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Wireless Carriers
6 Years of Fastest Mobile Networks: How They've Changed
We've been testing America's mobile networks since 2010. Here's how they've changed with time.
By Sascha Segan
https://www.pcmag.com/news/6-years-of-fastest-mobile-networks-how-theyve-changed
Fastest Mobile Networks is now in its sixth year, and that gives us here at PCMag a deep perspective on how the carriers have changed their networks to compete. Here's a quick rundown of some of the changes we've seen over time.
But first, I made composite charts to show the trends in a few key cities. Take a look at these four cities to see a sample of how 2012 compares to 2015:
2010: End of the Old Regimes
We started testing networks just as the primacy of 3G came to an end.
Fastest Mobile Networks started out with 18 cities in 2010, testing using laptops and USB modems. Those were still a thing back then. At the time, the only "4G" technology around was Sprint WiMAX, which was only available in half of our 18 cities and won almost everywhere it actually was, but had no chance of winning nationwide.
2010 did start some trends we've seen in networks ever since, though. In a 3G world, the fastest HSPA network is always king. AT&T won 2010 by having a consistent, nationwide HSPA 7.2 network. The weakness in Verizon's and Sprint's 3G EVDO technology, which seemed so fast in 2006, was already visible, and that weakness would lead Verizon to very aggressively roll out LTE to fill the gap. That was a good idea. Read more at Fastest Mobile Networks 2010.
2011-2013: Enter the Duopoly
When Verizon Wireless launched LTE in late 2010, it quickly grew to dominate urban mobile Internet. Yeah, sure, the first LTE phones such as the HTC Thunderbolt had horrible battery life. But Verizon's LTE was the first truly broadband mobile experience. 2011 began a three-year run where Verizon and AT&T, building LTE networks much more quickly than Sprint or T-Mobile, dominated our cities. Outside the cities, the same rules from 2010 applied—AT&T and T-Mobile's 3G networks were much faster than Sprint's or Verizon's. Read more at Fastest Mobile Networks 2011.
Verizon had a bad year in 2012. It turned on its LTE network in many cities by mid-2011, with decent performance averaging 10-15Mbps down. But it was also aggressively moving everybody but iPhone customers onto LTE as fast as it could, and made the rare-for-Verizon mistake of overloading its network. That resulted in speed drops in many of our cities. Yet Verizon still won 2012 because it had 258 LTE cities to AT&T's mere 39. Read more at Fastest Mobile Networks 2012.
AT&T's network broke through in 2013 with much broader coverage. It's a simple fact that new networks tend to do really well on these kinds of tests, because they're not as heavily loaded as older networks. That led AT&T to victory in 2013, as Verizon was focused on stabilizing performance under the weight of a ton of new LTE iPhone 5 units, and AT&T had a fresher, newer network which may not have had as high a percentage of LTE devices. See more at Fastest Mobile Networks 2013.
2014-2015: Everything Changes
T-Mobile turned on its LTE network just after our 2013 testing, and between 2013 and 2014, managed to spread it to all 30 of our test cities. That was excellent, intense work. The network came out of the gate in 2014 and won half of our cities with spectacular performance. While Verizon came out stronger, there was a strong new competitor on the map. Read more at Fastest Mobile Networks 2014.
But T-Mobile's success came at a cost, of course: congestion. While the carrier has been aggressively expanding its bandwidth using old MetroPCS airwaves and its own 2G spectrum, it's also been gaining more customers than any other carrier. So even Neville Ray's crack network team has been struggling to keep up; average download speeds declined from 2014 in 16 of our cities, even as coverage improved dramatically in suburban areas.
Sprint had been guttering along somewhat embarrassingly from 2012-2014, retiring a spotty, unreliable WiMAX network in 2012 for a spotty, unreliable LTE network in 2013. By 2014, it had promised to improve speeds through its "Spark" initiative, but we didn't see it, even though we were using Spark-friendly phones.
But hoo boy. In 2015, Sprint's average download speeds more than doubled in 16 of our cities, showing Spark was finally taking hold. Speeds in Las Vegas and Detroit quadrupled! It even won a city, Denver, for the first time since 2010.
And AT&T and Verizon haven't been standing still. Verizon doubled its bandwidth with its XLTE spectrum in 2014, and has managed to maintain many of those speeds throughout 2015. AT&T, which had a slow year in 2014 because of congestion on its narrow bands of spectrum, brought them together using a technology called "carrier aggregation" this year and bounced back.
So here we are in 2015, with the most competitive 4G LTE field ever. We haven't had a year where four different carriers each won cities since 2010. Having four solid, national carriers seems to work for us—fortunately, we fended off those AT&T/T-Mobile and T-Mobile/Sprint mergers—and we're excited to see what happens next year. For more, read Fastest Mobile Networks 2015.
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Upgrade Now or Wait? Canada's 5G Secrets Revealed
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About Sascha Segan
PCMag.com's lead mobile analyst, Sascha Segan, has reviewed more than 1,100 smartphones, tablets and other gadgets in more than 15 years with PCMag. He's the head of our Fastest Mobile Networks projects in the US and Canada, runs our Race to 5G tracker, and writes opinions on tech and society. Segan is also a multiple award-winning travel writer. Other than his home town of New York, his favorite cities are Barcelona and Hong Kong. While he's a fourth-generation Manhattanite, he now lives in Queens with his wife and daughter.
Read the latest from Sascha Segan
MediaTek's Dimensity 1200 Aims to Reaffirm Its Leadership
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The Samsung Galaxy S21 Is Here: Polished, and at a Lower Price
More from Sascha Segan


Russian Ballet ltd presents The Nutcracker - Imperial Russian Ballet Company. Watch the classic tale unfold amidst stunning sceneries and mesmerising ballet.
Watch The Nutcracker at The Arts Centre Gold Coast on September 17.
Our Palm Beach Accommodation is just a few minutes away from The Arts Centre Gold Coast.
Catch The Nutcracker at The Arts Centre Gold Coast on September 17.


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LauryGutiérrez
La Donna Musicale (United States)
The Artistic Development of Repertory for Concerts, Educational Performances, and Recordings of Early Music Written by Women Composers
Laury Gutiérrez is the founding director of La Donna Musicale, a nonprofit organization and internationally acclaimed ensemble dedicated to the performance of Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical music by women composers in a historically informed manner and to the performance of women's contemporary music. She is also a specialist in early music from Spain and the New World.
Gutiérrez will work on a project to develop the repertory of music composed by Italian women into concert and educational programs for performance and professional recordings. These programs will be assembled from the most significant works by the composers researched.
Praised as a "first-rate" instrumentalist by the Boston Globe, Gutiérrez holds degrees from Indiana University and the Longy School of Music. She has received fellowships and a scholarship from Boston University, where she did doctoral work in historical performance. La Donna Musicale's groundbreaking CDs The Seven Psalms of David, volumes I and II, and The Pleasures of Love and Libation: Airs by Julie Pinel and Other Parisian Women have received the highest praise (five stars) from the international early-music journal Goldberg. Gutiérrez is the recipient of a National Interest Waiver for permanent residency, which is granted to aliens "who because of their exceptional ability in the sciences, arts, or business will substantially benefit the national economy, cultural, or educational interests or welfare of the United States."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Prostatatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland, often resulting in swelling or pain. The term prostatitis is defined as microscopic inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland, which spans a broad range of clinical conditions.
Over the years, prostatitis has been subdivided into a number of categories, but today commonly accepted variations of the disease include nonbacterial, acute, and chronic. Prostatitis is a disease causing intense pain and discomfort to males between the ages of 25-55. Existing treatments are insufficient in effectively relieving symptoms.
The latest approach to prostatitis treatment is "Thermotherapy" - a method of treating the prostate with heat which either eliminates or alleviates prostatitis symptoms. A safe and effective treatment is the Tempro thermal treatment, performed with the help of radio frequency waves, which create a controlled heat to the prostatic tissue.
Tempro treatment presents an innovative approach to thermal RF treatment. Tempro treatment offers a unique bipolar RF technology which leads to a personalized treatment for each patient according to its Prostatic Urethral Length (PUL). Tempro treatment is safe and effective and does not require cooling systems or rectal temperature probes. Tempro thermal treatment showed improved quality of life for many patients.
Tempro thermotherapy offers treatment with pain-sensitivity profiles for the individual patient. The treatment may be performed with high, medium or low heating profiles to maximize patient comfort during treatment. The treatment area is chosen according to the Prostate Urethra Length (PUL), for localized treatment, by applying energy to different electrodes. Tempro treatment incorporates a unique computer controlled RF generator which enables bipolar treatment. Tempro treatment procedure is short and simple.
