"What is Debt? – An Interview with Economic Anthropologist David Graeber conducted by Philip Pilkington, a journalist and writer based in Dublin, Ireland.
Philip Pilkington: Let's begin. Most economists claim that money was invented to replace the barter system. But you've found something quite different, am I correct?
David Graeber develops his argument in his rather folksy way and runs Adam Smith's concepts together in a misleading manner. And David had the benefit of over 250 of years of field research, not available to Adam Smith, and still seems to get some basics wrong. Plus, David believes in the substantial misrepresentation of Smith invented (not too strong a characterisation as readers of Lost Legacy will recognise) by modern attributions to Adam Smith of ideas he never expressed. Post-1870 neoclassical economists and advocates of so-called theories of Homo economicus of perfect rationality, ignore Smith's clear stances on moral sentiments and his 'other-regarding', not purely 'self regarding', views on self-interest. David has had access to the works of the Adam Smith, born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, and shows no signs of having read them, yet. The Kirkcaldy Adam Smith had a quite different persona to the 20th-century 'Adam Smith', invented in Chicago.
Adam Smith centred his historical method on the early propensity for humans to engage in exchange relations which was never limited to mere notions of 'trade' in the modern sense (something that Polanyi – author of the Great Transformation, 1941 - sometimes conflated). Smith studied the origin of languages early in his career (first published in 1761). Two or more humans had to engage in exchange relationships to agree to common sounds and meanings, and signs, for understandable communications to commence – and continue. This is probably why Smith linked the origin of languages as "the necessary consequence of the emergence of the "faculties of reason of speech" (WN, 1776). The widespread (and separate) exchange relationships in scattered early human societies had their early origins in human sociability (in the 'first age of man').
Building on the human propensity to exchange, and before the complex 'gift' propensities noted by Maus, the natural forms of reciprocity, practised by primates and other species, were rooted in that same sociability among con-specifics. Reciprocity can involve a notion of 'debt' in the sense implied by David; but it need not, at least for as long as a non-reciprocated act is tolerated (depending on local cultural norms). Reciprocation may not be the sole motive that initiates an exchange transaction, but a failure to 'close' the transaction can cause resentment, and a refusal to engage in subsequent transactions can promote avoidance reprisals (including violence) that is still true today – though uncompleted obligations can remain 'open' for years (others must be 'closed' within hours).
Reciprocation exchanges – its rewards and penalties for non-reciprocation – are well-covered in anthropology and social psychology (as David presumably knows), and by primatologists too (See Dunbar on the social role of gossip). While people can be – and some are - beneficent (an important virtue for Smith) without expecting reciprocation, social life intrudes sometimes to make reciprocation mandatory (severe scarcity). In my research on 'the pre-history of the bargain', I have found that the exchange relation in these cases is in effect a progression, over many generations: 'If you take the benefit, you ought to contribute in return', albeit later. This becomes, under later social pressures of scarcity or danger: 'If you take the benefit, you must contribute' in return, albeit later. The giving and return were originally separated in time; gradually it became an obligatory 'quasi-bargain' form of exchange. And this goes on for millennia without the involvement of money. That came much later when 'kingdoms' formed (Mesopotamia, and all that). Kings issued coins as payment to their armies as symbols of their awesome power, and travellers exchanged their coins for local currency, via the temple networks across Euro-Asia, close to trade routes).
Bargaining (an instance of an immediate exchange): 'Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want" (Wealth Of Nations) evolved from social quasi-bargains in some places and times, while traditional quasi-bargains continued, as well as pure reciprocation obligations, in remnant societies of the kind that David and his colleagues investigate.
Taking a nursery-level approach to transferring the behaviours of remnant societies across to commercial societies without exploring how one, in some places, but not others, evolved is not valid evidence against Adam Smith's approach. He dealt with 'nations', not small bands.
Adam Smith did not postulate that exchange in "transactions took the form of: "I'll give you twenty chickens for that cow" in the first ages of man. Far from such a wild generalisation, Smith's thinking about the central role of exchange in human sociability was far more pointed than that, and of far earlier vintage (the 'necessary consequence of the faculties of reason and speech', Wealth Of Nations) than David's folksy sounding 'bunch of Neolithic farmers' (and therefore long before 'ancient Mesopotamia' too). I agree with him – if such represents David's level of knowledge of Adam Smith and Wealth Of Nations, let alone his apparent ignorance of Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) – "it's hardly surprising that we haven't found anything" if that is what they are looking for.
The transactions that Smith mentions were illustrative of the third and 'fourth ages on man' – 'age of farming', with nearby ports and towns, and 'age of commerce'. In the famous 'beaver-deer' parable, Smith referred to a possible method of finding a common value in the transaction without a common unit of money, primarily to illustrate his first stab at a 'labour theory of value', not as a comment on alleged anthropological facts, of which he, like his contemporaries, were bereft of field experience. David's mocking, 230 years later, of Smith's non-knowledge of the contents of 'Anthropology 101' is a cheap shot.
Hence, David's image of 'what anthropologists observe when neighbors do engage in something like exchange with each other, if you want your neighbor's cow, you'd say, "wow, nice cow" and he'd say "you like it? Take it!" Indeed, modern observations speak of a native hunter taking his skins to a trading post in which the hunter denigrates his skins and praises the trader's trade goods to the point of absurdity, and the trader mimics the hunter's negotiating norms by denigrating his own trade goods, while praising the hunter's skins, which is often a long prelude to their arriving at a 'fair' exchange rate to complete their transaction, with both of them happy. Different forms of such parlaying occur in many societies. So what? Indeed, what has it got to do with the very long pre-history of exchange behaviour, going back to long before the 'hydraulic societies' of Egypt, Babylon, India and China, mentioned by David, flourished briefly, leaving their stone detritus across the Eurasian continent.
When Smith does speak of modern bargaining, witnessed in the 18th century, he directed our attention to a crucial aspect of it, melding Moral Sentiments with Wealth Of Nations. This too is often quoted – perhaps his most famous statement – but is seldom understood (again from ignorance of Moral Sentiments, 1759).
"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages" (WN, I.ii.2: 26-7).
Smith makes it clear we operate our self-interest by addressing the self-love (self-interests) of others. In exchange by bargaining we have to be 'other-directed' and not 'self-directed'.
The rest of David's hypotheses are similarly semi-spurious in content – jumping from Mespotamia to Nixon's presidency has an appealing "Huffington Post" feel about it. Some parts are interesting, others speculative, or stretched (follow the link).
But I suggest that David first goes back to Adam Smith and gets his thinking right before embarking on these wider issues.
I also note that this is the third article on interviews conducted by Philip Pilkingon of Dublin that I have commented upon critically. He too might wish to reflect that his pre-suppositions about Adam Smith require some attention. Yes, I realise he is only asking the questions, but the answers he elicits suggest he should ask more pointed questions about the knowledge his interviewees have of Adam Smith.
So the concept and meaning of "invisible hand" has changed over the years, so what? This is typical of most ideas that are important to societies. In fact, crucial notions HAVE to change in order to remain relevant to the current society while still offering a link to the past.
A friend who is a professor of history wrote his thesis on Civil War re-enactments and how they've changed over time. Both the reasons for re-enactments and how they are perceived has also changed. Another example is the Confederate flag, what it means and the values represented have consistently changed as society has changed.
"that several dozen identities given the invisible hand renders the term ambiguous and inconclusive"
Gee you mean like the terms freedom, liberty, love, and honor?
