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Home » Economy » The Case for a Land Value Tax in Wales
The Case for a Land Value Tax in Wales
Rhys ap Gwilym makes the case for the Welsh Government to prioritise utilising Land Value Tax
Dr Rhys ap Gwilym is Senior Lecturer in Economics at Bangor Business School and a member of the welsh agenda Editorial Board
The poorest nation in western Europe needs to implement some transformative economic policies if it is serious about making up ground on its affluent neighbours. Here's one proposal for such a policy.
From April 2019, the Welsh Government will have some influence over income taxes. At first glance, the powers that will be devolved appear to be very limited. The UK Government will continue to determine the overall architecture of the income tax system – the size and scope of tax-free allowances, the number of different bands of tax rate and their thresholds will all continue to be determined in Westminster. The powers that the Welsh Government will gain roughly equate to those that the Scottish Government have held for the past 18 years, and have chosen not to utilise.
Most of the discussion to date around how, and whether, the Welsh Government should exercise these new fiscal powers has focused narrowly on the revenue-raising implications of changing income tax rates in isolation (see, for example, here).These debates, however, miss the biggest opportunity that the (albeit limited) devolution of income tax powers presents – the opportunity to radically alter the tax mix in Wales.
We need to remind ourselves that the Welsh Government already, somewhat indirectly, has the power to tax property. When the UK Government imposed freezes on Council Tax in England between 2011 and 2016, the Welsh Government did not follow suit. Furthermore, under the Wales Act (2017) "local taxes to fund local authority expenditure (for example, council tax and non-domestic rates)" are explicitly excluded from the UK Government's reserved fiscal powers. Given that a quarter of the Welsh Government's budget currently passes directly to councils, there will clearly be scope for the Welsh Government to reduce the Welsh Income Tax across the board and make local services more reliant on local taxation. The key, of course, is that this local tax must be more efficient, more equitable and more progressive than those taxes which it replaces.
The clear candidate for this tax is a Land Value Tax, which taxes the 'unimproved' value of land – the value of the land, but not of any buildings that may occupy it. Such a tax is efficient because it does not distort economic incentives. The supply of land is fixed, and cannot alter in response to changes in the tax rate. Whilst income taxes disincentivise paid work, sales taxes discourage consumption and corporate taxes deter investment in enterprise, a Land Value Tax cannot alter the amount of land that is available.
In terms of equity, the Land Value Tax wins again. The value of land (as opposed to buildings on the land) is rarely dependent upon the actions of its owners. It is driven primarily by two factors – how easy it is to access various amenities from the land, and what the land can be used for. Both of these factors are determined by the actions of wider society, rather than the actions of the land owner. If we look back at the way in which land values have increased over the last half-century, it is impossible to justify why that increase in value should have been captured exclusively by the landowning classes, and disproportionately by the wealthiest amongst them.
In common with income tax, but in contrast to other wealth taxes and corporate taxes, a Land Value Tax has the advantage of being difficult to avoid or evade. Land ownership is clearly defined and a comprehensive register of ownership already exists. The valuation of land is not without its complexity, but it is an area where there are already well-developed methods and expertise.
Economists of all political hues favour the Land Value Tax because it's efficient and difficult to avoid – Adam Smith, Henry George, Milton Freedman and, more recently James Mirrlees have all been proponents of a land tax. Some of us also like it because it's progressive, it raises more revenue from the wealthier in society.
Given the advantages of a land tax, the natural question to ask is why so few states have attempted to implement one. The answer is relatively straightforward – that the initial implementation of a such a tax has potentially significant redistribution effects. There is a significant one-off cost to landowners as the introduction of such a tax will precipitate a fall in land values; and in most countries landownership is highly concentrated and landowners have a powerful political voice. This is where Wales has an advantage. Not only is landownership less concentrated, but the big landowners have less political clout in our young democracy than in the more established corridors of power in Westminster.
So here's my proposal for a radical reform of the Welsh tax system that complies with the post-2019 devolution settlement, is revenue neutral in the short-run (of course, the efficiency of the Land Value Tax is likely to drive faster economic growth and hence higher tax revenues over time), and is more progressive and more efficient than the status-quo:
1. Set the Welsh Income Tax at zero.
2. Reduce the transfer from the Welsh Government to Councils correspondingly.
3. Get rid of the current regressive Council Tax.
4. Get rid of the current iniquitous Business Rates.
5. Replace both of these taxes with a Land Value Tax.
6. Introduce a fiscal compact which reallocates locally raised taxes from affluent Council areas to poorer Council areas on the basis of need.
[Here's a quick back-of-the-fag-packet evaluation of the proposal: Poole et al estimate the 'Welsh share' of income tax receipts in 2014/15 at £1.877bn. Council tax and business rates receipts in 2014/15 were £1.277bn and £0.854bn respectively. A new local Land Value Tax would, therefore, need to raise in the region of £4bn. This is twice as much as current local taxes, but still covers less than 75% of council spending (the remainder would continue to be funded via a transfer from the block grant – at present over 60% of council revenues come from this source). Under these proposals, the Land Value Tax represent a relatively modest 17% of total tax revenues in Wales.]
This is a proposal which should be able to gain support from across the political spectrum. For those who want to see work pay, the reduction in income tax is a clear strengthening of the incentive to work. For those who are concerned about inequalities in society, a land tax is not just progressive, but it also represents a significant shift in economic power. The concept of land as a common good from which all of society should benefit becomes enshrined in the tax code, and it is society as a whole that benefits from increases in the value of land. For those concerned with the right of self-determination of our communities, a locally implemented land tax redresses the democratic deficit by returning the control of land to local democratic accountability.
To quote the most notable advocate of a land tax, the 19th century American political economist Henry George,
There is danger in reckless change, but greater danger in blind conservatism.
April 2019 provides an opportunity for the Welsh Government to reject blind conservatism by implementing a change that is radical but far from reckless.
All articles published on Click on Wales are subject to IWA's disclaimer.
in Economy, Featured Article, Finance, Fiscal matters, PoliticsTagged council tax, Fiscal powers, income tax, Land Value tax, tax policy, tax powers, Wales Act 2017
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11 thoughts on "The Case for a Land Value Tax in Wales"
Moelwen Gwyndaf says:
Erthygl wych. Gobeithio fydd pob plaid gwleidyddol yn talu sylw iddo.
John Winterson Richards says:
The objection to a land value tax is that its economic effects are essentially the same as those of the notorious Enclosure Acts of the 18th century.
It makes land ownership unsustainable for all except those with large cash reserves or a willingness to develop aggressively or, most likely, both large cash reserves and a willingness to develop aggressively.
This is why Adam Smith favoured land taxes, as he favoured enclosure, because it does indeed maximise the efficient use of the land. However, there was a huge social and environmental price to be paid for this efficiency.
The rich got richer, while, as Goldsmith put it, "a bold peasantry, their country's pride, once destroyed, can never be supplied."
Enclosure fed the Industrial Revolution, that cannot be denied, but something irreplaceable was lost. Since then, our wiser statesmen have tried to recover the ideal of a property owning democracy, but any tax that is disconnected from cash income takes us further from it.
Gerald Holtham says:
Resistance to big bang changes like that proposed is not blind conservatism but reasonable prudence. As JWR says, taxes can have unexpected effects. And those that are not associated with a flow of cash, be it an income payment or a transaction, are always highly unpopular. Note how unpopular council tax is compared with, say VAT. That is the real reason why land taxes are used so sparingly in all countries. No Welsh government would survive the attempt to implement Rhys ap Gwilym's programme and that is why no government will attempt it.
There is however scope to move carefully in the direction he advocates to derive some of the benefits he forsees. Council tax could be reformed to be proportional to capital values (which are largely a function of the land price). Bigger better houses would pay much more. If you want to be revenue neutral that could be offset by a reduction in income tax rates. Business rates could also be moved gradually on to a site-value basis, in effect taxing land values and not the buildings on the land. Both changes would tend to depress land prices in areas of high demand but to a manageable extent.
Reform – certainly but festina lente or, if you prefer, brysiwch yn araf.
Rhys ap Gwilym says:
Diolch, Moelwen, am eich geiriau caredig. Gobeithio wir neith hwn sbarduno dadl.
Thanks, John, for taking the time to reply. I'm not sure that I follow your logic. One way of thinking about the Land Value Tax is that it returns land to "common ownership", and to that extent reverses some of the malevolent effects of the Enclosure Acts. The land, in effect, is owned by the community/state; houses and other buildings remain the property of individuals, and those individuals pay a tax in return for the amenity of using the land. Of course, there are big political questions here – given the immobility of houses/buildings there need to be institutions in place to prevent the community/state from exerting undue power.
Thanks, Garald, for your response. I would like to make a few counter-arguments.
Firstly, I'm not at all convinced that tinkering at the edges of existing policies is ever the optimal course of action. It is this approach to taxation that has brought the UK to a position where the tax system is so complex that even individuals of very modest means spend hundreds of pounds on accountants, either in the hope of finding some loophole to exploit or out of fear on being on the wrong side of the tax authorities.
Secondly, on the point of the unpopularity of different taxes. I'm not aware of any evidence on this, but it would be interesting to know if there is any. My guess would be that it isn't the association with cashflows that makes taxes less unpopular, but rather their obfuscation. Stamp duty and inheritence taxes are associated with cashflows, but seem to be more unpopular than council tax. I suspect that income tax and NI are less unpopular amongst the employed (paying via PAYE, and often unaware of the sums involved) than amongst the self-employed (who have to calculate their tax payments). Similarly, sales taxes in the US are visible and are much more unpopular than VAT raised in Europe's shops. Then again, ask your average plumber how popular VAT is when they add it to the bottom of their quote. I accept that a land value tax is not easy to hide, and that this does give rise to certain political constraints. However, political expediency and good economic governance don't always go hand-in-hand.
