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US Court of Appeals Cases
Faulkner Radio, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, William P. Johnson and Hollis B. Johnson, Doing Business as Radio Carrollton, Intervenor , 557 F.2d 866 ( 1977 )
181 U.S.App.D.C. 243, 2 Media L. Rep. 1994
FAULKNER RADIO, INC., Appellant,
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, Appellee, William P.
Johnson and Hollis B. Johnson, doing business as
Radio Carrollton, Intervenor.
District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued April 8, 1976.
Decided May 26, 1977.
Robert L. Heald, Washington, D. C., with whom Marvin Rosenberg, Edward W. Hummers, Jr., and Eric T. Esbensen, Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellant. Frank U. Fletcher, Washington, D. C., also entered an appearance for appellant.
Sheldon M. Guttmann, Counsel, F. C. C., Washington, D. C., with whom Ashton R. Hardy, Gen. Counsel, and Daniel M. Armstrong, Associate Gen. Counsel, F. C. C., Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellee.
Samuel Miller, Washington, D. C., entered an appearance for intervenor.
Before McGOWAN, ROBINSON and WILKEY, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by ROBINSON, Circuit Judge.
WILKEY, Circuit Judge, concurs in the result.
SPOTTSWOOD W. ROBINSON, III, Circuit Judge:
Faulkner Radio, Inc., appeals from an order of the Federal Communications Commission denying renewal of its license to operate a radio station.1 The challenge to the Commission's decision is rested on several grounds, including the claim that the Commission erred in attaching greater weight to the testimony of two parties who are lawyers, simply because they are lawyers, than to the testimony of opposing witnesses. We find that ground dispositive of the appeal, and remand the case to the Commission for reconsideration.
* On November 27, 1967, Radio Carrollton, a partnership consisting of two practicing attorneys, Hollis B. Johnson and William P. Johnson, filed an application for a permit to construct and operate a standard broadcast station in Carrollton, Georgia. Faulkner Radio, the licensee of Station WLBB, an existing standard broadcast facility in Carrollton, petitioned for denial of Radio Carrollton's application, questioning the applicant's financial and character qualifications as well as its ascertainment of community needs. Radio Carrollton's response tendered an affidavit by Hollis Johnson averring that Robert M. Thorburn, vice-president of Faulkner Radio, had admitted to him during a telephone conversation that the petition to deny had been filed for the purpose of delaying proceedings on the application. Thorburn, in turn, submitted a counter-affidavit disputing the substance of the statements attributed to him.
Over the next three years, there were numerous amendments to the application and supplements to the petition to deny. These generated additional character issues, and questions concerning the availability of an antenna site for Radio Carrollton and its compliance with the Commission's rules. Although Radio Carrollton's application for a construction permit and Radio Faulkner's later application for renewal of its license were not mutually exclusive from an engineering standpoint, and thus could both have been granted,2 the Commission felt that the factual disputes "inextricably connect(ed) the applications" and consolidated them for a hearing "to permit an orderly resolution of the questions presented."3 Among the issues which the Commission designated for hearing were:
. . . (W)hether Radio Carrollton has complied with the provisions of section 1.65 of the Commission's rules4 by keeping the Commission advised of substantial and significant changes as required by section 1.65, and, if not, the effect of such noncompliance on its basic qualifications to be a Commission licensee.
. . . (W)hether Radio Carrollton misrepresented itself to the Commission pertaining to the availability of the land owned by O. S. Whitman as an antenna site, and if so, what effect such conduct has on the basic qualifications of Radio Carrollton to be a Commission licensee.
. . . (W)hether Faulkner Radio, Inc., filed its petition to deny for the purpose of delaying the processing of Radio Carrollton's application, and, if so, what effect such conduct has on the basic qualifications of Faulkner Radio, Inc., to be a Commission licensee. . . .
. . . (W)hether Faulkner Radio, Inc., or Radio Carrollton misrepresented itself to the Commission in its affidavit submitted concerning the conversation between Robert M. Thornburn (sic ) and Hollis B. Johnson, and if so, what effect such conduct has on the basic qualifications of either applicant to be a Commission licensee.
. . . (I)n light of the evidence adduced pursuant to the foregoing issues, whether a grant of the Radio Carrollton application and/or renewal of the Faulkner license would serve the public interest, convenience, and necessity.5
At the hearing, on May 14-16, 1973, before an administrative law judge, conflicting testimony was presented as to the content of the telephone conversation between Thorburn and Hollis Johnson. According to Johnson, Thorburn called and apologized for raising questions concerning Johnson's character, and said that because of Faulkner Radio's financial problems it needed to retard the granting of Radio Carrollton's application.6 On the other hand, Thorburn maintained that the discussion occurred only in the context of his explanation to Johnson that the petition to deny probably would not lead to defeat of Radio Carrollton's application but rather to delay by several months. Thorburn further testified that he had not offered any apology for the attack on Johnson's character qualifications.7
Evidence concerning the availability of land owned by O. S. Whitman for an antenna site for Radio Carrollton was likewise contradictory. Thorburn submitted a document in the form of an affidavit signed by Whitman stating that he had informed the Johnsons that the property on which they held a by-then expired option would not be available for the antenna site.8 That was significant because if Radio Carrollton knew that and did not notify the Commission thereof, it would have been guilty of misrepresentation and of violating the Commission's rules.9 According to the Johnsons' testimony, however, Whitman had first told them that the land would be available despite expiration of the option,10 and later had advised them that it might not be available but that he wanted to check with his son before he made any decision.11 The Johnsons further claimed that they learned definitely that the land was not available only through the document brought forth by Thorburn.12
The parties also presented divergent testimony on Thorburn's role in the filing of a grievance by one Loyd Madden against Hollis Johnson with the local bar association.13 Although the Commission had refused to designate this incident as a character issue, the administrative law judge allowed the testimony as relevant to Faulkner Radio's motive underlying the petition to deny.14
The judge released his decision on April 15, 1974, refusing to renew Faulkner Radio's license and granting Radio Carrollton's application for a construction permit.15 The judge resolved all conflicts in the evidence against Faulkner Radio. He found that it had set out deliberately "to mislead and deceive this Commission concerning . . . Radio Carrollton, for the purpose of thwarting or delaying the initiation of a competing broadcast service in Carrollton, Georgia."16 The judge further found that Faulkner Radio
was itself responsible for distortion of the facts in relation to the site availability matter; that the evidence is persuasive, as well as pervasive, regarding Mr. Thorburn's wanton disregard of, and indifference to, the need for accuracy and truth in giving testimony on the so-called Whitman site episode, as well as upon other matters; that it was at least circumstantially apparent that Faulkner, through Thorburn, tried, most irresponsibly, to stir up further enmity against the Johnsons by a disappointed former client of their law firm when Thorburn knew, or ought to have been aware, that the dispute with the client had previously been settled, by seeking, with the help of an "affidavit" and allegations in a pleading, to revive the subject before this Commission; and that the Hollis Johnson version of the crucial telephone conversation he had had with Thorburn on June 20, 1968 must be accepted as substantially accurate and therefore credible, while Thorburn must be held to have either been reckless with the truth or to have wilfully misrepresented the facts in his version.17
Faulkner Radio filed exceptions to the decision. The Commission, after oral argument, affirmed, adopting substantially the administrative law judge's findings of fact.18 Among the contentions in this court is Faulkner Radio's claim that the Commission's decision is pervasively infected by bias outwardly manifested by the judge during the hearing. One aspect of the alleged bias assertedly is the judge's assumption that the Commission indulges a presumption giving greater weight to the testimony of lawyers than that of persons pursuing other callings.19 That the judge may have labored under that impression seems clear, for in his opinion he stated:
It may be said, finally, that there is nothing more precious and vital to a practicing lawyer than his "good name"; that the Johnsons evidently are attorneys of some distinction in Carrollton, Georgia; and that the Commission, thus, has at least a presumptive basis for preferring the veracity of Mr. Hollis Johnson's testimony over Mr. Thorburn's, absent a persuasive justification to the contrary.20
The Commission's decision indicates that it reviewed the record fully and makes plain that it concurred for the most part in the judge's determinations of fact. The Commission also indicated that absent an abuse of discretion by the judge, it would not substitute its judgment as to credibility of the witnesses for that expressed by the judge.21 Consequently, if the judge erred by according superior weight to the veracity of the lawyer-witnesses solely because they are lawyers, the decision of the Commission incorporates that error. And the likelihood, though not absolute certainty, that the judge pursued a legally impermissible course demands at a minimum an administrative reevaluation of the evidence.
Findings of fact by the Commission must be accepted by the courts when supported by substantial evidence in the record considered as a whole.22 Beyond that, credibility resolutions by administrative law judges are entitled to great weight on judicial review of agency action.23 Neither type of determination can stand, however, when predicated upon a material error of law.24 We think that such an error inhered in the judge's treatment of the Johnsons' version of the disputed events if it was favored merely because they are lawyers. We think, too, that at the very least there is more than enough doubt on that score to require a remand of this case to the Commission.
As Dean Wigmore has observed in a related context, "it can be said that there are no rules, in our system of Evidence, prescribing for the jury the precise effect of any general or special class of evidence."25 And while the principles governing use of evidence in administrative tribunals are not wholly congruent with those obtaining in the courts,26 administrative no less than judicial rulings must respect standards of reason and fair play.27
If the trier of fact automatically credits or repudiates testimony of a witness simply because he is one of a group pursuing a particular vocation, the normal burden of proof is in some wise altered, and arbitrarily so.28 When one party's witness is preferred for that reason alone, the opposing party is summoned to produce additional evidence sufficient to overcome the presumptive weight bestowed upon that witness. And since membership in a general class may or may not reflect on an individual member's veracity,29 there is necessarily an impingement upon the full and fair hearing that Congress has mandated30 "a hearing . . . essential for wise and just application of the authority of administrative boards and agencies."31 We do not suggest, of course, that the discretion of administrative law judges or agencies in assessing credibility on the personal qualities of witnesses is in any way to be curtailed. We say only that by what seemingly was a class-presumption applied in this case, Faulkner Radio may have been deprived of an opportunity to have its evidence objectively considered.
The precise point we stress would appear to many as self-evident, and perhaps that explains why it apparently has not heretofore been squarely addressed in a reported decision. Nonetheless, we are not without support in precedent. In Milton Broadcasting Co.,32 the Commission, in a license renewal proceeding, concluded that an administrative law judge had been influenced in judging credibility by his sympathy for the poor physical condition of the owner of the licensee, and thereby had shifted the burden of proof from the licensee to the Commission's Broadcast Bureau.33 Though indicating its reluctance to substitute its own findings on credibility for those of the judge, the Commission realized that it would be "derelict in (its) statutory duty" to accept findings by the judge which conflicted with evidence in the record.34 To recite the Milton holding is not to intimate a view as to whether the judge's credibility resolutions here are unsupported by the evidence as in Milton. That decision is one for the Commission in the first instance.
We may look also to our own decisions requiring trial judges, on request, to inquire on voir dire examination of prospective jurors as to whether any of them would attribute more weight to the testimony of a police officer, just because he is a police officer, than they would give to the testimony of another witness.35 "(W)hen important testimony is anticipated from certain categories of witnesses, whose official or semi-official status is such that a juror might reasonably be more, or less, inclined to credit their testimony," we have said, "a query as to whether a juror would have such an inclination is not only appropriate but should be given if requested."36 While those cases do not dictate specifically that jurors who answer in the affirmative must be excused for cause, that is the implication of the logic of the decision in those cases. We cannot believe that the result here should differ merely because the proceeding is civil in nature and the presumptive bias favors members of the bar instead of police officers.
We also draw support for our view from a comparatively recent case in the Third Circuit. In United States v. Thompson,37 the court held that a judge was required to disqualify himself when it was averred that he was personally biased against a class of defendants those convicted of violating the selective service laws. The defendant and his attorney had supplied pretrial affidavits charging that the judge had stated that it was his policy to "sentence all violators to thirty (30) months in prison if they are good people," and to four and a half years if they were black militants.38 Deeming this class bias, the court concluded that it was sufficient to call for recusal.39 We recognize, of course, that disqualification of the judge was mandated by a statute not applicable here,40 but that is beside the point. The fair hearing contemplated by Congress demands as much as the disqualification statute does; as we have declared,
an administrative hearing (which is) of such importance and vast potential consequences must be attended, not only with every element of fairness but with the very appearance of complete fairness. Only thus can the tribunal conducting a quasi-adjudicatory proceeding meet the basic requirement of due process.41
In the case before us, the administrative law judge noted the undoubted value of a lawyer's "good name"42 and the apparent fact that the Johnsons bore "some distinction" in Carrollton.43 The judge did not limit these considerations to circumstantial interplay as factors pertinent to credibility, however, but ruled on the premise which he attributed to the Commission that there was "at least a presumptive basis for preferring the veracity of Mr. Hollis Johnson's testimony over Mr. Thorburn's, absent a persuasive justification to the contrary."44 These pronouncements are certainly readable in combination as the expression of a view that the testimony of Hollis Johnson, a lawyer, was for that singular reason surrounded by a presumption entitling it to a preferred status over the testimony of a layman. At the bare minimum, one cannot say with even the slightest degree of confidence that the judge's ruling which the Commission unreservedly adopted was not bottomed on that predicate. Whichever way the judge's explanation is interpreted, then, a remand for reconsideration is necessary to assure that Faulkner Radio's evidence is evaluated without the impediment of a presumption of veracity indulged an opposing lawyer-witness solely because he happens to be a lawyer.
Because the case must return to the Commission for new findings of fact, we feel compelled to make known, for guidance of the Commission, our concern as to the ambiguity of the Commission's findings with respect to motivation underlying Faulkner Radio's petition to deny, and with some of the implications of the Commission's discussion of strike petitions.
The Commission has heretofore held that where one of the purposes of a license application is "the obstructing, impeding, or delaying of a grant of another application," the former is a strike application and its filing "places in jeopardy the authorization for the existing station which is the intended beneficiary of the strike application."45 The Commission has further stated that
(t)his policy obtains even if the intention to obstruct, impede, or delay is not the sole reason for participation and even if the strike applicant intends to build and operate the proposed station if his application is granted.46
In Pressley v. FCC,47 we noted that "(t)hese words are not a model of clear and complete statement which will give adequate prior notice of a standard by which conduct can be measured,"48 and we called upon the Commission to develop regulations to provide guidance to licensees.49 In response to our decision, the Commission identified an essential ingredient of strike applications.50 "To be considered a 'strike' application," the Commission said, "the motive or purpose principal or incidental must be to obstruct or delay another application."51 The Commission also set forth some criteria for determining whether an application is or is not a strike application: "(1) the timing of the application, (2) the economic and competitive benefit occurring from the application, (3) the good faith of the applicant, and (4) questions concerning a frequency study."52
Although these guidelines were established for use in evaluating applications, the Commission, starting with the instant case, has begun to utilize them to similarly evaluate petitions to deny.53 The administrative law judge concluded that "Faulkner Radio, Inc. had filed its Petition to Deny, not for a praiseworthy purpose of bringing pertinent information concerning its adversary to the Commission's attention bearing on the public interest but instead for the invidious or underhanded purpose of delaying the processing of Radio Carrollton's application . . . ."54 The Commission, in turn, applying the strike-application criteria to Faulkner Radio's petition, concluded that it was a strike petition.55 More particularly, with respect to Faulkner's good faith, the Commission held:
(1) The Thorburn-Holey correspondence of May, 1968 indicates that Thorburn was then in fact contemplating a strike application. The fact he never filed such application is immaterial, for, as the Judge determined, such contemplation would indicate Thorburn's state of mind at the time as bent on delaying (Radio Carrollton's) application. (2) Also in May, 1968, Thorburn misrepresented to Whitman the supposed legal action the Johnsons contemplated respecting the antenna site, thereby securing Whitman's written statement adverse to the Johnsons.56 But, the evidence shows, Whitman had not then actually declared the site unavailable. (3) The next month, Faulkner filed its petition to deny. Based on Thorburn's experience in filing a similar petition in the Slidell proceeding,57 raising identical types of issues (i. e., ascertainment of needs, financial and character) as those in the Carrollton petition, Faulkner knew or should have known the petition would probably delay (Radio Carrollton's) application considerably. And, as already mentioned, the character allegations of the petition centered about the Madden dispute, which Thorburn knew or should have known had already been settled.58 (4) Hollis Johnson's version of the crucial June 20, 1968 telephone conversation . . . attributed to Thorburn, inter alia, an account of Faulkner's financial difficulties and the unprofitability of radio ventures, and the statement that the petition to deny had been filed to obtain four or five months' delay.59 (5) Thorburn then sought to obtain a non-competition covenant from Cohen, then a key employee of Faulkner in Carrollton.60 This action plainly was designed to prevent (Radio Carrollton) from obtaining experienced staff in Carrollton should it receive a grant. (6) And finally, Thorburn apparently encouraged Madden to file a complaint against Hollis Johnson with the local bar grievance committee on which, as Faulkner itself points out, the committee advised Madden and the Commission it lacked authority to act.61 The committee further informed Madden if he wanted to pursue the matter he should contact either the county grand jury or the Georgia State Bar. The presumed lack of any merit to Madden's grievance is indicated by the fact there is no evidence Madden ever did so.62