Many terms are so broad and grand that they have multiple meanings and cannot be pinned to a single definition. I would argue that our most important ideas and concepts fit that description.
"The point you make is valid about concepts changing, but the fact also remains true that Adam Smith's use of the metaphor did not/cannot change - he died in 1790. What is illegitimate is the attribution to Adam Smith of ideas he never held.
The myth that Adam Smith had a 'concept' or 'theory' of 'an invisible hand' is absolutely untrue. He used it as a metaphor for something else, known in the English language as 'its 'object', in Moral Sentiments (1759) for the actions of feudal landlords and in Wealth Of Nations (1776) for the risk-aversion of some, but not all, merchants in protectionist Britain (remember he taught Rhetoric to his classes from 1748 to 1751 in Edinburgh and from 1752-64 in Glasgow) and and knew the proper role of metaphors, and always used good English grammar, in everything he wrote.
The myth was invented within an oral tradition (what lecturers taught their students in Cambridge in England) and Chicago in the USA) about Adam Smith. Paul Samuelson, a graduate of Chicago, popularised the myth about Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' in his famous textbook from 1948.
It is its attribution to Adam Smith that is the problem, because this gave the myth credibility (now widely believed in economics) and gave the modern policy implications of the myth its traction in government practices and beliefs, with, arguably, negative consequences.
"This new book is obviously political commentary posing as some sort of research".
, Princeton University Press, to be published in September by Princeton University Press.
From the publisher's advance notice, they kindly sent to me, we find this paragraph showing that Professor Frank misreads Adam Smith's writings on competition and apparently forgets his writings on Moral Sentiments.
On the basis that he gets a central core of his argument wrong about Adam Smith, I worry about the other basis of his argument about Charles Darwin on competition in natural selection.
I have not read the book yet but I shall review it on Lost Legacy for a final judgement (publisher's blurbs are written their staff and are not totally reliable). Though the myth is now ubiquitous and endemic. I think it more likely that the myth will be dispensed with (see Warren Samuel's new book on the Invisible Hand that looks highly promising in this regard).
The post, "Warren Samuels (1933-2011)", is by Peter Boettke of George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, and the academic home of my friendly sparing partner on the "invisible hand", Daniel Klein.
Regular readers will see immediately why I am so excited to read an outline of its main theme and one of its concluding assertions: that 'no such thing as an invisible hand exists'. Yes, it was a metaphor.
This conclusion is from a most highly respected source in the history of economic thought.
The scholarly profession will sit up and note what Warren Samuels says, even if it has not responded positively yet to the six-year campaign of Lost Legacy to alert it to the errors of the modern myths about Adam Smith's use of the invisible hand metaphor.
Review copies are circulating - but none has come this way.
this tribute to Warren Samuels, who died this week. It is worthy of the widest circulation and our respect as Warren Samuels was justly celebrated as an international scholar of the History of Economic Thought.
"RIP, Warren J. Samuels (1933-2011)"
"Warren Samuels passed away yesterday at his home in Gainesville, Florida. Warren was an eminent historian of economic thought, whose work ranged across the field's breadth. His first published works in the field were a pair of articles on the physiocratic system (published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics) that served to reshape thinking about the physiocratic view of the economic role of the state. On the other end of the time spectrum, he was a pioneer in doing and encouraging work on the history of post-war economics. This breadth of scholarship is exemplified nicely in the book that he completed not long before his death, Erasing the Invisible Hand: Essays on an Elusive and Misguided Concept in Economics, which was brought to completion with the assistance of Marianne Johnson and will be released by Cambridge University Press in September. We've suffered a great loss as an intellectual community in his passing.
Many of you knew Warren well, so there is no need to rehearse at length his publications or his forays into many other areas of economics. Warren was one of the first historians of economics to treat the history of economics as a branch of intellectual history. This was, for him, a part of the larger intellectual conversation about the role of governments and markets in modern society that was his lifelong pursuit. His well-known studies of policy in classical economics (The Classical Theory of Economic Policy) and in Pareto (Pareto on Policy) were major contributions to that discussion. His perspective had a significant effect on the students who studied with him over the years, and on those of us who were the recipients of his comments and advice at conferences and via correspondence.
From the outset of his career, Warren recognized the importance to the intellectual historian of correspondence, course notes, unpublished manuscripts, public lectures, etc. What we now collectively refer to as archival materials. Not only did he promote the use of these materials in historical research, but he also amassed an extensive personal collection of these materials, which he began to publish in 1989 in archival supplements to Research in the History of Economic Thought & Methodology. The very first supplement contained the notes he had obtained from economist Robert L. Hale and Sinologist Homer H. Dubs of John Dewey's course on Moral and Political Philosophy at Columbia University. The second supplement contains the only authorized publication of Frank Knight's infamous lecture on "The Case for Communism." Warren and George Stigler went back and forth for some time regarding the publication of that piece! Dewey and Knight were, perhaps not surprisingly, two of Warren's intellectual heros. The materials he amassed will continue to be published in the research annual for many years to come. His collection of photographs of economists is already available online from the Center for the History of Political Economy at Duke University.
Warren was also a tireless editor of volumes that touched upon almost any aspect of his wider interests. I have lined up on my bookshelf over 80 volumes that he edited on the history of economics, economic methodology, or recent economic thought. Mine is probably not a complete set! All of these were undertaken to encourage scholarship in areas that interested him (and, by extension, which he thought would interest others). Many of them are also the means by which he encouraged the work of young scholars.
We all experienced his generosity to students, young scholars and anyone else who wanted to join the great conversation. His goal and passion was to broaden and enrich that conversation, and he was as happy to engage a young scholar as he was a Nobel laureate. To that end, he and Sylvia made a substantial contribution to the History of Economics Society to endow its Young Scholars program.
Among the many professional societies to which he belonged, the History of Economics Society was always the one closest to Warren's heart. He was a founding member of the Society, and served as its 8th President. The Society honored him in 1997 with its Distinguished Fellow award; two years earlier he was the recipient of the Association for Evolutionary Economics Veblen-Commons Award. He was the long-time editor of the Journal of Economic Issues and the founding editor of Research in the History of Economic Thought & Methodology.
[I wish to acknowledge the helpful advice I received from Jeff Biddle, Marianne Johnson and Steve Medema.
"This book makes a strong case for the humanities through its interdisciplinary study of political economy in the nineteenth century. Instead of viewing political economy through the lens of literature, Courtemanche writes as a political economist, using realist novels to trace the intricate webs of economic relationships and to illustrate the social and economic thought of the nineteenth century, as inspired by Adam Smith. She thereby shows that compared with economic theory alone, literary irony, tragedy, omniscience, and character can deliver a fuller portrait of political economy. Harriet Martineau, one of the authors featured in this study, made a similar case for the use of narrative--by writing novels to educate her readers in the principles of political economy. While Courtemanche simply writes about novels, she clearly explains how literature can reach across disciplines.
Instead, I shall draw on the reviewer's apparent error on when the IH metaphor was "first used" - certainly long before Adam Smith used it.