Finally, if the last few years have taught us anything, it must be that making predictions about what will prove to be politically popular is even less reliable than making economic predictions. The latest British Social Attitudes survey (http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-34/role-of-government.aspx) tells us that the appetite for 'tax more, spend more' is at its highest level in a decade. I remain to be convinced that a highly progressive Land Value Tax would be the electoral poison that you suggest.
Rhys, arguing for the specific pre-Enclosure rights of commoners is the opposite of arguing for state ownership of land because it assumes that there are such things as private land rights.
The notion that all land belongs to the state was the basis of the feudal system. It came with the Norman Conquest and has no foundation in traditional Welsh or Anglo-Saxon law.
For the state to claim otherwise would in itself be exerting undue power, as you put it.
Chris Sutton says:
The key to LVT is land value – but what is land value? At its purest, the 'LVT value of land' would be the residual price paid for land following a development appraisal against the 'highest and best use' planning consent or allocation. However, in Wales speculative commercial development is only apparent in Cardiff city centre and therefore that approach would put little or no value on sites in other regions. But that wouldn't make any sense as there is always demand for open storage or car sales, speculation or whatever.
Such an approach would put a huge redistributive shift in taxes onto Cardiff. This, at face value, might appeal to some however would risk killing the golden goose … Cardiff has, arguably, been the one true success story of the Welsh economy since devolution. It is simply not the case that certain businesses located there would be interested in other parts of Wales.
We tinker at our peril with measures that lessen the attractiveness of our capital's business environment where land taxes are considered in comparison to Bristol, Manchester and Dublin. Indeed, the author suggests replacing a basket of taxes with a single LVT tax of £4bn… won't this make Wales a less attractive location for all land based investment decisions?
Turning to the practicalities of LVT, how do you take account of brownfield land that might have a valuable planning consent but also a horrendous list of unknown abnormals to deal with? In this scenario, is it the case that a wealthy site owner who can prove the abnormals through commissioning due diligence can secure a better deal than a site owner without resources?
How do you deal with sites zoned for a use for which there is no commercial demand. Imagine a site with an allocation for a foodstore but that the Big 4 grocers have stopped their build programme – do you value the site in comparison to a developed store or not? Overall, I would also be concerned at the relative lack of evidence in terms of land transactions – there are very few clean land transactions and the factors affecting value are many and varied. The accuracy of the evidence database would therefore be called into question.
We should also question the capacity of the public sector to accommodate a fundamental shift – look at the trouble that introducing a simple shift to Local Development Plans has caused our planning system in Wales – a deadline of 2008 and still many are outstanding (and moving from UDPs to LDPs is certainly not revolutionary – LVT would be like moving from the current plan based system to zoning or permits).
Then there is the risk to the £1bn tax take from Non Domestic Rates (NDR). The business rates system may be 'iniquitous' however it is rock solid in terms of bringing in a stable source of funding for public services. However any move away from NDR must be costly and risky. Then there would be significant set up costs in a move to LVT with High Court appeals and test cases to fund.
Taking a pragmatic approach, I suggest the status quo but with changes to NDR to incentivize investment and rebalance the yield. In my view, the fundamental issue with NDR is the level of the Uniform Business Rate. From 30p in 1990 to 48.9p in 2017, this means that business are now paying half their rent in business rates, up from one third – lower the UBR and you will remove many of the iniquities.
We are on the same page when it comes to being wary of violent change. However the shift of business rates to a site-value basis can be accomplished smoothly and gradually. We get the Valuation Office to break their assessments into two: value of land and value of building. Land is more homogenous than buildings so you need far fewer observations to produce a valuation. At present we can say the rate is the same on both land and buildings. Over ten years there could be a programme of running the rate on buildings down and the rate on the site value (land) up in a revenue-neutral way. Yes, that will lead to a reduction in land prices. Land prices in Cardiff will be hit hardest for sure. That hurts only the goose sitting on the golden egg having already laid it. The new geese coming to lay eggs get cheaper land. Business in Cardiff would not be adversely affected – a standard finding in economics since David Ricardo.
Rhys, I believe stamp duty is not as unpopular as council tax with the general public, although economists like it much less. Council tax is unpopular despite being levied at less than 1 per cent of capital values in most cases, which means it is usually less than 20 per cent of the annual value of housing services. When there is no cash transaction people have to find money to pay the tax and that is what makes it more salient and less popular. You are right, of course, that the visibility of a tax is also very important in determining acceptability. The two go together, however. If there is no cash flow there is nowhere to hide the tax. Lloyd George introduced land taxes in 1910 or thereabouts and abolished them around 1920. Australian states have them but Victoria has reduced their scope. Economists like them but you have to face that no-one else seems to.
Complexity and gradualism are quite separate issues. You can make a system more or less complex and you can do either gradually or with a sharp change. We share a preference for as much simplicity as possible – but not more than is possible.
John, I take your point but think we're in danger of entering into semantic arguments here. I deliberately conjoined the words community and state in my previous reply in order to infer ambiguity over the particular institutions that might implement the land tax. What's clear from the work of Elinor Ostrom and others is the importance of institutions in the goverance of the commons – there was no free for all.
Chris, initial implementation of LVT would require an assessment of land values. The Mirrlees Review suggested that this could be achieved by comparing the prices of similar developments in different locations. Once implemented, adjustments to tax rates would need to be made when the amenity of land changes significantly (e.g. as a result of new infrastructure) or when planning consents are altered. As Gerald has already pointed out, the big redistribution here is away from current landowners to the population in general. Existing landowners in Cardiff (and elsewhere) would take a hit, but future economic activity in Cardiff would benefit – the lower land cost would in fact be offset by the requirement to pay the new LVT, but the lower income tax would make Cardiff (and the rest of Wales) more competitive. I haven't done any detailed calculations, but I have a strong intuition that the median household would be better off in the short-run as a result of these changes as the combination of the new LVT and loss in the value of their land would be more than outweighed by the fall in income tax. Land ownership is highly concentrated and there would certainly be some big losers, but these are mainly the incumbent landowners who have profited unfairly from the increase in land values over past decades. In the long-run, the efficiency of land tax should benefit all.
Gerald, I've had a quick search for evidence on the popularity of various taxes and have drawn a blank (beyond some evidence for a clear distaste of inheritance tax), so unless you have have some evidence I guess we have to conclude that our acquaintances have disparate views on taxes. I'm glad that we seem to agree on the principle of LVT as an efficient tax, and I would certainly prefer your recipe for business rates to the status quo. However, I am not a fan of the gradualist approach.
Westminster has always favoured layering political expediencies upon political expediencies – minor adjustments to past policy which aggregate to one big mess. To date, the Welsh government has been unable or unwilling to do much more than add to this ugly edifice. Wales is the poorest nation in western Europe, with GDP per capita equal to 43% of our neighbours in the Republic of Ireland (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7962764/1-30032017-AP-EN.pdf/4e9c09e5-c743-41a5-afc8-eb4aa89913f6). I simply cannot see how, in these circumstances, a policy that incentivises economic activity and deters economic extraction can be construed as anything but pragmatic, or charcterised as excessively risky when it affects only 17% of tax revenues. I'm not saying that this is THE answer to Wales' ills, but it is policy interventions on this scale or greater that we require, not the same old gradualist approach.
Madoc says:
Rhys,
Many thanks for your thought provoking article which raises some very important issues as to the shape of taxation, what should be taxed, and the practicalities of taxation. There are a number of brief points that might be made:
A Land Value Tax is a tax on wealth, rather than a tax on income, and this has a significant impact on winners and losers and acceptability.
Land is only one asset that could be taxed, and an LVT may therefore well create distortions between asset classes
The way in which land is held would need to be looked at carefully. The use of a corporate structure to hold land could result in some serious anomalies
The border issues would raise some interesting questions. A person living in Wales and working in England might find themselves taxed twice, and in the reverse situation subject to very little tax.
There might be some merit in aligning the council tax and business rates methodology by looking at rentable value as the taxation benchmark for property. This would not only build on an existing approach and provide some coherence to the system (and provide a fairer system in capturing higher value homes at the top end of the market, even though this is far less of a problem in Wales than in London), but would provide an effective mechanism to a government to implement policy changes depending on whether they wished to favour housing or commercial development. It would also tend to capture increase in value as a result of public expenditure on infrastructure, which is notoriously difficult to do.
First apologies for a delayed response. Now, a tax on land is a tax on an asset whose price will adjust only gradually to business conditions. It will not be very responsive to the state of people's incomes. That means the tax will be perceived as a particular burden when incomes stagnate or fall. For an example of that, observe the recent furore over business rates. People were exercised that they had to pay the same or higher rates at a time when business conditions and their incomes were depressed. Taxes that are not associated with cash flows and are not responsive to income do tend to be particularly unpopular and if you doubt that then I don't think you have been reading the newspapers.
Moreover, given the lags in land valuations behind prices and the lags in prices behind business conditions, replacing income taxes entirely with a land value tax will remove an automatic stabiliser to business conditions and increase the amplitude of fluctuations. That is one forseeable implication but there may be other unforeseen implications. For example what will be the actual effect on land prices, hence valuation and hence revenue? What if revenue falls short of expectations? Such uncertainty is a powerful argument both for gradualism and not putting all your eggs in one basket. We agree that some taxation of land is a good idea. Your proposal to make it the only tax levied by the Welsh government pushes a good idea to an unreasonable point.
Mark Wadsworth says:
Rhys, excellent article, I particularly liked this response: "One way of thinking about the Land Value Tax is that it returns land to "common ownership", and to that extent reverses some of the malevolent effects of the Enclosure Acts"
That is a large part of the appeal of LVT!


