as reluctantly expelling his son Yishmael, undergoing circumcision at the age of ninety-nine and his willingness to sacrifice his cherished heir Yitzchak at the akeidah) bore eloquent testimony to his submission to his Creator.
Just as a convert sheds his earlier identity, so did Avraham. Known as the first of the converts, he was a brand new creation whose miraculous escape from Nimrod's furnace marked his symbolic rebirth as a newly-forged entity--after which he was divinely instructed to journey away and break off all ties with his past (thus, the Chumash account of Avraham's life begins at this point).
Avraham inaugurated nothing less than a new mode of existence when he proclaimed G-d as Master and Benefactor. Avraham lit up the world by identifying the purpose of creation: developing a relationship with G-d and becoming G-dly. That the world was irrecoverably altered was a reflection of his personal metamorphosis.
Indeed, Avraham was the reason for creation – it is hardly surprising to learn that the letters of the word be'hebaram, "when they were created," may be rearranged to form the word b'Avraham-- "[created] for the sake of Avraham". Only from an Avraham, a pillar of the world and the first to acknowledge G-d as Master [of the Universe], could the true nature of creation truly begin.
The ten arduous trials that Avraham passed correspond precisely to the ten proclamations with which the world was created. The unfolding revelation of creation would be mirrored in the emergence of Avraham, as revealed through his Herculean efforts in his ten trials. His unflinching commitment to G-d made him the archetype of a people who would have the potential to fulfill the purpose of the existence of the universe.
Idolatrous society had failed to forge a bond with G-d or to detect the eternal soul that animates life. But Avraham succeeded in doing so—and thereby established the permanence and viability of the world's existence.
The summation of Avraham's divine service lay in his admission, "I am earth and ashes". He repeatedly incinerated his past achievements, decomposing them into "ashes" – the bare elements left after an object has been burned – focusing instead on renewing his relationship with G-d, which provided him with the "earth", the fecundity from which new life emerges.
The ashes are the last vestiges of a former existence. The earth of the ground, in contrast, is the layer of soil, which contains the potential for a new existence. So did Avraham remake himself so that he and his descendants would uphold the covenant in order to actualise the purpose of creation.
Avraham thus created the supernatural nature of the Jew. He was the antecedent that would find full expression in the chosen people whom he would sire.
Bris milah, the "covenant of circumcision," sealed the pact between G-d and Avraham. With his circumcision, Avraham gained full control of all 248 components of his body– equal to the numerical value of the name "Avraham". With his circumcision, he became complete.
The covenant of circumcision signified as well how the Jews would unreservedly commit themselves to serving G-d, fulfilling the purpose of creation by observing the Torah under all circumstances.
Circumcision symbolizes the need to enable the world to reach perfection. The imperfections of the world invite man to set them right. In rapport with the underlying theme of circumcision, the Jewish people strive to help the world attain its perfection.
Every Jewish male enters "the covenant of Avraham". He becomes a member of a nation whose existence transcends the natural order – just as G-d instructed Avraham to go "outside" nature in the miraculous conception of Yitzchak.
Avraham's legacy is the inspiration to dedicate ourselves unreservedly to the Torah, to a life punctuated by acts of kindness and the exaltation of G-d's Glory.The people of Israel inherited Avraham's tenacity to stand against world opinion as the "other-sider," in order to be "a light onto the nations".
 Following twenty inconsequential generations of mankind, Avraham received the reward of them all (Avos 5:1-3).
 Bereishis Rabbah 42:8. See our essay on Nimrod: The Rebel.
 The verse "There shall be light" (Bereishis 1:3) refers to Avraham (Bereishis Rabbah 2:3). The name of his birthplace, Ur Kasdim, signifies "light" (Ur) coming out of the darkness of the valley (Kasdim).
 Bereishis 12:2: "You should be a blessing".
 Bereishis 21:33. Despite being in pain whilst recovering from his bris milah, he nonetheless sought to find wandering guests to invite into his home.
 When a guest wanted to recompense Avraham for his kindness, he would persuade him to instead "bless G-d of the Universe for eating from [the world that] is His" (Bereishis Rabbah 49:4).
 "To give chesed, kindness to Avraham" (Micah 7:20).
 This mirrors the ex nihilio of creation. See our essay, Yisro: The Convert.
 Ohr Gedalyahu, Lech Lecha. See Maharal (Gur Aryeh, Noach) on how Avraham's journey away from home closes a chapter in his life.
 Bereishis Rabbah 12:4. Indeed, the Midrash remarks that Avraham should really have been created before Adam. Bereishis Rabbah 14:6.
 Bereishis – creation was the sake of Israel who are termed reishis, the first (Rashi, Bereishis 1:1; Bereishis Rabbah ?:?.
 See the discussion by Ramchal, Derech Hashem 2:4:2-5, about the time period for the roots and branches of humankind to rectify Adam's sin and the identity of the Jewish people.
 Bereishis 15:5 & Rashi ad loc.


text:
class Tree
  include Gitlab::MarkupHelper

  attr_accessor :repository, :sha, :path, :entries

  def initialize(repository, sha, path = '/', recursive: false)
    path = '/' if path.blank?

