text:
Shea v. Vialpando
Dickenson v. Petit
The plaintiff's argument, however ingenious, does not comport with the Social Security Act provisions at…
James v. O'Bannon
Because of the statutory scheme under which AFDC grants are made and the changes that have ensued over the…
Full title:SHEA, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES OF COLORADO, ET…
Court:U.S.
Date published: Apr 23, 1974
94 S. Ct. 1746
finding Congressional intent in other AFDC provisions "to encourage AFDC recipients to secure and retain employment"
Summary of this case from Smith v. Babcock
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT.
Argued February 26, 1974. Decided April 23, 1974.
Section 402(a)(7) of the Social Security Act requires state agencies in administering the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program to "take into consideration . . . any expenses reasonably attributable to the earning of . . . income." Such expenses are deducted from an AFDC applicant's income in determining eligibility for assistance. Colorado's AFDC regulations, which previously had permitted the deduction from income of all expenses reasonably attributable to employment, including transportation expenses, were amended in 1970 to subject work-related expenses (with certain exceptions) to a uniform allowance of $30 per month. This substantially reduced respondent's monthly deductions for work-related transportation expenses and the corresponding increase in her monthly net income made her ineligible for continued AFDC assistance. She then brought this action for injunctive and declaratory relief, claiming, inter alia, that Colorado's standardized work-expense allowance violated § 402(a)(7). The District Court granted summary judgment for respondent, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. Held: The Colorado regulation conflicts with § 402(a)(7) and is therefore invalid. Pp. 258-266.
(a) In light of the statute's legislative history and the normal meaning of the term "any," the language of § 402(a)(7) requiring the consideration of "any" reasonable work expenses in determining eligibility for AFDC assistance is to be interpreted as a congressional directive that no limitation, apart from that of reasonableness, may be placed upon recognition of work-related expenses, and hence a fixed work-expense allowance that does not permit deductions for expenses exceeding that standard directly contravenes the language of the statute. P. 260.
(b) Standardized treatment of work-related expenses without provision for showing actual and reasonable expenses exceeding the standard amount threatens to defeat the purpose of the mandatory work-expense recognition provision of § 402(a)(7) of encouraging AFDC recipients to secure and retain employment, since by limiting work expenses to $30 per month the Colorado regulation results in a disincentive to seek or retain employment for all recipients whose reasonable work-related expenses exceed or would exceed that amount. Pp. 263-265.
(c) It is not the adoption of a standardized work-expense allowance per se that violates § 402(a)(7), but the fact that the standard is in effect a maximum or absolute limitation upon the recognition of such expenses. P. 265.
475 F.2d 731, affirmed.
POWELL, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Douglas D. Doane and Charles B. Lennahan, Special Assistant Attorneys General of Colorado, argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the brief were John P. Moore, Attorney General, John E. Bush, Deputy Attorney General, and Norman A. Palermo.
Tom W. Armour argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were James W. Kin, Steven J. Cole, and Henry A. Freedman.
MR. JUSTICE POWELL delivered the opinion of the Court.
In administering the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program of the Social Security Act of 1935, as amended (Act), 42 U.S.C. § 601 et seq., state agencies are required by § 402(a)(7) of the Act, 81 Stat. 881, 42 U.S.C. § 602 (a)(7), to "take into consideration . . . any expenses reasonably attributable to the earning of . . . income." Such employment-related expenses are deducted from an AFDC applicant's income in the process of determining eligibility for assistance. We granted certiorari, 414 U.S. 999 (1973), to determine whether, in light of § 402(a)(7), a State may adopt a standardized allowance for expenses attributable to the earning of income which does not allow an applicant to deduct expenses that exceed the standard. We hold that it may not.
The AFDC program is designed to provide financial assistance to needy dependent children and the parents or relatives who live with and care for them. A principal purpose of the program, as indicated by 42 U.S.C. § 601, is to help such parents and relatives "to attain or retain capability for the maximum self-support and personal independence consistent with the maintenance of continuing parental care and protection . . . ." The program "is based on a scheme of cooperative federalism," King v. Smith, 392 U.S. 309, 316 (1968). It is financed in large measure by the Federal Government on a matching-fund basis, and participating States must submit AFDC plans in conformity with the Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). The program is, however, administered by the States, which are given broad discretion in determining both the standard of need and the level of benefits. See Jefferson v. Hackney, 406 U.S. 535, 541 (1972); Rosado v. Wyman, 397 U.S. 397, 408-409 (1970); Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 478 (1970); King v. Smith, supra, at 318-319.
Under HEW regulations all AFDC plans must specify a statewide standard of need, which is the amount deemed necessary by the State to maintain a hypothetical family at a subsistence level. Both eligibility for AFDC assistance and the amount of benefits to be granted an individual applicant are based on a comparison of the State's standard of need with the income and resources available to that applicant. 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(2)(i). The "income and resources" attributable to an applicant, defined in 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(6) (iii-viii), consist generally of "only such net income as is actually available for current use on a regular basis . . . and only currently available resources." 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(3) (ii) (c). See also HEW, Simplified Methods for Consideration of Income and Resources (1965). In determining net income, any expenses reasonably attributable to the earning of income are deducted from gross income. 42 U.S.C. § 602 (a)(7). If, taking into account these deductions and other deductions not at issue in the instant case, the net amount of "earned income" is less than the predetermined statewide standard of need, the applicant is eligible for participation in the program and the amount of the assistance payments will be based upon that difference. 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(3) (ii) (a) and (c).
Prior to May 1970, Colorado's AFDC regulations permitted the deduction from income of all expenses reasonably attributable to employment, including but not limited to the actual cost of transportation, if "essential to retain employment." Child care expenses and mandatory payroll deductions were also treated as employment-related expenses, and all such expenses were computed on an individualized basis. In May 1970, this policy was changed by the establishment of a maximum transportation work-expense allowance of either $30 per month, if the use of a car was essential, or the actual expense of public transportation. Effective July 1, 1970, the Colorado work-expense allowance regulation was again amended to provide that in addition to mandatory payroll deductions and child care expenses:
Section 4313.13, vol. 4, Colorado Division of Public Welfare Staff Manual (effective March 1970), provided in part: "Employment expenses which are deducted from the gross amount received by an employed recipient include, but are not restricted to: "Transportation expenses: "Public transportation to and from work is allowed at actual cost. When the recipient must use his own car as transportation to and from work, 5¢ a mile is allowed, plus parking fees if required. Purchase, repair, or upkeep of a vehicle, providing it is essential to retain employment and the plan therefore is approved by the county department."
"For employment expenses such as transportation, special clothing, union dues, special education or training costs, telephone, additional food or personal needs, etc., which are an obligation due to the employment, an allowance of $30 per month is made for such costs."
Section 4313.13, vol. 4, Colorado Division of Public Welfare Staff Manual (effective July 1970). The $30 standardized figure is an average based upon a statewide statistical survey of work expenses incurred by persons in the AFDC program in Colorado. It was calculated by examining the work expenses of every AFDC recipient in Colorado for the last month of each quarter of the year from March 1969 to March 1970. The expenses included transportation, union dues, uniforms and tools, telephone, and general items, but excluded the cost of child care. The statewide average varied from a low of $30.55 in June 1969 to a high of $36.93 in March 1970.
Thus, while Colorado continued to allow individualized treatment of mandatory payroll deductions and child care costs, all other work-related expenses were subjected to a uniform allowance of $30, even if an applicant could prove actual expenses in excess of that figure. The Regional Commissioner of the Social and Rehabilitation Service of HEW thereafter accepted the incorporation of this provision into Colorado's AFDC plan.
According to HEW, 20 States, including Colorado, presently employ a standard work-expense allowance in combination with actual child care expenses, and in some cases mandatory payroll deductions, and an additional 15 States use other systems of mandatory standard allowances for one or more major items of work expense. Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 5. These standard allowances have often been the subject of litigation. A number have been held invalid. See Anderson v. Graham, Page 256 492 F.2d 986 (CA8 1973) (Nebraska $25 standard work-expense allowance); Connecticut State Dept. of Pub. Welfare v. HEW, 448 F.2d 209 (CA2 1971) (Connecticut regulation limiting the types of deductible work-related expenses); Adams v. Parham, Civil Action No. 16041 (ND Ga. Apr. 14, 1972) (unpublished) (Georgia $35 standard work-expense allowance); Campagnuolo v. White, Civil Action No. 13968 (Conn. June 22, 1972) (unpublished) (Connecticut $60 standard allowance for full-time employment expenses and $40 standard allowance for part-time employment expenses); Williford v. Laupheimer, 311 F. Supp. 720 (ED Pa. 1969) (Pennsylvania $50 maximum allowance for work expenses); County of Alameda v. Carleson, 5 Cal.3d 730, 488 P.2d 953 (1971), appeal dismissed, 406 U.S. 913 (1972) (California work-expense regulation providing for standard deductions ranging from $6 to $25 per month). In X v. McCorkle, 333 F. Supp. 1109 (N.J. 1970), modified on other grounds, sub nom. Engelman v. Amos, 404 U.S. 23 (1971), the court approved in dicta New Jersey's $50 standard work-expense allowance. In Conover v. Hall, 104 Cal.Rptr. 77 (1972), decision vacated pending appeal in California Supreme Court, the court upheld California's $50 standard allowance.
When this suit was commenced in July 1970, Mrs. Vialpando was employed some eight miles from the small Colorado community in which she resided with her two-year-old daughter. Since no public transportation was available, respondent traveled to and from work each day in a used automobile she had purchased for that purpose. In making the requisite eligibility and assistance determinations under the Colorado AFDC program, Mrs. Vialpando had been permitted to deduct $47.30 in mileage costs and $63.81 in car payments from her monthly gross income. These deductions of approximately $110 per month, coupled with child care and mandatory payroll deductions, entitled her to an AFDC grant of $74 per month for herself and her daughter. The effect of the July 1970 amendment of the Colorado AFDC regulations was to reduce respondent's monthly deductions for transportation expenses related to employment from $110 to $30. The corresponding increase in her monthly net earned income rendered her ineligible for continued AFDC assistance.
Colorado did not make it a statewide practice to allow AFDC recipients to deduct installment payments on the purchase of a car. Consistent with the reasonableness requirement of 42 U.S.C. § 602 (a)(7), such determinations were, quite correctly, made on a case-by-case basis. As counsel for the State commented at oral argument: "This was an individual decision in an individual case in El Paso County, Colorado. The same facts could have been presented to an eligibility technician in another part of Colorado, who would have made a decision . . . that the car was a personal expense, that a Page 257 job was available closer to the home of the recipient or that she could use public transportation." Tr. of Oral Arg. 33-34. Respondent correctly concedes the State's responsibility for inquiring into whether claimed deductions are excessive or are truly attributable to the earning of income. Brief for Respondent 4. No doubt a State should scrutinize with particular care claimed expenses for automobiles or other items that in large measure are capital expenditures which will also be used for personal purposes unrelated to employment. Recognizing that States in administering AFDC programs must determine the reasonableness of work-related expenses does not, however, resolve the issue before us — whether States may ban all such expenses, no matter how reasonable and necessary, above a fixed cutoff figure.
Another effect of the change in the State's AFDC regulation was to terminate respondent's eligibility for participation in Colorado's medical assistance program under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1396a (a) (10).
Respondent thereupon brought this class action in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 28 U.S.C. § 1343 (3) and (4). She sought the convening of a three-judge District Court, and requested injunctive relief and a declaratory judgment that the Colorado standardized work-expense allowance violated § 402(a)(7) of the Act and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Named as defendants were the Executive Director of the Colorado Department of Social Services and other state officers involved in administering Colorado's AFDC program. Upon stipulated facts and in reliance upon § 402(a)(7) of the Act, the District Court in an unreported order granted respondent's motion for summary judgment and enjoined enforcement of the challenged regulation. Finding the pendent federal statutory claim dispositive, the District Court properly did not reach the constitutional issue and properly did not convene a three-judge court. Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528 (1974).
While the case was pending in the District Court, respondent terminated her employment and again received an AFDC grant. Prior to the summary judgment hearing, she returned to work, again incurring work-related expenses substantially in excess of the $30 allowance. Although respondent continued to receive a grant despite her renewed employment, the amount was significantly lower than it would have been if she had been permitted to deduct work expenses in full.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed. 475 F.2d 731 (1973). Relying on the language and the legislative history of § 402(a)(7) and on other provisions of the Act, the court interpreted the words "any expenses" in § 402(a)(7) to mean "all actual expenses," and held that the standardized allowance did not meet this requirement. The court reasoned that the statute could be read to permit the use of a standardized allowance for employment expenses, but only where such an allowance was adequate to cover all actual expenses. We agree.
The Social Security Act of 1935, as originally enacted, 49 Stat. 620, did not expressly require that States allow AFDC beneficiaries to deduct from gross income expenses incurred in connection with the earning of income. The precursor to § 402(a)(7), which appeared in the 1939 amendments to the Act, 53 Stat. 1379, provided simply that
"the State agency shall, in determining need, take into consideration any other income and resources of any child claiming aid to dependent children."
The Social Security Board, the federal entity then over-seeing the categorical public assistance programs, soon recognized that under the predecessor of the AFDC program recipient families with working members incurred certain employment-related expenses that reduced available income but were not taken into account by the States in determining eligibility for AFDC assistance. In keeping with the Act's purpose of encouraging employment even when the income produced thereby did not eliminate entirely the need for public assistance, the Board recognized that a failure to consider work-related expenses could result in a disincentive to seek or retain employment. Accordingly, the States were permitted but not required to allow credit for work-related expenses in determining eligibility.
The AFDC program was originally known as "Aid to Dependent Children." 49 Stat. 627. In 1962, the name of the program was changed to "Aid and Services to Needy Families with Children," and the name of the assistance provided under the program changed to "Aid to Families with Dependent Children." Pub.L. 87-543, 76 Stat. 185, §§ 104(a)(1) and 104(a)(2).
Section 3140 of the HEW Handbook of Public Assistance Administration, Part IV (1957), thus provided in part: "A State public assistance agency may establish a reasonable minimum money amount to represent the combined additional cost of three items — food, clothing, and personal incidentals — for all employed persons. The State plan may provide that other items of work expense will be allowed when there is a determination that such expenses do, in fact, exist in the individual case." See also Social Security Board, Bureau of Public Assistance, State Letter No. 4 (Apr. 30, 1942); HEW, State Letter No. 291 (Mar. 11, 1957) (indicating agency approval of such deductions).
As part of a general amendment of the Act in 1962, Pub.L. 87-543, 76 Stat. 185, Congress made mandatory the widespread but then optional practice of deducting employment expenses from total income in determining eligibility for assistance. Section 402(a)(7) of the Act as thus amended provided in relevant part:
"[T]he State agency shall, in determining need, take into consideration any other income and resources of any child or relative claiming aid to families with dependent children, as well as any expenses reasonably attributable to the earning of any such income . . . ." (Emphasis added.)
By its terms, § 402(a)(7) requires the consideration of "any" reasonable work expenses in determining eligibility for AFDC assistance. In light of the evolution of the statute and the normal meaning of the term "any," we read this language as a congressional directive that no limitation, apart from that of reasonableness, may be placed upon the recognition of expenses attributable to the earning of income. Accordingly, a fixed work-expense allowance which does not permit deductions for expenses in excess of that standard is directly contrary to the language of the statute.
Petitioners, relying upon the "take into consideration" phrase of § 402(a)(7), argue that the requirement of "consideration" is satisfied by the use of a statistical average of the actual expenses of all AFDC participants in the State. But this argument ignores the fact that the phrase "take into consideration" modifies "income and resources . . . as well as any expenses reasonably attributable to the earning of any such income" (emphasis added). Thus, it seems inescapable that whatever treatment is accorded income must also be extended to expenses attributable to the earning of income. And, it has consistently been the practice to compute the income of an AFDC applicant on an individual basis.
From the inception of the Act, Congress has sought to ensure that AFDC assistance is provided only to needy families, and that the amount of assistance actually paid is based on the amount needed in the individual case after other income and resources are considered. Congress has been careful to ensure that all of the income and resources properly attributable to a particular applicant be taken into account, and this individualized approach has been reflected in the implementing regulations. For example, HEW's broad definition of "earned income" as "income in cash or in kind earned by a needy individual through the receipt of wages, salary, commissions, or profit from activities in which he is engaged as a self-employed individual or as an employee," 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(6) (iii), and its more specific descriptions of commissioned, salaried, and self-employment derived income in 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(6) (iv-viii), demonstrate its view that the determination of need in each case is to be based upon an assessment of the particular individual's available income and resources. Moreover, individualized consideration of available income and resources is clearly contemplated by HEW regulations providing for the exclusion of such items as scholarship funds and loans, see 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(3) (ii-vii), and requiring that certain items such as food stamps be deducted, 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(4). Thus, if income and expenses related to the production of income are to be treated alike, as the terms of § 402(a)(7) appear to require, both must be considered on an individualized basis.
See generally 42 U.S.C. § 601; H.R. Doc. No. 81, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. (1935); H.R. Rep. No. 615, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. (1935); S. Rep. No. 628, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. (1935); E. Witte, The Development of the Social Security Act 163-164 (1962).
Title 45 C.F.R. § 233.20 (a)(6) provides in part: . . . . . "(iv) With reference to commissions, wages, or salary, the term `earned income' means the total amount, irrespective of personal expenses, such as income-tax deductions, lunches, and transportation to and from work, and irrespective of expenses of employment which are not personal, such as the cost of tools, materials, special uniforms, or transportation to call on customers. "(v) With respect to self-employment, the term `earned income' means the total profit from business enterprise, farming, etc., resulting from a comparison of the gross income received with the `business expenses,' i. e., total cost of the production of the income. Personal expenses, such as income-tax payments, lunches, and transportation to and from work, are not classified as business expenses. "(vi) The definition shall exclude the following from `earned income': Returns from capital investment with respect to which the Page 262 individual is not himself actively engaged, as in a business (for example, under most circumstances, dividends and interest would be excluded from `earned income'); benefits (not in the nature of wages, salary, or profit) accruing as compensation, or reward for service, or as compensation for lack of employment . . . . "(vii) With regard to the degree of activity, earned income is income produced as a result of the performance of services by a recipient; in other words, income which the individual earns by his own efforts, including managerial responsibilities, would be properly classified as earned income, such as management of capital investment in real estate. Conversely, for example, in the instance of capital investment wherein the individual carries no specific responsibility, such as where rental properties are in the hands of rental agencies and the check is forwarded to the recipient, the income would not be classified as earned income. "(viii) Reserves accumulated from earnings are given no different treatment than reserves accumulated from any other sources."
Petitioners claim that HEW has permitted the use of standard work-expense allowances in recognition of the practical necessities of administration and that the Department's construction of its own regulations is entitled to great weight. See Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969); Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1 (1965). But the sound principle of according deference to administrative practice normally applies only where the relevant statutory language is unclear or susceptible of differing interpretations. See, e.g., Townsend v. Swank, 404 U.S. 282, 286 (1971). In view of the literal requirements of § 402(a)(7), which accord with the Page 263 federal policy underlying its enactment, we need not look to agency practice in this case. Moreover, HEW itself has not adhered to a uniform practice. Although in recent years HEW has construed § 402(a)(7) to permit standardization of some items, in 1964 it required that "[i]tems of work expenses must be allowed when there is a determination that such expenses do, in fact, exist in the individual case." HEW, Handbook of Public Assistance Administration, Part IV, § 1340 (1964).
The literal import of § 402(a)(7) is confirmed by the statute's legislative history. The congressional purpose in requiring the States to take into consideration employment expenses was clearly set forth in S. Rep. No. 1589, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., 17-18 (1962), which explained:
"Under present law . . . States are permitted, but not required, to take into consideration the expenses an individual has in earning any income (this practice is not uniform in the country and in a substantial number of States full consideration of such expenses is not given). The committee believes that it is only reasonable for the States to take these expenses fully into account. Under existing law if these work expenses are not considered in determining need, they have the effect of providing a disincentive to working since that portion of the family budget spent for work expenses has the effect of reducing the amount available for food, clothing, and shelter. The bill has, therefore, added a provision in all assistance titles requiring the States to give consideration to any expenses reasonably attributable to the earning of income." (Emphasis added.)
Virtually identical language appears in the House Report. See H.R. Rep. No. 1414, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., 23 (1962).
Congress thus sought to encourage AFDC recipients to secure and retain employment by requiring the States to take into account fully any expenses attributable to the earning of income in determining eligibility for assistance. Such expenses reduce the level of actually available income, and if not deducted from gross income will not produce a corresponding increase in AFDC assistance. Failing to allow the deduction of reasonable expenses might well discourage the applicant from seeking or retaining employment whereby such expenses are incurred. Section 402(a)(7) was aimed at removing this disincentive. As then-Secretary of HEW Ribicoff explained the legislation in testimony before the Senate:
"[W]e are trying to do . . . everything we can to encourage people to get a job and work and we feel it is important to encourage the States. By having this provision, the State will take into account these expenses so people will get jobs. I believe that the State should give them an allowance for those items that are necessary for them to get the job." Hearings on the Public Assistance Act of 1962 before the Senate Committee on Finance, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., 152 (1962).
Our interpretation of § 402(a)(7) is also supported by the disinclination of the Congress to amend the section to permit the use of various standardized allowances. See H.R. 16311, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., § 101 (1970); H.R. 1, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., § 401 (1971). In explaining the latter bill, which would have replaced the present work-expense provision with an increase in the earned income disregard of § 402(a)(8)(A) (ii), the Committee on Ways and Means observed that it "would eliminate the open-ended work expense exclusion . . . ." H.R. Rep. No. 92-231, p. 177 (1971). See also S. 2311 and H.R. 3153, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. (1973).
Standardized treatment of employment-related expenses without provision for demonstrating actual and reasonable expenses in excess of that standard amount, such as Colorado has adopted, threatens to defeat the goal Congress sought to achieve in adopting the mandatory work-expense recognition provisions of § 402(a)(7). By limiting employment expenses to $30 per month, the Colorado regulation results in a disincentive to seek or retain employment for all recipients whose reasonable work-related expenses exceed or would exceed that amount. Accordingly, the Colorado regulation conflicts with federal law and is therefore invalid.
It is, of course, not the adoption of a standardized work-expense allowance per se which we hold to be violative of § 402(a)(7) of the Act, but the fact that the standard used by Colorado is in effect a maximum or absolute limitation upon the recognition of such expenses. As the Court of Appeals correctly observed, a standard allowance would be permissible, and would substantially serve petitioners' interests in administrative efficiency, if it provided for individualized consideration of expenses in excess of the standard amount. See 475 F.2d, at 735. See also Anderson v. Graham, 492 F.2d 986 (CA8 1973); Adams v. Parham, Civ. No. 16041 (ND Ga. Apr. 14, 1972) (unpublished); and Campagnuolo v. White, Civ. No. 13968 (Conn. June 22, 1972) (unpublished). Such a standard allowance would comport fully with the statutory requirement that any reasonable work expenses be considered, and would allow individualized treatment where necessary.
The Court's observation in Rosado v. Wyman, 397 U.S. 397, 419 (1970), that "[w]e do not, of course, hold that New York may not, consistently with the federal statutes, consolidate items on the basis of statistical averages," was in no sense intended as a blanket approval of the principle of averaging under AFDC programs without regard to what is being averaged. In that case, the Court found a New York statute fixing maximum AFDC allowances per family and eliminating a "special grants" program, to be in contravention of § 402(a) (23) of the Act. In holding that New Page 266 York could not completely eliminate such items from the standard of need, the Court noted that the State could, consistently with the statute, include them through the use of statistical averages. A statewide standard of need is, however, but an estimate by state welfare officials of the minimum financial requirements of a hypothetical family, and by its very nature is susceptible of computation through the use of statistical averages. Moreover, the discretion granted the States by Congress in determining need, see King v. Smith, 392 U.S. 309, 318 n. 14 (1968), contrasts sharply with the statutory requirement of § 402(a)(7) that any expenses reasonably attributable to the earnings of income be considered. In the face of that statutory command and the clear statement of congressional purpose, we must also reject petitioners' claims of administrative efficiency or convenience. See Rosado v. Wyman, supra, at 417. We also note that Colorado's use of a standard work-expense allowance is not justified by its undisputed power to set the level of benefits under the AFDC program. See Rosado v. Wyman, supra; Jefferson v. Hackney, 406 U.S. 535 (1972). Although Colorado may adjust the percentage of need which it has agreed to pay all recipients through its power to determine AFDC funding, see King v. Smith, supra, it may not do so in a manner that violates a specific requirement of the Act. See Connecticut State Dept. of Pub. Welfare v. HEW, 448 F.2d 209 (CA2 1971).
As the Court has previously observed, the AFDC program is an area in which Congress at times "has voiced its wishes in muted strains and left it to the courts to discern the theme in the cacophony of political understanding." Rosado v. Wyman, 397 U.S., at 412. But as to reasonable expenses attributable to the earning of income, Congress has spoken with firmness and clarity.
The judgment is affirmed.
It is so ordered.
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Summary of this case from Lowry v. Obledo


