text:
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Stock Update (NASDAQ:ESPR): Esperion Therapeutics Inc Provides Clinical Update for Bempedoic Acid Phase 3 Clinical Program
Corey Williams- October 13, 2016, 10:22 AM EDT
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ:ESPR) announced the bempedoic acid global pivotal Phase 3 LDL-C lowering clinical development program will include patients with hypercholesterolemia on any statin at any dose based on positive top-line results from its Phase 2 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) study of bempedoic acid added to atorvastatin 80 mg (1002-035), and the previously completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies.
Top-line results from 1002-035 demonstrated the eight-week study met its primary endpoint of greater LDL-C lowering from baseline of 22 percent (p=0.0028) with bempedoic acid 180 mg compared with placebo with all patients on a background of atorvastatin 80 mg. Bempedoic acid also demonstrated an incremental reduction of 35 percent (p=0.0020) in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), an important marker of the underlying inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease. Bempedoic acid added to atorvastatin 80 mg produced no clinically relevant effects on atorvastatin PK, and appeared to be safe and well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported.
"With the positive clinical results of bempedoic acid added to high-dose statins, and following engagement with global regulatory agencies, we are pleased to include in our ongoing global Phase 3 program patients with elevated LDL-C levels inadequately treated with current lipid-modifying therapies, including patients on any statin at any dose," said Tim Mayleben, president and chief executive officer of Esperion Therapeutics. "Bempedoic acid has demonstrated consistent LDL-C lowering efficacy, safety, and tolerability in completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies, including most recently in combination with high-dose statins. We believe that bempedoic acid is well-positioned as a once-daily, oral therapy for patients with hypercholesterolemia taking maximally tolerated statin therapy and/or ezetimibe who require additional LDL-C lowering, including patients considered 'statin intolerant'. We remain keenly focused on initiating both the bempedoic acid global Phase 3 efficacy program and our cardiovascular outcomes study before year-end."
Global Pivotal Phase 3 CLEAR LDL-C Lowering Program
Prior to year-end, Esperion plans to initiate three global pivotal Phase 3 Cholesterol Lowering via BEmpedoic Acid, an ACL-inhibiting Regimen (CLEAR) LDL-C lowering efficacy studies — 1002-046, 1002-047, and 1002-048 — in patients with hypercholesterolemia who are inadequately treated with current lipid-modifying therapies.
The LDL-C lowering studies will include patients on optimized background lipid-modifying therapy, including maximally tolerated statin therapy, with LDL-C levels of ≥130 mg/dL for patients without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and ≥100 mg/dL for patients with ASCVD and/or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). The CLEAR LDL-C lowering efficacy studies are designed to measure the change in LDL-C from baseline at 12 weeks. Top-line results from the global pivotal Phase 3 CLEAR LDL-C lowering program are anticipated in mid-2018. Submissions are expected in the first half of 2019 for a New Drug Application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a Marketing Authorization Application to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for an LDL-C lowering indication.
The proposed high-level global Phase 3 design details are included below, as well as updates to the design of the ongoing CLEAR Harmony long-term safety study. Additional design details for 1002-046, 1002-047, and 1002-048 will be made available when the studies initiate later this quarter.
1002-046: 24-week study to assess the 12-week LDL-C efficacy primary endpoint of bempedoic acid 180 mg versus placebo in hypercholesterolemic patients (with or without ASCVD) not adequately treated with current lipid-modifying therapies. This study is designed to enroll 300 patients only able to tolerate less than the lowest approved daily starting dose of a statin and can be considered "statin intolerant." This study is expected to initiate before year-end.
1002-047: 52-week study to assess the 12-week LDL-C efficacy primary endpoint of bempedoic acid 180 mg versus placebo in hypercholesterolemic patients (with ASCVD and/or HeFH) not adequately treated with current lipid-modifying therapies. This study is designed to enroll approximately 750 patients and is expected to initiate before year-end.
1002-048: 12-week study to assess the LDL-C efficacy primary endpoint of bempedoic acid 180 mg versus placebo in hypercholesterolemic patients (with or without ASCVD) when added to ezetimibe. This study is designed to enroll approximately 225 patients and is also expected to initiate before year-end.
CLEAR Harmony (1002-040): Initiated in January 2016, CLEAR Harmony is a 52-week, long-term safety study designed to enroll hypercholesterolemic patients (with ASCVD and/or HeFH) who are not adequately treated with current lipid-modifying therapies. At initiation, this study included 900 patients, but has been expanded to 1,950 patients to further support the Company's expected first half 2019 regulatory submission for an LDL-C lowering indication. As a result of the expanded enrollment, top-line results for CLEAR Harmony are now expected by mid-2018.
The global Phase 3 LDL-C lowering efficacy studies are designed to support a broad label for the use of bempedoic acid for LDL-C lowering in hypercholesterolemic patients (> 100 mg/dL) who are inadequately treated with current lipid-modifying therapies. In Europe, it is expected that there would be specific language included within the label for the use of bempedoic acid in patients who are considered "statin intolerant."
Phase 2 (1002-035) and Phase 1 (1002-037) Clinical Results Summary
The Phase 2 PK/PD eight-week, U.S.-based, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel group clinical study (1002-035) evaluated 68 patients on stable atorvastatin 80 mg per day. All patients in the study received atorvastatin 80 mg for four weeks. Patients were then randomized to receive either bempedoic acid 180 mg, or placebo, for four weeks. The primary objectives of the study were to assess the LDL-C lowering efficacy of bempedoic acid versus placebo on a background of atorvastatin 80 mg, as well as multiple-dose plasma PK of atorvastatin 80 mg alone and in combination with bempedoic acid. Secondary objectives included assessment of the effect of bempedoic acid on lipid and cardiometabolic biomarkers, including hsCRP; and characterization of the tolerability and safety of bempedoic acid.
Top-line results from 1002-035 demonstrated the eight-week study met its primary endpoint of greater LDL-C lowering of 22 percent (p=0.0028) from baseline with bempedoic acid 180 mg compared with placebo with all patients on a background of atorvastatin 80 mg. There was a 13 percent reduction in LDL-C in the bempedoic acid group and a nine percent increase in LDL-C in the placebo group when added to background atorvastatin 80 mg. Bempedoic acid also demonstrated an incremental reduction of 35 percent (p=0.0020) in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), an important marker of the underlying inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease. Bempedoic acid added to atorvastatin 80 mg produced no clinically relevant effects on atorvastatin PK, and appeared to be safe and well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported.
The Company also announced positive top-line results from its Phase 1, open-label, clinical pharmacology study (1002-037) to assess the PK levels in healthy volunteers receiving single doses of the highest doses of the most commonly prescribed statins — atorvastatin 80 mg, rosuvastatin 40 mg, simvastatin 40 mg and pravastatin 80 mg — when added to steady-state bempedoic acid 180 mg. The PK profiles demonstrated in 1002-037 were consistent with those seen in previous studies conducted with bempedoic acid, and did not increase with the highest doses of the statins tested in combination with bempedoic acid. Together, with the results of 1002-035, these data support enrollment of patients with hypercholesterolemia on any statin at any dose in the global pivotal Phase 3 CLEAR LDL-C clinical development program. (Original Source)
Shares of Esperion Therapeutics are currently trading at $13.57, up $1.25 or 10.15%. ESPR has a 1-year high of $30.41 and a 1-year low of $9.58. The stock's 50-day moving average is $11.88 and its 200-day moving average is $14.02.
On the ratings front, ESPR stock has been the subject of a number of recent research reports. In a report issued on September 22, JMP analyst Jason Butler reiterated a Buy rating on ESPR. Separately, on September 20, Stifel Nicolaus' Thomas Shrader maintained a Buy rating on the stock and has a price target of $64.
According to TipRanks.com, which ranks over 7,500 financial analysts and bloggers to gauge the performance of their past recommendations, Jason Butler and Thomas Shrader have a yearly average return of 17.7% and 1.3% respectively. Butler has a success rate of 52% and is ranked #316 out of 4182 analysts, while Shrader has a success rate of 42% and is ranked #1939.
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, which focuses on developing and commercializing first-in-class, oral, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering therapies for the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia and other cardiometabolic risk markers. The company operates through one segment, which is the business of researching, developing and commercializing therapies for the treatment of patients with elevated LDL-C.
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text:
HANSARD 1803–2005 → 1980s → 1982 → July 1982 → 27 July 1982 → Written Answers (Commons) → ENERGY
HC Deb 27 July 1982 vol 28 cc438-9W 438W
§ Mr. Cook
asked the Secretary of State for Energy whether discussions are still proceeding on the proposal for supply of plutonium for use in the United States fast breeder programme; and what stage has been reached in negotiations.
§ Mr. John Moore
There have been no further developments since my statement in the debate initiated by the hon. Member on 21 December 1981. There have been no negotiations.
§ Mr. Rost
asked the Secretary of State for Energy whether he will make a further statement about the uses to which the United States of America put the plutonium exported to it in the period up to 1971.
As explained in my answer to the hon. Member for Edinburgh, Central (Mr. Cook) on 1 439W April, the United Kingdom Government was informed by the United States Government in 1964 that plutonium produced in the generating boards' Magnox reactors and consigned to the United States before 1971 under the United Kingdom/United States defence agreement would be for civil purposes. The United States authorities have recently confirmed to us that the bulk of the material in question is in the form of "coupons" for the zero energy fast reactor critical assembly and in the core of fast flux test facility. Both of these are part of the United States fast reactor programme. A sizeable quantity was used to make Californium for medical purposes. The remaining small quantity is in use for experimental purposes elsewhere in the civil programme, for example at Argonne and Battelle. it is therefore clear that the assurance given to the United Kingdom Government in 1964 has been fulfilled.
Back to Irradiated Nuclear Fuel Flasks (Report)
Forward to Opencast Coal Mining (South Yorkshire)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Men's Soccer Releases 2019 Season Schedule June 26, 2019 | M. Soccer Full Story
Van Dyke Named to G-MAC All-Conference Team October 31, 2018 | M. Soccer The Great Midwest Athletic Conference announced its postseason awards this evening and Dwight Van Dyke was selected to the Honorable Mention Team. Full Story
Women Up to 15, Men Remain in Top 20 Nationally October 24, 2018 | M. Soccer There has been light movement for Walsh in this week's USTFCCCA cross country national polls as both the men's and women's teams remain in the top 20. The Cavalier women jumped up one spot after the pre-national meet to No. 15, while the men dropped five spots to No. 20. Full Story
Men's Soccer Finishes Season with Loss To Lake Erie October 23, 2018 | M. Soccer Walsh's season ended this evening with a 3-1 loss to visiting Lake Erie in G-MAC action this afternoon. The Cavaliers cap the year at 7-10-1 overall and 4-9-1 in the G-MAC, while the Storm advanced to the G-MAC tourney with a record of 8-5-4 overall and 6-5-3 in the conference. Full Story
Cavs Upended By Malone In Overtime October 20, 2018 | M. Soccer Walsh suffered a heartbreaking loss to rival Malone by a score of 2-1 in overtime on Saturday afternoon at Milazzo Field. The Cavaliers (7-8-1, 4-7-1) were eliminated from postseason contention with the defeat to the Pioneers (5-9-1, 5-7-1). Full Story
Early Goal Dooms Walsh Against Salem October 16, 2018 | M. Soccer An early goal doomed Walsh as it fell 1-0 to hosting Salem at Mylan Park in the Mountain State on Tuesday afternoon. The game against the Tigers (7-5-2) was the final non-conference and road contest for the Cavaliers (7-8-1) in the regular season. Full Story
Follow Us Walsh Cavaliers
Tweets by @WalshCavaliers
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Swyx releases the SwyxWare v4.21 Hotfix 8.
The caller list is not timely ordered.
Additionally SwyxServer service in this version detects changes in numberreplacement.xml automatically. There's no need to restart the service after changing the file.
Script 'WaitForDisconnect' does not work if call got transferred.
In a special situation called device continues to ring after ConnectTo times out and after called device accepts the call the connection will be dropped after a short period.