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Six people from Brighton and Hove were among the 29 people who were arrested at the anti-fracking protest in Balcombe yesterday (Monday 19 August). Caroline Lucas, the Green MP for Brighton Pavilion, was among the six from Brighton. Seven others from Brighton and Hove have...
Posted On 20 Aug 2013 at 12:02 pm
Martlets home care division makes £200k for Hove hospice
The home care division of the Martlets charity has now earned more than £200,000 for the charity since it was set up six years ago. The charity said: "Martlets Care, the social enterprise side of the Martlets Group that provides care in the home and supported living, has passed...
Posted On 20 Aug 2013 at 11:53 am
Brighton firefighters rescue dog owners from their dog
Firefighters rescued a couple from their dog after it turned on them in their flat in the centre of Brighton. East Sussex Fire and Rescue Service said: "Brighton firefighters rescued two people, including the dog's owner, from a second-floor flat using an extension ladde...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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European Parliament calls for 'urgent investigation' into the abuse of gay men in Chechnya
Elena Cherubini May 18, 2017
The European Parliament has called for an "immediate, independent, objective and thorough investigation" into the persecution of gay men in Chechnya.
In a plenary session, MEPs demanded the immediate release of all illegally imprisoned people and an end to the torture of gay men in Chechnya.
They also called for an investigation to be undertaken by Russia, with the EU and Council of Europe to assist in this inquiry.
MEPs said: "Chechen authorities must end the persecution of gay men and an investigation must be held as a matter of urgency.
"Russia and its government carry the ultimate responsibility for investigating these acts, bringing perpetrators to justice."
Petition: Stop the gay men persecution in Chechnya
Parliamentarians also urged Russian authorities to uphold international human rights standards and ensure the safety of all individuals, including those belonging to the LGBT community.
MEPs additionally condemned the Chechen government for denying the existence of gay men in the region and inciting violence against LGBT individuals.
Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov has said that there are no gay people in Chechnya, labelling homosexuals as 'fake Chechens'.
He also pledged to eliminate all gay men in the region before the start of Ramadan, Britain's deputy foreign secretary revealed.
Police have also reportedly warned parents of gay men to kill their children before the state does so in torture camps.
After he was repeatedly urged by the international community, President Vladimir Putin agreed to carry out an investigation – but Russian officials later dismissed all reports as "false".
Earlier this week gay rights groups urged the International Criminal Court to investigate the ongoing situation in Chechnya to stop the 'genocide'.
The US has reportedly been denying visas to gay men escaping persecution in Chechnya.
More: Chechnya, EU, Europe, European Parliament, investigation, meps, Russia, Russia