Assuming arguendo that these findings were bolstered by substantial evidence in the record,63 they might support the conclusion that a substantial reason for presentation of the petition to deny was an illegitimate objective. But, the Commission, unlike the administrative law judge,64 declined to specifically find that a purpose to impede, obstruct or delay was the primary or even a substantial reason for the filing of the petition. Relying on its strike-application policy, the Commission declared that
the evidence clearly demonstrates Faulkner did file a strike petition. Plainly, one of Faulkner's purposes was to obstruct, impede and delay the grant of (Radio Carrollton's) application. It is unnecessary to find this was Faulkner's sole or even primary purpose in order . . . to put its license in jeopardy.65
Our concern stems from this refinement, which leaves open the possibility that a licensee jeopardizes its license when it tenders a petition to deny for bona fide public-interest reasons but it also has an incidental perhaps even a distinctively minor purpose to retard progress on another's application. Such a policy might well have a chilling effect on the submission of petitions to deny by competitors those most likely to bring an applicant's deficiencies to the Commission's attention.66 The Commission seemingly has recognized this difficulty since in a recent opinion designating for hearing the question of a licensee's motive in filing a petition to deny, it said:
While we in no way intend to cast a chilling effect upon the filing of applications, petitions to deny or other pleadings by licensees against competitors or potential competitors, we will not hesitate to take appropriate and necessary action where information comes to our attention which indicates that a licensee may have filed in bad faith i. e., to block, impede or delay the grant of another application.67
We are not persuaded that the Commission will not "cast a chilling effect" if it fails to clarify the standard it will apply in evaluating petitions to deny. Nor are we satisfied that a chill is avoidable so long as the Commission proposes to penalize licensees on the basis of its analysis of their subsidiary motives. Congress has conferred standing upon interested parties to enable them to convey information bearing on the qualifications of licensees and potential licensees to the Commission.68 Any policy which would seriously inhibit this vital flow of intelligence might be inconsistent with the congressional mandate, and injurious of the public interest as well.
A decision by the Commission subsequent to its disposition of this case, however, suggests that its intent may not be that an incidental motive to delay or impede will turn an otherwise bona fide, well grounded petition to deny into a strike petition. In Gill Industries,69 the Commission refused to find an abuse of process, holding that "the mere existence of an ulterior economic motive in the filing of pleadings before this Commission is not sufficient to establish abuse of process without the exacerbating factors present in, e. g., Radio Carrollton. . . ."70 The Commission took pains to describe the conduct of Faulkner Radio that resulted in its conclusion in the present case:(T)hat decision was based on, inter alia, the nature of the prosecution and delaying tactics as well as the petitioner's financial interest in preventing the institution of a competing service. . . . (Faulkner Radio's) tactics were designed to delay the proceeding, including unwarranted delay in the filing of petition to enlarge issues, filing of a false affidavit, attempts to stir up already settled local litigation, and attempts to convey a false impression.71
This characterization of Faulkner Radio's activities suggests that the Commission may have believed that illegitimate purposes associated with the presentation of the petition were substantial or even crucial, and that any service to the public interest was minimal. That rationalization is not supplied by the Commission's decision in this case, however, and thus cannot be considered on this review. On remand, the Commission will be well advised to clarify its policy on strike petitions and, if it finds Faulkner Radio's petition to be of that character, to specify the precise basis for that conclusion.
The order appealed from is vacated, and the case is remanded to the Commission for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Vacated and remanded.
Radio Carrollton, 52 F.C.C.2d 1173 (1975)
When two or more applications for broadcasting licenses are mutually exclusive, they must be considered and resolved together; the Commission may not first grant one and then hear the other or others. Ashbacker Radio Co. v. FCC, 326 U.S. 327, 66 S. Ct. 148, 90 L. Ed. 108 (1945); James River Broadcasting Corp. v. FCC, 130 U.S.App.D.C. 210, 211, 399 F.2d 581, 582 (1968)
Radio Carrollton, 38 F.C.C.2d 68, 69 (1972)
Section 1.65 of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. § 1.65 (1976), provides in relevant part:
Each applicant is responsible for the continuing accuracy and completeness of information furnished in a pending application or in Commission proceedings involving a pending application. Whenever the information furnished in the pending application is no longer substantially accurate and complete in all significant respects, the applicant shall as promptly as possible and in any event within 30 days, unless good cause is shown, amend or request the amendment of his application so as to furnish such additional or corrected information as may be appropriate.
Radio Carrollton, supra note 3, 38 F.C.C.2d at 74-75
Joint Appendix (J.App.) 135-137, 157-158, 162, 176-178; Radio Carrollton, 52 F.C.C.2d 1187, 1192 (1975)
J.App. 218-224, 346-350; Radio Carrollton, supra note 6, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1192-1193
At the hearing, Thorburn testified that Whitman had not deposed before a notary and thus the document was not really an affidavit. He further testified that Whitman had not been sworn when he signed the document. J.App. 264-266
See note 4 supra
J.App. 75
J.App. 126
Thorburn claims that Hollis Johnson coerced Madden into signing a deed in payment for legal fees. Johnson denied any impropriety in the transaction. J.App. 181-185, 191-195, 204-208, 280, 352-363, 372-374, 382-385
Radio Carrollton, supra note 6, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1200 n.14. The Commission declined to designate the matter as a character issue because neither the bar association's grievance committee nor the bankruptcy judge handling Madden's case had found impropriety on Johnson's part. Radio Carrollton, supra note 3, 38 F.C.C.2d at 70
After the May, 1973, hearing, the Commission enlarged the issues on Faulkner Radio's petition, and further hearings were held on January 15-18, 1974, on the question whether one Al Cohen had a hidden one-third ownership interest in Radio Carrollton. Radio Carrollton, 43 F.C.C.2d 472, 475 (1973). The Johnsons denied that Cohen ever had any interest in the station, J.App. 84-87, 1113-1115, 1118-1123, 1133, 1138, 1143-1144, 1156, 1161-1163, 1171-1187, as did Cohen, J.App. 981-1094. Faulkner Radio produced several witnesses who avowed that they were told that Cohen did have such an interest. J.App. 694-696, 756-793, 804-817.
Radio Carrollton, supra note 6
Radio Carrollton, supra note 6, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1221
Faulkner Radio also claims that the judge demonstrated bias against it by blaming it for the delay in the handling of Radio Carrollton's application
Radio Carrollton, supra note 6, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1223. The judge also found that Thorburn's testimony was marked with inconsistencies and evasiveness, which in the judge's view provided a basis for disbelieving his testimony. Id. We cannot be certain, however, that the judge would have reached the same conclusions with respect to credibility had he not decided to give preference to the testimony of the lawyer-parties
Communications Act of 1934, ch. 652, § 402(e), 48 Stat. 1094, as amended, 47 U.S.C. § 402(e) (1970). See FCC v. WOKO, Inc., 329 U.S. 223, 226, 67 S. Ct. 213, 215, 91 L. Ed. 204, 207 (1946); Johnston Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 85 U.S.App.D.C. 40, 46, 175 F.2d 351, 357 (1949)
The power of administrative law judges to render initial decisions does not mean that the Commission is "relegated to the role of (a) reviewing court ( ) (which) sustain(s) fact finding of courts of first instance unless clearly erroneous." Lorain Journal Co. v. FCC, 122 U.S.App.D.C. 127, 131, 351 F.2d 824, 828 (1965) citing FCC v. Allentown Broadcasting Corp., 349 U.S. 358, 364, 75 S. Ct. 855, 859, 99 L. Ed. 1147, 1154 (1955). The Commission's decision must be upheld when it is supported by substantial evidence in the record even if there is also substantial evidence to support the contrary decision of the judge. Lorain Journal Co. v. FCC, supra. The Commission also possesses authority to reject credibility assessments of the judge. Cf. Retail, Wholesale & Dep't Store Union, AFL-CIO v. NLRB, 151 U.S.App.D.C. 209, 215-216, 466 F.2d 380, 386-387 (1972)
See Victor Prods. Corp. v. NLRB, 93 U.S.App.D.C. 56, 59-60, 208 F.2d 834, 838-839 (1953); Breeden v. Weinberger, 493 F.2d 1002, 1010 (4th Cir. 1974). See also D.C. Transit Sys., Inc. v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Comm'n, 151 U.S.App.D.C. 223, 243, 466 F.2d 394, 414, cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1086, 93 S. Ct. 688, 34 L. Ed. 2d 673 (1972); Jefferson Standard Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 305 F. Supp. 744, 748 (W.D.N.C.1969)
1 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 26 at 401 (3d ed. 1940)
See generally 2 K. Davis, Administrative Law §§ 14.01 to 14.17 (1958)
See cases cited supra note 24
As to the burden of proof in Commission proceedings, see § 309(e) of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 309(e) (1970)
The witness' occupation may in given situations be a factor bearing on his credibility. Wilson v. State, 31 Ala.App. 21, 11 So. 2d 563, 566 (1942), cert. denied, 243 Ala. 671, 11 So. 2d 568 (1943); State v. Owen, 73 Idaho 394, 253 P.2d 203, 208 (1953); State v. Swisher, 364 Mo. 157, 260 S.W.2d 6, 12 (1953). But the fact that the occupation is respectable even exalted does not of itself elevate the witness' testimony above that of any other reputable witness
The profession of a preacher does not necessarily invest a man with that purity of morals which renders him more scrupulous in declaring the truth than another man; for it sometimes happens, that even the members of that sacred vocation are overpowered by the temptations to vice. That a witness is a preacher, ought, if proved, to be stated to the Jury, that they may judge how far that circumstance entitles his testimony to additional weight; but even then a Jury would draw their conclusions from his individual character, and its correspondence with his profession, rather than from the profession itself. The instruction given in this case can only be sanctioned by assuming the position, that a preacher ex vi termini, denotes a person whose evidence is entitled to greater weight than that of another man: whereas, a preacher whose life and profession are at variance, is less entitled to confidence than another man, since to his other vices he adds that of hyprocricy; and he who could impiously aim to deceive the Deity, would not scruple to mislead his creatures.
Sneed v. Creath, 8 N.C. 309, 312 (1821). Compare Flynn ex rel. Chin King v. Tillinghast, 32 F.2d 359, 360 (D.Mass.1929), rev'd on other grounds, 38 F.2d 5 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 281 U.S. 768, 50 S. Ct. 467, 74 L. Ed. 1176 (1930) (race); Bliss v. Bliss, 161 Mo.App. 70, 142 S.W. 1081, 1082 (1912) (sex); Barefoot v. Lee, 168 N.C. 89, 83 S.E. 247, 248 (1914) (sex); Texas Employers Ins. Ass'n v. Haywood, 153 Tex. 242, 266 S.W.2d 856, 859 (1954) (race).
In § 309(e) of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 309(e) (1970), Congress provided for hearings where "a substantial and material question of fact is presented or the Commission for any reason is unable to make the finding specified in" § 309(a) that the public interest, convenience and necessity will be served by a grant of the application. The Supreme Court has held that in § 309(e) hearings "every party shall have the right to present his case or defense by oral or documentary evidence, to submit rebuttal evidence and to conduct such cross-examination as may be required for a full and true disclosure of the facts." United States v. Storer Broadcasting Co., 351 U.S. 192, 202, 76 S. Ct. 763, 770, 100 L. Ed. 1081, 1090 (1956)
34 F.C.C.2d 1036 (1972)
Id. at 1043-1045. In license renewal proceedings, the licensee shoulders the burden of proving that renewal is in the public interest. Communications Act of 1934, § 309(a), (e), 47 U.S.C. § 309(a), (e) (1970)
Milton Broadcasting Co., supra note 32, 34 F.C.C.2d at 1045
Salley v. United States, 122 U.S.App.D.C. 359, 361, 353 F.2d 897, 899 (1965); Brown v. United States, 119 U.S.App.D.C. 203, 204-205, 338 F.2d 543, 544-545 (1964); Sellers v. United States, 106 U.S.App.D.C. 209, 210, 271 F.2d 475, 476 (1959). Accord, Chavez v. United States, 258 F.2d 816, 819 (10th Cir. 1958), cert. denied, sub nom. Tenorio v. United States, 359 U.S. 916, 79 S. Ct. 592, 3 L. Ed. 2d 577 (1959) (dictum)
Brown v. United States, supra note 35, 119 U.S.App.D.C. at 205, 338 F.2d at 545. We also noted that not every failure to put the question necessarily leads to reversal, but that "the issue turns on the degree of impact which the testimony in question would be likely to have had on the jury and what part such testimony played in the case as a whole." Id. Since in the present case the administrative law judge's decision depended on resolution of the conflicting testimony of the lawyer- and nonlawyer-witnesses, an announced preference for the veracity of lawyers' testimony would clearly constitute fundamental error
483 F.2d 527 (3d Cir. 1973)
Id. at 528
Id. at 528-529. Since the court held that recusal was mandated by virtue of the alleged bias against those convicted of violating the selective service laws, it did not reach the question whether recusal was also required because of claimed bias against black militants. Id
28 U.S.C. § 144 (1970) provides in pertinent part:
Whenever a party to any proceeding in a district court makes and files a timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any adverse party, such judge shall proceed no further therein, but another judge shall be assigned to hear such proceeding.
Amos Treat & Co. v. SEC, 113 U.S.App.D.C. 100, 107, 306 F.2d 260, 267 (1962)
See text supra at note 20
Asheboro Broadcasting Co., 20 F.C.C.2d 1, 3 (1969)
141 U.S.App.D.C. 283, 437 F.2d 716 (1970)
Id. at 288 n.5, 437 F.2d at 721 n.5
Id. at 288-289, 437 F.2d at 721-722
Grenco, Inc., 28 F.C.C.2d 166, 167 (1971)
Radio Carrollton, supra note 1, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1178. See, e. g., State College Communications Corp., 58 F.C.C.2d 462 (1976); Gill Indus., 56 F.C.C.2d 765, 769 (1975)
Radio Carrollton, supra note 1, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1178-1179. Although the Commission in another case has indicated, in discussing Faulkner Radio's petition, that one factor in its decision was the volume and timing of the seven supplements to Faulkner's petition, Gill Indus., supra note 53, 56 F.C.C.2d at 769, we note that the Commission declined to find in its decision on Faulkner's petition that the supplements were filed for the purpose of delay. Radio Carrollton, supra note 1, 52 F.C.C.2d at 1179 & n.14. That finding would seem necessary since the Commission held that most of Faulkner Radio's supplements came in response to amendments to Radio Carrollton's application. Id
See text supra at notes 8-12
One year before filing the petition to deny Radio Carrollton's application, Faulkner Radio submitted a similar petition against an applicant for a Radio station in Slidell, Louisiana. J.App. 347
See notes 13-14 supra and accompanying text
See text supra at note 6
See note 14 supra
See Part II supra
Competitors have been granted standing before the Commission and the courts because "such persons might well be the only ones sufficiently interested to contest a Commission action." United Christ Church v. FCC, 123 U.S.App.D.C. 328, 335, 359 F.2d 994, 1001 (1966) citing FCC v. Sanders Bros. Radio Station, 309 U.S. 470, 477, 60 S. Ct. 693, 698, 84 L. Ed. 869, 875 (1940). Cf. Eastern R.R. Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127, 139, 81 S. Ct. 523, 530, 5 L. Ed. 2d 464, 472 (1961) ("it is quite probably people with . . . a hope of personal advantage who provide much of the information upon which governments must act")
State College Communications Corp., supra note 53, 58 F.C.C.2d at 466
See note 66 supra. Cf. Johnson & Dystel, A Day in the Life: The Federal Communications Commission, 82 Yale L.J. 1575, 1617 (1973)
Supra note 53
Gill Indus., supra note 53, 56 F.C.C.2d at 769. The Commission may, however, be drawing a distinction between petitions filed for purposes of delay and those accompanied by other types of ulterior economic motive, since in Gill the Commission pointed out that there were no allegations that the petition there was prompted by any desire to delay
DocketNumber: 75-1568
Citation Numbers: 557 F.2d 866
Commission v. Sanders Radio Station , 309 U.S. 470 ( 1940 )
FCC v. WOKO, Inc. , 329 U.S. 223 ( 1946 )
FCC v. Allentown Broadcasting Corp. , 349 U.S. 358 ( 1955 )
United States v. Storer Broadcasting Co. , 351 U.S. 192 ( 1956 )
Eastern R. Conf. v. Noerr Motors , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 )
Jamal Yas Taha Al-Karagholi v. Immigation and ... , 409 U.S. 1086 ( 1972 )
Victor Products Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board , 208 F.2d 834 ( 1953 )
Blas Chavez, Jr. v. United States of America, Nonie Tenorio ... , 258 F.2d 816 ( 1958 )
Donald v. Sellers v. United States , 271 F.2d 475 ( 1959 )
Amos Treat & Co., Inc. v. Securities and Exchange Commission , 306 F.2d 260 ( 1962 )
Ronald R. Brown v. United States , 338 F.2d 543 ( 1964 )
the-lorain-journal-company-v-federal-communications-commission , 351 F.2d 824 ( 1965 )
Norman Salley v. United States , 353 F.2d 897 ( 1965 )
office-of-communication-of-the-united-church-of-christ-aaron-henry-robert , 359 F.2d 994 ( 1966 )
james-river-broadcasting-corporation-v-federal-communications-commission , 399 F.2d 581 ( 1968 )
Vernon E. Pressley v. Federal Communications Commission. ... , 437 F.2d 716 ( 1970 )
retail-wholesale-and-department-store-union-afl-cio-v-national-labor , 466 F.2d 380 ( 1972 )
D. C. Transit System, Inc. v. Washington Metropolitan Area ... , 466 F.2d 394 ( 1972 )
United States v. Evan Alexander Thompson , 483 F.2d 527 ( 1973 )
Minnie Florence Breeden v. Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary ... , 493 F.2d 1002 ( 1974 )
United States v. Nancy Baker and William James Reeder , 638 F.2d 198 ( 1980 )
Contemporary Mission, Inc., Appellant-Cross-Appellee v. ... , 671 F.2d 81 ( 1982 )
Hudson C. Millar, Jr., and James Jerdan Bullard v. Federal ... , 707 F.2d 1530 ( 1983 )
Cleveland Television Corporation v. Federal Communications ... , 732 F.2d 962 ( 1984 )
Southern Pacific Communications Co. v. American Telephone ... , 740 F.2d 980 ( 1984 )
united-states-v-severo-d-espinosa-federico-c-atucha-antonio-niebla , 771 F.2d 1382 ( 1985 )
United States v. Bert Lancaster, United States of America v.... , 96 F.3d 734 ( 1996 )
Teresa McEwen v. Dept. of Safety ( 2003 )
McEwen v. Tennessee Dept. of Safety , 173 S.W.3d 815 ( 2005 )
Nodd v. State , 549 So. 2d 139 ( 1989 )
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene v. Shrieves , 100 Md. App. 283 ( 1994 )
Anderson v. Dep't of Public Safety , 330 Md. 187 ( 1993 )
In Re Grievance of Muzzy , 449 A.2d 970 ( 1982 )