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F705 SECRID × FREITAG is the practical Cardprotector wallet that gives you maximum individuality at minimum card-iological risk.
* Don't worry, quality control confirms that the Cardprotectors work perfectly, but due to their tiny visual imperfections, they were deemed too unique and cut out of the strict production line.
We don't like to boast, but it was true craftsmanship. As a holistic designer at FREITAG, I jumped between obsessing over the millimeters, intensive ping-pong sessions with our product developers and working on the new upcycled Cardprotector, which is a seamlessly good fit with our tarps.
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Crystal Smith is the Lead Career Education Specialist at LCCC and recently helped the 2nd year radiology students by critiquing resumes and doing mock interviews. She is now our first guest blogger at WSRT and is here to share some handouts and information to help our members who may job searching.
Remember the adage "looking for a job is a full-time job"? Well this definitely rings true in today's ever-changing, competitive job market. The most common feedback we hear from employers is that students aren't prepared to effectively market their skills. So what is a college student to do when they also have another important "full-time job" – their academics? Not to mention extracurricular activities and other responsibilities. Well there is help! While at LCCC you can take advantage of the many services available through the Career Center in order to successfully navigate both responsibilities and prepare for your future.
A great way to prepare is to use your clinical rotations as a way to connect with people in your field. It is important to not only go above and beyond in this work environment, but take advantage of your interactions with professionals in your field as a way to engage in networking conversations. Conducting Informational Interviews with individuals allows you to have conversations about the work environment and increases your chances of job referrals in the future. To learn more about the Informational Interview process check out our handout.
We also encourage you to get connected with the Career Center in order to help prepare for their future and navigate both "full-time jobs" successfully!