text:
import subprocess
import json

tmpfile = open('/Users/Scott/.mail_markdown.txt', 'r')
tmptext = tmpfile.read().decode('utf-8')

curlData = {
        "text": tmptext,
        "mode": 'gfm'
        }
curlDataString = json.dumps(curlData).decode('utf-8')

url = 'https://api.github.com/markdown'

curl_args = [
             'curl',
             '-H',
             'Content-Type: application/json',
             '-d',
             curlDataString,
             url
             ]

print(subprocess.Popen(curl_args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0].decode('utf-8'))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The advantage to being top of mind, as a luxury real estate marketing professional, in your marketplace is getting the lion's share of the business. There is also a secret advantage of being the popular choice. Although, Cherry Garcia ice cream, from Ben & Jerry's, has many raving fans vanilla, chocolate and strawberry ice cream are by far the favorite choices with vanilla winning hands down as "most popular".
Ranking top of mind in luxury branding is even more important that ranking #1 on a Google search, because the overwhelming majority of affluent consumers rely on referrals from friends, family and colleagues when choosing products and services. Any real estate agent with enough funds can hire a search engine optimization expert to help him or her secure the #1 position in a Google search query. But, will the website visitor who clicks through the top listing actually hire the top ranking agent on Google at the end of the day if they are not accomplished and competent--or popular?
There is a lesser known factor that influences the choices of high net worth consumers when selecting a luxury real estate marketing professional. That is, taking into consideration what others will think of them based on the agent they select. While some consumers are "inner-referred", meaning that they rely on their own judgment more so than others, a significant number of people care more about what others think of them. The "outer-referred" consumer will bypass their gut instincts (and taste buds if they prefer Jerry Garcia) just to look good in the eyes of their peers, neighbors or family (who prefer vanillla).
Have you ever been in a restaurant when the server suggests a menu item and adds, "This is a very popular choice"? Studies have shown that when it comes to choosing brands of food to serve at a party the host will purchase the "popular choice", e.g., Coke vs.. Pepsi even if the host prefers the taste of a generic brand that is cheaper.


Visitor arrivals for the first four months of 2007 (January to April) totalled to 1,034,329 registering a 7.1 percent increase compared to the same period last year (965,853).
Auguring well to the tourism industry is the consistent positive growth rates in visitor arrivals from January to April with the month of January providing the biggest volume of 272,525 while the month of March recorded the highest growth of 15.1 percent.
The East Asian region maintained its position as the largest contributor of arrivals by region, accounting for 45.9 percent of the overall traffic base. This region posted an increase of 5.5 percent, from its output of 449,598 the previous year to 474,507 arrivals for the year.
The combined total of 239,285 arrivals supplied by the North American countries made this region the second biggest supplier of arrivals for the country. It grew by 3.3 percent versus its production of 231,670 arrivals the previous year. The ASEAN region shared 7.1 percent (73,572 arrivals) to the total visitor volume to rank third in visitor contribution while Australasia/Pacific have 50,952 arrivals to constitute the fourth biggest arrivals by region. Visitors from Western Europe increased by 9 percent as arrivals reached 46,604 compared to 42,771 arrivals last year.
Meanwhile, the influx of domestic travelers during the summer vacation has caused strong competition among foreign and domestic visitors for accommodations in various destinations of the country. This constrained the growth of foreign arrivals during this month. But total visitor arrivals for the month of April 2007 still increased with 243,441 compared to the arrivals of 238,941 last year.
The US market contributed the biggest share, topping the list with 51,197, or 21 percent of the total arrivals. Travelers from Korea comprised the second biggest group numbering 41,378, sharing 17 percent to total visitor volume. This market grew by 5.8 percent compared to its contribution of 39,115 arrivals last year.
The Japanese market contributed the third biggest arrivals of 33,858 comprising 13.9 percent of the total inbound traffic, declining by six percent versus its corresponding arrivals of 36,037 for the same month in 2006. China continued to position itself in the top five markets of the Philippines by producing 12,565 visitors for a share of 5.2 percent to total visitor volume. This market recorded an increase of 11.1 percent from its volume of 11,307 arrivals last year. Arrivals from Hong Kong aggregated to 10,388 which is 4.3 percent of the total arrivals and registering a double-digit increase of 19.2 percent when compared to its 8,714 arrivals last year.