text:
Hogwarts Enrollment
In the course of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry The characters from Harry Potter and his friends attend the school. The Wizarding World universe features the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft & Wizardry as its primary setting. It is a fictional British boarding school for children aged 11-18.
The Hufflepuffs may not be the most well-known of all the houses, however they have left a lasting impression on Harry Potter's world. The Hufflepuffs are known for its kindness, loyalty and willingness to help. They are hardworking and dedicated. They are known for being the house of the best wizards and witches.
Newt Scamander, a Hufflepuff is one of the most important characters from the Harry Potter franchise. He was a brilliant magizoologist and was loved by everyone. When he was detained and given the death penalty, he never became angry. He remained calm and focused and fought to get out of the situation.
During the first year at Hogwarts students are assigned an appropriate house according to their characteristics. The Sorting Hat does the heavy lifting, placing students into the best House to test them. It's a great way to discover your strengths and weaknesses.
The Sorting Hat is imaginative and magical. It was invented by J.K. Rowling and pays tribute to the magician's hat which was owned by Godric Gryffindor. It also serves to determine which students will be placed in Hogwarts Houses by the Founders of Hogwarts.
The Sorting Hat can be used to determine the house a student should live in. It is able to read the wearer's thoughts and respond to their thoughts. It can even speak to them. It also helps determine which House the student is a member of, and to present the Sword of Gryffindor to those who are worthy of it.
During Harry's time at Hogwarts, the Room of Requirement played a important role in the Harry Potter series. Aside from the fact that it provided Harry with his first (and last) Horcrux and a horcrux, it also served as the location where Voldemort's lost diadem was kept. The Room of Requirement was so obscure that it took Dumbledore almost a year to unravel its dark history.
The room also contains a number of odd-looking artifacts like the Sorting Hat, which is an ancient artifact. The hat also boasts an legilimen that utilizes legitmization to read minds. While this is a trickier task than most wizards would like you to believe it is being performed by a select few.
Salazar Slytherin founded Slytherin. The founder of Slytherin was known for being ambitious and self-protective. Slytherin was also known for being selfish and vicious. In reality, Slytherin produced the most Death Eaters.
The common room of Slytherin was located below the Black Lake, and had rough stone walls and silver lamps that hung from the ceiling. It is well-known for its stunning views of the surrounding mountains.
Slytherin was a noble House and Gryffindor was well-known for its competition with Slytherin. Hufflepuff, the least noble of the four houses was known for its virtues of loyalty, patience, and hard work.
Hogwarts is the place where all students reside during the academic year. Students live in dormitories, and can sleep in large four-poster beds. Students are taught by professors. There are House tables, where students are able to socialize. There are also notice boards in strategic locations within the school.
Whether you're a Harry Potter fan or just interested in the world of magic that Harry Potter is a part of, the Library at Hogwarts has a lot to offer. It is not just house to tens of millions of books, but it also contains an area that is accessible only to students who have signed permission. This section is located on the lower floor.
The library is divided into five stories, each with bookshelves. The first story is the main room which is illuminated with natural light from stained glass and stained-glass windows. The ceiling is a whopping 65 feet high.
The headmaster's office is located on the second floor. It also houses the Charms classroom. The Reading Room is located on the third floor. This is the only room in the library that is silent. It is the home of rows of study tables, covered with red-carpeted walls. Located under the study tables are electrical outlets.
The Deathly Hallows, despite its reputation as a novel of fantasy, is an actual story of three former Hogwarts students that are in hiding from Voldemort at Godric's Hollow. The plot centers around the final battle between Harry Potter and Voldemort.
This is the seventh book in the Harry Potter series, and is the final chapter in the boy wizard's story. It was published by Bloombury Publishing Company on July 21, 2007, and was translated into 120 languages. It is the most viewed ever fantasy series with more than 500 million copies sold worldwide.
The book also contains five short stories. A majority of these stories are connected to the Deathly Hallows story.
Hogwarts, a magical school for young wizards, is located in the Scottish Highlands. Established in the 10th century it was established to safeguard wizards from Muggle persecution. Hogwarts is among the most famous private boarding schools in Britain. The Forbidden Forest surrounds Hogwarts, also known as the Dark Forest.
Hogwarts is full of secrets. Some of these secrets are kept from view like the Chamber of Secrets. Other places are well-known and frequently used like the Leaky Cauldron restaurant and Gringotts Money Exchange.
The Chamber of Secrets was constructed by Salazar Slytherin, who was a student at Hogwarts. It was designed to cleanse the school of students who were born in the wizarding world. Voldemort believed that he had won the final battle and was planning to take all Hogwarts students into Slytherin. But he passed away before he could carry out his plan.
The Chamber of Secrets is deep beneath Hogwarts' school. It also serves as the home to the ancient Basilisk. When Dumbledore's army is betrayed by the enemy, the Chamber is left open. It has floor cushions to use defensive spells as well as Dark Detectors. The Chamber also houses an embodied memory of Tom Riddle, who was killed by Harry Potter.
The Chamber of Secrets is also home to two serpents, in the solid wall of the Room. They have eyes that are emerald. They are believed to have been summoned by Tom Riddle. They can also grow the Devil's Snare which is a large snake that is a threat to anyone who enters the Chamber. The Chamber is also home to the snake-scratching tap. Fang is a massive boarhound that is black is resident in the Chamber. He is more friendly than Mrs. Norris.
The dungeon is home to the Slytherin dormitory. The room is green and has carvings on the armchairs. It is also home to an idol of Salazar Slytherin. The room is furnished with green lamps and an eerie green glow.
The Hufflepuff dormitory is a cozy, sunny room with low ceilings. The plants hang from the ceiling. It also has a large space for gathering. The badger is the House animal. The badger is believed to symbolize the family gathering. Nearly Headless Nick is also a ghost that haunts the house.
There are several shortcuts that can be utilized to get from the school to the castle. These aren't always readily accessible, however. They are usually hidden behind tapestry or by a secret entrance. These shortcuts can only be accessed by House members. Behind barrels lies the secret entrance to Hufflepuff. The barrel is also under spell so tap the barrel in rhythm to let the slimy chute.
The Dark Room is the place where Dumbledore's Army meets. It is also where the battles take place in the Harry Potter series. It is also where Dumbledore makes his argument for Harry's protection. It also contains floor cushions for defensive spells and also volumes of Defence Against the Dark Arts.
There are also secret entrances to four House dormitories. These secret entrances are kept from view from the outside and require the use of a password. These entrances are only used by members of the House.
Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Wizard's Chess Building Set 76392
Hogwarts Houses Traits Quiz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mitch McConnell offers non-deal deal