Tana Hoy / Psychic Learning / When It Comes To Psychic Ability, How Modern Is The Thinking Of Modern Man?
When It Comes To Psychic Ability, How Modern Is The Thinking Of Modern Man?
answers to the mysteries of life.
know that man has always been aware of the powers that be.
we live in today - even though they lived hundreds of years ago!
seers, and prophets to get the answers they needed in their lives.
natural part of the universe.
of the universe that can be tapped into and used to help us have better lives.
How Modern is Modern Man?
their ideas about supernatural powers and the energy of the universe.
Were Some Of The Greatest Thinkers Known To Man Deluded?
about one area of life and the universe, yet deluded in all the others?
Isn't anything that a person accepts or rejects based on their own life experiences?
is evil and of the "dark side"?
due to his or her fear of spending an eternity in hell for believing in it!
A person's ignorance, closed-mindedness, or fear, does not make something invalid!
demonized by the "scientific minds and modern thinkers" of that time.
true, they were still wrong nonetheless.
who call themselves "modern" man?
This is so true. I believe there was a period in time when all knowledge was available to all mankind. Something change in humanity or the world and the universal knowledge was lost. Some individuals kept a link to the knowledge and those were great thinker and teachers and seers and psychics. We humans of today are incomplete physically and spiritually which affect our society. How do we get ourselves back on track? Spiritual revolution or revelations?
Love it! Going to share with my brother, who thinks he is the greatest thinker.


The standard identifies both 'ex-mill' hot and cold rolled finishes and 'special finishes', as value added finishes to achieve specific aesthetic effects.
Most of the finishes available have a surface that provides a high standard of corrosion resistance, up to the limit of the compositional potential of the particular grade.
The coarser finishes (eg finish 'G') may limit the corrosion resistance of the steel in severe applications, where the particular grade is operating in conditions close to the limit of its corrosion resistance.
In numeric or quantitative terms this is very difficult to define and is often a matter of judgement.
See Euroinox publication The Mechanical Finishing of Decorative Stainless Steel Surfaces for further information.
The definitions of surface finish do not attempt to express surface finish in terms of the surface topography achieved in terms of Ra values.
The standard uses a coding system based on the manufacturing process.
To precisely define a 'special finish' for a particular application where a specific aesthetic texture or appearance is required usually involves close consultation with specialist finishers, as surface characteristics can vary.
Once the grade of finishing grit has been defined, the final acceptance of special finishes is often done by using reference 'swatch' samples.
The table shows the BS EN 10088-2 hot rolled finishes from table 6 of the standard, with a guide to typical Ra values (in micro-metres) , based, where available, on manufacturers or surface finishing contractors' data.
1C Hot rolled, heat treated, not descaled Surface covered with mill scale. Finished parts may be suitable for heat (oxidation) resisting applications as supplied, but should be descaled to optimise corrosion resistance .
1E Hot rolled, heat treated, mechanically descaled Free of mill scale by shot blasting or grinding. This finish can also limit the crevice corrosion resistance .
The table shows the BS EN 10088-2 cold rolled finishes from table 6 of the standard, with a guide to typical Ra values (in micro-metres) , based, where available, on manufacturers or surface finishing contractors' data.
The table shows the BS EN 10088-2 special finishes from table 6 of the standard, with a guide to typical Ra values (in micro-metres) , based, where available, on manufacturers or surface finishing contractors' data.
Shot blast, shot peen and glass bead peening surface finish processes are not covered by BS EN 10088-2 table 6. There is no British Standard that specifically deals with specifying these finishes on stainless steels. US Military Specification MIL-S-13165 is used by some contract finishers for specifying the control of shot peening of metal parts.
See http://www.euro-inox.org/fla_240_EN.html for examples of finishes.