The unique features of Tempro include the 6-ring electrode, mounted on a silicone coated 16FR latex foley catheter. Three simultaneous temperature controls measure the highest prostate treatment temperature during treatment. The temperature-time graphs are constantly displayed on the screen, ensuring control over the treatment. Bipolar technology enables concentrated RF transmission to the prostate with minimal energy delivery to surrounding tissue. RF energy used in Tempro allows predictable heat patterns without hot spots. Due to the small diameter of the treatment applicator, its insertion is smooth and painless.
Tempro possesses a unique bipolar radio-frequency energy source. Tempro applicator can be adjusted to different prostate lengths by activating a variable number of rings according to prostate urethra length. Tempro applicator has 3 sensors which continuously monitor the prostates maximum temperature. The controlling computer will automatically shut down the system if an abnormality occurs. Treatment by Tempro does not need any anesthesia/sedation and is performed in a single session in a doctor's office with analgesia. Tempro device is mobile, easy to operate and is fully equipped with a computerized control and printer for printing of patients' summary forms and files; including post-treatment and statistical anyalysis results.
*Please check with your distributor which of the indications are authorized for use in your country.


Oregon State vs. Colorado at Boulder, Colo.
1 02:00 Colorado - Nixon, K.D. 32 yd pass from Montez, Steven. (Price, Evan kick is good).
2 13:12 Oregon State - Choukair, J. 30 yd field goal.
2 09:12 Colorado - Price, Evan 21 yd field goal.
2 04:44 Colorado - Nixon, K.D. 7 yd pass from Montez, Steven. (Price, Evan kick is good).
3 14:48 Colorado - McMillian, Trav 75 yd run. (Price, Evan kick is good).
3 08:17 Oregon State - Hodgins, Isaiah 8 yd pass from Luton, Jake. (Choukair, J. kick is good).
4 14:30 Oregon State - Colletto, Jack 2 yd run. (Choukair, J. kick is good).
4 09:29 Oregon State - Choukair, J. 35 yd field goal.
4 07:13 Oregon State - Hodgins, Isaiah 7 yd pass from Luton, Jake. (2pt conversion pass by Hodgins, Isaiah is good).
4 02:05 Colorado - Price, Evan 34 yd field goal.
4 00:29 Oregon State - Bradford, T. 10 yd pass from Luton, Jake. (Choukair, J. kick blocked).


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Choose 3 or more different CDs from our Sale Bin and get each CD for just $5. Each CD will be listed at full price until you place at least 3 different eligible CDs into your shopping cart. You can get 3 or more CDs for $5 each, so sample as much new music as you want!
NOTE: Download purchases are not eligible for the $5 sale.
Find more eligible titles here.
A New Cry For Freedom
by Dave Thomas/Charlene Peyton
© Copyright - Nadeau andThomas / Dave Thomas/Charlene Peyton (656613616628)
Inspired by the 9-11-01 tragedy this single is an uplifting handclapping song of hope and healing for the entire world Dave Thomas cranks it up with his screaming guitar and Charlene Peyton takes it over the top with gospel vocals
Genre: Country: Country Rock
1. A New Cry For Freedom
The tragedy of 9-11-2001 has touched virtually everyone in the world.
The unfathomable lack of regard for human life and liberty has brought a renewed awareness of evil to the people of America.
As with many of our fellow songwriters,Luciann Gill Nadeau and Dave Thomas of Gig Harbor, Washington decided to put pen to paper, the result of that collaboration is entitled "A New Cry For Freedom" Although the song is about the September Tragedy, the message is about the spirit of Americans.
It is about our hope for the future, our children's future, indeed. all the children and the world they will inherit from us. The artists on this CD in order of appearance include Dave Thomas, Ms. Charlene Peyton,(a world renowned gospel singer.)The chorus vocals are members of the Chapel Hill Presbyterian Church Choir.
The songwriting team of Nadeau and Thomas have many other songs to their credit "Waiting For The Other Shoe To Fall." recently recorded at Captain Kidd Studio in Nashville,Tn can be found listed on CDBaby. Other songs on CD Baby included the single "I Just Called Him Son" and the newly released "That's My Life" now available at CD Baby.com


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Attorney Profile – Charles Rock
Attorney Profile – Howard E. Shafran
Why Choose Our Personal Injury Attorneys?
Transvaginal Mesh Injuries
13 of the Weirdest Driving Laws Still in Effect in the U.S.
Driving and vehicle laws are generally intended to protect motorists and reduce the risks they face or present to others on the road. Some laws that are on the books in the U.S., however, are outdated or just plain bizarre, and we'll point out just a handful of these below
These Odd Laws May Make You Chuckle…
Check out some of the most ludicrous driving laws still in effect in the U.S. Contact our Kingston car accident attorney for help following a car wreck.
If you have a lantern attached to the front of your vehicle, it's legal to drive the wrong way down a one-way street (in Alabama).
It's against the law to tie dogs to the rooves of passenger vehicles (in Alaska).
After 9 pm, you can get a ticket for blasting your horn in from of establishments that serve sandwiches or cold drinks (in Arkansas).
It's illegal to jump from a car moving 65 mph or faster (in California).
It's illegal to sleep on the roadways (also in California).
It's illegal to drive black cars on Sundays (in certain parts of Colorado).
It's against the law to shoot animals from your vehicle unless you are killing a whale (in Tennessee).
You can be ticketed for having a gorilla in your back seat (in Massachusetts).
You can't ride camels on the highway (in Nevada).
It's illegal to ride on the roof of a taxi cab (in Ohio).
It's illegal to leave sheep alone in a truck (in Montana).
You can't drive a red car on Lake Street in Minneapolis (in Minnesota).
It's illegal to park in front of Dunkin Donuts (in Maine).
When Drivers Break Standard Traffic Laws & Cause Accidents
The above laws, which are funny if not entirely ludicrous, are probably broken now and again in their respective states with little chances of enforcement. When, however, drivers break more common traffic laws – like those pertaining to speed limits, stopping at red lights, etc. – and end up causing accidents, these drivers can be held accountable for compensating those who they hit.
Contact a Kingston Car Accident Attorney at Charles N. Rock, P.L.L.C.
If you or someone you love been injured in a traffic accident , you can turn to Kingston Car Accident Attorney Charles N. Rock for aggressive legal advocacy and effective help obtaining the compensation to which you may be entitled.
To find out more about your best options for moving forward, contact us today to schedule a free, no obligations initial consultation. You can set up this meeting by calling (845) 383–1170 or by emailing us using the contact form on this page. To ensure that you have the legal support you need now, Attorney Charles N. Rock can meet you at your home or a hospital when needed.
From our offices based in Kingston, New York, Charles N. Rock provides the highest quality legal services to clients throughout New York, including those in Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, New Paltz, Hyde Park, Ellenville, Saugerties, Ulster County, Dutchess County, and Orange County.
webadmin2020-01-17T15:27:36-05:00
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Can Chiropractors Be Sued for Medical Malpractice?
FDA Issues New, Enhanced Warnings for Levaquin & Other Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Failure to Diagnose Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Can Have Deadly Results, Study Finds
Dealing with Insurers
Faulty Vehicle Equipment
Liability Claim
Vaginal Mesh Injuries & Cases
8 Do's & Don'ts of Reporting Car Accidents to Insurers (Pt. 2)
April Is National Distracted Driving Awareness Month
Law Office of Shafran & Rock, P.L.L.C.
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Lancaster picked for economic boost
McMaster targets city as federal 'opportunity zone' for job creation
By Greg Summers/The Lancaster News
Sunday, March 25, 2018 at 2:00 am (Updated: March 25, 2:01 am)
The city of Lancaster has two census tracts named opportunity zones by Gov. Henry McMaster. The tracts flank Main Street and stretch east to the S.C. 9/U.S. 521 Bypass and west to Bear Creek.
Photo Courtesy of Athena Redmond/The Lancaster News
Gov. Henry McMaster on Friday picked Lancaster as one of 135 sites across the state that will become "opportunity zones," part of a new federal program designed to create jobs in economically distressed areas.
McMaster submitted his list to the U.S. Treasury Department, which is expected to approve the sites in the next 30 days. The program makes those areas eligible for tax incentives to encourage business creation and the development of affordable housing.
"It's a great step forward, and there will be more," McMaster said at a press conference in Ridgeway. "It's not the end, but another new beginning for South Carolina."
Lancaster is divided into two of the opportunity zones, each of which encompasses one U.S. Census tract. The two zones include all the area inside the Lancaster city limits and a little land outside the city.
One zone stretches from the east side of Main Street to S.C. 9 Bypass. The other is from the west side of Main past Springs Memorial Hospital. The northern boundary is S.C. 200 just past the city limits, and the south boundary is near the Lancaster County Water and Sewer District reservoir.