text:
Women's Fund Employee Spotlight: Claire Hoff
We're excited to welcome Claire Hoff to the team as our Research and Evaluation Director! She brings nearly 10 years of evaluation experience, most recently supporting participatory evaluation work around system-level and individual-level initiatives designed to support young people as they transition to adulthood. Claire has a master's degree in public administration from the University of Nebraska Omaha and is currently pursuing her PhD in public administration.
Claire shared with us what she's been enjoying about her time with the Women's Fund thus far and what she likes to do outside of work.
What's your favorite part of working at the Women's Fund so far?
Being surrounded by talented and compassionate colleagues who simultaneously care deeply about furthering our mission while taking care of one another. I am grateful to be part of such an amazing team!
Describe the Women's Fund in three words?
Bold community builders
Best thing about living/working in Omaha?
I love the network of support I have here, and the food is pretty great!
When you're not working, what's your favorite thing to do?
I like to try out lots of different things and not take any of it too seriously. I garden, knit, bake, run, sing, am part of a book club and play on a sand volleyball team. I'm no expert at any of these—my favorite thing is to do something for the pure joy of it rather than concern myself with actually being any good at it.
What's one goal you hope to accomplish in the next year?!
Sustainably navigating my first year of PhD coursework while working full-time. I anticipate lots of learning, growing and giving myself ample grace.
What's the most interesting or unusual job you've ever done?
I worked for a law firm where I used a typewriter almost daily…less than 15 years ago. It at least had an erase function!
What are you listening to these days?
A LOT of Taylor Swift. I'm one of those people that once I find an album I like, I'll listen to it on repeat for a while. That said, Lucius also put out a new album this year I've been listening to quite a bit. Check them out! As far as podcasts, "Work Appropriate," "No Such Thing as A Fish" and "This Land" are a few I've gotten into lately.
If Hollywood made a movie about you, who would you like to see cast as you?
Emma Stone—but I've also been told Haylie Duff is my Doppelganger?


If Australian authorities need to count your U.S. credits to help you qualify for an Australian benefit, they will get a copy of your U.S. record directly from the Social Security Administration when you apply for the Australian benefit.... Information about visas issued by the Department of Home Affairs, entitlement to social security payments and the AoS scheme. 10 Australian Social Security Agreements Information about Australia's social security agreements with other countries.
To get a copy of your social security card, which has your social security number on it, you will contact social security and send in form SS-5 JACUSTOMER-z74xrmqn- : I live in Sydney Australia.


text:
Q: worker_threads can't execute Promise in Nodejs i m using worker_threads module in nodejs.
but worker can't execute Promise code.
DataCloneError: # could not be cloned. is occured.
How to execute async code?
//main.js
const res = await Promise.all(
     array.map((i) =>
        startWorker(`${__dirname}/dictWorker.js`, i)
      )
    );

function startWorker(dir, value) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    try {
      const worker = new Worker(dir, {
        workerData: { value: value },
      });
      worker.once("message", (result) => {
        console.log(result);
        resolve(result);
      });
    } catch (error) {
      reject(error);
    }
  });
}

//worker.js
const { workerData, parentPort } = require("worker_threads");

async function job(arr) {
  try {
    const _sleep = (delay) =>
      new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
    await _sleep(2000);
    return true;
  } catch (error) {
    throw new Error(error.message);
  }
}

parentPort.postMessage(job(workerData.value));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I've been using the web server on my NAS box for some small projects I've been tinkering with but have recently found that it doesn't support recent enough versions of MySQL and php for something I want to run. I'm therefore considering a Pi and have some questions. I'd go for the 3B.
If I enable NFS on the NAS box I think I should be able to mount shares and then use those on the Pi which would I think reduce the wear on the SD card. It would also make backups easy as they would be included in my normal NAS backup. I'd run DSLstats as well as other applications on this. Would I be able to have the MySQL data files on a NAS share and would that run OK (both connected to a switch by Ethernet)?
Are the standard Pi cases wall mountable? If not can anyone recommend one?
I'm sure I'll have more questions the further I look in to this!
Most of them I would say, with some velcro.


text:
Q: Issue using keras with tensorflow backend on GPU I'm having a problem using Keras with Tensorflow backend. I'm trying to train a keras.applications.VGG16 model without the top layers, replacing them with two dense layers (1024 and 2 nodes) for a binary classification problem. I'm training the model in a NVidia Geforce GTX 1050 with 2GB of dedicated VRAM.
The issue here is that when I start the training, an error occures:
NotFoundError (see above for traceback): No registered 'Snapshot' OpKernel for GPU devices compatible with node training/SGD/gradients/loss/dense_two_loss/Mean_2_grad/floordiv = Snapshot[T=DT_INT32, _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0"](training/SGD/gradients/loss/dense_two_loss/Mean_2_grad/Prod/_289)
        .  Registered:  device='CPU'; T in [DT_INT64]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_INT32]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_UINT16]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_INT16]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_UINT8]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_INT8]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_HALF]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_BFLOAT16]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_FLOAT]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_DOUBLE]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_COMPLEX64]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_COMPLEX128]
  device='CPU'; T in [DT_BOOL]

[[Node: training/SGD/gradients/loss/dense_two_loss/Mean_2_grad/floordiv = Snapshot[T=DT_INT32, _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0"](training/SGD/gradients/loss/dense_two_loss/Mean_2_grad/Prod/_289)]]

What could be the problem here? My code is the following:
from keras.models import Model
from keras.optimizers import SGD
from keras.layers import Dense, GlobalAveragePooling2D
from keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16
from keras.utils import to_categorical

base_model = VGG16(weights='imagenet', include_top=False)
x = base_model.output
x = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
x = Dense(1024, activation='relu', name="dense_one")(x)
predictions = Dense(2, activation='softmax', name="dense_two")(x)

model = Model(inputs=base_model.input, outputs=predictions)

model.compile(optimizer=SGD(lr=0.001, decay=1e-6, momentum=0.5, nesterov=True),
    loss='categorical_crossentropy',
    metrics=['accuracy','mse'])

model.fit(x_train, to_categorical(y_train, num_classes=2), batch_size=1, epochs=150, verbose=2, validation_split=0.1, shuffle=True)

A: Problem solved. I had installed the 1.7 nightly version of tensorflow and forgot to remove it. I installed 1.6 version and it worked :)


text:
#region License
//
// HttpListenerRequest.cs
//	Copied from System.Net.HttpListenerRequest.cs
//
// Author:
//	Gonzalo Paniagua Javier (gonzalo@novell.com)
//
// Copyright (c) 2005 Novell, Inc. (http://www.novell.com)
// Copyright (c) 2012-2013 sta.blockhead
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
#endregion

