text:
Nuclear magnetic resonance: translation
This article is about the physical phenomenon. For its use as a method in spectroscopy, see Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
"NMR" redirects here. For other uses, see NMR (disambiguation).
First 1 GHz NMR Spectrometer (1000 MHz, 23.5 T) was installed at the new 'Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs' in Lyon, France in August 2009
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation. This energy is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the isotope of the atoms. NMR allows the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of the atomic nucleus. Many scientific techniques exploit NMR phenomena to study molecular physics, crystals, and non-crystalline materials through NMR spectroscopy. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
All isotopes that contain an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons (see Isotope) have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum, in other words a nonzero spin, while all nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero. The most commonly studied nuclei are 1
H and 13
C, although nuclei from isotopes of many other elements (e.g. 2
H, 6
Li, 10
B, 11
N, 15
O, 19
F, 23
Na, 29
Si, 31
P, 35
Cl, 113
Cd, 129
Xe, 195
Pt) have been studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well.
A key feature of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is this feature that is exploited in imaging techniques; if a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Since the resolution of the imaging technique depends on the magnitude of magnetic field gradient, many efforts are made to develop increased field strength, often using superconductors. The effectiveness of NMR can also be improved using hyperpolarization, and/or using two-dimensional, three-dimensional and higher-dimensional multi-frequency techniques.
The principle of NMR usually involves two sequential steps:
The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field H0.
The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by employing an electro-magnetic, usually radio frequency (RF) pulse. The required perturbing frequency is dependent upon the static magnetic field (H0) and the nuclei of observation.
The two fields are usually chosen to be perpendicular to each other as this maximizes the NMR signal strength. The resulting response by the total magnetization (M) of the nuclear spins is the phenomenon that is exploited in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Both use intense applied magnetic fields (H0) in order to achieve dispersion and very high stability to deliver spectral resolution, the details of which are described by chemical shifts, the Zeeman effect, and Knight shifts (in metals).
NMR phenomena are also utilized in low-field NMR, NMR spectroscopy and MRI in the Earth's magnetic field (referred to as Earth's field NMR), and in several types of magnetometers.
2 Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance
2.1 Nuclear spin and magnets
2.2 Values of spin angular momentum
2.2.1 Spin behavior in a magnetic field
2.2.2 Magnetic resonance by nuclei
2.2.3 Nuclear shielding
2.3 Relaxation
3 NMR spectroscopy
3.1 Continuous wave (CW) spectroscopy
3.2 Fourier transform spectroscopy
3.3 Multi-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy
3.4 Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
3.5 Sensitivity
3.6 Isotopes
4.1 Medicine
4.2 Chemistry
4.3 Non-destructive testing
4.4 Acquisition of dynamic information
4.5 Data acquisition in the petroleum industry
4.6 Flow probes for NMR spectroscopy
4.7 Process control
4.8 Earth's field NMR
4.9 Quantum computing
4.10 Magnetometers
5 Makers of NMR equipment
9.1 Tutorial
9.2 Animations and Simulations
9.3 Video
Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938,[1] and in 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for this work.[2] In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the technique for use on liquids and solids, for which they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952.[3][4]
Purcell had worked on the development of radar during World War II at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory. His work during that project on the production and detection of radio frequency power and on the absorption of such RF power by matter laid the background for Rabi's discovery of NMR.
Rabi, Bloch, and Purcell noticed that magnetic nuclei, like 1
P, could absorb RF energy when placed in a magnetic field of a strength specific to the identity of the nuclei. When this absorption occurs, the nucleus is described as being in resonance. Different atomic nuclei within a molecule resonate at different (radio) frequencies for the same magnetic field strength. The observation of such magnetic resonance frequencies of the nuclei present in a molecule allows any trained user to discover essential, chemical and structural information about the molecule.
The development of NMR as a technique in analytical chemistry and biochemistry parallels the development of electromagnetic technology and advanced electronics and their introduction into civilian use.
Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear spin and magnets
All nucleons, that is neutrons and protons, composing any atomic nucleus, have the intrinsic quantum property of spin. The overall spin of the nucleus is determined by the spin quantum number S. If the number of both the protons and neutrons in a given nuclide are even then S = 0, i.e. there is no overall spin. Then, just as electrons pair up in atomic orbitals, so do even numbers of protons or even numbers of neutrons (which are also spin-1⁄2 particles and hence fermions) pair up giving zero overall spin.
However, a proton and neutron will have lower energy when their spins are parallel, not anti-parallel, since this parallel spin alignment does not infringe upon the Pauli Exclusion Principle, but instead it has to do with the quark structure of these two nucleons. Therefore, the spin ground state for the deuteron (the deuterium nucleus, or the 2H isotope of hydrogen)—that has only a proton and a neutron—corresponds to a spin value of 1, not of zero. The single, isolated deuteron therefore exhibits an NMR absorption spectrum characteristic of a quadrupolar nucleus of spin 1, which in the "rigid" state at very low temperatures is a characteristic ('Pake') doublet, (not a singlet as for a single, isolated 1H, or any other isolated fermion or dipolar nucleus of spin 1/2). On the other hand, because of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, the tritium isotope of hydrogen must have a pair of anti-parallel spin neutrons (of total spin zero for the neutron-spin pair), plus a proton of spin 1/2. Therefore, the character of the tritium nucleus is again magnetic dipolar, not quadrupolar—like its non-radioactive deuteron neighbor—and the tritium nucleus total spin value is again 1/2, just like for the simpler, abundant hydrogen isotope, 1H nucleus (the proton). The NMR absorption (radio) frequency for tritium is however slightly higher than that of 1H because the tritium nucleus has a slightly higher gyromagnetic ratio than 1H. In many other cases of non-radioactive nuclei, the overall spin is also non-zero. For example, the 27
Al nucleus has an overall spin value S = 5⁄2.
A non-zero spin is thus always associated with a non-zero magnetic moment (μ) via the relation μ = γS, where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio. It is this magnetic moment that allows the observation of NMR absorption spectra caused by transitions between nuclear spin levels. Most nuclides (with some rare exceptions) that have both even numbers of protons and even numbers of neutrons, also have zero nuclear magnetic moments, and they also have zero magnetic dipole and quadrupole moments. Hence, such nuclides do not exhibit any NMR absorption spectra. Thus, 18
O is an example of a nuclide that has no NMR absorption, whereas 13
C, 31
Cl and 37
Cl are nuclides that do exhibit NMR absorption spectra. The last two nuclei are quadrupolar nuclei whereas the preceding two nuclei (13
C and 31
P) are dipolar ones.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) is a related technique in which transitions between electronic spin levels are detected than nuclear ones. The basic principles are similar but the instrumentation, data analysis, and detailed theory are significantly different. Moreover, there is a much smaller number of molecules and materials with unpaired electron spins that exhibit ESR (or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)) absorption than those that have NMR absorption spectra. ESR has much higher sensitivity than NMR does.
Values of spin angular momentum
The angular momentum associated with nuclear spin is quantized. This means both that the magnitude of angular momentum is quantized (i.e. S can only take on a restricted range of values), and also that the orientation of the associated angular momentum is quantized. The associated quantum number is known as the magnetic quantum number, m, and can take values from +S to −S, in integer steps. Hence for any given nucleus, there is a total of 2S + 1 angular momentum states.
The z-component of the angular momentum vector (S) is therefore Sz = mħ, where ħ is the reduced Planck constant. The z-component of the magnetic moment is simply:
Spin behavior in a magnetic field
Splitting of nuclei spin states in an external magnetic field
Consider nuclei which have a spin of one-half, like 1
H, 13
C or 19
F. The nucleus has two possible spin states: m = 1⁄2 or m = −1⁄2 (also referred to as spin-up and spin-down, or sometimes α and β spin states, respectively). These states are degenerate, that is they have the same energy. Hence the number of atoms in these two states will be approximately equal at thermal equilibrium.
If a nucleus is placed in a magnetic field, however, the interaction between the nuclear magnetic moment and the external magnetic field mean the two states no longer have the same energy. The energy of a magnetic moment μ when in a magnetic field B0 is given by:
Usually the z axis is chosen to be along B0, and the above expression reduces to:
or alternatively:
As a result the different nuclear spin states have different energies in a non-zero magnetic field. In hand-waving terms, we can talk about the two spin states of a spin 1⁄2 as being aligned either with or against the magnetic field. If γ is positive (true for most isotopes) then m = 1⁄2 is the lower energy state.
The energy difference between the two states is:
and this difference results in a small population bias toward the lower energy state.
Magnetic resonance by nuclei
Resonant absorption by nuclear spins will occur only when electromagnetic radiation of the correct frequency (e.g., equaling the Larmor precession rate) is being applied to match the energy difference between the nuclear spin levels in a constant magnetic field of the appropriate strength. The energy of an absorbed photon is then E = hν0, where ν0 is the resonance radiofrequency that has to match (that is, it has to be equal to) the Larmor precession frequency νL of the nuclear magnetization in the constant magnetic field B0. Hence, a magnetic resonance absorption will only occur when ΔE = hν0, which is when ν0 = γB0/(2π). Such magnetic resonance frequencies typically correspond to the radio frequency (or RF) range of the electromagnetic spectrum for magnetic fields up to ~20 T. It is this magnetic resonant absorption which is detected in NMR.[citation needed]
Nuclear shielding
It might appear from the above that all nuclei of the same nuclide (and hence the same γ) would resonate at the same frequency. This is not the case. The most important perturbation of the NMR frequency for applications of NMR is the "shielding" effect of the surrounding shells of electrons.[5] Electrons similar to the nucleus, are also charged and rotate with a spin to produce a magnetic field opposite to the magnetic field produced by the nucleus. In general, this electronic shielding reduces the magnetic field at the nucleus (which is what determines the NMR frequency).
As a result the energy gap is reduced, and the frequency required to achieve resonance is also reduced. This shift in the NMR frequency due to the electronic molecular orbital coupling to the external magnetic field is called chemical shift, and it explains why NMR is able to probe the chemical structure of molecules, which depends on the electron density distribution in the corresponding molecular orbitals. If a nucleus in a specific chemical group is shielded to a higher degree by a higher electron density of its surrounding molecular orbital, then its NMR frequency will be shifted "upfield" (that is, a lower chemical shift), whereas if it is less shielded by such surrounding electron density, then its NMR frequency will be shifted "downfield" (that is, a higher chemical shift).
Unless the local symmetry of such molecular orbitals is very high (leading to "isotropic" shift), the shielding effect will depend on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the external field (B0). In solid-state NMR spectroscopy, magic angle spinning is required to average out this orientation dependence in order to obtain values close to the average chemical shifts. This is unnecessary in conventional NMR investigations of molecules, since rapid "molecular tumbling" averages out the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). In this case, the term "average" chemical shift (ACS) is used.
For more details on this topic, see Relaxation (NMR).
The process called population relaxation refers to nuclei that return to the thermodynamic state in the magnet. This process is also called T1, "spin-lattice" or "longitudinal magnetic" relaxation, where T1 refers to the mean time for an individual nucleus to return to its thermal equilibrium state of the spins. Once the nuclear spin population is relaxed, it can be probed again, since it is in the initial, equilibrium (mixed) state.
The precessing nuclei can also fall out of alignment with each other (returning the net magnetization vector to a non-precessing field) and stop producing a signal. This is called T2 or transverse relaxation. Because of the difference in the actual relaxation mechanisms involved (for example, inter-molecular vs. intra-molecular magnetic dipole-dipole interactions ), T1 is usually (except in rare cases) longer than T2 (that is, slower spin-lattice relaxation, for example because of smaller dipole-dipole interaction effects). In practice, the value of which is the actually observed decay time of the observed NMR signal, or free induction decay, (to 1/e of the initial amplitude immediately after the resonant RF pulse)-- also depends on the static magnetic field inhomogeneity, which is quite significant. (There is also a smaller but significant contribution to the observed FID shortening from the RF inhomogeneity of the resonant pulse). In the corresponding FT-NMR spectrum—meaning the Fourier transform of the free induction decay--the time is inversely related to the width of the NMR signal in frequency units. Thus, a nucleus with a long T2 relaxation time gives rise to a very sharp NMR peak in the FT-NMR spectrum for a very homogeneous ("well-shimmed") static magnetic field, whereas nuclei with shorter T2 values give rise to broad FT-NMR peaks even when the magnet is shimmed well. Both T1 and T2 depend on the rate of molecular motions as well as the gyromagnetic ratios of both the resonating and their strongly interacting, next-neighbor nuclei that are not at resonance.
A Hahn echo decay experiment can be used to measure the dephasing time, as shown in the animation below. The size of the echo is recorded for different spacings of the two pulses. This reveals the decoherence which is not refocused by the π pulse. In simple cases, an exponential decay is measured which is described by the T2 time.
Main article: NMR spectroscopy
900 MHz, 21.2 T NMR Magnet at HWB-NMR, Birmingham, UK
NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to either the chemical shift, Zeeman effect, or the Knight shift effect, or a combination of both, on the resonant frequencies of the nuclei present in the sample. It is a powerful technique that can provide detailed information on the topology, dynamics and three-dimensional structure of molecules in solution and the solid state. Thus, structural and dynamic information is obtainable (with or without "magic angle" spinning (MAS)) from NMR studies of quadrupolar nuclei (that is, those nuclei with spin S > 1⁄2) even in the presence of magnetic "dipole-dipole" interaction broadening (or simply, dipolar broadening) which is always much smaller than the quadrupolar interaction strength because it is a magnetic vs. an electric interaction effect.
