text:
You Are Alone, In a Dark Wood. Now Cope
by Henry on June 2, 2012
Francis Spufford's earlier semi-autobiographical book on childhood and reading, The Child that Books Built, talks about fairytales. It tells us about Propp, Bettelheim and the others, relates fairy tales to Robert Holdstock's Ryhope Wood (the ur source of all stories) and to his own childhood, and finishes by arguing that fairytales pose a challenge. They transport us to a dark wood; alien; removed from the comfortable assumptions of home and family and ask: now: what do you do? Red Plenty is explicitly written as a fairytale in which the hero is "the idea of red plenty as it came hopefully along the high road." The high road dwindles into a path, then a track, and ends in a tangle of brambles and thorns. The idea not only does not know where to go; it does not know if there's anywhere left that it could go, or even whether there was somewhere that it could have gone had it only taken the right road at the beginning. By entering the world, it's become hopelessly ensnared in it.
This allows one to read Red Plenty not only as a science fiction novel, or exercise in steampunk, as Kim Stanley Robinson argues, but also as a fantasy combined with a metacommentary on fantasy, along the lines of the kinds of novels that M. John Harrison was writing in the late 1980s and early 1990s (e.g. The Course of the Heart, Climbers, Signs of Life, "A Young Man's Journey to London," "The Horse of Iron and How We May Come to Know It and Be Changed By It Forever"). The juxtaposition might seem unusual, but helps to elucidate a pattern, perhaps not of influence (I don't know whether Spufford has read Harrison, although it's quite likely that he has) , but of shared narrative arc. Of course, Harrison is often repurposing more traditional genre tropes than Spufford is, and is using a smaller, more personal canvas (his politics are emphatic, but oblique, and refracted almost entirely through the specific and individual). Harrison's stories and novels, including the 'realistic' ones like Climbers) have a roughly shared definition of fantasy. A collision between the real world and an imagined one, which somehow seems better, denser, more 'real' than reality itself, but is in fact a reflection of it. A moment of choice, connected with that collision, in which everything seems, for a moment to be possible. The falling away of that moment, as reality reasserts itself, so that the moment of choice recedes forever into the past, but still haunts the world, present as a sense of possibility and of failure, each entwined so closely with the other that you cannot tell where the one ends and the other begins.
Consider several passages from Red Plenty in this light. First – the closing sentences of the opening chapter.
Seen from that future time, when every commodity the human mind could imagine would flow from the industrial horn of plenty in dizzy abundance, this would seem a scanty, shoddy, cramped moment indeed, choked with shadows, redeemed only by what it caused to be created. Seen from plenty, now would be hard to imagine. It would seem not quite real, an absurd time when, for no apparent reason, human beings went without things easily within the power of humanity to supply, and lives did not flower as it was obvious they could. Now would look like only a faint, dirty, unconvincing edition of the real world, which had not yet been born. And he could hasten the hour, he thought, intoxicated. He gazed up the tram, and saw everything and everybody in it touched by the transformation to come, rippling into new and more generous forms, the number 34 rattlebox to Krestovsky Island becoming a sleek silent ellipse filled with golden light, the women's clothes all turning to quilted silk, the military uniforms melting into tailored grey and silver: and faces, faces the length of the car, relaxing, losing the worry lines and the hungry looks and all the assorted toothmarks of necessity. He could help to do that. He could help to make it happen, three extra percent at a time, though he already understood that it would take a huge quantity of work to compose the necessary dynamic models. It might be a lifetime's work. But he could do it. He could tune up the whole Soviet orchestra, if they'd let him.
His left foot dripped. He really must find a way to get new shoes.
There's a lot of work being done here – the argument moves back and cross between at least three levels. The first is the grim material reality of Soviet life in the late 1930's – the passengers' faces indented by "the associated toothmarks of necessity" (a lovely phrase); the leaking shoe. The second is a dream, not just of simple material prosperity, but of, as Spufford describes it, a cornucopia, a plenty that is fundamentally transformative, building a future that is somehow more real than the world of ordinary privations that reflects it, as in a mirror, darkly. The third is the techniques of linear programming, which will shuttle back and forth between the two, weaving the latter more closely with the former, by 3 percentage points in each movement. Red Plenty here is much the same kind of artefact as Harrison's Viriconium or Couer – a fantasy that promises somehow to redeem and transform a grubby, messy material existence, making it more itself, and hence better than itself
The second passage presents a different version of the myth.
But Marx had drawn a nightmare picture of what happened to human life under capitalism, when everything was produced only in order to be exchanged; when true qualities and uses dropped away, and the human power of making and doing itself became only an object to be traded. Then the makers and the things made turned alike into commodities, and the motion of society turned into a kind of zombie dance, a grim cavorting whirl in which objects and people blurred together till the objects were half alive and the people were half dead. Stock-market prices acted back upon the world as if they were independent powers, requiring factories to be opened or closed, real human beings to work or rest, hurry or dawdle; and they, having given the transfusion that made the stock prices come alive, felt their flesh go cold and impersonal on them, mere mechanisms for chunking out the man-hours. Living money and dying humans, metal as tender as skin and skin as hard as metal, taking hands, and dancing round, and round, and round, with no way ever of stopping; the quickened and the deadened, whirling on. That was Marx's description, anyway. And what would be the alternative? The consciously arranged alternative? A dance of another nature, Emil presumed. A dance to the music of use, where every step fulfilled some real need, did some tangible good, and no matter how fast the dancers spun, they moved easily, because they moved to a human measure, intelligible to all, chosen by all.
The irony of this passage is more grim than the Chaplinesque comedy of the leaking shoe – the economist articulating these ideas is about to come up against the aftermath of the collectivization process. Yet Emil believes that economics can transform what had been brutish political relations – "primitive extraction … very nearly robbery," by making the economy into the kind of narrative where everything somehow ties together.
he was having a new idea. He was thinking to himself that an economy told a kind of story, though not the sort you would find in a novel. In this story, many of the major characters would never even meet, yet they would act on each other's lives just as surely as if they jostled for space inside a single house, through the long chains by which value moved about. Tiny decisions in one place could have cascading, giant effects elsewhere; conversely, what most absorbed the conscious attention of the characters – what broke their hearts, what they thought ordered or justified their lives – might have no effect whatsoever, dying away as if it had never happened at all. Yet impersonal forces could have drastically personal consequences, in this story, altering the whole basis on which people hoped and loved and worked. It would be a strange story to hear. At first it would seem to be a buzzing confusion, extending arbitrarily in directions that seemed to have nothing to do with each other. But little by little, if you were patient, its peculiar laws would become plain. In the end it would all make sense. Yes, thought Emil, it would all make sense in the the end.
