It's a funny thing about Mondays. Here in my country people have a saying: Even chickens don't lay eggs on Mondays! I guess I always have so many things to do…and in fact, I often go out of my way to program things for Mondays just so I don't fall into the trap of letting its reputation as a weekend spoiler beat me!
I actually enjoy Mondays. My laundry gets done, my hair gets washed (yes, just once a week because it is dry, very curly and very thick…), my sheets get changed and every other week, I get to socialize with people that I serve on a board of directors with for our local Senior Citizens Residence. My do-good facet.
My thoughts at this moment are jumbled. I have so many things I want to get done in the next few hours but the writing muse calls to me and I find myself unable to go from task to task without sitting down at the computer to write a few words before the muse leaves me.
Right now I am working hard to give more dimension to my fictional protagonist who has been largely ignored by me the last six months. I belong to a small writers group and although I was enthusiastic about the character and the group a year ago when we first formed, now time and life have made me place a hold on my emotions. I know a lot of people who put others on a pedestal when they first meet them, it is not something I am predisposed to do. Perhaps it is because my mother rarely took people at face value and unwittingly passed on those lessons to me by way of direct comment or insinuation. I am not sure where I was going with this thinking, maybe a recent comment from one of our small group that we should invite others to join us made me stop and question some motives.
I have been somewhat instrumental for the creation of the group because I stopped publishing a local e-magazine for which some members wrote. I casually mentioned that we could still continue to write, that perhaps a writers group and blog would be a good idea. A member of the group pounced on this and before we knew it we had five members. We recently took a trip together during which some personality clashes were in evidence because of the amount of time we spent together. So today when the suggestion of adding another (or several) writer was mentioned, I am crediting the trip's outcome as the driving force. Even though it is not my desire to add more people (the more people the more it takes to do anything), I will keep my thoughts to myself and listen to the reasons, the people being considered and the opinions of the rest of the group. As we are in a democracy, I think the majority should win. I can (and will) continue to be reserved, something I learned at a young age from my dad. I am happy about that being one of my strong traits: the best word is often the one not spoken.


Founded in 1987, Vilnius Jazz is the oldest annual jazz festival held in Vilnius. It is an exceptional event in Lithuania, providing a broad perspective on contemporary trends in jazz from all over the world. Over the years Vilnius Jazz has earned a reputation of a radical avant-garde festival oriented towards novelty and limit-stretching creativity. The stylistic boundaries of jazz and free improvised music are often crossed and expanded here by offering joint projects with musicians from the academic, ethnic, rock and industrial music backgrounds.
Kazutoki Umezu (Japan), Marc Ducret Trio (FR) and many others. Many international projects have been organised through close collaboration with international cultural institutions and foundations, such as Goethe Institut, British Council, Swedish Institute, Pro Helvetia, US Arts International and Japan Foundation.
Attracting an audience of around 5000 each year, Vilnius Jazz has played a formative role for several generations of jazz fans. It has also to its credit helped develop local players who have then moved onto performing in other European venues and international jazz groups. Vilnius Jazz is also inextricably linked with the development of a distinctive Vilnius jazz school. Recognised as one of the most important signposts in Eastern Europe, Vilnius Jazz remains devoted to nurturing and promoting the living tradition of improvised music in Lithuania. In 2005, it joined the membership of the Europe Jazz Network.
The Festival usually offers a 3-4 day programme of concerts, workshops and jam sessions featuring up to 10 different groups. The coming 25th edition of the International Vilnius Jazz Festival will be held on 11-14 October.


Finally, I Landed Up Doing What I Love The Most!
Many online trading software schemes are available these days. However, only a few of these systems withstand the volatility of the stock market and are able to succeed. Most of the others prove to be inefficient and people outright reject such systems. But it is really difficult to choose a good program suited to our requirement. One of the few trusted online trading systems is QProfit System. This Forex trading software program has been created by an experienced trader himself and helps the investors by providing profitable tips and signals.
The team led by Jerry Douglas, a professional trader himself has worked very hard to create this system. Their focussed hard work helped to make this system an efficient tool that is capable of bringing in profits at amazing rates. The amazing profit margins that this trading system promises and manages to bring in, exceeds the expectations. Even the most experienced traders and brokers cannot boast of such results. Read more to understand and use the program successfully, by following this link, QProfit System review.
Why would you like it?
Many newbies do not venture into the stock market because of the high risks and volatility involved in the business. But here is the answer – QProfit system. This is a trading system, that works online and has a completely automated system that does everything a broker or investor needs to do. It monitors and collects data about the stock prices, currencies in this case, from across the markets. Then it analyses the data to find any changes in the prices and variations that may happen in the near future. Being a computer system it uses the super-fast technology to accomplish all this in a fraction of a second. It can decide about the stocks that should be traded in an instant and it is successful almost 95% of the time.
The process is remarkably simple. You need to register on the website and pay 250$ for registration and fill all the required details. Once a broker is allotted you can start trading and instruct the robot to trade on your behalf. You can choose to set the parameters yourself, like decide the limits of trading, otherwise, it makes sense to permit the system to do everything on its own. Or alternatively, you can place the bets yourself in the manual mode. You do not need to download the program and can use any browser or any device.
This system is distinguished because of its superior technology and amazingly simple interface, which any person can use with confidence and earn money. It is also one of the most accurate and most profitable systems that have many positive testimonials, with people vouching for its efficiency. Do try it once and we are sure that you will be impressed with the easy way of making money.


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Humor Me: Zooey Deschanel, the iPhone and "intelligent assistants"
A list of the most divisive topics in this country could include abortion, capital punishment, gun control and global warming. Actress Zooey Deschanel might fit in there, too.
Deschanel has been in a lot of movies over the last decade, and now she stars in the Fox sitcom New Girl. She's also the star of a Facebook page titled "I hate Zooey Deschanel."
So what's to hate?
Oh, I don't know. Deschanel is obviously talented, and I think her New Girl show is pretty funny. But when you're a 32-year-old who dresses like a 5-year-old, when you have a name that's cutesy enough for a Cabbage Patch doll, and when you seem determined to achieve impossible quirkiness, you're going to be a target.
Of course, none of that really matters for this column. I just needed to provide some background for those who might not know Zooey Deschanel, who is now appearing in an iPhone commercial.
The commercial starts with a close-up of Deschanel standing in her hipster apartment, which includes a piano, banjo, large cowbell, a couple of ukuleles and dozens of old books stacked on a couch. Yep, she's quirky. And perky. And, apparently, unable to look out one of the large windows in her apartment.
"Is that rain?" she asks her iPhone 4S.
"Yes, it appears to be raining," the phone responds.
Specifically, the response comes from Siri, the iPhone's personal assistant. According to Apple's description, "Siri is the intelligent personal assistant that helps you get things done just by asking. It allows you to use your voice to send messages, schedule meetings, place phone calls and more."
And more … such as telling you if the drops of water falling from the sky and landing on the window are, in fact, a sign of rain. Deschanel smiles in wonder as she looks out the window, kind of like a 2-year-old experiencing a car wash for the first time.
"Let's get tomato soup delivered," she says to the phone, saving herself from the complex preparation trifecta of a can opener, bowl and heat source.
The commercial is goofy, but I know the goal is to make it memorable. If Deschanel were using voice commands to do something more substantial, such as pull up her e-mail or add an appointment to her calendar, it wouldn't be as adorably or annoyingly memorable. It's much more interesting to see Deschanel talking to her phone like it's her best friend.
In a lot of ways, technology is now our BFF because it makes things so much easier for us. The Internet has been widely used for less than 20 years, but it's hard to remember life without it. Many people would feel the same about life before 2007, when the iPhone was introduced, followed by Android smartphones. It was only back in 2000 that the U.S. government stopped jamming Global Positioning System signals, allowing the GPS market to blow up to what it is today.
We've come a long way in a short time. But although we have access to more information than ever, we don't always have the common sense when analyzing it. That's why some drivers have followed GPS directions off roads, to edges of cliffs, and onto flooded streets. An ambulance in England, which was set for a 12-mile drive to a hospital, went 200 miles in the wrong direction before the driver noticed a problem.
Wouldn't you get suspicious after 25 miles? Maybe after 50?
Some people say technology makes us dumber, but I just think it makes us mentally lazy. And that's probably another reason the Zooey Deschanel commercial has appeal. The iPhone is amazing in many complex ways, but keeping it simple is best in a world where some would rate a phone or tablet's greatest feature as "ability to play Angry Birds."
Of course, Angry Birds is fun. So are a lot of the things that you can do with smartphones and other technology. It's also fun to have an "intelligent personal assistant" that can help you with all your tomato-soup delivery needs.
But when the rain turns heavy in our lives, we might want to double check our path before an intelligent assistant sends us underwater.
You can use the buttons below to share the column on Facebook or Twitter. You can also sign up to follow @humorcolumn, which tweets when a new column is posted. To receive the columns by e-mail, type your e-mail address in the box under "Follow by e-mail" near the top of this page on the far right. Thanks!
Humor Me: Zooey Deschanel, the iPhone and "intelli...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Post Holocaust memory: Breaking the "Myth of Silence"
Boder, David P. I did not Interview the Dead. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949.
Cesarani, David and Eric J. Sundquist. After the Holocaust: Challenging the Myth of Silence. London: Routledge, 2012.
Diner, Hasia R. We Remember with Reverence and Love: American Jews and the Myth of Silence after the Holocaust, 1945-1962. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Jockusch, Laura. Collect and record!: Jewish Holocaust documentation in early postwar Europe. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Rosen, Alan. The Wonder of their Voices: the 1946 Holocaust interviews of David Boder. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Schwarz, Leo W. The Root and the Bough: The Epic of an Enduring People. New York: Rinehart, 1949.
Dinnerstein, Leonard. America and the survivors of the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
Finkelstein, Norman G. The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering. London and New York: Verso, 2000.
Novick, Peter. The Holocaust in American Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999.
Rosenfeld, Alvin H. "The Americanization of the Holocaust." in Rethinking the Holocaust after Half a Century, edited by Alvin H. Rosenfeld, 119-150. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Shandler, Jeffrey, While America Watches: Televising the Holocaust. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Weissman, Gary. Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Efforts to Experience the Holocaust. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Bauer, Yehuda. My Brother's Keeper: A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1929-1939. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1974.
---. Out of the Ashes: The Impact of American Jews on Post-Holocaust European Jewry. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1989.
Cohen, Beth B. Case closed: Holocaust survivors in postwar America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2007.
Karp, Abraham J. To give life: the UJA in the shaping of the American Jewish community. New York: Schocken Books, 1981.
Kavanaugh, Sarah. ORT, the Second World War and the rehabilitation of Holocaust survivors. London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2008.
Browning, Christopher R. Collected memories: Holocaust history and postwar testimony. George L. Mosse series in modern European cultural and intellectual history. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.
Felman, Shoshana, and Dori Laub. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Greenspan, Henry. On Listening to Holocaust survivors: Recounting and Life History. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998.
Matthäus, Jürgen. Approaching an Auschwitz Survivor: Holocaust Testimony and its Transformations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Waxman, Zoë. Writing the Holocaust: Identity, Testimony, Representation. Oxford historical monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Wieviorka, Annette. The Era of the Witness. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Version 2 id 22831 of this page, updated 26 September 2013 by Rachel Deblinger. Created by Rachel Deblinger.