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> Our Community
> Parents of Ruyton
The parent body of Ruyton is called The Parents of Ruyton, more commonly known as the POR.
'I love Ruyton because Ruyton caters for every student and the community feels like family, I have been lucky to be on the receiving end.' Vanessa J
The POR is all about creating an engaged community within the School. It is the link between the School and the parents. The POR is the umbrella organisation for all of the Parent Support Groups in the School and it also supports the Year Level Reps. The POR looks to engage our parent community in new opportunities to continue to strengthen the bond and interaction between parents and the School.
POR support groups
Fathers' Group
- is a passionate advocate for Ruyton girls achieving their education and career ambitions
- is a social and support network for Ruyton fathers to stay connected with our girls
- promotes School engagement and support.
Friends of Ruyton Art (ForART)
- ForART supports the Art Department in the organisation of exhibition master classes, gallery visits and visiting-artist programmes. It provides opportunities for the Ruyton community to engage in artistic activities and actively promote Art appreciation.
Friends of Ruyton Performing Arts (FORPA)
- FORPA supports students and staff of the Performing Arts at Ruyton. FORPA works with the Performing Arts Department and staff in the organisation of musical performances, master classes, concerts, productions and other drama and music events
- FORPA incorporates the members of FORMA (Friends of Ruyton Music Association) and FORDA (Friends of Ruyton Drama Association).
Friends of Ruyton Sports Association (FORSA)
- FORSA supports sport within the School and assists in interschool competitions and sporting carnivals, as requested.
Henty Rowing Club
- the Henty Rowing Club supports the rowing programme by assisting at regattas, running social activities and raising funds to purchase boats and rowing equipment. All parents of current Ruyton rowers automatically become members of the Henty Rowing Club.
Questers
- provides an opportunity for parents, grandparents, family members and guardians interested in art and crafts to come together to share or learn skills in a friendly, informal atmosphere. The group creates and sources gifts for sale at stalls each year, including at Easter, and Mothers' and Fathers' Day.
Ruyton Aquatics Club
- Ruyton Aquatic is affiliated with Swimming Victoria and is a member of the Metro East District. It is a community-based programme offered to both male and female swimmers. Ruyton Aquatic offers a state-of-the-art swimming facility and provides swimmers with the opportunity to train and compete in events outside of school swimming activities.
Ruyton Saturday Netball Club
- the RSNC welcomes all Ruyton girls from Year 4 to 12 to participate in our netball programme as a player, coach or umpire. Matches are played on a Saturday and our programme focuses on the development of sportsmanship, teamwork, enthusiasm, leadership and netball skills.
Second Hand Uniform Shop
- this is a means to sell old uniforms as well as buy second hand uniforms. Parent volunteers assist with the sorting, grading, pricing and assisting families.
Year Level Representatives
- build a sense of community and connection across each individual year level. Their objective is to further the support that the POR provides to the School, fostering a sense of belonging to the Ruyton School community amongst parents.
POR Co-Presidents
The Co-Presidents of the Parents of Ruyton (POR) Association are parents with children at the School who work with the Community Relations Office to maintain good communication within the Ruyton community between all of the volunteer run groups and to fund raise. POR Term meetings are scheduled once a term and all current parents/guardians are invited to attend.
Mrs Melinda Gray
Co-President of the POR
Mrs Melissa Haberfield
Co-president of POR