    @repository = repository
    @sha = sha
    @path = path
    @recursive = recursive

    git_repo = @repository.raw_repository
    @entries = get_entries(git_repo, @sha, @path, recursive: @recursive)
  end

  def readme
    return @readme if defined?(@readme)

    available_readmes = blobs.select do |blob|
      Gitlab::FileDetector.type_of(blob.name) == :readme
    end

    previewable_readmes = available_readmes.select do |blob|
      previewable?(blob.name)
    end

    plain_readmes = available_readmes.select do |blob|
      plain?(blob.name)
    end

    # Prioritize previewable over plain readmes
    readme_tree = previewable_readmes.first || plain_readmes.first

    # Return if we can't preview any of them
    if readme_tree.nil?
      return @readme = nil
    end

    readme_path = path == '/' ? readme_tree.name : File.join(path, readme_tree.name)

    @readme = repository.blob_at(sha, readme_path)
  end

  def trees
    @entries.select(&:dir?)
  end

  def blobs
    @entries.select(&:file?)
  end

  def submodules
    @entries.select(&:submodule?)
  end

  def sorted_entries
    trees + blobs + submodules
  end

  private

  def get_entries(git_repo, sha, path, recursive: false)
    current_path_entries = Gitlab::Git::Tree.where(git_repo, sha, path)
    ordered_entries = []

    current_path_entries.each do |entry|
      ordered_entries << entry

      if recursive && entry.dir?
        ordered_entries.concat(get_entries(git_repo, sha, entry.path, recursive: true))
      end
    end

    ordered_entries
  end
end


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The biggest advantage to filing for Chapter 13 over Chapter 7 is the protection it affords to high-value assets, such as a home or a car. Under Chapter 7, those assets may be claimed by a trustee for liquidation, while a Chapter 13 case allows you to keep all property, regardless of value.
In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, your lawyer will work with a trustee to establish a repayment plan that generally lasts five years. Your payments will be made directly to the trustee, who will then distribute them to creditors.
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NIBA College's final Diploma workshops for 2015 will take place in Sydney in October and November, with enrolment deadline fast approaching.
NIBA College's Block 2 workshop will take place from 20-22 October, with limited spaces still available. The enrolment deadline for this workshop is Friday 9 October.
The course is aimed at preparing brokers for account manager and executive roles, making brokers with 4 years' experience eligible to apply for the QPIB member designation on completion.
The Block 1 (Tier 1) Diploma of Insurance Broking workshop will take place in Sydney from 24-26 November. The enrolment deadline for this workshop is Tuesday 10 November.
This qualification covers the knowledge and advisor skills required by ASIC to provide Tier 1 personal advice to clients as a professional insurance broker.
The cost for Block 2 workshop is $3270 for NIBA members and $4085 for non-members, while the cost of the Block 1 (Tier 1) workshop is $1950 for NIBA members or $2435 for non-members.
Brokers from any region are welcome to enrol to ensure they don't miss out on the last NIBA College workshops for 2015.
Some benefits of attending NIBA College include: no exams involved, online assessments, 20 CPD points on successful completion of assignments, quality learning materials provided and the workshops are facilitated by subject matter experts.
You can read what our recent and current students say about learning with NIBA College on the student testimonials webpage.


text:
Liberty Out of DirecTV Hunt?
Liberty Media Corp. has effectively dropped out of the bidding for direct-broadcast satellite powerhouse DirecTV Inc., after it announced a deal that would require it to purchase up to $500 million in News Corp. stock within the next six months.
Liberty and News Corp. issued a joint statement late Thursday night announcing the deal. The stock purchase would increase Liberty's holdings in News Corp. from 18 percent to 19 percent.
According to the deal, if Liberty does not exercise its right to buy the shares, News Corp. can force it to buy the stock in the event News Corp. takes an equity stake in Hughes Electronics Corp. — DirecTV's parent — in the next two years.
Liberty was expected to join forces with News Corp. in a bid for DirecTV, the largest direct broadcast satellite provider, with about 11 million subscribers. But in the past few weeks Liberty has said it could launch its own bid for DirecTV, without News Corp.
"Liberty is basically saying that they're not going to bid, that they will participate [in a DirecTV purchase] through their News Corp. stock," said one source familiar with the companies. "They [News Corp.] should all be happy campers."
News Corp. has been the front-runner for the DirecTV assets ever since EchoStar Communications Corp.'s bid for the company was rejected by the Federal Communications Commission in December. News Corp. is expected to make a bid for General Motors Corp.'s 20 percent interest in the DBS provider, estimated to be worth between $3.5 billion to $5 billion. News Corp. already has about $4 billion of cash on its books.
Other potential bidders include SBC Communications Inc. and, according to a Reuters report last Friday, Cablevision Systems Corp. According to Reuters, Cablevision was expected to make a bid along with a consortium of private equity investors, including Quadrangle Group. Cablevision declined to comment on what it called rumor and speculation in the media.
Most analysts said a Cablevision bid for DirecTV would be a bad idea, because it would distract the MSO from its core business.
Liberty Spreads News on DirecTV
Liberty Increases DirecTV Stake
Liberty Loses Out . Twice
Charter's Chase After Time Warner Cable Pushes Both Stocks Up
Analyst Report Boosts DirecTV, Liberty Capital Stock
Bennett: Liberty Eyeing DirecTV, VUE
Vigorous Liberty on the Prowl
FCC Gets News' DirecTV-Liberty Filing


