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US20120141972A1 - Untangled Euler Diagrams - Google Patents
Untangled Euler Diagrams Download PDF
US20120141972A1 US12/958,419 US95841910A US2012141972A1 US 20120141972 A1 US20120141972 A1 US 20120141972A1 US 95841910 A US95841910 A US 95841910A US 2012141972 A1 US2012141972 A1 US 2012141972A1
Tim Dwyer
Nathalie Henry RICHE
2010-12-02 Application filed by Microsoft Corp filed Critical Microsoft Corp
2014-12-09 Assigned to MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC reassignment MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MICROSOFT CORPORATION
238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0 claims description 2
239000002609 media Substances 0 description 23
238000004883 computer application Methods 0 description 3
238000004590 computer program Methods 0 description 2
239000003138 indicator Substances 0 description 1
G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
G09B29/00—Maps; Plans; Charts; Diagrams, e.g. route diagram
A modified Euler diagram may use multiple convex shapes to display sets or members of sets. In one embodiment, a compact Euler diagram may represent members once, with the sets split into separate regions that may form a containment hierarchy over the members. The split set regions may be drawn with simple convex shapes and joined with connecting lines, which may be concave shapes. In another embodiment, each set may be illustrated with a single convex shape and the members of more than one set may be duplicated. In such an embodiment, the members may be drawn with convex shapes and joined with connectors, which may be concave shapes. The modified Euler diagrams may be deterministically created by grouping the elements into sets, organizing the sets by size, placing elements in the sets, and creating connections between the elements using a set of constraints.
Euler diagrams are used to show set membership for various objects. In an Euler diagram, an object may be a member of two, three, or more sets, while other objects may be a member of only one set. Conventional Euler diagrams use circles, ellipses, and other convex shapes to represent the sets and the members of overlapping sets. Euler diagrams are commonly used for very simple sets with limited numbers of objects because there is a limited number of configurations of overlapping circles to define the sets and intersections between sets. Practical applications of conventional Euler diagrams are usually limited to relatively small diagrams with limited numbers of objects and sets with simple intersections.
A modified Euler diagram may use multiple convex shapes to display sets or members of sets. In one embodiment, a compact Euler diagram may represent members once, with the sets split into separate regions that may form a containment hierarchy over the members. The split set regions may be drawn with simple convex shapes and joined with connecting lines, which may be concave shapes. In another embodiment, each set may be illustrated with a single convex shape and the members of more than one set may be duplicated. In such an embodiment, the members may be drawn with convex shapes and joined with connection lines, which may be concave shapes. The modified Euler diagrams may be deterministically created by grouping the elements into sets, organizing the sets by size, placing elements in the sets, and creating connections between the elements using a set of constraints.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustration of an example embodiment showing a first modified Euler diagram.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustration of an example embodiment showing a second modified Euler diagram.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustration of an example embodiment showing the group memberships used in the examples of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustration of an embodiment showing a method for creating a first type of modified Euler diagram.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustration of an embodiment showing a method for creating a second type of modified Euler diagram.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustration of an example embodiment showing an interactive operation.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustration of an embodiment showing a device that may have an application that creates and modifies modified Euler diagrams.
A modified Euler diagram may illustrate complex set relationships with large numbers of sets and set members by using convex shapes to illustrate the relationships. In one form, a graph may show each member only one time, with the sets being illustrated using multiple convex shapes. In another form, a graph may show each set as a convex shape and may show a member two or more times to illustrate membership in multiple sets, with the connections made using convex shapes. In many embodiments, different colors may be used to identify different sets and their members.
From the diagrams, a viewer may be able to identify the sets and the set members to understand the relationships between the sets and various members. The diagrams may be used to represent much more complex sets and relationships than classic Euler diagrams, and may be easier to read and comprehend than classic Euler diagrams.
Two different types of modified Euler diagrams may be created. In one type, each member of a set may be represented once and concave and convex graphical shapes may be used to illustrate set membership. In another type, each set may contain all of the members of the set in individual convex shapes, and members of multiple sets may have multiple instances of the members that may be joined using connectors, which may be concave shapes.
The graphs may be created using a computer to layout and organize the sets and their members, then to graphically join the sets and their members using a set of constraints to place objects within the graph and form connectors between objects. In some embodiments, the computer may allow a user to interact with the diagrams and change the design to a hybrid modified Euler diagram.
Throughout this specification, like reference numbers signify the same elements throughout the description of the figures.
When elements are referred to as being "connected" or "coupled," the elements can be directly connected or coupled together or one or more intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when elements are referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled," there are no intervening elements present.
The subject matter may be embodied as devices, systems, methods, and/or computer program products. Accordingly, some or all of the subject matter may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, state machines, gate arrays, etc.) Furthermore, the subject matter may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media.
Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and may be accessed by an instruction execution system. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium can be paper or other suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other suitable medium, then compiled, interpreted, of otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory.
Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" can be defined as a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above-mentioned should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
When the subject matter is embodied in the general context of computer-executable instructions, the embodiment may comprise program modules, executed by one or more systems, computers, or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
FIG. 1 is an example embodiment 100 showing a first type of modified Euler diagram. FIG. 2 is an example embodiment 200 showing a second type of modified Euler diagram. Both example embodiment 100 and 200 represent two different representations of the same data set.
Embodiment 100 illustrates an Euler diagram where the sets are highlighted. In the diagram of embodiment 100, each set member is presented only once, and the members are linked together to form sets in some cases. In contrast, embodiment 200 illustrates the same data set, but where each set is presented as a group. In embodiment 200, members that are located in two or more sets are linked together graphically.
Both embodiments show the data sets with intuitive graphical features that allow a user to quickly comprehend the relationships between data and to gather information from the graphs.
In embodiment 100, several sets are displayed. Set 0 102, set 1 104, set 2 106, set 3 108 are all illustrated with shaded areas around all of the members of the respective set. In the example of embodiment 100, member 0 110 is a member of set 2, while member 1 112 is a member of sets 0, 2, and 3. Member 2 114 is a member of sets 0 and 2. Member 3 116 is illustrated as being a member of sets 1 and 2. Member 4 118 is a member of only set 0. Member 5 120 is a member of 0 and 1, and member 6 122 is a member of set 0, 1, and 3. Member 7 is a member of set 3 only, and member 8 126 is a member of set 1 only.
Set 0 102 is the largest set within the diagram. Set 0 102 contains five members. Some of the members of set 0 are members of multiple sets. For example, member 1 112 is a member of sets 0, 2, and 3. For member 1 112, the outlines of each of the sets for which the member is a member encircles the label "1". Member 4 118 is not encircled by any other set other than set 0, indicating that member 4 118 is only a member of one set.
Some of the sets are illustrated as spanning several members, but by using connectors to connect between them. For example, set 3 108 has three members, 1, 6, and 7. Since each member of set 3 108 is located as either members of other sets or as only affiliated with set 3, set 3 108 is shown as three objects encircling the members and a connector 128 linking the members.
Some of the sets may be illustrated using convex shapes. For example, set 0 102 is illustrated using a rectangle shaped object. Set 1 104 is illustrated as having two convex shapes, one encircling members 5 and 6 and another encircling members 3 and 8. The convex shapes for set 1 104 are joined by a concave shaped connector.
Embodiment 200 illustrates the same data set as embodiment 100, but using a different type of diagram. Embodiment shows the sets within contiguous, concave areas. In the example of embodiment 200, the sets are shown within rectangular shapes. All the members are shown within each set, and when some items are in multiple sets, a separate instance of the member is illustrated in each of the member sets.
Sets 0 202, 1 204, 2 206, and 3 208 are shown separately. In some embodiments, subsets of another set may be shown as overlapping and completely contained within another set.