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Life in the Fast Lane:
Well-designed checkpoints have been shown to improve passenger satisfaction and compliance, reduce stress for security personnel and improve efficiency. This is why Airports Council International (ACI) World and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) have teamed up to develop Smart Security, a programme that incorporates design, technology and common sense to keep our screening lanes moving faster. Jeffrey Barrow explains why improving throughput rates no longer means compromising on security and focusses on speed-enhancing innovations at the checkpoint peripheral to the actual detection technologies themselves.
With ever-present aviation security threats, coupled with growing passenger numbers, airports and screening authorities have begun to transform their passenger checkpoints both to improve security and focus on a better experience for the passenger. This has included leveraging new screening technologies such as computed tomography (CT) to increase detection capability in the cabin baggage screening process; or increased use of explosive trace detection (ETD) equipment and liquid scanners to identify explosive materials. However, there have been a number of innovations at the checkpoint peripheral to the actual detection technologies themselves that have resulted in increased throughput and improved passenger experience.
Over the past six years, the Smart Security programme has focused on innovation at the passenger screening checkpoint. Smart Security is a joint initiative between ACI World and IATA with the mission of developing a more sustainable, efficient, and effective passenger and cabin baggage screening process that strengthens security, increases operational efficiency and improves the passenger experience. It aims to achieve this through the introduction of risk-based security concepts, advanced screening technologies and process innovations.
For the past several years, various research activities, trials and proof-of-concept implementations have taken place in close co-operation with a group of airports, regulators and screening authorities. The knowledge gained and lessons learned from trials and proof-of-concept implementations have been gathered into a comprehensive set of guidance materials available for wider use. This includes detailed guidance on: passenger screening; cabin baggage screening; checkpoint management systems, and design and automation, as well as justifying the business case for the checkpoint.
Airports, airlines, regulators and ACI/IATA partners have access to this information, which includes a number of information papers, guidance documents and other resources to support stakeholders seeking information as well as technical and operational guidance to aid trials and deployments.
Checkpoint Design
The Smart Security guidance includes checkpoint design and automation solutions supporting security screening, such as lane configuration, automation and 'look & feel' elements. Design and configuration are critical elements to checkpoint effectiveness and efficiency, not to mention passenger experience. Regardless of whether a checkpoint is largely based on manual processes, or incorporates elements of automation, some generic design principles and considerations will apply.
Passenger pre-divestment awareness signage (Credit: Toronto Pearson)
Dedicated preparation areas with clear communication provide passengers with screening information and the opportunity to dispose of liquids and other restricted items before they join the queue. This helpful yet basic addition has aided in decreasing queues through reduced preparation time at the actual lane.
Smart Security has found that airports have benefited from including dynamic signage or videos explaining the process as well as pre-divest stations with liquid and restricted items disposal bins.
Passenger security information mobile application (Credit: Copenhagen Airport)
Most airports are subject to significant divest requirements (shoes, coats, laptops etc.), increasing the time spent by passengers before and after the baggage screening equipment and increasing the volume of items (trays or baggage) required to process a single passenger. All these consequences of divest requirements, which are intended to mitigate the threats faced by the aviation industry, negatively impact checkpoint efficiency. This is exacerbated in cold climates where bulky coats and boots are often worn.
"…dedicated preparation areas with clear communication provide passengers with screening information and the opportunity to dispose of liquids and other restricted items before they join the queue…"
Benefits of effective design and configuration include improved passenger compliance, allowing security officers to focus on core activities and thereby improving security effectiveness. Passengers will enjoy a smoother process with minimised stress and disruption, and security officers will enjoy improved working conditions.
Making a simple change can significantly increase efficiency and improve passenger experience by removing the last-minute panic factor at the front of the line. In a standard checkpoint without parallel divestment, lengths of divest and repack areas can be balanced so that the same number of passengers are able to divest and repack simultaneously. This enables a constant flow of trays into the X-ray and reduces belt stoppage or X-ray starvation.
"…enabling a constant flow of trays into the X-ray and reducing belt stoppage or X-ray starvation…"
Providing space for repacking away from the security lane can also improve efficiency as it reduces the number of trays located after the X-ray and, as a consequence, the frequency of die-back (when a passenger tries to repack their items in-lane which can, especially if the passenger has multiple trays, lead to a cascade effect whereby trays 'log-jam' resulting in a stoppage). Several airports have made reclaim stations and tables available to passengers, and have located them between lanes to reduce the distance passengers need to carry their bins, therefore discouraging repacking on the lane itself.
Automated Access
To manage access control at checkpoints, some airports have moved away from manual processes requiring passengers to show an officer their boarding pass in favour of automated access gate solutions. Also known as e-gates, these solutions reduce the need for staffing and facilitate a continuous flow of passengers. E-gates can aid in the reduction of queues in public areas of the airport, which helps to reduce operating costs and has a positive effect on landside security. Longer term, they can potentially be used as part of a wider identity management, tracking and access system to optimise checkpoint lane utilisation and segregation of passenger types if needed.
Checkpoint Automation
Traditional security screening for passengers and their cabin baggage has been a largely manual process. With the trend towards larger and heavier carry-on baggage and as security threats evolve, passengers are increasingly required to divest more thoroughly, while airports are challenged to manage the security screening process with legacy infrastructure.
Limitations of traditional checkpoints include:
Static tray loading often allows only one passenger to divest at a time, causing gaps between trays, increasing X-ray operator wait times and limiting the efficiency of the checkpoint.
Inconsistent tray spacing reduces the efficiency of the X-ray and the security officer (creating dwell time) and potentially complicating X-ray image assessment.
Manual stoppage of belt when a bag requires secondary screening, reducing X-ray throughput.
Manual data collection and compliance tracking diverts resources from core activities.
These legacy layouts can also have a negative impact on passenger experience, such as noise, confusion at the repack area and shortage of trays. Equally, as officers seek to manually address these issues, they may be required to undertake repetitive manual tasks, which can lead to a higher number of occupational health and safety related claims.
Security lane at Chicago's O'Hare with parallel loading and ATRS, (Credit: US Transportation Security Administration)
As the market develops, automated solutions for many of the above challenges are becoming available, allowing airports to enhance the passenger experience, improve security officer performance and satisfaction, and drive operational efficiencies. Some of these new lane elements include:
Refined passenger divest and X-ray in-feed models
Automated bag divert concepts
Automated reclaim belt
Networked secondary search stations
Checkpoint management systems
Security lane with parallel loading and ATRS (Credit: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol)
Divest and Loading
In recent years, airports have sought divesting and loading solutions that allow them to automate the process and remove the need for manual handling by passengers and staff. One in particular is parallel loading, which has become the new norm for many of today's large international airports like Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and London Gatwick in Europe, Kansai Airport in Japan, as well as Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson, Chicago O'Hare and Toronto Pearson Airports in North America. In this model, several passengers line up at the same time to use loading stations along the rollers. These loading stations may be demarcated for example, through the use of different colours and small barriers between them. The passenger prepares their tray and then simply pushes it onto a second powered roller bed directly in front, which feeds into the X-ray machine. In this case, passengers will have more time for divesting as others may simply bypass them and divest at another station. This means that the system should remain fully loaded with trays, regardless of a passenger's individual divest time.
Similar to parallel loading, many airports now implement automated tray return systems (ATRS), intended to remove the burden of tray management from the security officers in the checkpoint, reducing manual handling and allowing officers to focus on core activities. These systems automatically take the trays from the back of the lane, returning them to the front where they are presented for passenger collection.
Airports that have invested in new checkpoint configurations have seen significant enhancements in customer and security satisfaction scores as a result of calmer, more efficient, and more intuitive processes. Several airports have reported an increase of up to 20% in passenger satisfaction after having implemented innovative automation measures designed to enhance the checkpoint environment.
Aided by networking within the checkpoint, checkpoint management systems (CMS) are a tool providing airports with a holistic view of the checkpoint operations that integrates data streams produced by the various equipment and software related to screening and security operations, as well as data from external sources. Through this data integration, airports should be able to plan their resources in more efficient way, obtain real-time information enabling them to dynamically adjust their operations as needed (flight delays, staff absenteeism, etc.) and assess how their checkpoint and staff operate based on accurate information. This information can also be used to improve the passenger journey and experience, and enable the airport and airlines to make decisions based on accurate, real-time information.
Recent trials and deployment across the globe have proven the value that a CMS can bring to an airport. As an increasing number of airports upgrade their checkpoints with automation capabilities and connectivity, CMS are fast becoming a baseline requirement with more manufacturers now providing CMS offerings.
Screening checkpoint at McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas (Credit: Transportation Security Administration)
Smart Security guidance on checkpoint management provides airports, screening authorities and other stakeholders with a set of key performance metrics to measure the efficiency level of a specific passenger checkpoint using standardised definition and data collection methodologies. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list but rather aims to ensure a common base and a common language with regard to checkpoint efficiency.
Although the length of an automated lane usually exceeds that of a traditional lane, the resultant benefits will generally outweigh its larger footprint by providing more efficient throughput, optimisation of staff and better utilisation of space.
It is important to note that while passenger throughput remains an important element for airports to measure, Smart Security recommends that it should not be measured in isolation, but always combined with measurements regarding the number of staff and the surface area required to achieve this throughput, as this provides the full efficiency picture. Furthermore, anyone examining throughput metrics should be mindful that local circumstances and design objectives will dictate the throughput of a particular airport.
Centralised Image Processing
Centralised image processing (CIP), also referred to as remote screening, multiplexing or matrixing, is the networking of checkpoint X-ray screening systems to allow for the real-time management and transmission of X-ray images to location(s) that are not necessarily located with the X-ray machine itself. The X-ray image processing and interpretation can occur in a location remote from the checkpoint screening area, where a security officer can review X-ray images from multiple checkpoint screening lanes in a purpose-built environment (remote operations facility) or located within the checkpoint screening area itself, or a combination of these two options.
Live airport trials of CIP began in 2013. Trials were largely driven by increasing recognition that large infrastructure changes to meet the demand of increasing passenger numbers were not practical or achievable within the existing footprint, and that an improved operational model was required.
In particular, airports noted that the limit for processing passengers in a security screening checkpoint is affected by the speed of the cabin baggage X-ray system, and that the maximum speed of the cabin baggage X-ray is in part determined by the rate at which the screener can review and analyse an image. Airports identified an opportunity to enhance passenger throughput at the checkpoint by optimizing X-ray image analysis within a CIP framework.
Drawing on the experience gained in hold baggage screening, as well as similar domains such as air traffic control where operators manage multiple locations for periods greater than the typically regulated 20-minute screening period, CIP offers a solution to ease the bottleneck of passenger flow at the checkpoint without compromising security effectiveness.
Implementation, trials, and assessments at a number of airports have shown the operational and infrastructure benefits of CIP, and airports are continuing to work through options for optimising CIP with networking through a variety of X-ray technologies and increased lane automation. Operators are identifying significant gains, choosing to expand deployment efforts and are investing in complimentary checkpoint enhancements to further leverage CIP as a new and better way of operating.
Some benefits included increased detection of threat image projection (TIP) images when operating in a CIP environment, suggesting a possible improvement in security effectiveness. Importantly, covert test results remained the same in CIP environments compared to traditional environments, indicating no negative changes in security effectiveness.
Greater benefits of CIP can also be leveraged in the context of checkpoint automation. Automated bag diversion can be of great benefit in a checkpoint, allowing the X-ray operator to focus on image analysis rather than the manual triage of bags; however, it is recommended airports deploy automated bag diverter when using CIP given that the screener is no longer physically present to manually remove alarmed bags for additional screening.
