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Home /Alexei Navalny could die at any moment, doctor says, as US warns of consequences
UncategorizedApril 18, 2021
Alexei Navalny could die at any moment, doctor says, as US warns of consequences
Joe Biden has warned Putin there will be consequences if critic Alexei Navalny is allowed to die in jail as doctors warn his health is failing amid hunger strike.
US national security adviser Jake Sullivan said on Sunday that Biden is weighing up a range of responses if Navalny dies, and that Moscow is aware of the threat.
Meanwhile EU leaders said sanctions placed on Russia earlier this year could be increased if Navalny perishes, with a summit to discuss the issue on Monday.
It comes after Yaroslav Ashikhmin, a doctor acting on behalf of Navalny's family, said test results received from the Russian penal colony where the activist is being held show dangerous levels of potassium in his blood along with signs of kidney failure.
'Our patient could die at any moment,' Ashikhmin warned.
Alexei Navalny is showing signs of kidney damage and could die 'at any moment' as he continues a three-week hunger strike over conditions in a US jail, his doctor has said (pictured, Navalny in jail last month)
Navalny, 44, has been on hunger strike since March 31 because he says Russian prison guards are refusing him proper treatment for acute pain in his back and numbness in his legs. Moscow insists he is being given adequate care.
Sullivan said Washington is 'looking at a variety of different costs that we would impose… if Mr Navalny dies', while refusing to go into specifics.
He spoke a day after Biden called Navalny's treatment 'unfair' and 'totally inappropriate' when asked about it during a round of golf.
German foreign minister Heiko Maas said the issue will be discussed at a meeting of EU foreign ministers on Monday.
'The package of sanctions is already significant, but there may be others,' French foreign minister Yves le Drain added.
Navalny, an anti-corruption campaigner and Putin's most-prominent critic, was first arrested in January upon his return to Russia following a suspected Novichok poisoning, that is thought to have been carried out by an FSB hit squad.
He was then jailed for two and a half years the following month over an old embezzlement case, and transferred to a penal colony on February 26.
Navalny says he is being denied medical attention for acute pain in his back and numbness in his legs by guards inside the penal colony (pictured) where he is being held
US national security adviser Jake Sullivan (left) has warned Moscow of 'consequences' if Navalny dies, while German foreign minister Heiko Maas has said sanctions could be increased
On March 15 he uploaded his first Instagram post from inside jail, likening conditions to 'a concentration camp' alongside an image of him with a shaved head.
Then, on March 31, Navalny revealed in a hand-written letter posted online by his team that he had gone on hunger strike after being denied proper medical care.
He wrote: 'I really need a doctor. Every convict has the right [by law] to invite a specialist to examine and consult him. Even I have such a right and I'm innocent.
'I demand that a doctor be allowed to see me, and until this happens, I am declaring a hunger strike.'
Navalny has previously posted online about his declining health since he started the strike, saying that prison wardens had threatened to force-feed him.
But the sudden deterioration in his health this weekend prompted Leonid Volkov, a top strategist for Navalny, to call for demonstrations to take place on Wednesday.
The demonstrations are due to take place in symbolic locations – Manezh Square in Moscow, just outside the Kremlin, and St. Petersburg's sprawling Palace Square.
Russian activists have called for nationwide protests to pressure the government into saving Navalny, after large demonstrations in January were met with a brutal police response
Police did not immediately respond, but marchers likely face a harsh crackdown.
Officers arrested more than 10,000 people during demonstrations that took place in January, in what was the largest show of defiance against Putin in years.
The saga is playing out against the backdrop of increased tensions between Russia and the west over a troop build-up in Ukraine that is unprecedented in recent years.
Russia insists that troops are being stationed along the border in response to NATO activities, but the alliance denies any build-up of its own and has called on Putin to 'de-escalate' the situation.
Putin himself has given no explanation for the build-up, but observers have suggested that it could be designed as a 'test' for Joe Biden after he took a tough line with the Kremlin, and as Putin sizes up his new counterpart.
Others have suggested that Putin is responding to pressures within Russia itself, including growing political opposition from Navalny and those linked to him.


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Q: Delete mail from sent box automatically after sending it in python 3.6 I am using code from this link to send details on email about their santee. I need to automatically delete all these emails from my sent box after sending the email. Can anyone help with it ?
I am using python 3.6

A: Perhaps you can look into the API for your email client, and write a separate script that will comb through and delete the necessary emails.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Can I offer you a nightcap? No? Maybe you want to see my etchings? Still no? How about coming up and counting my cats? That neither? May I tempt you with a cup of tea then? What kind of tea? Red tea. Rooibos. Rooibos with pomegranate and sea buckthorn. I'll brew it a little stronger, like guys like it. Great! Here we are. After you.