It was used in classical times (Homer, Horace, etc.,) two millennia before Adam was born (for a list of 17 prior instances see my: "Adam Smith: a moral philosopher and his political economy", 2010, pp. 151-2, Palgrave Macmillan), and afterwards through the early Christian era, to Shakespeare (MacBeth), and widely, thereafter, in the 17th-18th centuries. Peter Harrison, Journal of the History of Ideas, 2010, provides over 40 other instances of the IH metaphor in theological sermons, literary, and historical novels (including Defoe's Moll Flanders, 1722, and Voltaire's Oedipe, 1718, and Walpole, 1764).
In short, the "invisible hand" was a well-known, popular, and almost clichéd, metaphor in regular use before Adam Smith used it, once only, in each of his published books (and on another occasion mentioned once in his posthumous, Essay on the History of Astronomy ([1744-50] 1795). Specialists in English literature should know that fact.
The so-called Adam Smith problem (a pseudo-problem invented by some late 19th century is German philosophers) is a false construct of his meaning in both of this books. Sympathy and self-interest are not counter-poised (nor was his pragmatism at work). Sympathy was a core sentiment fed by an individual's social contact (society as a mirror) and individual's learning as the grow up the range appropriate and inappropriate behaviours ('the great school of self-command'), learned from when the child leaves the protective comforts of the family. His self-love is constrained by the inevitable self-love of others, and social relations are founded on the mediation of his, and their, self-interests.
The individual needs the support of others, and in persuasion, friendship, and exchange, each finds that level of support they seek. Exchange permeates all aspects of personal relations, finding it in the market-place and domestically, and it the act of "bargaining" in which each offers to transact: "Give me this that I want, and you shall have this which you want' (Wealth Of Nations, Book 1, chapter 2), and in "other-regarding" exchange relations through reciprocal exchange, the elements of what makes society cohere and enables us to inhabit close together in the same space (within the family, near relatives, friends, and strangers), and in the security of justice in wider society ("without justice a man would enter society as in a den of lions").
Adam Smith was closely interested in literature (from classical times), poetry, the theatre, rhetoric, translations, and letters - (see his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, ( 1983), his longest running lecture series was on all aspect of Rhetoric from 1748-64.
Methinks, on this evidence, that Eleanor Courtemanche (and, perhaps, Marion L. Brittain) have some more reading to do on Adam Smith.
A part of the question and answers session by Professor Ravier with Mark Scousen about Adam Smith.
This is most interesting, especially concerning Murray Rothbard's savage criticism of Adam Smith, both as he was (which some would say were Rothbard's scurrilous judgements of Adam Smith's life and work), and as Smith was presented by some of Rothbard's contemporary economists in the 1930s ('invisible hands' and all that guff about 'founder of capitalist economics). I criticized some of Rothbard's remarks about Smith on Lost Legacy in various posts in 2006-7. This post relates to Mark Scousen's account of his role in influencing Rothbard's publications.
Adrián Ravier, a professor of economics at Francisco Marroquin University in Guatemala and the National University of La Pampa in Argentina.
Who was right, Rothbard or Mises? There was only one way to find out. I decided to read the entire 1,000-page 'Wealth of Nations,' page by page and cover to cover, and come to my own conclusion. Two months later, I put the book down and said to myself: 'Murray Rothbard is wrong and Mises is right.' Adam Smith has written a grand defense of the invisible hand and economic liberalism.
I am always pleased to see somebody standing up to Murray Rothbard – as a polemicist he did not take prisoners, nor indulge criticism.
It's not bad for a single instance of the use of a metaphor in nearly 900 pages to be described as a "grand defense"!
What Mark means by his high-blown rhetoric is not clear. How does a single metaphor of "an invisible hand" come to constitue a "grand defence"? Perhaps Mark could enlighten us?
I can see a separate case for "economic liberalism" being worthy of such an accolade, but a metaphor, which discusses an instance in anything but a 'free market liberal economy'?
Surely not the case, unless Mark wraps the entire case of "economic liberalism" (as per David Friedman, a couple of years back) into the metaphor, which is, on grounds of the English language meaning of a metaphor, an absurdity to call it a "grand defence' of liberalism.
Eamonn Butler, Director of the Adam Smith Institute in London has produced "The Condensed Wealth of Nations" (inclusive of "The Incredibly Condensed Theory of Moral Sentiments"), which I commend to all readers of Lost Legacy. Its 80 pages are freely available for download as a PDF (HERE).
"The world is full of people who wish they had read The Wealth of Nations, though it is a sprawling, elephantine book that few people find themselves able to stick with beyond the first chapters, which fewer still actually finish, and which even fewer, probably, understand.
What I have tried to do in The Condensed Wealth of Nations (full PDF) is to boil down the 900-odd pages of Adam Smith's original into just 80 pages. I have not tried to use Adam Smith's own words, and simply abridge them, firstly because Smith's language is very eighteenth-century and flowery, and secondly because he uses terms that have changed their meaning today, or which do not match up with our modern language of economics. Rather, I have put his thoughts into my own words. I have tried to capture some of the flavour of the original, however, using some of the contemporary examples he uses, for example, and just the occasional word or phrase that reminds us of the man and his time. Unlike an abridgement, that has allowed me to encapsulate Smith's principal thoughts in straightforward language and in a short space.
The work is intended to read as if a modern Smith is giving a précis of his own arguments. And I have tried to follow the outline of the book and the outline of those arguments closely, so that you get a complete picture of what Smith actually said in The Wealth of Nations. But from time to time some explanation or commentary is needed, and these I have put clearly in a different typeface. I have also included some of the well known quotations from the book, to further place the piece in its eighteenth century context and to give us a taste of Smith's own words.
I hope The Condensed Wealth of Nations will allow modern readers to trace Smith's actual arguments, and get a feeling of the shape of his original and what he says – and indeed to understand his point of view – and to do so objectively, without my own views and interpretations clouding the original reality."
"Near the beginning of "The Wealth of Nations", Smith calls our attention to what, for him, is one of the fundamental qualities of human experience: helplessness. "[M]an has almost constant need for the help of his brethren," he says, for unlike animals, we cannot tend to even our most basic needs on our own. How exactly do we gain the help of others? The answer, says Smith, lies somewhere between the fawning cocker spaniel and the commands of an all-powerful king.
Let's hold the king aside for a moment. When a cocker spaniel wants to be fed, Smith says, "it has no other means of persuasion but to gain the favor of those whose service it requires." It wags its tails, licks its master's hand, and appeals to him with puppy dog eyes. The cocker spaniel will occasionally succeed, and so too will the fawning beggar, but such an approach is obviously not an optimal way to get what you want. Indeed, most times people will simply pass by you, leaving you hat in hand.
Many modern economists consider in this passage about the "butcher, brewer, and baker" sanctifies Smith's praises of self-interest (and among leftish academics, it is "proof" that Smith saw "self-interest" as essentially, and decidedly, as a necessary selfish behaviour that drove what they call, but he did not, capitalism). Others see it has evidence of a contradictory fissure in the thrust of his two books, Moral Sentiments (1759) and Wealth Of Nations (1776). It is nothing of the kind. The so-called "Adam Smith Problem" is another myth, created by a lackadaisical reading of quotations from both books.
"However selfish man maybe supposed, there is evidently some principle in his nature, which interest in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it. … The greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of the laws of society, is not altogether without it" (TMS 1.1.1.1: 9).
This propensity or capacity for concern for the "fortune of others" kind, captured in Smith's first book, is surely the antithesis of pure self-interest, especially of the hyper-calculating kind represented by the rational, utility-maximising kind that is still popular among many neo-classical economists.
Our moral sentiments drive us to be concerned for others, in modern jargon, our 'other-centred' natures, is counter-poised by other 'natural propensities' that drive our self-interests to be supremely 'self-centred' and not 'other-centred'. But is this supposed dichotomy a true representation of Adam Smith's two books?