"…with the advent of artificial intelligence and further equipment capabilities, in the future we expect that interactions with security staff at the airport will be fewer but more qualitative…"
With advanced cabin baggage screening equipment and the ability to track a tray throughout the lane, airports have seen benefits in networking and reconfiguring secondary search stations to allow for the improved resolution of alarms generated during the X-ray screening process. These networked secondary search stations include a monitor that is networked to the X-ray giving the search officer access to the X-ray image, together with an indication of suspected threat items to help resolve the alarm. Notably, however, airports using CIP will most likely require a networked secondary search station given that the X-ray operator is no longer physically present to communicate with the secondary search officer concerning the nature of the alarm.
In the longer term it is envisaged that CIP will become common, and future initiatives may include a move away from the checkpoint or on-airport location to where labour or infrastructure costs can be optimised. With the potential for wireless networking, hardwired connections between the checkpoint and remote locations may no longer be necessary if appropriate operational resilience, information security, integrity, and assurance can be provided.
Future of Airport Screening
Automated solutions will continue to counter the challenges of legacy equipment and infrastructure. However, work has begun on identifying tomorrow's opportunities that will help shape the future of airport security screening in the next 15 to 20 years, potentially changing the design of the checkpoint.
Recent trends have seen more of the traditional passenger pre-flight functions occurring at home, such as mobile boarding passes, seat selection and advance purchase of baggage fees. Some jurisdictions are permitting mobile declaration on arrival and in advance of entering border control. With this trend in mind, the future of passenger screening has started to focus on off-airport and at-home applications that would potentially rely on more advanced passenger information and a risk-based focus. Early steps have been realised in the various global 'trusted traveller' programmes whereby pre-approved and low-risk passengers are provided with modified screening, enabling a more efficient journey through the security process, or conversely, enhanced screening of high-risk passengers.
Signage and checkpoint at London Heathrow (Credit: Heathrow Airport)
Along the same lines, further thought is being given to stand-off screening as passengers move at walking pace through the airport in advance of the traditional checkpoint (such as on the curb, in the car parks or at the terminal entrances). Focus here would be on advancing technology and capabilities while containing threats outside of sterile areas. Future applications could see security processes and infrastructure dispersed ahead of checkpoints and at various points at the airport, building a picture of the passenger's risk.
Focus on the future of checkpoint automation and its implications for human factors are being considered. With the advent of artificial intelligence and further equipment capabilities, in the future we expect that interactions with security staff at the airport will be fewer but more qualitative, with security officers deployed to perform more analytical and customer-facing tasks (i.e., assisting passengers, analysing behaviour) while equipment performs primary screening decisions.
Whether security officers move from behind the counters and X-ray equipment to interact more with passengers, or the evolution of stand-off detection equipment allows for walking pace screening, future innovative ideas will likely necessitate a change in the checkpoint – both in design and function, and resulting in a higher security regime and a better experience for the passenger.
Jeffrey Barrow is Manager, Smart Security at ACI World. To obtain more information including access to Smart Security's guidance material, information papers, and future Smart Security guidance online training, please contact smartsecurity@aci.aero or smartsecurity@iata.org.
Integrated Checkpoint Solution Helps Keflavík Airport Handle Rapid Growth by Mark Elliott
Positioned around 50km southwest of Iceland's capital Reykjavík, Keflavík Airport is one of the country's major transportation hubs. It is the largest airport on the island and Iceland's main transfer site for international travellers. As testament to its importance, the airport is almost exclusively used for international flights and around 95% of all visitors to Iceland pass through its gates.
Owing to its prime location and Iceland's continued popularity as a tourist destination, Keflavík has had to face a number of challenges. One of its primary concerns has been the rapid growth in passenger volumes over the past decade. These have soared from just over 3 million in 2013 to 9 million in 2017. They are expected to rise still further – to 10.4 million in 2018 – which represents an incredible 435% increase since 2010.
In recent years, international requirements concerning aviation security issues at airports have also increased substantially, for example, with the introduction of new technologies, such as liquid scanners and explosive trace detectors. As a result, the overall screening quality at all airports has to be higher than ever, and automated processes are vital in maintaining efficient security processes.
In addition, Keflavík has been eager to maintain – and improve – the experience for passengers and ensure a smooth flow of people through the security area. This can traditionally be one of the most stressful points for travellers heading through an airport, so creating a calm and efficient environment was paramount. Keflavík's challenge was to increase the speed and throughput at the security screening area, in tandem with the steep rise in passenger numbers.
"…the solution at Keflavík is based on a 'pull' philosophy and incorporates an empty tray recognition system…"
Performance and quality requirements are especially stringent in the Nordic region, which was another main driver for Keflavík to invest in a high-performance and quality solution. To improve its operations, the airport chose to install Vanderlande's PAX OPTIMA advanced passenger checkpoint (APC) solution. Beginning with four automated screening lanes in 2015, its security area now comprises eight lanes with integrated remote screening software.
The solution is a seamless system that combines a modular, state-of-the-art automated screening lane with remote screening (or centralised image processing). This allows screening agents to share the workload, counter the effect of traffic variation and significantly improve operational efficiency.
The solution at Keflavík is based on a 'pull' philosophy and incorporates an empty tray recognition system (ETRS). Because of space restrictions, Keflavík needed a modular solution that helped them maximise all available space.
When passengers approach the lanes, they are notified via a green light under the dispenser that a tray is available. Personal items are then laid in the trays to help users progress at a steady rate. Once they have divested their belongings, a conveyor moves the trays to the X-ray scanner. If their items clear the X-ray machine, the passengers collect their possessions from the pick-up zone and continue their journey.
Meanwhile, in a remote screening room, a separate team of security staff can observe X-ray images from the lanes in a calm and noiseless environment. This is the core purpose for the remote screening software. To maintain focus and a high level of efficiency, each member of staff only spends 20 minutes per shift performing this function.
If security staff identify a bag as being suspicious, the information is sent back to the lane where push diverts slide it across to a secondary lane leading to a recheck area. Individuals with rejected baggage make their way to the manual inspection zone.
A Win-Win Situation
Since the installation of the security lanes and the software, Keflavík has quickly reaped the benefits. The summer of 2015 was one of the busiest periods in the airport's history, with queues reaching out to the parking lot. However, 2017 was even bigger, but 99% of passengers were waiting less than 10 minutes at the security area.
"…99% of passengers were waiting less than 10 minutes at the security area…"
One of the biggest advantages of the combined system has been the increased passenger throughput, which has improved by approximately 30%. It has also helped the airport to enhance its use of staff resources, levels of communication between all stakeholders, and the overall experience for its passengers.
Throughout the project, Keflavík was keen to create teams consisting of Isavia and Vanderlande employees to enable the smooth flow of information between all parties. This was managed by Vanderlande personnel from The Netherlands, Spain and Canada.
This close cooperation was crucial to achieving a good result and has benefitted both organisations.
Optimism is high at Keflavík. In fact, four additional lanes are soon going to be installed!
Mark Elliott is Director Products & Partners, Vanderlande APC (Advanced Passenger Checkpoints)
aside.strategy-passenger p{ color: white; }
Strategy for a Passenger-centric Checkpoint Design
by Cameron Mann
In the face of increasing passenger numbers, evolving threats, changing regulations, and tight budgets, airports are constantly challenged to increase operational efficiency and improve the effectiveness of security. The checkpoint is a critical touchpoint in the passenger journey, and the correct strategy here can be pivotal to the broader operations of an airport.
The security checkpoint is an essential, but often a frustrating stage for the travelling public – improving things here can have a very positive impact on how passengers view the total airport experience. Queuing times, the nature of the screening process itself and interaction with staff are all key factors.
Well-designed checkpoints provide effective airport security whilst also being efficient and conducive to a positive passenger experience. When it comes to checkpoint design, there is plenty to consider in the planning stage.
Firstly, an airport must understand what their needs are and what 'good' looks like. There is always a balance to be struck between security, operations and the passenger experience. It is critical that an airport understands the impact that any changes will have on those elements to ensure success.
Understanding passenger profiles and demographics allow the airport to create the right experience for a particular type of passenger. Business travellers, families and persons of restricted mobility all have different needs that represent different challenges for airports and airlines. Local as well as international cultures may also impact on passenger behaviour during the screening process. Again, understanding these cultures will help airports to create differentiated experiences making the process less stressful for the individual.
Many airports are evolving to utilise 'smart lanes' to help them maximise their environment. To make effective use of space, airports are now challenging existing and traditional allocated areas in terminal layouts with newer, smarter flow and lanes.
European Union (EU) standards regarding cabin baggage explosive detection systems (EDS CB) are also assisting in balancing airports' needs in security, operational processing, flow, the cost of providing the service and the passenger experience.
Future checkpoint innovation will be focused on advanced X-ray machines, and advanced computer tomography (CT) solutions will allow passengers to undergo security checks without having to remove items from their bag. These advances in technology will mean minimal interaction between officers and passengers, and a much quicker and more pleasurable experience.
Today's checkpoints need to be flexible and ready for the future with reliable and effective interfaces. They also need to be driven by sophisticated network monitoring that can increase productivity and mitigate operational risk.
Getting this right will result in high levels of security, a cost-effective process, improved on-time performance for airlines, increased passenger satisfaction, and sustainable business growth.
Cameron Mann is Global Market Director for Aviation,
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William Harvey Heart Centre [PDF 506KB]
[PDF 506 KB]
National research centre for bowel disease will be a UK first
A national research centre for bowel disease is to be set up in London to bring the Cinderella area of medicine to the forefront of surgical innovation.
Building of the £3 million centre of excellence has just begun at Queen Mary, University of London. It will be up and running in early 2012.
The aim is to fast-track new operations for bowel disease patients and revolutionise the way new surgical breakthroughs are rolled out to hospitals all over the UK.
The NCBRSI (National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation) will bring together under one roof scientists, clinicians and clinical trial specialists to create a national resource.
Their role will be to develop groundbreaking surgical ideas, carry out clinical trials, then disseminate their knowledge and techniques to the operating theatres of hospitals all over the UK.
The centre is expected to deliver a number of 'firsts' and will become a Gold Standard for research into bowel disorders including cancer, colitis, faecal incontinence and constipation which affect millions of people in the UK.
The project is supported by the charity Bowel & Cancer Research which has raised £2.4 million to get the centre off the ground.
Director of the centre is Professor Norman Williams, who became President of the Royal College of Surgeons in July 2011. Co-directors of the NCBRSI are Professor Charles Knowles and Professor Andy Silver.
Professor Williams and his team believe the centre will revolutionise the way surgical advances for bowel disorders developed in hospitals all over the UK are rolled out. They say it could provide a framework for other areas of surgery to follow.
At the moment, says Williams, there is no recognised mechanism for developing an idea about innovative treatments for bowel disease, taking it through to clinical trial, and into routine clinical practice.
At the same time, collaboration between research scientists and surgeons is such that new techniques to help patients come about by luck more than strategy.
"Surgeons can trial a new technique in their own hospital but too often it goes no further. The infrastructure to roll out the accumulated knowledge about innovative procedures isn't there. There are loose liaisons, but no official method. We almost rely on hearsay. It's incredibly slow and very frustrating," said Professor Williams.
He added that the existing research networks which enable clinical trials to take place within the NHS are geared mainly to test new drugs and non-invasive therapy. He stressed that it's impossible to test surgical techniques in the same way.
"There is little room for a placebo in surgery. You can't tell someone when they go in for a bowel operation that they may, or may not, end up with a colostomy bag for life," he said.
"The centre of excellence will be able to pilot a new bowel surgery technique, then roll it out across the country. We want to develop new techniques which improve quality of life, test them, and teach them to others in a measured way. Let's spread the knowledge more efficiently and speedily.
"We can make great strides if we can pool expertise from different sectors of the medical chain, but we need an organisation and a structure with which to do that."
The centre's backers say bowel disease is a neglected area of medicine which doesn't get the research funding it deserves considering its prevalence. "Further, surgery in general is neglected, receiving less than 2 per cent of research council funding despite one in every three NHS hospital admissions requiring a surgical intervention," said Charles Knowles.