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If you want to make the world a better place, and you need to look really good doing it, you've come to the right place.
Through compelling design and persuasive communication, Incitement works to elevate progressive campaigns, non-profits and social enterprises. We screen our clients to ensure that they align with our values – only working for those that we believe are helping to build a better world.
Incitement also creates in-house creative campaigns designed to educate the public about important political issues.
Narrative and storytelling
Clients and campaigns:
Gavin Newsom for Governor
Alex Padilla for Secretary of State
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32BJ
NY State Democratic Party
MAYDAY PAC
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Incitement leadership
Rob Arnow
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Rob leads the creative operation, codes the web sites, and has a deep knowledge of political and social change strategy.
He launched his career as a freelance illustrator and designer, doing work for companies including Apple, the Washington Post, IBM and many others. Meanwhile, political activism has always been a central component of his life, and reached its apex when he ran a successful legislative campaign to bring public campaign financing to the San Francisco mayoral race.
For the past several years, his passions have been merged with Incitement. In that time, Rob's been quoted in the New York Times talking about design and typography in political campaigns.
In his spare time, Rob creates paintings, photographs his international travels, and spends time exploring nature.


Your outdoor patio furniture gets a lot of use during the summer months. You will need to make sure that your patio furniture is properly protected from damage if you live in a place that has a cold or wet climate in the winter. You need to know how to protect furniture in storage.
There's a chill in the air because the days are getting shorter. Now that you aren't spending as much time outdoors, it's time to prepare your furniture for the winter months ahead and you need to know how to protect furniture when moving. With outdoor living spaces becoming more popular than ever, most people have at least a few pieces that need to be stored. Even furniture that is treated to be weather-resistant or is under a patio cover needs to be cared for and maintained. You will be able to be enjoy your outdoor living area when spring rolls around and your furniture will be in top shape, spend a bit of time now!


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An Evening with Take 6 at Governors State University's Center for Performing Arts
Take 6, winners of 10 Grammy Awards and 10 Dove Awards, will perform Saturday, December 12 at 8 p.m. at the Center for Performing Arts at Governors State University. Take 6 is a multi-platinum selling a cappella group, beloved throughout the musical universe. These six virtuosic voices unite in crystal clear harmony for an intoxicating brew of gospel, jazz, R&B, and pop. With praise from such luminaries as Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, Brian Wilson, Ella Fitzgerald and Whitney Houston, the multi-platinum selling sextet is recognized as the preeminent a capella group in the world.
Join Take 6 for an evening of holiday favorites including "White Christmas," "The Most Wonderful Time of the Year," "Christmas Time is Here," "Jingle Bells," "You're a Mean One Mr. Grinch," and man more. Tickets are $48/$43/$38 and are available at http://www.govst.edu/About/Center_for_Performing_Arts/. The Center for Performing Arts is located at 1 University Parkway, University Park, IL 60484.


Home Podcasts First Strike First Strike #108 – Getting ready for Ravnica Allegiance!
KYT, Derek, Andy, and Elliot are joined by SCG Leaderboard warrior, and Toronto ex-pat, Tariq Patel, to discuss the fate of KCI in Modern, the strategic importance of taking the draw, and Top 5 Picks for Ravnica Allegiance.
(00:02:21) So where was Tariq Patel in Competitive Magic, when he last lived in Toronto? Does he miss the Toronto Magic scene? How did Tariq come into choosing the Izzet Phoenix deck for the Modern SCG Open in Worcester?
(00:09:29) What will be the fate of the Krark-Clan Ironworks deck in Modern on Monday? Which cards should be hit with the ban-hammer?
(00:25:22) What time of Limited does Tariq like best? What is the best part of Week One Limited? How do you tell when Limited is a play or draw format? Is Guilds of Ravnica a play or draw format?
(00:40:59) Going into Prerelease weekend, what are everyone's top 5 picks from Ravnica Allegiance for constructed? But first, who was voted having had the best picks from Guilds of Ravnica?


With this week's FFwD, I'm reminded of a creamy gnocchi dish I had one summer evening off the Inner Harbor in Baltimore. Now, obviously there's nothing 'Parisian' about the Charm City… but, that gnocchi was incredible. And so is this one.
Check out the other gnocchi dishes around the blogosphere by clicking over to the French Fridays with Dorie site and if you still haven't bought a copy of this gorgeous book, what are you waiting for?! It's STILL on sale from Amazon!
so pretty. afraid mine are going to be blobs in cheese.
I wish I had read the questions section before I made this! I would have avoided a few frustrating mistakes! Your looks delicious!
Yours look gorgeous! And the lacy dinner plate…let's just say I'm running to the store tonight!
Your dish turned out so amazing! It really does look like French mac & cheese! Jealous!!! Great post!
Let's try again – can't type or spell yet this morning!
Your gnocchi looks fabulous! Mine was quite mushy! Your blog is beautiful as well!
Beautiful! I'll have to try the piping technique for the gnocchi next time – yours look much prettier than mine.
Looks great! I wish I had known about the piping bag technique when I made mine. They certainly would have looked better.
Looks terrific!! I agree with the others…the piping bag was a brilliant idea (one I unfortunately didn't have). Perhaps I'll make these again using that method and a nice marinara sauce.
I LOVE how yours turned out, Jessica! They are so very pretty and you don't have all the cream – probably much less fattening and less carbs. I want to try making it again and see if I can get it to come out like yours.
Your gnocchi turned out wonderfully!
So funny that you mention Baltimore – I've only been once, but I really loved that city. The gnocchi look terrific! I've never made gnocchi but I bet Dorie's recipe would be a good place to start.
Your gnocchi looks so decadent and delicious! I'm going to have to give this one a try!
Jessica, I love the way your gnocchi turned out. And yes, it does look as though you've made grown-up Mac'n'Cheese — always a good thing.
Your little gnocchi are fabulous! Well done!
Your gnocchi are just perfect! I love how cheesy they look. This was such a fun recipe to put together, I also used the squeeze and cut method and it worked so well, what a great suggestion!
Stunning-makes me really sad I missed this recipe this week. You did a fabulous job.
Jessica, your gnocchi is beautiful. And it only took you an hour? I am the biggest slow-poke on the planet! It took me two hours! LOL.
Your gnocchi dish looks wonderful. I love the lacy plate too!
Gorgeous gnocchi! I dragged my feet on this recipe, too, but when I finally decided to go with it, it took very little time to make. Karen's suggestions on piping the dough out were invaluable!
I think yours is the best presentation I've seen so far – lovely photos.
Next post: 'My Baking Heart' is 3 Years Old!!


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Le Chaos Computer Club, que l'on désigne souvent par le sigle CCC, est l'une des organisations de hackers les plus influentes en Europe. Le Club se décrit plus poétiquement en tant que communauté galactique des êtres de la vie, indépendante de l'âge, du sexe, de l'origine ethnique ou de l'orientation sociale, qui œuvre par delà les frontières pour la liberté d'information […].

Le Chaos Computer Club est principalement actif dans les pays germanophones mais les différents congrès qu'il organise depuis 1984 attirent des milliers de personnes à travers l'Europe et ailleurs dans le monde.

Un Chaos Computer Club France a vu le jour dans les années  mais il ne s'agissait en réalité que d'un faux groupe de pirates informatiques monté par Jean-Bernard Condat pour le compte de la Direction de la Surveillance du territoire.

Activités

Objectifs et communication
Le Chaos Computer Club est une communauté mondiale, qui fait campagne pour la liberté de l'information et de la communication sans aucune censure – par n'importe quel gouvernement ou compagnie – et qui étudie autant les possibilités de la technologie que ses impacts sur la société et l'individu.

Le CCC se considère comme étant une plate-forme de communication pour les pirates informatiques dits chapeaux blancs () et ceux qui veulent le devenir.

Le Chaos Computer Club est un organisme influent non seulement dans le milieu du « hacking » mais aussi auprès du gouvernement allemand, en agissant comme un contre-pouvoir sur les questions liées à la protection de la vie privée, la sécurité informatique ou la démocratie. Le député européen Jan Philipp Albrecht estime que .

Ainsi, si les points de vue du CCC sont souvent sollicités par diverses structures, il n'est pas uniquement le sujet des couvertures des médias mais il a également accès à ceux-ci : à travers leurs actions, le haut niveau de connaissances technologiques de ses membres est souvent l'occasion de communiquer vers différents publics, ce qui lui permet de politiser des thèmes précis. Le club diffuse les résultats de ses investigations ou ses réflexions par l'intermédiaire d'une variété de canaux : congrès, événements publics et participations aux réunions et discussions politiques. Il possède sa propre radio, Chaosradio.

Philosophie
Le nom du club fait référence à la théorie du chaos, car pour son cofondateur Wau Holland, c'est ce qui explique le mieux la façon dont le monde fonctionne.

Les activités et la philosophie du Chaos Computer Club reposent sur les principes énoncés en  par Steven Levy dans son livre L'Éthique des hackers, auxquels le club ajoute les deux dernières lignes :
 L'accès aux ordinateurs — ainsi que tout ce qui peut vous apprendre quelque chose sur le fonctionnement du monde — doit être illimité et total.
 Toute information devrait être libre.
 Se méfier de l'autorité — encourager la décentralisation.
 Les hackers devraient être jugés par leurs actes, et non selon de faux critères comme l'apparence, l'âge, la race, le genre ou le rang social.
 On peut créer l'art et le beau à l'aide d'un ordinateur.
 Les ordinateurs peuvent changer votre vie pour le meilleur.
 Ne fouillez pas dans les données d'autres personnes.
 Utilisez les données publiques, protégez les données privées.