Again, there is a fantasy being spun here – that human history can be not only be made legible, but can be redeemed. The Marx here is the Marx of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, the Marx who is primarily concerned with alienation and its human consequences. And again, both these passages work on multiple levels. The dance of another nature is juxtaposed with the aftermath of famine. The aspiration to a novel in which the causal logics are traced through economic relations that are sometimes nearly invisible to the characters entangled in them is, very obviously, a comment on the form of Red Plenty itself. It is a novel of just this kind (so too, the extraordinary sequence on lung cancer towards the end of the book serves both as a metaphor and as a reminder that the causes shaping human destinies do not always lie in intelligible human action). Yet the hope that it will all make sense in the end is mistaken. As the closing sentences of the book make clear, it doesn't.
Three thousand kilometres east it is already night, but the same wind is blowing, stirring the dark branches of the pines around the upstairs window where Leonid Vitalevich is sitting by himself, optimising the manufacture of steel tubes. Five hundred producers. Sixty thousand consumers. Eight hundred thousand allocation orders to be issued per year. But it would all work out if he could persuade them to measure the output in the correct units. The hard light of creation burns within the fallible flesh; outshines it, outshines the disappointing world, the world of accident and tyranny and unreason; brighter and brighter, glaring stronger and stronger till the short man with square spectacles can no longer be seen, only the blue-white radiance that fills the room. And when the light fades the flesh is gone, the room is empty. Years pass. The Soviet Union falls. The dance of commodities resumes. And the wind in the trees of Akademgorodok says: can it be otherwise? Can it be, can it be, can it ever be otherwise?
Optimization was supposed not only to produce material abundance, but to decommodify the world. The golden transformative light of the idea's beginning, which seemed capable of turning rags into finery, becomes the absent blue-white glare of the book's last sentences, into which its imagined future forever falls away. The zombified pavane of the commodities resumes. Did it ever stop? Could linear programming – even if it had worked – have reversed the transformations that made human skin into metal, and metal into human skin, or was it just its own dehumanizing alchemy? Wasn't the whole thing faintly ridiculous from the beginning? Leonid Vitalevich's shoes let the rain in, and always were going to. The world is obdurate; the idea is too good for it. Which is, of course, another way of saying that the idea wasn't ever as good as we thought it was going to be.
And yet, the wind still whispers: can it be otherwise? Even as the moment of possibility disappears, it haunts the present with the suspicion that things could have been different, perhaps might be different in the future. Under this reading (which is, of course, only one of many possible readings), the final sentences do not claim that if things had worked out better at the beginning, if Kantorovich had been better able to persuade, bureaucrats better able to use shadow prices and so on, the whole damn thing could have worked. They instead suggest something much more equivocal – that the simple possibility that it could somehow be better, that the world could be moulded closer to the heart's desire, will continue to haunt us. If the dream of Red Plenty was a fantasy, this reading suggests that it was a fantasy of just the sort that Harrison has laid out on the operating table and dissected, and that Red Plenty contains the fantasy and the dissection both.
This may help explain why the book is resonating so much better than I had dared to hope when I first read it, over a year ago, and planned out this event. I'd love to live in a world where genius (and Spufford's book is at the least touched by genius and arguably entirely riddled through with it) invariably got its due, and where a deliberately uncategorizable book about the socialist calculation debate could get two glowing reviews in the New York Times as a matter of course. But we don't live in that idyllic world, any more than we live in Khrushchev's workers' paradise. Instead, we live in a world with its own shattered illusions. As a different writer, John Summers, says in the most recent issue of The Baffler.
The fable that we are living through a time of head-snapping innovation in technology drives American thought these days – dystopian and utopian alike. But if you look past both the hysteria and the hype, and place the achievements of technology in historical perspective, then you may recall how business leaders promised not long ago to usher us into a glorious new time of abundance that stood beyond history. And then you may wonder if their control over technology hasn't excelled mainly at producing dazzling new ways to package and distribute consumer products (like television) that have been kicking around history for quite some time. The salvos in this issue chronicle America's trajectory from megamachines to minimachines, from prosthetic gods to prosthetic pals, and raise a corollary question from amid all these strangely unimaginative innovation: how much of our collective awe rests on low expectations?
Perhaps, the reason why Spufford's book is receiving so much attention is because it can be made stand in as an elegy for capitalist plenty too. As Summers says, capitalism too had its animating fable, and thought to transform the world, so as to conduct us "into a glorious new time of abundance that stood beyond history.". Its heroes were entrepreneurs – Schumpeterian visionaries who saw the possibilities of the future and seized them willy-nilly. The disciplines of Chicago orthodoxy and the Washington consensus, like Emil's new economics, were supposed to free the world from the shackles of feudalism and backwardness. Yet the heroic age of capitalism is over. Free trade orthodoxy has devolved into squabbles about intellectual property, procurement and technical standards; the WTO is as inward-focused and as tedious as the Holy Roman Empire when it began its long course of decline. Neo-liberalism flared into the harsh actinic blaze of the 2008 crash, and now it too is sputtering and fading away in an empty room. The defenders of neo-liberal orthodoxy (now articulated in the West through the demand for ever more 'austerity') are mostly too embarrassed to claim that more liberalization and deregulation will spur further great transformations; the best they can do is blame the hippies, or look down at their shoes and mutter that well, you know, there really isn't much of an alternative, or if there is, they can't see it. The old system is still strong enough to strangle anything new that might threaten it. Yet it surely doesn't look strong enough to renew itself.
Spufford's analysis of the failed dreams of the Khrushchev era seems so compelling then because we (in the advanced, industrialized West) are living in our own version of Brezhnevism, a system that has depleted its organizing mythology, but that lacks the imagination to conceive of a new one. Like both Harrison and China Mieville (The City and the City), Spufford is taking the intellectual tools of fantasy-as-a-genre and applying them to the fantasies-that-structure-the-world-that-we-live-in. On the one hand, this is done obliquely to the extent that it is done intentionally at all – the relationship between the Soviet Union in the 1960s and the capitalist system today is not directly obvious. On the other, the dream of Red Plenty is a darkened mirror reflecting our current situation. The fairy tale is over. We find ourselves lost in the woods, with no obvious path home. Now cope.
William Timberman 06.02.12 at 1:32 pm
Yes. I love my $200 iPhone, but if I can't have both, wouldn't I prefer safe, humane and inexpensive child-care for single mothers forced to work at Walmart? Yes, I would. Et in Arcadia ego. That's the ticket. Remember that, and the task becomes clearer.
bob mcmanus 06.02.12 at 4:18 pm
This actually really moved me, Farrell. Thank you.
"I left my soul behind me in an old cathedral town."
JP Stormcrow 06.02.12 at 4:33 pm
I find that I cannot resist the temptation to post the entire 224 words of Brautigan's "The View from the Dog Tower". From here which also includes Brautigan reading it. Just could not find the right excerpt, and Henry's lyrical post brought it squarely to mind as do many other things during these days of relatively careless pleasure that lead us deeper into the terrible woods. (Henry et al of course should feel free to remove it.)