The opportunity-zone idea was spearheaded in 2016 by Sen. Tim Scott (R-S.C.). It eventually became part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which Congress passed and President Trump signed into law in December.
The law opens the door for private investment in economically distressed communities nationwide. It offers companies or private investors a deferral of capital-gains taxes for up to seven years in exchange for reinvesting those dollars inside an opportunity zone.
S.C. Commerce Secretary Bobby Hitt said the money can be spent on industrial projects, retail businesses, affordable housing or professional services such as medical offices.
"And the longer they leave the investment there, the better tax benefit they get," Hitt said.
Hitt said the sites were prioritized based on an analysis of economic data for each census tract.
"We wanted to look at the tracts where we would have the best opportunity to have success, not just fan 'em out or hand 'em out," Hitt said. "Winning in economic development is about two areas – being lucky and being ready. And this makes us ready."
South Carolina has 1,097 census tracts, and 538 have been designated by Treasury Department as eligible for the opportunity zone status. Each state can select 25 percent of eligible communities for the program, which led at a list of 135 zones in South Carolina.
Each of the state's 46 counties has at least one of the 135 proposed opportunity zones.
Lancaster County had nine eligible tracts and applied to get three included, said county Economic Development Director Jamie Gilbert.
Census Tracts 107 and 108, which include all of downtown Lancaster and the surrounding area, were selected. Gilbert said Census Tract 102 (Kershaw) was not, though it was listed as the county's top priority.
County officials, he said, were disappointed with that decision "but will continue to work hard to bring new development to Kershaw."
Gilbert believes the opportunity zone program, when combined with a concerted effort by the city of Lancaster, Lancaster County and the private sector, "can bring new life to the Lancaster area."
Rep. Ralph Norman, who was at McMaster's press conference, said once the program is coupled with President Trump's initiatives to deregulate business, it will kick-start business across the 5th Congressional District.
"From Cherokee to Fairfield to Sumter, he (McMaster) made sure that each county has the potential to grow economically, and provides an opportunity for great investment in these counties," said Norman.
Norman's 5th District has been especially hard hit by job losses such as the July 2017 cancellation of the multibillion-dollar V.C. Summer nuclear project in Fairfield County. That led to the sudden loss of more than 5,000 jobs without warning.
In Lancaster, battery maker Duracell is eliminating 430 jobs as it shuts down its S.C. 9 Bypass West plant to consolidate production of AA and AAA batteries at a single plant in LaGrange, Ga.
Scott initative
Sen. Scott was not at Friday's announcement due to Thursday's late-night Senate vote on a $1.3 trillion spending bill that Trump signed Friday.
Scott told the Charleston Post & Courier that McMaster's announcement was "exciting news" for the state.
"This means tens of thousands of folks across every one of our counties will see a brighter future due to a stronger local economy, a surge in job growth, and the potential revitalization of entire neighborhoods," Scott said.
The opportunity zones idea was never debated on the Senate floor or promoted by the White House.
But Kevin Hassett, the chairman Trump's Council of Economic Advisers, said in a January interview with the New York Times that it could help many struggling small towns and rural areas.
"If it's successful, we'll look back 10 years from now and say this was one of the most important parts of the tax bill, and one we didn't talk nearly enough about," Hassett said.
Follow reporter Greg Summers on Twitter @GregSummersTLN or contact him at (803) 283-1156.
S.C. Congressman Ralph Norman visits 5th District Opportunity Zones


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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Pensions1,636
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Invalid Pensions1,218
United States. Congress. House. Committee on War Claims695
United States--Politics and government8,417
United States. Congress8,417
United States. Congress--(51st : 1889-1891)[remove]8,417
United States. Congress--History[remove]8,417
Bills, Private4,984
You searched for: Subject United States. Congress--History Remove constraint Subject: United States. Congress--History Subject United States. Congress--(51st : 1889-1891) Remove constraint Subject: United States. Congress--(51st : 1889-1891)
1. Benjamin B. Haughkirk.
LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection.
Washington : [s.n.], 1891.
2. American merchant marine in foreign trade : hearings before the United States House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries on H. R. bill no. 4663, known as the "Tonnage Bill," Fifty-First Congress, first session, January 22, 1890, to March 28, 1890.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
3. [Fortification appropriation bill for 1891, with notes of hearings thereon] : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on May 28, 1890.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations.
4. Report of the Special Committee of the U.S. Senate on the Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands. : Vol. 4 -- Statements. by Director Powell and Other Officers of the U.S. Geological Survey hearings before the United States Senate Select Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Jan. 17, 21, 24, 31, Mar. 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 28, 1890.
United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands.
5. Report of the Special Committee of the U.S. Senate on the Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands. : Vol. 3 -- Rocky. Mountain Region and Great Plains hearings before the United States Senate Select Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Sept. 6-9, 11-14, 16, 17 19, 22, 1889.
6. Reform in the Civil Service : hearings before the United States House Select Committee on Reform in the Civil Service, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Feb. 19, 26-28, Mar. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 1890.
United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Reform in the Civil Service.
7. Revision of the Tariff : hearings before the United States House Committee on Ways and Means, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Dec. 7, 26, 27, 30, 31, 1889, Jan. 2, 3, 6, 11, Feb. 3, 12-14, 18, 20, 27, Mar. 6, 10-12, 26, 1890.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means.
8. Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands. : Vol. 2. The Great Basin Region and California hearings before the United States Senate Special Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Aug. 19, 20, 22, 26, 30, 31, Sept. 1-5, 1889.
9. Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands. : Vol. 1. The Northwest hearings before the United States Senate Special Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Apr. 8, Aug. 1-11, 13, 15-17, 1889.
10. Investigation of Transportation and Sale of Meat Products : hearings before the United States Senate Select Committee on Transportation and Sale of Meat Products, Fifty-First Congress, first session, on Nov. 20-23, 1888, Feb. 1, 2, Sept. 2-4, 7, 9-11, Nov. 30, Dec. 1, 9, 30, 1889, Jan. 24, 28, 1890.
United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Transportation and Sale of Meat Products.
11. Obstruction of navigation in the Ohio River and tributaries.
12. Investigation of Postmaster of the House of Representatives.
United States. Congress. House. Committee of Accounts.
13. Congressional Record.
14. Hiram D. Connell, and others.
15. Mrs. S. J. Rayner.
16. Jamison W. Rice and others.
17. Index of committee reports.
18. Money advanced for war purposes.
19. Book agents of the Methodist Episcopal Church South.
20. Daniel Marcy.
21. Section 3066, Revised Statutes of the United States.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary.
22. Mrs. Louisa Jackman and legal representatives of Mrs. Martha Vaughn.
23. Charles W. Cronk.
24. Public building at Oakland, Cal.
25. Eugene A. Osborn.
26. Mary C. Ringgold.
27. Fort Worth and Denver City Railway Company.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Indian Affairs.
28. Charlotte Stenger.
29. To authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to accept fountain and lamp from City of Frankfort, Ky.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.