Sans représenter des règles strictes, ces principes offrent des lignes directrices aux membres du CCC. Ainsi, lorsque Hans Hübner (Pengo), un des protagonistes de l'affaire du « KGB Hack » (voir le chapitre Piratage du KGB) déclare après coup :  Wau Holland répond alors :

Histoire
Le  dans une tribune du Die Tageszeitung, Wau Holland fait part de sa crainte de voir les entreprises et les autorités abuser de leurs pouvoirs grâce à l'émergence de l'informatique. Il note cependant la nécessité de permettre à un grand nombre de personnes d'accéder plus facilement à ce medium naissant. Selon lui, les ordinateurs peuvent donner du pouvoir au peuple et être utilisés en faveur des droits de l'homme en rendant les choses plus transparentes. Dans cette tribune, cosignée par quatre autres personnes et intitulé « TUWAT,TXT Version » (« Faites quelque chose, version texte »), Waw Holland appelle les passionnés d'informatique («  ») à une réunion le  à Berlin. Il propose des thèmes nombreux et variés : réseaux, « droit des données », matériel, chiffrement ou encore jeux informatiques et langages de programmation. Deux douzaines de personnes participent cet évènement qui peut être considéré comme la première réunion du Chaos Computer Club. Deux ans plus tard, Holland rencontre Steffen Wernéry lors d'une autre réunion tenue dans une librairie de Hambourg qui attire une poignée de personne.

Le Chaos Computer Club est établi de façon formelle en  alors qu'il publie le premier numéro de son magazine Die Datenschleuder et organise le premier Chaos Communication Congress attirant environ une centaine de personnes.

Cette même année, le CCC devient mondialement célèbre lorsque Wau Holland et Steffen Wernéry attaquent le , un système Vidéotex similaire au Minitel, réussissant à pénétrer une banque locale et à détourner plus de  ( de l'époque) sur son compte bancaire. L'argent sera retourné le lendemain.

En , Andy Müller-Maguhn étend la base du club, traditionnellement située à Hambourg, en ouvrant une section locale à Berlin qui attire de nombreux « hackers » de l'ex-RDA. Ces derniers apportent au CCC une nouvelle dynamique ainsi que leur expérience sur les techniques utilisées par un régime autoritaire pour destabiliser des groupes.

En , Rena Tangens et Barbara Thoens créent Haecksen (un jeu de mots relatif à «  », qui signifie Sorcières), une association de femmes issues du Chaos Computer Club.

Au milieu des années , le Chaos Computer Club joue un rôle important dans l'émergence des fab lab aux États-Unis, les hackers américains n'ayant jusqu'alors pas de lieux adaptés ni pour se rencontrer, hormis dans leur résidence, à l'école ou à l'université, ni pour se rassembler et se rendre visibles vis-à-vis de leur communauté. Une association est alors créée, la . Deux ans plus tard, en , une délégation de 40 américains, les «  » (dont font partie Mitch Altman et ) installe sa tente au Chaos Communication Camp. Ils font ensuite une tournée des hackerspaces d'Allemagne et d'Autriche afin de comprendre leur fonctionnement et de ramener l'idée aux États-Unis. Le voyage se termine au 24 Chaos Communication Congress en  où les fondateurs du CCC de Cologne et Düsseldorf leur apprennent tout ce qu'ils savent sur la gestion d'un hackerspace. L'année suivante, les hackerspaces comme Noisebridge,  ou  ouvrent leurs portes et huit ans plus tard, la  en fédère plus de 400 aux États-Unis et plus de 1200 sur la planète.

Constitué au milieu des années  par environ 150 personnes, le Chaos Computer Club rassemble aujourd'hui plusieurs milliers de membres, une trentaine de sections locales en Allemagne et d'autres dans le monde.

Événements réguliers

Depuis , le Chaos Computer Club organise un congrès annuel, le Chaos Communication Congress qui a lieu habituellement entre Noël et le jour de l'an à Berlin, Hambourg ou Leipzig. Un slogan différent est donné à chaque congrès, à l'exception de celui tenu en , l'année des révélations d'Edward Snowden. Le projet WikiLeaks est présenté par Julian Assange durant le Chaos Communication Congress de .

Tous les quatre ans depuis , le club organise également le Chaos Communication Camp. Pendant du congrès annuel, le camp de  en plein air a pour objectif de .

Entre  et  (sauf en ), le Chaos Computer Club organise une conférence annuelle à Cologne, centrée sur les aspects techniques et sociaux du numérique, notamment la surveillance. Nommée SIGINT (de l'anglais « Signals Intelligence »), l'évènement est créé afin d'alléger la charge du Chaos Communication Congress, mais il est finalement abandonné en .

Actions notoires

Piratage du BTX

En , le Chaos Computer Club prévient la Deutsche Bundespost que son système  (BTX) comporte une faille de sécurité mais la mise en garde est ignorée par la poste allemande. Wau Holland et Steffen Wernéry découvrent en effet qu'un défaut dans le système d'édition des pages révèle en clair les codes d'accès du réseau télématique de la .

Afin de sensibiliser l'opinion publique de la piètre sécurité du BTX (à ce titre, une cible privilégiée des hackers de l'époque), les deux hommes organisent le . La facturation reposant sur le principe de paiement à la demande (9,97 deutsche mark), ils font en sorte que le BTX de l'institution appelle celui du CCC de façon récurrente durant toute la nuit du 16 au . Afin de marquer les esprits, l'idée est que la somme dérobée atteigne 100 000 DM, soit un montant dix fois supérieur à ce que peut rapporter un bracage de banque. Ils récolteront  deutsche mark.

Le lundi, une conférence de presse est convoquée et l'argent restitué en direct devant les caméras. Le Chaos Computer Club force ainsi la Deutsche Bundespost à colmater les failles de sécurité du BTX tout en se faisant connaitre auprès du grand public grâce à ce piratage aujourd'hui devenu légendaire.

R2D2
En , lorsque l'avocat Patrick Schladt consulte les preuves présentées contre un de ses clients, il suspecte que l'ordinateur de celui-ci soit la cible d'un cheval de Troie placé par les autorités allemandes, et demande au Chaos Computer Club d'analyser le disque dur de la machine.

Le CCC découvre effectivement le logiciel espion qui aurait été installé dans l'ordinateur lors d'un contrôle aux douanes à l'aéroport de Munich. En plus d'enregistrer les communications VoIP et les frappes au clavier, le cheval de Troie est capable de prendre des captures d'écran, d'activer le microphone, la caméra et d'installer d'autres logiciels. Piloté via un serveur situé aux États-Unis, les données envoyées par le logiciel sont insuffisamment chiffrées et celles qu'il reçoit ne le sont pas du tout, permettant ainsi à un tiers d'en prendre le contrôle, ce que le CCC parvient à faire en fabriquant son propre terminal de contrôle. Baptisé 0zapftis ou , mais plus souvent R2D2 car figurant dans une chaîne de caractères trouvée dans son code source, le Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung publie une partie de celui-ci dans cinq des pages du journal.

Selon le Chaos Computer Club, ce cheval de Troie, de par ces caractéristiques, enfreint les lois du pays. Si le recours à un logiciel espion par les autorités n'est pas prohibé en soi, son utilisation est strictement encadrée par le jugement de la cour constitutionnelle allemande du  : un tel dispositif ne devant être mis en place que dans le cas de circonstances exceptionnelles constatées par un juge et en aucun cas prendre le contrôle du système informatique visé, afin de ne pas porter atteinte à l'intégrité de la preuve. Le jugement de la cour oblige également que soit préservé le « noyau dur » de la vie privée (les sentiments ou les relations intimes).

Alors que l'affaire provoque une vague d'indignation de tout le spectre politique et des médias, le ministre de l'Intérieur Hans-Peter Friedrich appelle les Länder à suspendre l'utilisation de logiciels espions, le temps de vérifier leur conformité à la constitution.

Élections
En , le Chaos Computer Club affirme que les machines à voter devant être utilisées en Allemagne sont si faciles à manipuler qu'elles peuvent être reprogrammées pour jouer aux échecs. Le constructeur des ordinateurs de vote met alors le club au défi d'y parvenir. Un mois plus tard, les machines jouent aux échecs. Les membres du CCC admettent toutefois « qu'elles n'y jouent pas très bien ». En conséquence, le Tribunal constitutionnel fédéral interdit l'utilisation de machines à voter, citant dans sa décision la démonstration effectuée par le club.

En , le CCC dénonce l'existence de nombreuses failles de sécurité dans PC-Wahl, le logiciel de comptage des votes. Selon le club, les « principes élémentaires de sécurité informatique ne sont pas respectés » au point qu'il est possible de modifier le décompte des voix. Il estime que ces logiciels sont de nature à miner la confiance des électeurs car d'autres produits concurrents présentent eux aussi des vulnérabilités.

Biométrie
À plusieurs reprises, le Chaos Computer Club démontre qu'il est possible de déjouer les systèmes de contrôle biométriques.

En , alors que l'Allemagne met en place l'insertion des empreintes digitales dans les passeports, le CCC publie dans son magazine tiré à 4 000 exemplaires, les empreintes d'un doigt de Wolfgang Schäuble, ministre de l'Intérieur et promoteur de la mesure. Collectée sur un verre d'eau utilisé par le ministre durant une visite à l'université de Humboldt, les empreintes sont imprimées sur un film de caoutchouc souple, permettant ainsi aux lecteurs du magazine de les laisser où bon leur semble. Il n'a pas été possible de vérifier si l'empreinte de Wolfgang Schäuble pouvait tromper un ordinateur, mais deux douzaines de lecteurs ainsi que Jan Krissler (Starbug), le hackeur à l'origine de la démonstration, ont pu tester la méthode sur eux-mêmes avec succès.

En , Jan Krissler annonce avoir réussi à contourner le Touch ID, le lecteur d'empreintes digitales du nouvel iPhone 5S. Le procédé est plutôt laborieux car il nécessite, entre-autres étapes complexes, de mouler une empreinte précise en latex à partir d'une numérisation en haute définition. Toutefois, la démonstration implique que la technologie du lecteur d'empreintes ne soit pas basée sur l'analyse en profondeur des vaisseaux sanguins comme le prétend Apple à l'époque.