I don't think so. Maybe I am almost alone in seeing something deeper in Smith's "butcher, brewer, baker" than commonly found in the meaning he placed on bargaining. Remember, Smith's characterisation of what happens when people bargain came in Book I, chapter 2, of Wealth Of Nations. There is good reason to acknowledge that these ideas were of older vintage than 1776 among his writings. His Lectures on Jurisprudence were taken down by students in 1763-4 (prior to France and his meetings with the Physiocrats) and were probably developed in his earlier years at Glasgow (from 1751), if not in Edinburgh 1748-51. They follow his presentation of "The division of Labour" in Chapter 1. They are the key-stone of his historical approach, which showed the division of labour as the "very slow and gradual consequence of a certain propensity in human nature which has in view no such extensive utility; the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another", which was probably "the necessary consequence of the faculties of reason and speech". In short, from the very beginning of the formation of the proto-human bands hunting in the forests, long, long before self-interest in anything like markets had emerged.
My own interests in the evolution of bargaining in pre-history ("The PreHistory of Bargaining", unpublished ms) has continually brought me back to Smith's chapter II, partly fed by a long period in Business Schools teaching and consulting on negotiation skills with business enterprises across Europe, North America, Asia, South Africa and Australia. I raise this bit of biography only to claim considerable practical experience with negotiators in the real modern world.
That is why I read chapter II with reference to what negotiators do in practice, not with preconceived theories about what they would do if the mathematical certainties of utility maximisation applied outside neoclassical classrooms and neoclassical imaginations. Smith didn't make it up; he saw and heard traders and customers bargaining their exchanges using persuasion and sales patter in the market stalls and shops along Kirkcaldy High Street where he grew up, and in busy Edinburgh, Glasgow, and London (and almost certainly in French market fairs too, of which there were thousands all over France (there still are hundreds in many small towns and centres, including around where I live, part of the year).
Smith didn't see much of the self-centred stubbornness implied in most modern theories of bargaining – aggressive concession convergence, modulated by threats and sanctions, and so on.
"… man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self–love in his favour, and shew them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self–love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages." (WN I.II.2.26-7).
A simple game that I included in every negotiation workshop that I ran from 1972-2005 (when I retired) was the 'red-blue' (prisoner's Dilemma) game, in which I used to introduce beginner (and 'old hand') negotiators to the consequences of pure self-interested bargaining, and it showed clearly the folly of only considering one's own interests in transacting with others. Over the years it revealed some interesting data about those consequences.
The game is played in pairs, randomly sorted. It is played first thing on the first day. They are given two coloured disks, one red and one blue. They are told the rules (no talking with partners), and given absolutely no advice on how to play or what they will learn, or what was the point of the exercise. They scores are simply shown on flip charts for the four possible outcomes of each play, and told to commence playing with a partner anywhere in the room, standing or sitting.
The scores were for each play: Both play 'Blue-Blue' = +4 points each; both play 'Red-Red' = -4 points each; one plays 'Red' and the other plays 'Blue', then the Red player = +8 points and Blue player = -8 points; or, one plays 'Blue' and the other plays 'Red', then the Blue player = -8 points and the Red player = +8 points.
They choose the colour they intend to play behind their backs for each round and each revels their plays simultaneously on a common signal. They note their score for each round according the score sheet. They play the next round without talking. After the first four rounds they pause for a 5-minute conversation, perhaps recriminating on the other's plays or defending their own, and perhaps agreeing on how to play the next four rounds, under the same rules and scores. Again, after round 8, they stop for a 5-minute conversation, perhaps again recriminating if one or both defected on their agreement from the previous 5-minute break. The last two rounds are played with all scores doubling, to give paired-blue play = +16 points each; paired red play = -16 each; one plays blue and one plays red = +16 points to the red player = -16 points to the blue player.
Then we discussed the resulting total scores over the 10 rounds from each pair. Over the years the pattern of plays across all levels of management, experience, countries of origin and domicility, moral (religious) labels, ages (from youngest school children to retired), education levels, private and public sector employees, caring professions, hard-nosed financial traders, all nationalities, mixed groups, both sexes, politicians, health staff (from porters to surgeons), and beginning and experienced sales and buying staffs, showed relative stability.
Now the maximum score from total cooperation (no defections) was 48 points each. I found that over the years this score was achieved by only 8 per cent of the players. A competing (but friendly, as you would expect from two teachers of negotiation) consultant, John Carlyle, reported achieving maximum scores among 17 per cent of his attendees, but I do not know if, or how much, he briefed his players before they commenced playing. I gave absolutely no pre-game briefing other that described above. The 8 per cent was too stable to be influenced by prior briefings. Despite almost always being asked to identify the objects of the exercise, I said nothing other than 'maximise your individual scores'.
Players could suffer from the other's early red play and subsequent defections (no sanctions were suggested nor imposed on defectors, other than the almost predictable retaliatory Red play defections of former Blue players, some fairly drastic red play from Round 5 onwards to round 10 (and almost certainly from round 9). Counter-defectors from broken promises by red players could reduce the early defector's scores, even though they also ended with a high minus score. No red player with early counter defections reached +48 (the Blue-Blue score) or better. On two occasions only in 33 years did a Red player reach +96 - because the other player played Blue every round and they were unconcerned at their constant losses to -96.
In a large minority (sometimes a majority) of plays of the game, early defection was followed by unbroken promises to pay blue in every round, which though the total positive score was less than +48 (perfect no-defections), it was at least +32 each and sometimes better.
The rest of our workshops showed how to achieve non-zero sum bargaining in the real world.
"Defense hawks seem to be hitting Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations like sophomores cramming for an exam. In the last few days, three separate hawks have invoked Smith three separate times to excoriate the potential defense cuts in the phony debt deal.
John Bolton, the Bush-era neocon whose mustache makes everything he says more menacing, pulled a passage from the book that says that "the first duty of the sovereign" is "protecting the society from the violence and invasion" to warn darkly about all the bad things that would befall America if it doesn't keep pumping about $700 billion a year that it doesn't have into the Pentagon (even if it just goes down the $700 toilet, presumably). Meanwhile, Brian Stewart of National Review Online and David Frum no longer of the American Enterprise Institute paraded Smith's statement that "defense is superior to opulence" to suggest that anyone who questioned why America needs to spend more on defense than the rest of the world combined obviously has zero regard for national security.
This is a mainly excellent account of Adam Smith's approach to defence outlays and conduct. You could also add his trenchant opposition (and implicit apology for) the Spanish and Portuguese depredations against defenceless local peoples in Central and South America, while seeking gold under the cover of exporting their version of (Catholic) Christianity.
"If any provinces of the British Empire cannot be made to contribute towards the support of the whole empire, it is surely time that Great Britain should free herself from the expense of defending these provinces in time of war, and of supporting any part of the civil and military establishments in time of peace, and endeavour to accommodate he future views and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances" (WIN.V.iii.92: 947).
Unfortunately, Smith's advice was ignored and Britain went on to the expense and wasted capital in forming a second empire in Canada, Caribbean, Africa, India, South-west Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
Is the USA following a similar folly?