text:
Q: Binary representation of an enum in protobuf-net Currently we are using a WCF Service with NetTcpBinding. We do have dataobjects which have an enum as property. We already have figured out, that out of the box these values are serialized as string representation, check here:
How do I serialize an enum value as an int?
We do want to avoid that because this is just communication overhead!
As we are going to switch serialization to protobuf-net on the wire quite soon, so I am asking myself if defining an additional integer property is worth the time spent. We have several enums, e.g.
[Flags]
public enum Permission
{
    None = 0,
    Read = 1,
    Write = 2
}

How is the binary representation of flags enum in protobuf-net on the wire?
How does it deal with non-defined enum values (e.g. Read | Write)?
I also found some related answer by Marc Gravell here, but it might be outdated (2009):
Error while using ProtoBuf-Net with flags enum

A: Enums that are marked [Flags] are sent as a straight integer, to avoid issues with combinations of flags not being formally defined (the protobuf specification describes enums, but does not define bitwise combination). Read | Write is integer 3, which is varint-encoded into a single byte, and sent as-is. The details of varint-encoding are detailed here: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding#varints

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home > Books > Badminton > Chapter I: Introductory
[ List of Illustrations | Contents | Chapter II: Prehistoric Archery ]
IF all the sports and pastimes hitherto treated in this Library, hunting alone can lay claim to a greater antiquity than archery, while the devotees of one other, which has not yet been dealt with, can perhaps boast that it is still more widely practised --the pastime of dancing. For the love of dancing seems planted universally in the human breast, and the observations naturalists have proved that even birds occasionally indulge rhythmic steps and evolutions which can hardly be called by any other name. But neither dancing, nor hunting, nor any other sport has played a part in the history of the world which can compare with that of archery. For ages the bow was man's most efficient instrument in the chase, and for ages it was his most deadly weapon in war. Thousands of years ago the Hindu poets of the 'Rig Veda' (vi. 65) wrote this invocation to the bow: --
'May the bow bring us spoils and oxen, may the bow be victorious in the heat of the fight; the bow fills the foe with terrible fear, may the bow give us victory over the world.' [1]
What the bow then was to the Hindu race, it still remains to many tribes in remote parts of the earth where the blessings of civilisation have not yet fully penetrated. The bow dies hard, but its use as a military weapon is nearly ended. A few more years will see the out-of-the-way corners of the globe where it still flourishes furnished with cheap guns from Birmingham, and archery will then rank as a pastime only. But it is not possible to conceive a time when bows will no longer be made or arrows shot. Cricket bats, tennis rackets, and golf clubs will surely have become antiquarian lumber, stored in the museums of a remote future, before the swift flight of an arrow ceases to delight the human race.
In one considerable region of the earth only archery has never taken root, viz. the continent of Australia and its adjacent islands. With this exception, the history of archery is inter twined with the life of every great division of mankind. What forms of bows were used in bygone ages, and are still found in remote countries; what are the methods by which they were used. and what the skill and. power of the archers -- these are questions to which a. large part of this book is devoted. In dealing with some sports it was possible to allot nearly all the available space to the practical side of the subject. In the case of cricket, for example, little can be found of interest before the beginning of the eighteenth century, and it has but few followers save those of the English-speaking race. Cycling, again, or lawn-tennis is still more recent. In describing such pastimes as these, nearly all that is necessary is to give an account of the methods by which they are now followed, while to treat archery on that plan would involve the omission of matter which possesses an interest for everyone, and most of all for the English archer. For it is largely to the skill of our forefathers in the use of the bow that we owe our national existence.
The Bibliography by Colonel Walrond, at the end of this work, will show how plentiful are the materials which are at the disposal of the historian of archery. But, long as is this list of printed books and MSS. which deal more or less directly with the subject, it is necessarily incomplete. A bibliography of all the works which contain matter of interest to the archer would almost fill a volume. Archery entered so closely into the life of the ancients that references to it are common throughout classical literature. Again, the records of travellers constantly refer to the bows and arrows of the natives, and sometimes to their practice. These occasional references are of high value; but it would obviously be impossible to include in a bibliography of works professedly dealing with archery all the numerous books which merely contain incidental allusions to it. The written records, however, by no means constitute the entire sources from which we can gather information as to the shooting of other races than our own. Numerous representations of archers have come down to us from ancient times, of which examples may be found in the Assyrian and Persian sculptures, in the mural decorations of Egypt, and in the vases and coins of Greece. Moreover, archaeology has called our attention to numberless arrow-heads of stone, of bronze, and of iron, the manufacture of which as originated by races of which we have scarcely any other knowledge, and has continued uninterruptedly to the present day. In a few cases the actual bows and arrows of ancient peoples have come down to us. Even this list by no means exhausts the list of objects bearing closely on the subject. The study of anthropology has caused its devotees to gather together all objects which throw any light on the life of man. There are collections of such objects in the public museums of almost every large town, and also in many private houses collections now exist. Specimens of bows and arrows, quivers and arm-guards, from all parts of the world, are thus easily accessible to the student. A careful examination of all these sources of information would supply materials for a far more exhaustive treatise than the present. Indeed, the archer's craft as been practised for so long a period, and over so large a portion of the earth's surface, that it is impossible within the limits of a single volume to do more than glance at many subjects of high interest, while others are necessarily omitted altogether.
Numerous as are the references to archery in ancient literature, and great as is the assistance afforded by archaelogy, there are yet many points on which we are but poorly supplied, with the means of reconstructing the archery of the past. It is greatly to be regretted that the discovery of gunpowder so nearly coincided in point of time with the invention of printing. The gun and the printing press consequently grew up together, and the outburst of literature, called forth by the increased opportunities for its dissemination, came at a time when the supremacy of the bow as a weapon of war was already gone. Still we owe to the sixteenth century Ascham's immortal 'Toxophilus or the Schole of Shootinge,' which was first published in 1545, and has been constantly reprinted, the latest edition having been issued by Mr. Arber in 1868. This is, on the whole, the most valuable work ever published on the subject, and that as much for the practical instructions contained in it, many of which hold good to this day, as for the picture it gives of archery in the days of the Tudors. The ' Livre du Roy Modus ' was printed in 1486, and various other treatises on the subject were printed in the sixteenth century which are justly valued -- notably, 'Certain Discourses' and, 'Certain Instructions,' by Sir John Smythe, Knight; Matthew Sutcliffe's ' The practice proceedings and lawes of armes described,' and Humfrey Barwick's ' A breefe discourse concerning the force and effect of all manuall weapons of fire and the disability of the long bowe or archery, in respect of others of greater force now in use.' These four works discussed the relative value of the bow and firearms in war, Sir John Smythe stubbornly upholding the bow against 'the Mosquet, the Caliver,' and all other weapons which depended on the use of villanous saltpetre. He fought stoutly for a losing cause.
Valuable as these works are, it is matter for regret that none such exist, dating from the period when the archers of England were the terror of the Continent. What would we not give for a monograph on archery by the Black Prince, or one of his famous bowmen, or by one of the gallant band who routed the chivalry of France at Agincourt? Then we should have had actual knowledge of the distances to which these stalwart archers could shoot, of the penetration of their arrows, and the accuracy of their aim. Possibly we might even have received authentic first-hand information as to the doings of Robin Hood and his band of outlaws, whose feats are chronicled in that delightful cycle of ballads which nowadays are perhaps less read than they deserve. Whether or no Robin ever lived and hunted and robbed the rich and proud, and gave alms to the poor, beneath the oaks of Barnsdale and Sherwood Forest, will perhaps never be known. This much is certain, that the ballads which tell his story are uncommonly good reading. What more delightful glimpse of forest life can be found in English literature than the opening verses of 'Robin Hood and the Monk,' which is one of the oldest of the series:--
In somer when the shawes be sheyne
And leves be large and longe
Hit is full merry in fair foreste
To here the foulys song.
To see the dere draw to the dale
And leve the hilles hee,
And shadow hem in the leves grene
Under the grene wode tre.
Robin Hood is the subject of a large amount of literature, and this work is not the place to examine in detail the evidence as to his corporeal existence. He has been said by some to be merely an impersonation of the forces of nature --to be, in fact, a degraded form of the god of the wind, Hermes -- Woden. Maid Marian is Morgen the Dawn Maiden. Friar Tuck, good cheery soul, is Frer-Toki, the spirit of frost and snow. How strangely his character was misunderstood by the makers of the ballads! Those who wish to study this question may be referred to Mr. Hunter's tract on the subject.[2]
Mr. Hunter says that the lines in Langland's 'Vision of Piers Plowman,' written between 1355 and 1365, contain by far the earliest mention of Robin Hood's name: --
I can not perfitly my paternoster as the prest it sayeth,
Rut I can rymes of Robin Hode and Randolph Earl of Chester.
From this he infers that ballads of Robin Hood were well known in the reign of Edward III. He tells the story from the ballads of how the king in disguise seeks out Robin Hood in the forest; how there is a shooting contest, and how the king wins Robin's respect by the force of the buffet he gives him. The king then discloses himself and grants Robin his pardon on condition of leaving the greenwood and coming to Court in his service. Mr. Hunter identifies ' Edward our comely king' with Edward II. Many circumstances point to this conclusion, but strong evidence is afforded by the fact that Edward II. did make a progress through and Nottinghamshire in 1323. Further, strangely enough in the king's accounts for the year 1324 appears for the first time the payment of wages amongst the porters of the chamber to Robyn Hod and to Simon Hod. It seems, therefore, that there is no necessity for giving up belief in the existence of the famous outlaw.
Truly an archer who pursues his craft in the right spirit need be envious of no man. He has a hobby which will provide him with recreation and enjoyment the whole year through. In the dark and stormy days of winter, when the cricket bat is laid by, and the angler is longing for the balmy breezes of spring, when the trout will again rise, the archer will betake himself to his library, and the volumes of an archer's library are the doors to the most varied scenes and the most engaging company. If he is inclined for speculation, in a moment he is carried across the ages back to the days when the world was young, and finds himself engaged in stalking and shooting gigantic animals, long since extinct, in the company of Prehistoric Man. His mood changes, and in a moment he is sailing over the dark Mediterranean wave with Odysseus, and listening to the magic song of the great bow of Eurytus, which has been sung for us by a modern poet.
Keen and low
Doth the arrow sing
The Song of the Bow,
The sound of the string,
The shafts cry shrill;
Let us forth again,
Let us feed our fill
On the flesh of men.[3]
The bow sang only when a fight was near, and soon he will see how Antinous fell with an arrow in his throat as he lifted the wine-cup to his lips, and Eurymachus and Amphinomus and the other suitors quickly met their fate. Or he can take his stand at Thermopylae and fight once again the immortal battle which Leonidas fought against the myriad archers of Xerxes, or in the pages of Lepsius and of Layard he can be an eye-witness of the battles of the Pharaohs of Egypt or of the Assyrian kings. If he grows for a moment tired of the din of arms, he can swiftly annihilate time and space and watch the Andamanese peacefully shooting fish on the shores of their islands in the Indian Ocean, or enjoy a deer hunt with the Ainus of Sakhalin. Whatever scenes in the wide world he may wish to hear of, few indeed are there which he cannot visit in pursuit of further knowledge of his craft.
Some archers there are who have sufficient mechanical skill to employ the winter days in fashioning weapons for the coming season. These, indeed, are much to be envied, though the gift is rare. Still, an archer who prefers to trust to a self-yew by Aldred to one of home manufacture, may find plenty of occupation in executing many little repairs which are needed to keep his tackle in working order. Few of us have that confidence in our mastery of the bowyer's craft which was shown not long ago by a well-known archer at a meeting of the Grand National Archery Society. Finding, during the progress of the match, that his bow was too strong for him, he proceeded to pull out his knife, and then and there reduce it to a more manageable strength.
Of the delights of the quiet practice at the targets, when at last the winter is over, or of the keener joy of a well-contested public match, it is unnecessary to speak to archers, and it is hoped that some who are not yet archers may be led into the fold by reading the pages of this book. Certain it is that few of those who have shot the York Round in the peaceful grounds of the Royal Toxophilite Society, or on one of the many beautiful ranges to be found attached to stately halls and quiet country parsonages throughout the length and breadth of England, regret the day when first they became slaves of the bow.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{The aim of the paper}\label{aim}