"… three German shepherd puppies wandered away from their home up near the County line."
— North Country Journal
Serving Northern Santa Cruz County
I have been thinking about this little item that I read in the North County Journal for a couple of months now. It contains the boundaries of a small tragedy. I know we are surrounded by so much blossoming horror in the world (Vietnam, starvation, rioting, living in hopeless fear, etc.) that three puppies wandering off isn't very much, but I worry about it and see this simple event as the possible telescope for a larger agony.
"…three German shepherd puppies wandered away from their home up near the County line." It sounds like something from a Bob Dylan song.
Perhaps they vanished playing, barking and chasing each other, into the woods where lost they are to this very day, cringing around like scraps of dogs, looking for any small thing to eat, intellectually unable to comprehend what has happened to them because their brains are welded to their stomachs.
Their voices are used now only to cry out in fear and hunger, and all their playing days are over, those days of careless pleasure that led them into the terrible woods.
I fear that these poor lost dogs may be the shadow of a future journey if we don't watch out.
Adrian Kelleher 06.02.12 at 4:51 pm
I'm a little surprised that nobody has yet mentioned Adam Curtis' BBC documentary Pandora's Box. It's fascinating viewing for anyone interested in what is now a bygone era of technical optimism and relevant here from start to finish. The history is interesting in itself and even more intriguing are the received opinions of that era that have long since been replaced by new conventional wisdom of equally dubious validity. It's perpetually available on youtube (though some versions are edited — check before viewing) without copyright being asserted so I don't feel guilty directing people in that direction…
PJW 06.02.12 at 7:05 pm
If you ever weary of poli sci you could always become a full-time literary critic. Nicely done, and even better than I expected, and the exectations were high. The Mythago does resonate. Great connection, to single out one of many. Your comments on genius also resonated as I had similar thoughts while reading and meditating on Red Plenty and its author. W.Timberman's note on Et in AArcadia ego took me back to your comments on Spufford's sublime paragraph on the whirl and then off to Panofsky and a painting by Poussin on the Round Dance and maybe even a little of Yeats and the gyre. Anyway, thanks, Henry.
novakant 06.03.12 at 12:21 am
The Adam Curtis videos seem to be public domain, since some are available on archive.org, which also links to this site (so you don't have to bother with youtube):
http://thoughtmaybe.com/browse/video/adam-curtis
I'm feeling that my review will compare, in brilliance, to those published so far, about the same as Brezhnev to Trotsky.
Agog 06.03.12 at 12:54 pm
The memory of Ryhope Wood has been lurking deep in my mind somewhere for a couple of decades. Thanks for the reminder.
sleepyirv 06.03.12 at 3:41 pm
There are some criticisms if the character Chekuskin the fixer is realistic. That no one man would be connected to criminals, businessmen, bureaucrats, and everybody else. While this might seem false for a real man in the Soviet Union, it does fit well in a fairytale. No one in a fairytale is just a tailor, he's the greatest tailor who ever lived. Or swordsman, or baker, or whatever. Chekuskin fits very well in that tradition. (On a side note, fixer characters are always so fascinating that it's understandable to go overboard. I'm not sure there's enough stories to even count it as a subgenre but if there's a "guy who can get you anything" in a movie, he's likely the most interesting character.)
The Poussin painting I was referring to above is called A Dance to the Music of Time. I believe Spufford is alluding to this in the reverie on the dance, especially when considering his phrase "A dance to the music of use" along with all of the other evidence. Here's a link to a series of novels named after the Poussin; and I linked to this rather than the painting because the quote in the Nick's Inspiration section so aptly speaks to Red Plenty.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dance_to_the_Music_of_Time
JP Stormcrow @ 3
Brautigan and lost dogs have another sort of resonance for me. On the one hand, his All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace, and on the other, Brecht's Kinderkreuzzug
The alpha and omega of modernity, still to be resolved.
Stephen 06.03.12 at 7:46 pm
Anyone who admires both Mythago Wood and John Harrison is obviously on the side of the angels (rebel or otherwise). But don't you mean A Young Man's Journey to Viriconium (=/= London, surely )?
And if I may transmit a very unoriginal thought: are you saying any more than that, if you want to create a free, prosperous, egalitarian form of democratic socialism/social democracy, you really shouldn't start from a murderous paranoid autocracy like the Russian Empire?
(Cue for well-meaning USAians to proclaim that their enemy state the US is equally a murderous paranoid autocracy. Pause, perhaps very prolonged, while some of them consider implications of that.)
John Quiggin 06.03.12 at 9:58 pm
@PJW The novels are notable to me for the sole appearance in literature of a character named Quiggin – about as appealing as Chekuskin, but there you go.
William Timberman 06.03.12 at 10:17 pm
Take out the equally, and your straw man suddenly comes at you like Spartacus. Some of us have been pondering the implications of our murderous, paranoid autocracy for the past forty years, which ought to be a prolonged enough pause for any snickers to subside.
Neither Red Plenty nor the grousing aired here by disgruntled citizens of what's left of our half-hearted post-war social democracies is about a nostalgic whitewash of the Soviet Union, or invidious comparisons of the kind you seem to be accusing us of. It's just that our Serious People don't seem to making any more sense at the moment than the Soviet Serious People were making in 1975. We're trying to think for ourselves, and are consequently a bit suspicious of anyone wearing a tie who wants to help us out, no matter how much smarter than our humble selves he may appear to be.
lupita 06.03.12 at 10:43 pm
Cue for well-meaning USAians to proclaim that their enemy state the US is equally a murderous paranoid autocracy.
What about well-meaning Iraqis, Afghans, Guatemalans, Venezuelans, Iranians, Egyptians, Cubans, etc.?
Leinad 06.04.12 at 3:11 am
Murderous, paranoid representative democracy doesn't have the same ring to it.
William Timberman @14: I fear you have missed the point.
If hopes of achieving a free, prosperous, egalitarian form of democratic socialism/social democracy depend on not starting from anything like "[y]our murderous, paranoid autocracy" which you believe prevails in the US, then logically the chances of achieving a free, etc. – such has in various forms occurred outside the US – are poor to zero.
In which case, I conclude you are probably – only possibly, if you are confused enough – not really interested in a free, etc.
Which seems a pity.
That many current political leaders are fools or scoundrels I take for granted. Not all.
As for being suspicious of people wearing a tie, you have me there. I wear one occasionally for formal matters. To judge by photographs, Marx, Engels, Lenin, Al Capone, Huey Long and Hitler did, Mao, Pol Pot and Gandhi didn't, Castro sometimes did and sometimes did not, and Socrates (though unphotographed) didn't. Where does that get us?
Lupita @ 15
I have known well-meaning Iraqis who regard the US as an inspiration. Particularly those who remember Soviet support for Saddam. Travellers from Iran tell me many of the educated younger generation do not regard you as the oppressed subjects of the Great Satan. Of Guatemala I know very little, except that I have few hopes of that part of the world barring Costa Rica. The Afghanis I am sure hate foreigners almost as much as they hate their neighbours. Of the American massacres of Venezuelans and Egyptians I know nothing at all, please enlighten me. Likewise concerning the thousands and thousands of American refugees desperately trying to make their way across the ocean to Cuba and freedom.
Afghans, Guatemalans, Venezuelans, Egyptians, Cubans, etc.
Leinad @16
Quite, but you are ignoring the indisputable fact (see at least one of the Red Plenty threads, and god knows how many others) that the US does not in fact have free and fair elections, they are all rigged to produce the wrong result, and therefore …