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text:
Q: Why iterating list gives me stackoverflow error? I am getting Stackoverflow whenever below code is ran. I am not able to understand why this is happening? And how we can fix it?
  public boolean compare(List<Task> source, List<Task> actual) {
    return compareTasks(source, actual) && compare(actual, source);
  }

  public boolean compareTasks(List<Task> source, List<Task> actual) {
    matchList = new ArrayList<Task>();
    differList = new ArrayList<Task>();
    for (Task task : actual) {
      if (source.contains(task)) {
        matchList.add(task);
      } else {
        differList.add(task);
      }
    }
    return (differList.size() == 0) ? true : false;
  }

Below is the error:
java.lang.StackOverflowError
    at java.lang.StringBuilder.append(StringBuilder.java:119)
    at com.user.test.Task.getKey(Task.java:209)
    at com.user.test.Task.equals(Task.java:220)
    at java.util.ArrayList.indexOf(ArrayList.java:216)
    at java.util.ArrayList.contains(ArrayList.java:199)
    at java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableCollection.contains(Collections.java:1000)

A: You are calling compareTasks again in the method. Change it to the following line:
return compareTasksList(source, actual) && compareTasksList(actual, source);

A: I believe the issue is in here:
public boolean compare(List<Task> source, List<Task> actual) {
   return compareTasks(source, actual) && compare(actual, source);
}

Imagine you want to compare list A to list B. If you'll notice:

*

*Calling compare(A, B) calls compare(B, A).

*Calling compare(B, A) calls compare(A, B).

*Calling compare(A, B) calls compare(B, A).

*Calling compare(B, A) calls compare(A, B).

*Calling compare(A, B) calls compare(B, A).

*Calling compare(B, A) calls compare(A, B).

*Calling compare(A, B) calls compare(B, A).

*Calling compare(B, A) calls compare(A, B).

*etc.

This recursion never terminates, so it eventually triggers a stack overflow.
To fix this issue, consider rewriting this as
public boolean compare(List<Task> source, List<Task> actual) {
   return compareTasks(source, actual) && compareTasks(actual, source); // call compareTasks, not compare.
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ColorChip Leverages SystemOnGlass™ Platform and Initiates System Testing of Next-Generation 400G QSFP-DD FR4 Optical Transceiver
Demonstrates the 400G QSFP-DD FR4 at OFC 2019 at the San Diego Convention Center
ColorChip Ltd.
YOKNEAM, Israel, March 5, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- ColorChip, a leading supplier of advanced photonic integrated transceivers, announces a major milestone with the introduction of a 400G QSFP-DD FR4 transceiver to address the needs of today's mega datacenter.
400G QSFP-DD FR4 Transceiver
Continuing to leverage its proprietary SystemOnGlass™ (SOG™) technology, ColorChip has introduced its latest PAM4 offering with the demonstration of a 400G FR4 transceiver. SOG™ technology has been proven with the deployment of multiple generations of products scaling from 40G to 400G, including the recent introduction of 200G FR4 and 400G DR4 products.
The 400G FR4 transceiver is designed in collaboration with Credo, a leading provider of high performance mixed-signal semiconductor solutions, employing their highly efficient CMX450100P DSP device. The Credo mixed-signal DSP is integrated with ColorChip's innovative SOG™ optical engine, employing uncooled EML's operating on the CWDM grid and an innovative glass platform characterized by low optical losses and high coupling efficiencies. The result enables a solution achieving minimal power consumption levels and a design ready-made for automated assembly delivering high production scalability and yields. The transceiver is packaged in a compact QSFP-DD form factor and equipped with standard duplex LC optical interface. The 400G FR4 transceiver is presently undergoing system-level testing.
The 400G FR4 will be ready for GA in the H2-19 and will be manufactured in Israel as well as Fabrinet, ColorChip's Thailand-based CM. As a commitment to our customers, production is ramping to 1M per year as ColorChip expands its ongoing support of a family of 40G and 100G single mode fiber transceiver products.
About ColorChip
ColorChip (www.color-chip.com), established in 2001, is a technology innovator in the field of photonic integrated hybrids whose vision is to break open the optical interconnect bandwidth barrier with high-speed optical transceiver solutions to support the explosive bandwidth demand of the Datacom and Telecom markets. Headquartered in Yokneam, Israel, ColorChip leverages it's fully owned, industrialized optics-based FAB dedicated to the production of PLC based SystemOnGlass™ optical engines, whose glass platform is the ideal medium for emerging PAM4 applications. ColorChip has production facilities in Israel and Thailand, and offices in San Jose, California.
About Credo
Credo is a leading provider of high performance, mixed-signal semiconductor solutions for the data center, enterprise networking and high performance computing markets. Credo's advanced Serializer-Deserializer (SerDes) technology delivers the bandwidth scalability and end-to-end signal integrity for next generation platforms requiring single-lane 25G, 50G, and 100G connectivity for 100G, 200G, 400G, and soon to come 800G networks. The company makes its SerDes available in the form of Intellectual Property (IP) licensing on the most advanced processing nodes and with complementary product families focused on extending reach and multiplexing to higher data rates. For more information, please visit: www.credosemi.com
http://www.color-chip.com
Paul Goldgeier, Media Relations
paulg@color-chip.com
SOURCE ColorChip Ltd.
ColorChip Conducts Extensive Interoperability Testing for the...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Theater Hybernia
St. Martin church in the wall
The Church of st. Kajetána
St. George's Basilica at Prague Castle
Smetana Hall, Municipal House
Aldis Congress Center
Klementinum Mirror Chapel
The Best of Czech and World Classical Music
The Municipal House is one of the most important Art Nouveau buildings in Prague. It is located on Republic Square, a short walk from the Powder Tower opposite the Hybernia Theatre. It is mainly used for representation purposes and cultural events, especially concerts and exhibitions.
The Municipal House stands on the site of a former royal residence called King's Court. This complex served as the seat of Wenceslas IV /14the century /, after him, his brother Sigismund of Luxembourg, Albert II of Germany, George of Poděbrady and Vladislaus II of Hungary lived here and Ladislaus the Posthumous died here. There is a bronze plate to commemorate his stay in the royal palace. The Municipal House is located at the beginning of the Royal Route. It was the starting point of coronation processions of Czech kings. The Church of St. Vojtěch, used as a seminary, was built in the area. In 1902–1903, all the buildings, including the church, were torn down. Building foundations began on 21 August 1905, the house was inaugurated on 16 December 1912.
On 6 January 1918, the so-called Three Kings Declaration calling for the creation of an independent Czechoslovak state was adopted here. The foundation of the Czech Republic was declared from the balcony of the Mayor's Hall on 28 October 1918. In November 1989, the first meeting of the communist government with the representatives of the Civic Forum led by Václav Havel took place here. The house underwent an extensive reconstruction in 1994–1997.
The Municipal House was built in 1905–1912 according to the plans by architects Antonín Balšánek and Osvald Polívka who won in the architecture competition. In line with the assignment from the part of the municipal council, it was conceived as a multifunctional building to be used for official, exhibition, concert, restaurant and commercial purposes. The most important Czech painters and sculptors of the beginning of the 20th century, such as Mikoláš Aleš, Max Švabinský, František Ženíšek, Josef Václav Myslbek and Alfons Mucha, participated in its decoration. The facade is dominated by a semi-circular mosaic based on a drawing by Karel Špillar.
There are several restaurants and cafés on the ground floor and in the basement. An information centre is in operation near the main entrance.
There are approximately 1240 rooms, the largest of which is the Smetana Hall. The architect of the Smetana Hall is Antonín Balšánek, ceiling paintings were made by František Ženíšek and stucco decorations by Karel Novák. The original furnishings include mirrors, coloured stained glass in the ceiling and Art Nouveau fabrics. The organ with 4 manuals and 89 registers is decorated with Bedřich Smetana's medallion by F. Hergesel. The Smetana Hall has been a regular venue for the most important concerts of the Prague Spring since its formation in 1946. The seating capacity at the concert arrangement is 1,259.
We invite you to our unique concert, organized in the Smetana Hall of the Municipal House.
Náměstí Republiky 1090/5
11121 Prague 1
www.obecnidum.cz
info@obecnidum.cz
MONDAY 1. 1. 1970
Start of event: 00.00 h
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2015. Debra F. Laefer, Saleh Abuwarda, Anh-Vu Vo, Linh Truong-Hong, and Hamid Gharibi. This record serves as an index to a suite of high density, aerial remote sensing data for a 2km² area of Dublin, Ireland obtained at an average fly... New York University. Center for Urban Science and Progress.