Additional structural and chemical information may be obtained by performing double-quantum NMR experiments for quadrupolar nuclei such as 2
H. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the techniques that has been used to design quantum automata, and also build elementary quantum computers.[6][7]
Continuous wave (CW) spectroscopy
In its first few decades, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers used a technique known as continuous-wave spectroscopy (CW spectroscopy). Although NMR spectra could be, and have been, obtained using a fixed magnetic field and sweeping the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, this more typically involved using a fixed frequency source and varying the current (and hence magnetic field) in an electromagnet to observe the resonant absorption signals. This is the origin of the counterintuitive, but still common, "high field" and "low field" terminology for low frequency and high frequency regions respectively of the NMR spectrum.
CW spectroscopy is inefficient in comparison with Fourier analysis techniques (see below) since it probes the NMR response at individual frequencies in succession. Since the NMR signal is intrinsically weak, the observed spectrum suffers from a poor signal-to-noise ratio. This can be mitigated by signal averaging i.e. adding the spectra from repeated measurements. While the NMR signal is constant between scans and so adds linearly, the random noise adds more slowly - proportional to the square-root of the number of spectra (see random walk). Hence the overall signal-to-noise ratio increases as the square-root of the number of spectra measured.
Fourier transform spectroscopy
Most applications of NMR involve full NMR spectra, that is, the intensity of the NMR signal as a function of frequency. Early attempts to acquire the NMR spectrum more efficiently than simple CW methods involved illuminating the target simultaneously with more than one frequency. A revolution in NMR occurred when short pulses of radio-frequency radiation began to be used -- centered at the middle of the NMR spectrum. In simple terms, a short square pulse of a given "carrier" frequency "contains" a range of frequencies centered about the carrier frequency, with the range of excitation (bandwidth) being inversely proportional to the pulse duration. The Fourier transform of an approximately square wave contains contributions from all the frequencies in the neighborhood of the principal frequency. The restricted range of the NMR frequencies made it relatively easy to use short (millisecond to microsecond) radio frequency pulses to excite the entire NMR spectrum.[citation needed]
Applying such a pulse to a set of nuclear spins simultaneously excites all the single-quantum NMR transitions. In terms of the net magnetization vector, this corresponds to tilting the magnetization vector away from its equilibrium position (aligned along the external magnetic field). The out-of-equilibrium magnetization vector precesses about the external magnetic field vector at the NMR frequency of the spins. This oscillating magnetization vector induces a current in a nearby pickup coil, creating an electrical signal oscillating at the NMR frequency. This signal is known as the free induction decay (FID), and it contains the vector sum of the NMR responses from all the excited spins. In order to obtain the frequency-domain NMR spectrum (NMR absorption intensity vs. NMR frequency) this time-domain signal (intensity vs. time) must be Fourier transformed. Fortunately the development of Fourier Transform NMR coincided with the development of digital computers and the digital Fast Fourier Transform. Fourier methods can be applied to many types of spectroscopy. (See the full article on Fourier transform spectroscopy.)
Richard R. Ernst was one of the pioneers of pulse NMR, and he won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1991 for his work on Fourier Transform NMR and his development of multi-dimensional NMR (see below).
Multi-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy
The use of pulses of different shapes, frequencies and durations in specifically designed patterns or pulse sequences allows the spectroscopist to extract many different types of information about the molecule. Multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a kind of FT NMR in which there are at least two pulses and, as the experiment is repeated, the pulse sequence is systematically varied. In multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance there will be a sequence of pulses and, at least, one variable time period. In three dimensions, two time sequences will be varied. In four dimensions, three will be varied.
There are many such experiments. In one, these time intervals allow (amongst other things) magnetization transfer between nuclei and, therefore, the detection of the kinds of nuclear-nuclear interactions that allowed for the magnetization transfer. Interactions that can be detected are usually classified into two kinds. There are through-bond interactions and through-space interactions, the latter usually being a consequence of the nuclear Overhauser effect. Experiments of the nuclear Overhauser variety may be employed to establish distances between atoms, as for example by 2D-FT NMR of molecules in solution.
Although the fundamental concept of 2D-FT NMR was proposed by Jean Jeener from the Free University of Brussels at an International Conference, this idea was largely developed by Richard Ernst who won the 1991 Nobel prize in Chemistry for his work in FT NMR, including multi-dimensional FT NMR, and especially 2D-FT NMR of small molecules.[8] Multi-dimensional FT NMR experiments were then further developed into powerful methodologies for studying biomolecules in solution, in particular for the determination of the structure of biopolymers such as proteins or even small nucleic acids.[9]
In 2002 Kurt Wüthrich shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (with John Bennett Fenn and Koichi Tanaka) for his work with protein FT NMR in solution.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Main article: Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
This technique complements X-ray crystallography in that it is frequently applicable to molecules in a liquid or liquid crystal phase, whereas crystallography, as the name implies, is performed on molecules in a solid phase. Though nuclear magnetic resonance is used to study solids, extensive atomic-level molecular structural detail is especially challenging to obtain in the solid state. There is little signal averaging by thermal motion in the solid state, where most molecules can only undergo restricted vibrations and rotations at room temperature, each in a slightly different electronic environment, therefore exhibiting a different NMR absorption peak. Such a variation in the electronic environment of the resonating nuclei results in a blurring of the observed spectra—which is often only a broad Gaussian band for non-quadrupolar spins in a solid- thus making the interpretation of such "dipolar" and "chemical shift anisotropy" (CSA) broadened spectra either very difficult or impossible.
Professor Raymond Andrew at Nottingham University in the UK pioneered the development of high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. He was the first to report the introduction of the MAS (magic angle sample spinning; MASS) technique that allowed him to achieve spectral resolution in solids sufficient to distinguish between chemical groups with either different chemical shifts or distinct Knight shifts. In MASS, the sample is spun at several kilohertz around an axis that makes the so-called magic angle θm (which is ~54.74°, where cos2θm = 1/3) with respect to the direction of the static magnetic field B0; as a result of such magic angle sample spinning, the chemical shift anisotropy bands are averaged to their corresponding average (isotropic) chemical shift values. The above expression involving cos2θm has its origin in a calculation that predicts the magnetic dipolar interaction effects to cancel out for the specific value of θm called the magic angle. One notes that correct alignment of the sample rotation axis as close as possible to θm is essential for cancelling out the dipolar interactions whose strength for angles sufficiently far from θm is usually greater than ~10 kHz for C-H bonds in solids, for example, and it is thus greater than their CSA values.
There are different angles for the sample spinning relative to the applied field for the averaging of quadrupole interactions and paramagnetic interactions, correspondingly ~30.6° and ~70.1°
A concept developed by Sven Hartmann and Erwin Hahn was utilized in transferring magnetization from protons to less sensitive nuclei (popularly known as cross-polarization) by M.G. Gibby, Alex Pines and John S. Waugh. Then, Jake Schaefer and Ed Stejskal demonstrated also the powerful use of cross-polarization under MASS conditions which is now routinely employed to detect low-abundance and low-sensitivity nuclei.
Because the intensity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals and, hence, the sensitivity of the technique depends on the strength of the magnetic field the technique has also advanced over the decades with the development of more powerful magnets. Advances made in audio-visual technology have also improved the signal-generation and processing capabilities of newer instruments.
As noted above, the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals is also dependent on the presence of a magnetically-susceptible nuclide and, therefore, either on the natural abundance of such nuclides or on the ability of the experimentalist to artificially enrich the molecules, under study, with such nuclides. The most abundant naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen and phosphorus (for example) are both magnetically susceptible and readily useful for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In contrast, carbon and nitrogen have useful isotopes but which occur only in very low natural abundance.
Other limitations on sensitivity arise from the quantum-mechanical nature of the phenomenon. For quantum states separated by energy equivalent to radio frequencies, thermal energy from the environment causes the populations of the states to be close to equal. Since incoming radiation is equally likely to cause stimulated emission (a transition from the upper to the lower state) as absorption, the NMR effect depends on an excess of nuclei in the lower states. Several factors can reduce sensitivity, including
Increasing temperature, which evens out the population of states. Conversely, low temperature NMR can sometimes yield better results than room-temperature NMR, providing the sample remains liquid.
Saturation of the sample with energy applied at the resonant radiofrequency. This manifests in both CW and pulsed NMR; in the first case (CW) this happens by using too much continuous power that keeps the upper spin levels completely populated; in the second case (pulsed), each pulse (that is at least a 90° pulse) leaves the sample saturated, and four to five times the (longitudinal) relaxation time (5 T1) must pass before the next pulse or pulse sequence can be applied. For single pulse experiments, shorter RF pulses that tip the magnetization by less than 90° can be used, which loses some intensity of the signal, but allows for shorter recycle delays. The optimum there is called an Ernst angle, after the nobel laureate. Especially in solid state NMR, or in samples with very few nuclei with spins > 0, (diamond with the natural 1% of Carbon-13 is especially troublesome here) the longitudinal relaxation times can be on the range of hours, while for proton-NMR they are more on the range of one second.
Non-magnetic effects, such as electric-quadrupole coupling of spin-1 and spin-3⁄2 nuclei with their local environment, which broaden and weaken absorption peaks. 14
N, an abundant spin-1 nucleus, is difficult to study for this reason. High resolution NMR instead probes molecules using the rarer 15
N isotope, which has spin-1⁄2.
Many chemical elements can be used for NMR analysis.[10]
Commonly used nuclei:
H, the most commonly used spin ½ nucleus in NMR investigation, has been studied using many forms of NMR. Hydrogen is highly abundant, especially in biological systems. It is the nucleus most sensitive to NMR signal (apart from 3
H which is not commonly used due to its instability and radioactivity). Proton NMR produces narrow chemical shift with sharp signals. The 1
H signal has been the sole diagnostic nucleus used for clinical magnetic resonance imaging.
H, a spin 1 nucleus commonly utilized as signal-free medium in the form of deuterated solvents during proton NMR, to avoid signal interference from hydrogen-containing solvents in measurement of 1
H solutes. Also used in determining the behavior of lipids in lipid membranes and other solids or liquid crystals as it is a relatively non-perturbing label which can selectively replace 1
H. Alternatively, 2
H can be detected in media specially labeled with 2
H. Deuterium resonance is commonly used in high-resolution NMR spectroscopy to monitor drifts in the magnetic field strength (lock) and to improve the homogeneity of the external magnetic field.
He, is very sensitive to NMR. There is a very low percentage in natural helium, and subsequently has to be purified from 4
He. It is used mainly in studies of endohedral fullerenes, where its chemical inertness is beneficial to ascertaining the structure of the entrapping fullerene.
B, lower sensitivity than 11
B. Quartz tubes must be used as borosilicate glass interferes with measurement.
B, more sensitive than 10
B, yields sharper signals. Quartz tubes must be used as borosilicate glass interferes with measurement.
C spin-1/2, is widely used, despite its relative paucity in naturally occurring carbon (approximately 1%). It is stable to nuclear decay. Since there is a low percentage in natural carbon, spectrum acquisition on samples which have not been experimentally enriched in 13
C takes a long time. Frequently used for labeling of compounds in synthetic and metabolic studies. Has low sensitivity and wide chemical shift, yields sharp signals. Low percentage makes it useful by preventing spin-spin couplings and makes the spectrum appear less crowded. Slow relaxation means that spectra are not integrable unless long acquisition times are used.
N, spin-1, medium sensitivity nucleus with wide chemical shift. Its large quadrupole moment interferes in acquisition of high resolution spectra, limiting usefulness to smaller molecules and functional groups with a high degree of symmetry such as the headgroups of lipids.
N, spin-1/2,relatively commonly used. Can be used for labeling compounds. Nucleus very insensitive but yields sharp signals. Low percentage in natural nitrogen together with low sensitivity requires high concentrations or expensive isotope enrichment.
O, spin-5/2, low sensitivity and very low natural abundance (0.037%), wide chemical shifts range (up to 2000 ppm). Quadrupole moment causing a line broadening. Used in metabolic and biochemical studies in studies of chemical equilibria.
F, spin-1/2, relatively commonly measured. Sensitive, yields sharp signals, has wide chemical shift.
P, spin-1/2, 100% of natural phosphorus. Medium sensitivity, wide chemical shifts range, yields sharp lines. Used in biochemical studies.
Cl, broad signal. 35
Cl significantly more sensitive, preferred over 37
Cl despite its slightly broader signal. Organic chlorides yield very broad signals, its use is limited to inorganic and ionic chlorides and very small organic molecules.
Ca, used in biochemistry to study calcium binding to DNA, proteins, etc. Moderately sensitive, very low natural abundance.
Pt, used in studies of catalysts and complexes.
Other nuclei (usually used in the studies of their complexes and chemical binding, or to detect presence of the element):
Li, 7
K, 40
Ti, 49
V, 51
Cu, 65
Ga, 71
Ba, 137
Medical MRI
The application of nuclear magnetic resonance best known to the general public is magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnosis and magnetic resonance microscopy in research settings, however, it is also widely used in chemical studies, notably in NMR spectroscopy such as proton NMR, carbon-13 NMR, deuterium NMR and phosphorus-31 NMR. Biochemical information can also be obtained from living tissue (e.g. human brain tumors) with the technique known as in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy or chemical shift NMR Microscopy.