text:
Blossia rooica est une espèce de solifuges de la famille des Daesiidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Namibie. Elle se rencontre vers Gobabeb.

Publication originale
 Wharton, 1981 : Namibian Solifugae (Arachnida). Cimbebasia Memoir, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Daesiidae
Espèce de solifuges (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Namibie


text:
Le Concours national d'entrée d'éducation supérieur (), généralement abrégé en Gaokao (), est un concours sur plusieurs jours, à la fin de l'enseignement secondaire du lycée, qui sert d'examen d'entrée pour les études dans l'enseignement supérieur en Chine. Il a un niveau équivalent au baccalauréat français. Cependant, le Gaokao ressemble plus aux concours des CPGE. Il existe des Tests académiques du lycée en première qui atteste la réussite du cursus au lycée.

Il concerne chaque année 9,15 millions d'adolescents et contient un examen de langues chinoise et anglaise, de mathématiques et de sciences ou sciences humaines.

Histoire
Le taux de scolarisation était historiquement faible (entre 10 et 20 % jusqu'à la république de Chine (1912-1949) et l'est resté au début de la République populaire de Chine dans les années 1950 et 1960. Lors de la révolution culturelle (1966-76), le concours de recrutement des collèges et des universités a été suspendu.

Le gaokao recommence en 1977, avec 5,7 millions de candidats pour  places en université. Le ratio du nombre de candidats sur le nombre de recrutements est passé de 4 % en 1977 à 75 % en 2012.

En 1999, élargissement de l'inscription.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Système éducatif de la République populaire de Chine
 Baccalauréat en France

Liens externes

 .

Enseignement en Chine
Concours


text:
Located in the Canopy by Hilton Baltimore Harbor Point hotel, Cindy Lou's Fish House is a breathtaking waterfront restaurant by celebrated duo Tony Foreman and Chef Cindy Wolf. The restaurant is inspired by the love for Southern food, flawless service, and joyful wine and cocktails. Cindy Lou's features the most stunning views of the iconic century-old Domino Sugar refinery in Baltimore's Inner Harbor. The restaurant, its wrap-around bar, and the expansive patio and promenade areas are all open seven days a week, morning to evening.
A breathtaking waterfront restaurant in baltimore's inner harbor
Unbound creativity, hard work, and a love for genuine hospitality drive all that we do.
Everyone of the Foreman Wolf restaurants and wine shops fosters a culture of acceptance, diversity and growth. We are one of the human-powered engines of our community.
Tony Foreman
Tony Foreman is the President and CEO of Foreman Wolf. The creative force behind each concept, Tony brings his experiences and vision to life with every detail in the space, menu and beverage program.
Chef Cindy Wolf
Chef Cindy Wolf is an nine-time James Beard Foundation Award finalist for Best Chef, Mid-Atlantic. A graduate of the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, Wolf has received notices in Food Arts, Food and Wine, Bon Appetit, and The New York Times.
Ryan Shaffner
Ryan Shaffner is the Executive Chef of Cindy Lou's Fish House at the Canopy by Hilton Harbor Point in Baltimore. Shaffner has served in numerous positions with the Foreman Wolf restaurant group for close to a decade. He began his career as a line cook at Charleston working alongside Chef Cindy Wolf, then made his way as a chef at Cinghiale and Johnny's. Shaffner is a Baltimore native and shares a love for food and work with his wife, Aubrey.
Breakfast: 8am - 11am
Dinner: 5pm - 9pm, Mon-Thurs
Dinner: 5pm - 10pm, Friday
Brunch: 10am - 3pm
Dinner: 5pm - 10pm, Saturday
Dinner: 5pm - 9pm, Sunday
Located in Canopy by Hilton
1215 Wills Street
View Our Health & Safety Guidelines
COPYRIGHT © 2020 CINDY LOU'S FISH HOUSE | FOREMAN WOLF
Due to the new restrictions in Baltimore City, Indoor and Outdoor dining will be suspended beginning Friday, December 11, 2020 at 5pm.
We will continue to offer To-Go service with curbside pickup.
Our To-Go Service is available:
Dinner from 5:00pm – 8:30pm
Saturday and Sunday from 11:30am – 3:00pm
Online Ordering is Available
To place a phone order, please call (443) 960-8670 between 3pm – 8:30pm for same day pick-up. We are cash-less and contact-free!
Please note that our menu may change, please check social media for the most up-to-date information. We will continue to institute the safety guidelines outlined by Governor Hogan and the City of Baltimore.