text:
Mike Scarth (born 4 March 1959) is a Canadian former swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Canadian male swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Canada
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Edmonton
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


His mighty arm has done tremendous things! He has scattered the proud and haughty ones. He has brought down princes from their thrones and exalted the humble. He has filled the hungry with good things and sent the rich away with empty hands.
We think things will stay the way they are.
The people on the bottom will stay on the bottom.
The rich will stay rich; the poor will stay poor.
But no, these all of life is constantly in motion.
Some people work, work, work their way to the top. In so doing, they trample others to get there. In order to stay there, they keep trampling and working harder and harder. Exhausted and burned out, their life eventually falls apart.
Some people love and serve their way to the top. They help others succeed. People are glad to see them succeed, because they will use their success to love and serve others even more.
God calls the humble up; he pushes the proud down. They're both surprised.
Let the humble who struggle with feeling they're on the bottom sing with Mary.


More than 1,000 students benefit from our courses each year; courses that reach not only graduate and undergraduate students from the United States, but also students from throughout Latin America and South America; courses that focus on the key issues facing the tropics: from climate change, to global health issues, to infectious diseases, to the impact of humans and agricultural landscapes on natural ecosystems.
Special Campaigns and projects provide support for special initiatives in tropical education, research and conservation. Projects that are being carried out at the stations include: Purchasing Solar Panels at La Selva, Greening Facilities, Acquiring critical Laboratory Equipment, Adopting Trails for Maintenance, Creating Research Fellowships, Building the Las Cruces Land Fund.
With deep gratitude, OTS acknowledges the following organizations that support the OTS mission: Provide leadership in education, research, and responsible use of natural resources in the tropics.
An endowment is a restricted gift to OTS, which accumulates interest anually. The OTS fellowship program, education program, and field stations provide excellent opportunities for suporting existing endowments or establishing a new endowment.


Unprovoked firing by Afghan border forces on Friday affected more than 2,000 families living near the Pak-Afghan border in Chaman, the director general of Balochistan's provincial disaster management authority (PDMA), Muhammad Tariq, said while addressing a press conference on Saturday.
Deputy Commissioner (DC) Chaman Qaisar Khan said residents of villages located at the border had been instructed to evacuate.
"Announcements in mosques have been made and pamphlets have been distributed in this regard," the DC said.
19 PDMA trucks carrying relief goods had reached Chaman to ensure the provision of basic commodities, tents and blankets to the affected families, the DG PDMA said.
Relief goods worth Rs40 million were dispatched to the Pak-Afghan border at Chaman, he said.
"We can assure timely support to our brothers in this hour of trouble", the DG PDMA said.
He said the district administration had also been directed to assess the damages resulting from the firing by Afghan forces.
Mud-walled houses in particular had been severely damaged in Killi Luqman and Killi Jehangir when Afghan forces attacked FC personnel guarding census staff.
At least 12 people, including two Frontier Corps personnel, five children and three women were killed in the hostilities, which started in the early hours of Friday.
Close the border for indefinite periord untill the culprits are punished or handed over to Pakistan.
The situation would need thorough investigation untill that borders should be closed in retaliation.
Again and again and it will happen again! No matter if we say millions times that Afghans are our Muslim brother but the fact is that the damaged Afghans have done in last two days to themselves, to us is huge. Therefore the fact will remains same, and we must take serious and immediate measures to protect our people and land. We must close the border and shut all trade with them.
I am surprised that there was no retaliation from our government! So many innocent people killed!Pakistan Army should have responded in kind so that this would never happen again!
They have already said sorry.
2000 families affected by such clashes but our designated PM+FM is abjectly silence on the matter. No strong protest, no threat of retaliation or sanctions. It is business as usual towards ungrateful Afghan as if it is such a small matter, so it should be ignored.
No wonder Afghan's ridicule Pakistani overtures and don't seem too grateful for our largess and generosity toward 3 million Afghans who lived in Pakistan for nearly three decades.
A Mistake by Afghan Border Guards.
Still unable to understand why Afghanistan would commit such an act.
This all happens when we are stuck with a spineless leadership in Pakistan!!
Is it failure of foreign policy ? What are the initiatives of our foreign office ?
@Raja farhat abbas absolutely true!
Pakistan and Afghanistan are neighbourly countries. They should avoid conflict and instead resolve their differences through talk.
Pakistan can not allow a third-rate country like Afgjanistan to threaten it's citizens. Any borderpost firing upon our citizens pr armed forves must be eliminated by brute force, this must include eastern border as well.
A simple answer to this act is "Close borders" and let their Indian friends help them.
Afghanistan have already started the same border policy against pakistan as india have. Both the countries voilates the border rules and fires over innocents after some couple of days. afghan have created similar environment. So need to be treated the same as india. Because they have extremely strong feelings of dislikes against pakistan than indians.
Afghans are not brother by any imagination. From get go they have sided with India and Afghanistan is the only nation that opposed Pakistan entry to United Nations.
@Dr. Salaria, Aamir Ahmad What goes around comes around.
PM Nawaz Sharif, COAS Bajwa are you watching this?!
Great. Keep the brothers coming and pay the price.
What is Afghan government's reason? What do they tell themselves to feel ok about killing civilians?
It has become quite common now to hear such news about unprovoked firing from across the border with India, Afghanistan and sometime even Iran. These countries are our neighbor and surely this shows that we are not in good relation with our neighbor. This is a time to take it seriously and try to reconsider our foreign and strategic policy. In today's world one cannot live alone because all neighboring countries are interdependent on each other.
I thought they ( Afghan ) are our brother and a member of our umma. Why they become so violent. We fed them, clothed them and sheltered them when no one was there for them. What a sad story of betrayal.
Now on be a Pakistani only. Take care of Pakistanis and no one else. Let the politicians spend their own money to help foreign needy of their choosing.
Violence is part and parcel of our nation. There not a single day without violence.
@Falcon1 2000 Families have become refugees i.e. they have been asked to move from their homes. This order of moving from their homes is not understandable. Who will benefit from this move? Surely, the people affected will be angry at this order of moving from their homes and becoming refugees. Such extreme actions will create a breeding ground of so-called terrorists. Will the Government stop such extreme action affecting the lives of common people?
What are the 40 gdp consuming armwd forces doing to protect those who could have been educated by those funds.
We are settling lots of out siders in our territories.
@Salmam we don't say and accept what we actually did with Afghans and Afghanistan. We need to come clean and introspect.
Once in an IMF programme, the government will have to wade deep into it, and own the process.
An emboldened Modi will do exactly what he wants.


4) Australian Suicide, Drago, Fénix vs Daga, Dark Cuervo, Pentagón Jr.
Air Date: 08/02 and 08/09. That pushes Teziutlan to 08/16 and TripleMania takes over from there and everything makes sense now. I'm relieved.
That also means that anything left which needs to be set up for TripleMania ought to be set up here, and there does seem to be a decent amount of stuff left. That main event should be busy.
Tommy Diablo is from Puerto Rico's WWC and Carlitos was last seen there. I have no idea if they are good or bad, but there are probably people who are reading this who can give their opinions in the comments. They're a random inclusion at this point. The match should be good with or without them, but it would only make sense to debut them here if they also had some role on TripleMania.
Fourth match could be very good and the minis match has a strong chance as well. Semimain continues Texano/Psycho, second has Taya/Faby.
Oddly enough, there was already a show promoted for that building on that day. It probably got booted to a different date or canceled altogether. Emo Extreme is going to be even more Emo.
Carlitos and Tommy are good. Not so good like other wrestlers from PR who wrestle in Mexico but are good. Tommy is a Jr heavyweight Legend in PR. Is one of the boys of Victor Quiñonez. Tommy wrestle in BattleArts and later I guess in Michinoku Pro in 2004. Carlitos start in IWA as a ripoff of Carlito Carribbean Cool. Make some good matches with Tommy in 2005 in IWA. Both guys are good here in PR and do some good work on the ring. I guess Anarquia and Evans and Angelico are good guys to work with Tommy and Carlitos.