Within the diagram, member 0 210 is illustrated as being located only in set 2 206. Member 1 is a member of three sets, and therefore instances of member 1 212, 214, and 216 represent the memberships of sets 2, 3, and 0, respectively. Member 2 is a member of two sets, and therefore instances of member 2 218 and 220 represent the memberships of sets 0 and 2. Member 3 is a member of sets 1 and 2 and instances of member 222 and 224 represent those memberships. Similarly, member 4 is a member of only set 0, and is represented by a single instance of member 226. Member 5 is a member of two sets: 0 and 1, and is represented by instances of member 228 and 230. Member 6 is a member of sets 0, 1, and 3, and is represented by instances 234, 236, and 238. Member 7 is a member of set 3 and is represented by instance of member 238. Lastly, member 8 is a member of set 1 and is represented by member 240.
Embodiment 200 illustrates a diagram where each of the sets is illustrated using concave shapes. Each of the sets 202, 204, 206, and 208 are illustrated using rectangular, concave shapes. When an element or member belongs to two or more sets, the member may have instances of in each of the sets, and may be connected using a convex connector.
Embodiment 100 illustrates a compact version of the modified Euler diagram, as each member is shown only one time. Embodiment 100 may be a good diagram when highlighting individual items and how those items relate to other groups. In contrast, embodiment 200 illustrates a version of a modified Euler diagram where the groups are highlighted. Embodiment 200 may be easier for discussing specific groups and how the groups relate to specific items.
In some interactive embodiments, a hybrid version of the two types of diagrams may be created. Initially, the diagram may be a compact diagram such in embodiment 100. A user may interact with the diagram to select a set and pull the set away from the main part of the diagram. As the set is moved, the set may be drawn as a group linked to other instances of members common to other groups. Such an embodiment may be illustrated in embodiment 600 presented later in this specification.
Embodiments 100 and 200 both include labels for each of the members of the sets. In some embodiments, the set members may be presented with text strings such as names or other indicators as labels.
In both example embodiments, the labels may be presented in predominantly rectangular shaped objects with rounded corners. Similarly, the groups may be illustrated in predominately rectangular shaped objects with rounded corners. The rectangular objects with rounded corners of embodiments 100 and 200 are a design choice that may give a specific look and feel to the diagrams. Other embodiments may use ellipses, squares, polygons, or other shapes as a design element.
In several cases, elements within the diagram may be linked together using connectors. An example of a connector may be the links between elements 1, 6, and 7 that illustrate data set 3 in embodiment 100, or the links between the three instances of item 1 in data sets 0, 2, and 3 in embodiment 200. The connectors may be created by using splines or other drawing elements to show a link between the objects within the graphs. The thicknesses, curvature, and other design elements of the connectors may be design choices that vary between different embodiments.
In many embodiments, the graphs may be created by placing items in a space and establishing relationships between the items. A constraint algorithm may define the minimum spacing between various elements and may optimize the placement of items within the graph using force directed layout. Such an optimization may move items around within the graph to find a compact positioning for the various items.
Many embodiments may use heuristics or algorithms to attempt to create a deterministic and compact graph. Because of the optimization performed by the constraint driven, force directed layout, the layout and position of the various items may vary from one instance to another.
Embodiment 100 was constructed by organizing the sets by size, then organizing the members of the various sets so that the largest set is contiguous. Other sets that may be smaller in size may be broken into portions that may be connected with connectors.
Embodiment 200 was constructed by organizing the sets by size, then placing the first set in the graph and the set members within the set. The other sets were then placed in the graph and placement of the sets and set members were determined using a constraint driven force directed layout.
In the constraint driven force directed layout, the various objects in the graph are assigned relationships that define proximity to each other, as well as a set of constraints that may determine minimum spacing between various objects. The constraints may include, for example, a minimum distance from a set member to the edge of a set border, minimum distances between sets or set members within a set, and other parameters. Given the constraints and the relationships, a constraint driven force directed layout may find an optimum placement of the various components.
Embodiment 300 is an example diagram of an embodiment 300 showing how elements may be organized in order to create the diagram of embodiment 100.
The set definitions 302 show all of the various sets, the set labels, and the members or elements of the sets.
The organized elements 304 show a hierarchy 306 that may be traversed to layout the diagram of embodiment 100. The hierarchy 306 may be created using a heuristic that creates the largest set as the first set in the hierarchy, then applies the other sets on top of the largest set. In practice, such a hierarchy produces a readable and understandable graph.
As part of the organization, a set membership list 308 may be created for every element. The set membership list may be used to sort the elements prior to placement into a graph.
A process for organizing the elements or set members like embodiment 300 is shown in embodiment 400.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustration of an embodiment 400 showing a method for organizing sets and members of sets, then producing a modified Euler diagram representing the sets. The process of embodiment 400 may organize elements in order for placement into a graph. The order may be deterministic so that recreating a graph from a data set or creating a graph with a slight change to a data set may generate similar results.
Other embodiments may use different sequencing, additional or fewer steps, and different nomenclature or terminology to accomplish similar functions. In some embodiments, various operations or set of operations may be performed in parallel with other operations, either in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. The steps selected here were chosen to illustrate some principles of operations in a simplified form.
Embodiment 400 organizes set members in a hierarchy for placement into a graph. The hierarchy may have the largest set at the top of the hierarchy, then other sets according to size. In many cases, a single element may be a member of multiple sets. Such members may be placed with the highest set in the hierarchy to which it belongs.
In block 402, the set definitions and members may be received. The set definitions and members may come in many different forms. In the example of embodiment 300, the set definitions 302 represent the input data.
The sets may be sorted from largest to smallest and may be labeled accordingly in block 404.
For each member of any set, a set membership list may be determined. A set membership list may list each set for which the element is a member. In many embodiments, the set membership list may be sorted by the set size, with the largest sized set being first in the set membership list.
The members may be organized or sorted according to the set membership list in block 410. An example of such a sorted list may be found in the organized elements 304 of embodiment 300.
In block 412, the layout of the graph may begin by constructing a group for the first member in the sorted list. The group constructed in block 412 may represent the base group or the set onto which other sets may be drawn.
The first element may have a set membership list. If so, each remaining set within the set membership list may be processed in block 414. For each remaining set in the first member's set membership list, another group may be constructed that is nested in the previous group in block 416.
Once all of the groups are constructed, the first member may be added to the innermost group in block 418.
Each remaining member in the sorted list of elements may be processed in block 420. For each remaining member in block 420, if the member is part of an existing group in block 422, the member may be placed in that group in block 424.
If the member is not part of any existing group in block 422, another group may be constructed in block 426. If more sets exist in the member's set membership list in block 428, for each remaining set in the set membership list in block 430, another group may be constructed nested in a previous group in block 432. After creating all of the groups within set membership list, the member may be added to the innermost group in block 434.
Through the process of blocks 412 through 434, the various members may be defined by relationships between members in the form of the sets, plus the constraints that may define the look and feel of the graphs. The objects within the graph may be laid out in block 436 and a constraint based force optimization routine may be applied in block 438 to optimize the placement of objects within the graph.
Once the placement is determined, boundaries around the groups may be drawn in block 440. In block 442, connectors within the groups may be created. The connectors may be drawn using splines, lines or other elements to join two groups that are members of the same set. After completing the connectors, the graph may be displayed in block 444.
The graph created from embodiment 400 may be similar to embodiment 100, where each member may be displayed only one time.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustration of an embodiment 500 showing a method for creating a second type of modified Euler diagram. Embodiment 500 is one example of a method that may create a diagram such as the second modified Euler diagram of embodiment 200. The process of embodiment 500 may produce a modified Euler diagram where each of the sets may be displayed as concave item, and the elements that are members of multiple sets may be placed using multiple instances and joined with convex connectors.
The set definitions and members may be received in block 502.
For each set in block 504, the set members may be laid out in a group in block 506. When an element is a member of two or more sets, the member may have an instance for each set located within each group. Within each group, the members may be defined with constraints and relationships.
For each member in block 508, relationships may be created between instances of the member.
Any additional constraints may be applied in block 512 and a constraint based force optimization may be performed in block 514 to determine an optimized placement.
After determining the placement, the groups may be drawn in block 516 and connectors may be created between members in block 518. The graph may be displayed in block 520.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment 600 showing a progression of steps for an interactive graph. In the steps, a graph created using the first type of modified Euler diagram of embodiment 100 may be interactively modified to create a hybrid-type graph. In the example of embodiment 600, a user may select and drag a set away from the main body of the graph. As the user drags the set, members of the set that are also members of other sets may have a second instance of the member created and a connector drawn between them.