30. Public building at Virginia City, Nev.
31. Public building at Reno, Nev.
32. St. Cecelia's Academy.
33. Brooklyn and Staten Island Tunnel.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce.
34. Refunding of duties paid on painted glass window by St. Mary's Church, Harford County, Md.
35. To attach Logan County, Ohio, to the Southern Judicial District of said state.
36. Gold medal to J. B. Whealton.
37. Mary B. Clayton.
38. Memorial structure at Marietta, Ohio.
39. Sophia Wenzel.
40. Legal representatives of Nicholas J. Bigley.
41. Estate of John Ericsson.
42. Purchase of Townsend's Library.
43. Thomas F. Rowland.
44. Historical manuscript relating to the District of Columbia.
45. Patrick Mackin.
46. International Marine Conference.
47. W. W. Beck.
48. Edwin F. Nixon.
49. Manuscripts of William Vans Murray.
50. Meaning of certain existing pension laws.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Invalid Pensions.
51. Marcellus Pettitt.
52. Lester Noble.
53. Thomas C. Ellison.
54. Mrs. Zenon Boutte.
55. Section 5352 of the Revised Statutes.
56. Papers and correspondence of Thomas Jefferson.
57. William C. Spencer.
58. Michael Meskell.
59. William McGarrahan.
60. John M. Giffin.
61. William Doyle.
62. Emile M. Blum.
63. Patrick G. Meath.
64. Public building at Tampa, Fla.
65. Letitia Staenglen.
66. Methodist Episcopal Church at Martinsburgh, W. Va.
67. Milton J. Durham, administrator of Leonard Taylor, deceased.
68. To reimburse certain persons for moneys expended.
69. Award to citizens of Jefferson County, Ky.
70. Amos L. Allen, survivor of the firm of Larrabee & Allen.
71. Officers and men of the Jeannette Arctic Expedition.
72. Bridge across the Osage River, in Benton County, Mo.
73. Bridge across the Missouri River in Boone County, Mo.
74. Statue of Robert Dale Owen.
75. E. H. Mix, and others.
76. Georgiana C. Hall.
77. Free delivery service in small towns and villages.
78. Australasian closed mail.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Post Roads.
79. American register for steamer Joseph Oteri, Jr.
80. Heirs of Clifford Arrick, deceased.
81. Augustus P. Burditt.
82. A. S. Johnson, administrator of Thomas Johnson, deceased.
83. James McCauley.
84. Hannah B. Shepherd.
85. Lots 11 and 12 of Subdivision of Square 689, in Washington, D. C.
86. Salina B. Herrick.
87. Bridge across the Hudson River.
88. Military post in the interior of Alaska.
89. Harriet B. Hamilton.
90. Martha N. Hudson.
91. Margaret Flaherty.
92. Albert P. Davis.
93. Benjamin T. Baker.
94. American register for steam-ship G. W. Jones.
95. Benjamin F. Brown.
96. Officers and enlisted men of First Kansas Colored Volunteers.
97. Mary L. Miller.
99. Washington Grigsby.
100. Martha J. Dodge.


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Book shop to reopen two months after fire destroyed £1million worth of books
Buckley: Berwyn Books to reopen two months after fire destroyed £1m of books
By Joe Robinson @joerob_leader Reporter
Berwyn Books lost 400,000 books in a fire at is warehouse in November.
A SECOND-HAND book shop is preparing to reopen its doors less than two months after a fire destroyed its premises and 400,000 books.
Berwyn Books lost more than £1million worth of rare and second-hand books in a huge fire at its warehouse in Buckley in November.
Amongst the books lost were many unique and historic works - including a book signed by Queen Victoria and a first edition of the Radio Times from 1923.
The first ever edition of the Radio Times was amongst the items lost in the fire.
But the public has rallied to help the business rise from the ashes by donating about 15,000 books to date.
New co-owner Katrina Matthews said some changes had been made, after the original owner took a step back.
"Myself and a few colleagues said we'll start a new business, keep the name quite similar but be a separate legal entity. Hence we've changed to The Berwyn Bookshop," she said.
Co-owner Emma Littler said: "Myself and Katrina and our staff were really lucky that everybody was of the same opinion that we wanted to continue this.
"Having that support from our community and customers and family really spurred us on to do that."
Poet Hedd Wyn's legacy more than 100 years after 1917 eisteddfod
Documentary examines crimes of vicious Welsh serial killer Peter Moore
Katrina added that the publicity generated in the wake of the fire had led to major donations of books, which have been housed in various locations while a search was under way for a permanent home.
"They've been stored everywhere you can think of," she said.
"Buckley Football Club had two big shipping containers full of book donations, Lester's Farm Shop (in Drury) helped. They're also all in my conservatory, in my lounge, in my nan's garage, in my colleague's garage. They're just everywhere, so my home is now a bookshop and not an actual home."
They will now be sold from Caffi Isa community centre in Mynydd Isa after the business was offered use of the facility by its owner, Sara Parker.
"Sara is our fairy godmother, we can't thank her enough," Emma said.
"Not only has she jeopardised space for her business by providing storage for us, she also provided us a lifeline in terms of our new shop. We're incredibly thankful and it's taken the pressure off. The space is just perfect."
Caffi Isa (Source - Google Street View)
Before the new-look bookshop opens its doors on February 5, the hard work has begun to get the stock on display and ready for sale.
Staff have appealed for donations of fixtures and fittings, boxes and bookcases.


text:
You are here: Home / Individual Stories / Nine LightAware Case Studies
Nine LightAware Case Studies
March 9, 2018 Filed Under: Individual Stories
9 LightAware Case Studies
The following 9 Case Studies from the LightAware charity are real life accounts of people suffering a range of ill health symptoms triggered by LED and modern fluorescent lighting.
LightAware is particularly concerned about the lack of suitable research and evidence about the effect of LED lighting on human health. Although people often tell us that they feel unwell under fluorescent lights, many are reporting that LED lighting triggers symptoms much more quickly, and with greater severity and frequency. As such, the adverse effect of these lights on people's lives can be devastating.
The ban on incandescent lighting has proven to be catastrophic for many people who are made ill by LED and fluorescent lights. Likewise, the replacement of well tried and tested alternatives, such as sodium and metal halide, has further exacerbated the situation. This has caused ill health, social exclusion and job loss for many people, because the forms of artificial lights that have been made obsolete are the very ones they tolerate well.
The following cases represent just a fraction of the many people in contact with LightAware who are suffering and disabled by fluorescent and LED lighting. Names and personal details have been changed to protect people's privacy.
1) Elizabeth
Elizabeth is extremely sensitive to indoor and outdoor LED lighting. When LED street lights were erected outside her home, she couldn't even step into her front garden without symptoms including severe eye pain, migraine, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo, these symptoms starting immediately upon exposure.
She recently moved house to live in the countryside to escape the LED street lighting in her town. However, there is no escape as neighbours and farms nearby have started to install LED security lighting outside, restricting her access to only parts of the garden. The neighbours next door have LED Christmas displays so she is trapped in her home for 1 month after dark at Christmas time. She feels this shows little compassion.
When the street lights changed to LED, her employer also switched to LED backlit computer screens. She was already working under LED lighting and very sick everyday living on painkillers and anti-sickness tablets. She eventually had no choice but to leave her job. The widespread adoption of LED lights in the workplace has left her long term unemployed on no income.
Cut off socially at home, Elizabeth is excluded from using essential communication technologies such as modern phones and computer screens as they are LED backlit. CFLs can cause symptoms for her too, though nowhere as severe or immediate as those from LED lamps. Although she is only in her thirties, Elizabeth feels most of the time she is living a very isolated life, that no-one should be subjected to.
"I don't know where else to go. It's distressing that nothing is being done, but at least now I know many others who feel the same. LED lights have become commonplace, so I'm glad I have school and college behind me because I wouldn't be able to go if I was a child today."
2) Tony
Tony was just a 'normal young guy' in his 30s: living in London, working in an office, with a computer and smartphone and enjoying travelling. Some years after having laser eye surgery, he started suffering extreme eye pain and headaches when exposed to LED lighting. He is unable to use modern televisions, computer monitors and phones as the LED backlights trigger severe pain. In the work world, Tony is increasingly cut off from normal activities that people take for granted.
"The LED streetlights I have encountered have been pure and utter hell for me. Being around them I just feel burning right on my eyes. Afterwards I feel like my eyes have been cut to bits – the pain is almost unbearable, it feels like somebody has either burnt into or sliced my eye. It actually feels like the white part of my eye was bleeding".
This turned his life upside down, making everyday life a constant negotiation to be able to travel and work without exposure to lighting. His employers in an office had helped to accommodate him, using old screen technology and sitting away from difficult lighting. He was just about coping when LED street lighting began to be installed across his borough. It was difficult to find out how to challenge this, as the lighting was being installed by a private company through PFI. When he contacted the Council, they said to get in touch with the private company, but when he did so they passed him back to the council. This lack of clarity and accountability only added to the confusion and disorientation he felt in trying to explain his predicament. In the end he negotiated directly with the Council who agreed to maintain sodium street lighting on his street. He still has to go through streets with LED lighting to get to work and indeed access the rest of the city at night. This situation is increasing difficult as his office is due to shortly replace fluorescent overheads with overhead LED lights, which are intolerable for him.
He fears being forced out of his job within a matter of months, leaving him in a financially precarious situation. Lastly, if the supply of sodium street lights runs out, he could even be forced out of his home. Currently he is lighting his home using a diminishing supply of old incandescent bulbs and having to wear a hat to try to shield his eyes when outside.
3) Kevin
Kevin is a father and the family breadwinner, but he was unable to continue with his career as an IT professional, as he is not able to tolerate LED lighting and many modern fluorescents, now ubiquitous in the workplace.
Commuting to work has become impossible for him, as LED and HID lights on cars blind and trigger migraines for him whilst driving. Public transport is now also out of his reach as buses, trains and stations have upgraded to LED lights. He finds road signs with white LEDs too uncomfortable to read and they give him bad headaches. Since LED street lights have been introduced into his county, including his street, he's had to cease driving altogether at night – significantly disrupting family life.
Kevin is no longer able to cycle, walk or drive where ever LED street lights are installed as they instantaneously trigger bad headaches for him, which quickly develop into disabling migraines, including dizziness, not being able to think straight, some loss of coordination, and a general inability to function well – these disabling symptoms sometimes lasting more than a day. To try and cope with LED street lights, he wears a peak cap, specialised tinted glasses and has to keep his hand constantly raised to try and shield his eyes from their light – despite this, these lights still trigger symptoms. Besides all this, he doesn't feel safe driving on roads lit by these lights, as he finds they actually reduce visibility in areas not directly beneath them, including pavements, side-street parking bays, intersections and pedestrian crossings.