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Carbon Family of Elements
Element Group 14 - Carbon Family Facts
Mike Krmer / EyeEm / Getty Images
One way to classify elements is by family. A family consists of a homologous element with atoms having the same number of valence electrons and thus similar chemical properties. Examples of element families are the nitrogen family, oxygen family, and carbon family.
Key Takeaways: Carbon Family of Elements
The carbon family consists of the elements carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).
Atoms of elements in this group have four valence electrons.
The carbon family is also known as the carbon group, group 14, or the tetrels.
Elements in this family are of key importance for semiconductor technology.
What Is the Carbon Family?
The carbon family is element group 14 of the periodic table. The carbon family consists of five elements: carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. It is likely that element 114, flerovium, will also behave in some respects as a member of the family. In other words, the group consists of carbon and the elements directly below it on the periodic table. The carbon family is located very nearly in the middle of the periodic table, with nonmetals to its right and metals to its left.
The carbon family is also called the carbon group, group 14, or group IV. At one time, this family was called the tetrels or tetragens because the elements belonged to group IV or as a reference to the four valence electrons of atoms of these elements. The family is also called the crystallogens.
Carbon Family Properties
Here are some facts about the carbon family:
Carbon family elements contain atoms that have 4 electrons in their outer energy level. Two of these electrons are in the s subshell, while 2 are in the p subshell. Only carbon has the s2 outer configuration, which accounts for some of the differences between carbon and other elements in the family.
As you move down the periodic table in the carbon family, the atomic radius and ionic radius increase while electronegativity and ionization energy decrease. Atom size increases moving down the group because an additional electron shell is added.
Element density increases moving down the group.
The carbon family consists of one nonmetal (carbon), two metalloids (silicon and germanium), and two metals (tin and lead). In other words, the elements gain metallicity moving down the group.
These elements are found in a wide variety of compounds. Carbon is the only element in the group that can be found pure in nature.
The carbon family elements have widely variable physical and chemical properties.
Overall, the carbon family elements are stable and tend to be fairly unreactive.
The elements tend to form covalent compounds, though tin and lead also form ionic compounds.
Except for lead, all of the carbon family elements exist as different forms or allotropes. Carbon, for example, occurs in diamond, graphite, fullerene, and amorphous carbon allotropes. Tin occurs as white tin, gray tin, and rhombic tin. Lead is only found as a dense blue-gray metal.
Group 14 (carbon family) elements have much higher melting points and boiling points than the group 13 elements. Melting and boiling points in the carbon family tend to decrease moving down the group, mainly because atomic forces within the larger molecules are not as strong. Lead, for example, has such a low melting point that it's easily liquefied by a flame. This makes it useful as a base for solder.
Uses of Carbon Family Elements and Compounds
The carbon family elements are important in daily life and in industry. Carbon is the basis for organic life. Its allotrope graphite is used in pencils and rockets. Living organisms, proteins, plastics, food, and organic building materials all contain carbon. Silicones, which are silicon compounds, are used to make lubricants and for vacuum pumps. Silicon is used as its oxide to make glass. Germanium and silicon are important semiconductors. Tin and lead are used in alloys and to make pigments.
Carbon Family - Group 14 - Element Facts
C Si Ge Sn Pb
melting point (°C) 3500 (diamond) 1410 937.4 231.88 327.502
boiling point (°C) 4827 2355 2830 2260 1740
density (g/cm3) 3.51 (diamond) 2.33 5.323 7.28 11.343
ionization energy (kJ/mol) 1086 787 762 709 716
atomic radius (pm) 77 118 122 140 175
ionic radius (pm) 260 (C4-) -- -- 118 (Sn2+) 119 (Pb2+)
usual oxidation number +3, -4 +4 +2, +4 +2, +4 +2, +3
hardness (Mohs) 10 (diamond) 6.5 6.0 1.5 1.5
crystal structure cubic (diamond) cubic cubic tetragonal fcc
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. "Modern Chemistry (South Carolina)." Harcourt Education, 2009.
Periodic Table Definition in Chemistry
Nitrogen Family of Elements
Element Families of the Periodic Table
Introduction to the Periodic Table
Atomic Number 6 - Carbon or C
Periodic Table of Element Groups
Periodic Table Study Guide - Introduction & History
Identifying Element Blocks on the Periodic Table
Periodic Law Definition in Chemistry
Silicon Facts (Atomic Number 14 or Si)
11th Grade Chemistry Notes and Review
Clickable Periodic Table of the Elements
Family Definition in Chemistry
Semimetals or Metalloids
Halogen Elements and Properties
Germanium Facts (Atomic Number 32 or Ge)