The Washington Post reports that Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell is pitching a non-deal on the debt ceiling.

July 12, 2011, 7:23 PM UTC
The Washington Post reports that Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell is pitching a non-deal on the debt ceiling. The proposal is fairly far into the legislative weeds, but it involves having President Obama ask for a request in the debt ceiling, which Republicans would reject. President Obama would veto the rejection, and Republicans would let the veto stand.
Producer Mike Yarvitz forwards this rough verbate of Senator McConnell talking to reporters just now:
We would authorize him to request of us that we raise the debt ceiling for the amount he says he needs ... the way it would work is the legislation would authorize him to get to the amount he says he needs-- based upon the advice of his Secretary of the Treasury-- in three tranches. The first tranche $700 billion, the second tranche $900 billion, the third tranche $900 billion. Once the request is made, it would be appropriate in either or both houses for a resolution of disapproval to be taken up on an expedited procedure ... if the resolution of disapproval achieved a majority, it would go down to him where he could either sign it or veto it. My assumption is that he would veto it. And that veto would be sustained by one-third plus one in either of the houses. That's the way it would work....We would not give him unilateral authority to cut spending on his own, but we would require him to specify cuts he would make, if he could, commensurate with the amount that the tranche is asking for ... this is not my first choice. My first choice is to get an agreement with the President to significantly reduce spending. And we're going to continue to talk to them about that in the hopes that we can get there, because that's what we think is the single biggest problem ... [but] what we're not going to be a party to in the Senate, I'm pretty confident, is default. And the only way you can get an agreement that actually achieves something is when the President signs it. To actually reduce spending requires not just Republicans, but a Democratic Senate and a Democratic President. And we're still hoping to achieve spending reductions that he will sign. That's my first choice.
Senate Republicans would be able to pass three separate resolutions of disapproval, the Washington Post reports. They'd also get $2.5 trillion in proposed spending cuts -- the Biden deal, in essence, or at least the Biden cuts. And they wouldn't have to take the heat for Social Security checks not going out if the government can't pay its bills, which President Obama suggested could happen. The Republicans would win what's there for them to win. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid says he's open to considering Mr. McConnell's idea.
In the other chamber, Ezra Klein's got House Majority Leader Eric Cantor's slideshow for the Republican caucus. Plus: Think Progress says it's really 12 chances to blame the president for everything.
Way more on the show, of course. After the jump, the Senate rules about resolutions of disapproval.
What producer Mike's reading on Senate.gov:
The Congressional Review Act of 1996 established expedited (or "fast track") procedures by which Congress may disapprove a broad range of regulatory rules issued by federal agencies by enacting a joint resolution of disapproval. For initial floor consideration, the Act provides an expedited procedure only in the Senate. (The House would likely consider the measure pursuant to a special rule.) The Senate may use the procedure for 60 days of session after the agency transmits the rule to Congress. In both houses, however, to qualify for expedited consideration, a disapproval resolution must be submitted within 60 days after Congress receives the rule, exclusive of recess periods. Pending action on a disapproval resolution, the rule may go into effect, unless it is a "major rule" on which the President or issuing agency does not waive a delay period of 60 calendar days.If a disapproval resolution is enacted, the rule may not take effect and the agency may issue no substantially similar rule without subsequent statutory authorization. If a rule is disapproved after going into effect, it is "treated as though [it] had never taken effect." If either house rejects a disapproval resolution, the rule may take effect at once. If the President vetoes the resolution, the rule may not take effect for 30 days of session thereafter, unless the House or Senate votes to sustain the veto. If a session of Congress adjourns sine die less than 60 days of session after receiving a rule, the full 60-day periods for action begin anew on the 15th day of session after the next session convenes.