"I feel a constant sense of foreboding as LED lights take over public spaces, causing my life to be increasingly cut off. The resulting social exclusion also has an emotional impact and I feel my livelihood has been wrenched from me"
4) Charlie
Charlie was working in a job she loved with great prospects when the organisation she worked for moved to a purpose-built new premises with new fluorescent strip lighting. She soon became ill, suffering from severe headaches and shingles beside her eye. From this time she was unable to tolerate any fluorescent lighting and eventually had to leave her job.
"At first I thought I just had a problem with fluorescent lighting and was ok with LEDs," she explains, "but one day I was walking by the river when I was bathed in a very bright LED street light from a new housing estate. It felt like a floodlight. I felt a sudden urge to run away, followed by a severe headache, the pain lasted for a whole month and was accompanied by general light sensitivity to all bright light."
After a few of these episodes she increasingly found LED lighting too piercing and bright, and looking directly at LED lights resulted in migraine. Charlie managed to give medical evidence to the local council (from neurologists and optical specialists) and the council agreed to maintain her street as sodium, and dimmed the very bright lights beside the river. This made a difference to the whole neighbourhood, as many people were having problems sleeping with the sky so bright at night. It was a huge relief to have sodium lighting on her street, but she still can't go out beyond this area after dark or take part in events in the town.
5) Bernadette
Bernadette was a university senior lecturer when her academic department altered the lighting in one of its buildings to fluorescent lighting, which for her triggered migraines. Bernadette took her case to an industrial tribunal, which ruled that the university's need to attract new students through refurbished facilities overrode her disability case. She had no choice but to leave a 30 year old successful and sociable career to work from home for a fraction of the income. An elected local councillor, Bernadette was also unable to attend council meetings in person as the council said it was unable to alter fluorescent lighting in the chamber. She was therefore unable to represent her electorate by voting on motions, and was deselected by her local political party.
Bernadette has not left her home in the evening for several years since the street lights were replaced with LED ones that trigger migraines. She likes to walk in the daytime along a local promenade and swim in the sea nearby. A public meeting was held to discuss a proposed seafront "improvement" that incorporated the installation of LED lighting. Because it was held in the evening in a venue with migraine-triggering lights, Bernadette was unable to attend, but she sent a representative to request that no LED lights be erected along the promenade, as this would mean she would be unable to walk there even in the daytime as the lights are routinely set to switch on automatically in dim light, and when lights malfunction the default setting is to be on. The mayor rejected the request and the lights have been erected.
Job loss and isolation have left Bernadette depressed and feeling desperate.
6) Jessie
Jessie is a good-natured young lady in her mid teens, currently preparing for her GCSE exams. She finds that the fluorescent tube lights at school, especially the bright cool-white ones, often make her feel dizzy. This is accompanied with difficulty focusing, listening and remembering things. Furthermore, these symptoms can be followed by her experiencing troubling headaches. The impact is far worse from LED lights. She wears special tinted glasses to try and mitigate the effects from this lighting, but they only help to a limited degree.
She looks forward to following her dreams at college in coming years, but since many colleges are upgrading to LED lights, she wonders how this may impact her ability to earn the qualifications she needs to start a job one day.
"I'm concerned about when the relaxing orange street light outside my bedroom window will be changed to LED, because others have been converted in our road already. I'm more prone to my sleep being messed up from light coming through my window due to my sensitivity to some lights. So if the one outside my window gets changed to LED, that would be a disaster for me"
7) Paula
Paula is a self-employed music teacher in her 50s, and the dazzle of too bright lights whether from street lighting or car headlights leaves her feeling confused and anxious.
She is concerned about the current quality of light on a number of levels – first and foremost from a safety point of view, that she doesn't feel safe when she can't see properly when driving. It bothers her at dusk but she finds it worse in the dark. She resents the fact that these new lights have been imposed on us with no choice or consultation, when they have such an impact on our experience of our immediate environment. She feels that there is too much artificial light, especially at night, and too much over-stimulation generally of light and sound. Blue-rich LED street lighting feels to her like part of this over-stimulation.
"It is well known that light can affect the brain in negative ways," she says. "Sometimes I think – how has this happened? How is this the kind of environment we want to live in? We don't need these extra bright lights in the everyday environment, there is no need for it. It's as if it doesn't matter that where you live is beautiful or pleasurable. It doesn't feel at all people-friendly, I feel quite angry about it."
8) Kelly
Kelly has light sensitive lupus, which means she has a severe sensitivity to UV light. She has to wear a medical mask to go outside in the daytime to protect her from the UV in sunlight. When there were sodium street lights around her home, she could safely go out of the house in the evening. However, now that the local council has replaced the orange sodium lights with blue-rich LED street lighting, she has to wear the medical mask even to go outside after dark. She also feels that the LED lights affect her adversely even wearing the mask, causing headaches and fatigue, and so there may be another factor affecting her other than the UV content of the light.
"When I first became ill I thought I would become a night-time person going out and socialising at night. But I have a worse reaction to cool white and bright white LEDs, now in widespread use both outdoors and indoors, than to sunlight."
9) Alasdair
Alasdair suffers from a light-sensitive skin condition known as photosensitive seborrhoeic dermatitis, and gets an extreme reaction from all forms of light even through clothing. For many years he couldn't go outside his blacked-out house in daylight as his skin reacted so badly to sunlight. He was only able to leave the house at night, for a limited period, which was his only opportunity for some fresh air and exercise. He had to leave a successful career where he'd had a senior professional role and was now claiming benefits.
"When I heard that the council were planning to change the local area from sodium to white CFL street lighting I was horrified. Blue light is recognised by leading photo-dermatologists to be much more penetrating and therefore much more aggravating for people with light sensitive skin conditions. The high blue content of the proposed street lighting would mean that I would become totally housebound throughout the day and the night."
Backed by a lawyer, he argued the case with the local council that his human rights would be infringed by the installation of CFL street lights in the local area and that it also would be a breach of the council's duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people under the Equality Act, which covers public areas including the streets. He sent medical evidence to back up his case and the council agreed to replace a limited area with high-pressure sodium street lights rather than CFLs so he could continue to go outside for a walk.
Filed Under: Individual Stories


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
T 1634/15 (CODIS core STR loci forensic human identification/PROMEGA) of 14.10.2016
C12Q 1/68
MULTIPLEX AMPLIFICATION OF SHORT TANDEM REPEAT LOCI
PROMEGA CORPORATION
Qiagen GmbH
Life Technologies Corporation
European Patent Convention Art 100(a)
European Patent Convention Art 54
European Patent Convention Art 112a(1)
Main and sole request (claims as granted) - novelty (no)
Referral of question to the Enlarged Board of Appeal (no)
I. The appeal lies against the decision of the opposition division to revoke European patent No. 1 135 530, which is based on European patent application No. 99 965 030.2 (published as International patent application WO 00/31306) claiming the priority date of 25 November 1998 from the document US 199 542. The opposition division decided that the main and sole request (the claims as granted) did not fulfil the requirements of Article 100(a) EPC (Article 56 EPC) and, accordingly, revoked the patent.
II. With the statement setting out the grounds of appeal, the patent proprietor (appellant) requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and the patent be maintained as granted.
III. Acceleration of the appeal proceedings was requested by opponent 02 (respondent II), which provided evidence of the payment of royalties under license agreement between opponent 02/respondent II and the patent proprietor/appellant.
IV. The request for acceleration of the appeal proceedings was granted by the board.
V. Both, opponent 01 and 02 (respondents I and II, respectively), replied to the statement of grounds of appeal and requested to dismiss the appeal. Respondent I further requested that, if the board decided that the patent was entitled to the claimed priority date, four questions of law be referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.
VI. The appellant replied to respondent I's submissions on the entitlement to the claimed priority rights and the request for a referral to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.
VII. The parties were summoned to oral proceedings and, in a communication pursuant to Article 15(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the Boards of Appeal (RPBA) annexed to the summons, they were informed of the board's preliminary, non-binding opinion on the issues of the case.
In particular, the board stated that respondent I's arguments about the entitlement to the priority rights appeared to have been filed only in appeal proceedings. Thus, they were new in the proceedings and late-filed. The board was unlikely to admit a fresh case in appeal proceedings based on these arguments. The board further stated that, taking into account only prior art available before the claimed priority date, the appellant's main and sole request, namely the claims as granted, did not fulfil the requirements of Articles 54 and 56 EPC.
VIII. In reply to the board's communication, respondent II confirmed its request that the appeal be dismissed and requested furthermore that the decision under appeal be upheld without a referral to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.