Embodiment 600 may be an interactive computer application that may create and present the various modified Euler diagrams. The interactive computer application may allow a user to edit, modify, and manipulate the diagrams.
Embodiment 600 is illustrated as several steps 602, 604, 606, and 608.
In step 602, a user may click on or otherwise select the group 610 and begin to move group 610 to the right. In step 604, the group 614 illustrates the group having been moved slightly to the right.
The element 612 in step 602 may be changed to two instances of the same element 616 and 618 when the group 614 may be moved. Element 612 may be split into two elements 616 and 618 and joined with a connector.
In the third step 606, the group 615 may be pulled even farther to the right. In the third step 606, the element 622 in step 604 may be split into two elements 624 and 626. Similarly, element 628 may be split into elements 630 and 632.
In the fourth step 608, the group 617 may be pulled yet farther to the right. Elements 630 and 632 may be spread apart as elements 634 and 636 and may be joined with a connector.
The sequence of embodiment 600 may illustrate an example of an interaction manipulation of a modified Euler diagram and how a hybrid modified Euler diagram may be created. The operations of embodiment 600 may be part of an interactive computer application that may create modified Euler diagrams.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of an embodiment 700, showing a system that may have an application to create and manipulate modified Euler diagrams. Embodiment 100 is a simplified example of a hardware and software environment in which modified Euler diagrams may be constructed and manipulated.
The diagram of FIG. 7 illustrates functional components of a system. In some cases, the component may be a hardware component, a software component, or a combination of hardware and software. Some of the components may be application level software, while other components may be operating system level components. In some cases, the connection of one component to another may be a close connection where two or more components are operating on a single hardware platform. In other cases, the connections may be made over network connections spanning long distances. Each embodiment may use different hardware, software, and interconnection architectures to achieve the described functions.
A device 702 may contain a hardware platform 704 and some software components 706. The device 702 may represent a conventional computing platform, such as a personal computer, server computer, or laptop computer. In some embodiments, the device 702 may be a personal digital assistant, mobile telephone, game console, or other computing device.
The hardware platform 704 may contain a processor 708, random access memory 710, and nonvolatile storage 712. The hardware platform 704 may also include a user interface 714 and network interface 716.
The software components 706 may include an operating system 718 on which various applications may execute. An application 720 may receive data 722 and may create a modified Euler diagram 724 using various methods, such as the methods of embodiments 400 and 500.
In some embodiments, the application 720 may allow a user to create, manipulate, edit, store, retrieve, and perform various other functions on the modified Euler diagrams 724. In some such embodiments, a user may be able to interactively manipulate the modified Euler diagrams such as in the example of embodiment 600.
The foregoing description of the subject matter has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the subject matter to the precise form disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include other alternative embodiments except insofar as limited by the prior art.
1. A graph illustrating a plurality of sets and a plurality of members of said sets, each of said members being a member of at least one of said sets, and at least one of said members being a member of at least two of said sets, said graph comprising:
a plurality of elements, said elements representing said members and said sets;
a first element being displayed by multiple convex shapes connected by at least one concave connector; and
said members having a label.
2. The graph of claim 1, each of said members being displayed one time.
3. The graph of claim 1, at least one of members being displayed at least twice.
4. The graph of claim 1, said convex shapes being rectangular.
5. The graph of claim 1, said multiple convex shapes and said connector having a first background color.
6. The graph of claim 5, a second element being displayed by a second set of multiple convex shapes connected by at least one concave connector.
7. The graph of claim 6, said second element having a second background color.
8. The graph of claim 7, said first element and said second element being a first set and a second set.
9. The graph of claim 7, said first element and said second element being a first member and a second member.
10. A method performed on a computer processor, said method comprising:
receiving a plurality of members, each of said members being a member of at least one set, at least one of said members being a member of at least two sets;
creating a hierarchy of elements by a grouping method comprising:
sorting said sets by a number of members in each set, said sets being sorted from largest to smallest;
determining a membership list for each of said members, said membership list identifying sets for which said member is a member;
organizing said members according to said membership list to create a list of members, said organizing comprising grouping said members;
creating a graph by laying out said elements according to said hierarchy by a layout method comprising:
processing each member from said list of members by identifying a group associated with said set and if said group is not created, creating said group, and adding said member to a last group in said membership list; and
for each set, drawing a boundary around all groups associated with a set; and
displaying said graph on a display device.
11. The method of claim 10, said boundary comprising at least one rectangular boundary.
12. The method of claim 11, said boundary comprising a non-convex bundle path.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
receiving a selection of a first group and a movement vector;
translating said first group according to said movement vector; and
recreating at least one bundle path.
determining that a member of said first group is also a member of a second group;
creating a representation of said member in said second group; and
creating a second convex bundle path from a representation of said member in said first group to a representation of said member in said second group.
determining a background color for each of said groups; and
applying said background color within said boundary.
for each of said sets, laying out said members within each set, at least two of said sets comprising a first member;
applying a constraint driven force directed algorithm to optimize placement of said members within said sets; and
create paths between each of said members being located in at least two of said sets; and
presenting said graph on an output device.
17. The method of claim 16, said sets being arranged within rectangular boundaries.
18. The method of claim 17, said paths having a background color.
receiving a second set of relationships, said second set of relationships comprising relationships between at least two of said members; and
overlaying a graphical representation of said relationships onto said graph.
identifying a first set being a subset of a second set; and
displaying said first set within said second set.
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US20090024940A1 (en) 2009-01-22 Systems And Methods For Generating A Database Query Using A Graphical User Interface
Bourdot et al. 2010 VR–CAD integration: Multimodal immersive interaction and advanced haptic paradigms for implicit edition of CAD models
EP2441053B1 (en) 2018-08-08 Ontological filtering using spatial boundary of 3d objects
US8237716B2 (en) 2012-08-07 Algorithm for drawing directed acyclic graphs
US9766787B2 (en) 2017-09-19 Using visual landmarks to organize diagrams
JP2009508227A (en) 2009-02-26 Browse mode designer
US20140019892A1 (en) 2014-01-16 Systems and Methods for Generating Application User Interface with Practically Boundless Canvas and Zoom Capabilities
JP2003016465A (en) 2003-01-17 Graphics image generating device, and its method and program
Young 1996 Three dimensional information visualisation
US20050007383A1 (en) 2005-01-13 System and method of visual grouping of elements in a diagram
US20060212821A1 (en) 2006-09-21 Product edition and simulation database system with user interactive graphical tool
US20080162091A1 (en) 2008-07-03 Method and Computer Program Product of Computer Aided Design of a Product Comprising a Set of Constrained Objects
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Known as the second largest city in Balagne, Rousse Island is a typical seaside resort located on the northwest coast of Corsica. It is a tourist destination that never loses interest thanks to the improvements that the locals bring to retain the visitors and make the stay of the latter in the greatest pleasure. Discover the "Cité paoline" in all its splendor and opt for a holiday villa in Ile Rousse to give you more satisfaction during your journey.
Discover our holiday villas in Ile Rousse. My home in Corsica also proposes villa rentals and apartments for rent in Ile Rousse both next to the beach and in the old town. There are also many other villas and houses to rent in Corsica and in North Corsica. Check our offerts and make your choice!
Several exciting activities await you in this Corsican city full of charms and fantasy. Are you a romantic person? You will surely appreciate a short stroll to the lighthouse of the Pietra which is part of the emblematic sites of the city. When the sun goes down, the surroundings of the monument will give you a rare sight on the citadel... An experience to live to engrave unforgettable memories! The "Sea Shepard" divers will be happy to meet the Club Beluga Diving Center to discover the aquatic treasures of the most beautiful Corsican coastline. It is a group of unrivaled professionals who offer high quality and safe equipment for first dive, cruises and trainings.
The Rousse Island has always been an interesting parenthesis of escape where pleasure is synonymous with exploration. During your stay in this small French municipality of 2.5km2 of area, give priority to the villa rental and live abundantly your holidays in privacy. Are you dreaming of hiking without too much energy? The Segway mobilboard can be a great place to crash to explore the city otherwise while handling a gyropod as a means of transportation. The aquatic paradises are also ready to welcome the sand castles of your toddlers following the example of the Ligth house which is a sandy beach with the beautiful turquoise color.