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.Text;

namespace WebSocketSharp.Net
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Provides access to a request to a <see cref="HttpListener"/> instance.
	/// </summary>
	/// <remarks>
	/// The HttpListenerRequest class cannot be inherited.
	/// </remarks>
	public sealed class HttpListenerRequest
	{
		#region Private Static Fields

		private static byte [] _100continue = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes ("HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n");

		#endregion

		#region Private Fields

		private string []           _acceptTypes;
		private bool                _chunked;
		private Encoding            _contentEncoding;
		private long                _contentLength;
		private bool                _contentLengthWasSet;
		private HttpListenerContext _context;
		private CookieCollection    _cookies;
		private WebHeaderCollection _headers;
		private Guid                _identifier;
		private Stream              _inputStream;
		private bool                _keepAlive;
		private bool                _keepAliveWasSet;
		private string              _method;
		private NameValueCollection _queryString;
		private string              _rawUrl;
		private Uri                 _referer;
		private Uri                 _url;
		private string []           _userLanguages;
		private Version             _version;

		#endregion

		#region Internal Constructors

		internal HttpListenerRequest (HttpListenerContext context)
		{
			_context = context;
			_contentLength = -1;
			_headers = new WebHeaderCollection ();
			_identifier = Guid.NewGuid ();
			_version = HttpVersion.Version10;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Public Properties

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the media types which are acceptable for the response.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// An array of <see cref="string"/> that contains the media type names in the Accept request-header
		/// or <see langword="null"/> if the request did not include an Accept header.
		/// </value>
		public string [] AcceptTypes {
			get {
				return _acceptTypes;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets an error code that identifies a problem with the client's certificate.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// Always returns <c>0</c>.
		/// </value>
		public int ClientCertificateError {
			get {
				// TODO: Always returns 0.
/*
				if (no_get_certificate)
					throw new InvalidOperationException (
						"Call GetClientCertificate method before accessing this property.");

				return client_cert_error;
*/
				return 0;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the encoding used with the entity body data included in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="Encoding"/> that indicates the encoding used with the entity body data
		/// or <see cref="Encoding.Default"/> if the request did not include the information about the encoding.
		/// </value>
		public Encoding ContentEncoding {
			get {
				if (_contentEncoding == null)
					_contentEncoding = Encoding.Default;

				return _contentEncoding;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the size of the entity body data included in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="long"/> that contains the value of the Content-Length entity-header.
		/// The value is a number of bytes in the entity body data. <c>-1</c> if the size is not known.
		/// </value>
		public long ContentLength64 {
			get {
				return _contentLength;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the media type of the entity body included in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that contains the value of the Content-Type entity-header.
		/// </value>
		public string ContentType {
			get {
				return _headers ["Content-Type"];
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the cookies included in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="CookieCollection"/> that contains the cookies included in the request.
		/// </value>
		public CookieCollection Cookies {
			get {
				if (_cookies == null)
					_cookies = _headers.GetCookies (false);

				return _cookies;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a value indicating whether the request has the entity body.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// <c>true</c> if the request has the entity body; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
		/// </value>
		public bool HasEntityBody {
			get {
				return _contentLength > 0 || _chunked;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the HTTP headers used in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="NameValueCollection"/> that contains the HTTP headers used in the request.
		/// </value>
		public NameValueCollection Headers {
			get {
				return _headers;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the HTTP method used in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that contains the HTTP method used in the request.
		/// </value>
		public string HttpMethod {
			get {
				return _method;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a <see cref="Stream"/> that contains the entity body data included in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="Stream"/> that contains the entity body data included in the request.
		/// </value>
		public Stream InputStream {
			get {
				if (_inputStream == null)
					_inputStream = HasEntityBody
					             ? _context.Connection.GetRequestStream (_chunked, _contentLength)
					             : Stream.Null;

				return _inputStream;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a value indicating whether the client that sent the request is authenticated.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// Always returns <c>false</c>.
		/// </value>
		public bool IsAuthenticated {
			get {
				// TODO: Always returns false.
				return false;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a value indicating whether the request is sent from the local computer.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// <c>true</c> if the request is sent from the local computer; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
		/// </value>
		public bool IsLocal {
			get {
				return RemoteEndPoint.Address.IsLocal ();
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a value indicating whether the HTTP connection is secured using the SSL protocol.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// <c>true</c> if the HTTP connection is secured; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
		/// </value>
		public bool IsSecureConnection {
			get {
				return _context.Connection.IsSecure;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a value indicating whether the request is a WebSocket connection request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// <c>true</c> if the request is a WebSocket connection request; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
		/// </value>
		public bool IsWebSocketRequest {
			get {
				return _method == "GET" &&
				       _version >= HttpVersion.Version11 &&
				       _headers.Contains ("Upgrade", "websocket") &&
				       _headers.Contains ("Connection", "Upgrade");
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets a value indicating whether the client requests a persistent connection.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// <c>true</c> if the client requests a persistent connection; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
		/// </value>
		public bool KeepAlive {
			get {
				if (!_keepAliveWasSet) {
					_keepAlive = _headers.Contains ("Connection", "keep-alive") || _version == HttpVersion.Version11
					           ? true
					           : _headers.Contains ("Keep-Alive")
					             ? !_headers.Contains ("Keep-Alive", "closed")
					             : false;

					_keepAliveWasSet = true;
				}

				return _keepAlive;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the server endpoint as an IP address and a port number.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="IPEndPoint"/> that contains the server endpoint.
		/// </value>
		public IPEndPoint LocalEndPoint {
			get {
				return _context.Connection.LocalEndPoint;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the HTTP version used in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="Version"/> that contains the HTTP version used in the request.
		/// </value>
		public Version ProtocolVersion {
			get {
				return _version;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the collection of query string variables used in the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="NameValueCollection"/> that contains the collection of query string variables used in the request.
		/// </value>
		public NameValueCollection QueryString {
			get {
				return _queryString;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the raw URL (without the scheme, host and port) requested by the client.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that contains the raw URL requested by the client.
		/// </value>
		public string RawUrl {
			get {
				return _rawUrl;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the client endpoint as an IP address and a port number.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="IPEndPoint"/> that contains the client endpoint.
		/// </value>
		public IPEndPoint RemoteEndPoint {
			get {
				return _context.Connection.RemoteEndPoint;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the request identifier of a incoming HTTP request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="Guid"/> that contains the identifier of a request.
		/// </value>
		public Guid RequestTraceIdentifier {
			get {
				return _identifier;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the URL requested by the client.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="Uri"/> that contains the URL requested by the client.
		/// </value>
		public Uri Url {
			get {
				return _url;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the URL of the resource from which the requested URL was obtained.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="Uri"/> that contains the value of the Referer request-header
		/// or <see langword="null"/> if the request did not include an Referer header.
		/// </value>
		public Uri UrlReferrer {
			get {
				return _referer;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the information about the user agent originating the request.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that contains the value of the User-Agent request-header.
		/// </value>
		public string UserAgent {
			get {
				return _headers ["User-Agent"];
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the server endpoint as an IP address and a port number.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that contains the server endpoint.
		/// </value>
		public string UserHostAddress {
			get {
				return LocalEndPoint.ToString ();
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the internet host name and port number (if present) specified by the client.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that contains the value of the Host request-header.
		/// </value>
		public string UserHostName {
			get {
				return _headers ["Host"];
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the natural languages which are preferred for the response.
		/// </summary>
		/// <value>
		/// An array of <see cref="string"/> that contains the natural language names in the Accept-Language request-header
		/// or <see langword="null"/> if the request did not include an Accept-Language header.
		/// </value>
		public string [] UserLanguages {
			get {
				return _userLanguages;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Private Methods

		private void CreateQueryString (string query)
		{
			if (query == null || query.Length == 0) {
				_queryString = new NameValueCollection (1);
				return;
			}