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First Battalion volunteer militia correspondence
This correspondence was sent to Kansas Governor Samuel J. Crawford and Kansas Adjutant General Josiah B. McAfee from members of the First Battalion of the Kansas Volunteer Militia. This group was also known as the "Frontier Battalion" charged with defending western parts of Kansas from Indians. Correspondents include Assistant Adjutant General George B. Jenness, Lt. Milo R. Harris, Capt. S. J. Jennings of Company A and his 2nd Lt. Norman A. Lovejoy (including a petition for Jennings' dismissal for drunkenness), Capt. H. D. Baker of Company B, Capt. B. C. Sanders of Company C, Capt. A. J. Armstrong of Company D, Capt. John A. Potts of Company E, and John S. Park, commanding officer of the Sharp's Creek Detachment. A sizable portion of the correspondence was written in Salina, Kansas. There are several items written in Lawrence, Kansas, with a few letters from a number of other communities
Kansas Adjutant General correspondence by companies, 1905-1910
Creator: Kansas. Adjutant General's Office
This correspondence is from the following companies of the First Infantry of the Kansas National Guard: Company A from Clay Center under Captain Guy R. Martin and Captain Theodore E. Schwarz, Company B from Burlingame under Captain Max Carnaveaux, Company C from Burlington under Captain Mont B. Hackley, Company D from Paola under Captain George R. Reynolds, Company E from Fredonia and Parsons under Captain Dennis J. Sheedy and Captain Charles A. Allen, Company F from Hiawatha under Captain Albert H. Herman, Company G from Fort Scott under Captain Lloyd V. Rawlings, and Company H from Lawrence under Captain Samuel G. Clarke and Captain John W. Morrow.
Kansas Adjutant General general correspondence
This correspondence was sent and received by Kansas Adjutant General Peter S. Noble to and from militiamen across the state, often written on stationary from their places of regular employment. The Kansas University Cadets are frequently mentioned. Included are petitions for the organization of militia companies in the cities of Raymond, Offerle, Burlingame, and Caldwell, among others. Also included are petitions for weaponry and ammunition to protect the cities of Oberlin, Spearville, and Bazine from Indian attacks.
This item is correspondence received by the Adjutant General's Office. Josiah B. McAfee succeeded Thomas J. Anderson as Kansas Adjutant General in August 1867. The correspondence includes letters from citizens seeking to reenter the armed forces, orders for the disarmament of state militia arsenals, and claims for service records and pensions. A letter, dated June 25, 1867, from former Kansas Governor Charles Robinson, states that a list of officers commissioned during his term is no longer in his possession. Also included are several statements taken by district court clerk Mitchell G. Williams in New Albany, Wilson County, Kansas, regarding the theft and killing of horses by Osage Indians.
This correspondence was sent and received by the Kansas Adjutant General's Office. Hiram T. Benam served as Adjutant General from 1876-1878 and Peter S. Noble served from 1878-1883. It includes inquiries made from men "anxious for organization" hoping to enlist militias in the towns of Parsons, Independence, Iuka, Lawrence, and Hutchinson. The collection also includes bill of ladings from the Kansas Pacific Railway and Rock Island (Illinois) Arsenal. Frequent correspondence was exchanged with Willis Brown, cashier for the State Bank of Kansas in Seneca, Kansas, Scott Hopkins of the Kansas University Cadets, John T. Bradley, a lawyer from Council Grove and member of the Kansas Senate from 1876 to 1880, F.C. Merrill, a lumber dealer from Paola, and E.D. Rose, a hardware dealer from Holton.
This correspondence received by the Adjutant General's Office, headed by Josiah B. McAfee, discusses a variety of topics including the burial places of deceased Kansas soldiers, requests for recruiting commissions to raise a company of militiamen, and "Price's Raid Claims." There is frequent correspondence with Philip M. Sheridan, in command of the Missouri Department in Fort Hays, and letters from concerned citizens of Sibley, Kansas, worried that Indian presence and shrinking provisions are forcing people to leave the area.
This is correspondence of the Adjutant General's Office, headed by Josiah B. McAfee. Topics include damage claims, claims for provisions provided to the militia, reports of hostile Indians near Ellsworth, Caney, Hays, and Clyde, and claims of service referred to the Price's Raid Commission. A muster roll lists the members of an independent company of the militia known as the Scandinavian Rangers organized around a Swedish colony in present-day Scandia, Kansas. Some letters have faded considerably and typed transcriptions are included.
Correspondence received by the Adjutant General's Office. Colonel Thomas J. Anderson served as the Kansas Adjutant General from April 1, 1865-August 18, 1867. Some of the topics discussed include the newly elected officials of the Mission Creek township militia in Wabaunsee County, residents of Baxter Springs seeking militia protection from bushwhackers, correspondence with E.B. Taylor, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern Superintendency in Omaha, relating to testimony given by Pawnee Indians on charge of murder at Solomon's Fork, monthly enlistment reports for the 13th U.S. Infantry and 18th U.S. Infantry, and a letter from Clara Barton on behalf of the Office of Correspondence with the Friends of the Missing Men of the United States Army.
This item is correspondence of the Kansas Adjutant General's Office under Charles Chadwick (1862-1863) and Guilford Dudley (1863-1864), including special orders issued by Governor Thomas Carney to Samuel N. Wood of the Morris County Rangers to detain any organized bands of guerillas near Council Grove and William P. Dutton to equip his company in Miami County. Several letters were received from John B. Gray, Missouri Adjutant General, inquiring about Missouri men that had enlisted in the Kansas militia. Most of the correspondence consists of requests for muster rolls, arms, resignations, and commissions. Other notable correspondents include Stephen A. Cobb and Sidney Clarke. A searchable, full-text version of this correspondence is available by clicking "Text Version" below.
This correspondence includes letters received by the Kansas Adjutant General on a variety of topics. Many letters inform the state of the enrollment of militia companies, especially in response to a circular sent by Governor George Anthony on enrollment in accordance with state law. Requests for information on filing claims for pay or property damage are also included. Many of the letters are addressed to the governor. The adjutant general was H. T. Beman. Advertisements from arms manufacturers, such as the Gatlin Gun Company and others, are also present.
Correspondence including general orders from Adjutant General Charles I. Martin and telegrams between commanding officers of the Kansas National Guard. Also included are appointments of non-commission officers, strength reports detailing desertions and injuries, and descriptive cards of cavalry horses, including their age, size, purchase date and location. Topics discussed include the recruiting of qualified Kansas National Guard members for service in the regular army, instructions for removing enemy sympathizers within ranks and monitoring German nationals in service, and furloughs or personnel transfers. A payroll list with signatures of received payments for members of Troop B, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry, drafted into service on August 5, 1917, can also be found in this material.