The Hampton range from trusted manufacturer Roper Rhodes, brings colonial spirit to the bathroom, using muted colours and hand-crafted materials to create a serene bathroom space. The Hampton bath panels are complementary to all Hampton furniture, providing a fully co-ordinated, timeless look. These Panels are made from wood and measure 1695 x 500mm. Also included is a height adjustable plinth with range 450-590mm. Designed to be combined with the optional end panel 685 x 500mm if a corner installation is required, the Hampton Bath Panels can be used alongside matching WC units, storage units, basin units and mirrors. Furniture is available in four colours and comes with a manufacturer guarantee. Bath panels can be used with inset baths to hide the underside of the bath and pipe work, giving a clean, neat finish.


Home-brewed in Louisville, KY; made entirely with tea – not fruit!
Have a slice of Apple Pie for breakfast! Or add a delicious apple flavor to your Thanksgiving turkey, pork loin, or chicken. Perfect for meat and seafood glazes!


Are you familiar with affirmations? I'm assuming that you are, but in the unlikely event that you have been immune to a little something known as the Self Help Movement for the past three decades, affirmations are succinct statements that reflect positive conditions, qualities, and circumstances we wish to be true in our lives. They are usually worded in the first-person and present-tense, e.g. I am healthy, wealthy, and wise. More often than not, affirmations are written down, spoken aloud, stuck on post-it notes around the house, and repeated frequently. Some other examples of affirmations include: It's easy and natural for me to weigh 125lbs. I attract loving relationships into my life. My income is constantly increasing.
Using affirmations can bring about powerful healing and personal transformation, no doubt… but this is not always the case. Many people who try affirmations end up frustrated (and with a lot of dusty post-it notes to toss in the recycling bin, too) when those magical sentences don't seem to bring equally magical results, no matter how many times they are repeated with earnest in front of the mirror.
Why do affirmations work sometimes but not always? Why do some people succeed with affirmations but other people do not?
The answer boils down to one simple factor: what we (truly) believe.
Consciously, we might really want to be slender and gorgeous. (Who wouldn't, right?) Consciously, we might burn with excitement at the thought of rolling in money and enjoying outrageous levels of wealth. (Yeah, hello!) Consciously, it makes total, perfect sense to wish for vibrant health, a soulmate who practically shimmers with angelic perfection, and maybe a well-behaved Golden Retriever to boot. (Look at how picture-perfect my life is!) Health, wealth, family, career, confidence, relationships, spirituality– check. Our conscious, rational minds deem all of these things to be desire-worthy.
But what about our subconscious minds?
Are they also on board the luxury yacht of our conscious intentions, dreams, and goals for ourselves? Do our subconscious minds really believe it's possible for us to attain washboard abs, a golden tan, a private jet, a jaw-dropping partner, and an adorable dog?
Like a giant refrigerator humming in the background of our lives, our subconscious minds run up to 95% of our cognitive activities and programs each day, at a rate that is up to a million times more powerful than our conscious minds. All of this happens on auto-pilot, too, or just barely in the periphery of our awareness. Our subconscious programs develop very early on in life, usually settling into distinctive patterns by the time we are six or seven years old. (See Bruce Lipton's mind-blowing work on epigenetics for more stats.) What this means is that our subconscious beliefs and programs totally trump our conscious intentions, at a rate and a magnitude that is almost embarrassing. So much for "intelligent beings", right?
Going back to affirmations now– these are consciously crafted, carefully worded statements, unfortunately setting up camp in the 5 percent/one million times less powerful section of the brain. (Gotta live somewhere.) If these affirmations don't align with what our dominant, subconscious programs have to say about life, it's easy to see how they can be dismissed as inconsequential and how, ultimately, nothing will change. Our bad habits will persist, and even worse– we'll have an added layer of disappointment to deal with when affirmations don't prove to be the magic bullet we hoped they would be.
My body is fit, graceful, and slender!
It's natural for me to weigh ___________lbs/kgs!
I enjoy being at my perfect weight, effortlessly!
My body craves healthy, fresh foods!
I love moving my body every day!
I am a picture of perfect health!
I'm a horrid, sloppy, fat, good-for-nothing excuse of a woman.
I have no willpower or self-discipline.
I'm a failure for eating _______________.
This is hopeless, nothing will ever change.
No matter how many times you try to convince yourself: Gosh! Losing weight sure is easy and fun! –or- Whee! Exercise is my favorite thing to do EVER!, if your subconscious mind is running the Yeah Effin' Right soundtrack on repeat, you're facing an uphill battle, sister. This is why "willpower" will only take you so far before you find your face inexplicably stuffed into a box of cookies. It's also why positive affirmations, no matter how well-intentioned they may be, sometimes don't seem to work.
The subconscious mind is much, MUCH more powerful than the conscious mind.
Your conscious mind is like the ship at sea. Your subconscious mind is like the laser-wielding mega walrus. Make sense?
Subconscious beliefs don't respond very well to being over-written with oppositely-worded, conscious affirmations. That's like trying to play soft, classical music over pounding heavy metal music and still expecting to be able to enjoy your favorite symphony– it's just not going to happen.
However, one of the easiest ways around the brute force of your subconscious programming is to effectively trick your mind (both the conscious and subconscious parts) into doing what it naturally does best: searching for relevant information and gathering evidence. How can you do this, you might be wondering? Well, asking yourself questions instead of affirming statements to yourself activates your innate curiosity, and your mind simply can't resist trying to answer questions. #Fact.
A gentleman named Noah St. John has written entire books around bypassing affirmations in favor of what he calls "aformmations". Essentially, an afformation is a question worded in such a way that assumes what we want is already true. (Like a question-format affirmation.) Afformations, like all questions, activate your mind to search for "answers" or evidence to confirm what we assume is already true.
Rather than trying to wrestle your subconscious mind and your deepest, programmed beliefs to the ground, you "sneak through the back door", as my teacher likes to say. Suddenly, your mind (on both the conscious and subconscious level) is busily occupied, trying to collect evidence to effectively and convincingly answer your questions about why losing weight is so easy, maintaining a slender weight is no big deal, and you are essentially a good person, through and through.
Refer to the themes you teased out of your journaling exercise.
Change the negatively-worded beliefs into positively-worded statements (affirmations).
Put a "Why" in front of your affirmations, place a question mark at the end, and transform them into powerful afformations.
Speaking of good dogs, I LOVED meeting "Achilles" in San Diego. CUTE!
If nothing else, by creating and using afformations, you'll be training your conscious mind to open up to curiosity and wonder more. You'll also be encouraging your subconscious mind to loosen its death grip on programs and beliefs that might have served you well when you were five, but that are outdated and incompatible with your needs as an adult now. Try it out. See how you feel. And let me know how afformations work out for you. I'd love to hear about your experiences!
PS: If you'd enjoy learning more about other random (but effective!) self-help techniques, it's time to subscribe to my weekly newsletter, stat. Each newsletter features my latest blog post plus a special, more detailed love note that I only share with my subscribers. Join the list by entering your name and your best e-mail address below. Thank you!