text:
Q: Записать версию в переменную Подскажите код, который бы получал содержимое файла (version.txt), который находится по ссылке http://localhost/version.txt и преобразовывал бы его в переменную current_version. Файл version.txt просто содержит число, например - "1.01".

A: Можно попробовать проще, и стандартными средствами (пример от Oracle):
URL oracle = new URL("http://localhost/version.txt");
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(oracle.openStream()));

String inputLine;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("");
while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null)
    sb.append(inputLine);
in.close();

String result = sb.toString();

Теперь в result будет весь ваш файл, записанный в String.
В android работать это не будет, и тогда используйте асинхронный пример, приведенный в другом ответе.

A: Можно взять либу OkHttp и сделать как-то так:
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder().build();

String url = "https://{IP}/version.txt";

Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url(url)
        .build();

client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
        Log.e(TAG, "onFailure");
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
        Log.d(TAG, "onResponse");
        Log.d(TAG, "response.code(): " + response.code());
        String res = response.body().string();
        Log.d(TAG, "response.body().string(): " + res);
        double version = Double.parseDouble(res);
    }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dustin Hoffman movies: 12 greatest films ranked from worst to best
LENNOX MCLENDON/AP/REX/Shutterstock
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Dustin Hoffman 12 Best Movies
12. I HEART HUCKABEES (2004)
11. MARATHON MAN (1976)
10. LITTLE BIG MAN (1970)
9. LENNY (1974)
8. STRAW DOGS (1971)
7. WAG THE DOG (1997)
6. RAIN MAN (1988)
5. KRAMER VS. KRAMER (1979)
4. THE GRADUATE (1967)
3. ALL THE PRESIDENT'S MEN (1976)
2. MIDNIGHT COWBOY (1969)
1. TOOTSIE (1982)
Dustin Hoffman, whose film career has spanned over 50 years, has returned once again with Noah Baumbach's "The Meyerowitz Stories" in late 2017. The movie starring Adam Sandler and Ben Stiller is also now available on Netflix. Critics have acclaimed his work in the comedy/drama, garnering the best reviews he has received in a decade.
Hoffman first became well known to audiences with the blockbuster Mike Nichols film "The Graduate" in 1967. It brought him the first of seven career nominations at the Academy Awards. He has won two Best Actor Oscars for "Kramer vs. Kramer" (1979) and "Rain Man" (1988). His other bids came for "Midnight Cowboy" (1969), "Lenny" (1974), "Tootsie" (1982), and "Wag the Dog" (1997).
Those same seven movies also reaped Golden Globe nominations, with victories for "The Graduate," "Kramer vs. Kramer," "Tootsie," and "Rain Man," plus a TV win for "Death of a Salesman" (1985) and the Cecil B. DeMille Award for life achievement (1997). Other Globe noms included "John and Mary" (1969), "Midnight Cowboy," "Marathon Man" (1976), "Hook" (1991), and "Wag the Dog."
Let's take a look back at the 12 best Hoffman movies in our photo gallery (view above), which has brought him to this remarkable point in his career 50 years after his first Oscar nomination.
Director: David O. Russell. Writers: Jeff Baena, David O. Russell. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Isabelle Huppert, Jude Law, Lily Tomlin, Mark Wahlberg.
After years of doing supporting work, Hoffman stepped up to lead David O. Russell's comedy/drama in which Hoffman plays Bernard, an "existential detective," who, with his partner Vivian (Lily Tomlin) investigate the meaning of life with their clients (Jude Law, Jason Schwartzman, Mark Wahlberg, Naomi Watts). Hoffman and Tomlin make a great team, and when their various investigations cross paths, so do the lives of their clients. As chaotic as things get in the on-camera story, the off-camera drama between Russell and his cast achieved notoriety of its own, yet throughout, Hoffman remains the calm center of reason amidst all the craziness.
Director: John Schlesinger. Writer: William Goldman, based on his novel. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Laurence Olivier, Roy Scheider, William Devane, Marthe Keller.
In one of Hoffman's biggest commercial hits of the 1970s, he plays Babe Levy, a marathon runner and PhD candidate who gets involved with Szell, a Nazi war criminal (Laurence Olivier), who comes to America to claim a valuable collection of diamonds. The film, written by William Goldman based on his novel, is likely most remembered for the scene in which Babe is tortured by Szell, who, wielding dental implements and a drill, repeatedly asks Babe the mysterious question, "Is it safe?" Watching Olivier and Hoffman go toe to toe is a sheer acting joy.
Director: Arthur Penn. Writers: Thomas Berger, Calder Willingham. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Faye Dunaway, Chief Dan George.
In director Arthur Penn's film of Thomas Berger's picaresque novel of the Old West, Hoffman portrays Jack Crabb, the oldest man in the world at age 121, who reminisces about his colorful life — raised by the Cheyenne, Jack was a gunslinger, an associate of Wild Bill Hickok, a scout for General George Armstrong Custer, and the sole white survivor of the Battle of Little Big Horn. More than any role up until that time, "Little Big Man" gave Hoffman a huge playground in which to take on a variety of characters in a single role.
Director: Bob Fosse. Writer: Julian Henry. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Valerie Perrine, Jan Miner.
Bob Fosse's biography of controversial comic Lenny Bruce starred Hoffman, who initially seemed an unlikely choice but who wound up fitting the role perfectly. Not only did Hoffman capture Bruce's eccentric stand-up stylings, but, more importantly, he meshed with Valerine Perrine, who delivers a powerhouse performance as Lenny's stripper wife, Honey. Fosse's black-and-white film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and for his performance, Hoffman received his third Academy Award nomination as Best Actor.
Director: Sam Peckinpah. Writers: Sam Peckinpah, David Zelag Goodman. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Susan George, Peter Vaughan.
In the early 1970s, on-screen violence was a huge issue, and the person at the center of it was director Sam Peckinpah, whose film "The Wild Bunch" in 1969 was as graphic as anything before seen on screen. With "Straw Dogs," Peckinpah, rather than backing down, pushed the limits even further, casting Hoffman as meek American mathematician David Sumner who moves to a small village in Cornwall UK with his bombshell of a wife Amy (Susan George). The beer-soaked louts at the local tavern begin to eye Amy and go so far as to lay siege to their house to get to her, which forces David to defend his homestead, even utilizing a bear trap (don't ask –the results are not pretty).
Director: Barry Levinson. Writers: Hilary Henkin, David Mamet. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Robert DeNiro, Anne Heche, Denis Leary.
One of the most insightful political satires ever filmed, "Wag the Dog" starred Hoffman as Hollywood producer Stanley Motts who is hired by political spin doctor Conrad Brean (Robert DeNiro) to concoct a phony war (with Albania, no less!) in order to distract the American people from a sex scandal with the President of the United States making moves on an underage "Firefly Girl." Hoffman was said to have modeled his performance on colorful Hollywood producer Robert Evans, and it resulted in his sixth Oscar nomination as Best Actor.
Director: Barry Levinson. Writers: Barry Morrow, Ronald Bass. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Tom Cruise, Valeria Golino.
I have to confess something. Even though the role of the autistic savant Raymond brought Hoffman his second Academy Award as Best Actor, it's not one of my favorite Hoffman performances. Yes, I've ranked it up this high because of the skill he demonstrates in carrying it off, but, to me at least, it's one note. Hoffman hit the right note as Raymond early on and just continues the same note throughout the film's two hours. No knock on him — that's what the role requires. But Hoffman is an actor who is known to bring many colors to his roles, and Raymond, Oscar or not, constricts him from displaying his full range of feelings on screen.
Writer/Director: Robert Benton. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Meryl Streep, Justin Henry, Jane Alexander.
Hoffman won his first Best Actor Academy Award as Ted Kramer, a workaholic who wants to share the news that he has been assigned an important account when he sees that his wife Joanna (Meryl Streep, who won her first Oscar for this performance) is leaving him to raise their son Billy (Oscar nominee Justin Henry) by himself. Hoffman's Ted is left with a dilemma with which many parents can identify — this is my kid, whom I love, but how am I going to raise him? To portray Ted, Hoffman went to his Everyman persona at which he is extremely effective, and the result is one of his most moving screen performances ever.