L'année suivante, durant le 31 Chaos Communication Congress, Krissler réitère la démonstration. Plutôt que de collecter des empreintes laissées sur une surface, il utilise cette fois des images. À partir de photographies de presse disponibles publiquement, il parvient à fabriquer un clone des empreintes digitales d'un pouce de Ursula von der Leyen, alors ministre de la Défense du gouvernement allemand.

Durant le 35congrès du CCC en , il présente, avec Julian Albrecht, une méthode pour tromper les systèmes de reconnaissance veineuse (présentés comme plus sûr que les systèmes basés sur les empreintes digitales). Le procédé consiste à photographier une main à l'aide d'un appareil dont le filtre à rayons infrarouges est enlevé, puis imprimer l'image et l'appliquer sur de la cire d'abeille afin de reproduire la texture de la peau humaine. Albrecht et Krissler ont testé cette méthode avec succès sur les systèmes Fujitsu PalmSecure et Hitachi VeinID, les plus vendus au monde.

Piratage du KGB
Le piratage du KGB – comprendre « par » le KGB – (en anglais comme en allemand, ) est une affaire de  qui implique involontairement et indirectement le Chaos Computer Club.

Contexte

Christian Stoessel, un officier de terrain du Service fédéral de renseignement (BND), observe le CCC dès l'année de sa création en , ainsi que deux groupes de pirates informatiques : les VAXBusters, spécialisés dans la pénétration des ordinateurs VAX de Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), et un groupe situé à Hanovre.

En , le KGB commence à recruter des hackers pour son Opération EQUALIZER dont le but prioritaire est de pénétrer des systèmes informatiques occidentaux afin de copier le code source des DEC VAX et IBM 360 et 370. La même année, le réseau ouest-allemand  est relié aux autres réseaux informatiques par la passerelle internationale .

Bach et Handel découvrent une porte dérobée d'administration dans les ordinateurs DEC VAX et Steffen Weirhruch développe un rootkit permettant de l'exploiter. Tous sont membres du groupe VAXBusters qui a aidé le CCC lors du célèbre piratage du Bildschirmtext (BTX) d'une banque en . Les VAXBusters participent au second Chaos Communication Congress en  et l'année suivante, un des thèmes discutés au troisième congrès porte sur les virus pour ordinateurs VAX.

Événements et conséquences
En , Karl Koch, un pirate informatique recruté par le KGB et futur membre du groupe de hackers de Hanovre, se rend au Chaos Communication Congress dans le but d'entrer en contact avec  et le groupe VAXBusters.

Ainsi, les pirates informatiques de Hanovre, parrainés par le KGB, réunissent suffisamment de compétences pour s'introduire dans les systèmes américains à partir de la société Mitre Corporation, via la passerelle Tymnet, puis le Laboratoire national Lawrence-Berkeley (LBNL) et finalement atteindre avec succès et de manière répétée les réseaux  et ARPANET où 400 serveurs sont attaqués par le groupe. En , l'équipe de Koch commence à s'attaquer également aux entreprises françaises Philips France et SGS-Thomson.

Bien qu'aucun des pirates en question ne soit membre du Chaos Computer Club, les services de renseignements perçoivent les deux groupes comme étant une seule entité. C'est le cas notamment lorsqu'à l'automne , le service de renseignement allemand perquisitionne et arrête plusieurs membres du club à la demande des services français (DGSE) qui ne font pas la distinction entre les VAXBusters et le CCC. Ainsi, lorsque Bach et Handel du groupe VAXBusters se font arrêter et dévoilent la liste complète de toutes leurs cibles qui est transmise à la  et la DGSE, cette dernière prend Bach et Handel pour des membres du CCC.

Parallèlement, le Chaos Computer Club déclare en  avoir collecté des mots de passe du réseau de la  grâce à un cheval de Troie de leur fabrication.  et la NASA finissent par admettre le piratage lorsque les médias allemands annoncent la nouvelle. Le , Steffen Wernery, cofondateur du CCC, se rend à Paris afin de participer à la conférence SECURICOM en tant qu'orateur sur le thème du piratage de la NASA. Une rencontre avec une équipe de Philips France est également prévue mais il est arrêté par la police française alors qu'il sort de l'avion et accusé d'avoir participé à l'intrusion d'un ordinateur VAX de l'entreprise.

En , un pirate pénètre les ordinateurs du Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) et par ricochet, d'autres systèmes dont celui de l'US Navy. Le JPL accuse dans un premier temps le Chaos Computer Club avant de préciser que si la méthode est similaire, elle est toutefois différente.

Avant la fin de la décennie, l'équipe formée par Hans Hübner (Pengo), Peter Kahl, Dirk Brescinsky, Markus Hess et menée par Karl Koch, est arrêtée pour leurs intrusions dans des ordinateurs américains et européens au profit du KGB.

Dans ce contexte et alors que les liens entre le CCC et le groupe indépendant de Karl Koch sont pourtant ténus au regard des évènements, l'affaire fait les titres des journaux au niveau international et affaiblissant grandement l'image du Chaos Computer Club dans l'opinion publique et provoque des dissensions internes, au point de menacer son existence même.

Personnalités notoires
Wau Holland, cofondateur du Chaos Computer Club meurt en . À partir de la fin des années , son compère Steffen Wernéry s'éloigne du monde des ordinateurs, qu'il juge épuisant, pour s'adonner à sa passion du crochetage de serrure. Il cofonde , la première association sportive de crochetage de serrures au monde et donne des cours très prisés de cette activité durant les congrès du CCC.

Boris Floricic dit « Tron » est considéré par ses pairs comme un hacker très talentueux. Il clone les cartes téléphoniques allemandes et pirate les décodeurs numériques de télévisions payantes. Son mémoire de thèse porte sur son prototype (fonctionnel) de téléphone RNIS pouvant chiffrer de lui-même les communications. En , il est retrouvé pendu dans un parc de Berlin. L'enquête conclut à un suicide mais sa famille et plusieurs membres du Chaos Computer Club, dont le porte-parole du club Andy Mueller-Maguhn, ne croient pas à cette conclusion.

Andy Müller-Maguhn est membre du Chaos Computer Club depuis  et nommé porte-parole en . En , il est l'un des cinq membres élus au comité directeur de l'ICANN. Il est aussi cofondateur de l'  et dirigeant de Cryptophones, une entreprise qui développe des téléphones mobiles chiffrés. En tant que président de la , Müller-Maguhn visite régulièrement Julian Assange alors réfugié à l'ambassade de l'Équateur à Londres. À ce titre, il est désigné comme étant une « cible prioritaire » par David Morales de UC Global qui, tout en offrant un service de sécurité à l'ambassade, espionne illégalement les visiteurs de Assange (pour ses faits, l'entreprise est traduite devant la justice espagnole en ).

, de nationalité britannique, est né en Allemagne en . Entre  et  il est le principal organisateur des congrès du Chaos Computer Club. Podcasteur et artiste, il transforme la façade d'un immeuble abandonné du centre de Berlin en écran géant afin de souligner le 20 anniversaire du CCC en . Baptisée Blinkenlights, les passants peuvent y afficher des images à l'aide de leurs téléphones portables. L'opération est réitérée l'année suivante sous le nom de Arcade sur la tour 2 de la Bibliothèque nationale de France où, sur une surface de , les passants peuvent jouer à des jeux comme Tetris ou Pacman.

Daniel Domscheit-Berg est porte-parole de WikiLeaks jusqu'en , date à laquelle il quitte l'organisation avec fracas en emportant plusieurs milliers de documents et décide de monter son propre projet OpenLeaks. Durant le Chaos Computer Camp de l'été , il demande aux hackers de tester la fiabilité de sa plate-forme, provoquant la colère du conseil d'administration du CCC qui ne veut pas que le club soit perçu comme un organisme de certification. Par ailleurs, Andy Müller-Maguhn (porte-parole du club) tente durant onze mois de jouer le rôle d'intermédiaire entre Julian Assange et Domscheit-Berg afin que ce dernier rende les documents à WikiLeaks, sans succès. Dans ce contexte, le conseil d'administration du CCC décide d'exclure Domscheit-Berg du club, mais la mesure étant jugée exagérée par de nombreux membres, il est finalement réhabilité durant une session extraordinaire en , ce qui conduit à la démission de Andy Müller-Maguhn.

 est un hacker porte parole du Chaos Computer Club mais aussi blogueur, cyberactiviste, psychologue et anarchiste. Ancien journaliste à , il milite pour la neutralité du Net et témoigne de nombreuses fois devant le parlement allemand sur les questions reliées à la démocratie et au numérique.

, porte-parole du Chaos Computer Club, est une informaticienne spécialisée dans les technologies de surveillance. Née à Berlin-Est en , elle est chef de projet à l'Université des sciences appliquées de Berlin jusqu'en . Elle est nommée experte auprès de la cour constitutionnelle fédérale, lors de la procédure de recours contre la rétention de données, et auprès de la commission parlementaire spéciale « internet et la société numérique ».

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 23, film au sujet de Karl Koch.
 c-base, hackerspace à Berlin, ami mais indépendant du CCC.
 Chaosdorf, l'antenne locale du Chaos Computer Club à Düsseldorf.
 Club-Mate, boisson préférée des « hackers ».
 Digitalcourage, organisation allemande pour la protection de la vie privée et la liberté de l'information.
 Free Software Foundation Europe, milite pour le logiciel libre.
 Hacker (programmation).

Bibliographie

 .