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What Is BMW iNEXT?
bmwjupiter Aug 8, 2019 12:00 AM
The BMW iNext has a 2021 launch date, so it won't be available until the 2022 model year. But that doesn't mean people aren't excited about the opportunities here! BMW has already suggested this BMW electric SUV will offer a 435 mile range as well as Level 3 Autonomous technology, and the prototypes many enthusiasts have seen on the track suggest the company has much in store for potential buyers with this one.
i Aspirations
One of the most noticeable features of this vehicle is that it looks like current BMW i models, and that's to be expected. In spy photos from the test tracks, you can clearly see the i8 slim LED headlight design and other typical i series features like the dashboard design. You can also echoes of other BMW crossover vehicles, as the rough shape and size seems to be the same.
It does, however, sport a flat hood design the others don't, as well as a shorter grille. The unique panoramic windshield many have come to expect has been placed on this version of the vehicle.
BMW iNext Display Possibilities
A huge curved display will likely separate this vehicle from its counterparts, as BMW works to refine their infotainment concept. It will likely be more driver oriented and feature the instrument cluster and that infotainment system in one, clean piece. It could literally look like it's floating, something no other vehicle manufacture has managed to this point. Non-reflecting glass will be a must with this one, as that will help to ensure designers don't have to create a hood to help reduce any possibility of glare with this model. BMW has suggested it will be held in place by a small magnesium bracket.
Given the fact that it's still very early in this process, much of this is likely to change over the next few months, but it's getting harder not to speculate about this electric crossover. As electric vehicles continue to dominate markets today, this one will be a hot concept once enthusiasts finally get a look at its more finished form.
Category: BMW i Series


December | 2013 | You Wrote The Book!
That's it for 2013! Simon will be back in two weeks with Christos Tsiolkas to discuss Barracuda, the highly anticipated novel. He will then be joined by Natalie Young to discuss the book already getting many tongues wagging Season to Taste or How to Eat Your Husband. If you have any questions for them, would like to suggest authors you think Simon should be getting on the show, or simply want to have a natter about books, you can email youwrotethebook@gmail.com or find us on twitter @youwrotethebook.
This entry was posted in You Wrote The Book! on December 24, 2013 by admin.