†Instant discount applies to the full version of Adobe Photoshop Elements 15 and Adobe Premiere Elements 15 as well as the Adobe Photoshop & Premiere Elements Bundle software. Pricing is available only through the online Adobe Store. OEM, education and volume licensing customers are not eligible. Offer valid from 4th January, 2016, until 9th January, 2017. Savings are limited to one discount per customer. This offer and prices are subject to change without notice. Void where prohibited by law.


The government in South Ossetia claims Georgia has reconnected water supplies to Tskhinvali in order to flood the war-ravaged city.
The breakaway republic's head of Press and Information, Irina Gagloeva, says the plan is to inundate the city, to drive the remaining residents out of cellars and basements where they've taken shelter. She says the decision to switch on the city's water is very strange in the current context.
Georgia controls both the water and gas supply to South Ossetia. Tbilisi cut the water supply more than a month ago and the city is without gas.
Three days of Georgian shelling have left the breakaway republic's capital in ruins and without energy. Supplies of food and water are also running out.
Meanwhile, a convoy of Russian aid has reportedly crossed the Russian-South Ossetian border and is heading to Tskhinvali.


text:
Ozzy Osbourne's Wife Sharon Reveals Husband Is in Good Spirits Amid Parkinson's Disease Battle
By Busayo Ogunjimi
Sharon Osborne, the wife of legendary English singer Ozzy Osbourne, has opened up about her husband's health and their way of dealing with the new reality.
In a recent interview, 67-year-old Sharon gave updates on Ozzy's Parkinson's disease condition. She explained that they've both been self-isolating with their family and have been unable to leave the U.K.
Ozzy revealed that he had Parkinson's earlier this year. In an interview at the time, the frontman of heavy metal bank Black Sabbath explained that he found out last February after he suffered a nasty fall.
Kelly Osbourne, Ozzy Osbourne, Sharon Osbourne and Jack Osbourne at The Grosvenor House Hotel on September 28, 2015. | Photo: Getty Images
Osbourne also pointed out that he had been taking treatments and that he was optimistic. As he said, Parkinson's isn't a death sentence. While he might have some bad days, he's been taking care of himself quite well.
Sharon seemed to have the same sentiment in her latest interview. However, she also pointed out that the novel coronavirus forced them to push Ozzy's health checkup in Switzerland, back. In part, she said:
"Unfortunately, you know, Switzerland closed all the borders. We'll get there, though. Hopefully, we'll get there later on in the summer."
Sharon also pointed out that Ozzy is doing rather well. She added that the entire family is in good spirits, and being together has helped a lot.
Sharon has continued to work as a co-host of The Talk on CBS. While the Osbourne family continues to stay in self-isolation, she still has that at least.
Jack added that regardless, he wouldn't let the virus kill his father.
Sharon hasn't been the only Osbourne to give health updates on Ozzy's situation. Some of the music icon's children have also chimed in.
Back in March, Kelly, Ozzy's second child, highlighted that her dad had developed a case of cabin fever. Since he had been at home for a while, he had become somewhat bored and restless. However, Ozzy is still feeling great as he had recently undergone surgery in Panama. Kelly added:
"...He wants to get up. He wants to do things. He wants to be part of the world again."
Sharon Osbourne Stayed with Ozzy Despite 'a Lot' of His Infidelities — They Have Been Married for 39 Years Now
Ozzy & Sharon Osbourne's Daughter Wanted Nothing to Do with Their Lifestyle & Left Home
Sharon Osbourne's 1st Daughter Left Home at 16 & Her Sister Faced 'Dark Path' after Family's Reality Show
Jack, Ozzy's first son, also recently reiterated his commitment to caring for his father. The younger child, who hosts his TV show, "Portals to Hell," explained in an interview that Ozzy had become a full-on news consumer.
Given the legendary singer's famously wild past, it was a bit ironic to see him just staying home. Jack added that regardless, he wouldn't let the virus kill his father.
We at news.AmoMama.com do our best to give you the most updated news regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, but the situation is constantly changing. We encourage readers to refer to the online updates from CDС, WHO, or Local Health Departments to stay updated.Take care!
NCIS' Ice-T Waited Only 2 Months to Marry 20-Years-Younger Coco Austin After Ozzy Osbourne Inspired Him
Is Kelly Osbourne Pregnant with Her First Child?
Did Kelly Osbourne Have Plastic Surgery? The Singer Faced the Fans on Her Journey to Self-Love
Ozzie Nelson's Wife Harriet Gave up Career When She Fell in Love & Wanted a Family with Him before They Wed
Ozzie & Harriet Nelson's Family Faced 'Huge Discrepancy' between Their Real Life & On-Screen Portrayal
Kelly Osbourne Is Expecting Baby with Friend of 23 Years Sid Wilson after 2 Failed Engagements
Ricky Nelson Was His 4 Kids' "Best Friend" - Meet His Talented Lookalike Children & Their Big Families
Ricky Nelson's Son Called Mom 'Dragon' Who Didn't Let Him See Family — Uncle Mark Harmon Came to Rescue
Michael J Fox Was 'Isolating' Himself From Wife of 34 Years & Kids - She Helped Him to Become Part Of Family Again
Ricky Nelson's Will Left 4 Kids Almost Nothing & They Became Successful Following in His Footsteps
Old Man Is Banned from Granddaughter's Wedding after His Kids Finds Out He Works as a Janitor – Story of the Day
'60 Minutes' Lesley Stahl Never Stops Supporting Her Husband of 44 Years Fighting Parkinson's Disease
Loretta Lynn Fought for Her Beloved Husband Though He Called Other Women into Their Bed
Rich Man Arrives at Hotel, Faints as He Sees His Wife Working as a Maid There — Story of the Day
Charles Jordan Agreed to Meet Wynonna Judd Yet Never Got the Chance


text:
Horizont Radio or Хоризонт (Horizont) in Bulgarian is a state-owned Bulgarian radio station, specialising in news coverage from Bulgaria. It is the most popular radio station in Bulgaria and it is part of The Bulgarian National Radio Network. Horizon Radio is considered the most independent media in Bulgaria with news and comments from around the nation. It has an extensive network of correspondents in every big city in Bulgaria, ready to report when the news breaks. The programme plays much music from all genres but prominence is given to the latest in the pop charts. The motto of radio Horizon is "Quick and in-depth".