Liens externes

  Die Datenschleuder, magazine du CCC
  Radio du CCC
  Fondation Wau Holland
  Haecksen

Association ou organisme lié à l'informatique
Groupe ou association de hackers
Organisme fondé en 1981
Association ou organisme ayant son siège en Allemagne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
This Cracka Beat Up A Sista Army Vet Reservist at a Georgia Cracker Barrel Restaurant
Newsweek had a cover story last week, asking the ultimate question, is your baby racist? Well, it's too late for this mulleted waste of the breath of life.
Troy Dale West, 47, of Poulan, GA, charged with beating and kicking Tashawnea (Tasha) Hill, 35, and threatening to hurt her seven-year-old daughter.
UPDATE: Via Pam's House Blend, I've learned that the felony charge of cruelty to children was dropped, but that the NAACP wants his ass in jail. Right now.
In the meantime, tell the racist pr*ck how you really feel on West's website here. Naturally some sympathetic cockroaches came out into the light just to applaud Troy West's actions, including the ones that appear functionally illiterate:
I know how it is
I know the feeling of confronting one of these moose lipped, uppity acting, sow niggers. Of course the sow doesn't understand that a person exiting may not have the visibility outside to see her moon cricket ass and her piglet blocking the exit. Common sense would dictate the person entering should stand down and allow the exiting party to clear the doorway instead of adding to the congestion of the area. But no, not this sow. I salute Troy for his actions and may only pray that one of his kicks disconnected the nigger's ovaries so that her breeding may cease.
no hubbub Here
Silly misguided fools, thinking members of the mud sill are due the same priveleges as human beings.
My New Hero
Well,k was kinda crappy, but I'll definitely be going back after I heard about the way Troy West beat the holy sshit out of that useless shifty nigger. And he even did it in front of her 7 year old kid! Maybe now she'll think twice before getting uppity with a respectable white man like Troy
The FBI are now investigating because it may be a hate crime. May be? Why did it take the manager of the Cracker Barrel to come to her aid? Why didn't West's wife intervene and mollify her husband? Why couldn't people hold off this freak from beating the woman up until she passed out? Why the Morrow, GA cops let this guy make bail in the first place is beyond my comprehension. My sister lives near this particular Cracker Barrel and knows what it's like, but she's more ticked off that this a-hole is still on the loose.
From CNN:
Troy Dale West Jr., of Poulan, Georgia, is facing charges including misdemeanor battery and disorderly conduct after allegedly beating Army reservist Tashawnea Hill, 35, after the two had words at the entrance of the Morrow, Georgia, restaurant the evening of September 9.
Hill, an African-American, told police that West, 47, yelled racial epithets at her as the attack took place.
"He did punch me with a closed fist repeated times. My head is still hurting today. I have knots on my head," Hill told CNN Wednesday night, adding she also was kicked.
Police said witnesses confirmed her account.
Because the alleged incident happened in full view of Hill's 7-year-old daughter, the Clayton County district attorney's office added a felony charge of cruelty to children.
"[The woman's daughter] was visibly upset the night of the attack," according to Capt. James Callaway of the Morrow Police Department, who said he was on the scene shortly after the alleged attack.
A police report of the incident said Hill's daughter was "crying uncontrollably and her body [was] shaking/trembling" from witnessing the attack.
I hate to say this, but I think there are going to be more of these attacks on black people. Don't think that these events–Obama's programs and physical attacks on black people–aren't connected. Former President Jimmy Carter called it: that many of the personal and verbal attacks impugning President Obama have their basis in race. I don't doubt Carter, now 85, has long known about guys like Rep. Joe Wilson and the type like West who happen to go off like a firecracker if a black person informs them that they may be in the wrong, no matter if they have served their country. And because some cannot get close enough to Obama to render him a beatdown or worse in their rage, black individuals may become the substitute.
Of course, West claimed that Hill struck first: he alleges that she spat at him.
Spitting at someone is indicative of intense, built-up hatred and rage. I doubt whether Tasha Hill was even thinking about him, or whites in particular, until she warned him politely about harming her daughter.
Hill told police the incident started when she and her daughter were entering the restaurant at the same time West and his wife were exiting.
"The man slung open the door pretty hard and fast and I had to push my daughter out of the way," Hill told CNN affiliate WSB-TV. "I turned to the man and I just said, 'Excuse me sir, you need to watch yourself; you almost hit my daughter in the face.' And from there it just went downhill."
West, according to the police report, admitted striking Hill "after she spit on me and accused me of trying to hit her daughter with a door."
Appearing on CNN Wednesday night, Hill and her attorney, Kip Jones, denied that she spat on West. Jones said he saw surveillance video of the incident.
"At no point did Ms. Hill do anything to provoke the attack. She did not spit on Mr. West. She spoke to him. He attacked her," Jones said.
Police say Hill stated that "West punched her in the left cheek, forehead, kicked her body in several places, and punched her head in many areas several times."
He called her a black n*gger bitch. Not once, but several times during the assault. Let's be real frank.
The fact that there is also a African American leading the nation with a large number of Jews as his advisors and in his Cabinet and government with access to "white people's money" is a white supremacist's wet dream as well. I wish Obama would stop trying to explain this all away, trying to set himself up as above it all, and "post-racial." We're a long way before this even happens. The Tuesday night beating of Tasha Hill in Georgia proves it.
~ by blksista on September 17, 2009.
Posted in Barack and Michelle Obama, Black People, Class, Crime, Health Care/The Public Option, Mental Health/Psychology, Obama Administration, Race, Race and the Health Care Debate
Tags: "Newsweek", African Americans, Army Reservist, Clayton County District Attorney's Office, CNN, Cracker Barrel, Cracker Barrel Restaurants, FBI, Kip Jones, Morrow GA, Morrow Police Department, NAACP, Pam's House Blend, Physical Assault, Post-Racial, President Jimmy Carter, Racism, Tasha Hill, Tashawnea Hill, Troy Dale West, Veterans, White Supremacist, White Supremacy, Whites
4 Responses to "This Cracka Beat Up A Sista Army Vet Reservist at a Georgia Cracker Barrel Restaurant"
[…] Carolina, and the beating of army reservist Tasha Hill, 35, in front of her 7-year-old daughter outside a Cracker Barrel restaurant in Morrow, Georgia by a racist named Troy Dale […]
Your Face Here | Girl, Get Me Started! said this on	September 23, 2009 at 8:54 AM
Why is so much hatred being hurled toward President Obama? That's a no-brainer!
He's a Kenyan born Arab terrorist who wants to bring DEATH PANELS to this grand and glorious land of ours so he can pull the plugs on Granny and Gramps.
HE'S A DANGED LEFT WING SOCIALIST whose education was funded by the American Communist Party, MoveOn.Org, Barbara Streisand and Ed Asner.
He named his daughters Sasha and Malia – YO! WHAT'S UP WITH THAT???
He would prefer to have dinner with Mahatma Gandhi over Ronald Reagan. RONALD REAGAN!!!
He wants to start a TROTSKY FOR TOTS program for our children.
He's just an evil person!
EVIL, I SAY! My fellow Americans, heed my warning,
The Big, Black, Bolshevik Bogeyman is gonna git'cha!
It has not a thing to do with race.
I am a white person. I would not lie to you.
But seriously, folks….
http://www.tomdegan.blogspot.com
Tom Degan
Goshen, NY
Tom Degan said this on	September 19, 2009 at 9:12 AM
If we want a second Obama term, he CAN'T say jack about race until after January 20, 2013.
Monica Roberts said this on	September 18, 2009 at 1:14 PM
[…] See original here: This Cracka Beat Up A Sista Army Vet Reservist at a Georgia … […]
This Cracka Beat Up A Sista Army Vet Reservist at a Georgia … | Georgia Today said this on	September 17, 2009 at 11:42 PM