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Solar Power Rocks - Clear info on home solar power rebates, tax credits, and other benefits
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Solar Infographic: 50 States of Solar Investment Returns
by Ben Zientara
Published on 12/05/2016 in
Solar Investments
(click the image to view full-size)
Like this solar infographic? Copy and paste the code below to embed it on your site!
Click to connect with an expert near you and learn about solar for your home.
Nice infographic. What's it mean?
Hi there, folks! We've been working hard on the 2017 version of our state solar power rankings report, and we're ready to dish some data! We thought the information about the investment returns of solar power deserved to escape our sealed envelope before the rest of the report was ready for publishing.
What you see in the graphic up there are bars representing the potential returns on a solar investment for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The bars reach closer to the center of the sun as the investment return percentage goes up. Every state is graded A-F on their investment return, and bars that signify A and B grades are burnin' hot!
We tried to make this infographic an easy way to see that and investment in solar beats the stock market in most states. The current 25-year performance of the S&P 500 is about 7% (not adjusted for inflation), which pales in comparison to the returns with solar in places like Massachusetts (28.5%), New York (25.1%), and New Jersey (22.5%).
But solar even meets the 7% threshold in places you wouldn't expect, like Wisconsin and Minnesota. That's the big, shocking news we hope the infographic conveys in a compelling way.
How we calculate Investment return for solar
There are a ton of variables that go into calculating the numbers you see above. Basically, it boils down to costs and income (energy savings and incentive payments). We plot those numbers on a graph for 25 years (the length of major panel manufacturer's warranties), and do the math to find the payback time, Internal Rate of Return, and Net Present Value.
For 2017, we added a new variable called panel degradation. Solar panels don't last forever, but that warranty means the manufacturers guarantee their panels will continue to function at better that 80% of their rated production after 25 years. That's a loss of about 0.7% of output per year. Some manufacturers now report better-than-expected degradation rates of less than 0.5%, but until the lengths of those warranties increase, we're sticking with 0.7%.
Here's how the calculation works:
Year 1 (cost): Cost of solar panels, minus rebates, electricity bill savings, and tax credits (including the federal 30% tax credit)
Year 2-25 (income): Electricity bill savings and SREC payments; additional tax credits (if applicable)
Paying for electricity from the utility company gets more expensive each year by an average of 3.5%. That means electricity bill savings get larger every year, even as the panels produce slightly less electricity. SREC payments vary widely by state, but generally last a few years after installation. State solar tax credits often have per-year caps that mean you only get a certain amount until your full credit has been claimed.
Here's how that looks in a chart of the cumulative returns over 25 years:
Once we put all of that together, we find the "Internal Rate of Return," or IRR, a tool used by businesses to determine the best ways of investing their money. The IRR is the interest rate you would have to get to equal the return this investment provides.
According to our calculations, the average IRR of a solar investment in the US as of 2017 is 9.24%. Better than the stock market! For reference, the IRR in the Connecticut chart above is 17.7%, which is like "whoa, crazy" good.
But this is just the beginning. We do these kinds of calculations for all 50 states, so head over to our home page and click your state for more info!
Other solar power posts you may like:
Infographic: Homes With Solar Panels Sell for More
Update: Connecticut Solar Rebates
States with the Most Solar Power per Capitca
How long does it take solar to pay itself back?
Last modified: October 23, 2018
How much can you save with a solar roof?
Profit from your roof space: find local deals on solar, eliminate your power bill, and join the solar revolution.
See my savings!
I remain skeptical. First, relying on other people's money for subsidies doesn't indicate a real rate of return but rather a return on stolen money. In your calculations, how much did you deduct from the ROI for maintenance? Do I have to brush the snow off my panels in the winter? Clean them periodically? And decommissioning costs, are those included? Also, the S&P 500, with dividends reinvested, yields closer to 9-10% over most long periods.
Ben Zientara
Hi, Matt- I wouldn't say "stolen money." We, as a nation, subsidize what we find valuable. In this case, that's the potential for people to produce 25 years of carbon-free electricity. I'd guess the sum total cost of the ITC during its tenure pales in comparison to other line items in the budget that are far less popular. Subsidies like the ITC and utility rebates have led to a great decline in the installed cost of solar, which can be seen as a direct benefit to those companies now working to install, many of whom wouldn't have the business if… Read more »
Very great point on the need to split the ROI calculations into the first year, in addition to the following 24 years.
victoria langan
My team is representing Solar power in the Chicago Polar Plunge in March 2017. I hope you will come and hand out literature about solar panels and saving money. The team I put together is The Solar Polar. I have already registered my team. I personally want solar panel roofing for my house. It would be the first one in my town if I do! Contact me if you want to be represented and sponsor us.
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I had a wild caught male back when I was in college that was a solid 6". Unfortunately most of the domestic strains are so in-bred that even the males rarely reach 5". They're still just as mean and nasty though.
I bet a WC convict was pretty cool I don't know if mine was wild or not, it was huge but it was a pink convict. Do pinks exist in the wild?
Sprinkle said:
Why yell?
He was trying too hard I think lol
Pinks are all probably tank bred. Even if the morph appeared in a wild population, it probably wouldn't last long because it would stick out like a sore thumb and be especially susceptible to predation.
Ya that's a good point, didn't think about that, this was in the late 80s, so maybe they weren't inbred as bad yet
I saw an 8" convict in my mom and pop store :O it was majestic
He's really starting to color up now
Pretty & spunky, just the way I like my cichlid males. Nice tank & fish!


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Small end of summer sale for the weekend! 15% off!
Hey guys, unfortunately I have had to deal with two illnesses this week, first a blood pressure issue that landed me in the emergency room and now a cold/flu, most likely caught from the emergency room. This of course affected this weeks release which was going to be a new 3D comic. Instead I have decided to have a sale this weekend since there will be no new comic.
The sale ends Monday at midnight.
← All Bundles 30% Off!!!