IX. The appellant withdrew its request for oral proceedings, informed the board of its intention not to be represented at these proceedings, and maintained its main and sole request, namely to set aside the decision under appeal and to maintain the patent as granted, without making any substantive submissions.
X. Both, respondents I and II, requested the board to hold the scheduled oral proceedings and informed the board of their intention to attend these proceedings.
XI. Oral proceedings were held on 14 October 2016 in the absence of the appellant.
XII. Claim 1 of the main request (claims as granted) reads as follows:
"1. A method of simultaneously identifying the alleles present in a set of loci of from one or more DNA samples, comprising:
(a) providing a DNA sample to be analyzed,
(b) selecting a set of loci of the DNA sample, comprising short tandem repeat loci D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, HUMCSF1PO, HUMFIBRA, HUMTH01, HUMTPOX, and HUMvWFA31;
(c) co-amplifying the loci in the set in a multiplex amplification reaction, wherein the product of the reaction is a mixture of amplified alleles from each of the co-amplified loci in the set; and
(d) evaluating the amplified alleles in the mixture to determine the alleles present at each of the loci analyzed in the set within the DNA sample;
wherein the multiplex amplification reaction is a polymerase chain reaction."
Claims 2 to 6 are directed to preferred embodiments of the method of claim 1.
XIII. The following documents are cited in this decision:
D2: WO 97/39138 (publication date: 23 October 1997);
D8: J.W. Schumm et al., "Pentanucleotide Repeats:
Highly Polymorphic Genetic Markers Displaying
Minimal Stutter Artifact", early 1999,
pages 100 to 111;
D9: E.A. Amiott et al., "Incorporating High Quality
Genetic Markers into Forensically Useful
Multiplexes", early 1999, pages 2 to 6;
D10: "Meeting Report on The Ninth International
Symposium on Human Identification, October 8-10,
1998", Profiles in DNA, GenePrint**(TM), early 1999,
page 13;
D20: B. Budowle et al., "CODIS and PCR-Based Short
Tandem Repeat Loci: Law Enforcement Tools", pages
73 to 88 (published after the priority date
claimed by the patent);
D26: N.J. Oldroyd et al., "A highly discriminating
octoplex short tandem repeat polymerase chain
reaction system suitable for human individual
identification", Electrophoresis, 1995, Vol.
16, pages 334 to 337;
D35: Extract from "Forensic DNA Typing", pages 97 and
98 (published after the filing date of the
patent);
D36: C. Kimpton et al., "Evaluation of an automated DNA
profiling system employing multiplex amplification
of four tetrameric STR loci", Int. J. Leg. Med.,
1994, Vol. 106, pages 302 to 311;
D37: P. Gill et al., "Automated short tandem repeat
(STR) analysis in forensic casework - a strategy
for the future", Electrophoresis, 1995, Vol. 16,
pages 1543 to 1552.
XIV. In the statement of grounds of appeal, the appellant provided only arguments relating to Article 100(a) EPC in conjunction with Article 56 EPC, the sole article of the EPC and ground of opposition for which the patent was revoked (cf. point I supra). No substantive submissions relating to Article 100(a) EPC in conjunction with Article 54 EPC were filed by the appellant, neither in reply to the respondents' objections raised under this article nor to the board's communication pursuant to Article 15(1) RPBA (cf. point VII supra).
XV. In reply to appellant's statement of grounds of appeal, respondent I argued that the patent was not entitled to the claimed priority date. As regards Article 100(a) EPC in conjunction with Article 54 EPC, respondent I argued that the subject-matter of granted claim 1 was anticipated by the disclosure of document D8 (an article on a lecture presented at the Ninth International Symposium on Human Identification that took place on October 8-10, 1998) which was published after the claimed priority date but before the filing date of the patent.
XVI. Respondent II argued that granted claim 1 lacked novelty over the disclosure that took place at the Ninth International Symposium on human identification on 8-10 October 1998 (thus, before the claimed priority date of the patent), as reported in document D10. Document D10 provided a short report of what took place at this Symposium. According to the case law of the Boards of Appeal, in particular decision T 86/95 of 9 September 1997, document D10 provided an accurate report of what was disclosed at the meeting.
In the second paragraph, document D10 referred to several presentations made at this Symposium and focused on short tandem repeat (STR) analysis using multiplex systems. Two speakers, E. Amiott of Promega Corporation and S. Walsh of Perkin-Elmer/Applied Biosystems, presented data on STR multiplex systems having all 13 loci recommended by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for inclusion in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS loci), a database of DNA typing information. According to document D10, E. Amiott informed on systems for amplification of all 13 core CODIS loci in two reactions and further described a single reaction system containing 16 loci that was planned to be commercialized in the summer of 1999. In the context of this passage, it was understood that this system included the 13 CODIS loci and 3 additional loci to make up the number to 16. This was consistent with the PowerPlex**(TM) 16 kit, identified in document D35 as having a release date of May 2000 and having 16 loci in total, including the 13 core CODIS loci. This oral presentation anticipated the subject-matter of granted claim 1.
XVII. The appellant requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and the patent maintained as granted.
XVIII. The respondents requested that the appeal be dismissed.
1. By its decision not to attend the scheduled oral proceedings and not to file substantive arguments in reply to the board's communication pursuant to Article 15(1) RPBA, the appellant has chosen not to comment on the board's preliminary, non-binding opinion expressed in that communication. This has been done even though the board was of the preliminary, non-binding opinion that appellant's main and sole request, the claims as granted, did not fulfil the requirements of Article 54 EPC. Moreover, none of the respondents has filed or made further substantive submissions on Article 54 EPC in reply to the board's communication.
2. The present decision on Article 54 EPC is thus based on the board's preliminary, non-binding opinion as expressed in its communication pursuant to Article 15(1) RPBA.
Article 100(a) EPC (Article 54 EPC)
3. Documents D8 to D10, D20 and D35 have been cited under Article 54 EPC. It is not contested that "documents D8-D10 ... were made available to the public sometime in 1999, i.e. after the priority date" (cf. Notice of opposition filed on 20 September 2012 by opponent 01/respondent I, point VI, pages 19 to 24; patent proprietor/appellant's reply thereto on 7 April 2014, pages 13 to 15; and page 6, point 2.3.4 of the decision under appeal). Documents D20 and D35 have also been published after the priority date claimed by the patent and after the filing date of the patent, respectively. It is necessary to assess whether "the oral disclosures given before the priority date [at "The Ninth International Symposium on Human Identification, October 8-10, 1998"] were identical to the disclosures of the later published reports of D8 and D9" (cf. page 6, last paragraph of the decision under appeal).
4. Document D10, under the heading "Meeting Report", reports on "The Ninth International Symposium on Human Identification, October 8-10, 1998" and refers to the data presented "on STR multiplex systems that provide all 13 loci recommended by the FBI for inclusion in the U.S. CODIS (Combined DNA Index Sytem) database". Immediately thereafter, it states that "Elizabeth Amiott provided information on the GenePrint**(TM) PowerPlex**(TM) 1.2 and 2.2 Systems for amplification of all 13 CODIS loci in two reactions and described a single-reaction system containing 16 loci that is planned for the summer of 1999" (emphasis by the board). The disclosure of document D10 is also acknowledged in the patent itself when describing the background of the invention (cf. paragraphs [0011] and [0012] of the patent).
5. It is not contested that "all 13 CODIS loci" were known before the claimed priority. Document D20, cited also on paragraphs [0011]-[0012] of the patent, refers to a "STR Project meeting [held] on November 13-14, 1997" in which the 13 CODIS loci were agreed upon by participating laboratories (cf. page 76, right-hand column, second paragraph of document D20). Importantly, document D20 reports that "the STR project working group decided overwhelmingly that ... samples would be typed for all 13 core STR loci" (emphasis by the board) (cf. page 77, left-hand column, second paragraph of document D20). Thus, the set of 13 core CODIS loci (the set of loci cited in claim 1) was already defined and characterized in November 1997. The relevance of developing "STR multiplex systems" for providing data on "all 13 core CODIS loci" is evident from the strong support from the STR project working group for this decision.
6. In the board's view, the disclosure of document D10 must be read in the light of these considerations. In view of the common general knowledge and the particular context of the citation "16 loci" in document D10, these loci must be understood as comprising "all 13 core CODIS loci". This is in line with documents D8 and D9 (cf. page 102, right-hand column, Figures 9-12 of document D8; page 2, paragraph bridging left and right-hand columns, Figures 2-4 of document D9) which refer to GenePrint**(TM) PowerPlex**(TM) 1 and 2 Systems and to a GenePrint**(TM) PowerPlex**(TM) 16 System comprising "all 13 core CODIS loci". Evidence on file shows that the PowerPlex**(TM) 16 System was released in May 2000 (cf. Table 5.3 of post-published document D35).