Director: Mike Nichols. Writers: Calder Willingham, Buck Henry. Starring Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, Katharine Ross.
The one that started it all. When Hoffman hit the screen as Benjamin Braddock, he was a sensation. There was simply no one in the movies like Dustin Hoffman before, and his chemistry with Anne Bancroft was electric. I hate to use the term "counterculture" because it seems so quaint now, but in 1967, "The Graduate" was seen as rebellious, and while it doesn't seem quuite as revolutionary today, the film holds up pretty well. For his performance as Benjamin, Hoffman received his first Academy Award nomination as Best Actor, and the film's director Mike Nichols won the Oscar for his work as well.
Director: Alan J. Pakula. Writer: William Goldman. Starring Robert Redford, Dustin Hoffman, Jason Robards, Hal Holbrook, Jane Alexander.
Hoffman let his long hair down in the Alan Pakula adaptation of the best-selling book by Bob Woodward (Robert Redford) and Carl Bernstein (Hoffman) as these newspaper reporters begin to piece together the various clues that instigated the Watergate investigation that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon. Redford and Hoffman are a real team here, and Hoffman in particular creates a really dogged character who will really stop at nothing to get out the real truth about Nixon's misdeeds. One of Hoffman's very best films.
Director: John Schlesinger. Writer: Waldo Salt. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Jon Voight, Sylvia Miles, Brenda Vaccaro.
Hoffman's follow-up to "The Graduate" was as far away from Benjamin Braddock as anyone could imagine and was a brilliant choice by Hoffman. Enrico "Ratso" Rizzo (Hoffman) is a creature of the New York streets and strikes up a most unlikely friendship with fresh-off-the-bus cowboy Joe Buck (Jon Voight). The pair prowl the streets around Times Square as Joe makes himself available sexually to high-class women and (occasionally) men. The first (and only) X-rated film to win the Oscar for Best Picture, "Midnight Cowboy" brought Hoffman his second Academy Award nomination as Best Actor.
Director: Sydney Pollack. Writers: Larry Gelbart, Murray Schisgal. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Jessica Lange, Teri Garr, Bill Murray, Charles Durning.
Placing "Tootsie" at the top of Dustin Hoffman movies might be a bit controversial, especially since there are two Best Picture winners below it. Nonetheless, for me "Tootsie" is the winner because it gave Hoffman an incredible wide range of emotions with which to play. From the self-centered asshole he creates as Michael Dorsey, Hoffman, as Dorothy Michaels, opened up to display love, kindness and a concern for others, something he never showed as Michael. For his performance as Michael and Dorothy, Hoffman earned his fifth Academy Award nomination.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
After China, Trump Trade Wrath Likely To Find New Targets
Governments across the world breathed a collective sigh of relief when the US on Wednesday signed a partial trade deal with China, but analysts predict that the pact frees President Donald Trump up for new trade war fronts, notably with the EU and emerging economies.
"This deal may cause short-term relief, but it's just a stage," said Sylvain Broyer, European chief economist at Standard and Poor's, calling it "the tip of the iceberg" of global trade tensions.
"Trade tensions could move on, and Europe could find itself at the centre of the debate," he said.
Will Europe become Trump's next trade war target? Photo: AFP / JOHN THYS
EU officials remember only too well the tariffs the World Trade Organization (WTO) allowed Washington to slap on European products in retaliation for rule-breaking subsidies paid to the Airbus aircraft maker.
Another reminder of Trump's willingness to weaponise trade came Thursday when Germany's defence minister confirmed a report that the US was threatening to impose a 25 percent tariff on EU car exports if European governments continued to back the Iran nuclear deal.
"The question is now how the US behaves towards towards Europe," said Johan Bjerkem, an analyst at the European Policy Centre in Brussels.
Brazilian soy farmers may well suffer from the US-China deal Photo: AFP / YASUYOSHI CHIBA
The trade deal between China and the United States is "a good thing", said Evelyn Herrmann, director at BofA Research, "but there are plenty of other things going on that we can't ignore".
A visit to Washington by EU trade chief Phil Hogan just as the US and China signed their truce could be seen as an early attempt to head off any coming transatlantic tensions, analysts said.
"Everyone is pleased that we've emerged from a logic of escalation, but we don't yet know what the impact will be," one EU source said. "After the (US-China) deal we must make sure that the EU does not find itself stuck in the middle."
The most likely trigger for any future trade moves against the EU is a tax on the revenues of internet giants decided last year by France, that the Trump administration sees as discriminatory, analysts said.
France's new tax on internet giants could spark the next round of trouble Photo: AFP / Damien MEYER
"If the US administration decides to take trade measures against France, and therefore against the EU, this would turn into an international question," said one French finance ministry source.
"The EU would defend its rights in a determined and proportionate way against American measures that would be illegal in the eyes of the WTO."
There is every chance that emerging economies could get caught up in new international trade tensions, said Gareth Leather at Capital Economics.
"Last year, President Trump called Vietnam 'almost the single worst abuser of everybody' and threatened tariffs unless more was done to reduce its bilateral trade deficit," Leather said.
Thailand was also drawing Washington's unwanted attention, he said, and is in danger of being labelled a "currency manipulator" to be punished with trade measures, just like China was previously, he said.
Emerging countries must now also fear the consequences of a Chinese commitment to buy $200 billion worth of additional US products over the next two years, as Beijing is now likely to cancel farm contracts with countries like Brazil and buy American instead.
"The deal could have negative trade consequences for Brazilian farm product exports to China," said Pedro da Motta, head of the Cindes think tank, singling out soy beans. "The same sectors that benefitted from the trade war may be the ones paying the price for peace," he told AFP.
Brian Coulton, chief economist at Fitch Ratings, cautioned that implementation of the deal and its impact on the rest of the world were still uncertain.
"Its full impact will depend on how the deal is implemented, including whether China can meet its commitment to dramatically increase imports from the US, as well as possible trade diversion effects on other exporting economies," Coulton said.


HotCam supplies Blonde lights (also known as an Open Face 2K lights). These are powerful lights that are generally used as key floodlights for lighting large areas. A Blonde light is a bigger version of the 800 watt Redhead Light.


text:
Finding Faith in the Face of Doubt: A Guide for Contemporary Seekers
Joseph S. Willis
9in x 6in
Many Americans say they are uncertain about their religious beliefs, although they continue to attend Christian and other churches. Interdenominational minister Willis presents this beautifully written book to help questioners maintain their integrity while relating to the vast Mystery that informs the universe beyond all understanding. "We know we don't know," Willis says, "and yet we all (even atheists) must stand on assumptions that help us lead good lives." To explore these assumptions, he discusses different ways of thinking about God, scientific and mythical views, the sources of good and evil, and the need for both freedom and commitment. He assures us we can all think reasonably about Ultimate Reality and find a faith that fits.
The book grew from theology classes Willis taught in Unitarian churches and universities and from conversations with discontented members of other discussion groups. His clear and engaging prose is full of lively exchanges with his students. Frequent references to the best contemporary theologians (Bishop Spong, for example) and to philosophers, physicists, mythologists, and Bible experts provide an inspiring resource for those who long to resolve the conflict between faith and reason, doubt and belief.