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Q: Python unit tests not discovered in VSCode I've written a python test file called scraping_test.py, with a single test class, using unittest, called TestScrapingUtils
"""Tests for the scraping app"""
import unittest

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as bs4

from mosque_scraper.management.commands import scraping_utils
from mosque_scraper.selectors import MOSQUE_INFO_ROWS_SELECTOR

class TestScrapingUtils(unittest.TestCase):
    """Test scraping_utils.py """
    def setup(self):
        """Setup McSetupface."""
        pass
    def test_get_keys_from_row(self):
        """ Test that we extract the correct keys from the supplied rows."""
        test_page_name = "test_page.html"
        with open(test_page_name) as test_page_file:
            test_mosque = bs4(test_page_file, 'html.parser')
            rows = test_mosque.select(MOSQUE_INFO_ROWS_SELECTOR)
            field_dict = scraping_utils.get_fields_from_rows(rows)
            self.assertDictEqual(field_dict, {})

My settings for unit tests are:
{
    "python.unitTest.unittestEnabled": true,
    "python.unitTest.unittestArgs": [
        "-v",
        "-s",
        ".",
        "-p",
        "*test.py"
    ]
}

It looks like it should work, but when I click to run the tests in VSCode it says that no tests were discovered:

No tests discovered, please check the configuration settings for the tests.

How do I make it work?

A: What caught me is that the __init__.py file must be created in every subdirectory, from the root folder specified with -s option (in the example, the current directory ".") to the subdirectory where the test module is located. Only then was I able to discover tests successfully.
In the question example, both project_dir/ and project_dir/scraping_app/ should contain __init__.py. This is assuming that settings.json is located in project_dir/.vscode and the tests are run from project_dir/ directory.
Edit: Alternatively, use "-s", "./scraping_app/" as the root test directory so you don't have to put __init__.py to project_dir/.

A: You have to run it once by using shortcut key shift+ctrl p, and type "Python run all unit tests".
It won't show up in the editor until it was successfully executed at least once or use the discover unit test method.
However one thing catch me many times is that the Python file has to be a valid Python file. The intellisense in VS Code for Python is not complex(compare to Javascript or Typescript), and it won't highlight any syntax error. You can verify that by force it to run all unit test and observe the Python Test Log window.

A: Instead of file name 'scraping_test.py' it shall be 'test_scraping.py'
string shall start from 'test' prefix

A: I had the same error with a slightly different configuration. (I am posting this here because this is the question that comes up when you search for this error.)
In addition to what was said above, it is also important to not use periods in the test file names (e.g. use module_test.py instead of module.test.py).

A: You can add the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE variable and django.setup() inside the __init__.py file of tests package.
import os
import django

os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'your_app.settings')
django.setup()

A: In my case, the problem was that my test was importing a module which was reading an environment variable using os.environ['ENV_NAME']. If the variable does not exist, it throws an error. But VS Code does not log anything (or at least I couldn't find it).
So, the reason was that my .env file was NOT in the workspace root. So I had to add "python.envFile": "${workspaceFolder}/path/to/.env" to the settings.json file.
After that, the test was discovered successfully.

A: Also had this issue.
for me the issue was, make sure there are no errors, and comment out all code in files that rely on pytest, just for the initial load up.

A: Another issue that causes the unit tests not be discovered is when using a conda environment that contains an explicit dependency on the conda package itself. This happens when the enviroment.yml contains the line:
- conda

Removing this line and creating the environment from scratch makes the unit tests discoverable. I have created a bug report in Github for this: https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-python/issues/19643
(This is my second solution to this issue; I decided to create another answer since this is entirely different from the previous one.)

A: This is my first time using unittest in vscode. I found that the file names cannot contain spaces and dots. and cannot start with numbers.
for the dots, I guess anything after a dot is considered by the extension by unittest.
for the spaces, I guess they do not use "" to surround the filename.

A: For me Discovering the unit tests did the trick.
SHIFT+CTRL+P and execute "Python: Discover unit tests"
After running this I get the "Run Test|Debug Test" over each test function.