These studies are possible because nuclei are surrounded by orbiting electrons, which are charged particles that generate small, local magnetic fields that add to or subtract from the external magnetic field, and so will partially shield the nuclei. The amount of shielding depends on the exact local environment. For example, a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen will be shielded differently than a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom. In addition, two hydrogen nuclei can interact via a process known as spin-spin coupling, if they are on the same molecule, which will split the lines of the spectra in a recognizable way.
As one of the two major spectroscopic techniques used in metabolomics, NMR is used to generate metabolic fingerprints from biological fluids to obtain information about disease states or toxic insults.
By studying the peaks of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, chemists can determine the structure of many compounds. It can be a very selective technique, distinguishing among many atoms within a molecule or collection of molecules of the same type but which differ only in terms of their local chemical environment. See the articles on carbon-13 NMR and proton NMR for detailed discussions.
By studying T2* information, a chemist can determine the identity of a compound by comparing the observed nuclear precession frequencies to known frequencies. Further structural data can be elucidated by observing spin-spin coupling, a process by which the precession frequency of a nucleus can be influenced by the magnetization transfer from nearby nuclei. Spin-spin coupling is most commonly observed in NMR involving common isotopes, such as Hydrogen-1 (1
H NMR).
Because the nuclear magnetic resonance timescale is rather slow, compared to other spectroscopic methods, changing the temperature of a T2*experiment can also give information about fast reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement or about structural dynamics, such as ring-flipping in cyclohexane. At low enough temperatures, a distinction can be made between the axial and equatorial hydrogens in cyclohexane.
An example of nuclear magnetic resonance being used in the determination of a structure is that of buckminsterfullerene (often called "buckyballs", composition C60). This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon atoms forming a sphere. The carbon atoms are all in identical environments and so should see the same internal H field. Unfortunately, buckminsterfullerene contains no hydrogen and so 13
C nuclear magnetic resonance has to be used. 13
C spectra require longer acquisition times since carbon-13 is not the common isotope of carbon (unlike hydrogen, where 1
H is the common isotope). However, in 1990 the spectrum was obtained by R. Taylor and co-workers at the University of Sussex and was found to contain a single peak, confirming the unusual structure of buckminsterfullerene.[11]
Nuclear magnetic resonance is extremely useful for analyzing samples non-destructively. Radio waves and static magnetic fields easily penetrate many types of matter and anything that is not inherently ferromagnetic. For example, various expensive biological samples, such as nucleic acids, including RNA and DNA, or proteins, can be studied using nuclear magnetic resonance for weeks or months before using destructive biochemical experiments. This also makes nuclear magnetic resonance a good choice for analyzing dangerous samples.
Acquisition of dynamic information
In addition to providing static information on molecules by determining their 3D structures in solution, one of the remarkable advantages of NMR over X-ray crystallography is that it can be used to obtain important dynamic information including the low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA, for example in the Ca2+-calmodulin system.[12] The low-frequency internal motion in biomacromolecules and its biological functions have been discussed by Chou.[13]
Data acquisition in the petroleum industry
Main article: NMR in porous media
Another use for nuclear magnetic resonance is data acquisition in the petroleum industry for petroleum and natural gas exploration and recovery. A borehole is drilled into rock and sedimentary strata into which nuclear magnetic resonance logging equipment is lowered. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of these boreholes is used to measure rock porosity, estimate permeability from pore size distribution and identify pore fluids (water, oil and gas). These instruments are typically low field NMR spectrometers.
Flow probes for NMR spectroscopy
Recently, real-time applications of NMR in liquid media have been developed using specifically designed flow probes (flow cell assemblies) which can replace standard tube probes. This has enabled techniques that can incorporate the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or other continuous flow sample introduction devices.[14]
NMR has now entered the arena of real-time process control and process optimization in oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Two different types of NMR analysis are utilized to provide real time analysis of feeds and products in order to control and optimize unit operations. Time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) spectrometers operating at low field (2–20 MHz for 1
H) yield free induction decay data that can be used to determine absolute hydrogen content values, rheological information, and component composition. These spectrometers are used in mining, polymer production, cosmetics and food manufacturing as well as coal analysis. High resolution FT-NMR spectrometers operating in the 60 MHz range with shielded permanent magnet systems yield high resolution 1
H NMR spectra of refinery and petrochemical streams. The variation observed in these spectra with changing physical and chemical properties is modeled using chemometrics to yield predictions on unknown samples. The prediction results are provided to control systems via analogue or digital outputs from the spectrometer.
Earth's field NMR
Main article: Earth's field NMR
In the Earth's magnetic field, NMR frequencies are in the audio frequency range, or the very low frequency and ultra low frequency bands of the radio frequency spectrum. Earth's field NMR (EFNMR) is typically stimulated by applying a relatively strong dc magnetic field pulse to the sample and, after the end of the pulse, analyzing the resulting low frequency alternating magnetic field that occurs in the Earth's magnetic field due to free induction decay (FID). These effects are exploited in some types of magnetometers, EFNMR spectrometers, and MRI imagers. Their inexpensive portable nature makes these instruments valuable for field use and for teaching the principles of NMR and MRI.
An important feature of EFNMR spectrometry compared with high-field NMR is that some aspects of molecular structure can be observed more clearly at low fields and low frequencies, whereas other aspects observable at high fields are not observable at low fields. This is because:
Electron-mediated heteronuclear J-couplings (spin-spin couplings) are field independent, producing clusters of two or more frequencies separated by several Hz, which are more easily observed in a fundamental resonance of about 2kHz. "Indeed it appears that enhanced resolution is possible due to the long spin relaxation times and high field homogeneity which prevail in EFNMR."[15]
Chemical shifts of several ppm are clearly separated in high field NMR spectra, but have separations of only a few milliherz at proton EFNMR frequencies, so are usually lost in noise etc.
Main article: Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer
NMR quantum computing uses the spin states of molecules as qubits. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems, in this case molecules.
Main article: Magnetometer
Various magnetometers use NMR effects to measure magnetic fields, including proton precession magnetometers (PPM) (also known as proton magnetometers), and Overhauser magnetometers. See also Earth's field NMR.
Makers of NMR equipment
Major NMR instrument makers include Oxford Instruments, Bruker, Spinlock SRL, General Electric, JEOL, Kimble Chase, Philips, Siemens AG, Varian, Inc. and Agilent Technologies, Inc..
Carbon-13 NMR
Chemical shift
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP)
Earth's field NMR (EFNMR)
Free induction decay (FID)
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
J-coupling
Larmor equation (Not to be confused with Larmor formula).
Larmor precession
Low field NMR
Magic angle spinning
Off Magic Angle Spinning
NMR crystallography
NMR spectra database
NMR Microscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance in porous media
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Protein dynamics
Protein NMR
Proton NMR
Rabi cycle
Relaxometry
Relaxation (NMR)
Spin echo
Solid-state NMR
Zero field NMR
^ I.I. Rabi, J.R. Zacharias, S. Millman, P. Kusch (1938). "A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment". Physical Review 53 (4): 318. Bibcode 1938PhRv...53..318R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.53.318. PMID 9981980.
^ Biography of I. Rabi at Nobelprize.org
^ Filler, Aaron (2009). "The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI". Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3267.5.
^ 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics at Nobelprize.org
^ Principle of Shielding and Deshielding | NMRCentral.com
^ Quantum automaton and quantum computation (see also references therein)
^ Lieven M. K. Vandersypen; Steffen, Matthias; Breyta, Gregory; Yannoni, Costantino S.; Sherwood, Mark H.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2001). "Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance". Nature 414 (6866): 883–887. arXiv:quant-ph/0112176. Bibcode 2001Natur.414..883V. doi:10.1038/414883a. PMID 11780055.
^ "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fourier Transform Spectroscopy" Ernst's Nobel lecture. (Includes mention of Jeener's suggestion.)
^ I.C. Baianu. "Two-dimensional Fourier transforms". 2D-FT NMR and MRI. PlanetMath. http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/TwoDimensionalFourierTransforms.html. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
^ Multinuclear NMR
^ R. Taylor, J.P. Hare, A.K. Abdul-Sada, H.W. Kroto (1990). "Isolation, separation and characterization of the fullerenes C60 and C70: the third form of carbon". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 20 (20): 1423–1425. doi:10.1039/c39900001423.
^ Chou, J. J.; Li, S.; Klee, C. B.; Bax, A. (2001). "Solution structure of Ca2+-calmodulin reveals flexible hand-like properties of its domains". Nature Structural Biology 8 (11): 990–997. doi:10.1038/nsb1101-990. PMID 11685248.
^ Kuo-Chen Chou (1988). "Low-frequency collective motion in biomacromolecules and its biological functions". Biophys Chem 30: 3–48. PMID 3046672.
^ R.L Haner and P.A, Keifer (2009). "Flow Probes for NMR Spectroscopy". Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance. doi:10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1085.
^ Robinson J. N. et al. (2006). "Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy in Earth's magnetic field". Journal of Magnetic Resonance 182: 343–347. Bibcode 2006JMagR.182..343R. doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2006.06.027. http://www.sfu.ca/~simonw/phys431/references/nmr/robinson_nmr_imaging_JMR2006.pdf.
Gary E. Martin, A.S. Zekter (1988). Two-Dimensional NMR Methods for Establishing Molecular Connectivity. New York: VCH Publishers. p. 59.
J.W. Akitt, B.E. Mann (2000). NMR and Chemistry. Cheltenham, UK: Stanley Thornes. pp. 273, 287. ISBN 0748743448.
J.P. Hornak. "The Basics of NMR". http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
J. Keeler (2005). Understanding NMR Spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470017864.
K. Wuthrich (1986). NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. New York (NY), USA: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0471119172.
J.M Tyszka, S.E Fraser, R.E Jacobs (2005). "Magnetic resonance microscopy: recent advances and applications". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 16 (1): 93–99. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2004.11.004. PMID 15722021.
J.C. Edwards. "Principles of NMR". Process NMR Associates. http://www.process-nmr.com/pdfs/NMR%20Overview.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
R.L Haner, P.A. Keifer (2009). Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance. John Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1085.
NMR/MRI tutorial
NMR Library NMR Concepts
NMR Course Notes
Animations and Simulations
This animation shows a spin, the modification of spin with magnetic field and HF pulse, spin echo sequences, inversion recovery sequence, gradient echo sequence and relaxation of spin
Animation of NMR spin 1⁄2 precession
A free interactive simulation of NMR principles
introduction to NMR and MRI
Richard Ernst, NL – Developer of Multdimensional NMR techniques Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
'An Interview with Kurt Wuthrich' Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust (Wüthrich was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution").
Scientific techniques
NMR (disambiguation)
nuclear magnetic resonance — n 1) the magnetic resonance of an atomic nucleus 2) chemical analysis that uses nuclear magnetic resonance esp. to study molecular structure abbr. NMR see MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING * * * a measure, by means of applying an external magnetic field … Medical dictionary
nuclear magnetic resonance — u cle*ar mag*net ic res on*ance n. (Physics) The specific absorption and re emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths by atomic nuclei in a magnetic field. It is abbreviated {NMR}. The wavelength of the radiation… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
nuclear magnetic resonance — n. a phenomenon exhibited by various atomic nuclei when placed in a strong magnetic field, in which they absorb energy from specific, high frequency radio waves: the measurements of the magnetic moments of these nuclei, esp. of hydrogen, are used … English World dictionary
nuclear magnetic resonance — Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Ядерно магнитный резонанс (ЯМР) Явление резонансного поглощения радиочастотной электромагнитной энергии веществом с ненулевыми магнитным моментами ядер, находящимся во внешнем постоянном магнитном поле.… … Толковый англо-русский словарь по нанотехнологии. - М.
nuclear magnetic resonance — Physics. the selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation by an atomic nucleus in the presence of a strong, static, magnetic field: used in research and in medicine to monitor tissue metabolism and to distinguish between normal and abnormal… … Universalium
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance — Ein 300 MHz NMR Spektrometer Die Kern(spin)resonanzspektroskopie (NMR Spektroskopie von engl. nuclear magnetic resonance) ist eine spektroskopische Methode, welche die Untersuchung der elektronischen Umgebung einzelner Atome und der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
nuclear magnetic resonance — magnetinis branduolių rezonansas statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. nuclear magnetic resonance vok. kernmagnetische Resonanz, f; magnetische Kernresonanz, f rus. ядерный магнитный резонанс, m pranc. résonance magnétique nucléaire, f;… … Fizikos terminų žodynas
nuclear magnetic resonance — magnetinis branduolių rezonansas statusas T sritis Standartizacija ir metrologija apibrėžtis Radijo bangų rezonansinė sugertis branduoliuose, esančiuose pastoviame magnetiniame lauke. atitikmenys: angl. nuclear magnetic resonance vok. magnetische … Penkiakalbis aiškinamasis metrologijos terminų žodynas
nuclear magnetic resonance — magnetinis branduolių rezonansas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Radijo bangų rezonansinis sugėrimas branduoliuose, esančiuose pastoviame magnetiniame lauke. santrumpa( os) MBR atitikmenys: angl. nuclear magnetic resonance rus. ядерный… … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
nuclear magnetic resonance — noun resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field • Syn: ↑NMR, ↑proton magnetic resonance • Hypernyms: ↑magnetic resonance … Useful english dictionary