But this week continues in the mystery of Jesus's death and his resurrection. We have just listened to the Passion of our Lord. We might well ask ourselves just one question: Who am I? Who am I, before my Lord? Who am I, before Jesus who enters Jerusalem amid the enthusiasm of the crowd? Am I ready to express my joy, to praise him? Or do I stand back? Who am I, before the suffering Jesus?
We have also heard another name: Judas. Thirty pieces of silver. Am I like Judas? We have heard other names too: the disciples who understand nothing, who fell asleep while the Lord was suffering. Has my life fallen asleep? Or am I like the disciples, who did not realise what it was to betray Jesus? Or like that other disciple, who wanted to settle everything with a sword? Am I like them? Am I like Judas, who feigns loved and then kisses the Master in order to hand him over, to betray him? Am I a traitor? Am I like those people in power who hastily summon a tribunal and seek false witnesses: am I like them? And when I do these things, if I do them, do I think that in this way I am saving the people?


text:
Studies on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
Gore, Christine Helen (1982) Studies on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.
Various pregnancy associated proteins are detected in maternal serum during pregnancy, some of which are also present at low levels in non-pregnancy serum. A review of the literature has been made and the following conclusions have been drawn. Pregnancy associated proteins are synthesised by a variety of maternal, fetal and placental tissues. Both steroid and proteinaceous hormones are produced, together with enzymes and other protein. The functions of many of these proteins have still to be determined. In vitro investigations have suggested that some of these proteins may be involved in haemostasis and in immune suppressions. However, their precise roles in the complex and sensitive immunobiological equilibrium that exists between maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy, has not been established. Some placental proteins have been used, to varying degrees of success, to monitor pregnancy and fetal well-being. Others have proved invaluable for monitoring malignancies, metastasis and the recurrence of tumours after treatment. A better understanding of the function of pregnancy specific proteins would significantly increase their clinical and practical usefulness. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) one of the more recently discovered placental proteins, has similar physicochemical properties to the serum protease inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2M). It has been suggested that these two proteins may be homologues (or analogues) as has been observed for other pregnancy associated proteins. A functional homology has also been suggested for these two proteins. Histological staining studies by various workers have localised PAPP-A to the syncytiotropl)oblast, the villous cytotrophoblast, the utero-placental fibrinoid and in reticular fibres around uterine decidual cellso This distribution is similar to that observed for the high molecular weight glycoprotein fibronectin" Tissue from the utero-placental and chorionic plates synthesised both 35S-labelled PAPP-A and fibronectin after one week of culturing. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a purification protocol for the production of physiologically active PAPP-A, and to further compare alpha2M and PAPP-A both physicochemically and functionallyo The following results were obtained. The neutral carbohydrate content of PAPP-A, purified by positive affinity chromatography, was determined. PAPP-A contained a mean neutral carbohydrate content of 12.97%, the value obtained for alpha2M was 3.9%. Only 4.8% of the protein in a solution of purified PAPP-A was precipitable in 12.5% trichloroacetic acid, compared with 53.9% precipitation for a solution of alpha2M. However, PAPP-A was insoluble in 5% phosphotungstic acid in 2M HCl. These results are consistent with the relatively high total carbohydrate content observed for PAPP-A (19.2%). PAPP-A was obtained in an enriched state under mild purification conditions, involving Cibacron blue dye-ligand chromatography, negative antibody affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The product was a mixture of PAPP-A and alpha2M (the PAPP-A enriched preparation or PEP). The ability of these proteins to bind 125I-trypsin and 125I-plasmin was studied. In contrast to previous studies, there was no evidence that PAPP-A bound proteases, and on incubation with an equimolar (approx) concentration of trypsin 125I-PAPP-A degradation was observed. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).
Adviser: Roger Sutcliffe
Molecular biology, Obstetrics


Looking for a fun daytrip into Alberta's countryside? The Smoky Lake Region is a beautiful area full of opportunities for outdoor recreation. Camping, biking, hiking, and horseback riding are common forms of entertainment—and events are held throughout the year.
The Smoky Lake Museum, located on the north side of town, displays a number of interesting artifacts and historic photographs of the area. A large antique machinery collection and the restored Pakan ferry are also hosted here. Pakan was a Hudson's Bay Company Post opened in 1864, serving as a steam boat and ferry landing and a stopping point on the Victoria Trail. A full service RV Park, which overlooks the ravine, is situated between the museum and the agricultural complex.
Bring the family to the Great White North Pumpkin Weigh-off and Fair, held on October 7, 2017. Have your photo taken with giant pumpkins; enjoy the huge Farmers' Market, Art Show & Sale, kid's activities, the downtown Show 'n Shine, museum threshing bee, and the Giant Pumpkin Drop.
Plan on spending your August long weekend at the Smoky Lake Stampede. Activities include a parade, pancake breakfasts, kids' activities, dance, fireworks, and more.
Smoky Lake Region is a great place to venture out on Alberta's Iron Horse Trail. This multi-use trail is perfect for year-round adventure. Enjoy hiking, biking, quadding or horseback riding. Bring out the snowmobile and the horse-drawn sleigh when the snow falls. Enjoy a round of golf at the beautiful Smoky Lake Golf Course and a home-cooked meal in the clubhouse. You can also stay at their full service RV Park. Take a break in local lake country to visit all that Smoky Lake has to offer.
North of Smoky Lake is the popular Hanmore Lake camping area that's comprised of two campgrounds. You can enjoy an assortment of watersports, a beach, and playground areas.
Treat yourself to the famous Shack Attack Burger at Betsy's Burger Shack and stop by the Old Fashioned Bread Bakery & Deli for a selection of delicious, traditional Ukrainian baked goods. Enjoy a delicious meal at the Smoky Lake Inn – where you'll also find the largest wine selection in northeastern Alberta! – and stay the night where history and luxury converge. Also, check out the new Super 8 along the highway for your stay in Smoky Lake.
History buffs will love a trip on the Victoria Trail along the North Saskatchewan River, just 10 miles south of Smoky Lake off Highway 855. Start at Victoria Settlement, where interpreters bring this former Fort and pioneer settlement to life. It is the site of the oldest building still on its original foundation in Alberta.
Located just off Hwy 855 on the Victoria Trail, Métis Crossing, a 512-acre site on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River is comprised of five river lot titles that were owned by Métis settlers in the late 1800's. It is the first – and only – major Métis Cultural Centre in Canada. Currently in development is an exciting new and one-of-a-kind experience that will make history come to life – The Métis Crossing Voyager Experience. This will be a two-day, one-night adventure following an old fur trading route. It will include a stay in a luxury trapper's tent overlooking the North Saskatchewan River Valley. Enjoy a traditional fish fry dinner, fiddle music and jig dancing around the campfire. Explore the grounds and buildings, traditional Métis trapping harvest, and a guided voyager canoe tour along the North Saskatchewan River to Victoria Settlement. Stop at the gift shop, stay at the campground, or enjoy the interpretive buildings, trails, and boat launch.