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package ch.epfl.performanceNetwork.benchmarkInterface

/**
 * @author Thibault Urien
 *
 */
class PerfReadingException(s: String) extends Exception(s)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Tri-Color Labs building gets a new owner
Posted Wednesday, February 18, 2015 11:09 am
Jeff Persily's proposed rendering of a new exterior for Tri-Color Labs in Malverne.
Courtesy Jeff Persily
Tri-Color Labs as it stands today.
Rossana Weitekamp
By Rossana Weitekamp
The Tri-Color Labs building, which has been noticeably empty for years, just got a new owner — and he's actively looking for tenants.
Jeff Persily of Lawrence, a serial entrepreneur who owns a tennis club in Inwood and several properties in the metropolitan area, told the Herald that he bought the building two months ago and is promising to give it a façade and interior that will please tenants and residents alike.
"I'm hoping in the next couple of weeks I'll be able to fill you in on definitive plans," said Persily. "For now, however, we're planning on putting a whole new storefront, new roof, new glass, air conditioning, heating, and every business will have its own bathroom," he added. "It's going to be a whole new building, and the prettiest building in the area." Persily said he also plans to repave the lot in back of the building.
Several tenants have shown interest in the space, he said, including a doctor and a charity. "I think we'll have two tenants in the front and one in the back," said Persily.
For now, Persily is still putting the pieces of the puzzle together and said he will soon let the village know what the usage will be.
When asked why he chose to invest in this building, he said, "I was looking for places on Long Island, and I fell in love with the building and village itself."
That's a common Malverne love story.
Report an inappropriate comment
Long Beach firefighters put out crawl space fire
A.A., other local efforts highlight battle against rising alcohol use

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wawa, Ontario. Canada soon became a booming mining town made from several iron and gold discovery zones that made this town thrive. Within these deposits a newly discovered gold vein had spark a lot of attention when a new staking rush was on. In addition this whole new discovery zone had also been associated with Sulphide Minerals, and Tourmaline crystallization. With enough evidence of a gold discovery this would soon make a new gold rush that took place in 1931. Much of this whole entire discovery zone was additionally made by a prospector who became identified as A.P Earle. However, before Mr. A.P Earle had developed this mining zone he would determine the geology structure of this vein zone.
After two years of exploring this property the geology structure became identified to have consisted of Quartz veins that we're in altered volcanic. and granodiorites. Much of this geological formation soon had eager Mr. A.P Earle to establish his own company in 1933. His very own company would become recognized as the Wawa Goldfields Limited that would also become named after this mine project. With no hesitation the Wawa Goldfields Limited had soon commence development procedures on this claim on April, 1933. By this time the whole entire mining operation was now transforming this land when a shaft that was 6 by 6 feet became sunken to a depth of 70 feet on a 65 degree angle. Once the shaft became sunken to 70 feet, the company, and it's own workforce would now open up this mining operation even more. With this major sinking phases completed the Wawa Goldfields Limited would now develop the first level on the mines 50 foot section. In order to open this section up the company, and it miners had soon constructed a total of 340 feet of drifting, and 66 feet of crosscutting. More development would also escalate on this mining zone when the company decided to engineer an adit zone that was driven for a distance of 340 feet into the hill side. This whole entire development phase would be commenced at 110 feet below the shaft collar of the No. 1 Shaft. During this time period the adit was additionally driven to prospect below the 70 foot level as the company wanted to known if the grade of the gold would increase. Further so the company would not stop their as it had also engineered a power plant in order to provide the much needed power to this operation. In addition the power plant alone had consisted of a 220 cubic foot Gasoline compressor before being upgraded to a 375 cubic foot diesel compressor. Company officials from the Wawa Goldfields Limited would also employee a small amount of workers that consisted of 10 miners.
More development on the Wawa Goldfields Mine would also take place by the following year in 1934. During this time period the company was known to have mainly confined it self to the mines 50 foot level. The reason for this to have happened was because the company had abandoned the adit zone when it was proven to be low in grade. This major down fall had mainly started expanding the 50 foot level by a total of 90 feet of drifting, and 209 feet of crosscutting. As the ore started to become exhausted the company had no other choice but to suspend all mining operations on November, 1934 as the reserve was proven to be weak. In all exploration procedures, the company had evaluated this mining project to consist of gold values ranging anywhere from $0.70 for length of 24 inches, to $262.85 for a length of 18 inches. No other development or production was known to have occurred as the mine was staked again in 1989 by the Citadel Gold Mines Ltd. But this company had only completed a small amount of explorations that included stripping, and mapping before also abandoning mining operation.