Assume that $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},(\mathcal{F}_t)_{t\geq 0},P)$ is a probability
space with a complete right-continuous filtration and $W(t),~t\geq 0$,
a cylindrical $(\mathcal{F}_t)$ -- Wiener process with values in a
separable Hilbert space $U$ and a covariance operator $Q$.
Let $H$ be a separable  Hilbert space with a scalar product $(\cdot,\cdot)$
and a norm $|\cdot|$ and let $\{ e_k\}$ be a complete orthonormal system in $H$.
Assume that $\psi(t),~t\geq 0$, is an appropriate process, defined below.

In the paper we study $H$-valued stochastic convolutions corresponding to
linear stochastic Volterra equations of the form
\begin{equation} \label{e1}
X(t) = X_0 + \int_0^t a(t-\tau)\,AX(\tau)d\tau +
\int_0^t \psi(\tau)\,dW(\tau) \;,
\end{equation}
where $t\in\mathbb{R}_+,~X_0\in H,~a\in L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}
(\mathbb{R}_+),~A$ is a closed linear unbounded operator in $H$ with
a dense domain $D(A)$ and $W$ is as above.

We assume that the equation (\ref{e1}) is well-posed and denote by
$\{ S(t) \}_{t\geq 0}\subset B(H)$, where $S(t)(D(A))\subset D(A)$,
the family of bounded linear operators in the space $H$ called
{\em resolvent} for the equation (\ref{e1}).
Then the mild solution to  (\ref{e1}) has the form
\begin{equation} \label{e2}
X(t) = S(t)X_0 + \int_0^t S(t-\tau)\,\psi(\tau)\,dW(\tau)\quad\quad t\geq 0  \;.
\end{equation}

The aim of the paper is to provide some estimates for the
stochastic convolution arising in the mild solution
(\ref{e2}). In order to do it we will use the {\em factorization method}
of infinite dimensional stochastic calculus.

Till now some people applied that method for obtaining, among others, the
following results: continuity of mild solutions to stochastic evolution
equations, maximal inequalities or some exponential tail estimates for
stochastic convolutions, see \cite{Za} and references therein. In all papers
semigroups of operators played the crucial and indispensable role.

In our case, the operators $S(t),~t\geq 0$, do not form any semigroup
and in the consequence, we can not use the known results directly.
Unfortunately, because of the lack of semigroup property, the method used in the
paper does not provide existence of continuous modification of the stochastic
convolutions considered.
To the best of our knowledge there are no papers joining the factorization
method with stochastic Volterra equations.

\section{Factorization method} \label{fac}

The factorization method in stochastic case consists in
representing trajectories of a process under consideration
like result of the composition of two
fractional integral operators. When one of them has very smoothing property,
the whole composition is regular.

The {\em stochastic factorization} method has been
introduced by DaPrato, Kwapie\'n and Zabczyk \cite{DKZ}. In that method
the crucial role plays a $C_0$-semigroup $R(t),~t\geq 0$, of
bounded, linear operators on a separable Hilbert space $H$ with the
infinitesimal generator $B$, where $D(B)\subset H$.
For an $H$-valued integrable function
$f,~\alpha\geq 0$, the {\em generalized Riemann--Liouville integral} is defined
as follows
\begin{equation} \label{e3}
 I_\alpha \,f(t) := \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int_0^t
 R(t-s)(t-s)^{\alpha-1} f(s) ds,\quad t\in[0,T],~T>0  \,.
\end{equation}
The family $I_\alpha,~\alpha>0$, forms a semigroup
of operators, that is,
$
  I_{\alpha+\beta} = I_\alpha(I_\beta f)(t), \quad t\in [0,T],~~
  \alpha,\beta>0\;.
$

The space $\mathcal{H}_W:=Q^{1/2}U$ is the reproducing kernel of the process $W$.
Let $L_2=L_2(\mathcal{H}_W,H)$ denote the space of all
Hilbert-Schmidt operators acting from $\mathcal{H}_W$
into the space $H$ with the Hilbert-Schmidt norm $||\cdot||_2$.\\[3mm]
($\psi 1$): \hfill \parbox[t]{145mm}{\it
Assume that $\psi(t),\,t\in [0,T]$, is an $L_2$-valued
predictable process and $\mathbb{E}(\int_0^T ||\psi(t)||_2^2\,dt)<+\infty$.}\\

Then for arbitrary $C_0$-semigroup $R(t),~t\geq 0$,
the stochastic integral
$$
  W_B^\psi(t) := \int_0^t R(t-\tau)\psi(\tau)
  \, dW(\tau),\quad t\in [0,T],
$$
called {\em stochastic convolution}, is a well-defined, $H$-valued stochastic
process.

In fact, the above stochastic convolution $W_B^\psi$ is well defined under the weaker
condition on the process $\psi$, that is,
$\mathbb{P}(\int_0^T ||\psi(t)||_2^2\,dt<+\infty)=1$.
Nevertheless, we introduce the stronger one $(\psi 1)$ because it guarantees
the useful property (see (\ref{e16})) of stochastic integral.
Then we may write
$
  W_B^\psi(t) = I_\alpha (I_{1-\alpha}\stackrel{\circ}{W})(t)\;,
$
where $\stackrel{\circ}{W}$ denotes the derivative of the process $W$ and
the process $Y_\alpha:=I_{1-\alpha}\stackrel{\circ}{W}$
is defined like the stochastic
integral
$$
  \widetilde{Y}_\alpha (t) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(1-\alpha)} \int_0^t (t-\tau)^{-\alpha}
  R(t-\tau)\psi(\tau)\,dW(\tau), \quad t\in[0,T]\;.
$$
Then the formula
$
  W_B^\psi(t) = I_\alpha \widetilde{Y}_\alpha (t),~~ t\in[0,T],
$
is the required stochastic factorization formula.

Now, $W_B^\psi$ is a well-defined $C[0,T]$-valued random variable, provided
$\widetilde{Y}_\alpha$ is an $L^p(0,T)$-valued random variable with $\alpha>1/p$,
because the operator $I_\alpha$ acts from $L^p(0,T)$ into $C(0,T)$
continuously.

\section{Auxiliary estimates} \label{sc3}

In this section we study relationships between the following processes:
\begin{equation} \label{e4}
 Y(t):= \int_0^t (t-s)^{\beta-1}\, S(t-s)\, \psi(s)\,dW(s) =
  \int_0^t (t-s)^{-\alpha} \,S(t-s) \,\psi(s)\,dW(s) \;,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{e4a}
 Y_\alpha(t):= \frac{1}{\Gamma(1-\alpha)} \,Y(t)\;,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{e5}
Z_1(t) := \int_0^t (t-s)^{\alpha-1} \,S(t-s)\, Y(s)\,ds \;,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{e6}
\mbox{and} \quad\quad Z_2(t) := C_\alpha \int_0^t S(t-s)\,\psi(s)\,dW(s)\;,
\end{equation}
for $t\in [0,T]$,
where $\alpha,\beta$ are positive numbers such that $\alpha+\beta=1$,
$C_\alpha=\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(1-\alpha)=\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi\alpha}$
and $S,\psi,W$ are like earlier with $\psi(s):\; U\rightarrow D(A) \subset H,
\;\; s\geq 0$, satisfying $(\psi 1)$.

In the formulas (\ref{e4})-(\ref{e6}), $S(t),t\geq 0$, denote the corresponding
resolvent operators for Volterra equations of the form (\ref{e1}).
Let us recall that $S(t)$ is linear for each $t\geq 0$, $S(0)\,x=x$ holds on
$D(A)$, and $S(t)\,x$ is continuous on $\mathbb{R}_+$ for any $x\in D(A)$.
Moreover, $S(t)$ is uniformly bounded on compact intervals. Finally,  $S(t)$
commutes with $A$, that is $S(t)(D(A))\subset D(A)$ and
$AS(t)x=S(t)Ax$ for all $x\in D(A)$ and $t\geq 0$. Additionally, the so called
{\em resolvent equation} holds
$ S(t) x = x + \int_0^t a(t-\sigma)AS(\sigma) x d\sigma  $
for all $x\in D(A))$, $t\geq 0$.
By $||S(t)||$ we will denote the norm of the operator $S(t)$, for $t\geq 0$.
For more details concerning such operators we refer to the monograph \cite{Pr}.