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Categories: Culture and SocietyEconomicsEditor Pick: Culture and SocietyEditor PicksEducation
FEEcon 2019: How Does Paris Get Fed?
In the post-apocalyptic cult classic Zombieland, Woody Harrelson's character is on a continuous hunt for Twinkies. Why? Because in any apocalyptic situation, food will become hard to find. In fact, if food stopped flowing into a major metropolis, that would be apocalyptic. So how do Twinkies, and the ingredients for beef bourguignon, chocolate soufflé, or ratatouille, get to the two million inhabitants of Paris every day?
Professor Ikeda knows how to feed Paris
This was the topic of a presentation by economics professor Sandy Ikeda of Purchase College at SUNY, given at FEEcon. FEEcon, a gathering organized by the Foundation for Economic Education, brings together hundreds of students, economists, innovators, educators, and artists to Atlanta, Georgia, for three days of intense learning and networking, with the purpose of helping young people jumpstart careers.
Before addressing how to keep Paris alive, Professor Ikeda discussed a challenge of his job. He has been teaching for thirty-three years and has learned how important a good first course in economics is for college students.
Ikeda explained, "It's important to teach at the introductory level the right macro economics. In a room with students who've never taken a course before, it's important to get the foundation right. For many it may be the only economics class they will ever take. I concluded that it was best to focus on some kind of question."
French economist Bastiat
Ikeda said that he looked through the writings of Von Mises, Hayek and others, finally focusing on the work of 19th Century economist Frédéric Bastiat, particularly his essays collected in Economic Sophisms. Many of these were inspired by Bastiat's visit to Paris in the 1840's. Bastiat observed that a million human beings would die in a few days if goods stopped flowing into Paris. He asked how each succeeding thing happened that kept the city fed.
Ikeda asks his students, "Where would Paris, or London, Tokyo or Atlanta be if you had to take this task into your own hands?"
The Secret Power
So, what secret power keeps city folks from wasting away? This is what he calls the Central Question of Economics: "In the presence of scarcity, human and natural diversity, and imperfect knowledge, how does social cooperation take place among myriad, self-interested strangers?"
Ikeda said that it is the principle of free exchange and self-interest. "What I teach," he said, "is how social cooperation takes place."
Ikeda said that there are two kinds of social order. "Designed Order – achieved by suppressing choice and the individual — and Emergent Spontaneous order — the order at the level of networks of individuals."
"How does that happen?" he asked.
"Social orders are not machines designed from the top down," Ikeda argued. He referenced the "Socialist Calculation Debate" which centered around the question of whether central planners could calculate the efficient allocation of economic resources. In 1920, Ludwig von Mises, of the Austrian school of economics, argued that such calculations always fail, making central planning impossible.
Freedom Breeds Order
Ikeda said that order is best achieved when people are free to tackle the obstacles: scarcity, human and natural diversity and imperfect knowledge.
Scarcity helps set prices and calculate gains and losses. Scarcity encourages us to trade. Before we act, scarcity tells us what we should do. After we act, scarcity, or its reduction, tell us if we did the right thing.
He also pointed out that some people consider diversity a barrier to trade. To the contrary, he said that diversity in humanity is "a feature not a bug." Ikeda argued, "The difference between people is what brings them together. We trade with one another because we value things differently. If everyone was the same, and had the same resources, we wouldn't want to trade."
Imperfect knowledge, Ikeda suggested, was best dealt with in a free enterprise situation where many people could try many things, rather than in a designed order where one centralized planner decides what is right for everyone.
But for trade to flourish, and for the networks of individuals to grow, Ikeda said that there are pre-conditions, "rules of the game", that must be part of a society. On the societal level these include property rights, free association and the rule of law.
Without these, he argued, you cannot have reliable trade, protected from theft and fraud.
On the personal level, he said that a society must enforce norms of reciprocity, trustworthiness, honesty and fair play. These are essential for building networks of people who will cooperate to produce new goods and services.
When these liberty-based conditions are met, Ikeda argued, people can trade freely, entrepreneurship discovers opportunities and pushes out the limits of production, scarcity is reduced through efficiency, and innovation thrives. He explained, "We get more robots and more corn, and this allows us to feed Paris."
More information about future FEE activities can be found on their website.
Leo Sopicki @@LeoOfMars
Writer, photographer, graphic artist and technologist. I focus my creative efforts on celebrating the American virtues of self-reliance, individual initiative, volunteerism, tolerance and a healthy suspicion of power and authority.
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Zamek w Wolborzu – niezachowany zamek, zlokalizowany dawniej w Wolborzu (województwo łódzkie).

Historia
Słowo Castrum Wolbórz pojawia się źródłach pisanych z drugiej połowy XII wieku, jako własność biskupów włocławskich. Chodziło w tym wypadku najprawdopodobniej o gród kasztelański wraz z osadą targową.

Murowany obiekt na podmurówce z kamienia polnego został wybudowany w XIV wieku z inicjatywy albo biskupa Macieja z Gołańczy, albo biskupa Zbyluta z Wąsosa (jego bratanka). W połowie XV wieku z niezidentyfikowanych przyczyn uległ zniszczeniu, a odbudowano go w latach 1464-1473. Fundatorem był biskup Jan z Sienna. W kolejnych dziesięcioleciach zamek sukcesywnie rozbudowywano, m.in. z inicjatywy biskupa Hieronima Rozdrażewskiego. W okresie największego rozwoju, który osiągnął w wiekach XVI i XVII, miał formę czworoboku z wieżami narożnymi i główną wieżą o trzech kondygnacjach. Otoczony był fosą. Towarzyszył mu Zamek Dolny o charakterze gospodarczym oraz młyn zamkowy stojący po drugiej stronie ulicy Modrzewskiego (wówczas Krakowskiej), nad Moszczanką. Wzdłuż Moszczanki rozlokowane były ogrody biskupie. Miasto i zamek pozostawało własnością biskupów włocławskich do końca XVIII wieku. W 1671 budowlę strawił pożar, ale szybko została odrestaurowany. W 1776 kolejny pożar spowodował, że zamek opuścił ostatecznie biskup Antoni Ostrowski (przeniósł się do wzniesionego w sąsiedztwie pałacu). Porzucony obiekt został wkrótce rozebrany na cegłę. Pozostał po nim ziemny nasyp na zachodnim skraju dawnej owalnicy miejskiej.