History

Horizon Radio is part of the Bulgarian National Radio. The Bulgarian National Radio (Българско национално радио, ; abbreviated БНР, BNR) is the state-owned national radio network of Bulgaria. It was founded on 30 March 1930 as Rodno radio ("Native radio") by a group of intellectuals. Broadcasting began in June the same year. Off Air on 261 kHz Vakarel Transmitter on Longwave as from 2 jan 2015

BNR has two radio stations in Bulgarian, Horizont and Hristo Botev, as well as a world service called Radio Bulgaria broadcasting in 11 languages (Bulgarian, Russian, English, German, French, Spanish, Serbian, Greek, Albanian, Turkish and Arabic). All stations are also available online.

News coverage
Horizon Radio broadcasts news bulletins on top of the hour with extensive news programmes at 12 pm, 7 pm and midnight. The bulk of the interviews and comments come in mornings and evenings, so that almost everyone in country tunes in first thing in the morning for the latest news. The programme also offers sports news and has a weather forecast every three hours live from the meteorological office.

Music
Horizon Radio is notable for the wide range of music it plays. While most commercial stations concentrate on a particular theme, such as 1980s music or "classic rock", Horizon plays a diverse mix of current songs, including independent/alternative, rock, house/electronica, drum 'n' bass, world, pop and rap. In recent years the radio has attracted many teenage listeners because of the quality music the radio plays.

Notable shows

"12+3" kicks off at 12 o'clock and ends at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, hence the name. It's the most popular radio programme in Bulgaria. The show offers pop music, live interviews and comments. The presenters are often young and witty giving the programme a youthful sound.
"A Jump Ahead" kicks off at 7 am and finishes at 10 am concentrating on live interviews and debates.
"Horizon For You" airs listeners' announcements about weddings, birthday parties etc.
"Sunday 150" is broadcast Sundays from 10 am to 12 and is dedicated exclusively to politics.

Broadcast frequencies
Coverage in Bulgaria on FM sorted by frequency.

Horizon Radio is also available on as a web stream. See link below.

See also
Eastern Bloc information dissemination

External links

Horizont at LyngSat Address

References

Eastern Bloc mass media
Radio stations in Bulgaria
Longwave radio stations
Radio stations established in 1930
News and talk radio stations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Vue.js - Loading alternative component when dynamic variable does not exist I've been struggling with this for a few days and was hoping for a graceful way of handling dynamic URLs with no data.
I have the following routes:
const router = new VueRouter({
  routes: [
    {path: '/product/:slug', component: Product},

    {path: '/404', component: PageNotFound, alias: '*'}
  ]
});

In the Product component, I have an object of products and, depending on the slug variable, load the product to show.
The issue i'm having is when the URL is a slug that does not exist in the products dataset. I would like to load the PageNotFound component, without updating the URL.
Is this possible? It would be nice to have a consistent 404 page throughout the app and would also be good for me not to have to repeat myself with a v-if in the product table.
The closest I've got to it is this:
if(!product) {
    this.$router.replace({path: '/404', query: {product: this.$route.params.slug}});
}

However, this updates the actual URL which is not very good UX.
Any clues?

A: You could conditionally render your PageNotFound component in Product.vue if the query returns no results, and then not have to fiddle with your router at all.

A: Thanks to Kyle pointing me in the right direction, this is what I came up with.

Becuase I am being slightly unorthodox and using server-side components and JavaScript, I already had my page not found component loaded - which looks like this:
const PageNotFound = {
  name: 'PageNotFound',

  template: `

404 Page Not Found

Head back to the <router-link to="/">home page</router-link> and start again.

`
};

I made sure the PageNotFound.js file was loaded in the HTML before my product component, so I was able to do the following:
const ProductPage = {
  name: 'ProductPage',

  template: `

{{ product.title }}

    <page-not-found v-if="notFound"></page-not-found>

`,

  components: {
    PageNotFound
  },

  data() {
    return {
      notFound: false
    }
  },

  computed: {
    product() {
      let product;

      if(Object.keys(this.$store.state.products).length) {
        product = this.$store.state.products[this.$route.params.slug];

        if(!product) {
          this.notFound = true;
        }
      }

      return product;
    }
  }
};

Things to note in the above:

*

*Data is being loaded asynchronously, hence the check to see if products exist

*The PageNotFound component is loaded in - this is ES6 for PageNotFound: PageNotFound - Vue then automatically makes a <page-not-found></page-not-found> element

*That element then has a v-if which gets triggered. As the first container would not be in existence if there is no product, only the 404 component is displayed

*I don't do it based on product, as you would get a flash of the 404 if the product data was still loading via an API.

*It's better practice to have the URL params as props (see docs), which I will be doing at some point!

To conclude, this allows you to show a consistent 404 page throughout your SPA (single page application) while maintaining URLs with dynamic routes. It allows you to load another component or show another component without updating the URL and also lets you have a wildcard 404 for dynamic routes.
Hope that all makes sense and helps someone in the future and saves them from wasting ~4 hours of trial, error and googling. (and yes I have "keyword" and phrase stuffed this answer to help someone find it...)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All Classes are taught privately and are approximately 60 mins. Except the Introductory class which is a little longer. Why Privates? With private classes we are able to really zero-in on the training you need. No time is wasted listeneing to other people's issues and waiting around. Classes are scheduled for your convenience. What may take weeks in a group class may be accomplished in half the time. Classes can begin immediately. We have found our clients prefer privates vs. group classes as the one-on-one interaction saves them time and money.
Introduction Class $65 held at Doggywood, $90 held at your home. Approximate time 75 mins.
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Great Doggy Package $275. 5 classes held at Doggywood, $375 at your home.
Star Doggy Package $400. 8 classes at Doggywood, $560 at your home.
It is never too soon to start training. Catch the early weeks of your dog's life for proper training and care. Get an introduction to the fundamentals of having a great dog. This class covers all your questions about your new little buddy.
Does your dog need some manners? Does he jump all over people, run out the door and never come when you call him. Learn how to teach your dog how you want him to behave.
Do you have children? Grandchildren? Do you have a new dog or puppy? This class is focused on teaching the entire family how to treat, train, handle  and  behave safely around your new family member. Children of all ages are encouraged to attend. Adult supervision is required.
You can teach an old dog new tricks. Teach your dog, or other animal, some new behaviors. Not only is it a fun thing to do but  these clicker based classes can really boost your dog's self-esteem, promote quicker learning and can help reduce unwanted behaviors by providing important mental stimulation.
Does your dog pull you everywhere? Learn how to have a nice walk with your dog with a loose leash.
This is for dogs that act aggressive towards other dogs or people. By using Desensitization and Counter Conditioning we can help you work with your dog to stop/reduce these behaviors.
At Doggywood or at your home. Some problems are a quick fix, some are not. Let's meet to discuss your issues with your dog. An introduction class might be all you need. If it's something that will need more time we will devise a plan to fit your needs and expectations.
The trainer will come to your house and train your dog while you are away or at work. Usually several times a week and then a mandatory lesson with the owner.
The trainer will come to your house and walk/train your dog to walk nicely on a leash.
animal actor to get hired.
Once a year we have free auditions to see if your dog/animal has what it takes to become part of our animal talent agency.Call for dates. There is no cost to join the Agency. Or you can make an appointment for a private Audition. Cost is $30. Some training tips will be discussed and your questions answered about Animal Acting. Time is approximately 30 mins. Call for more details.
We will provide animals  that are comfortable, trained, talented and safe. Trainers are prepared and professional. We follow the guidelines of the American Humane Association.
If you have more than one dog you want to work with, bring them. $25 additional cost per dog. It is recommended each dog have it's own handler.
Not to worry because with Private classes we customize your class to your exact need.
All dogs should come to class on a leash, (no retractable leashes) a treat bag, a regular collar or harness and plenty of treats. Current proof of pets vaccinations. A dog bed or mat if you want. If your dog is a picky eater try waiting to feed their meal after class or half of it. Choke, pinch, shock collars are not allowed. We will provide you with a clicker.
Tasty, moist and small. 1-2 cups. Tiny cut up pieces(size of a pea) of hot dogs, chicken, cheese, carrots, dog food rolls, freeze dried treats are often great. A variety of treats is even better. Just make sure you bring something  that is small and your dog really goes bonkers for! What if I don't have the time to get treats? Call ahead and the trainer can have some prepared for you. Cost is $5.00. Are you worried your dog will get fat? Don't worry this is just for motivation for learning. After your dog has mastered the new behavior, treats can/will be weaned out.
These can be found at most pet stores. We also have some really good ones for you to purchase at your class. $25.