For simplicity we assume that the operator $A$ in the equation (\ref{e1}) is
negative and diagonal with respect to the basis $\{ e_k\}$, that is
$
  A \,e_k = -\mu_k\,e_k,~ \mu_k>0,~ k\in N\;.
$

Let $s(t;\gamma)$ denote the solution of the one-dimensional Volterra equation
\begin{equation} \label{e7}
  s(t;\gamma) + \gamma \int_0^t a(t-\tau)\,s(\tau;\gamma)\,d\tau = 1,\quad
   t\geq 0 \quad \gamma\geq 0 \;,
\end{equation}
where $a \!\in\! L_{\mathrm{loc}}^1(\mathbb{R}_+)$ is the same like in
(\ref{e1}). Under our assumptions
concerning the resolvent of the equation (\ref{e1}) and the operator $A$,
the ope\-ra\-tors  $S(t),t\geq 0$, are determined as follows
\begin{equation} \label{e8}
 S(t) \,e_k = s(t;\mu_k)\,e_k, \quad   k\in N\;.
\end{equation}

In the paper we shall study the class of linear Volterra equations of the
form (\ref{e1}) which satisfy the below hypothesis.
\\

\noindent{\bf Hypothesis}

\noindent
(s) \hfill\parbox[t]{150mm}{\it The solutions to the equation (\ref{e7}),
 connected with
the equation (\ref{e1}) are submultiplicative functions, that is for any
$t,\tau\in [0,T]$, $ s(t+\tau) \leq s(t)\,s(\tau)$.} \\[2mm]
\noindent{\bf Comment:} Integrodifferential equations of the form
\begin{equation} \label{e8a}
 X(t,\theta) = X_0(\theta)+\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int_0^t (t-s)^{\alpha-1}
\Delta\, X(s,\theta)\,ds\;,
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma(\alpha)$ is the gamma function, $\Delta$ is Laplacian and
$\alpha\in [1,2)$, are examples of equations satisfying the above assumption (s).
For more details, see e.g.\ \cite{Pr} or \cite{Fu}.

\begin{cor} \label{c1}
 If $S(t),t\geq 0$, and $s(t;\gamma)$ are like in (\ref{e7})-(\ref{e8}) and the
 assumption (s) holds, then for any $x\in D(A)$
 $$ |S(t+\tau)\,x| \leq |S(t)\,S(\tau)\,x| \;. $$
 Analogously, for any functional $\phi\in H^*$,
\begin{equation} \label{e9}
  \phi (S(t+\tau)\,x) \leq \phi (S(t)\,S(\tau)\,x) \;.
\end{equation}
\end{cor}

In order to prove the corollary it is enough to use the relationship (\ref{e8}),
the assumption (s) and linearity of the operators $S(t),t\geq 0$.
\begin{lem} \label{l1}
 Assume that $0<(1/p)<\alpha<1$, the process $Y(t)$ given by (\ref{e4}) is
 well-defined and has $p$-integrable trajectories. When the condition (s) holds,
 then for all $t\in [0,T]$, for any $\phi\in H^*$
\begin{equation} \label{e10}
  \phi (Z_2(t)) \leq \phi (Z_1(t)) \;,
\end{equation}
where $Z_1(t),Z_2(t),\,t\geq 0$, are defined by formulas  (\ref{e5}) and  (\ref{e6}),
respectively.
\end{lem}

\noindent \medskip {\bf Proof:}$\;\;${
Under the assumption ($\psi 1)$, the stochastic integral
$\int_0^t \psi(s)\,dW(s)$, for $t\in[0,T]$, is an $H$-valued local martingale.

We introduce the following notation:
$\phi$ is an arbitrary linear functional belonging to the space $H^*$,
$m(t):= \phi (\int_0^t S(v-s)\psi(s)\,dW(s))$ denotes an auxiliary
square integrable martingale defined for any $t\in [0,v]$, where $v\in [0,T]$.

For any linear functional $\phi$ and $v$ we may write:
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi(Z_2(v))& = &\Gamma(\alpha)\,\Gamma(1-\alpha)\,m(v) =
\Gamma(\alpha)\,\Gamma(\beta)\,\int_0^v dm(r) \nonumber\\
 & = & \int_0^v \left[ \int_r^v (v-s)^{\alpha-1} (s-r)^{\beta-1}  ds\right]
 dm(r)  = \nonumber \\
 && \hspace{10ex} \mbox{(from~Fubini's~theorem~for~martingales)} \nonumber\\
 & = & \int_0^v (v-s)^{\alpha-1} \left[ \int_0^s (s-r)^{\beta-1} dm(r)\right]ds
 \nonumber \\
 & = &  \int_0^v (v-s)^{\alpha-1}\left[ \phi \left( \int_0^s (s-r)^{\beta-1}
 S(v-r)\psi(r)\,dW(r)\right) \right] ds  \nonumber \leq \nonumber\\
 && \hspace{10ex} \mbox{(from~the~property~(\ref{e9}))} \nonumber\\
 & \leq & \int_0^v (v-s)^{\alpha-1}\left[\phi\left( S(v-s)
 \int_0^s (s-r)^{\beta-1} S (s-r) \psi(r)\,dW(r)\right) \right] ds \nonumber \\
 & = &  \int_0^v (v-s)^{\alpha-1}\phi \left(S(v-s)\,Y(s)\right)ds
  =\phi(Z_1(v))\;. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\hfill $\blacksquare$  }

\begin{cor} \label{c2}
 From the estimate (\ref{e10}) and Schwarz inequality, for any $\phi\in H^*$
 there exists $h\in H$ such that
\begin{equation} \label{e11}
 |\phi(Z_2(t))|\leq |(Z_1(t),h)| \leq |Z_1(t)|\,|h|, \quad t\geq 0\;.
\end{equation}
\end{cor}

\section{Inequalities} \label{sc4}

This is worth to emphasize the contributors to the maximal
inequalities and exponential tail estimates. Kotelenez \cite{Ko1,Ko2} and Tubaro
\cite{Tu} studied the case of contraction semigroups when $p=2$.
In \cite{Ko3} a maximal inequality for an analytic semigroup is
derived while Chow and Menaldi \cite{ChMe} obtained exponential
tail estimates for some diffusion processes in Hilbert spaces.
\begin{theor} \label{th1}
Assume that processes $Z_1(t),~Z_2(t)$ and operators $S(t),~t\geq 0,$ are as
above and the process $\psi(t)$ fulfills ($\psi 1$).
Then for any $\phi\in H^*,~p>2$, there exists a constant
$\widetilde{c}_p>0$ such that
\begin{equation} \label{e13}
 \mathbb{E}\left(\mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T}(\phi(Z_2(t)))^p\right) \leq \widetilde{c}_p
 \left(\mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T} || S(t)||^p\right)\;T^{p/2-1}\; \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^T
 ||\psi(s)||_2^p\;ds\right) \;.
\end{equation}
\end{theor}
\noindent \medskip {\bf Proof:}$\;\;${
 For $\alpha$ such that $1/p < \alpha < 1/2$, from  (\ref{e4a}), (\ref{e5})
 and (\ref{e3}) we have
$$
   |Z_1(t)| = |I_\alpha Y_\alpha (t)|,~~~t\in[0,T]\;.
$$
Then, by H\"older's inequality, where $q=p/(p-1)$:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{e14}
 |Z_1(t)| &\leq& \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\left| \int_0^t (t-s)^{(\alpha-1)}
 S(t-s)\,Y_\alpha (s)\,ds \right| \\
 &\leq& \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\left( \int_0^t (t-s)^{(\alpha-1)q}
 ||S(t-s)||^q\,ds \right)^{\frac{1}{q}} \left(
  \int_0^t |Y_\alpha (s)|^p \,ds\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\;. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Now, from (\ref{e11}) and (\ref{e14}),
$$ \left(\mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T}(\phi(Z_2(t)))^p\right) \leq
 c_p \left( \int_0^T T^{(\alpha-1)q} ||S(s)||^q ds \right)^{\frac{p}{q}}
  \left( \int_0^T |Y_\alpha (s)|^p ds\right)\;,
$$
where $c_p:=\frac{|y|^p}{(\Gamma(\alpha))^p}$.
Then
\begin{equation} \label{e15}
 \mathbb{E}\left(\mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T}(\phi(Z_2(t)))^p\right) \leq
 c_p \left( \int_0^T T^{(\alpha-1)q} ||S(t)||^q dt \right)^{\frac{p}{q}}
 \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^T |Y_\alpha (s)|^p ds\right) \;.
\end{equation}

Now, we shall estimate the last term in (\ref{e15}). We shall use
the following property of the stochastic integral: there exists
a constant $c$ that
\begin{equation} \label{e16}
 \mathbb{E}\left( \left| \int_0^t \psi(s)\,dW(s) \right|^p \right)
 \leq c\, \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^t ||\psi(s)||_2^2 \,ds\right)^\frac{p}{2}
 ,~\mbox{where}~ p>0,~t\in[0,T].
\end{equation}
From (\ref{e4a}) and (\ref{e15}):
\begin{eqnarray}
  \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^t |Y_\alpha (s)|^p\,ds \right) & \!\leq \!&
  \frac{c}{(\Gamma(1-\alpha))^p}\; \mathbb{E}\left\{ \int_0^T \left( \int_0^s
  ||(s-\sigma)^{-\alpha} S(s-\sigma) \psi(\sigma)||_2^2 \,d\sigma
  \right)^\frac{p}{2} ds\right\} \nonumber \\
  && \hspace{8ex} \mbox{(writing~out~the~Hilbert-Schmidt~norm)} \nonumber\\
  &\! \leq \!&
  \frac{c}{(\Gamma(1-\alpha))^p}\; \mathbb{E}\left\{ \int_0^T \left( \int_0^s
  || (s-\sigma)^{-\alpha} S(s-\sigma) ||^2||\psi(\sigma)||_2^2 \,d\sigma
  \right)^\frac{p}{2} ds\right\} \nonumber \\ & \!=\! &
  \frac{c}{(\Gamma(1-\alpha))^p}\; \mathbb{E}\left(\int_0^T
  [(f*g)(s)]^\frac{p}{2}\,ds\right)\;, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $f(s):= ||s^{-\alpha}\,S(s)||^2$, ~$g(s):= ||\psi (s)||_2^2$.