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Compare Armenia to other countries
Show the size of Armenia compared to Bolivia Hide the map
If Armenia were your home instead of Bolivia you would...
Armenia has an unemployment rate of 17.60% while Bolivia has 7.30%
The life expectancy at birth in Armenia is 74.12 while in Bolivia it is 68.55.
The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in Armenia is 13.97 while in Bolivia it is 38.61.
use 2.9 times more electricity
The per capita consumption of electricity in Bolivia is 653kWh while in Armenia it is 1,895kWh
Bolivia consumes 0.2184 gallons of oil per day per capita while Armenia consumes 0.6216
make 14.55% more money
The GDP per capita in Armenia is $6,300 while in Bolivia it is $5,500
2.00 in every 100,000 people are murdered annually in Armenia compared to 12.10 in Bolivia
The GINI index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income. In Armenia it is 30.90 while in Bolivia it is 47.00.
The percentage of adults living with HIV/AIDS in Armenia is 0.20% while in Bolivia it is 0.30%. 200 people in Armenia and 1,300 people in Bolivia die from AIDS each year.
be 1.49% less likely to be in prison
132 in every 100,000 people are currently imprisoned in Armenia compared to 134 in Bolivia
spend 1.08% more money on health care
Per capita public and private health expenditures combined in Armenia are $150.30 USD while Bolivia spends $148.70 USD
The annual number of births per 1,000 people in Armenia is 13.92 while in Bolivia it is 23.28.
More Information about Armenia
With its 3,060,631 people, Armenia is the 136th largest country in the world by population. It is the 141st largest country in the world by area with 29,743 square kilometers.
Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, Ottoman Turkey instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, senior Armenian leaders began pursuing rapprochement with Turkey, aiming to secure an opening of the border, but Turkey has not yet ratified the Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries. In September 2013, President SARGSIAN announced Armenia would join Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Languages spoken: Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurdish (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1% (2011 est.)
Reading about Armenia
Check out the recommended reading list below for great sources of information on Armenia


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Cinq Jours D'Une Vie (Mali: 1972)
Falaye Dabo
Myriam Thiam
Cinq Jours D'Une Vie is about a young man, N'Tji, orphaned at an early age, who lives under the supervision of his uncle. He is sent to Koranic school, where he is forced to memorize and recite verses of the Koran; soon, N'Tji escapes and begins to craft his own destiny. Unfortunately, he is found and thrown in prison, and must live with the implications upon release. In this film, Cissé explores the institution of the Koranic school and its detrimental effects on young people's autonomy and ability to explore their futures.
Questioning African Cinema: Conversations with Filmmakers by Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike. U of Minnesota Press, 2002, pp. 19-20 (book)
Other movies from Mali made in
Cinq Jours D'Une Vie Mali 1972 Souleymane Cissé