On a bitter day in January 1934 a young woman pays an unexpected visit to the occupant of the condemned cell in Armley Jail in Leeds. The man is Ernest Brown, who stands convicted of the murder of his employer, Frederick Morton, and is soon to be hanged. The woman is Florence Morton, the victim's sister. Florence knows that Ernest is a bad lot. He deserted from the army, acquired a criminal record for theft and drunken driving, and has admitted to having had an affair with the victim's wife. But did he kill her brother, Freddy Morton?
Based on a true story, the mystery surrounding Freddy Morton's death unfolds page by page, drawing the reader into a fascinating web of conflicting statements, competing loyalties, and a seemingly impossible murder scenario. As the clock ticks and the day of Ernest's execution approaches, will Florence manage to discover the truth about the brutal murder of her brother?


text:
Q: Adding information for coversion between formats I just installed LyX 2.2.0, and trying to preview the included examples/splash.lyx file that shows up the first time you start the program. I'm getting an error about not being able to convert between image formats.

In Lyx -> Preferences -> File Handling -> Converters I don't see any existing definition for SVG to PDF6. I'm not sure how I should add a new converter though. I can select SVG from the From format:, but there are many different PDF options from the To format:. None of which are named PDF6. Should I be using PDF (graphics)? And then I'm not sure what command to use. For example EPS -> PDF (graphics) uses
epstopdf --outfile=$$o $$i