			_queryString = new NameValueCollection ();
			if (query [0] == '?')
				query = query.Substring (1);

			var components = query.Split ('&');
			foreach (var kv in components) {
				var pos = kv.IndexOf ('=');
				if (pos == -1) {
					_queryString.Add (null, HttpUtility.UrlDecode (kv));
				} else {
					var key = HttpUtility.UrlDecode (kv.Substring (0, pos));
					var val = HttpUtility.UrlDecode (kv.Substring (pos + 1));
					_queryString.Add (key, val);
				}
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Internal Methods

		internal void AddHeader (string header)
		{
			var colon = header.IndexOf (':');
			if (colon <= 0) {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid header";
				return;
			}

			var name = header.Substring (0, colon).Trim ();
			var val = header.Substring (colon + 1).Trim ();
			var lower = name.ToLower (CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
			_headers.SetInternal (name, val, false);

			if (lower == "accept") {
				_acceptTypes = val.SplitHeaderValue (',').ToArray ();
				return;
			}

			if (lower == "accept-language") {
				_userLanguages = val.Split (',');
				return;
			}

			if (lower == "content-length") {
				long length;
				if (Int64.TryParse (val, out length) && length >= 0) {
					_contentLength = length;
					_contentLengthWasSet = true;
				} else {
					_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid Content-Length header";
				}

				return;
			}

			if (lower == "content-type") {
				var contents = val.Split (';');
				foreach (var content in contents) {
					var tmp = content.Trim ();
					if (tmp.StartsWith ("charset")) {
						var charset = tmp.GetValue ("=");
						if (!charset.IsNullOrEmpty ()) {
							try {
								_contentEncoding = Encoding.GetEncoding (charset);
							} catch {
								_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid Content-Type header";
							}
						}

						break;
					}
				}

				return;
			}

			if (lower == "referer")
				_referer = val.ToUri ();
		}

		internal void FinishInitialization ()
		{
			var host = UserHostName;
			if (_version > HttpVersion.Version10 && host.IsNullOrEmpty ()) {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid Host header";
				return;
			}

			Uri rawUri = null;
			var path = _rawUrl.MaybeUri () && Uri.TryCreate (_rawUrl, UriKind.Absolute, out rawUri)
			         ? rawUri.PathAndQuery
			         : HttpUtility.UrlDecode (_rawUrl);

			if (host.IsNullOrEmpty ())
				host = UserHostAddress;

			if (rawUri != null)
				host = rawUri.Host;

			var colon = host.IndexOf (':');
			if (colon >= 0)
				host = host.Substring (0, colon);

			var baseUri = String.Format ("{0}://{1}:{2}",
				IsSecureConnection ? "https" : "http",
				host,
				LocalEndPoint.Port);

			if (!Uri.TryCreate (baseUri + path, UriKind.Absolute, out _url)) {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid request url: " + baseUri + path;
				return;
			}

			CreateQueryString (_url.Query);

			var encoding = Headers ["Transfer-Encoding"];
			if (_version >= HttpVersion.Version11 && !encoding.IsNullOrEmpty ()) {
				_chunked = encoding.ToLower () == "chunked";
				// 'identity' is not valid!
				if (!_chunked) {
					_context.ErrorMessage = String.Empty;
					_context.ErrorStatus = 501;

					return;
				}
			}

			if (!_chunked && !_contentLengthWasSet) {
				var method = _method.ToLower ();
				if (method == "post" || method == "put") {
					_context.ErrorMessage = String.Empty;
					_context.ErrorStatus = 411;

					return;
				}
			}

			var expect = Headers ["Expect"];
			if (!expect.IsNullOrEmpty () && expect.ToLower () == "100-continue") {
				var output = _context.Connection.GetResponseStream ();
				output.InternalWrite (_100continue, 0, _100continue.Length);
			}
		}

		// Returns true is the stream could be reused.
		internal bool FlushInput ()
		{
			if (!HasEntityBody)
				return true;

			var length = 2048;
			if (_contentLength > 0)
				length = (int) Math.Min (_contentLength, (long) length);

			var buffer = new byte [length];
			while (true) {
				// TODO: Test if MS has a timeout when doing this.
				try {
					var ares = InputStream.BeginRead (buffer, 0, length, null, null);
					if (!ares.IsCompleted && !ares.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne (100))
						return false;

					if (InputStream.EndRead (ares) <= 0)
						return true;
				} catch {
					return false;
				}
			}
		}

		internal void SetRequestLine (string requestLine)
		{
			var parts = requestLine.Split (new char [] { ' ' }, 3);
			if (parts.Length != 3) {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid request line (parts)";
				return;
			}

			_method = parts [0];
			if (!_method.IsToken ()) {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid request line (method)";
				return;
			}

			_rawUrl = parts [1];

			if (parts [2].Length != 8 || !parts [2].StartsWith ("HTTP/")) {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid request line (version)";
				return;
			}

			try {
				_version = new Version (parts [2].Substring (5));
				if (_version.Major < 1)
					throw new Exception ();
			} catch {
				_context.ErrorMessage = "Invalid request line (version)";
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Public Methods

		/// <summary>
		/// Begins getting the client's X.509 v.3 certificate asynchronously.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// This asynchronous operation must be completed by calling the <see cref="EndGetClientCertificate"/> method.
		/// Typically, the method is invoked by the <paramref name="requestCallback"/> delegate.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <returns>
		/// An <see cref="IAsyncResult"/> that contains the status of the asynchronous operation.
		/// </returns>
		/// <param name="requestCallback">
		/// An <see cref="AsyncCallback"/> delegate that references the method(s)
		/// called when the asynchronous operation completes.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="state">
		/// An <see cref="object"/> that contains a user defined object to pass to the <paramref name="requestCallback"/> delegate.
		/// </param>
		/// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">
		/// This method is not implemented.
		/// </exception>
		public IAsyncResult BeginGetClientCertificate (AsyncCallback requestCallback, Object state)
		{
			// TODO: Not Implemented.
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Ends an asynchronous operation to get the client's X.509 v.3 certificate.
		/// </summary>
		/// <remarks>
		/// This method completes an asynchronous operation started by calling the <see cref="BeginGetClientCertificate"/> method.
		/// </remarks>
		/// <returns>
		/// A <see cref="X509Certificate2"/> that contains the client's X.509 v.3 certificate.
		/// </returns>
		/// <param name="asyncResult">
		/// An <see cref="IAsyncResult"/> obtained by calling the <see cref="BeginGetClientCertificate"/> method.
		/// </param>
		/// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">
		/// This method is not implemented.
		/// </exception>
		public X509Certificate2 EndGetClientCertificate (IAsyncResult asyncResult)
		{
			// TODO: Not Implemented.
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the client's X.509 v.3 certificate.
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>
		/// A <see cref="X509Certificate2"/> that contains the client's X.509 v.3 certificate.
		/// </returns>
		/// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">
		/// This method is not implemented.
		/// </exception>
		public X509Certificate2 GetClientCertificate ()
		{
			// TODO: Not Implemented.
			throw new NotImplementedException ();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Returns a <see cref="string"/> that represents the current <see cref="HttpListenerRequest"/>.
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>
		/// A <see cref="string"/> that represents the current <see cref="HttpListenerRequest"/>.
		/// </returns>
		public override string ToString ()
		{
			var buffer = new StringBuilder (64);
			buffer.AppendFormat ("{0} {1} HTTP/{2}\r\n", _method, _rawUrl, _version);
			foreach (string key in _headers.AllKeys)
				buffer.AppendFormat ("{0}: {1}\r\n", key, _headers [key]);