Collection of correspondence including letters written to Governor Charles Robinson and letters written by Charles Chadwick, Adjutant General of Kansas. Also included are appointments issued by James H. Lane, Commissioner of Recruiting, to Ernestus Gilpatrick, John Owens, Edward P. Kellam, C.K. Gilchrist, J.B. Allen, Felix Brenigan, Isaac Seaman, Robert Little, A.G. Cunningham, Andrew J. Frances, Robert Riddle, Joseph R. Kent, Jeremiah C. Johnson, William Cowan, and Allen Griffen. Topics discussed include the consolidation and reorganization of Kansas regiments and companies and mustering out of individuals. Several letters sent to General J.C. Stone in Leavenworth from citizens endorsing S.E. Ward, a trader at Fort Laramie, report Indian hostility along the road to California. A searchable, full-text version of this correspondence is available by clicking "Text Version" below.
This is correspondence sent and received by the Kansas Adjutant General's Office. Cyrus K. Holliday succeeded Guilford Dudley as Adjutant General in May 1864. Topics of this correspondence include hospital reports from Fort Scott, requests for more appointments of medical officers, transmittal of muster rolls, a list of volunteers from Wisconsin who enlisted in Kansas, and letters from Elizabeth Pearsons Clouse inquiring about her son, Benjamin Franklin Pearsons. Correspondence was frequently exchanged with Lieutenant J.R. Kemble, General John B. Gray, Assistant Provost Marshal Sidney Clarke, Provost Marshal James McCahon, and Provost Marshal A.J. Shannon. Also included are letters from newspaper publishers requesting payment for printing General and Special Orders, including a young Marshall M. Murdock from the Burlingame Chronicle. A letter dated January 31, 1864 from President Abraham Lincoln orders the draft of 500,000 men. A searchable, full-text version of this correspondence is available by clicking "Text Version" below.
Correspondence sent and received by the Kansas Adjutant General's Office. Thomas J. Anderson succeeded Cyrus K. Holliday as Adjutant General in April 1865. Notable correspondents include Edmund G. Ross, William McEntyre Dye, and Sidney Clarke. Several letters were also received from publisher D.R. Anthony regarding the copying and distribution of the 1864 Adjutant General's Report. Many letters acknowledge the sending and receipt of muster rolls. This correspondence also includes several petitions nominating a new Brigadier General, including Colonel Sandy Lowe of Douglas County replacing General William Fishbacker. A searchable, full-text version of this correspondence is available by clicking "Text Version" below.
Kansas Adjutant General general correspondence, 1870
This correspondence of the Kansas Adjutant General includes letters received on a variety of topics including supplies, ammunition, Indian relations, depositions, orders, commissions, enrollments and others. Letters on Indian relations refer mostly to conflicts between white settlers and a group of Indians near the forks of the Solomon River. Price Raid claims are also addressed. Letters were often addressed to Governor James Harvey or to Adjutant General David Whittaker.
This correspondence includes letters received by the Kansas Adjutant General on a variety of topics but most of the letters request arms or troops to protect settlers from feared raids by Indians in the area. Many letters also inform the state of the enrollment of local militias for such protection in absence of assistance by state units. Requests for information on filing claims for damage from Indian raids are also included, as are requests on Price Raid claims. The correspondents often identify groups of Indians and their location. Tribes mentioned include the Cheyenne, Sioux, Comanche, Kiowa, Pawnee, Otoe, and Omaha. March 31st correspondence from the Department of the Missouri commander John Pope at Leavenworth informs Governor James Harvey of Indians given permission by the Indian Bureau to hunt buffalo between the Solomon and Arkansas rivers, particularly Red Cloud and other bands of Sioux. An April 4th letter from Governor Harvey orders Adjutant General David Whittaker to proceed to the frontier to inform the settlements of such permission and to avoid conflict.
Kansas Adjutant General general correspondence, 1872-1873
This correspondence of the Kansas Adjutant General includes letters received by Colonel David Whittaker on a variety of topics including supplies, claims for services, Indian damage claims, Price Raid claims, commissions, enrollments and others.
This correspondence includes letters received by C. A. Morris, the Kansas Adjutant General, on a variety of topics but most of the letters request arms or troops to protect settlers from feared raids by Indians in the area. Many letters also inform the state of the enrollment of local militias for such protection in absence of assistance by state units. Requests for information on filing claims for damage from Indian raids are also included, as are requests on Price Raid claims. Many of the letters are addressed to Governor Thomas Osborn. Many official or unofficial militia units enrolled by local communities express an urgent desire to receive orders to pursue the Indians on the southern border of Kansas. Indian tribes mentioned include the Cheyenne, Osage and Pawnee.
This correspondence includes letters received by C. A. Morris, the Kansas Adjutant General, on a variety of topics but most of the letters concern recent fear of Indian raids or their aftermath. Many letters are requests for pay for, or resignations from, militia service, and requests to return or redistribute guns and ammunition. Later in the year communities are again requesting arms and enrolling local militia units for protection against feared raids by Indians. Advertisements and solicitations from arms and ammunition dealers also begin to appear. Railroad companies also make requests for arms and related supplies to help protect their interests. Some letters are addressed to Governor Thomas Osborn. General John Pope, commander of the Department of the Missouri at Leavenworth denies a request for information about Indians recently taken into custody who may be suspected of involvement in raids on white settlers.
This correspondence includes letters received by the Kansas Adjutant General on a variety of topics. Many of the letters request arms or troops to protect settlers from feared raids by Indians in the area. Many letters also inform the state of the enrollment of local militias for such protection in absence of assistance by state units. Requests for information on filing claims for militia service and damage from Indian raids are also included. The letters are addressed to Governor Thomas Osborn, former Adjutant General C. A. Morris, and acting Adjutant General H. T. Beman. General John Pope, commander of the Department of the Missouri at Fort Leavenworth, sent letters on May 11th and May 15th directing companies of cavalry to be sent to observe the movements of Indian bands and protect settlements.
Kansas Adjutant General miscellaneous correpondence