Tibet is a unique attraction for travelers released for tourism since 1985. Another name of Tibet is the hidden Shangri-La, and rooftop on earth. The Tibet Cultural Tour offers spectacular views of the beautiful culture and as well as the tallest mountains of the planet. The journey on the undulating landscapes and meet nomadic Tibetan pilgrims, furthermore, walk amidst the burning butter lamps and chanting monks of Tibet's ancient and legendary Buddhist monasteries. Besides to palaces and monasteries, the stories behind are the most vital parts of this religious culture tour.
Nepal Tibet Cultural Tour has the chance to experience the lifestyles of the Tibetan people, moreover, mountain views, monasteries, architecture palace of Dalai Lama. While visiting caves and scenes of the rocky mountains and meadows make, Tibet is an adventurer's paradise. The tours carry out Lhasa including the Potala Palace and as well as other monasteries. Likewise, an excursion to the holy Namtso Lake, it is an alluring and thrilling journey. A visit to Singatse is rewarding along with a tranquil Lake called Yamdrok Tso during the drive. From here, it provides tempting views of the Tibetan Himalaya range.
Similarly, the journey over Gampala pass and the lakes surrounding the snow-capped mountains are in the distance of the holy mount Nyenchen Khangsar. It is another nearest high mountain from Lhasa. Despite, the Classic Nepal Tibet Cultural Tour includes the cultural blends of Hindus and Buddhist. Although thіѕ classic Nepal Tibet Cultural Tour makes fulfill of the traveler's desire. The best time to visit Tibet is from April to October.
Prices are quoted and payable only in (US$ dollars). All prices published on our website are set as low as possible. The Prices may vary at any time due to currency fluctuation, fuel prices, and unforeseen economic circumstances. But, we guarantee our prices which already signed up for your tour. Please consult us for a custom quote.
Day 2: Free day and explore Kathmandu.
Day 3: Day 03: Fly to Lhasa and transfer to hotel.
Morning transfer to Kathmandu international airport for the flight to Lhasa with tremendous views of world's highest mountains including Mt. Everest at close distance, as this lands at Gongar Airport, were welcomed and greeted by our Tibetan guide and driver with an hour drive to Lhasa city. In Lhasa our hotel located in the interesting part of the city around the eastern part where you can witness the traditional Tibetan way of life with culture.
After breakfast at the hotel, you will have a comfortable visit to the Jokhang Temple and Barkhor Bazaar. In the afternoon, the trip will visit Sera Monastery, a 15th-century sprawl of golden roofs and whitewashed walls. This well-preserved monastery is located a few kilometers north of Lhasa and is home to numerous Tibetan monks. The trip will return to the hotel for overnight stay.
The journey to Tibet will not be completed without exploring the great Potala Palace. It is Lhasa's prime attraction and is the true wonder of eastern architecture. The first site of this enormous structure will be the glorious moment remembered for years to come. This palace was once the home to Dalai Lama. This joyful day will terminate with a visit to the Drepung – once the world's largest monastery, settlement of more than 5000 monks which is situated hidden in rocky ridges just several miles from the city.
Trip to Lake Namtso is one of the four most popular holy lakes in Tibet. It is an alluring and thrilling journey. One can cross the great grasslands, view so many Tibetan shepherds, experience the clean and great holy lake which will not make him/her feel uncomfortable in your private coach spending even six to seven hours making stops wherever you want to take pictures.
The trip starts after breakfast which is a little bit challenging but fascinating. You will encounter two high passes over 5000 meters Khamba La, and Kharo La along with one tranquil Lake called Yamdrok Tso during the drive which provides tempting views of the Tibetan Himalaya range. After you reach Gyantse, you will explore more amazing Tibetan culture as you see the Gyantse Dzong and Kumbum. Then, the trip will continue for another two hours easy drive to Xigatse.
Shigatse has lot to offer you. Normally you will visit the giant Tashilungpo Monastery, local carpet factory, the free market, It is very charming to observe how ancient Tibetan culture differs from the modern day culture that we are following. There are uncountable numbers of sights, both modern and ancient, to see around this city. Late afternoon, comfortable drive back to Lhasa via different highway.
Having early breakfast for the drive to Gongar Airport and then fly back to Kathmandu if heading back to Nepal, (for others not returning back to Kathmandu can take a flight or train to other parts and cities of mainland China).Farwell to our Tibetan guides and river on reaching at Gongor airport before the flight to Kathmandu, on reaching Kathmandu airport received by View Nepal staff for transfer back to your hotel after a fabulous time Tour of Lhasa.


Ohio-based cannabis merchant Green Growth Brands has increased 85 million Canadian dollars ($65.6 million) in a private placement – funding the firm will use to go public in Canada and expand internationally.
The raise exceeded the firm's initial target of CA$55 million.
Increased investor interest fueled the increase, the company said Tuesday.
Green Growth is a Columbus-based, retail-focused cannabis firm that has built a portfolio of branded retail store concepts that include Green Lily, The Source, CAMP and Meri + Jayne.
Earlier this year, Green Growth announced plans to go public in Canada following a reverse takeover of Xanthic Biopharma, which will be listed as XTHC.CN on the Canadian Securities Exchange.
Roughly $30.3 million of the net proceeds from the private placement will be loaned to Xanthic, and the remainder will be used for working capital and potential acquisitions.


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Life is Good... At the Beach: Happy St. Patty's Day!
I hope that everyone is enjoying a little 'Luck O' the Irish' today. I almost forgot that today used to be one of my favorite celebrations, but Hubby reminded me. So all of us are decked out in some shade of green. And I know that Easter is truly the first real sign or festivity of Spring, but I always felt (way back when I worked in restaurants) that St. Patty's day was the first fling of Spring. I indicated in my earlier post about March Break how we used to see the parade on our March Break in Montréal. I loved it. And in later years I loved tricking the bar patrons into really thinking that the beer companies sent us green beer. NO, it isn't green! We used food colouring in the glasses before we filled them, that way when the glass was filled the beer turned green. Sorry to disappoint.
So Happy St. Patty's Day everyone, and hope you all have a tad bit of beer to celebrate the day!


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Here's an activity to get your kids involved in spreading hope to those around them. Click the button below to download an Easter card template for your children to decorate and write an encouragement in. Hand out to the people you want to give hope to!