Boards of the Rocky Mountains - Snowboards and snow reports in Kanji and English.
No Billy No - If you wakeboard, snowboard, skateboard or are just plain bored, stop in and drool over our stuff.
Vew-Do Balance Boards - a portable,dry land training device for all athletes regardless of sport. Teaches balance, agility and dexterity.


text:
package citygrid

import (
	"testing"
)

func TestLocation(t *testing.T) {
	wallyLand := Simple{33.809, -117.919}
	wallyWorld := Simple{28.418611, -81.581111}
	locations := []Location{wallyLand, wallyWorld}

	// Calculate the range of the lat and longs
	// TODO Is it faster to sort?
	extrema := LocationExtrema(locations)
	if extrema.minX != wallyLand.Longitude {
		t.Errorf("Unexpected minimum longitude")
	}
	if extrema.minY != wallyWorld.Latitude {
		t.Errorf("Unexpected minimum latitude")
	}

	histogram := AutoHeightHistogram(512, extrema)
	histogram.CountLocations(locations)
	CreateMaxFrequency(histogram)
	CreateFrequency(histogram, 3)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Play classic game Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory on PC.
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory is a 1995 released by SNK for the Neo-Geo arcade and home platforms.
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The fifth game in The King of Fighters series.
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Play classic game Metal Slug: Super Vehicle-001 on PC.


text:
AAL.L - Anglo American plc
LSE - LSE Delayed Price. Currency in GBp
At close: 4:35PM GMT
Previous Close 2,175.50
Open 2,190.50
Bid 2,245.50 x 0
Ask 2,247.00 x 0
52 Week Range 1,654.80 - 2,294.00
EPS (TTM) 320.00
Earnings Date Feb 20, 2020
Ex-Dividend Date Aug 15, 2019
StockBeat: Red Metal Rally Keeps Mining Sector in the Green
Anglo American Seeks to Buy $3.8 Billion U.K. Potash Mine
(Bloomberg) -- Want the lowdown on European markets? In your inbox before the open, every day. Sign up here.Anglo American Plc has moved to buy a giant U.K. potash mine that was running out of money, adding another major growth project for the century-old miner.The deal for Sirius Minerals Plc is likely to secure 1,200 jobs and save the development of a mine in one of the U.K.'s most economically deprived areas. It's also a further sign that Anglo is committed to growing its business -- adding a second major project to its Peruvian copper-mine development -- at a time when most rivals are reluctant to expand.Anglo said it's in advanced talks with Sirius about a possible 5.5 pence-a-share offer that values the company at about $508 million. While that's a premium of 34% on Sirius's closing share price on Jan. 7, the company was worth more than $2.3 billion 18 months ago, before its funding plans dried up.Sirius's plans were thrown into doubt last year after it suspended a bond sale, required to unlock a $2.5 billion credit facility from JPMorgan Chase & Co. The company was forced in November to scale back its plans, but had also said it was talking with potential investors or buyers.Anglo said it will build the mine for the same $3.1 billion that Sirius earmarked in its updated plan. Anglo shares fell 0.5%, while Sirius rallied as much 46%, before trading 35% higher as of 4:04 p.m. in London.Sirius debt owners were the big winners, with the company's $106.6 million of convertible bonds tripling. An offer to acquire all or a majority of the company's shares triggers a so-called change of control clause in the bonds that allows creditors to redeem the debt.Hard TimesThe deal will be a huge relief for an economically depressed region. Overlooking the seaside town of Whitby, the setting for part of Bram Stoker's "Dracula," Sirius has already started work on two giant shafts and a 37-kilometer (23-mile) tunnel to transport the potash to the port at Teesside. Once a key steelmaking region, it's fallen on hard times as plants closed. Some locals are set to benefit from mineral rights, while others have bought shares in the company.Sirius, backed by Australian billionaire Gina Rinehart, plans to extract polyhalite from a mine more than a mile deep. One of the shafts is already more than 100 meters deep, with 1,200 staff and contractors on site.So far, the company has spent about $1.5 billion, including building a plant to make concrete supports for the tunnel. Once in production, Sirius planned to employ about 1,000 people and export $2.5 billion in potash each year.For Anglo it adds a major potash resource as the company looks to retreat from thermal coal."We are unashamedly transitioning our portfolio to later cycle products that we believe the world will need as it goes forward," Chief Financial Officer Stephen Pearce said on a call with reporters.Strategic MoveThe miner has been cutting thermal coal production in recent years, with output falling from as much as 80 million tons to less than 30 million tons. In recent months, it has been hinting that it will look to move away from the dirtiest fuel altogether.It also further separates Anglo from its larger diversified rivals. The company is already in the process of building a $5 billion copper mine in Peru, albeit with a Japanese partner to cut the cost and risk. While the company has also been returning money to shareholders, it's been more measured than Rio Tinto Group and BHP Group."We fundamentally believe part of our responsibility is to keep an eye on growth over all the aspects of different time frames," said Pearce. He said the company doesn't expect the deal to change its dividend policy.It also marks a return for Anglo both to fertilizer and the U.K. The company sold its phosphates business in Brazil in 2016 as it looked to weather a crisis. It exited the U.K. before that, when it sold its Tarmac business.Sirius said on Wednesday that, subject to the successful outcome of talks, it has indicated to Anglo that it expects to recommend a firm offer at the price set out in the proposal.Anglo said it reserves the right to reduce any offer by the amount of any dividend or other distribution by Sirius. Under U.K. takeover rules, the company has until Feb. 5 to announced a firm intention to make an offer.Bank of America Corp. and Centerview Partners U.K. LLP are the joint financial advisers to Anglo, while JPMorgan is advising Sirius.(Updates with bonds in sixth paragraph)To contact the reporter on this story: Thomas Biesheuvel in London at tbiesheuvel@bloomberg.netTo contact the editors responsible for this story: Lynn Thomasson at lthomasson@bloomberg.net, Dylan Griffiths, Nicholas LarkinFor more articles like this, please visit us at bloomberg.com©2020 Bloomberg L.P.
Anglo American Slips as Mining Giant Mulls Bid for Struggling Sirius Minerals
Anglo American stock slid on Wednesday as the mining giant said it was considering a £386 million bid to buy struggling fertilizer miner Sirius Minerals.
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Anglo American SA Finance Limited -- Moody's announces completion of a periodic review of ratings of Anglo American plc
Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") has completed a periodic review of the ratings of Anglo American plc and other ratings that are associated with the same analytical unit. The review was conducted through a portfolio review in which Moody's reassessed the appropriateness of the ratings in the context of the relevant principal methodology(ies), recent developments, and a comparison of the financial and operating profile to similarly rated peers. This publication does not announce a credit rating action and is not an indication of whether or not a credit rating action is likely in the near future.
Is Anglo American plc's (LON:AAL) P/E Ratio Really That Good?
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UPDATE 5-South African mines grind to halt as floods deepen power crisis
Mines across South Africa shut down on Tuesday after flash flooding triggered the most severe power blackouts in more than a decade, threatening a key export sector in a further blow to the country's already slowing economy. Heavy rains across parts of South Africa have submerged entire neighbourhoods, leading to evacuations and aggravating problems at state-owned utility Eskom, which has been struggling to keep the lights on since 2008. Harmony Gold, Impala Platinum and Sibanye-Stillwater all said they had been forced to cut production since Monday because of power shortages.
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Anglo American SA Finance Limited -- Moody's affirms Anglo American's Baa2 ratings with stable outlook
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UPDATE 2-Massive mining waste dams could pose deadly risks, say investors
A global inquiry into how mining companies store billions of tonnes of waste in huge dams, launched after a collapse in Brazil killed hundreds, shows about a tenth of the structures have had stability issues, investors said on Thursday. The research was led by the Church of England (CoE) and fund managers after the collapse of a Vale dam in January unleashed an avalanche of mining waste on the Brazilian town of Brumadinho, killing an estimated 300 people. The investor review, which found at least 166 dams have had stability issues in the past, relied on companies' disclosures about their dams holding mining waste, known as tailings.
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UPDATE 3-Chile's Codelco resumes operations after union calls for end to strike
Chile's Codelco, the world's top copper miner, said it had resumed normal operations after its unionized workers struck a deal with government officials late Wednesday to end a day-long walk-off amid a week of raucous protests throughout Chile. The Copper Workers Federation (FTC), which includes unionized workers from each of Codelco's divisions, had joined a nation-wide strike of state workers in a show of support for protesters' demands for action to tackle inequality in Chile.
Premarket London: Whitbread Warns on U.K. Outlook, Upbeat on Germany
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Prumo Particip. e Invest. S.A. - (Prumo Par) -- Moody's assigns Ba2 rating to PrumoPar's USD350 million senior secured notes; outlook stable
Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") has assigned a Ba2 global scale rating to Prumo Participações e Investimentos S.A. (Prumo Par)'s ("PrumoPar") USD350 million senior secured notes due in December 2037. The Ba2 rating assigned to PrumoPar's senior secured notes reflects Moody's views of the Ferroport Logístical Comercial Exportadora S.A.'s ("Ferroport" or the "Project") revenue profile, as established by the long term (25 years) take or pay contract between Ferroport and Anglo Brazil, which has no volume risk associated with iron ore production or shipment. The priority of use of the Ferroport Project is assigned to Anglo American´s Minas-Rio iron ore project through a take-or-pay contract for receiving, storing, handling, loading and shipping iron ore with Anglo Brazil until 2039.
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The fundamental reason this classification exists is to perform custodial and maintenance activities for park grounds, landscaping areas, equipment, and facilities. Work involves turf maintenance, landscaping, irrigation, planting and cultivating of trees, flowers and shrubs and the custodial maintenance of park buildings, grounds and equipment. Work is subject to review by the supervisor through periodic on-site inspections or reports. This type of work involves public contact, which requires exercising tact and restraint.
Performs construction of park buildings, play ground equipment or other park related projects.
Standard methods, practices, tools and equipment used in developing and maintaining public parks.
Use and operation of mowers, spray machines and other standard tools and equipment used in the care and maintenance of public grounds.
Mixing chemicals for treating turf disease.
Learn the operation of motorized equipment.
Learn proper use of hand tools.
Communicate orally in the English language with the public in a one-to-one or group setting.
· Travel across rough, uneven, or rocky surfaces.
· Bend or stoop repeatedly or continually over time.
· Lift arms above shoulder level.
· Remain in a sitting position for extended periods.
· Make fine, highly controlled muscular movements to adjust the position of control mechanisms.
· Coordinate the movement of more than one limb simultaneously, such as operating a clutch and accelerator.
Some positions require the use of personal or City vehicles on City business. Individuals must be physically capable of operating the vehicles safely, possess a valid driver's license and have an acceptable driving record. Use of a personal vehicle for City business will be prohibited if the employee is not authorized by the City designated physician to drive a City vehicle or if the employee does not have personal insurance coverage.
One year of experience in gardening or maintenance of public grounds or lawn care. Other combinations of experience and education that meet the minimum requirements may be substituted.