text:
CNBC.com hires Rodriguez to cover Facebook
by Chris Roush · September 6, 2018
Sal Rodriguez
CNBC.com has hired Reuters reporter Sal Rodriguez to cover Facebook and other tech companies.
His last day at Reuters is Sept. 12. He will start at CNBC.com on Sept. 17 and will continue to be based in San Francisco.
"I'm thrilled to be joining such a talented and growing team," said Rodriguez in a post on Twitter. "I want to thank all my editors and colleagues at Reuters. My goal when I joined the news wire was to grow as a reporter, and I felt like I did that every single day by collaborating with you all."
At Reuters, Rodriguez has covered the enterprise software and cloud computing markets with a focus on Microsoft and Salesforce.
Rodriguez has previously covered the tech industry for Inc. magazine, the International Business Times and the Los Angeles Times, and he has contributed pieces to Vice, Digital Trends and the Federal Times, among others.
Rodriguez received his journalism training at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University in Phoenix. There, he earned his master's and bachelor's degrees in journalism and completed a specialization in business reporting.
Tags: CNBCJob changesTechnology coverageThomson Reuters
Chris Roush
Chris Roush is the dean of the School of Communications at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut. He was previously Walter E. Hussman Sr. Distinguished Professor in business journalism at UNC-Chapel Hill. He is a former business journalist for Bloomberg News, Businessweek, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Tampa Tribune and the Sarasota Herald-Tribune. He is the author of the leading business reporting textbook "Show me the Money: Writing Business and Economics Stories for Mass Communication" and "Thinking Things Over," a biography of former Wall Street Journal editor Vermont Royster.
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The GTPase eEF1A is the eukaryotic factor responsible for the essential, universal function of aminoacyl-tRNA delivery to the ribosome. Surprisingly, eEF1A is not universally present in eukaryotes, being replaced by the paralog EFL independently in multiple lineages. The driving force behind this unusually frequent replacement is poorly understood.
Through sequence searching of genomic and EST databases, we find a striking association of eEF1A replacement by EFL and loss of eEF1A's guanine exchange factor, eEF1Bα, suggesting that EFL is able to spontaneously recharge with GTP. Sequence conservation and homology modeling analyses indicate several sequence regions that may be responsible for EFL's lack of requirement for eEF1Bα.
We propose that the unusual pattern of eEF1A, eEF1Bα and EFL presence and absence can be explained by a ratchet-like process: if either eEF1A or eEF1Bα diverges beyond functionality in the presence of EFL, the system is unable to return to the ancestral, eEF1A:eEFBα-driven state.
EF1A in eukaryotes (eEF1A) and archaea (aEF1A) is a highly expressed essential GTPase translation factor. Just like its bacterial ortholog, EF-Tu, EF1A delivers aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome in complex with GTP during the elongation stage of translation. Accommodation of the aa-tRNA in the ribosomal A site induces GTP hydrolysis by EF1A, releasing the GDP-bound factor from the ribosome . GDP bound to eEF1A needs to be replaced with GTP for the next functional cycle to begin. Some translational GTPases such as the close relative of EF1A, SelB, dissociate GDP rapidly, which leads to spontaneous recharging . However, dissociation of GDP from EF-Tu and EF1A is extremely slow [3, 4] and therefore these GTPases require a dedicated guanine exchange factor (GEF) for recharging: EF-Ts in bacteria and EF1B in eukaryotes (eEF1B) and archaea (aEF1B) . Unlike EF-Ts, eEF1B is a multi-subunit protein, with GEF activity residing in the alpha subunit (eEF1Bα) [3, 6]. The crystal structure of the eEF1A:eEF1Bα carboxy terminus complex has shed light on the mechanisms of exchange at the molecular level, showing which parts of eEF1A and eEF1Bα interact and how this brings about GDP dissociation [7, 8].
Besides its role in translation, eEF1A has a variety of additional, "moonlighting" functions. These include actin bundling, nuclear export of aa-tRNAs, proteolysis of misfolded proteins, modulating apoptosis, response to amino acid starvation and viral replication [9, 10]. Being a universally essential protein in translation, and an accessory protein in a variety of other processes, the discovery of a lack of eEF1A in some eukaryotes was unexpected . In these eEF1A-lacking organisms, another related factor, EFL (for EF1A-like), is present. EFL carries the same domain structure as eEF1A and is presumably functionally equivalent. Most surprising is the broad but discontinuous distribution of EFL in eukaryotes and usually mutual exclusivity with eEF1A [11, 12]. The pattern of presence and absence has been explained both by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and co-maintenance and long term co-maintenance followed by lineage sorting (some lineages losing eEF1A and some losing EFL) [12–17]. Given the absence of strong support for any specific instance of HGT of EFL, the possibility that the last common ancestor of eukaryotes carried both eEF1A and EFL can not be ruled out . However, this would have required millions of years of functional redundancy in the co-maintenance of eEF1A and EFL without either being lost before the divergence of all eukaryotic groups that carry EFL. Regardless of the mode of descent of EFL, the ancestral state at the last common ancestor of eukaryotes and archaea is likely to be co-presence of eEF1A and eEF1Bα and absence of EFL, as aEF1A and aEF1B are found in all archaea, but EFL has never been identified in this domain of life.
Due to a near complete absence of experimental investigations of EFL, the evolutionary mechanisms driving mutual exclusivity of eEF1A and EFL are poorly understood. We hypothesize that the key to this phenomenon lies in the differences in the functional cycle of the two proteins. It was briefly noted  that the GEF eEF1Bα has not been identified in the genomes of EFL-containing organisms Thalassiosira, Chlamydomonas and Ostreococcus, suggesting that EFL may self-recharge like some other translational GTPases, or that a non-homologous GEF may be involved. With the increasing number of genomes and large scale EST data available for many eukaryotes including those that carry EFL, we have conducted a large-scale survey of EFL, eEF1A and eEF1Bα presence and absence across the eukaryotic tree of life. We show a striking association of EFL presence with loss of eEF1Bα and eEF1A. We hypothesise a ratchet-like evolutionary process of reduction: if eEF1A or eEF1Bα diverges beyond functionality in the presence of EFL, the system is unable to return to the ancestral, eEF1A:eEFBα-driven state. Whether EFL loss is similarly irremediable depends on the rate of HGT of this factor.
Motivated by our hypothesis, we set out to test whether EFL can substitute for a loss of eEF1Bα in an organism possessing eEF1A gene. Similarly to a previous study that found Diplomena EFL can not substitute for eEF1A in Trypanosoma, we find that Monosiga brevicolis EFL is unable to substitute for either double eEF1A and eEF1Bα or single eEF1Bα deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thus suggesting an existence of functional barriers to the spread of EFL across eukaryotes.
Sequence searching of genomic and EST databases shows a striking pattern of presence and absence of EFL, eEF1A and eEF1Bα (Figure 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). Both EFL and eEF1A are present in all major lineages of eukaryotes, and their presence is mostly – but not universally – mutually exclusive, as previously reported . Supporting the result of Szabova et al. that experimentally showed eEF1A and EFL can be co-maintained without affecting growth, eEF1A and EFL can be co-maintained in a modest number of organisms (Thalassiosira pseudonana, Guillardia theta, Karenia brevis, Symbiodinium sp. and Ulva prolifera), although these organisms carry no detectable eEF1Bα. The gut fungus Basidiobolus ranarum has also been found to carry both eEF1A and EFL , however in the absence of a genome or EST project to search for eEF1Bα, it was not included in our survey. This co-maintenance may reflect incomplete lineage sorting, or may be because eEF1A is still required for one of its moonlighting functions in these organisms. Importantly, we find the loss of eEF1A is almost universally accompanied by parallel loss of eEF1Bα, suggesting that EFL functioning does not require the assistance of this GEF (Figure 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). In some rare cases where eEF1A or eEF1Bα are detectable along with EFL, degradation of eEF1A or eEF1Bα sequence is apparent, even in functionally important sites; eEF1A appears to be evolving with an apparent loss of selective constraint on the protein sequence in Allomyces macrogynus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Bigelowiella natans, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri, while eEF1Bα is in the process of decay in Guillardia theta and Pythium ultimum. Thecamonas trahens on the other hand encodes a divergent EFL along with eEF1A and an apparent eEF1B-kinase protein fusion (Figure 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). Thus, in our snapshot of eukaryotic history, we have captured multiple ongoing cases of gene degradation towards loss. Overall, the association of EFL presence with eEF1A and eEF1Bα loss is statistically significant whether the divergent sequences are considered as present or absent (p <0.00001 in both cases).
Cladogram showing presence and absence of elongation factors across eukaryotes. The tree summarizes current knowledge of the taxonomic grouping of the species considered here. Polytomies are present where branching order is unknown or contentious. Colored shading behind branches indicates major lineages, as per the color key in the top left. Circles show presence and absence of intact (opaque) or degraded (semi-transparent) elongation factors, with colors indicating factor identity according to the top left key.
Phylogenetic analysis of the EFL sequences detected in this study gives a tree that is overall similar to other published EFL phylogenies (for example [13, 14, 16, 20]), although with fewer taxa as we only considered organisms with large scale EST and whole genome data available (Additional file 2: Figure S1A). Even with additional sequences from PCR amplification and sequencing of individual genes, phylogenetic analysis of EFL does not shed much light on the origin and deep evolutionary history of EFL; the deepest branches in the phylogenetic tree lack strong statistical support in ML and/or Bayesian analyses, and the EFL tree can not be rooted reliably due to long branch attraction of divergent sequences to the outgroup . Therefore, the path to EFL replacement of eEF1A (HGT or co-maintenance with differential loss) is hard to determine, as also found with probabilistic models of EFL gain and loss . However, we do see strong bootstrap and posterior probability support for some taxonomic assemblages within the EFL tree, for example Dinophyceae (89% MLBP (maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage) and 1.0 BIPP (Bayesian inference posterior probability)), Rhodophyta (99% MLBP, 1.0 BIPP), fungi, excluding Conidiobolus cornatus (99% MLBP, 1.0 BIPP), stramenopiles (Heterokontophyta + Oomycetes, 100% MLBP, 1.0 BIPP) and members of Choanoflagellatea + Ichthyosporea (100% MLBP, 1.0 BIPP). Dinophyceae and Rhodophyta are all EFL encoding, suggesting that EFL was vertically inherited within these groups. Surprisingly, EST evidence suggests eEF1A has not been completely lost in Dinophyceae, with eEF1A ESTs being detected in Symbiodinium sp. and Karenina brevis (Figure 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). In the case of Choanoflagellatea, Ichthyosporea, stramenopiles and fungi, some species encode EFL while some encode eEF1A. It is unclear whether co-maintenance and differential loss alone is responsible for this distribution, or whether HGT has been involved. Whatever the source of EFL in these taxa, lineage sorting appears incomplete, with eEF1A sequence relics being detected in some EFL-encoding stramenopiles and fungi. The backbone of the eEF1A tree is poorly resolved and multiple paralogs of eEF1A are apparent (Additional file 2: Figure S1B). Some of these are highly divergent, such as those from Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium tetraurelia, which are attracted to the degrading eEF1As in organisms encoding EFL (Additional file 2: Figure S1B).
Comparison of patterns of evolution across sites using a consensus sequence alignment of eEF1A versus EFL (Figure 2) shows differentially conserved sites across all domains (G domain, domain II and domain III), with some such sites clustering together. To determine how the sequence changes affect the structural contacts of EFL, a homology model was made of Chlamydomonas incerta EFL using the X-ray crystal structure of S. cerevisiae eEF1A in complex with eEF1Bα as the template (PDB ID 1IJE) .
Consensus and example sequence alignment of eEF1A and EFL. Consensus sequences aligned with example sequences for eEF1A and EFL were calculated at the 70% level using the Python program Consensus Finder . Ruler coloring indicates the boundaries of the three domains. Shading behind residues shows conservation patterns: turquoise – strongly differentially conserved sites; blue – sites conserved in EFL but not eEF1A; green – sites conserved in eEF1A and not in EFL. Red boxes indicate the location of the nucleotide binding motifs of the G domain. Colored lines beneath the alignment indicate structural features as follows: orange – eEF1Bα interacting sites; blue – residues lining the amino-acyl moiety binding pocket; green – the extended loop of the helix-loop-helix on the ribosome binding surface.
Many of the eEF1A residues that interact with eEF1Bα overlap with regions important for nucleotide or aa-tRNA binding (Figure 2). Therefore, it is unsurprising that these multifunctional regions are well conserved in EFL. However, regions of eEF1A that are apparently specialized for eEF1Bα binding are often very different in EFL. The GTPase (G) domain is overall well conserved, particularly in the nucleotide binding loops, with less conservation seen in the exposed loops in between. One of the most striking differences between eEF1A and EFL in this domain is a six amino acid-long strongly differentially conserved patch, Figure 2 coordinates 74-79, (consensus sequences aCTTKA in EFL and DIALWK in eEF1A) that is located in a helix between the G2 and G3 nucleotide binding motifs. The DIALWK motif is part of a loop of eEF1A that directly interacts with eEF1Bα through hydrogen bonds (Figure 3A and B) . The conformation of this loop is also stabilized by another strongly differentially conserved site: alignment position 35 (D35 in eEF1A and P35 in EFL, Figure 2). This suggests that the striking sequence differences in these residues are directly related to EFL's apparent lack of requirement for eEF1Bα. Another differentially conserved residue of this domain that in eEF1A may interact with eEF1Bα is in position 106 in Figure 2 (T106 in eEF1A and A106 in EFL, Figure 3A).
Homology model of EFL in complex with eEF1Bα. The homology model on EFL based on the structure of eEF1A in complex with eEF1Bα (red ribbon) is shown A) in cartoon form, B) as a surface, showing the exposed face when in complex with the ribosome, and C) as a surface showing the ribosome binding face. In all panels, turquoise coloring shows strongly differentially conserved sites as per the alignment in Figure 2, and blue parts of the structure show conserved insertions in EFL relative to eEF1A. Residues shown as turquoise sticks are those differentially conserved sites that in eEF1A interact with eEF1Bα.
Three of the five sequence insertions in EFL relative to eEF1A (Ins1-5, Figure 2) are found in the G domain. Structural alignment of EFL with the structure of eEF1A's bacterial ortholog EF-Tu on the ribosome  suggests Ins1 and Ins2 are exposed with no obvious ribosomal interaction partners, but Ins3 extends a helix-loop-helix structural element on the ribosome-binding face (Figure 3C). This insertion is also interesting as it overlaps with a 12 amino acid insertion in opisthokont eEF1A . However, the sequence alignment of these two insertions relative to each other is ambiguous, and thus there is no evidence that the Ins3 insertion is homologous to the animal/fungal insertion. A single conserved amino acid deletion in EFL relative to eEF1A is also apparent, but is found in an exposed loop of eEF1A that is poorly conserved (position 120 in Figure 2).
In domain II, very strong conservation between eEF1A and EFL is seen in the regions that in bacterial EF-Tu form the pocket for accommodating the aminoacyl moiety of aa-tRNA  (Figure 2). Differentially conserved sites in this domain are largely in exposed loops, however there are three residues that in eEF1A are positioned to potentially interact with eEF1Bα and are strongly conserved as chemically different amino acids in EFL: alignment coordinates 266-267 and 272, corresponding to Q249, D250 and G255 in eEF1A; respectively S264, G265, K270 in EFL (Figures 2 and 3A).
In domain III, differentially conserved sites are mostly dispersed and largely exposed. However, two differentially conserved regions are positioned to be involved in the eEF1A:eEF1Bα interaction (Figures 2 and 3A): firstly DCHTAHI in eEF1A, which is FVR.GRs in EFL (starting at position 383 in Figure 2, 360 in S. cerevisiae eEF1A and 381 in C. incerta EFL), and secondly amino acids GN in EFL, conserved as MR in eEF1A starting at position 450 in Figure 2, 427 in S. cerevisiae eEF1A and 448 in C. incerta EFL). eEF1A is extended in sequence at the extreme C terminus by an average of 17 amino acids, relative to EFL (Figure 2). The amino acid contacts in this region are unknown as they are not present in the crystal structure.