As an effort to discover and foster leaders in the next-generation healthcare industry, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), in cooperation with 107 participating supporters, held a business contest titled "Japan Healthcare Business Contest 2019" to recognize outstanding companies taking on efforts for creating new business in the field of healthcare.
In the business contest category of the event, seven finalists sorted by preliminary examination made an open-style presentation as the final examination, and METI determined Kakehashi Inc. as the Grand Prix winner among the finalists. In the idea contest category of the event, three finalists made presentations and METI offered the Excellence Award to all of them.
Moreover, METI released that it will open a new one-stop counseling counter called "Healthcare Innovation Hub (Inno-Hub)" in April 2019, aiming to encourage the healthcare industry to create and vitalize innovations through establishing networks among large companies, startups and other entities.
Company name: T-ICU Co., Ltd.
Note: The winners of the Excellence Awards are listed in the order of the Japanese syllabary.
Provider: Hankyu Hanshin Holdings, Inc.
Note: These providers are listed in the order of the Japanese syllabary.
METI will open a new one-stop counseling counter called "Healthcare Innovation Hub (Inno-Hub)" in April 2019, aiming to consolidate related support measures for venture businesses and other entities in the field of healthcare and to create and vitalize innovations in the field. The counter will provide counseling opportunities not only to venture businesses in the field but also to a variety of startups and other entities that need innovation and will support such consultations through leveraging networks inside and outside Japan.


"Brand new whiskey based cocktail bar with a good vibe and a nice environment. Open for a week at the time of writing but looks promising"
"I don't wish anyone to get ill... But if you do make sure they bring you here"
"For registered Tel Aviv residents this is super convenient and cheap parking"
"This place can easily become a mad house, credit to the staff for (mostly) keeping their cool."
"Offers a lovely view of the power station, the port and the end of the river. Personally I enjoy running here"
"Current favoured cocktails: royal beach, why the sour face, Viking club"


Yesterday I left Anchorage and travelled a short way north to Wasilla and set up in the Walmart parking lot. I am truly experiencing a real wilderness adventure the past week or so, boondocking first in Cabella's parking lot and now at Walmart, but the truth of the matter is that I have yet to find a decent private campground in my Alaska travels. All have you packed in like sardines and seem very much overpriced for what they offer.
With nice weather predicted for today I was out and about before 7 AM and drove out the Wasilla-Fishhook Road heading for the Hatcher Pass. The Little Susitna River parallels the road as you gain elevation on the way up to the pass, so I had to stop for a few river shots.
The easily climbed paved road up to the State Historical Park at Hatcher Pass provides several great vantage points for photos as well as a couple of primitive campgrounds that would handle mid-sized rigs.
There are a few restored buildings at the State Park and some old mining facilities that have definitely suffered from years of abandonment.
There also was this Alaskan Marmot warming himself up in the early morning sun.
He appeared pretty used to human presence but kept a close eye on this photographer as I was capturing his image.
Just before you reach the State Park, there is a gravel road that takes off to the left and heads up to Hatcher Pass itself. This is a little narrow and steep in a couple spots, and although it probably could be done in the motorhome, i wouldn't recommend doing so.
The road climbs for a half mile or so to a small parking area at the very top where you can walk out a footpath for some pretty dramatic views of the valley below where the road then takes you eventually to Willow.
Some of the high meadows up here have this weird mounded texture. These mounds are about a yard wide and rise up about a foot or so in the center and are covered in moss.
I have no idea how or why these exist, and can't say as I have ever encountered anything like them before.
At times today, I literally did have my head in the clouds.
As you can see, you are well above treeline up here and the air is crisp and clean, the distant view just simply spectacular.
The narrow gravel road, in relatively good shape, leads you down from the pass and to the town of Willow, about thirty miles away.
Along the road there are a few active mining operations as well as some abandoned ventures.
…and some that probably had discovered that some people will throw them some little treats if they look cute and approach your vehicle.
This guy was one of the latter.
All along this road, I was constantly scanning the meadows and mountain slopes looking for wildlife. I was sure I would have to see some sheep or bears somewhere along the way, but I never saw anything, even though I stopped every mile or so and glasssed all the slopes. Perhaps the weekend warriors scared evrything off? It just looks like there would have to be wildlife up here.
The road eventually descends back below treeline, where you start to encounter fireweed once again.
This was close to a ninety mile round trip and it took me about six hours to make it around with all the stops for photographs. The Willow side of the mountains appears to be a very popular spot for the local ATV crowd. THere were several pulloffs for camping along that section of the road and on this Sunday afternoon, almost all of them were occupied by campers with ATV's. The State Park land doesn't allow ATV's.
If you are ever in the Wasilla area and have some decent weather, this is a must do trip.