7. In the light thereof, the conclusion of the opposition division that "it cannot be determined with certainty whether the actual lectures only mentioned the number of loci (16) or if they also specified the identities of the loci" (cf. page 7, first paragraph of the decision under appeal) is considered to be untenable, since the identities of "all 13 core CODIS loci" were known to the skilled person who was also well-aware of the interest to have all of them "incorporated in a single-reaction system" (cf. page 7, first and second paragraphs of the decision under appeal). Indeed, this is also in line with appellant's argument in the context of Article 56 EPC as to the constraints faced by the skilled person not being free to choose any combination of loci but, contrary to the case underlying the decision T 2264/09 of 25 March 2014, being limited to the "13 core CODIS loci".
8. In the board's view, the evidence on file is appropriate and credible to overcome any possible doubt. The board is certain beyond reasonable doubt that the information concerning the "16 loci" - and comprising "the 13 core CODIS loci" - was made available to the public at "The Ninth International Symposium on Human Identification" which took place before the claimed priority date (cf. T 86/95 of 9 September 1997, point 3 of the Reasons; T 348/94 of 21 October 1998, point 3.2 of the Reasons; T 1212/97 of 14 May 2001, point 2 of the Reasons).
9. According to the case law of the Boards of Appeal, for a disclosure to destroy novelty, this disclosure must be reproducible and enabling, that is to say, the information provided by the disclosure must be sufficient to enable a skilled person, at the relevant date of said disclosure, to carry out the technical teaching of the disclosure, taking also into account the general common general knowledge at that time in the field (cf. "Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO", 8th edition 2016, I.C.4.11, page 113).
10. There is no evidence that the oral disclosure of the GenePrint**(TM) PowerPlex**(TM) 16 System comprising "all 13 core CODIS loci" included more specific technical information such as specific primer sequences or the reaction conditions of the single multiplex PCR (mPCR) amplification. It is therefore necessary to assess whether the mere disclosure of the "16 loci" enabled a skilled person to carry out the method disclosed at "The Ninth International Symposium on Human Identification" (cf. T 1212/97, supra, point 2 of the Reasons).
11. The method of claim 1 is not limited to the use of specific primer sequences and concentrations, mPCR conditions, etc. In line with the established case law of the Boards of Appeal (cf. inter alia, T 607/93 of 14 February 1996, points 2.2 and 2.3 of the Reasons, T 1208/97 of 3 November 2000, points 4(a) to 4(c) of the Reasons, and T 2487/12 of 27 October 2015, point 1.13 of the Reasons), none of these features has to be taken into account when assessing novelty.
12. As regards the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art, although it has been defined by the Boards of Appeal as normally being represented by encyclopedias, handbooks and dictionaries on the subject in question, the Boards have also acknowledged that, in several cases, scientific publications may also be considered as forming part of this common general knowledge, in particular, when a field of research is so new that this research has not yet found its way into textbooks (cf. inter alia, T 890/02, OJ EPO 2005, page 497, point 2 of the Reasons; T 1347/11 of 29 October 2013, point 4 of the Reasons; T 772/89 of 18 October 1991, point 3.3. of the Reasons), or when a plurality or a series of publications provides a consistent picture that a particular technical procedure was generally known and belonged to the common general knowledge in the art at the relevant date (cf. inter alia, T 412/09 of 9 May 2012, point 2.1.3 of the Reasons; T 452/05 of 30 August 2006, point 2.4.1, paragraph (b)(ii) of the reasons; T 151/05 of 22 November 2007, point 3.4.1 of the Reasons).
13. In the present case, the patent itself provides information on this common general knowledge in the section "Background of the Invention" by reference to a large body of prior art concerned with multiplex systems, mPCR amplification of STRs, and co-amplification of several STRs in a single reaction (cf. paragraphs [0007] to [0012] of the patent). This whole body of prior art is also acknowledged in the documents from the prior art on file such as, for instance documents D36 and D37, which identify the factors and conditions most relevant for successfully performing mPCR amplification in a single reaction.
14, Indeed, this prior art reports the application of mPCR amplification in a single reaction for some of the STR loci cited in claim 1. Example 23 of document D2, a prior art document cited in paragraph [0010] of the patent, discloses a single mPCR amplification of 8 core CODIS loci (CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, VWA (HUMvWFA31), D16S539, D13S317, D7S820, D5S818) present in the PowerPlex**(TM) Systems with release dates of January 1997 and September 1998 (versions 1.1 and 1.2, respectively), as shown in Table 5.3 of post-published document D35. Document D35 also shows that two STR multiplexes with more than 8 loci were already commercially available before the claimed priority date. One of them, the AmpF/STR**(®) Profiler Plus**(TM) with a release date of December 1997, had 5 core CODIS loci (D3S1358, FGA (HUMFIBRA), D8S1179, D21S11 and D18S51) not cited in document D2, showing thereby that these other 5 CODI loci were also amenable to a single mPCR amplification and, indeed, in a set of 10 loci which comprised some of the other core CODIS loci used in Example 23 of document D2 (VWA (HUMvWFA31), D5S818, D13S317 and D7S820). Likewise, document D26 reports a single mPCR amplification system based on 8 loci, 5 of which are core CODIS loci (D21S11, D18S51, HUMvWFA31/A, HUMTH01 and HUMFIBRA). Whilst 3 of these loci are used in Example 23 of document D2 (HUMvWFA31/A, HUMTH01, HUMFIBRA), 2 are not cited in document D2 (D21S11, D18S51).
15. In the light of this common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art, the board is convinced that the information concerning the "16 loci" (which comprise "the 13 core CODIS loci") made available to the public at "The Ninth International Symposium on Human Identification", enabled the skilled person to carry out a method of simultaneously identifying the alleles present in a set of loci from a DNA sample with all the features of claim 1.
16. Thus, the main request does not fulfil the requirements of Article 54 EPC.
Referral of questions of law to the Enlarged Board of Appeal
17. Respondent I's request to refer four questions of law to the Enlarged Board of Appeal concerned issues relating, only and exclusively, to the entitlement to priority rights. The request was made conditional upon a possible decision of the board acknowledging the priority rights claimed by the patent (cf. point V supra).
18. Since the board could decide on the question of novelty of the main request on the basis of disclosures made available to the public before the claimed priority date, the question whether priority is validly claimed can be left unanswered. Consequently, the precondition of respondent I's request for referring any questions of law to the Enlarged Board of Appeal is not met.
The appeal is dismissed


The African Union (AU) Commission's decision to 'silence the guns by 2020' is a welcome one. Although the vision is clearly ambitious, even limited success would be a major boost for Africa, and especially those countries that continue to experience conflict.
The AU's roadmap for dealing with arms, if well implemented, should contribute to peace and security on the continent. The decision to dedicate every September to this cause until 2020 is one of the many steps in the right direction. The process, however, will not be easy. A number of hurdles must be overcome.
Three immediate challenges include funding, disarming fragile communities (particularly in countries with peacekeeping missions), and ensuring that justice and the rule of law are maintained throughout the process.
Disarmament of any kind is a sensitive process that requires dedicated funding. The January AU summit stressed the 'urgent need for the AU to mobilise funding in support of the activities of the High Representative to enable him to carry out his mandate, particularly galvanising efforts of all stakeholders to scale up activities in the implementation of the AU Master Roadmap'.
The historic July 2016 decision by the AU that all its member states implement a 0.2% levy on eligible imports to finance the AU may provide the means to meet this challenge. But the decision has been in force since January 2017, and its impact has yet to be felt. Before the introduction of this new levy, only 67% of assessed contributions to the AU were collected annually, with about 30 countries defaulting in one way or another. Nevertheless, the levy remains an important potential source that could help fund disarmament activities.
A second challenge is ensuring that communities in conflict-prone countries 'voluntarily' surrender their arms and desist from re-arming amid continued threats to their safety. According to the African Development Bank (AfDB), Africa has the highest number of fragile states globally, affecting about 200 million people. Many of these are vulnerable to conflict and violence.
Currently, eight of the 15 United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions are deployed in Africa. This denotes how fragile the continent is in relation to the rest of the world. This kind of fragility portends a number of challenges, particularly for civilian disarmament.
This raises the third challenge – that of balancing security and justice in the context of peacekeeping missions. Civilians will only respond to a call for voluntary disarmament if they are guaranteed security. The state and its various organs have to be seen to operate within a framework of good governance, rule of law and respect for human rights. Unfortunately the institutions responsible for delivering justice and security in fragile and conflict-prone states are often weak or dysfunctional.