Mutants of eEF1A in S. cerevisiae have previously been shown to confer independence from eEF1Bα: R164K, T22S, A112T, and A117V  (Figure 2). These are mostly located in the G domain and surprisingly, only two differ in conservation between eEF1A and EFL: A112 is unconserved in EFL, and A177 is differentially conserved as P117 in EFL. This suggests there are multiple routes to independence from eEF1Bα, although the single amino acid replacement routes may be highly species-specific in their effectiveness. There have been no cases of natural eEF1Bα-free eEF1As reported, and our distribution analysis suggests this would be rare.
Biochemical experimentation demonstrating rapid self-recharging of EFL:GDP with GTP would be the unequivocal proof of our hypothesis that EFL can functionally substitute for eEF1A and eEF1Bα loss. However, all our attempts to overexpress EFL in E. coli have failed (data not shown). An alternative strategy is to perform in vivo complementation experiments by replacing either both eEF1A and eEF1Bα or just eEF1Bα with EFL. Using S. cerevisiae as a model organism, we generated strains with controlled expression of eEF1A, eEF1Bα and M. brevicollis EFL (see Additional file 3: Materials and methods). Removal of saver plasmids expressing either both eEF1Bα- or eEF1A or just eEF1Bα by addition of 5-Fluoroorotic acid (5-FoA) resulted in loss of viability that was not rescued by expression of M. brevicollis EFL (Additional file 4: Figure S2), indicating that in S. cerevisiae, EFL does not seem to be able to complement the loss of either eEF1Bα alone or eEF1Bα and both genes encoding eEF1A in S. cerevisiae (TEF1 and TEF2 ).
The pattern of presence and absence of EFL, eEF1A and eEF1Bα allows us to derive a ratchet-like model for the evolutionary dynamics of elongation factor gain and loss in terms of the viable and inviable fates of different combinations of elongation factors (Figure 4). It is likely is that EFL arose by gene duplication after the last common ancestor of eukaryotes and archaea, which encoded eEF1A and eEF1Bα. Degradation of eEF1A or eEF1Bα though random genetic drift in the presence of EFL is likely to be an almost irreversible step that acts as the pawl of the ratchet: a return to the ancestral state would require that the lost gene is quickly re-transferred before its binding partner diverges beyond preventing functional interaction: an unlikely scenario.
Evolutionary dynamics of elongation factors. The model shows the possible and impossible combinations of elongation factors EFL (turquoise) eEF1A (purple), eEF1Bα (red) following gene acquisition and loss. Impossible scenarios (those that would be fatal for the organism) are indicated with a skull and crossbones. Other notation is explained in the inset box.
The ratchet may also work in the reverse direction, i.e. once EFL is lost from an EFL + eEF1A + eEF1Bα-encoding organism there is no going back. This depends on how frequently, if at all, EFL is transmitted by HGT, which is currently unclear [12–17]. In the absence of EFL HGT, the ratchet is nonprocessive and acts merely as a lineage-sorting evolutionary mechanism, degrading EFL + eEF1A + eEF1Bα-encoding organisms into either EFL- or eEF1A + eEF1Bα-encoding. Repetitive re-introduction of EFL by HGT into an eEF1A + eEF1Bα background would make the ratchet processive, potentially leading to an enrichment of EFL-containing organisms. Given the uncertainty in EFL HGT rates, it is impossible to assess the processivity of the ratchet. In the most extreme case of nonprocessivity, EFL would not have been subject to HGT at all, would have been present in the eukaryotic ancestor, and then all three genes would have been maintained for millions of years before the divergence of all modern EFL-encoding groups of organisms.
The relative rates of transitioning between states of factor composition is likely to be highly species specific; while EFL is clearly capable of replacing eEF1A in multiple lineages, it has been experimentally shown that Diplonema EFL can be co-maintained with, but can not replace eEF1A in Trypanosoma. Our results suggest the same is true for replacement of either both eEF1A and eEF1Bα or just eEF1Bα with M. brevicollis EFL in S. cerevisiae (Additional file 4: Figure S2). EFL is not naturally found in any yeasts, which may reflect an irreplaceability of yeast eEF1A, or may be because successful HGT is rare in this group of organisms .
The stability of the intermediate states (EFL in combination with eEF1A and/or eEF1Bα) depends on organism-specific constraints such as multifunctionalisation (which may drive the system towards co-maintenance of both paralogs), and evolutionary selection for genome reduction (which could increase the rate of loss). The rare cases of dual maintenance may be driven by multifunctionality of eEF1A . In fact it is surprising that eEF1A is not maintained in parallel to EFL more often given its plethora of "moonlighting functions". One explanation could be that eEF1A is not universally multifunctional, or its additional functions do not provide enough selective advantage for its maintenance. It is also possible that some of the moonlighting functions could be carried out by EFL, or by one of the other two closely related paralogs of eEF1A, eRF3 or Hbs1p. Indeed, eRF3 and Hbs1p have already taken over eEF1A's additional ancestral functions in translation termination and mRNA decay via eRF1 and Dom34p binding [27, 28].
Our sequence conservation and homology modeling analyses indicate several sequence regions that may be responsible for EFL's lack of requirement for eEF1Bα. However, we can not rule out the possibility that EFL has hijacked another GEF for recharging. One candidate could be eIF2α, the GEF for an ancient paralog of eEF1A and EFL, eIF2χ. Although homology is not apparent at the sequence level, eIF2α is structurally similar to eEF1Bα .
The ratchet mechanism of elongation factor replacement relies only on random genetic drift and can explain how eEF1A can be efficiently replaced by EFL without the need of the latter being a "better" elongation factor, i.e. providing a selective advantage in itself. The ability of EFL to recharge without a specialized accessory factor does not in itself make it an improved enzyme; the impact of this reduction on the functional cycle of the elongation factor is unknown.
The genomic distribution of the guanine exchange factor eEF1Bα considered alongside that of EFL and eEF1A gives a very strong indication that EFL is able to recharge without this exchange factor. Thus, the presence of EFL has apparently allowed the decay and loss of both eEF1A and eEF1Bα in some lineages of eukaryotes, a ratchet-like process where return to the ancestral state is unlikely. Horizontal transmission of EFL has been proposed among eukaryotes, however current sequence data is inadequate for determining the rate of transfer, and indeed if it occurs at all. Additional sequencing efforts are required to more fully resolve the dynamics of EFL through the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Further in vitro and in vivo experimentation is also required to answer the question of whether EFL self-recharges or whether exchange is promoted by another factor.
BLAST searches were carried out at the JGI (http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/), NCBI (http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), Origin of Multicellularity , GeneDB  and Cyanidioschyzon merolae genome (http://merolae.biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/) database webpages, using M. brevicolis EFL, Monosiga sp. (ATCC 50635) eEF1A and S. cerevisiae eEF1Bα as queries. The BLASTp method was used where protein models were available; otherwise tBLASTn was used to search protein against translated genomic and EST nucleotide sequences. Nucleotide hits were translated into protein using Transeq at the EBI (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/). The E value limit was set to 1e-5 and sequences found with eEF1Bα were checked with Pfam to confirm identity based on the presence of the EF1_GNE (EF1 guanine nucleotide exchange) domain . eEF1Bα has been subject to gene duplication in some lineages resulting in paralogs such as eEF1Bδ in Metazoa and eEF1Bβ in plants. As we are interested in presence or absence of a detectable eEF1Bα homolog and not the complete family tree of this protein family, which has been addressed elsewhere , only the top hit was retained. In house translational GTPase datasets (GCA) were used for classification of EFL and eEF1A sequences.
Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v6.864b with the L-ins-i strategy . Consensus sequences were generated with the Consensus Finder Python script . Only full length, non-degrading sequences or identical/nearly identical duplicates from the same organism were included in the data set. The threshold conservation level was set to 70%.
For phylogenetic analyses of eEF1A and EFL, gap-rich ambiguous alignment regions were identified by eye and removed. Extremely truncated sequences typical of ESTs were removed to minimize the amount of missing data. This resulted in dataset dimensions of 462 aligned amino acid positions from 72 sequences for EFL, and 446 positions from 82 sequences for eEF1A. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out with RAxML  and MrBayes  on the CIPRES Science Gateway v3.2 . MrBayes was run with a mixed model plus the gamma rate distribution, with the program converging on the WAG model (1.0 posterior probability) in the case of EFL, and RTREV (0.99 posterior probability) in the case of eEF1A. Two independent runs of 4 chains were run for 2 million generations, sampling every 1000 generations. A consensus tree was generated after a burn in of 200000 generations. At the end of the runs, the standard deviations of split frequencies (SDSF) were 0.01 in the case of EFL and 0.1 in the case of eEF1A. RAxML was run taking into account the MrBayes model selection, with the WAG + CAT model for EFL and RTREV + CAT model for eEF1A with 100 bootstrap replicates in each case.
A structural homology model of EFL was generated using Swiss-Model  with the crystal structure of the eEF1A:eEF1Bα complex (PDB ID 1IJE, ) as the structural template. Using MacPyMOL (http://www.pymol.org), the EFL model was structurally aligned with the crystal structure of EF-Tu on the ribosome (PDB IDs 2WRN and 2WRO)  in order to indicate likely ribosome and aa-tRNA binding surfaces.
We thank Barry Leadbeater for providing M. brevicollis culture, Terry Kinzy for providing S. cerevisiae strains TKY961 and JWY4231 as well as plasmid pJWB2937, and Thomas D Fox for the S. cerevisiae DUL2 strain and experimental advice. This work was supported by the funds from European Regional Development Fund through the Centre of Excellence in Chemical Biology (VH and TT), Estonian Science Foundation grants (ETF9012 and PUT37 to VH, ETF9020 to GCA); Swedish Research council and Umeå University (VH); Archimedes Foundation (AK); "U.M.N.I.K" program (AK), Russian Foundation for Basic Research (AK, IC and PK) and European Social Fund grant "Mobilitas" MJD99 (GCA).
GCA and MC conceived the bioinformatic part of the project, and performed analyses. AK, PK and VH conceived and designed experiments, AK, AS, IC and PK performed experiments, GCA and VH wrote the paper with contributions from MC, AK, PK, and AS. TT and VH contributed reagents. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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The Golden Compass Graphic Novel, Volume 1 (His Dark Materials #1) (Hardcover)
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This is book number 1 in the His Dark Materials series.
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The world of Philip Pullman's internationally bestselling His Dark Materials saga is brought to visual life in book 1 of a three-volume graphic adaptation of The Golden Compass.
Lyra Belacqua is content to run wild among the scholars of Jordan College, with her dæmon familiar always by her side. But the arrival of her fearsome uncle, Lord Asriel, draws her to the heart of a terrible struggle—a struggle born of Gobblers and stolen children, and a mysterious substance known as Dust. As she hurtles toward danger in the cold far North, Lyra never suspects the shocking truth: she alone is destined to win—or to lose—this more-than-mortal battle.
The stunning full-color art offers both new and returning readers a chance to experience the story of Lyra, an ordinary girl with an extraordinary role to play in the fates of multiple worlds, in an entirely new way.
"Superb . . . all-stops-out thrilling." —The Washington Post
PHILIP PULLMAN is one of the most acclaimed writers working today. He is best known for the His Dark Materials trilogy (The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, The Amber Spyglass), which has been named one of the top 100 novels of all time by Newsweek and one of the all-time greatest novels by Entertainment Weekly. He has also won many distinguished prizes, including the Carnegie Medal for The Golden Compass (and the reader-voted "Carnegie of Carnegies" for the best children's book of the past seventy years); the Whitbread (now Costa) Award for The Amber Spyglass; a Booker Prize long-list nomination (The Amber Spyglass); Parents' Choice Gold Awards (The Subtle Knife and The Amber Spyglass); and the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, in honor of his body of work. In 2004, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
It has recently been announced that The Book of Dust, the much anticipated new book from Mr. Pullman, also set in the world of His Dark Materials, will be published as a major work in three parts, with the first part to arrive in October 2017.
Philip Pullman is the author of many other much-lauded novels. Other volumes related to His Dark Materials: Lyra's Oxford, Once Upon a Time in the North, and The Collectors. For younger readers: I Was a Rat!; Count Karlstein; Two Crafty Criminals; Spring-Heeled Jack, and The Scarecrow and His Servant. For older readers: the Sally Lockhart quartet: The Ruby in the Smoke, The Shadow in the North, The Tiger in the Well, and The Tin Princess; The White Mercedes; and The Broken Bridge.
Philip Pullman lives in Oxford, England. To learn more, please visit philip-pullman.com and hisdarkmaterials.com. Or follow him on Twitter at @PhilipPullman.
STÉPHANE MELCHIOR has worked as a screenwriter for both film and television. Recently, he turned his creative energies toward comics, penning both original stories and adaptations, including Raiju and Raiden with Loïc Sécheresse and an adaptation of The Great Gatsby with Benjamin Bachelier.
CLÉMENT OUBRERIE is the acclaimed illustrator of more than forty picture books and is a co-founder of the 3D animation studio Station OMD. His comics include the Aya of Yopougon series by Marguerite Abouet and Pablo by Julie Birmant. His illustrations for The Golden Compass won an award at the International Comics Festival in Angoulême, France.
"The story's signature fantasies—the daemons; the armored mercenary polar bears; and the alethiometer—are realized with compelling force (and, in the case of the daemons, humor). [This] retelling will bring Pullman's work new fans and give previous readers new pleasure." -- Publishers Weekly, Starred review
"The small and detailed but very clear panels are full of expressive faces, discernible action, and moody shadowing. Readers familiar with Pullman's novel will appreciate this artistic adaptation, as will readers who simply prefer graphic novels to prose."--Booklist
"Whether this is a reader's first experience with the tale or they are already familiar with the story, they should be delighted by this rendition."--School Library Journal
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Publication Date: September 22nd, 2015
Series: His Dark Materials
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Cumberland Farms Inc., which operates 589 convenience store locations, is divesting 18 operating and closed convenience stores, plus two retail development sites throughout the Northeast.
The 20 properties are located in a variety of urban and suburban markets in eight Northeastern states?six properties each in Massachusetts and New York, two in Rhode Island and Maine, and one each in Connecticut, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Vermont. Sixteen of the sites are convenience stores with gas, two are convenience stores without gas and two are land-only development sites.
The buildings average 2,150 square feet and the average lot size is approximately 28,000 square feet. All are fee properties and the sale includes the underlying real estate. Bidders will be afforded the opportunity to bid on operating and closed c-stores with or without fuel supply.
The properties will be sold with help from NRC Realty & Capital Advisors LLC (NRC), using its well-known "buy one, some or all" sealed bid sale process. It is anticipated that the sale will be formally launched on May 15, when additional details about all properties will be available on the NRC Website. Property Specific Packages (PSP) are expected to be available the first week of June, with a bid deadline of July 12, 2012. Interested parties may view a complete site list and register online for sale updates at www.NRC.com/1203, or by calling the NRC Customer Service Center at (800) 747-3342, extension 1203.
"While these are sites that don't fit our current strategic plans," said Joseph Petrowski, CEO of The Cumberland Gulf Group, "they have served us well over the years and will be excellent locations for the right buyers."
"We are excited to have the opportunity to work with Cumberland Farms and its management team," said Dennis Ruben, executive managing director of NRC. "This sale provides great opportunities for qualified buyers. Anyone currently operating in or interested in these markets should take a serious look at the portfolio. Some of the sites should also be of interest to buyers outside the retail petroleum and c-store sectors."