When the 'Zeitwerk' was first launched ten years ago, it was already an eye-catcher – the first mechanical watch with accurate jumping digital time display. By now it has become an icon within the sophisticated mechanical watch community. The design is distinctively linked to A. Lange & Söhne. On the occasion of its 10th anniversary, the manufacture has equipped the 'Zeitwerk' with a date display for the first time. In order to preserve the whole aesthetics of the digital display, the date indication is placed peripherally around the dial by a sophisticated mechanical technique. A disc with red markers turns underneath the date display and switches one step at midnight to show the current date.
It is the well-balanced combination of all design elements that shape the appearance of this watch. The 'Overseas' collection became known to be a sporty travel watch, yet it is so variable. On this year's watch fair, Vacheron Constantin presents a version in full roségold (18 carat 5N) that can not be put into one genre. The new Overseas Perpetual Calendar Ultra-Thin has a white dial and the typical bezel that reminds on the Malteser cross from the Maison's logo. Having a perpetual calendar makes the watch technical impressive; however, it remains subtle and classy with its ultrathin calibre 1120 QP/1, staying true to aesthetic values.
Hermès provides us with an arty insight into the laws of astronomy. If you look at the moon from the northern hemisphere, you will, of course, see a different shape of the moon than from the southern hemisphere. As you are literally upside down, also the moon appears conversely. The Arceau L'Heure De La Lune Double Moon Phase shows the moon phase of the northern and southern hemisphere with two moon-discs that rotate underneath two discs for the time and date indication. The top discs rotations are programmed in order to show or cover the sections of the moon according to its real-time appearance. A moon indication for both hemispheres is quite unusual, and Hermès manages to make them look so simple by using a playful design.
The challenge to implement a car design into a watch is conceivably difficult. Roger Dubuis collection 'Excalibur' is a successful example. Especially the Excalibur Huracán Performante embodies the strident attitude of a Lamborghini sportscar. The yellow elements remind of the unique colour code of Lamborghini. Modelled air intakes are worked into the skeletonized dial. The winding rotor is inspired by the sportscars rims. The strap features the same rubber which is also used on the Pirelli car tires. The fusion of car and watch design is congenial and convincing. Eighty-eight pieces can now prove themselves on the wrists of watch enthusiasts.
The new Grande Complication by Jaeger-LeCoultre has a case of a mere 43 millimetres in diameter. However, huge forces are being released inside, taking into account its comparable small body. The reasons for this great amount of energy consumption are the multi-axis tourbillon (Gyrotourbillon), a perpetual calendar and a Westminster minute repeater with jumping minute hand. To supply the necessary energy, the watch for the first time incorporates a one-minute constant force mechanism, a secondary energy source. An intermediary spring (remontoir d'égalité) that is re-armed by the mainspring provides the tourbillon continuously with the same energy.
This new complication by Vacheron Constantin might just as well be called the innovation of the year. The Maison has taken on a century-long problem of power reserve and achieved a crucial improvement. If you don't wear or manually wind a watch, it will usually stop after around eight days. It now needs to be reset, which is especially time-consuming for watches with date indications. The engineers at Vacheron Constantin for the first time breathe extended and independent life into a watch with the new 'Twin Beat'. The trick: a second balance that was designed for the Standby mode and offered a power reserve of 65 days. For this, it needs to reduce its frequency to 1.2 Hz if not in use, which is enough to keep up all functions for 65 days. A clever mechanism and the saving of energy enables the balance to even master the energy-absorbing jumping of all three displays of the perpetual calendar at the turn of the year.
Richard Mille clearly belongs to the Avant-garde of the watch industry. Since their founding 20 years ago, they dedicate their efforts progressively in the innovation of technical and material aspects. They just underlined this position with their new 'Candy' collection. It radically opposes all contemporary trends – and still is irresistible. Design director Cécile Guenat has created ten sugar-sweet creations that turned the whole booth at the fair into a candy shop. Hence, also the watches are characterized by sweet fruits and candy. The models of the brand RM 07-03, RM 16-01 and RM 37-01 have been radically transformed. However, the brand's savoir-faire has been preserved. The cases are made from coloured ceramic, carbon TPT and quartz TPT. The tiny components are partly made of enamel and were painted with acryl and hand lacquered. The plates are made of titanium grade 5 and were horologically machined and skeletonized. Our greatest temptation: the RM 37-01 Automatic Kiwi.