Correspondence sent and received by Kansas Adjutant General Alexander B. Campbell. Frequent correspondents include Captain W.G. Hamrick, Colonel William Larzelere, Colonel William E. Hutchinson, and Captain John T. Taylor. Also included is a signed petition from citizens of Clay Center asking to be furnished with a piece of ordnance for an upcoming soldier reunion, and a transcription of the examination of W.L. McManomy concerning the shooting of Anson D. Fuller and J.C. Jenkins near Pratt Center on January 27, 1886.
This is correspondence sent and received by Kansas Adjutant General Alexander B. Campbell. Frequent correspondents include: L.N. Woodcock, S.L. Patrick, Henry W. Howe, William A. Pease, William Larzalere, and Frank W. Finch. The items include a petition from the First Light Battery seeking more weaponry and a petition regarding the removal of the captain of Company B, Second Regiment.
Kansas Adjutant General miscellaneous correspondence
Correspondence sent and received by Kansas Adjutant General Samuel H. Kelsey. Correspondents include Major Frank W. Butler, Captain Frank G. Babcock, Perry M. Hoisington, Captain Albert J. Jones, Captain J.F. Lawson, Captain Thomas A. Mayhew, Major E.W. Wellington, Captain Wilton D. Snodgrass, General Wilder S. Metcalf, and Brigadier General Henry Blanchard Freeman. Adjutant General Kelsey requested information relating to appropriation from other state militia and received responses from Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Virginia, New York, Connecticut, Ohio, Maryland, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Illinois. Also included in this correspondence are several bills and receipts for services from Ottawa Gas and Heating Company, Franklin County Hardware Company, Topeka Transfer and Storage Company, and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, among others.
This is correspondence received by Kansas Adjutant General Alexander B. Campbell. Frequent correspondents include S.L. Patrick, M.C. Reville, J.F. Morrison, P.W. Kreskey, C.T. Kelton, and Ben L. Henderson, among others. Many of these men were members of the Kansas National Guard who were employed as lawyers, some specializing in military pension claims.
Correspondence to and from Kansas Adjutant General Hiram Allen, who held this position from 1897-1899. Noteworthy items mentioned in this correspondence include state approval for the organization of a new volunteer infantry in Coffeyville, Kansas and a description of the Sons of Veterans Camp in Hutchinson, Kansas. Letters written to Governor John Leedy are also included, urging him to enlist men for service and accept those rendering services for the Spanish-American War, which occurred April-August 1898.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A disturbing string of training material used by the FBI and a U.S. attorney's office came to light beginning in late July that reveals a deep anti-Muslim sentiment within the U.S. government.
If this matter is not immediately addressed, it will undermine the relationship between law enforcement and the Muslim American community — another example of the ineptitude and/or apathy undermining bridges built with care over decades. It is not enough to just call it a "very valid concern," as FBI Director Robert Mueller told a congressional committee this month.
The training material in question provided to FBI agents at the academy in Quantico, Va. — as first reported by Wired magazine's Danger Room blog — contained bigoted and inflammatory views on Muslims, including claims that "devout" Muslims are more prone toward violence, that Islam aims to "transform a country's culture into 7th century Arabian ways," that Islamic charitable giving is a "funding mechanism for combat" and that the prophet Muhammad was a "violent cult leader."
Wired also found a 2010 presentation by an analyst working for the U.S. attorney's office in Pennsylvania that warns of a " 'Civilizational Jihad' stretching back from the dawn of Islam and waged today in the U.S. by 'civilians, juries, lawyers, media, academia and charities' who threaten 'our values.' The goal of that war: 'Replacement of American Judeo-Christian and Western liberal social, political and religious foundations by Islam.'"
Such baseless and inflammatory claims shall best be left to those few who share Al Qaeda's agenda of keeping America in a perpetual state of war with Islam. In other words, the rhetoric of Al Qaeda and these law enforcement trainers are opposite sides of the same coin of hate.
If our law enforcement and intelligence agencies continue to use incorrect and divisive training literature, the crucial partnership between the Muslim American community and law enforcement will slowly disintegrate. According to the Muslim Public Affairs Council's Post-9/11 Terrorism Incident Database, these partnerships have proved effective in keeping our nation safe. Nearly 40% of Al Qaeda-related plots threatening the American homeland since 9/11 have been foiled thanks to tips from Muslims.
One example of this is the so-called Virginia 5 case in 2009, in which information from the Muslim community in Virginia led to the arrest in Pakistan of five Muslims from Virginia who were trying to join an Al Qaeda group. Last year, in another case, members of a Maryland community warned law enforcement about Antonio Martinez, who had recently converted to Islam. He was subsequently arrested after he allegedly tried to blow up a military recruitment center.
More important, Muslim leaders, not FBI agents, can more effectively battle Al Qaeda's destructive ideas.
I have worked for more than 20 years with law enforcement and Muslim American communities, and one of the biggest consequences of these training sessions and use of this material is the setback of a vital relationship that required years to build. I know justifiable criticism can be levied against some Muslim leaders in America for not aggressively promoting civic engagement, for not being self-critical enough and for not distancing themselves from rabble-rousers. But how can we persuade Muslim American communities to stay at the table when the food on the table is filled with poison?
These training manuals are making it more difficult for Muslim Americans to foster any trust with law enforcement agencies. Biased and faulty training leads to biased and faulty policing.
The real challenge now is getting the partnership back on track, and for the FBI and the Justice Department to take the following steps: issue a clear and unequivocal apology to the Muslim American community; establish a thorough and transparent vetting process in selecting its trainers and materials; invite experts who have no animosity toward any religion to conduct training about any religious community to law enforcement. Finally, the White House needs to form an interagency task force that can conduct an independent review of FBI and Justice Department training material.
The following words are etched into the walls of the FBI headquarters building in Washington: "The most effective weapon against crime is cooperation … of all law enforcement agencies with the support and understanding of the American people."
Atty. Gen. Eric H. Holder Jr. and FBI Director Mueller, take some leadership on this matter, or the partnership we've built to counter violent extremism will forever be handicapped. The question you have to answer is simple: Are we on the same team or not?