			buffer.Append ("\r\n");
			return buffer.ToString ();
		}

		#endregion
	}
}


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text:
A Medievalist and a Writing Studies Scholar Walk into a Bar in Westworld
Kevin Moberly
As a medievalist, I am all too familiar with the subject of remakes. According to Umberto Eco, we have been revisiting—which is to say, remaking—the middle ages from the very moment that the period was declared finished (66). Seen in this light, our contemporary enthusiasm for resurrecting comic book heroes, science fiction franchises, Tolkien novels, and any number of other things that might, arguably, be better left dead, is not new. It is instead symptomatic of what, in medievalist circles at least, is an older and well-studied impulse: the desire to understand (or at least represent) the complexities of the present through a recourse to a less complicated, though largely imagined past.
As a writing studies scholar, I am less clear how to answer the question posed to me by one of the editors of this field guide: how to square our contemporary enthusiasm for remakes with writing studies and, in particular, composition. Writing studies, after all, tends to be a positivist field. With a relentless emphasis on improvement and progress that sometimes manifests itself as a concern for social justice, it is much more interested in the future than the past. In fact, I sometimes worry that the discipline is misnamed. For although writing is its privileged form of performance, what writing studies teaches (and evaluates) is not writing, per se, but subject construction: the fraught and always rhetorical question of how we should compose ourselves via complex forms of performance, of which writing is only one.
I suppose, though, that I could start with revision. As Eco writes about the wax museums, amusement parks, and the other roadside attractions he encounters during a tour of the United States in the 1970's, the vast majority of contemporary remakes—even the new Point Break movie—are implicitly marketed not as simply better than the original, but as somehow offering "more:" more action, more adventure, more realism, and, in almost all cases, more technology (8). To borrow a term popularized by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin, many of these productions use high technology to remediate their predecessors (2-9). They employ familiar characters, storylines, and themes to validate potentially unfamiliar technologies and systems of production. In doing so, they produce the old in the guise of producing the new, crystallizing though their positive example our negative conception of what it means to be outdated or outmoded.
A case in point can be found in HBO's Westworld. Released in early October 2016, the series preserves many of the outward characteristics of Michael Crichton's 1973 movie and the short-lived television show that followed. As in the original, it chronicles the events that take place in an immense theme park, one that, in true medievalist fashion, uses the latest representational technologies to affect a return to the past: not the Middle Ages, but to what scholars such as Lynn White and Laura Kendrick have argued is a cognate, the American west of the 1860s, as it is frequently portrayed in mass culture. Visitors are interpellated into the park as "newcomers" lately arrived to the frontier. There, they encounter the "hosts," scores of highly realistic, animatronic robots (or more precisely, androids) who exist solely for their pleasure, no matter how dark, rapacious, or violent those pleasures might be.
Yet as in the original, HBO's Westworld is not only concerned with the park's visitors. It also follows the park's support staff—its technicians, designers, and administrators—as they struggle to ensure that Westworld remains profitable despite troublesome signs that the programming of many of the hosts has become infected by something that looks suspiciously like consciousness. What results is reminiscent of the way that Jean Baudrillard describes the relationship between Disneyland and Los Angeles in that the fantastic unrealism of everything that takes place in the park proper functions to preserve the illusion that a "real" exists outside, one which begins at the margins of the park's underground labs and control rooms and extends outwards to the late-capitalist world of high-stakes corporate finance that constitutes the Delos subplot (12).
There is one crucial difference, however, between the original and the remake. In Crichton's movie, the machines are explicitly presented as the disease. As epitomized by Yul Brynner's performance as the black-clad gunslinger, they are, at best, hollow and cold imitations, simulacra whose inherently homicidal predilections are unleashed by faulty hardware. Crichton's movie thus offers something of a cautionary tale. Released at the dawn of the personal computer age, it explicitly warns of the dangers of repurposing digital high-technologies that, at the time, were primarily associated with the military industrial complex for entertainment and other base pleasures [1]. The film's not-so-subtle message (it is a Crichton film, after all) is that these technologies are as corrupted as they are seductive, and that by indulging ourselves in them, we risk losing the essential but, of course, undefinable "thing" that differentiates us from our machines.
In HBO's remake, however, it is the humans, not the machines, who are the disease, a point that is perhaps most obvious in Ed Harris's character. Reprising Brynner's performance as the Gunslinger, Harris appears in the series as the enigmatic Man in Black, a visitor who is every bit as relentless and, one might argue, as cold and mechanical in his pursuits as Brynner's original. Yet Harris's character is explicitly identified as human rather than machine. As this transposition suggests, HBO's series inverts the causation of Crichton's original, constructing the depravity and violence (sexual or otherwise) that pervades Westworld as inherent not to the park nor its technologies, but to the people who create and consume these technologies—its inventors, designers, managers, and visitors. In fact, if the Logan and William storyline is any indication, the series suggests that this violence and depravity is passed virus-like between the human visitors and, as such, functions as kind of dark counterpart to the spread of consciousness amongst the hosts [2]. What ensues looks suspiciously more like a high-tech appropriation of the slave narrative than a horror film. Featuring flashbacks of lost children and two African American characters who wake from deprivation, violence, and bondage into critical consciousness, Westworld ultimately implicates its audience in the same crime for which it condemns the park's visitors—a kind of technological oppression that is rooted in our apparently essential human desire to lose (and thereby find) ourselves in fictions that, without paradox, are increasingly more spectacular and, at the same time, more "real" than those that came before.
But to return to my original question, how does writing studies help us understand this reversal, and, in particular, the dark view of human potentiality that informs it? What does Westworld teach us about how to compose, or better yet, revise ourselves in relationship to both the high technologies fetishized in the series and to the complex systems of late capitalist production upon which these technologies (and the series itself) are beholden? I worry that the answer lies in what Nick Dyer-Witheford identifies as one of the most pernicious beliefs of the so-called Information Revolution: namely, the belief that humanity is rapidly becoming obsolete in the face of advances in high technology (43-44). In this schema, there is no more room for improvement and no point in attempting further revisions. As Felix discovers to his dismay, our digital technologies have become so superior that it is pointless to dream of remaking oneself as an innovator and certainly not a creator. Given our obvious limitations, the best we can hope for is to follow along obediently and to ignore, as best we can, the spectacular trauma taking place around us.
I worry that this is what ultimately lies at the center of Westworld's maze—the not so subtle point of the fantastic game of deterrence that the series and, by proxy, much of remake culture asks us to play. It is not simply that there are no new stories to tell and no longer any need for imagination. It is that we are doomed to repeat the same old stories, albeit in always brighter colors, higher frame rates, and better resolutions.
1. For a more positivist take on the potentials of computers and simulation at the time, see Stewart Brand's Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Death among the Computer Bums.
2. I am reluctant to include a spoiler, but the audience discovers that the Man-in-Black is the mature incarnation of the violence and depravity that germinates in Logan's and William's relationship.
Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Translated by Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Bolter, Jay David, and Richard A. Grusin. Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1999.
Crichton, Michael, director. Westworld. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1973.
Eco, Umberto. "The Return of the Middle Ages." Travels in Hyperreality. Translated by William Weaver. Boston: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1986. 59-86.
__________. "Travels in Hyperreality." Travels in Hyperreality. Translated by William Weaver. Boston: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1986. 1-58.
Kendrick, Laura. "The American Middle Ages: Eighteenth-Century Saxonist Myth-Making." The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking World. Edited by Marie-François Alamichel and Derek Brewer. Cambridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, Ltd. 1997. 121-136.
Nolan, Jonathan and Lisa Joy, creators. Westworld. Home Box Office, 2016.
White, Lynn. "The Legacy of the Middle Ages in the American Wild West." Speculum, vol. 40, no. 2, 1965, pp. 191–202. www.jstor.org/stable/2855557. Accessed 3 December 2016.
Witheford, Nick-Dyer. Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
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From: What elements do you believe motivate the reaction of fan culture and how do they relate to recent remakes, reboots, and remixes? How might these components be used to incorporate generational studies of fandom/popular culture with memorable messages?
The Amazing[ly Unchanging] Spider-Man: Fans, Grievance, and Grief
By Kathryn M. Frank
Guilty Pleasures/Innocent Pleasures: Porous Texts and Utopian Entertainment
By Tim Palmer
Generations, and Reboots, and Fans, Oh My!: A Pedagogical Approach to Questions of Fandom, Fan Labor and Participatory Culture
By Mary Karcher
Cultural Reuse as Pertaining to the Generation Gap
By Dylan Varda
By Kevin Moberly
Rise of the Mandalorians: A Star Wars Costuming Fandom Reacts to Intersectional New Canon
By Lauren Woolbright
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs in Print and Film: Technology, Imagination, and the Networked Catastrophe
By Mike Piero
Is it a remake or is it a sequel? Remakes and forensic fandom practices
By Mercè Oliva
Cinematic Remaking and Media-Generational Belonging
By Kathleen Loock
Star Trek: Rebooted or Re-imagined?
By Lincoln Geraghty
Reboots as Reactionary
By Noah Tsika
Golden Ages: the Agency of Nostalgic Fandom
By Aubrey Luxx Mishou
Fandom Beyond: Reconsidering Genre and Fan History
By Cait Coker
"People Might Talk": Queerbaiting and Fan Culture in the BBC's Sherlock
By Anna Kozak
Everything Old Is New Again: Notes on Retro and Fan Culture
By Claus Tieber
Cultural Identity in Mass Media Remixes
By Ashley Hamouda
The BeyHive
By Shameika Harris
Fannish self-perpetuation versus producer self-interest
By Karen Hellekson
Girl-power revisited in the remake of True Grit
By Glenn Jellenik
Field Guide: A MediaCommons Project
All work at The Field Guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License