The peacekeeping fraternity is aware of the problem. The Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions, located in the UN's Department of Peacekeeping Operations, aims to help post-conflict countries re-establish their justice and security systems. The office provides expertise and guidance in the areas of police, justice, corrections, security sector reform, mine action and the reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian life.
The AfDB has also developed a 10-year strategy (2013–2022) to help African countries transform into stable, integrated and prosperous economies able to generate social opportunities and build sustainable justice and security institutions. The bank is currently financing a range of peacebuilding, state-building and democratisation processes in post-conflict and fragile states. These activities can improve reform processes in the justice and security sectors.
To increase the chances of successful voluntary civilian disarmament, the AU should encourage relevant member states to integrate both the UN and the AfDB approaches noted above. To achieve this, countries with peacekeeping missions would need to integrate their national disarmament processes within the UN's Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions. This would ensure safety to those surrendering arms, and provide capacity building to national structures in the target country, improving the sustainability of the intervention.
At the same time, the AU should encourage the rest of its member states to include the costs of Silencing the Guns by 2020 in their national budgets, and where necessary seek the support of the AfDB, as provided for in its 2013–2022 strategy.


The State of the Union: These Are Dangerous Times, and the Government Is To Blame – "The danger "we the people" face comes from masked invaders on the government payroll who crash through our doors in the dark of night, shoot our dogs, and terrorize our families. This danger comes from militarized henchmen on the government payroll who demand absolute obedience, instill abject fear, and shoot first and ask questions later. This danger comes from power-hungry bureaucrats on the government payroll who have little to no understanding of their constitutional limits. This danger comes from greedy politicians and corporations for whom profit trumps principle. You want to know about the state of our union? It's downright scary." – John W. Whitehead – EXCELLENT AS USUAL!!!!!!!!!!!
Robert Mueller Is A Coward And A Liar – "Mueller accusing Assange without talking to him should raise suspicions that he is not interested in finding the truth, but has other goals. And that shines a dark light on his entire investigation." – Raúl Ilargi Meijer – EXCELLENT ARTICLE FROM RAUL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The Truth About What's Happening In Venezuela Right Now Is NOT What the Media Is Reporting – J.G. Martinez D.
Loud booms in downtown L.A.? That was a U.S. Army training exercise – "The noises were part of a U.S. Army training exercise involving aircraft and weapon simulations in urban settings." – Alene Tchkmedyian – MAKES YOU WONDER WHAT THEY ARE PREPARING FOR!!!
Why Are We Seeing So Many Bare Shelves at Grocery Stores Across the Country? – "Here's what you can do to be better prepared while this situation continues to unfold." – Samantha Biggers – NOTICED THIS AS WELL LAST TIME I BOUGHT GROCERIES. THERE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO BREAD AT A WAL-MART SUPER CENTER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
WHY I STOPPED BEING PRO CHOICE (VIDEO) – Ashton Whitty – GOOD VIDEO BY A YOUNG LADY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


The man behind Star Wars R2-D2. The versatile Emmy nominated Film SFX supervisor is the creative genius at the helm of many of the biggest SCI-FI movies to date. Among them are Superman 2, Moon Raker, Dragon Slayer, and of course, The Empire Strikes Back.
When it comes to Robot technicians Tony is quite unique, as well as building one of the most famous Robots ever, R2-D2 he has also designed and built Robots for some of the largest electronic companies in the world. For example Sony, Philips and Toshiba.
"What's special about Tony is that I don't think he'll ever grow up … and that makes him interested in almost everything." Could it be that, as Tony Dyson's wife commented, it's the quest for knowledge so characteristic to children that drives a person like Tony to success? One thing is for certain, Tony has got that something that leaves you thoroughly breathless … and that's his mind.
Having grown up watching films like Star Wars and Superman, fantasizing about a world so unreal and yet so vivid in my mind, I must say that meeting Tony Dyson was like a dream come true. The SFX Master behind many creations such as R2-D2, the barrel-shaped Droid from the "Star Wars sagas" and many other ingenious creations for cinema and TV commercials being commissioned to create anything from Robots to Theme parks, Tony has built a worldwide reputation as the man who can make it happen" by Karen Barun. Di-ve.com.
My first interest in films goes back a very long way. One of my earliest memories is spending all my pocket money on a roll of film for my dad's Kodak Box camera and exploring my world through its lens.
When I was 12, a teacher encouraged me to develop my drawing skills, this became a passion, so the next decision was very easy, I simply had to go to Art School and learn as much as I possibly could. Even at 17, I knew this would always be a major part of my life and art has been a great factor ever since. I needed to explore more materials to work with, such as oils, water colors, and metals – I studied to be a Goldsmith.
But an artists life is a hard life, if you wish to work your art as a form of income. So I decided I would never lose my freedom of choice when it came to my Art and I would always be true to my ideas – and the driving force that I think all artist have.
So it was not a very difficult decision to make. What I needed was a day job that not only gave me the stability of a good income, but also helped me to grow and learn, two of the most important requirements of any Artist, if they ever hope to reflect their experiences and connect to others through there Art.
When I bought a Hi8 video camera, nothing was safe from my spying eye. -I filmed it all! Pubs, clubs, concerts, theatre, street life, exhibitions, anything that touched my heart – I have got it on tape. I joined Pizza TV, a famous art project in Rotterdam, which made TV on demand in 1995! Live-TV, people would call in and off we went to film and deliver, I remember we had legendary broadcasts lasting 24 hours.
Working for TV without any technical skills had its charm – but I went back to school and learned to be a better producer and editor, one of my better decisions. I have never stopped learning, I think that study is a road to development of self and personal growth.
When I moved to the south of Holland, I joined local television in Valkenburg. Started as a camera woman and editor, I soon found myself as a member of the board and later became head of TV there, it was a very demanding job, but I loved the challenge.
Later I worked as a freelancer for Regional and National TV in the Netherlands, up until early 2011, when I gave it up to focus full time on Machinima.
But as early as 2007 I had started working with 'Real Time Animation', which caught my attention and later became a real passion for me, Machinima is opening up a new world in which I feel total artistic freedom and room to explore and grow.
I now work in many fields with many people, but my main focus is SCISSORES – the company I run with Tony Dyson, the R2-D2 man for Star Wars! We produce cutting edge movies made in the virtual world Second Life ™.
* Chantal is the Machinima producer for the world famous 48 hour Film Project (USA).
* A member of the Linden Endowment for the Arts.
* Founder of the MMIF Machinima festival.
* The curator at large at 'Month of Machinima' for Linden Lab.
* Chantal has worked with many world renowned artists including Stelarc.
Janet has worked in Human Resources for most of her adult life, in one way or another.
She has always loved the element of teaching in all the projects she has undertaken, and the art of communications is something very dear to her heart.
'Clearly we can see that the Love and Magic we find in 'Fairy Stories' as children, is what gave us all hope for a better world. let's give our Children that same magic. One day these children will wish to change this world of ours, for a world of light and love and they will need to know the feeling of magic'.
Reflecting influences from many genres, her vocals, original compositions and overall production sound reflect an intriguing blend of dance and house, with trance and techno overtones. Credits range from working with Grammy Nominated Dj Andy Moor, Yuri Lima, SMOTE and BlueMotion.
Past and current work also includes Voice Overs, Radio Jingles, Audio Story Narration and song Composition for short films.
Sylvia Thevissen (@DawnyDaviau) is a Project leader and innovator, she is always at the forefront of the latest's and greatest visual technology and what we know about virtual worlds, this is a great foundation for the disciplines needed for a graphic artist.
As a graphic artist Sylvia has not only the imagination to surprise and amaze her clients, but she as the unique ability to be able to understand and translate her clients ideas into reality.


[Python-Dev] A new dictionary implementation "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] Is this safe enough? Re: [Python-checkins] cpython: _Py_Identifier are always ASCII strings "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] peps: Update with bugfix releases. "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] which C language standard CPython must conform to "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] folding cElementTree behind ElementTree in 3.3 "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] Add a new "locale" codec? "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 394 request for pronouncement (python2 symlink in *nix systems) "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 394 request for pronouncement (python2 symlink	in *nix systems) "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] Adding a maximum element count to parse_qs? "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 410 (Decimal timestamp): the implementation is ready for a review "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] best place for an atomic file API "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP for new dictionary implementation "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 394 accepted "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] C-API functions for reading/writing tstate->exc_* ? "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 410, 3rd revision, Decimal timestamp "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] hash randomization in 3.3 "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] accept string in a2b and base64? "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] The ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] Windows build - fixing compile warnings before	VS2010 "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] New shared-keys dictionary implementation	(issue13903) "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] Status regarding Old vs. Advanced String Formating "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 414 - Unicode Literals for Python 3 "Martin v. Löwis"
[Python-Dev] PEP 414 "Martin v. Löwis"