The Companies Act requires companies to maintain certain information in their company registers – records of company information such as directors, secretaries, shareholders and any charges on the company.
From 30 June 2016 however the annual return is being replaced by an annual confirmation statement. Most of the information included in the confirmation statement is the same as the annual return although there is a new requirement for companies to keep a new register called "Persons of Significant Control" (PSC).
What is a "person of signficant control" ?
The PSCs will for most owner managed business be the directors and/or shareholders so there won't be much change in what is being disclosed – it's just a different type of return.
Newly incorporated businesses will also need to supply this information as part of the incorporation process.
The changes comes into effect from 30 June but you will need to keep a note of your PSCs from 6 April 2016.


This topic contains 3 replies, has 2 voices, and was last updated by Ambrose Buldo 5 years, 5 months ago.
All current team Eagles are priced to sell as were accepting all offers and selling the new and used cheap!
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Birel Cadet karts – Fresh trades but ready to move super cheap (2013 models – $1500.00 obo!
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(442773) and (442029) (2) Used 5 -chassis available – $2400-2500.


I purchased this upright player Piano in hopes to restore, but don't have the skills, time or ability now. It sounds great, needs restoration on keys. Here's a link to learn more about these piano's. Bench included!


Nov. 1 - U.S. President Barack Obama told visiting Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki the U.S. wants an inclusive, prosperous Iraq free of violence. Rough Cut (no reporter narration).
ROUGH CUT (NO REPORTER NARRATION) U.S. President Barack Obama told visiting Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki on Friday (November 1) that the United States wants an inclusive, prosperous Iraq free of violence. "Through-out this discussion, the main theme was the United States wants to be a strong and effective partner with Iraq and we are deeply invested in seeing an Iraq that is inclusive, that is democratic and that is prosperous. And I communicated with the Prime Minister that anything that we can do to help bring about that more helpful future for Iraq, is something that we want to work on," Obama said. Maliki said he wants elections scheduled for next year to be held on time and that he is in total agreement with Obama on the need for a peaceful solution in Iraq, where an estimated 7,000 civilians have been killed this year.


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text:
info@genapp.ba
University of Sarajevo
GENETICS & APPLICATIONS | ISSN 2566-2937 | eISSN 2566-431X
Official journal of the University of Sarajevo – Institute for genetic engineering and biotechnology
Envisaged as an open access international journal issued twice a year in print and electronic (online) format, publishing peer-reviewed articles of novel and significant discoveries in the fields of basic and applied genetics. Special issues or supplements may also be produced from time to time upon agreement with the Editorial Board.
An Aspiring Interdisciplinary Journal of Genetic Research
Authors are encouraged to submit complete, unpublished, original works that are not under review in any other journals. Acceptable papers are those that gather and disseminate fundamental knowledge in all areas of genetics.
Authors are encouraged to submit complete, unpublished original manuscripts for our new Issue- Vol7, No1
We are introducing an Online First publishing (OLF)
Online First publishing (OLF) in the academic community enables a quicker and more effective way to reduce the time previously taken for publishing critical discoveries (often by several months). OLF involves releasing an article's electronic version before the print version.
An article is prepared for OLF once the proof has been revised, approved and can be published online. As a result, users can access peer-reviewed articles long before they are printed. These publications can be cited using their specific DOI and are searchable on the journal's webpage. Although the formatting is dependent on the journal's reference style, in theory, you can use the DOI in place of the volume and page numbers, like in the following example:
TONG, Huaiyu et al. (2022) Implication of a de novo Variant in ciliary rootlet coiled- coil (CROCC) with assimilation of atlas (AOA). Genetics & Applications, doi.org/10.31383/ga.vol6iss1pp11-26.
There is no fee for article submission (ASC), article processing (APC) or publication.
ABOUT GENETICS & APPLICATIONS
Topics covered within Genetics & Applications (G&A) include:
molecular genetics,
cytogenetics,
plant genetics,
animal genetics, human genetics,
medical genetics,
forensic genetics,
population and evolutionary genetics,
conservation genetics,
genomics and functional genomics,
genetic engineering and biotechnology, and bioinformatics.
This journal is indexed or abstracted by: EBSCO, EuroPub, DOAJ , CAB Abstracts, Google Scholar, Global Health database, MIAR, Scilit, Crossref and Index Copernicus.
CALL TO AUTHORS
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022) Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022) Vol. 5 No 2 (2021) Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021)
Genapp Archives
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022) Published: Online First...
Vol. 6, No. 1 Published: 2022-06-23 Reviews Common genetic...
Vol. 5, No.2 Published: 2021-12-28 Research Articles In vitro...
Special Edition, Book of abstracts: Third International Green Biotechnology Congress (2021)
Genetics & Applications: Special Edition, Book of abstracts...
contact.genapp@gmail.com|
Genetics & Applications
Genetics & Applications (G&A) is the official journal of the Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (www.ingeb.unsa.ba), University of Sarajevo
The Official Publication of the Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo
ISSN: 2566-2937 |eISSN: 2566-431X | www.genapp.ba |E-mail: info@genapp.ba ; contact.genapp@gmail.com|


After many hours of developement we are happy to introduce the HV1.
Our main focus was to produce a super bright high quality led bulb with interior and non canbus applications in mind. The reason for doing this was customer feedback, the feedback showed that high quality interior lighting was lacking, most being Canbus Error Free and most having open circuitry showing which can be a problem in some interior applications.
Not only is the HV1 super bright but as you can see this is a sealed unit with a very efficient 360' lens being used to direct all that crisp white light into the right directions. After all whats the point in using such a powerful chip like our 2 Watt 3030SMD Osram if the light fails to leave the housing.
Adding onto this we decided to make installation even easier by developing the HV1 to be non polarity, meaning the bulb can be installed either way without the need to swap around making sure you have installed it the correct way. This enables installation time to be dramatically reduced and eliminates false alarms due to the thought of the item being faulty.
Bulbs are sold as singles.