Ruiny obiektu zaznaczone zostały na planie miasta z 1824. Nie dochowały się po nim żadne elementy budowlane. 26 maja 1901 odnaleziono w miejscu zamku płytę herbową (Doliwa), która została wmurowana w budynek przy ul. Modrewskiego 2 i nosi napis: R.P. 1901 r. 26 MAJA ZNALEZIONY I ODNOWIONY.

Na zamku, w celu koncentracji wojsk przed wojną z Krzyżakami, przebywał król Władysław Jagiełło.

Zobacz też
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Wolbórz
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Home > Helpful Articles > For an M.D. or D.O. > 5 Courses Recommended for an M.D. or D.O.
Welcome to the National Procedures Institute resource page. Below you will find CME courses specifically tailored to M.D. and D.O. professionals that fulfill Prescribed Credits from the American Academy of Family Physicians and AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. The courses are designed to involve attendees with participatory exercises and practices, allowing them to gain the hands-on experience.
1.	Hospitalist Procedures – This course covers a variety of procedures and skillsets that are required of a hospitalist. If you are a primary care physician or osteopathic physician that would like to better understand the role of a hospitalist, this course would be a great choice. It covers indications, contraindications and techniques of procedures commonly performed by hospitalists. This knowledge allows the transition of patients to and through the hospital to become much more fluid.
2.	Billing, Coding & Documentation for Physicians – Our Billing and Coding offering is designed to keep your entire staff on the same page with documentation. Your office will be able to more efficiently process patients with increased understanding of proper health care plan options, carrier requirements and regulations for state and federal governments, coding diagnoses and procedures and much more.
•	Review Medicare benefits, coverage policies and guidelines.
•	Utilize "Provider Newsletters," "Memos," "Transmittals," "Coding and Billing Updates," and other important messages from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and insurance carriers.
•	Navigate the CMS website and state websites.
•	Identify strategies for using the internet to improve billing and coding issues.
•	Discuss National Provider Identifier (NPI) updates and Advanced Beneficiary Notices (ABN) updates and usage.
•	Discuss Local Coverage Determination (LCD) policies for Medicare, explanation and review of LCD state policies.
•	Discuss ICD-9, CPT- 4 and HCPCS coding updates, guidelines and polices.
•	Brief discussion on ICD-10.
•	Explain how to use the National Physician Fee Schedule Relative Value File.
•	Implement evaluation and management guidelines and services.
•	Learn how to optimize coding and billing to increase office revenues.
•	Discuss National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI) usage.
•	Discuss surgical coding rules: minor office surgery, bilateral surgery, global days, global billing.
•	Discuss Medicare Preventive Services.
•	Discuss the claim submission processes and instructions, as well as claim denials, EOBs (explanation of benefits) how to read an EOB.
•	Read your Remittance Advice (RA).
•	Discuss site of service differentiation.
•	Track your reimbursement and enhance your revenue.
•	Discuss Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC) and other audit issues.
3.	Colonoscopy- Our Colonoscopy course makes sure your practice is prepared to accept an ever aging population and the incidence of colorectal polyps and cancer. With the ability to perform colonoscopies in office, you are able to reduce cost, time and patient anxiety.
•	Discuss the role of primary care physicians as it relates to lower GI endoscopy.
•	Review basic epidemiological and clinical presentation of colorectal cancer and the role of colonoscopy in screening and surveillance.
•	Discuss the indications and contraindications for colonoscopy procedures.
•	Discuss bowel preparation for colonoscopy and the process of obtaining informed consent.
•	Discuss handling, cleaning, and disinfection of equipment used in colonoscopy.
•	List the equipment needs and options for colonoscopy.
•	Assess the advantages and disadvantages of colonoscopy in the office vs. the GI lab.
•	Discuss the proper use of sedation and monitoring.
•	Evaluate basic endoscopic findings — recognition of normal and abnormal.
•	Implement strategies for obtaining privileges and credentials.
•	Discuss coding practices and reimbursement patterns for lower GI endoscopy.
4.	Joint Exam & Injections – The Join Exam & Injections course allows a primary care physician to more accurately pin point musculoskeletal issues after review of functional anatomy and mechanisms of injuries. The course also contains a broad review of the benefits of joint aspiration and joint injection practice.
•	Review the anatomy and function of various joints.
•	Learn specific clinical tests to evaluate each joint using evidence-based medicine guidelines.
•	Review common mechanisms of injuries and pathology that can lead to them.
•	Review imaging techniques used for evaluation.
•	Practice exam techniques in a supervised setting.
•	Practice joint aspirations and injections using joint models.
5.	Dermatologic Procedures – Our Dermatologic Procedures course reviews common skin procedures including skin anesthesia, skin biopsy techniques, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, nail procedures, dermoscopy and coding. Course offerings will provide the ability to identify a wide variety of skin problems and their effective treatments improving your practice offerings and keeping patients in office. Please join us for the Dermatologic Procedures (link) offering. Below you will find the main objectives for the course.