What is the ISFP personality type (The Creator)?
ISFP types need plenty of personal space. Though they enjoy building connections with people, they need alone time to think and recharge.
They are very observant, especially focusing on the details more than the overall view. They live in the present and tend to base decisions on what they can see right now.
Creators also prioritize emotion when making decisions. They prefer to follow what feels right.
They don't like schedules, but instead prefer to keep their options open. They are adaptable, spontaneous, and like to challenge the need for strict rules.
Try to connect with them emotionally while respecting their deep need for personal space and independence.
Meetings should be sparse and should focus on specific, concrete information.
Include small-talk and communicate clearly in emails.
Be gentle when giving feedback; include compliments to reassure ISFPs.
Listen to and encourage ISFP types to share their feelings; help them feel heard and understood in times of conflict.
INFP types have a passion for helping others. They are natural born creatives and enjoy careers that allow them to have flexible schedules.


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Culver City Arts Foundation Awards $50,000 in Grants
Contributes to the Enrichment of Art and Culture in Culver City Culver Arts
The Culver City Arts Foundation (Culver Arts), which supports the arts in Culver City through its mission to preserve the past, enrich the present and create the future of arts and culture in the community, is thrilled to announce the recipients of $50,000 in grants in our effort to support local nonprofit art organizations. This year for #GivingTuesday, instead of asking for donations for our own nonprofit organization, Culver Arts gave back to the arts community…because art changes everything!
Through the support of our donors and community partners, we were able to increase our donations from
$20,000 given in our first and second round combined to local artists, to $50,000 for our final round for art organizations! The grants range in amounts of $1,000 to $5,000 and are designed to support general operating funds, especially after the last few years of economic hardship. These awardees are creative organizations that provide programs, resources, and opportunities for the local community that are the heart of Culver City.
The grant recipients are:
Academy of Visual & Performing Arts Actors' Gang
ArtsUP! LA Cadfab Creative Cinefemme
Culver City Chamber Orchestra Culver City Historical Society Culver City Public Theatre
El Marino Rainbow Taiko Global Girl Media
Invertigo Dance Theatre Jazz Hands For Autism
Los Angeles Doctors' Symphony Orchestra Monarch Theatre Guild
The New American Theatre ReDiscover Center
VOX Femina Los Angeles
Wende Museum of the Cold War Westside Youth Orchestra
"We are grateful to have the opportunity to support the arts which are so vital to our community and its identity." said Jim B. Clarke, Culver Arts Chair. "We are thankful to our donors and supporters who will allow us to award more grants in 2023."
First Round Resiliency Fund grant recipient, artist Annie Brown had this to say: "With the support that the Culver Arts Foundation Resiliency Fund Grant gave me in 2021, I was able to easily pay my rent and apply that extra time and attention to expanding my small business in ways I previously didn't have the time or financial stability to do. A few months later, I released four new products and became an artist-in-residence at These Hands Maker's Collective, a local workshop space and arts collective. During my April - December residency, I have been teaching workshops three times a month and creating my art in a beautiful, welcoming space. It's an
Chair: Jim B. Clarke
Vice-Chair: Sehnita Joshua Mattison Secretary: A. Alicia Ide
Treasurer: Dr. Tony Spano
Shona Gupta, Dr. James Limbaugh, Kenneth S. Mand, David Voncannon
Culver City, CA 90231 http://www.CulverArts.org Info@CulverArts.org http://www.givebutter.com/culverarts
opportunity I wouldn't have had the chance to follow without the grant. Thank you so much, Culver Arts
Foundation!"
In the next grant cycle, Culver Arts will be able to provide funds through its Creative Arts Spotlight Grants, which are expected to launch early 2023. The Creative Arts Spotlight Grants, which are modeled on the successful Culver City Performing Arts Grants funded by the City and Culver Arts, will provide programmatic support to artists and organizations working in the literary arts, visual arts, digital arts, filmmaking, and other disciplines ineligible for the performing arts grants.
As Culver Arts looks to future opportunities to support local artists and creative organizations we will focus on our year-end appeals for support. To continue helping the arts thrive in Culver City, Culver Arts accepts donations at https://culverarts.org/ through GiveButter.com/culverarts or mailed to Culver City Arts Foundation, PO Box 4521, Culver City, CA 90231. Donations are tax deductible (FEIN 84-1697150) and 100% of the funds will directly support the arts.
About Culver City Arts Foundation
Since its launch in 2018, the Culver City Arts Foundation has been a leader in supporting arts and culture in Culver City through fiscal grants, providing major funding to programs such as the Culver City Performing Arts Grants and the Artist Laureate program. Throughout the pandemic, the Foundation's Arts Resiliency Fund provided funds to local artists impacted by the global shutdown. The Culver City Arts Foundation Arts is a local 501(c)3 nonprofit composed of community leaders who volunteer their time, experience, and resources towards the growth of the arts in Culver City. Visit http://www.culverarts.org for more information about the Culver City Arts Foundation. #CulverCityResilient
Culver Arts Contributes to the Enrichment of Art and Culture in Culver City
Come listen, how Armageddon was averted at the Kirk Douglas Theatre
Time to let it be a great summer and get back some of the 70s Classic performances of the Beatles
Have a HOT night at the Greek for the start of the Jackson Tour
Celebrate the new year with a classical concert at the Walt Disney Concert Hall
Disney's Winnie The Pooh
Make time to enjoy som...Steven Lieberman
Injured Driver Arrives...
Reflections on a KingEric Lambkins II
CC Police Arrest Cycli...
Sister City Student Ex...


SAMES KREMLIN has launched a line of new airspray tanks called FPro featuring capacity from 2L to 50L; maximum pressure from 3.5 Bar to 7.0 Bar; manufactured of aluminum, carbon steel or stainless steel; bottom or top output; and with or without agitator. All tanks are CE, ASME, and ATEX certified and feature a new premium agitator.
The company says customers can expect higher transfer efficiency – up to 78% on complexed shaped parts; no blotching or mottling; a lightweight feel for comfort and easy application as well as a fatigue-free trigger; and simplified design for quick maintenance.
Target markets include kitchen and bath, furniture, civil aviation, aerospace, farming trailers, railway, defense, and metallic furniture.


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FC Seoul (koreansk: FC 서울 eller Football Club Seoul FC 서울) er en fodboldklub i Seoul, Sydkorea. FC Seoul blev etableret i 1983 under navnet Lucky-Goldstar FC.
Fodboldholdet har hjemmebane på Seoul World Cup Stadium, der har en kapacitet på 66.806 tilskuere. Stadion blev bygget forbindelse med afholdelsen af VM i fodbold 2002 i Sydkorea og Japan.

FC Seoul spiller i den bedste sydkoreanske række, K League Classic. Klubben har vundet det sydkoreanske mesterskab 5 gange.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Klubbens hjemmeside  (koreansk)
Fodboldklubber i Sydkorea
Sport i Sydkorea
Seoul


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


There's so much to explore in Hungerford, so many reason to visit and stay in our beautiful, historic town surrounded by an area of outstanding natural beauty. Some come for the famous antiques, others for the walks, the history and the waterways. Perhaps it's our fabulous food and our stylish shops that attract visitors from around the world? Whatever you want to explore about Hungerford, you'll find more information in each of these channels – sections of this Townsite dedicated to your special interests.


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Home » Fashion » Katy Perry's Affordable Maternity Dress Is Speaking Our Language — It's Only $18
Katy Perry's Affordable Maternity Dress Is Speaking Our Language — It's Only $18
Posted on : May 11, 2020
Katy Perry's Affordable Maternity Dress Is Speaking Our Language — It's Only $18
Katy Perry is getting us ready for the spring-to-summer transition with a well-styled maternity dress. The mom-to-be recently participated in the Shein Together event, wearing an affordable off-the-shoulder outfit for the occasion.
Katy absolutely glowed in her striped dress as she chatted about her work with UNICEF and sang a few of her greatest hits. "I want to wish all the mothers out there a happy Mother's Day," she said. "I'm so excited and, I think, ready to join your club! I hope you're all doing well and staying safe. Love you!" The "Never Worn White" singer is expecting her first child with fiancé Orlando Bloom, and although we haven't gotten too many glimpses of her maternity style, we know she and her daughter are destined to be a well-dressed pair when the baby arrives later this year.
If you're interested in dressing like Katy, shop her exact dress and some similar styles below.
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