I tried adding a new definition to go from SVG -> PDF (graphics) and using the command svgtopdf --outfile=$$o $$i, but I also got an error.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ok, so we haven't actually read Celia's book, but we did hear her discussing it on Radio Two's Bank Holiday Monday programme with French and Saunders. It sounds great, she's so funny (did you know she was once kidnapped?) and we've ordered it.


text:
<?php

namespace Cloudinary {

class Search {

	private $query_hash;

	public function __construct() {
		$this->query_hash = array(
			'sort_by'    => array(),
			'aggregate'  => array(),
			'with_field'   => array()
		);
	}

	public function expression($value) {
		$this->query_hash['expression'] = $value;
		return $this;
	}

	public function max_results($value) {
		$this->query_hash['max_results'] = $value;
		return $this;
	}

	public function next_cursor($value) {
		$this->query_hash['next_cursor'] = $value;
		return $this;
	}

	public function sort_by($field_name, $dir = 'desc') {
		array_push($this->query_hash['sort_by'], array($field_name => $dir));
		return $this;
	}

	public function aggregate($value) {
		array_push($this->query_hash['aggregate'], $value);
		return $this;
	}

	public function with_field($value) {
		array_push($this->query_hash['with_field'], $value);
		return $this;
	}

	public function as_array() {
		return array_filter($this->query_hash, function($value) {
			return ((is_array($value) && !empty($value)) || ($value != NULL));
		});
	}

	public function execute($options = array()) {
		$api = new Api();
		$uri = array('resources/search');
		$options = array_merge($options, array('content_type' => 'application/json'));
		$method = 'post';
		return $api->call_api( $method, $uri, $this->as_array(), $options);
	}

}

}

?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Market and promote your EBT card program with the WIC EBT Custom Vinyl Banner. Encouraging use of EBT makes WIC easier and hassle free, with less of the stigma associated with using paper check to WIC participants.
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text:
package com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture;

import com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture.data.model.ApiResponseData;
import com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture.data.model.Movie;
import com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture.domain.usecases.UseCase;
import com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture.presentation.presenter.MoviePresenter;
import com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture.presentation.presenter.MoviePresenterImpl;
import com.abhat.yifycleanarchitecture.presentation.view.MovieDetailView;

import junit.framework.Assert;

import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;

import rx.Observable;
import rx.Subscriber;

/**
 * Created by Anirudh Uppunda on 10/10/17.
 */

public class MoviePresenterImplTest {
    private MockView view;

    @Test
    public void shouldPassMovieDetailToView() {
        // given
        view = new MockView();
        UseCase<ApiResponseData> useCase = new MockUseCase();

        // when
        MoviePresenter moviePresenter = new MoviePresenterImpl(view, useCase);
        moviePresenter.getMovieDetail("");

        // then
        Assert.assertEquals(true, ((MockView)view).passed);

    }
    private class MockView implements MovieDetailView {
        boolean passed;

        @Override
        public void showLoading() {

        }

        @Override
        public void hideLoading() {

        }

        @Override
        public void displayError() {

        }

        @Override
        public void displayMovieDetails(Movie movie) {
            passed = true;
        }
    }

    public class MockUseCase extends UseCase<ApiResponseData> {

        @Override
        public Observable<ApiResponseData> buildUseCase() {
            Observable<ApiResponseData> observable = Observable.fromCallable(new Callable<ApiResponseData>() {
                @Override
                public ApiResponseData call() throws Exception {
                    return new ApiResponseData();
                }
            });
            observable.subscribe(new Subscriber<ApiResponseData>() {
                @Override
                public void onCompleted() {

                }

                @Override
                public void onError(Throwable e) {

                }

                @Override
                public void onNext(ApiResponseData apiResponseData) {
                    view.displayMovieDetails(new Movie());
                }
            });
            return observable;
        }
    }
}


You can buy beauty products from many sources in the Schaumburg, IL area but many are guaranteed only when bought from a licensed professional. The stylists at Julianne's Salon & Spa are committed to superior hair care and are proud to offer only the highest quality salon products. Our expert staff will be happy to help you select specific hair care and styling products for your hair type to help enhance the beauty and condition of your hair. Thank you for supporting Julianne's Salon & Spa.