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Shine at Stargazing Oxford
Triple Physics win at Impact Awards
The annual MPLS Impact Awards aim to foster and raise awareness of impact by rewarding it at a local level, and prepare the ground for the impact case studies that will be needed for REF 2021, and future similar exercises. This year's awards were presented at the MPLS Winter Reception on the 6th February at Mansfield College, with the winners receiving a pay award of £1,000 (minus taxes).
Oxford Physicists won awards in three out of the four categories!
Engaging new audiences with Stargazing+
Rebecca Bowler awarded the Royal Astronomical Society 2018 Winton Award for Astronomy
Congratulations to Hintze Research Fellow Rebecca Bowler who has been awarded the Royal Astronomical Society 2018 Winton Award for Astronomy.
Weighing massive stars in nearby galaxy reveals excess of heavyweights
An international team of astronomers, including many from the UK, has revealed an 'astonishing' overabundance of massive stars in a neighbouring galaxy.
The discovery, made in the gigantic star-forming region 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy, has 'far-reaching' consequences for our understanding of how stars transformed the pristine Universe into the one we live in today.
New method for implementing universal multiport interferometers
Programmable photonic circuits that can implement linear transformation between any number of input and output optical channels are used both for quantum computation in quantum optics and for signal processing in telecommunications. These "universal multiport interferometers" can be built using meshes of reconfigurable beam splitters, for example on an integrated photonic platform.
Magnetic molecules manipulate surface of topological insulator
Researchers at the University of Oxford have demonstrated, for the first time, how to use molecules to manipulate the surface of a 'topological insulator', an exotic material with unusual electronic properties. Understanding and manipulating these properties is a notable step towards the innovative information transfer and storage promised by 'spintronics'.
Wireless radiation detector - New Invention
Radioactivity detectors are widely used in society to ensure safe levels of human exposure to potentially dangerous radiation are maintained. Measuring radiation in the atmosphere is also of great interest to researchers as its effects on the lower atmosphere are currently poorly understood.
Further support for our collaborations with the growing UK quantum industry
Oxford Physicists have partnered with UK quantum technology companies to win funding in the latest Innovate UK competition. Three of our collaborative projects were awarded grants and are described below.
Antarctic telescope shows how the Earth stops high-energy particles
A group of scientists which includes Prof Subir Sarkar Head of Particle Theory Group, Theoretical Physics, working with the world's largest particle detector, have for the first time demonstrated the Earth's ability to stop highly energetic neutrino particles.
Read the whole article here.


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'I got a little getting even to do': O.J. Simpson is on Twitter, and his first tweet is somewhat puzzling
Posted 10:44 AM, June 16, 2019, by Tribune Media Wire
LAS VEGAS – O.J. Simpson is officially on Twitter, and he seems to want to set the record straight.
His Twitter biography is simple and straightforward: "If you don't see it here, I didn't say it."
"Hey Twitter world," Simpson begins cheerfully in his first post – a video. He already has over 267,000 followers.
Coming Soon!!! pic.twitter.com/R1tXOuuLgO
— O.J. Simpson (@TheRealOJ32) June 15, 2019
The Juice tweeted a 22-second video in which he said he knows there are a lot of fake O.J. accounts out there, but @TheRealOJ32 is the real deal.
"You'll get to read all my thoughts and opinions on just about everything," he said.
The former NFL star's only tweet is already pinned to his profile; it has been retweeted over 20,000 times and liked over 62,000 times.
Thousands of comments and memes referencing the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman 25 years ago have already been left on the tweet.
"It should be a lot of fun," Simpson said. "I got a little getting even to do. So God bless, and take care."
OJ Simpson sues Las Vegas casino, contends he was defamed
Hank Azaria says he will no longer voice Apu, 3 years after 'The Simpsons' character came under scrutiny
ESPN reporter Edward Aschoff's fiancée talks about her love and his death
DK Metcalf's breakout day another step for Seahawks rookie
Kentucky governor pardoned convicted murderer, child rapist before leaving office
Prince Andrew is now a royal without a role. But who is paying?
Caroll Spinney, the Sesame Street puppeteer behind Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch, has died
His dad has been deployed 10 times. This is his message to other military kids
Watch: 'Turbo Joe' gets moving on kitty wheelchair
Two California deputies were ignored in a Starbucks, officials say
Julián Castro ends presidential campaign


Its come to that time of year again. The AOCA has an annual meeting in December each year to elect some of the officers and get together and discuss the issues that OHV'ers face and to plan for next years events. We have serveral opportunities for input coming up and we really need some support with the issues facing OHV Recreation.
This year, the President and Treasurer positions are up for election and all three At Large Members positions are up for election. We need volunteers and nominations for these five positions. PLEASE respond ASAP with any suggestions. We also have Vice President and Secretary positions available. We also will be discussing changes to the bylaws.
Remember, you do not have to be a current or past member to attend this meeting. We hope that everyone that isn't a member will join our group or a member club. You will have to be a member to vote for the positions. Bring any friends that are interested in protecting & supporting our ability to work with land managers to recreate on public lands. The $10 annual dues go toward keeping the group moving toward OHV Recreation Preservation and Education.
RSVP to david@arkansasohv.net if you plan to attend.
Arkansas is the Natural State. We have great beauty to behold around every corner. In 2005, The United States Forest Service studied off-highway vehicle use in the U.S. It was estimated that 24.5.% of Arkansas residents participate in OHV recreation.
With that many off roaders, safety is a concern for everyone. The Arkansas OHV Conservation Association would like to remind you of your responsibility while participating in all forms of recreation in Arkansas.