For Gary Anderson, the existence of the universe and its astounding features adds to his testimony of the gospel - on a daily basis.
Anderson, science mission manager for the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md., the company that operates the Hubble Space Telescope, spends many hours at work viewing the universe from the eyes of the telescope.And it is his knowledge of the gospel that makes his job that more meaningful.
"My knowledge of the gospel gives purpose to our existence and to the universe," he said. "At this institute we have so many astronomers and engineers who have made a career of science and who see that there is so much out there, but they know no reason for its existence. The gospel gives reason for our existence and for the existence of the universe."
The Hubble Space Telescope - launched last April - is 43 feet long and 14 feet in diameter and weighs about 25,000 pounds. The telescope has been touted as the most valuable astronomical instrument ever built.
The telescope hasn't been without problems, however. After the telescope was launched, scientists discovered that its primary mirror was shaped incorrectly and prevented the telescope from focusing properly.
But it still remains the best optical telescope available, having taken the clearest picture ever of mysterious Pluto and showing a spectacular view of the ringed planet Saturn. NASA plans to correct the mistake during a special mission in 1993.
The telescope is able to detect light sources 25 times fainter than is possible with ground-based telescopes. And objects in space are visible with 10 times as much detail as ever before through the Hubble telescope, according to NASA officials.
"The other night in the observation area we were noticing an astroid," Anderson explained. "It wasn't what we were looking for, but it came across the screen. It was exciting! Through the telescope, we were actually looking up there into the voids of space, millions of miles from the earth.
"The universe holds me in awe," he continued. "There is so much of the creation that is out there, much more than the Earth we are a part of. It's humbling. It makes me realize that man is like dust. There is so much of God's creations that we don't even realize. Even 100 years ago we knew so little about the universe. We have learned so much in this century about what the universe is."
Through the Hubble Space Telescope, orbiting about 350 miles above the earth, scientists are able to get an unobstructed view of the heavens without the distortions of the earth's atmosphere.
More than 400 pictures have been taken from the telescope, giving astronomers a detailed look at distant galaxies and leading to the discovery of millions of new stars. The clearest shots ever taken of Pluto and Sharon, the satellite that circles Pluto, have been captured on film by the telescope.
Most recently, scientists watched a gigantic storm blow across Saturn at more than 1,000 mph, sending ammonia clouds billowing 150 miles into space. The storm was 1 1/2 times wider than earth.
As science mission manager, Anderson manages an around-the-clock operation as the telescope orbits in space. He is in charge of the institute's three levels of activity - daily operation, observation science support and post-observation data archiving.
He also interfaces between the three groups, directing and coordinating activity between operations and the scientists.
Anderson, membership clerk in the Randolph Ward, Silver Spring Maryland Stake, became interested in the study of the universe when he was in third grade.
"I found a book on astronomy and was very fascinated with the concepts astronomy presented. The idea of studying vast distances light years away was exciting.
"Sometimes the idea of science, especially astronomy, makes me feel like Abraham, in a sense, by exploring God's territory. It can be so far away from the Earth sometimes. I had this same feeling as a Boy Scout camping away from the city and seeing the stars."
The oldest of eight children, Anderson, 46, grew up in Burley, Idaho. He served in the Texas Dallas Mission and then received a bachelor's degree from BYU. Because of poor math skills, he decided to major in psychology.
Then a second time around, he improved his math skills and got straight A's at the University of Arizona. He graduated with bachelor's degrees in electrical engineering and in astronomy at the university.
Looking back, he's glad he didn't give up on math and is proud of his skills. He has even tutored co-workers in calculus and differential equations.
Anderson's experience in the space program has given him a chance to be a part of adventures that many people only dream of. During his time with NASA at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, he was a mission controller during the first three space shuttle flights.
"Now they go so often, but that first one was breathtaking," he remarked.
As an engineer at Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif., he received the NASA Tech Brief Award, NASA Significant Contribution Award and Space Act Award as co-inventor of a device used to measure low and high velocities in wind tunnels.
Since 1984, he has been employed by contract companies working for NASA. At Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co., he helped plan and develop experiments to go on board Spacelab and the space shuttle.
"Sometimes I'll stop and realize I'm pretty lucky doing what I want to do. Plus I'm getting paid for it.
"When you study astronomy, you see that eternity is a very long time. You see that with astronomy more than any other science."


Omega-3 fatty acids may influence human physiological parameters in part by affecting the gut microbiome. The aim of this study was to investigate the links between omega-3 fatty acids, gut microbiome diversity and composition and faecal metabolomic profiles in middle aged and elderly women. We analysed data from 876 twins with 16S microbiome data and DHA, total omega-3, and other circulating fatty acids. Estimated food intake of omega-3 fatty acids were obtained from food frequency questionnaires. Both total omega-3and DHA serum levels were significantly correlated with microbiome alpha diversity (Shannon index) after adjusting for confounders (DHA Beta(SE) = 0.13(0.04), P = 0.0006 total omega-3: 0.13(0.04), P = 0.001). These associations remained significant after adjusting for dietary fibre intake. We found even stronger associations between DHA and 38 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), the strongest ones being with OTUs from the Lachnospiraceae family (Beta(SE) = 0.13(0.03), P = 8 × 10-7). Some of the associations with gut bacterial OTUs appear to be mediated by the abundance of the faecal metabolite N-carbamylglutamate. Our data indicate a link between omega-3 circulating levels/intake and microbiome composition independent of dietary fibre intake, particularly with bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family. These data suggest the potential use of omega-3 supplementation to improve the microbiome composition.
Scientific Reports: 7 pp. 11079.