text:
My friend amazed me today...
Discussion in 'Support' started by Kathi, Jun 28, 2014.
Forums > Tinnitus > Support >
Kathi Member Benefactor
NJ/USA
Cause of Tinnitus:
HFHL and stress
I was having lunch with a friend who also has T. I thought it must be mild but she told me that it's loud and she hears it whenever she thinks about it. She said she could hear it at that moment because we were talking about it. I hope to get to where she is. I've known her for 10 years and never knew she had T until I had my onset and she told me.
We both work in very quiet offices so I asked her how she dealt with it. She said it never bothers her and if she does happen to hear it she just refocuses on what she's doing and she no longer hears it! She also eats whatever she likes, drinks red wine and takes Karate-- and is in her 60's!
That's why I'm amazed. I do forget about mine for periods of time but they are short periods. I also can put it in the background and just carry on but I doubt I'll ever get to the point where I don't hear it.
She's had it since 1998...so maybe I'll get there in 16 years.
I've got to admit it's getting better ...a little better all the time ...
Kathi, Jun 28, 2014
Ken219 Member
Summer of 1990
Noise exposure?
@Kathi You are getting there. 'I do forget about mine for periods of time '
Ken219, Jun 28, 2014
LadyDi Member Benefactor
Barotrauma/airplane
You will be there sooner than you think, Kathi, I am sure. Isn't amazing to talk to people you have known awhile...and discover you never knew they had T? Has happened to me several times. Gives me hope for a normal life.
LadyDi, Jun 28, 2014
Ken219 said: ↑
Thanks @Ken219 but they are very short periods of time--when I'm busy or engrossed in something. I am encouraged though that I am habituating because hearing it doesn't stop me from living. Like today--going to a graduation party. It's outside so that's a plus.
How are you coming along?
LadyDi said: ↑
Thanks for the encouragement LadyDi! I have found five others at work who have T--but none of them freaked out like I did--they just habituated and went on with life--this is why I don't think I'll ever get to the same point as my friend.
billie48 Member Benefactor Ambassador Hall of Fame
I have a family friend who told me the same thing, that she has loud T and it doesn't bother her. How loud? Well, she said at times she couldn't hear what people were saying to her due to the loud ringing. Go figure. She even joked that once she could even hear the fire siren of the fire truck coming to her apartment block due to a false fire alarm. That is loud ringing for sure. But for some mysterious reason, this lady being known for her fiery temper, she just chose not to fight this ringing with negativity. She told me she would get used to it given enough time. And that was it. No mental collapse like me. She is socially quite active even as a senior now. So T has no negative effect on her life. Her example brings home the point Dr. Nagler was trying to convey in his 'Letter to a tinnitus suffer', that our reaction decides the intrusiveness of T. This triggers my decision to accept T as a reality of life and yet take a positive approach to living with it without all the negative reactions. There is much to life besides T. Don't give up on life because of it.
Postivity is a life force! If life has to be lived one way or another, why not live it positively? Nothing to lose but much more to gain by being positive.
billie48, Jun 28, 2014
Jay M Member
South Carolina, USA
Kathi said: ↑
Keyword statement: "...she hears it whenever she thinks about it. She said she could hear it at that moment because we were talking about it."
As extremely helpful this site has been, maybe it's wise to limit reading up on T once you understand the fundamentals of living with it?
Jay M, Jun 28, 2014
Jay M said: ↑
I think you are right @JayM. I've been thinking about taking a break from this board but it is so hard to do. @cullenbohannon says that I will be surprised at how much less I think about my T if I take a break. It's just very hard to do as I feel so supported here. I wouldn't be this far along at almost 8 months if I hadn't found this site. It's sad to think about leaving.
Martin69 Member Benefactor
(Health) Anxiety
Hi Kathi,
I stayed away from TT for a week. It does not change my T or my perception. Maybe I need staying away longer.
But since it is very loud (like for most of us), I think about my T every second.
This board here gives me much comfort and better for me talking here than talking about T with my wife, friends etc.
As you I don't know where I would be without this board.
And I think we will get used to it, also by staying here.
I am sure the better you cope, the less you will visit here.
Martin69, Jun 28, 2014
alifalijohn Member
billie48 said: ↑
I have a family friend who told me the same thing, that she has loud T and it doesn't bother her. How loud? Well, she said at times she couldn't hear what people were saying to her due to the loud ringing. Go figure. She even joked that once she could even hear the fire siren of the fire truck coming to her apartment block due to a false fire alarm. That is loud ringing for sure. But for some mysterious reason, this lady being known for her fiery temper, she just chose not to fight this ringing with negativity. She told me she would get used to it given enough time. And that was it. No mental collapse like me. She is socially quite active even as a senior now. So T has no negative effect on her life. Her example brings home the point Dr. Nagler was trying to convey in his 'Letter to a tinnitus suffer', that our reaction decides the intrusiveness of T. This triggers my decision to accept T as a reality of life and yet take a positive approach to living with it without all the negative reactions. There is much to life besides T.
Like your post,,very comforting!
alifalijohn, Jun 29, 2014
Karen Manager Staff Benefactor Ambassador Hall of Fame
First time: Noise 2nd Time: Ototoxic drug
I've been on this board for two years now, and have not taken a break from it. I feel that I am very gradually habituating, and that Tinnitus Talk has helped me. Also, I find it very therapeutic to try to help other new people on the board. For me, it has been a godsend!
Karen, Jun 29, 2014
Karen said: ↑
Stay intouch , we love you ! you are very comforting!!
Tenna Member
It's nice finding others with t so easily in here, the thing is just the likes of your friend you are the ones you Really need to talk to, those who don't notice they have it are quite hard to find as they obviously don't bring it up.
I know my psychologist has t too, and he was considering going to a Rolling Stones concert, not considering because of t, but because of how many would go. A mid twenties audiologist I met she was half deaf on both ears with different tinnitus sounds, she still goes to a lot of concerts (with earplugs ofc). Yesterday I was at a wedding and the husband's father wore some kind of hearing aids (basically a little wire going from behind his ears into them, it was incredibly subtle) anyway he just had a good time, without any earplugs? and seemingly without worries. Another guy I've been acquired t after a gunshot next to his head, yet once a year he goes to a big music festival (with earplugs yes) and he doesnt give a damn. I've been told many has t, but for the most part of those I've met irl it's those above mentioned
And our reaction about it is just going nuts hah, its insane. Anyhow great having both tt and these people irl to meet and learn from
Tenna, Jun 29, 2014
citigirl13 Member
North Yorkshire, England
You could always try leaving and see how you feel. You can come back if you feel like you need support. And you could have a break for like, a day or a week and then come back - like building up to not coming on the site at all.
I know what you mean: I don't what I would have done without TT. I think I would have gone insane. It's nice to know that other people feel the same, and genuinely want to help. I don't think I could quit this site just yet.
citigirl13, Jun 29, 2014
leelo Member
You will get there before 16 years
leelo, Jun 29, 2014
LondonGirl Member
@billie48, @Kathi I have garnered so much strength and inspiration to go on and not give up on TT, but your posts have been particularly sustaining at difficult times and I just wanted to thank you both especially x
LondonGirl, Jun 29, 2014
Tenna said: ↑
Since I have T, like Tenna, I became aware of many people around me with T and living a full life. The specialist doctor who prescribed me SSRI told me he had T since 12. Yet he went through meds school and becomes a doctor. A church friend who has terminal cancer told me he has T too. But the vigorous cancer treatments took over the priority of his life and the T became faded out by the brain. The janitor couple of our office told me they had T for years and years. At first they were alarmed and had to see the doctors. But as time went on, they both habituated. They told me they are ok now but they still run a sound machine at bed side. However, no negative reaction. Life goes on. My colleague's wife had T so bad that she had to put up loud country music in her bedroom. My colleague told me jokingly that he couldn't stand the all night music that he has to sleep in different room for years. Yet she manage to live a normal life and raise her kids to adult now. So life goes on. My own honey now has T too. She doesn't react negatively like me. About an hour ago, she told me 'the ringing is very loud today', yet she just goes about her days without all the negative emotions. Gosh! Some people just happen to have different DNA. LOL.
But I learn from all these folks' example. The different between me back then and them is that this - this think they can get used to T in time whereas I thought no way in hell I can accept such a ringing. Mine louder than theirs? Perhaps. But I am not too sure of that. I have the same loud ringing now. But I don't give a dime to it now. Just like them. And I don't suffer any more like them. Perhaps it was how I reacted to T which decides how intrusive my T was. It is getting more and more obvious.
Always great posts from you @billie48. It's exactly the stories of these people who've gotten out on the other side which all of us need to be reminded of. With habituation you don't notice tinnitus, you don't see it as a problem, so why would one mention it. At its greatest it becomes a 'silent' disorder, and I think it's great with a thread to remind us of that - infact maybe we could make a thread specifically dedicated to the point of a "my friend's tinnitus amazed me", where we could collect all of these reminders of the people with "silent t", emphasizing there is a great world out there of habituaters
Cher69 Member Benefactor
My T is currently well annoying - Ive got really odd numb fullness sensation and a buzzzzzz thats there all the time - previously my T was a high pitch tone but now a low pitch buzzzz - BUT - although nore constant and intrusive then ever I still feel stronger that IT !!
To habituate to a noise you learn to accept it not let it rule you when the noise changes it challenges you can you overcome this - Yes - remember the coping things that have helped T wont rule your life mine is challenging me I currently going through the stages of learning to adjust and cope with the level of noise x
Cher69, Jul 3, 2014
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Worrying About Friends and Family Getting Tinnitus from Loud Noises
Simon101, May 17, 2019, in forum: Support

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
International Car and Truck of the Year semi-finalists announced
Dec 12th 2005 at 10:30AM
Every year for the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, a bunch of well-respected automotive journalists get together and name their picks for the best car and truck of the year. Last year, the Ford Escape Hybrid and the Chrysler 300/300C were announced as the winners at the show.
The short list of cars for this year is as follows: Audi A3, BMW 3-series, Chevrolet HHR, Dodge Charger, Ford Fusion, Honda Civic/Civic Hybrid/Si, Hyundai Sonata, Infiniti M35/45, Lexus IS 250/350, Mazda MX-5, Mercedes-Benz R-Class, Pontiac Solstice, Toyota Avalon, and Volkswagen Passat.
Trucks are the Dodge Ram/Ram Mega Cab, Ford Explorer, Honda Ridgeline, Hummer H3, Jeep Commander, Kia Sportage, Lexus RX 400h, Mercedes M-Class, Nissan Xterra, Range Rover Sport, Subaru B9 Tribeca, Suzuki Grand Vitara, Toyota RAV4, and Toyota Highlander Hybrid.
From here, the journalists whittle it down to three cars and three trucks, and, like last year, they'll announce these at the Detroit Economic Club meeting just before the show.


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Share this Story: Artist brings inspiration to APL
Artist brings inspiration to APL
James Emery
In commonality, Michelle Wiebe finds inspiration.
The 36-year-old painter, who is showcasing 26 works of art at the Airdrie Public Library until March 4, found her passion early in life and never let it go.
While her works are often acrylic portraitures or landscapes, Wiebe can find common themes regardless of where her inspiration is drawn from.
But first, the beginning.
Wiebe had always shown an interest in art when she was little. In Grade 5, she was recommended to attend the Langley Fine Arts School in Fort Langley, B.C. and enrolled the following year.
It was there Wiebe's passion for art blossomed under the guidance of the school and its art-centric environment.
"The neatest part of that whole experience for me was to be in an environment with people who had similar passions," Wiebe explained. "They had a very holistic approach to the arts where they would try and tie it into all our other subjects. From that, we were always doing things that had something to do with our major."
She was taught to approach everything in life creatively and to harness opportunity.
It was there, at age 17, she commissioned her first work.
"It blew me away," she said. "It was that affirmation that what I was working on was something someone would want to have in their home and be able to cherish it."
Those lessons have translated to success for Wiebe, who has called Airdrie home since 2005.
After completing her studies at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, she has spent countless hours painting.
Four years ago, she began working as a children's pastor at the Airdrie Alliance Church.
While she now splits her time between the church and the paintbrush, she has been able to travel extensively over the years.
And if she's in Turkey or Swaziland looking for that perfect landscape shot or portrait to draw, she often finds similarities to her Canadian home.
"Since I was little, I've always loved painting people," she said. "I believe I've been given a knack for capturing people's likenesses. When you're doing a portrait painting, you know when you've reached the end point of a piece when you've captured the essence of the person you're painting."
She wanted to encapsulate and display that with her series at the APL.
But she also wanted to branch out, too.
"It's been an exploration of other cultures and trying to capture not only the likeness of the person but the surrounding cultural markers they have," Wiebe said. "On the flip side, in seeing where the differences lie with people and the surrounds, a lot of the landscape designs I've done tend to find the commonality of what it looks like in other countries."
Wiebe found that no matter where she travels, she usually finds a part of the country that is strikingly similar to B.C.'s Okanagan country.
"Those (landscapes) could be anywhere in two hours diving distance from my house, but they're not — they're in Africa."
For Airdronians, seeing these works of art requires just a few minutes drive down Main Street to the library.
"My biggest thing is this has been a really cool opportunity to work with the Airdrie Public Library," she said. "I've been honoured and blessed to work with them."
Wiebe will also be teaching paint making with the Junior Artists Program at the APL on May 18.
james.emery@sunmedia.ca
Artist brings inspiration to APL Back to video