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Roosevelt man charged in fatal shooting of Freeport man; held without bail
Elliott Fortune, 18, right, of Roosevelt, is led out of Nassau police headquarters in Mineola on Saturday, May 16, 2015. Fortune is charged with second-degree murder in connection with a December 2014 shooting in Roosevelt that killed 21-year-old Sayvon Marcus Burt, seen at left in an undated photo, police said. Photo Credit: Nassau County Crime Stoppers / Howard Schnapp
By KEVIN DEUTSCH AND LISA IRIZARRY kevin.deutsch@newsday.com,lisa.irizarry@newsday.com Updated May 16, 2015 10:52 PM
The son of a former Roosevelt High School football player who went on to the NFL was charged Saturday in the fatal shooting of a Freeport man last December and the attempted slaying of another man in April.
Elliott Fortune, 18, of Roosevelt, was arraigned in First District Court in Hempstead on charges of second-degree murder, attempted murder, attempted robbery and criminal possession of a weapon.
A law enforcement source confirmed that the defendant's father, also named Elliott Fortune, was a professional football player. Records show he played two seasons in the NFL -- in 1995 for the Cleveland Browns, and in 1996 for the Baltimore Ravens.
Authorities said the younger Fortune, who records show was also on the Roosevelt High football team, robbed, shot and killed Sayvon Burt, 21, of Freeport, on Dec. 20, 2014, in an alley near Park and Lakewood avenues in Roosevelt.
Four months later, on April 20, prosecutors said Fortune and his brother, whom authorities did not name in court, tried to rob a second victim of his backpack on Long Beach Avenue in Roosevelt.
As Fortune and the victim struggled over the backpack, Fortune told his brother, "Just shoot him," according to court records.
Authorities said the brother shot the victim in the face at close range. The bullet exited the man's jaw and grazed his left shoulder, records show.
He was treated at Nassau University Medical Center's intensive-care unit and survived. He later made "positive photo array identifications" that led police to arrest Fortune, records show.
Fortune, who did not enter a plea yesterday, was ordered held without bail and is due back in court Tuesday. His lawyer could not be reached for comment.
The status of any charges against Fortune's brother was not immediately known.
The elder Fortune is currently facing charges of marijuana possession and driving without a license stemming from a December 2014 traffic stop in Nassau, records show.
He was one of more than 100 former NFL players who filed a federal lawsuit in 2012, claiming that the league didn't protect them from concussions.
With Robert Brodsky
By KEVIN DEUTSCH AND LISA IRIZARRY kevin.deutsch@newsday.com,lisa.irizarry@newsday.com