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The Shamen were an experimental acid house/techno band, initially formed in Aberdeen, Scotland by Colin Angus (b. 24 August, 1961), Derek McKenzie (b. 27 February, 1964), Keith McKenzie (b. 30 August, 1961) and Peter Stephenson (b. 1 March, 1962) in 1985 as a psychedelia-influenced indie rock act. They found underground credibility as an acid house act and a pioneer of the dance/rock crossover, before moving on to international commercial success with Ebeneezer Goode and the Boss Drum album.
The Shamen were preceded by Alone Again Or, the Love-inspired name under which they recorded their first singles. After their name change, further singles picked up airplay from John Peel. Released in June 1987, The Shamen's first album Drop illustrated their love of 60s psychedelia, with influences such as Love, Pink Floyd and the 13th Floor Elevators.
By mid-1987, frontman Colin Angus was discovering the sounds of early house music pioneers such as S-Express and M/A/R/R/S and increasing his knowledge of the latest studio gadgetry. By September 1987, the Shamen were applying these techniques to their own music, mixing rock guitars, techno and hip-hop rhythms and sampled radio voices to create the prototype rock-dance sound which was to prove so influential to other indie dance groups like Pop Will Eat Itself, Jesus Jones and EMF. However, the newfound sound proved too radical for co-founder and vocalist Derek McKenzie, who the left the band in late 1987 to study at university. The Shamen were suddenly one crucial player short. Help was at hand in the charismatic form of Will Sinnott (23 December, 1960 - 23 May, 1991), who joined the group in October 1987, on bass and keyboards, freeing up Colin Angus to handle vocal and guitar chores.
Knature of a Girl was the first record by the Shamen to feature Sinnott, but it wasn't until June's Jesus Loves Amerika single that the techno influence began to show. By this stage, Angus and Sinnott had become hooked on the acid house movement taking place in London, and its music and clubs were to exert a massive influence on the pair. Keith McKenzie and Peter Stephenson were less impressed by these new developments, and left the group the following summer, after the January 1989 release of the In Gorbachev We Trust album, which saw the group further enhancing their sound.
Angus and Sinnott relocated to London, allowing them to start afresh, and plunge headfirst into the emerging rave scene. 1989 was to be a busy year. They set out on their legendary Synergy tour, a nightclub experience combined with live music from The Shamen and others and DJing from the likes of Mixmaster Morris. The tour was to last nearly two years. They also released the Phorward mini album, a genre-defining release in the history of the acid house movement.
Their third album, En-Tact, was released in 1990, and it spawned the hit singles Move Any Mountain, Hyperreal and Make It Mine. Also notable was the appearance of rapper and DJ Mr. C (real name Richard West). The transformation into a successful rave act was complete.
In May 1991, The Shamen headed to Tenerife to film a video for Move Any Mountain. On May 23, Sinnott drowned in an accident off coast of La Gomera. However, with the Sinnott family's encouragement, the group decided to continue.
With Mr C now a full member of The Shamen, and Jhelisa Anderson providing guest vocals, the Boss Drum album followed in 1992. The LP featured a noted spoken-word collaboration, Re:Evolution with Terence McKenna, and The Shamen's biggest and most controversial hit: Ebeneezer Goode. Ebeneezer Goode was accused of promoting drug use owing to the refrain "Ezer Goode, Ezer Goode" - homophonic with "E's are good" ("E" being slang for the dance drug ecstasy) - and to double entendre drug references throughout the song. This echoed similar references in previous songs such as Synergy's "M D M A-zing... we are together in ecstasy". Despite - or maybe because of - the subsequent storm of publicity, the song stayed at the top of the UK charts for 4 weeks.
Although the single was a commercial hit, it was considered a 'novelty record' and severely impacted on the 'underground' credibility of the band. Subsequent singles such as Boss Drum and Phorever People were chart hits, but some long term fans believed they paled in comparison to earlier singles.
However, The Shamen's new mainstream popularity enabled them to release an unusually large number of remix singles, EPs, and LPs during the Boss Drum era, including the Face EP, the S.O.S. EP, and the On Air and Different Drum albums. On Air featured a series of popular tracks from En-Tact and Boss Drum as performed live on BBC radio; Different Drum was a remix album containing alternate versions of every track from Boss Drum. The tracks Boss Drum, LSI (Love Sex Intelligence), Phorever People, Ebeneezer Goode, and Re:Evolution were all released as singles in their own right.
Axis Mutatis in 1995, with new vocalist Victoria Wilson James replacing Jhelisa Anderson, did not make as much of an impact. Early special editions of this album featured a bonus disk, Arbor Bona Arbor Mala, a bizarre ambient album. The Shamen continued recording into the late 1990s, releasing two additional LPs with an increasingly experimental bent. Their penultimate studio album, the instrumental Hempton Manor, followed an acrimonious split with their label One Little Indian. It is alleged to have been recorded in seven days to conclude the recording contract with One Little Indian, and the first letter of each track spell out F**k Birket, referring to label founder Derek Birket, who wanted the group to move back into more commercial territory. UV, in 1998, was their last album. UV was released independently and marked a return to form with both modern techno production and classic Shamen song structures. Mr C. has since continued as an inspiring house DJ and become a successful night-club owner.
acid housebig beatelectronichardcore technohip house
The Shamen tracks
The Shamen videos


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One of the main objectives of the WORTH Partnership Project is to encourage and facilitate cross-boarder collaborations between various sectors within the creative industry in an effort to establish partnerships that include cross-disciplinary factors, creating innovative products and services that have never been seen before.
With applicants coming from a vast number of COSME European-countries with backgrounds in design, manufacturing or technology, the end products that are being developed by winning partnerships are a result of an amazing blend of culture, specialisation and collaboration. We believe that encouraging this way of working is the path towards a more sustainable and positive future for the creative industry within Europe but also the world as a whole.
This is a concept that is not exclusive to with WORTH Partnership Project however, and it is a very prominent movement occurring within the creative industry. It can be seen through designers teaming together to produce limited edition collections of revolutionary fashion or tech firms collaborating with designers to establish products of great beauty that can also benefit our lives through innovative functions.
All of our amazing winning partnerships include collaborations between vastly different partners that have come together to create unique and innovative outcomes. This can be seen in the partnership of Adbuse + Geoband Geoband + Castellari for example. Adbuse from Spain specialises in unique leather bags, Geo Band who are also from Spain are a technology company that creates wearables and hardware and Castellari from Italy operate in the leather-working market. They have come together to create a collection of bags called Edbora which merges together traditional crafting techniques with modern tracking technologies. What this demonstrates is how well-established companies can come together and share their knowledge and skills to create something truly unique and innovative.
With the movement of the fourth industrial revolution, the desire to create and innovate is more prominent than ever and we believe that the key to successfully inventing something that is original and beneficial to the end user is through an exchange of ideas and skills through collaboration.


Young professional beginning to do audio.
How reliable are the timecode generators for Tentacle Syncs? Would it be safe to use in a multi-camera setup if three cameras are hardwired to mixer generating timecode while the fourth camera is using a jammed Tentacle Sync? Thanks for any insight and help.


GRAFFEO CRAVATTE is family and artisan company, 20 years experience and competence Our products are a limited craftmanship productions . Some productions are limited edition single pieces 100% handmade.
Our Brand deals with the production of Standard Ties, Knot Ties, Patchwork Ties, Foulards, Bowtie & Pochette.
Graffeo Cravatte is the brand that identifies our company, founded at the beginning of 1992 in Sicily. Our activity deals with the production of ties, bow ties, plastrons, scarves and ascot of different kinds, adaptable to any occasion, but above all aimed at satisfying the various needs of our vast clientele. Our interest is mainly focused on the quality of our products and the care of their packaging; that is why, in fact, we select only classy fabrics, making them unique pieces thanks to the fine and refined handwork we use. The goal of our company, whose growth over the years has been exponential, is to offer the utmost professionalism and seriousness to our customers, so as not to avoid their expectations. At our office you will also find highly qualified personnel, perfectly able to clarify and satisfy all your needs.
EXCLUSIVE FABRICS AND ITALIAN DESIGN (MADE IN SICILY) Our ties are made with high quality fabrics, in dyed, in yarn and jacquard. Our ties have always been made by hand. The use of exclusively artisan production criteria allows us to obtain a limited production of valuable and exclusive collections that represent a real cult. The search for the best fabrics, combined with the use of the most ancient working techniques, make our ties a noble and precious artifact, created expressly for the most demanding customers.


he ever-popular Alan Ayckbourn has this time produced a spine-chilling thriller. Set in the mysterious garden of a decaying country house complete with an eerie summerhouse and off-stage tennis court, this scary play features two contrasting sisters and the nurse of their late father.
Full of suspense, murder, blackmail and mayhem this is a tremendous treat not to be missed.


It's coffee & mince pie time at Jewels!
Pop along to Jewels Art & Craft Centre in Bedford Square on Wednesday afternoons the 4th, 11th & 18th December between 2pm and 4pm for free teas, coffees & mince pies. A warm welcome for everybody!


I know I've been very quiet this month but I've been working on myself and what I want in my life. Also, holidays are either a super happy time for me... or they are a reminder of what I've lost. The fact that I have both sides of the coin gives me a certain perspective on different things we take for granted and the fact that we should all 'seize the moment'. My family IRL might be frustrating to deal with most of the time, but there are those moments that I wouldn't trade for a second. Those are the moments I cling onto whenever I get frustrated or mad at them, those are the moments I hope will give me a light into a very dark world.


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Q: Finding the Area of an Ellipse using the Formula I'm preparing for the ACTM Sate contest, and I stumbled across this problem. I've never learned how to decipher equations like this, so could someone explain what these equations mean and how to solve this problem?
The area of an ellipse is calculated using the formula $A = \pi*a*b$, where a is half the length of the major axis of the ellipse and b is half the length of the minor axis of the ellipse. What is the area enclosed by $9x^2 + 25y^2 + 72x - 250y + 544 = 0$?

A: $$9(x+4)^2+25(y-5)^2=144+625-544=15^2$$
$$\implies\dfrac{(x+4)^2}{(15/3)^2}+\dfrac{(y-5)^2}{(15/5)^2}=1$$
Can you recognize $a,b$ here?
The equation for the area of an ellipse is $A=\pi ab$

You can see that $a$ is the horizontal radius, and $b$ is the vertical radius.

A: There is no $xy$ term but there are linear terms, so this ellipse is unrotated, but is translated from standard position. We can find the center by differentiating: $$\nabla(9x^2+25y^2+72x-250y+544)=\langle18x+72,50y-250\rangle=0,$$ therefore the center is at $(-4,5)$. Translating will eliminate the linear terms from the equation while leaving the coefficients of the quadratic terms unchanged, and the new constant term can be found by plugging the center coordinates into the left-hand side of the ellipse's equation: $$9(-4)^2+25(5)^2+72(-4)-250(5)+544=-255=-(15)^2.$$ The equation of the ellipse can thus be rewritten as $$3^2(x+4)^2+5^2(y-5)2=15^2,$$ and we can find $a$ and $b$ by dividing by the right-hand side of this equation: $a=15/3=5$ and $b=15/5=3$.