text:
Staff Health Officer for The International Committee of the Red Cross
Miercuri, 05 Octombrie 2022
HR-Consulting (Search4staff)
Articol adaugat de: Natalia
HR-Consulting Srl on behalf of its client - an international NGO "The International Committee of the Red Cross" is looking for a highly professional candidate to fulfill the position of Staff Health Officer.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a neutral and independent international humanitarian organization, which assists and protects victims of armed conflicts and other situations of violence. The ICRC is currently looking for staff for its operations in Moldova.
Number of positions: 1 position
Duty Station: Moldova - Chisinau
Reports to: HR Manager
Duration of Contract: 1 year fixed term contract (with the possibility of renewal based on needs and performance and Budget availability).
Staff Health Officer (SHO) 1 is the focal point for all matters relating to the health of ICRC staff in an ICRC Delegation. In line with ICRC Staff Health Strategy 2020-2025, and in collaboration with medical personnel on the spot, the SHO promotes and maintains the physical and mental health of ICRC staff. The SHO implements the staff health strategy in six identified domains: 1. Staff Health policy; 2. Health promotion and Prevention; 3. Emergency preparedness and Case Management; 4. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support 5. Crisis Management Support 6. Quality Control and Monitoring.
The Staff Health Officer is the focal point for all matters related to the health of the ICRC workforce (both resident and mobile) in the delegation. In line with ICRC staff health policies and in collaboration with the Staff Health Centre of Expertise, headquarters, SHO promotes and maintains the physical and mental health of ICRC staff.
Staff Health Policy
Implements and supervises staff health policies to support the physical and mental health of the delegation workforce, working in collaboration with other ICRC departments, and in coordination with Regional/HQ advisers.
Treats information (general and specific) accurately and ensures strict medical confidentiality.
Carries out context-specific individual and collective health briefings for all new ICRC staff and debriefing for departing staff.
Ensures vaccination of ICRC staff is complete. A schedule is determined by the staff health policy, context needs, and vaccine availability in the local context.
Counsels for medical screening at recruitment and for specific professional categories.
Supports and delivers institutional training related to Staff Health (Health section of SAFE, First Aid Training, etc.).
Assesses and supervises living conditions in the delegation and sub-sites where needed. Working in collaboration with relevant ICRC departments to promote positive hygiene standards.
Emergency Preparedness & Case Management
Provides advice and support to ICRC staff with general health concerns.
Identifies assesses and monitors locally available medical structures and quality of service provided for the referral and treatment of ICRC staff.
Contributes to the medical contingency planning as part of the overall delegation contingency plan.
Supervises and manages medical kits, PEP, and post-rape kits.
Carries out COVID prevention/management measures and addresses emerging public health concerns according to institutional guidelines.
Remains available via telephone outside working hours, to provide medical advice and assistance to ICRC staff in case of a medical emergency.
Compile context-specific medical evacuation guidelines and procedures for ICRC personnel from the field or out of the country.
Provides advice on the medical needs of ICRC staff during transportation and coordinates medical evacuations from the field to the capital, and the repatriation of personnel out of the country if needed. Applying standard ICRC guidelines as established by PAC_OPS_SAN, Geneva.
Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
Liaises and coordinates with Staff Health Psychologists to address the mental health and psychosocial needs of staff.
Supports the implementation of the well-being policy.
Ensures all staff is informed of the policies and procedures regarding harassment and sexual violence in the workplace and offers medical support if needed.
Acts as a focal point for staff health guidelines, preventive measures, contingency planning, and case management during crisis cell operations.
Carries out defusing and creates support groups following critical incidents in the field; follows up if further intervention is required.
Quality Control & Monitoring
Carries out and supervises (where appropriate) activities related to medical insurance for resident staff and their dependents.
Reviews medical invoices for anonymization and approval of medical expenses where needed.
Collects accurate and reliable data on illnesses, accidents, presentism, and absenteeism, with a view to providing statistics (unidentifiable) on illnesses and the medical risks taken by ICRC staff.
Reports to PACS_OP_SAN GVA on staff Health activities (using standard reporting tool).
Reports to delegation management and provides feedback and recommendations on issues related to staff health whilst maintaining confidentiality.
SAFETY AND SECURITY AT WORK
Supports the Human Resource Management in the implementation of duty of care, and health and safety policies.
Education and Professional Experience required:
Bachelor of Medicine/MBBS, or RN with five years of overall professional experience (Minimum three years of clinical experience).
Experience in mental health and stress management.
Experience in medical evacuation and transportation.
Knowledge of public and/or occupational health an advantage.
Good command (spoken and written) of English.
Proficiency in MS Office applications, including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
Key Competencies:
Teamwork and collaboration.
Confidentiality.
The organization offers you:
You will have an opportunity to practice your profession in stimulating, complex, and sometimes challenging environments, where your work can make a difference.
You will work with colleagues from various fields of expertise in a cross-cutting manner to help victims of conflict and other situations of violence. You will be dealing with humanitarian situations that require experience, resourcefulness, and innovation to achieve the best possible impact.
You will work for the oldest major international humanitarian organization in the world, adding to your sense of achievement in alleviating the suffering of people and communities and giving you the chance to promote humanitarian values in these turbulent times.
You will benefit from a competitive employment package, including different possibilities for career and personal development. You will take part in an onboarding course and follow continuous training, to build your career within the ICRC and beyond.
The competitive compensation package is a monthly salary with social security benefits.
Interested candidates may send CVs to HR-Consulting (www.search4staff.com) email address: sv80@search4staff.com
Please, indicate the relevant vacancy code SHO in the subject line or resume.
For more information, please call: +373 22 20 29 86; +373 60 102 909
The successful candidate will undergo a three months probation period.
NB: If you have not heard from us within a month of receiving your application, please consider your application unsuccessful.
No Fee:
ICRC DOES NOT CHARGE A FEE AT ANY STAGE OF THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS INCLUDING (APPLICATION, INTERVIEW MEETING, OR PROCESSING).
FAO: Programme Assistant position
AO Laolaltă anunță Concurs privind selectarea profesorului de limba engleză pentru copii/ Объявление по подбору учителя английского языка для детей
DGPDC angajează psiholog / psihologă în cadrul Serviciului Locuință socială asistată
Finance and Administrative Coordinator for USAID Moldova Rural Competitiveness and Resilience Activity (RCRA)
USAID Moldova Job Vacancy: Project Management Assistant (Design/Strategy)
Extended deadline: Project Assistant AVRR (IOM)
BNM anunță concurs pentru postul vacant de economist principal (durată determinată) responsabil de monitorizarea riscurilor și raportare
Grants Specialist for the USAID Moldova Rural Competitiveness and Resilience Activity (RCRA)
Embassy of Slovakia in Chisinau is looking for a position local staff employee: Specialist in Economic issues; translator; protocol/tax officer
The Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Moldova is looking for a Driver


VL had a very exclusive interview with a survivor of being born into the Illuminati bloodline, being brutally trafficked and sexually abused by both her family and the CIA, mind control and satanic ritual abuse. Her story is horrifying and can all be substantiated by doctors, therapists and medical records.
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