text:
%  Creates a simple square object

% You should have added the @WritePreFeko directory to your path, you might need to add
% it from the base directory otherwise you might get class errors.

% RUN THIS FROM THE Examples/FekoExamples/ directory
% Otherwise set the Directory variable to the desired directory

% Let get the current directory and
CurrentDirectory=pwd;

Filename='SimpleSquare.pre';
Directory=[CurrentDirectory '/PreFiles'];

% Create the WritePreFeko Object with a filename and directory where we wish to save the
% .pre file
F=WritePreFeko(Filename, Directory);
% Let's put in a comment including time stamping the file.
F=header(F, 'Simple Square example');

% In order to create the square we need to define the edge points first.
%
%   d ------SqL------- c
%   |                  |
%   |                  |
%   |                  |
%   |                  |
%   |                  |
%   |                  |
%   |                  |
%   a ---------------- b

SqL=1;
% We must now define the points, the most basic way is to define the points
% individually, in x y and z, use DPA and DPxyz for adding more points.
F=DP(F, 'a', 0, 0, 0);
F=DP(F, 'b', SqL, 0, 0);
F=DP(F, 'c', SqL, SqL, 0);
F=DP(F, 'd', 0, SqL, 0);

% Let's create the square using the BQ quadrangle card
F=BQ(F,'a','b','c','d');

% Let's now add the meshing rules, we only need to add the maximum triangle edge length.
TriLength=SqL/10;
F=IP(F,[],TriLength,[],[],[]);

% We are now ready to create the square
write(F);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


FiberFizz is a sub brand of Supermucil kept by Amar Overseas Supermucil is known for best quality psyllium products. FiberFizz is psyllium effervescent that comes in smooth orange flavor. It is completely sugar free.
Product Description: FiberFizz is a sub brand of Supermucil kept by Amar Overseas Supermucil is known for best quality psyllium products. FiberFizz is psyllium effervescent that comes in smooth orange flavor. It is completely sugar free.
Direction for use: To make a pleasant orange high fiber drink, quickly stir 1 teaspoonful of FiberFizz into a glass of normal water (approx. 250 ml) and drink straight away, preferably after meal. An additional glass of water is advisable.


text:
Q: Is it possible to load object (image or something) directly on scene via script in Spark AR? I want to load image/object from Assets directly on scene in Spark AR by tapping on screen. I know how to track tapping, but didn't find any methods/patches to load something on scene. For example, I can insert a plane on scene before my effect is going to start, but can't do this from code. What should i do to insert a plane via script? Is it possible?
Thanks for answering!

A: No, unfortunately this is not possible. A work-around is to put all the object in the scene that you will need, then hide/show them as needed via script.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ricardo Soberón (nom complet Ricardo Antonio Soberón Garrido) est un avocat péruvien, militant des droits de l'homme et nommé en août 2011 par le président Ollanta Humala à la tête de la DEVIDA (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas, Commission nationale pour le développement et la vie sans drogues). À ce titre, il a rang de ministre d'État . Soberón avait été un critique important du précédent gouvernement d'Alan García.

Biographie

Avocat et diplômé d'un master en relations internationales du Peace Studies Department de l'Université de Bradford (Angleterre).

Il est également membre du Transnational Institute, ONG pour laquelle il rédigea des analyses sur la politique en matière de stupéfiants . Il est également fondateur et directeur du Centro de Investigación "Drogas y Derechos Humanos à Lima. À cet égard, il est très critique vis-à-vis de la politique d' menée par les États-Unis, considérant que malgré celle-ci, les cultures illégales de coca ne cessent d'augmenter au Pérou. Sa nomination à la tête de la DEVIDA, où il est chargé, entre autres, de la lutte contre le trafic de stupéfiants, sonne ainsi comme un coup de tonnerre .