2018 Website Sponsors – Thank You!
RCM's Rotating Sponsors help ensure we have the resources to go beyond being a good Club to being a great Club. If you are interested in having your company's logo on our website and on the pre-program PowerPoint, please contact the Rotary office. At $600 a year, it's a great value!


The city of Kissimmee, Florida is located on the banks of Lake Tohopekaliga in central Florida. The city is just south of Orlando, making it conveniently close to the many theme parks in the area. Being in the center of the state, Kissimmee also has great access to all of the major highways that run through the state. Kissimmee is a wonderful place for families wishing to live close the excitement of Disney World, Sea World, and other theme parks, without living in the big city of Orlando.
The city was incorporated in 1883. There is no universal agreement as to the meaning of the name "Kissimmee", but most experts agree that it is a Native American word. The area saw a great deal of growth after Hamilton Disston purchased the land for 25 cents an acre. Population continued to increase through the land boom of the 1920s, and the land was sustained by its citrus industry. Later the land saw additional growth with the building of Disney World in the 1970s.
Kissimmee has many great qualities that bring families to the area. Families have over 20 options for elementary schools ranging from public to private, as well as a range of excellence middle and high schools. Several of the high schools in the area feature the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, a prestigious program recognized by most universities in the world. The city also features many family-friendly parks and activities. The city is home to the 32-mile biking trail known as the Shingle Creek Regional Trail.
The city of Kissimmee is a wonderful place to live and work. With low prices for real estate, great schools, and easy access to all of the major highways, this city is a jewel in the middle of Florida.
If you're looking for qualified property managers, association managers, or real estate agents in Kissimmee we can help. We specialize in connecting community associations, rental properties, and real estate owners with qualified property managers and brokers in their area. Visit Florida Property Management today to quickly and easily connect with companies in your area.


Is an al-Qaeda Front dominating 3 Million People in North Syria?
Paris (AFP) – The jihadist group now controlling Idlib province in northwest Syria claims to have broken with Al-Qaeda, but analysts say that despite several rebrandings there's no sign it has changed its stripes.
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) sealed its hold on Idlib last week after signing a ceasefire with what was left of rival factions in the region.
Over time, HTS has changed both names and leaders, and statements posted on the internet suggest it had severed ties with Al-Qaeda, the Sunni Islamist terror group founded by Osama bin Laden.
But many experts dismiss such claims as smoke and mirrors, saying the organisation is simply attempting to muddy the waters and confuse intelligence agencies.
Jabhat al-Nusra, the rebel faction which gave birth to HTS, announced in July 2016 it had broken with Al-Qaeda.
But this was just "rebranding while maintaining a secret pledge of allegiance," said Hassan Hassan, who specialises in jihadist movements at the Washington-based Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy.
"Throughout its numerous iterations, HTS has not altered its ideology and is still widely thought to maintain links with Al-Qaeda," Hassan told AFP.
"HTS maintained links with Al-Qaeda's loyalists in northern Syria and even allocated areas and resources for its supposed rivals," he added.
A number of jihadist groups in Idlib still officially pay allegiance to Al-Qaeda, led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, an Egyptian, since Bin Laden's death.
These include Hurras al-Deen, a faction comprising a few thousand jihadists including Syrians and foreign veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
The group also includes members of the Turkestan Islamic Party, a jihadist group dominated by Uighur fighters, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a British-based monitor.
Hurras al-Deen fought alongside HTS when it took control of Idlib from other rebel groups backed by Turkey.
HTS claims more than 25,000 fighters, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
"There are a number of indications suggesting that HTS has only staged its 'break' from Al-Qaeda," Filiu said.
"That's one of the main reasons Turkey failed in Idlib, as it had hoped the so-called 'Syrian' faction of HTS would help neutralise the jihadist elements," he added.
Jabhat Al-Nusra might have sought to distance itself from Al-Qaeda since an association would put its fighters in the cross-hairs for US airstrikes.
"While HTS proclaims that it is an independent entity not affiliated with Al-Qaeda, the organisation grew out of Al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate, Jabhat al-Nusra, following a series of strategic rebrandings," the US-based Soufan think tank said Monday.
"Throughout its numerous iterations, HTS has not altered its ideology and is still widely thought to maintain links with Al-Qaeda," said the research and advisory group, set up by former FBI anti-jihadist agent Ali Soufan.
HTS has extended its administrative hold on Idlib under its so-called "Salvation Government" after years of cultivating grass-roots ties with local residents.
On Monday, Syria's National Coalition, the leading exiled opposition group, branded the HTS a "terrorist organisation," a designation applied by the [twitter account of the closed] US embassy in Damascus since May 2017.
"The core of HTS is Nusra, a designated terrorist organisation. This designation applies regardless of what name it uses or what groups merge into it," the embassy said in a tweet at the time.


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Part of the Series: The African Americans
After 1968, African Americans set out to build a bright new future on the foundation of the civil rights movement's victories, but a growing class disparity threatened to split the black community in two. As hundreds of...
After 1968, African Americans set out to build a bright new future on the foundation of the civil rights movement's victories, but a growing class disparity threatened to split the black community in two. As hundreds of African Americans won political office across the country and the black middle class made unprecedented progress, larger economic and political forces isolated the black urban poor in the inner cities, vulnerable to new social ills and an epidemic of incarceration. Yet African Americans of all backgrounds came together to support Illinois' Senator Barack Obama in his historic campaign for the presidency of the United States.
When he won in 2008, many hoped that America had finally transcended race and racism. By the time of his second victory, it was clear that many issues, including true racial equality, remain to be resolved. Now we ask: How will African Americans help redefine the United States in the years to come?
Sabin Streeter
Henry Louis Gates


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Here's what NASA's next moon lander may look like
NASA received a full-scale mock up.
Our mission to help you navigate the new normal is fueled by subscribers. To enjoy unlimited access to our journalism, subscribe today.
The competition to build the next spacecraft to delivery astronauts to the moon is getting serious. Four months after NASA chose three teams as finalists, one of the teams, led by Jeff Bezos' rocket company Blue Origin, on Thursday delivered a 40-foot tall mock-up lander to the space agency for testing.
The craft was designed by the team of Blue Origin, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Draper—known as the National Team in the moon-landing competition. The other two teams are Elon Musk's SpaceX and Alabama rocket maker Dynetics.
Each group received almost $1 billion and 10 months to develop lander designs. Next year, NASA will decide whether to go forward with one or more of the teams in the hopes of returning humans to the moon by 2024 as part of the Artemis program.
The National Team delivered its full-scale engineering mock up to the Johnson Space Center in Houston so that NASA engineers can determine how well it serves the needs of crew members and give feedback to the companies. The full-scale replica allows NASA to see how easily crew members could load and unload supplies and equipment.
"Physically being able to see, interact, and evaluate a full-up lander in person is critical," Kirk Shireman, vice president of Lunar Campaigns at Lockheed Martin Space, said in a statement. "It will inform our design and requirements earlier in the program allowing us to accelerate our development and meet the 2024 lunar landing goal."
The design has two main components. One module ferries the crew to the moon's surface from a larger ship in orbit. It's based on Blue Origin's previously announced robotic moon lander for carrying cargo. An additional section launches the crew back into orbit around the moon. That portion is based on Lockheed Martin's Orion crew capsule that will be used to take humans into space on other missions.
A team including Blue Origin and Lockheed Martin delivered a full-scale mock up of a proposed new moon landing space craft to MASA for testing.
Courtesy of Blue Origin
The lander also includes components from the team's two other partners. Northrup Grumman is contributing designs from its Cygnus spacecraft for parts of the lander that will propel it from orbit to the moon and Draper is designing guidance and avionics systems.
More must-read tech coverage from Fortune:
'It's clicks versus bricks': Why tech stocks won't be fading anytime soon
Samsung Note20 Ultra review: Why this big phone works for the COVID era
Facebook and NYU researchers discover a way to speed up MRI scans
The U.S. Postal Service is seeking a patent for voting by phone
Electric-vehicle startup Canoo to go public, joining the wave of companies chasing Tesla's success
Tags: Blue Origin, business news, crypto news, cryptocurrency news, economic news, economy news, finance news, forex news, fortune, Lockheed Martin, market news, Northrop Grumman, stock market news, stock news, Tech, testing
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Cabin UP on the McClure Basin, is a year-round vacation rental located just 20 minutes from downtown Marquette, Michigan.
View the amenities, including a lakeside sauna, to see what Cabin UP has to offer. Feel free to contact us with questions.
© Copyright 2017 Cabin UP.


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Nourish Your Child's Spanish Language Learning
By Sunny D. Rivas Tena
Whether it's in English, Spanish, or both, becoming fluent is a long-term project. Babies work on it even in the womb by absorbing their mothers' language sounds (1). The ability to speak and write a language fluently can take many years.
Dual Language learners who are learning English and Spanish have a big task ahead of them. As we've seen, growing up in the U.S. will promote children's English language learning because of its prominence in schools and media. But what about their Spanish? How can you as a parent or caregiver help nourish your child's Spanish language learning?
Speak Spanish with your child (2). Lead by example! Putting in the time and effort to speak Spanish shows your child that Spanish is something to be valued. Speak about little things like the black bird in the blue sky. Speak about big things and talk about your lives.
Be part of community events that celebrate the Spanish language and culture (2). Whether it's joining a Pre-K Dual Language program or attending a Latin/Hispanic culture fair, participating in community events brings the Spanish language to life for your child. Live events are to media as live theater is to recorded performances. Both can be enjoyable, but each offers a different educational experience.
Highlight Spanish. Look for Spanish and you'll soon notice it everywhere. Listen and sing to songs in Spanish (2). Watch shows and movies in Spanish (2). Find the Spanish words written on the labels of toys or groceries. Dine at restaurants where the food originates from Spanish speaking countries. Read Spanish books and magazines digitally or from the library. Welcome Spanish as part of your child's everyday life.
Have fun. The Spanish language learning experience should be positive. Associating Spanish with positive moments will help keep your child engaged and interested in continuing their language journey.
(1) Ferjan Ramirez, Naja. "Why the Baby Brain Can Learn Two Languages at the Same Time." The Conversation, 31 Oct. 2019, theconversation.com/why-the-baby-brain-can-learn-two-languages-at-the-same-time-57470.
(2) Univision. "Becoming Bilingual in Spanish and English: Why Is It Important? What Can Parents Do?" Univision, 1 Nov. 2017, www.univision.com/univision-news/becoming-bilingual-in-spanish-and-english-why-is-it-important-what-can-parents-do.