Retirement | Is it really cake?
As you turn a new page in your life at retirement, you might as well enjoy a piece of cake while thinking about what will be on that new page, right? While you're at it, enjoy two pieces.
Now you have the time to think about your hobbies, your travels, the activities you enjoy like golf, your family and friends, yourself. Splurge and get that cake you always wanted, decorated the way you wanted, and the taste … savory and satisfying, just as our baker at Is It Really Cake? can make it. Go ahead, we know you want to do this. At this time in your life, pull up your favorite rocking chair and have a nice cake that can take you back to what you once enjoyed. No worries, for we can make the cake vegan or gluten free.
Active thought helps the metabolism, especially when you are deep in thought while enjoying one of our cakes.
At least this is our logic. Let it be yours too.


Clinicians rely on Pri-Med for opportunities to engage with local peers, meet internationally renowned faculty, and participate in world-class educational activities. Pri-Med's multi-channel platform provides a variety of ways in which companies can interact with clinicians and share information on products, services, and treatment options that clinicians can use in their practice.
Pri-Med is one of the nation's leading providers of continuing medical education to primary care clinicians. The Pri-Med curriculum is developed in collaboration with the American College of Physicians and attracts primary care clinicians in top health care markets. Pri-Med is committed to helping clinicians integrate the latest in medical education with patient information so they can improve outcomes in an increasingly complex healthcare environment.
As a supporter, you have the opportunity to connect with Pri-Med's loyal primary care clinician community. Whether you want to build brand awareness, engage with local clinicians, or share digital content, Pri-Med is committed to working with you to provide a comprehensive solution to achieve your business objectives. With a multi-channel platform, Pri-Med is uniquely positioned to maximize the reach and frequency of your content – digitally, face-to-face, and at the point of care.


Assists with scheduling and supervision of Store Support Team Members as well with the as day-to-day flow of the department. Supports the Store Support Team Leader and Associate Team Leader(s) to ensure smooth operation of the Store Support Team. All Whole Foods Market Retail jobs require ensuring a positive company image by providing courteous, friendly, and efficient service to customers and Team Members at all times. All positions must be performed with team and store Standard Operating Procedures. Further, Team Members must be prepared and able to perform the duties inherent in other Team Member job descriptions. Team Leaders are required to spend significant time on the floor, engaging with customers, and pitching in to help whenever and wherever needed. All positions must strive to support WFM core values and goals, promote national, regional, and store programs and initiatives, and ensure adherence to all applicable health and safety regulations.
Works with Team Trainer to train Team Members in a manner that builds and sustains a high-performance team and minimizes turnover.
Keeps all cases and shelves clean, well-stocked and properly rotated.
Extensive knowledge of Store Support team procedures and policies.
Demonstrates advanced product knowledge, maintains awareness of new products.


AVEVAI, a Singapore-based tech company, launched its range of IONA electric light commercial vehicles (e-LCVs) at the 5th Guangzhou International Electric Vehicles Show in China.
Its first two models – in van and truck configurations – are designed specifically for use by delivery and service businesses, use cutting-edge supercapacitor battery hybrid technology to achieve an all-electric range of 330km (205 miles) for the IONA Van and 300km (186 miles) for the IONA Truck – up to 40% more than comparable e-LCVs. Supercapacitors are able to accept and deploy electrical charge much faster than conventional batteries, and are less affected by charge and discharge cycles, thereby giving them a longer life.
The battery performance of the IONA range, proven under NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) testing, is the result of investment by AVEVAI and partner company e-SYNERGY in Singapore to research and develop innovative graphene-infused supercapacitor technology. IONA electric vehicles are powered by a revolutionary Graphene Energy Management System (GEMS) that can be customised for use in any electric vehicle, to enhance their performance and range and maximise the productive life of the battery.


How Far is Malik Hilleria III?
Malik Hilleria III is one of the popular residential developments in Neral, neighborhood of Mumbai. It is among the completed projects of its Builder. It has lavish yet thoughtfully designed residences.


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Orlando International Airport – First US Airport to Commit to Facial Recognition Technology
Posted by Maralyn D. Hill | News Releases |
Contact: CBP Public Affairs
CBP Advances Biometric Exit Mission as Orlando International Airport Becomes First US Airport to Commit to Facial Recognition Technology
CBP's partnership with MCO will transform the passenger experience for arriving and departing travelers
ORLANDO—U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (GOAA) announced today joint efforts to advance the biometric exit mandate and transform the traveler experience at Orlando International Airport (MCO). MCO is the first airport in the United States to commit to processing all arriving and departing international travelers with facial recognition technology.
"We are at a critical turning point in the implementation of a biometric entry-exit system, and we've found a path forward that transforms travel for all travelers," said CBP Commissioner Kevin McAleenan. "The valuable collaboration with stakeholder partners like GOAA has resulted in real momentum and it has brought us to where we are today, the first fully biometric entry-exit deployment at an airport."
"We are committed to delivering a premiere travel experience to Orlando International Airport's more than five million annual international passengers," said Phil Brown, GOAA CEO. "By incorporating biometric technology into our entry and exit processes, safety, security and speed are optimized so customers can enjoy a more streamlined and comfortable journey through Florida's busiest airport."
Based upon its commitment to innovation and public-private partnerships, CBP built a facial biometric matching service to support airport and airline stakeholder integration for biometric exit and other passenger services. A facial biometric capture device (camera) can be installed at an airline or airport departure gate without any significant changes to existing airport physical infrastructure. A biometric entry-exit system based on facial recognition is minimally disruptive to the flow of travel.
Currently, CBP is testing biometric exit at 13 major airports across the United States. The facial recognition verification process takes less than 2 seconds, with a 99 percent matching rate.
CBP chose facial biometrics because it seamlessly integrates into the airport boarding process. CBP compares the photographs of travelers with those that are already on file in DHS holdings. No new data is required.
CBP has also implemented facial comparison technology for arrival processing at 10 locations, which includes four Preclearance locations. The new simplified arrival process enables increased security, faster throughput, and better efficiency.
CBP is committed to its privacy obligations and has taken steps to safeguard the privacy of all travelers. CBP has published several Privacy Impact Assessments, employed strong technical security safeguards, and has limited the amount of personally identifiable information used in the new biometric process.
In addition to Orlando, CBP has facial recognition operations in Miami, Atlanta, New York JFK, San Diego, Houston (Intercontinental and Hobby), Washington Dulles, Las Vegas, Chicago O'Hare, and Preclearance locations in Aruba, Abu Dhabi, and Ireland (Shannon and Dublin).
CBP also has partnerships with Delta, Jet Blue, British Airways, Lufthansa and Air New Zealand and will continue to expand public-private partnerships to advance biometric exit and enhance the passenger experience from curb to gate.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection is the unified border agency within the Department of Homeland Security charged with the management, control and protection of our nation's borders at and between ports of entry. CBP is charged with keeping terrorists and terrorist weapons out of the country while enforcing hundreds of U.S. laws.
www.cbp.gov
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Born to travel and tell the tale. President Emeritus of the international Food Wine & Travel Writers Association, member of Society of American Travel Writers Association, and the Society of Professional Journalists, Known as The Epicurean Explorer, I am a freelance writer with several outlets and have three blogs http://WhereAndWhatInTheWorld.com, http://SuccessWithWriting.com, www.TheEpicureanExplorer.com. Executive Editor of Luxe Beat Magazine, http://www.luxebeatmag.com
NRDC Wars of High Gas Prices and Weak Fuel Standards
FLORIDA KEYS TEMPORARILY CLOSED TO VISITORS
Two Holland America Line Ships Offer a Premium Cruise Experience in Mexico and Hawaii From Fall 2015 Through Spring 2016
Open Chateau Piron: KEDGE wins the Grandes Ecoles Challenge