Références

Voir aussi
 Gouvernement du Pérou
 « Guerre contre la drogue » et Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act de 2002

Avocat péruvien
Personnalité politique péruvienne
Personnalité liée à la défense des droits de l'homme
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)
Lieu de naissance inconnu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dania is non-selective, though class size is limited. The Early Years programme is especially popular. To secure a place for your child, applications should be received by March 30 and a £1000 deposit placed. This deposit will be returned once a 90-day notice is given prior to the beginning of the next term.
Our fees for new enrollments as of January 2021 are:
£5,200 per term paid via direct debit in monthly instalments of £1,300.
Preschool is open from 8:15 a.m. – 6 p.m. 48 week per year. Fees include daily afternoon snack and a hot lunch on Fridays.
Primary School (Reception to Year 6)
£4,400.00 per term per term paid via direct debit in monthly instalments of £1,100.
The school day begins at 9 a.m. and ends at 3:00. Fees are paid via direct debit. Children may be dropped off at the school from 8:30 a.m. and are picked up from the playground at between 3:00 and 3:30 p.m. Family-style-hot lunch is served on Friday which in included in the school fees. Afterschool, Holiday, and Summer clubs are available to provide coverage for work schedules.
Bursaries:
Dania Scandinavian School offers a bursary scheme to parents, which are allocated according to need. Dania will allocate 10% of its surplus to bursaries. We are also actively seeking financial support from private and corporate sponsors. An application can be made in writing, at any time, to the Board of Governors at Dania Scandinavian School, stating the reasons why a bursary is needed and documentation of income.


MOTIVATED SELLER | $2,500 CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS CLOSING COSTS W/ OUR PREFERRED LENDER | NEW ROOF | MOVE IN READY | Gorgeous Hm located in the Sought after Chateau Elan.Front Porch w/Open Floor Plan,Hardwood Floors Thru out, Master on Mn/Sitting Area w/FP, Beautiful Great Rm w/wall of windows that overlook the beautiful private back yd.Chef's Kitchen,Beautiful Cabinetry,SS Appl & Brkfst Bar.Kitchen opens to Vaulted Beamed Keeping Rm w/Stone Fireplace & access to the brick deck.Upper Lvl Bdrms offer Jack/Jill Bath w/2Lg Bdrms & 1Bdrm w/Full Bth. Finished Terrace Level has an AWESOME Media Rm/Full Bar/Bdrm/Full Bth/Gym/Great Storage/Garage Door. Invisible dog fence.
I85N to Exit 126. Left on Hwy 211. Left on Thompson Mill Rd. Left into Chateau Elan to guard gate. Agents must present business card.
2373 Bronze Oak Ln is a 5,316 (*estimated) square foot home with 5 bedrooms and 4 bathrooms located in Braselton GA, Gwinnett County. This property is listed for sale at $649,800 and is currently active and accepting offers.


How do you remove oder from athletic shoes?
How do you get rid of foot oder?
Soak feet in Listerine mouth wash, even the cheap stuff works, but use the brown, as the green will stain your feet. It may sound weird, but works great and fast.
If there is a oder in your urine could you have aids?
You could have a urinary track infection or some other infection. Get it checked out by a doctor either way. This is not a symptom of HIV/ AIDS .
How are bad-odered flowers pollinated?
The same as other flowers. Insects that pollinate flowers generally do not sense odors the same as humans do.
How do you spell oder?
What is the oder of the jewels on nabooti island?
What are ways to get rid of underarm oder?
It all comes down to personal hygiene really. Just shower/bathe regularly and apply deodorant every so often and you will be fine. Hope this helps.
What does oder in the vaginal area mean?
What is the matrix's in oder?


ProstAid is a voluntary group made up of men who have been affected by Prostate Cancer. ProstAid required a mobile Android app to promote awareness of prostate cancer to a wider audience plus raise funds for the charity.
Netready were able to put a completely fresh business perspective on the presentation and branding of the app. The style of the application also leant itself to being developed on a platform that enabled one product to be developed then released easily on Android and iphone.
We designed an intuitive navigation process that would appeal to everyone and guide people from topic to topic with ease.


text:
$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__))
$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib'))
require 'firefly-client'
require 'spec'
require 'spec/autorun'
require 'fakeweb'

FakeWeb.allow_net_connect = false

Spec::Runner.configure do |config|

end


Computer Weekly's CW500 Club events attract the top IT leaders in the UK to talk to their peers about the latest trends and technologies, and to discuss the challenges they face. Here, we present the coverage of all the 2017 CW500 events, including articles and video interviews with speakers.
The number of major cyber attacks in the UK is accelerating, according to the National Cyber Security Centre. Just this year, the NHS and the Houses of Parliament, along with major corporations such as Maersk and Debenhams, were hit in high-profile incidents.
In 2018, the EU's new data protection laws will make data breach notification mandatory for the first time – increasingly, customers turn away from companies that fail to protect their data. As such, it is more important than ever for IT and security leaders to know what is happening at every point in their network, and to have information to hand to react if affected by an attack. Your personal and corporate reputation may depend on the security intelligence you have.
In this CW500 Club event, we analysed the lessons from the recent cyber attacks, and discussed the technologies and best practices that can help.
2. As cloud use matures, what lessons have IT leaders learned so far and what are the next steps on the cloud journey?
The use of cloud is maturing – most organisations use some form of cloud service as part of their IT infrastructure. What have they learned?
Some see the benefits but also the risk of moving to cloud too quickly. Some struggle to make a hybrid of in-house and public cloud work effectively. Others find they need multiple clouds from different providers, but integration and interoperability are difficult.
In this CW500 event, we heard from mature users of cloud about the lessons they have learned, and how this will influence their future strategy as they look to take their next steps.
The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) comes into force on 25 May 2018, and regardless of what happens with Brexit, the new rules will affect every organisation that handles data from EU citizens. If you don't comply, you won't be able to exchange data with the EU. The legislation imposes strict new obligations – including data breach notification – and higher penalties for non-compliance.
In this CW500 event, we explained the new rules and examined their significance for IT leaders.
In the first CW500 event of 2017, we took our annual start-of-the-year look forward to the 12 months ahead for IT leaders and the key trends of the coming year, to discuss how the challenges may affect your strategic planning process.


We use a durable, high-quality acrylic coating and apply it on the existing counter. This process takes only 2–4 hours and requires no demolition and dusty construction. This kind of works well on, bathroom vanities, laminate breakfast bars, and cultured marble sink vanities.
Countertop refinishing is a process of repairing and restoring an existing kitchen counter or bathroom vanity to extend its functional life, without replacement. The process involves the application of a very hard and durable acrylic coating to the existing counter. Countertop refinishing works equally well on kitchen countertops, bathroom vanities, laminate breakfast bars, and even cultured marble sink vanities.
Typically 2-4 hours to complete the job.
No dusty demolition or construction mess.
Contact us today - our staff is looking forward to working with you!
Bathtub Repair and Reglazing Riverside, Corona, Norco, Eastvale, Jurupa Valley, Ontario, Fontana, Moreno Valley, Chino Hills - Inland Empire and surrounding areas.
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