text:
Lockdown Forever!
EU Latest
Fake Conservatives
Channel Migrants
Farage
Met Chief Rules out Tasers for All Police Despite Thousands of Attacks on Officers
Scotland Yard chief Cressida Dick has ruled out issuing tasers to all London Metropolitan officers despite calls for better police protection after a series of violent attacks on officers.
In 2017/18, there were over 26,000 assaults on police officers in England and Wales, of which London's Metropolitan Police Service suffered the highest number of assaults at 3,975. Last month, three police officers across England were violently attacked in the line of duty in the space of one week, including one fatally, leading to calls for Britain's traditionally unarmed officers to be given tasers.
LBC Radio host Nick Ferrari, who campaigns for all frontline officers to be armed with tasers, noted that Northamptonshire police will arm all officers with tasers whilst Kent and Durham are planning to offer tasers to every officer and Thames Valley Police is also expected to do so, as well.
Asking the most senior officer heading the largest force in the UK whether she would follow suit, Commissioner Dick told Mr Ferrari that while the number of trained taser officers has increased in recent years and will rise again, she ruled out arming all officers under her jurisdiction.
"London is, I think, quite different. I don't want to comment on what my colleagues have done and why," she said, and went on to extol the virtues of other defensive accessories, saying: "We are putting new batons on the street that the officers prefer and work better, we're putting Pava spray out we're putting spit guards out."
Police in Khan's London Drop One-Third of Crimes After Single Phone Call https://t.co/4Fnx11xJKQ
— Breitbart London (@BreitbartLondon) November 29, 2018
Questioning the practicality of a night stick, which would still require some proximity to an assailant, the radio show host asked: "If a guy's got a sword, you're still better with a taser, aren't you Commissioner?"
With there being have been a number of sword attacks in London in recent years, Dame Cressida Dick claimed that a baton could be as useful as a taser "depending on the circumstances".
Dick continued: "I don't think that right now that is either practicable in the short and medium-term, or necessary… About 20 per cent of my people have said in a survey they don't really want to carry Taser, thank you very much."
"It is a very powerful bit of kit, it is also potentially a very dangerous bit of kit. You've got to be a really good decision-maker, you've got to be really fit," she added, implying there are members of her force who may not be "really good decision-makers" or "really fit" and thus may not be suitable to carrying the weapon.
Last year, London's first female police commissioner planned to ban frontline policemen from using spit guards during arrests, which prevents violent suspects from spitting and biting officers, despite them being endorsed by the Home Office and the Metropolitan Police Federation, which represents rank-and-file officers. Commissioner Dick eventually backed down following a consultation.
The Met has come under criticism in recent years under Dick's commissionership and the leadership of London's left-wing mayor, Sadiq Khan, with the force's increased focus on hate crime whilst real crime continues to rise.
Police 'Don't Know' Why Rape Is Up 20 Per Cent in Sadiq Khan's London https://t.co/9sTMQ53aI9
— Breitbart London (@BreitbartLondon) February 26, 2018
CrimeLondon / EuropeCressida DickLondonLondon crimetaserUnited Kingdom


Asking questions for specific information can be a very direct thing, such as Do you have a girlfriend? or it can be an indirect thing What does your girlfriend think about (whatever)?. In both situations here you might be simply trying to find out if the boy has a girlfriend, but one of them hides your intentions (albeit not very subtly).
If you dont want to hide your intentions then just ask away, that is the easiest way to get information!
If you dont wish to make it clear what you are thinking, you can be more sneaky.
For example, you want to know Why doesnt he have a job right now? but you would prefer to be less direct, you could instead ask What are your career plans right now?
What do you like to do for fun? -> What do you usually do on weekends? -> Oh, you are single then?.
The number of leading questions can be increased or reduced depending on answers. In the first answer, you might get I like to hang out with my girlfriend. Or you could get I like to as your first answer, who knows.
Question 1: So what do you like to do for fun?
Question 2: Oh ok, so whats your favorite colour?
Question 2: Really? Cool, do you just play tennis for fun, or do you enter competitions?
Question 3: Oh, did you ever win anything?
and so on. See how much better this feels? Not only is the person you are talking to going to think you are actually interested in them, but they are going to respect you more for being a better listener. You might even get invited to play tennis with them sometime. Following conversation formats like this allows for a much deeper connection and a more enjoyable experience.
We dont just want to compile the best list of questions to ask, we want to explore the reasoning behind them.
Two final tips on asking questions to guys.
1. Be prepared to answer your own questions, if the guy says How about you? after answering, you would do well to answer it.
2. Ask follow-up questions about his answers, dont just keep firing off questions that are unrelated or it will sound like you are just reciting a list and not really interested in his answers.
My Colombian Girlfriend Tells Me She Loves Me, is it True?
Feb 6, 2017 Editor Comments Off on My Colombian Girlfriend Tells Me She Loves Me, is it True?


text:
Frans Edvard "Edy" Hubert Velander (* 4. Mai 1894; † 26. November 1961 in Stockholm) war ein schwedischer Elektrotechniker.

Seine Eltern waren Edvard Velander und Jenny Richter (1866–1938). Nachdem sein Vater kurz nach seiner Geburt gestorben war, wuchs er mit seinen Brüdern in Skara auf.

Er absolvierte 1916 sein Studium der Elektrotechnik an der Königlich Technischen Hochschule Stockholm mit den besten Noten. Danach studierte er an der Technischen Universität Berlin-Charlottenburg und an der Harvard University, wo er 1918 seinen Master erwarb. Zwischen 1917 und 1919 war er am Massachusetts Institute of Technology Assistent in der elektrotechnischen Forschungsabteilung. 1920 erhielt er ein Angebot von Vattenfall, kehrte zurück nach Schweden und erarbeitete einen Plan zum Ausgleich temporärer Spitzenlasten.

Als 1927 die Föreningen för Elektricitetens Rationella Användning  (FERA; Vereinigung für die rationelle Nutzung der Elektrizität) gegründet wurde, wurde er Redakteur der Zeitschrift ERA und interessierte sich als solcher über Fragen der Sicherheit, Tarife und Statistiken über den Stromverbrauch.

Zwischen 1938 und 1940 war er stellvertretender Präsident der Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien (IVA; Königliche Akademie für Ingenieurwissenschaften) und von 1941 bis 1959 deren Präsident.

Um 1946 stand er in enger Verbindung zu Vannevar Bush und war Mitglied im National Committee on Mathematical Machines, das schwedische Computer bauen sollte. 1963 wurde die BESK (Binary Electronic Sequence Calculator) vorgestellt.

Velander war von 1917 bis 1952 mit der Lehrerin Mai Halle verheiratet, mit der er zwei Töchter hatte. Von 1952 bis 1961 war er mit Stina Hallman verheiratet.

Veröffentlichungen
Wartime organization of scientific engineering research in Sweden; Friebele Press (1944)

Weblinks

 Über Velander bei der Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien (schwedisch)
 cesis (PDF; 140 kB)

Elektroingenieur
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Träger des Nordstern-Ordens (Ritter)
Träger des Wasaordens
Schwede
Geboren 1894
Gestorben 1961
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Government ministries and agencies are being pressured to dish out N$20 000 towards the countrywide clean-up campaign, in what constitutes fresh evidence of conflation between agencies and the State.
Cabinet secretary George Simataa yesterday wrote to all permanent secretaries and accounting officers informing them that all offices, ministries and agencies must make the contribution.
"The National Preparatory Committee for the National Clean-Up Campaign have been established to prepare the National Clean-up Operation in collaboration with all Regional Governors. In an effort to implement and support the National Clean-Up Campaign, it has been agreed that each O/M/A makes a contribution of N$20 000," said Simataa.
History is replete with similar cases.
In 2016 President Hage Geingob endorsed the transfer of N$11,3 million from the Social Security Commission (SSC) to allegedly cater for the training needs of the struggle kids.
Minister of Labour Erkki Nghimtina requested Geingob to authorise the release of the money from the commission's development fund into an account that secretary to Cabinet George Simataa created at the SME Bank. The account named OPM-Children of the Liberation Struggle was opened on 7 September 2016.
The Social Security Commission development fund is meant for training and employment schemes to benefit economically disadvantaged and jobless people. It also provides grants, bursaries, loans and other financial aid to students enrolled at any recognised technical or academic institutions of higher education.
There are 27 ministries and a handful number of agencies, of which the majority are limping financially because of mismanagement, State interference, an economy in recession and poor corporate governance practices.
Annually, the auditor general produces financial reports that document the financial malaise in the ministries and government agencies. The clean-up campaign was initiated by Geingob after Windhoek lost its status as the cleanest city in Africa.
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism's Public Relation Officer Romeo Muyunda this week expressed concern over cleanliness and littering levels in the country.
"Tourism is one of the key contributors to our country's economy and if the environment is not kept clean, foreign visitors might not be keen to come to Namibia anymore, which would deprive the country earning from tourism," Muyunda said.
"Yes, there are plans to clean up because Namibia lost its status as the cleanest country in Africa, this shows that there is something we are not doing right. As Namibians we must apply the culture of cleaning up and people should be proud to clean, when you see someone littering please be proud enough to tell them not to litter," pleaded Muyunda.
Commissioner Eveline January, the spokesperson of the Namibian Correctional Service, this week indicated that low risk offenders will also take part in the cleaning day.
She highlighted the commitment of the prison services towards public cleanliness when she indicated that offenders regularly take part in cleaning exercises.
She further indicated that they(NCS) are preparing for the cleaning day.
"Inmates still go out to clean at public places because it entails specific work assignments, we deliver services on request and it also depends on the security classification of the offender, we only make use of offenders who volunteer and they receive a gratuity" said January.
In a bid to reclaim Windhoek's status as the cleanest city in Africa, Geingob last October revealed his intentions to set aside a day on which all Namibians will be called on to roll up their sleeves and engage in a nationwide cleanup campaign. In so doing, he said, Windhoek will not only reclaim the title of having the cleanest capital in Africa, but Namibia will go a step further to become the cleanest country in Africa.
In March Geingob said: ""Namibia is getting dirty. Windhoek used to be the cleanest city in Africa if not the country. Now Kigali overtook us. I was there and I had to admit. They are clean because they are cleaning up, period. We decided to have a nationwide cleaning up exercise where the army, police, teachers, other workers, ministers and President should all roll up their sleeves to clean-up," he said.