From the Young's inequality
\begin{equation} \label{e17}
 \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^T |Y_\alpha (s)|^p\,ds \right) \leq
 \frac{c}{(\Gamma(1-\alpha))^p} \left( \int_0^T s^{-2\alpha} ||S(s)||^2 \,ds
 \right)^\frac{p}{2}\;\mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^T ||\psi(s)||_2^p\,ds \right) \;.
\end{equation}

The inequalities (\ref{e15}) and (\ref{e17}) provide
\begin{eqnarray}
 \mathbb{E}\left(\mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T}(\phi(Z_2(t)))^p\right) & \leq &
 \widetilde{c}_p \left( \int_0^T  T^{(\alpha-1)q} ||S(t)||^q\,dt
 \right)^\frac{p}{q} \left( \int_0^T t^{-2\alpha} ||S(t)||^2 \,dt
 \right)^\frac{p}{2} \nonumber \\ & &\; \times \;
 \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^T || \psi (s)||_2^p\,ds
 \right) \nonumber\\ & \leq &
 \widetilde{c}_p \left( \mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T} ||S(t)||^p \right) T^{p/2-1}
 \mathbb{E}\left(\int_0^T || \psi (s)||_2^p\,ds \right)\;, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where
$$ \widetilde{c}_p := \frac{c\,c_p}{(\Gamma(1-\alpha))^p}, \quad
\mbox{and} \quad
  p(\alpha-1)+\frac{p}{q}+(-2\alpha+1)\frac{p}{2}=\frac{p}{2}-1 \;.
$$
\hfill $\blacksquare$  }

\noindent{\bf Comment:} Because the operators $S(t),~t\geq 0$,
do not form any semigroup we can not expect the
equality of the processes $Z_1(t)$ and $Z_2(t)$, $t\geq 0$. In other words,
by using the factorization method we are not able to prove that the
process $Z_2(t)$ has continuous modification $Z_1(t)$, $t\geq 0$.

We may formulate the inequality "symmetric"to (\ref{e13}).
\begin{theor}
 Assume that $Z_1(t),Z_2(t)$ and operators $S(t),t\geq 0$, are as above. Then for any
 $\phi\in H^*$, for arbitrary $p\in (2,\frac{1}{\alpha})$ and $\alpha\in (0,\frac{1}{2})$,
 there exists a constant $\hat{c}_p$ that
 \begin{equation} \label{e18}
  \mathbb{E}\left( \mathop{\rm sup}_{t\leq T}(\phi (Z_2(t)))^p\right) \leq
  \hat{c}_p\left( \int_0^T t^{-2\alpha} || S(t)||_2^2\,dt \right)^{\frac{p}{2}}
  \mathbb{E}\left( \int_0^T ||\psi(t)||^p dt \right) \;.
 \end{equation}
\end{theor}
\noindent \medskip {\bf Proof:}$\;\;${
The proof of (\ref{e18}) is nearly the same like the proof of (\ref{e13}).
The different is the writing out the Hilbert-Schmidt norm
$||(s-\sigma)^{-\alpha}\,S(s-\sigma)\psi(\sigma)||_2$ only.
\hfill $\blacksquare$  } \\

\noindent{\bf Comment:}
In our case the assumptions of the Theorem 2 mean that the resolvent
operators $S(t),t\geq 0$, must be of Hilbert-Schmidt type.
The question is: what kind of Volterra
equations admit resolvents fulfilling that assumption?
Good candidates seem to be the
integrodifferential equations (\ref{e8a}) mentioned earlier
because of the form of the
resolvents. We can see (e.g.\ \cite{Pr}), that the resolvent
operators $S(t),t\geq 0$,
of (\ref{e8a}) are represented by the fundamental solutions
$P_\alpha(t,x)$ of (\ref{e8a})
according to
\begin{equation} \label{e19}
 (S(t)v)(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} P_\alpha(t,x-y)\,v(y)\,dy\;,
 \quad t\geq 0,~x\in
 \mathbb{R}\;.
\end{equation}
Fundamental solutions $P_\alpha$ in (\ref{e19}) are well-known
for $\alpha=1$, and for the
limiting cases $\alpha=0$ and $\alpha=2$. For our purposes, because
of the hypothesis (s), we may consider cases $\alpha\in [1,2)$,
studied in details by
\cite{Fu} and \cite{ScWy}.

Now, we shall adapt the result obtained by Peszat \cite{Pe} for
the convolution $Z_2(t),~t\in [0,T]$, given by (\ref{e6}).
We introduce the following definition and assumptions.
\begin{defin} \label{d1}
 We say that process $\psi : \Omega \times[0,T]\rightarrow L(H,H)$ is
 {\rm point-predictable} if for all $g,h\in H$ the process $(\psi(t)g,h),\,t\geq 0$
 is predictable
 with respect to the filtration $(\mathcal{F}_t),\,t\geq 0$.
\end{defin}
\noindent
($\psi 2$)\hfill \parbox[t]{150mm}{ \it
Here we assume that the Hilbert space $U=H$ and that the process
$\psi : \Omega \times
[0,T]\rightarrow L(H,H)$ is point-predictable.}\\

\noindent
($\kappa$) \hfill \parbox[t]{150mm}{\it There exist $\alpha_0\in(0,\frac{1}{2})$ and
$p_0>1$ such that
$$ \kappa_T := \left( \int_0^T t^{(\alpha_0-1)p_0} ||S(t)||^{p_0} dt
\right)^{1/p_0} < +\infty\;,\quad \mbox{for any~} T>0.
$$ }
\begin{theor} \label{t3}
Assume that the operators $S(t),t\geq 0$, are as above, the process
$\psi(t),t\geq 0$, fulfills ($\psi 2$), and conditions (s), ($\kappa$) are
satisfied. Assume that there exists a constant $\eta<+\infty$ such that
\begin{equation} \label{e20}
 \mathop{\rm sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\; \int_0^t (t-s)^{-2\alpha_0} ||S(t-s)\psi(s)||_2^2\,ds
 \leq \eta\,, \quad \mbox{P -- a.~s.}
\end{equation}
Then for all $\delta >0$ there exist constants $C,\kappa_T$ that
\begin{equation} \label{e21}
 P\left\{ \mathop{\rm sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\; |\phi(Z_2(t))| \geq \delta \right\} \leq
 C \exp\left\{-\frac{\delta^2}{\kappa_T^2\,\eta} \right\} \;.
\end{equation}
\end{theor}
\vspace{2mm}

\noindent \medskip {\bf Proof:}$\;\;${
In our case, because we prove only the estimate (\ref{e21})
but not continuity, the proof is simple.
First of all, we formulate the inequality (\ref{e9})
in the case when the process
$\psi(t),t\geq 0$, satisfies condition ($\psi 2$).
Basing on Lemma 3.3 in \cite{Pe}, we have
\begin{equation} \label{e22}
 \int_0^T \mathbb{E}\, \exp \left\{ \frac{1}{9\eta} |Y(t)|^2\right\}dt \leq 4T\;,
\end{equation}
where
$$ Y(t) := \int_0^t (t-s)^{-\alpha_0}S(t-s)\psi(s)dW(s), \quad t\in[0,T]\;.$$
Then, following the estimate from the proof of Lemma 3.4 in \cite{Pe}, we have:\\
for any $\phi\in H^*$ there exists $h\in H$ that
\begin{equation} \label{e23}
 \mathop{\rm sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\; \phi(Z_2(t)) \leq \frac{\sin \alpha_0\pi}{\pi}\,
 \mathop{\rm sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\; |Z_1(t)||h|\leq \frac{c}{3}\,\kappa_T ||Y||_{L^q(0,T;H)}\;.
\end{equation}
Now, using the estimates (\ref{e22}) and (\ref{e23}) we obtain the inequality
$$ \mathbb{E} \exp \left\{\frac{\mathop{\rm sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\;
\phi(Z_2(t))}{\kappa_T^2\eta} \right\}\leq C\;. $$
This estimate and Doob's inequality complete the proof of Theorem \ref{t3}.
\hfill $\blacksquare$  }

The factorization method applied to some class of stochastic linear Volterra
equations has provided similar estimates like that obtained earlier
for stochastic evolution equations.
Unfortunately, because of lack of semigroup
property (in general, the resolvent operators $S(t),t\geq 0$,
corresponding to the Volterra
equations considered do not form any semigroup), the factorization method does not
provide continuity of stochastic convolutions arising in Volterra equations.
The factorization method seemed to be more promising for obtaining continuity than it
finally appeared. We have seen, that
the assumption about semigroup property is indispensable for
continuity by that method.

\small

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: How do I have each marker when clicked on show data for its specific marker in the modal- Gmaps4Rails I wanted to have a modal pop up whenever I click on a marker in google maps. I was able to accomplish this with the following script code in javascript (in my view):
handler = Gmaps.build('Google', {
          // builders: {
          //   Marker: InfoBoxBuilder
          // },
           markers:
                  {clusterer: {
                    gridSize: 60,
                    maxZoom: 20,
                    styles: [ {
                      textSize: 10,
                      textColor: '#ff0000',
                      url: 'assets/creative/m1.png',
                      height: 60,
                      width: 60 }
                    , {
                      textSize: 14,
                      textColor: '#ffff00',
                      url:'assets/creative/m2.png',
                      height: 60,
                      width: 60 }
                    , {
                     textSize: 18,
                     textColor: '#0000ff',
                     url: 'assets/creative/m3.png',
                     width: 60,
                     height: 60}
                    ]}}
        });

        handler.buildMap({ provider: {}, internal: {id: 'map'}}, function() {
var i, len, marker, results;
markers = handler.addMarkers(<%=raw @hash.to_json %>);
handler.bounds.extendWith(markers);
handler.fitMapToBounds();

results = [];
for (i = 0, len = markers.length; i < len; i++) {
  marker = markers[i];

  google.maps.event.addListener(marker.getServiceObject(), 'click', function() {
    $('#myModal').modal('show')
    return true;
  });

  results.push(true);

}

return results;

});

In my view:

   <% @maps.each do |map| %>

        <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal">×Close</button>

<%= map.number %>

        ...