Scientific-Atlanta Inc. said Wednesday that it will add Tropos Networks Inc.'s "MetroMesh" Wi-Fi products to its hybrid fiber-coaxial solutions.
The two vendors will collaborate on both strand-mounting, coaxial-powering options and fiber converters for Tropos' "5210 MetroMesh" routers, enabling cable operators able to integrate MetroMesh functionality into HFC systems and offer their customers broadband mobility.
"Our fully integrated wireless solution can help cable operators to offer citywide Wi-Fi connectivity to support high-speed-data and multimedia applications such as music, video, gaming and, soon, mobile VoIP [voice over Internet protocol]," S-A director of wireless networking Bob Scott said in a prepared statement.


text:
Q: React, Json Arrays So basically I have a Json file which has arrays, I have 2 components Champions and Skills where array is displayed, it is maping through items when I click on the div it display that specific. Now I have created Search Component and I want from it when I write the name of the object which is in the json file, that it only displays that one and hides the others, I have started it building it, I would like to know if I am on the right track and if I am not I would be very grateful if I got some help. Note:I got more items in Json file
Champion component
import React, {useState} from 'react'
import data from './data.json'
import  './Champions.css'
import Skills from './Skills'

const Champions = () => {
  const [toggleShow, setToggleShow] = useState(false);
  const [currentSelectedChampion, setCurrentSelectedChampion] = useState({});

  const handleSelectChampion = (id) => {
    if (!toggleShow) setToggleShow(true);
    const currentChampion = data.filter((champ) => champ.id === id)[0];
    setCurrentSelectedChampion(currentChampion);

  };

  return (

      {data.map((postData) => {
        return (

 handleSelectChampion(postData.id) } >

{postData.name}

              {toggleShow && currentSelectedChampion.id === postData.id && (
                <>
                  <Skills currentChampion={currentSelectedChampion} />

 setToggleShow(false)}>Close

                </>
              )}

        );
      })}

  );
};

export default Champions

Skills Component

import React from "react";
import "./Skills";

const Skills = ({ currentChampion }) => {
    return (

 {currentChampion.textQ}

{currentChampion.qInfo}

 {currentChampion.textW}

{currentChampion.wInfo}

 {currentChampion.textE}

{currentChampion.eInfo}

 {currentChampion.textR}

{currentChampion.RInfo}

    );
  };

  export default Skills

JSON
[
{
"id":1,
 "name": "Aatrox",
"image": "/champions/Aatrox_0.jpg",
"textQ":"Q",
"qInfo": "The darlking Blade Aatrox slams his greatsword down, dealing physical damage. He can swing three times, each with a different area of effect",
"image1": "/spell/AatroxQ.png",
"textW": "W",
 "wInfo": "Aatrox smashes the ground, dealing damage to the first enemy hit. Champions and large monsters have to leave the impact area quickly or they will be dragged to the center and take the damage again.",
 "image2" : "/spell/AatroxW.png",
 "textE" : "E",
 "eInfo" : " Passively, Aatrox heals when damaging enemy champions. On activation, he dashes in a direction.",
 "image3" :"/spell/AatroxE.png",
 "textR" : "R",
 "RInfo" : "Aatrox unleashes his demonic form, fearing nearby enemy minions and gaining attack damage, increased healing, and movement speed. If he gets a takedown, this effect is extended."    ,
 "image4" : "/spell/AatroxR.png"
},

{
"id":2,
"name": "Ahri",
"image": "/champions/Ahri_0.jpg",
    "textQ":"Q",
    "image1": "/spell/AhriOrbofDeception.png",
    "qInfo": "Ahri sends out and pulls back her orb, dealing magic damage on the way out and true damage on the way back.",
    "image2": "/spell/AhriFoxFire.png",
    "textW": "W",
     "wInfo": "Ahri gains a brief burst of movement speed and releases three fox-fires, that lock onto and attack nearby enemies",
     "image3": "/spell/AhriSeduce.png",
     "textE" : "E",
     "eInfo" : "Ahri blows a kiss that damages and charms an enemy it encounters, instantly stopping movement abilities and causing them to walk harmlessly towards her. The target temporarily takes increased damage from Ahri.",
     "image4": "/spell/AhriTumble.png",
     "textR" : "R",
     "RInfo" : "Ahri dashes forward and fires essence bolts, damaging nearby enemies. Spirit Rush can be cast up to three times before going on cooldown."
},

Search Component

import React from 'react'

const Search=(props)=> {

 const [searchValue, setSearchValue]=React.useState('')
 const handleSearchInputChanges =(e) =>{
  setSearchValue (e.target.value)
}

return (
    <form className="search">
            <input
            value ={searchValue}
            onChange={handleSearchInputChanges}
            type='text'
           />
    </form>
    )
}

export default Search

A: One possible way would be to filter the array.

  {data
    .filter((postData) => currentSelectedChampion.id === postData.id)
    .map((postData) => {
      return (

 handleSelectChampion(postData.id)}>

{postData.name}

            {toggleShow &&
                (<>
                  <Skills currentChampion={currentSelectedChampion} />

 setToggleShow(false)}>Close

                </>)}

      );
    })}

If you want to show all and only the filtered version if selected, then set the filtered array to state and set the full array back once the search value is for example empty


Meaning of One resolution I have made, and try always to keep, is this: 'To rise above little things'.
Meaning of One resolution I have made, and try always to keep, is this: 'To rise above little things'. Quote by John Burroughs.
I love it. The first time they turned it on and the cans shot down that chute the hair stood up all over my body.


Book ➲ "Point of View: A Fresh Look at Work, Faith, and Freedom (Unabridged)" Audiobook ➲ "Point of View: A Fresh Look at Work, Faith, and Freedom (Unabridged)"
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Point of View: A Fresh Look at Work, Faith, and Freedom (Unabridged) Elisabeth Hasselbeck audiobook; Point of View: A Fresh Look at Work, Faith, and Freedom (Unabridged) audiobook; Elisabeth Hasselbeck; Point of View: A Fresh Look at Work, Faith, and Freedom (Unabridged) audio book online .


text:
A brnói rassz egy antropológiai típus. Többnyire unredukált cro-magnoid. Brno városáról kapta a nevét, mivel ott találták meg felső paleolitikumi maradványait.

Leírás
Széles vállak, nagy fej, erős csontozat és erős izomzat jellemzi. A bőrszín általában világos valamint a hajszín a sötétbarnától a szőkéig terjed, de gyakori a vörös haj is. A göndör haj ír jellegzetesség. Testalkata magas és mezomorf.

Elterjedési terület
Többnyire Írországban (különösen Corkban és Kerry-ben) található meg. Kevert formájában fontos szerepet játszik Nagy-Britannia lakóinak arculatának kialakításában.

Jegyzetek

Források
 The Apricity Nordish gallery
 The Apricity wiki

Europid nagyrassz


Dave has served as a past Chairman on the Stemmons Corridor Business Association. Through this association, he has first hand relationships with Business Executives of hotels, real estate, hospitals, and other Dallas headquartered companies.
After Mr. Neumann served as a Trustee for the Dallas Police and Fire Pension Board, Jasper Neumann Consulting, Ltd was hired for Relationship Consulting.


text:
Congress Returns to Immigration Debate
WASHINGTON – A dispute over how heavily to weigh family ties in future immigration is re-emerging as the Senate resumes debate this week over legislation giving legal status to millions of unlawful immigrants.
Lawmakers, back from a weeklong break where the measure was a hot topic among their constituents, are under intense pressure to resolve lingering rifts over key elements and complete the bill.
The White House is pushing hard for passage of the measure, which President Bush has championed, through the kind of public relations and private lobbying efforts usually reserved for top priorities. First, though, senators must maneuver through a minefield of partisan and intraparty disagreements.
Democrats are pressing to give family connections higher priority in the measure, which for the first time evaluates future arrivals more on education, skills and job experience than on blood ties.
Republicans say that could interfere with the "grand bargain" that allowed a conservative-to-liberal alliance to cut the deal.
Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez warned that senators seeking changes to the measure should first ask themselves, "Will this make the bipartisan coalition crumble?"
Staff aides to the group negotiated through the congressional break with an eye toward avoiding such potentially fatal challenges.
The agreement melds conservatives' top objectives — tougher border security and an immigration system based more on economic needs than family connections — and that of liberals — the legalization of an estimated 12 million unlawful immigrants.
Key to the deal is an end to the practice of giving extended family members of U.S. citizens automatic preference for green cards — a major gripe of Republicans instrumental to the agreement, particularly Sen. Jon Kyl of Arizona.
Instead, those who applied after May 1, 2005, would have to qualify through a new point system that rewards education, job qualifications and English proficiency but gives relatively little credit for family ties. Preferences for parents of U.S. citizens would also be strictly limited.
Several Democrats, led by Sen. Robert Menendez of New Jersey, are proposing allowing the old, family based rules to apply to hundreds of thousands of people already waiting in line for green cards.
His effort has attracted the backing of three of the party's presidential hopefuls — Sens. Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York, Christopher Dodd of Connecticut, and Barack Obama of Illinois — and maverick GOP Sen. Chuck Hagel of Nebraska.
Menendez wants to allow an estimated 833,000 who had applied for permanent legal status by the beginning of the year to get green cards based purely on their family connections. That would place them in line ahead of illegal immigrants, who would be eligible for legal status as long as they had been in the U.S. by the beginning of the year.
Administration officials defend the family limitations, and say it's practical to essentially send those who applied for legal status after May 2005 to the back of the line.
"You have to draw a line somewhere," Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told reporters last week.
May 2005 was when Sens. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., and John McCain, R-Ariz., introduced an immigration overhaul that made it through the Senate last year only to die in the more conservative House.
"That was the point at which the world was put on notice that everything is going to change," he said.
Chertoff said green card applicants had already been told in 2004 that processing was on hold "for the foreseeable future."
Still, some Republicans are squeamish about defending the cutoff date, since it gives illegal immigrants an advantage over those who followed the law. One, Sen. John Cornyn of Texas, has already said he would back Menendez's proposal.
One possibility, according to several officials close to the talks, is that Republicans would agree to loosen limits on family immigration if Democrats would agree to toughen a requirement that illegal immigrants seeking green cards go home before getting their chance at lawful status.
The bill mandates that illegal immigrants pay fines and fees and pass background checks before gaining the right to live and work legally in the U.S., and that heads of households seeking permanent legal status return home and pay more money before doing so.
Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, R-Texas, wants to make all illegal immigrants return home before getting lawful status, regardless of whether they are seeking a green card.
Democrats have considered requiring green card applicants to return home sooner, in exchange for the family related changes to the measure.


My one is my best friend Brooke. She's always been here for me when i was down, or needed a friend, or just wanted a friend to be with me. Sometimes she made me feel better and helped me even when she wasn't aware that I was hurting and resend help. She makes me laugh until my stomach hurts, and she makes my days a lot better when I have her there. I don't know where I would be right now without Brooke, but I'm really thankful that I have her, and I hope she stays in my life forever.
Brooke sounds like an amazing friend and the way you talk about her reminds me of my friend Payton.
Great Story, your friend sounds really nice and I hope she does stay in your life forever if she makes you happy. Sounds like an amazing bond and friendship between you two.