        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button>

  <% end %>

Here is my controller:
    class MapsController < ApplicationController
  def index
    @maps = Map.all
     @hash = Gmaps4rails.build_markers(@maps) do |map, marker|
      marker.lat map.latitude
      marker.lng map.longitude
      marker.title map.number
      marker.json({:id => map.id })

      # marker.infowindow render_to_string(:partial => "/maps/info", :locals => { :object => map})
    end

    end

  def import
    Map.import(params[:file])
    redirect_to authors_posts_path, notice: "Locations Imported!"
  end

  def show

  end
end

The problem I am having is whenever I click on a marker the modal only shows the map.number for the first object for every marker. I want to, when I click on a marker, for the data that is shown in the modal be only for the marker that is clicked on.
Modal Image with map.number

A: I would say you have two way to approach the issue.
If you keep one modal per marker, have different ids for each modal.
<div class="modal fade" id="myModal-<%= map.id %>" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">

and in the js:
handler.buildMap({ provider: {}, internal: {id: 'map'}}, function() {
  var i, len, results;
  markers = handler.addMarkers(<%=raw @hash.to_json %>);
  handler.bounds.extendWith(markers);
  handler.fitMapToBounds();

  $.each(markers, function(index, marker) {
    google.maps.event.addListener(marker.getServiceObject(), 'click', function() {
      $('#myModal-' + marker.id).modal('show');
    });
  });
});

Or have one modal for all and populate it on the fly:
handler.buildMap({ provider: {}, internal: {id: 'map'}}, function() {
  var i, len, results;
  markers = handler.addMarkers(<%=raw @hash.to_json %>);
  handler.bounds.extendWith(markers);
  handler.fitMapToBounds();

  $.each(markers, function(index, marker) {
    google.maps.event.addListener(marker.getServiceObject(), 'click', function() {
      $('#myModal #myModalLabel').text(marker.title);
      $('#myModal').modal('show');
    });
  });
});


text:
Resources by State
Campus Pride Index
uncensored visionary
Category: Podcast
Guelmo Rosa – The Ultimate Fighter
One day Guelmo Rosa realized that being an English teacher was not his calling. So he quit, went to art school and then decided to try his hand at being an artist in New York. Born in Puerto Rico, with pit stops in The Bronx, back to Puerto Rico and eventually landing in New York, Guelmo Rosa is a mixed media artist with a passion for design and collaboration. Now only a few years into his journey, Guelmo is well on his way to building a uniquely queer based art brand.
As a proud queer Puerto Rican, Guelmo is on a mission to show how strong Puerto Ricans are and how badass queer artists can be. Make sure to visit his website (check out his dick earrings) and support a fellow Visionary by purchasing / sharing his artwork and listening to his episode of Uncensored Visionary.
Follow Guelmo on Instagram and visit his art store / official website.
Listen on: Apple | Google Play | Stitcher | YouTube | Spotify | Overcast
Jaimie Kelton & Robin Hopkins – If These Ovaries Could Talk
Jaimie Kelton was having fertility issues so she turned to the internet for support, but to her surprise, she didn't find any. Instead of curling into a ball, Jaimie decided to create her own platform where lesbians could speak about making babies and the subsequent difficulties of maintaining non-traditional families. When she was introduced to Robin Hopkins, she knew that Robin was the one to help her establish and create a community of lesbians with non-traditional families. And thus If These Ovaries Could Talk was born (well after hundreds of spreadsheets, meetings, contacts, etc.).
The intention behind If These Ovaries Could Talk is to always learn and highlight and show the love that's in our community. They have not only achieved that goal, but surpassed it on their funny yet poignant podcast show. Take a peek into the journeys of Jaimie and Robin and their podcast If These Ovaries Could Talk.
Follow If These Ovaries Could Talk on Instagram and listen to their podcast here.
Thee Supaman – Certified Sex Specialist
Thee Supaman is here to teach you some things. When he's not being a sexual health YouTube vlogger, he's a PrEP advocate and nurse recruiter. Additionally, he co-hosts a podcast called Here for It with fellow LGBTQ badass Ronald Matters. In his previous life, he was a part of the U.S. Army where he played an important role in the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell.
With those accomplishments, Thee Supaman is well on his way to becoming a prominent LGBTQ advocate / activist. If you want to know someone with strong convictions and extensive experience championing for the rights of the LGBTQ, you've come to the right place. Take a peek into the mind of a true trailblazer in the latest episode of Uncensored Visionary: A LGBTQ Podcast.
Follow Thee Supaman on Instagram and listen to his podcast Here for It here.
Corey Camperchioli – Unapologetically FEMME
Unapologetically FEMME
Corey Camperchioli is going to take the world by storm with his short film FEMME. FEMME, however, is more than a short film. It's something to celebrate as an identifier and a super power. Growing up, combined with the 'No Femmes' rhetoric from part of the gay community, Corey struggled with the concept of accepting his femininity, until he realized it's what makes him unique. After coming to realize the strength in being feminine, he has been on a successful mission to empower those who identify as FEMME.
Long term, Corey hopes to turn FEMME into opportunities for a book (!), world wide traveling and speaking engagements. His ultimate goal is to get people to love themselves because of that FEMME label and not in spite of that FEMME label. Dive into his FEMME adventures in the latest episode of Uncensored Visionary: A LGBTQ Podcast.
Follow Corey on Instagram and visit his official website.
Adrian De Berardinis – Breaking Bread – Using Food to Break Down Barriers
Breaking Bread – Using Food to Break Down Barriers
Adrian De Berardinis is a jack of all trades. He's been a hair dresser and worked in restaurants as a chef. Today, many people know him as The Bear Naked Chef. As The Bear Naked Chef, Adrian has traveled the world teaching people how to cook on cruises, YouTube and on international television. Additionally, Adrian recently completed a stint as a chef for Michelle Obama on her 'Becoming' book tour.
Adrian is well on his way to becoming a media mogul and we can't wait to see where he goes next! Make sure to listen to his intriguing Uncensored Visionary: A LGBTQ Podcast episode as we discuss cooking as an art form and community builder, his past lives, conversion therapy and more.
Follow Adrian on Instagram and visit his official website and YouTube page.
Teddy Margas – Doing it all by bypassing the conventional
Doing it all by bypassing the conventional
Teddy Margas is an actor/comic/writer performing regularly all over the country. He hosts "The Mikey & Teddy Show" weekly in West Hollywood. He was the audience warm up comic on E!'s Fashion Police working hand in hand with Joan Rivers, Kathy Griffith and Margaret Cho. Teddy has guest starred on several television shows including FOX's "Lethal Weapon"and his rave reviews as Edna Turnblad in "Hairspray" has piqued his musical theater interest. He is currently producer on HEY QWEEN, a talk show for Drag Queens and the like, currently being shot for Canadian broadcast TV.
Follow Teddy on Instagram and Twitter
Visit Teddy's official website
Barbara Belmont – Blazing a trail for LGBT badasses in science, technology, engineering and math
Technonerd, gadget geek, lexophile, music lover, LGBTQ+ activist, advocate for inclusion and diversity in STEM.
Barbara Belmont is a science teacher and President and Laboratory Director of American Research and Testing Inc. with a Masters in Analytical Chemistry and has been working in the science field for 15+ years. Her science interests include developing or enhancing experiments for the analytical chemistry classroom, to using analytical techniques for characterizing or investigating a chemical conundrum.
In addition to having two jobs she loves, Barbara is the treasurer for an organization called National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals (NOGLSTP). NOGLSTP's mission is to empower lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics by providing education, advocacy, professional development, networking, and peer support.
NOGLSTP educates all communities regarding scientific, technological, and medical concerns of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people.
Follow Barbara on Twitter.
Visit the NOGLSTP official website here.
Romi Faylo – Changing the fashion landscape, one sleeve at a time
Romi Faylo was born in Uzbekistan and is based in Jaffa, Israel. As a fashion designer he currently works for the fashion brand Wilde Vertigga.
Romi studied fashion design at Shenkar, College of Engineering, Design and Art. The common factor of his designs is the lack of gender, he doesn't design clothes for women or men. He simply wants to design beautiful clothes.
Wild Vertigga is a conceptual brand that sanctifies asymmetry, not just as a design, but as a way of life. Asymmetry represents dynamism and occurrence, while symmetrical "straight" shapes represent staticness and fixation, so our first campaign is called "Rather Naked than Straight" with a small wink to the queer community. The brand offers several non-gender items, but the brand appeals to everyone, regardless of sexual preferences, anyone who identifies with the brand's agenda.
In addition to working for Wilde Vertigga, Romi founded, with a group of 3 people, a startup company called F.F.P. TECHNOLOGIES LTD. The project deals with the development of materials designed to spray on molds for the manufacture of seamless clothing in mass-production. Currently, they have a prototype and we are in the stage of fund raising for further development.
Follow Romi on Instagram. Follow Wild Vertigga on Instagram.
Eric Vera – Creating a lane for himself on his own terms
Creating a lane for himself on his own terms.
Founder and owner of STER Entertainment, Eric Vera directs the network and brings his photographic eye from his project "Flight of Charleston" to help create the STER Entertainment brand. Listen to our conversation as we discuss FX's Pose, Jessie Ware, Ru Paul's drag race, growing up alone and more.
Follow Eric on Instagram. Visit the official Ster Entertainment website and Twitter.
Gayish Hosts Mike & Kyle – Plowing through one gay stereotype at a time
Plowing through one gay stereotype at a time.
Kyle Getz and Mike Johnson host LGBTQ podcast Gayish. Gayish is a gay & LGBT+ podcast that bridges the gap between sexuality and actuality. Mike and Kyle talk about gay stereotypes they fit into, ones they don't, and everything in between.
Follow Gayish on Instagram and Twitter. Visit the official Gayish website here.
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