It doesn't always have to be pure mechanical progress; it is equally interesting to see resources being saved to benefit the environment. Panerai committed itself to support environmental projects some time ago and now dedicated two new watches (PAM00984 und PAM00985) to eco-activist Mike Horn, who has been a brand ambassador for 15 years. The case, the crown protection mechanism, the bezel and the case back are made from 'Eco-Titanium', which is solely obtained from recycled titanium. The strap is made of recycled PET material. PAM00985 is limited to 19 pieces and invites its owners to take part in a few days of intensive training with Mike Horn among the ice floes of the Arctic to learn more about the dangers to our ecosystem. By the way, the new Panerai manufacture (opened in 2017) is equipped with the latest energy-saving technologies.
The Spitfire collection by IWC is inspired by the brand's first pilot watches Mark XI. The watches are distinguished by a minimalistic design and a good legibility. They united Swiss craftsmanship with the art of engineering and were aesthetic and functional. Since 2003, the legacy lives on thanks to the Spitfire collection – for the first time, the new models have in-house IWC manufactured movements. However, their design remains authentic, just like they would have found them in scrapped warplanes and revived them with modern movements. The new Big Pilot's Watch Perpetual Calendar Spitfire especially underlines this functionality. With its 46.2 mm case, you can hardly miss the time indication. The retro look is enhanced by a green dial, a bronze case and a brown calf leather strap.
Laurent Ferrier is a highly gifted watchmaker with classical approaches in terms of form and design. With the new Galet Annual Calendar School Piece, he seizes the annual calendars of the 1940s of which the date indication was attached on the outline of the dial. Vintage-hands and -numerals are placed on a white or black opaline dial. Opaline reminds of a French decorative glass-style from the 19th century. The result: pure retro without being out-dated.
Blue is still a trend colour within most brand's collections, but another colour has established itself at the watch fair: 'Salmon'. Whereas most brands call the shade 'Roségold' as the dial is eventually made of massive roségold, 'Salmon' somehow fits quite right. This hue is now also seen on the new A. Lange & Söhne Datograph Perpetual Tourbillon. The watch was first introduced in 2016 with a black dial – it has a jumping minute hands with flyback function, a perpetual calendar, a moon phase display, power reserve indication, big date and a tourbillon which is only visible through the case back. We confess to having a weakness for the new trend colour that by the way goes very well with a stainless steel (or white gold) case.
When the Royal Oak was first launched in 1972, it certainly didn't seem to be a trendsetter. Design, material and size didn't appeal to men at that time. Today, it is one of the most popular watches worldwide. The new Royal Oak 'Jumbo' Extra-Thin was one of the 'hot pieces' of this year's fair. Audemars Piguet goes the extra mile and combines the 'Salmon'-dial not only with a white-gold case but also with a strap made from this 18-carat noble metal. Yet, the dial isn't really novel. Already in 1992, Audemars Piguet introduced the Royal Oak with a roségold dial and the distinctive 'petite tapisserie'-motive on occasion of its 20th anniversary.
Get the latest news and more information about our editorials.
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Bugs about front end APIs and interaction such as buttons, tabs, windows, popups.
Downloaded the Firefox ADMX template and properly installed them.
Per the GPO settings I retrieved the Extendion ID (not the internal UUID).
Nothing, clicking remove should simply do nothing. Which is exactly what happens for my Webroot plugin, just not uBlock.
Which version of Firefox are you using?
Thank you for the report and the information. I was able to reproduce this bug.
However, the most correct fix would be check if the add-on has the permission PERM_CAN_UNINSTALL, as policies are not the only reason that it might be set.
OK, the problem was that various tests install extensions without useAddonManager, then they have an ID but AddonManager.getAddonByID(id) doesn't work.
I have updated the code to be more robust and detect when AddonManager.getAddonByID returns null.
We should get this on beta. Maybe even release?
Enterprise policy preventing add-on from being removed can be bypassed in toolbar button's context menu.
Just checking if the add-on has the permission to be uninstalled before offering to do so.
Attachment #9041011 - Flags: approval-mozilla-beta?
Fix for recent regression (in 65), verified in Nightly.
Let's uplift for beta 7.
Verified as fixed in latest beta 7.


text:
You are here: Home / Archives for Resource Curse
Resource Curse
Resource-Induced Conflicts, Part I: Resource Wars
September 14, 2016 by Jasper Humphreys
By: Jasper Humphreys
1991 picture of a United States Navy Grumman F-14A Tomcat from Fighter Squadron 114 (VF-114) Aardvarks. Courtesy of Lt. Steve Gozzo, USN – U.S. DefenseImagery photo VIRIN: DN-SC-93-03891
Fighting over resources has been going on since Mankind started trading with one another, even though the phrase 'resource wars' is a modern invention.
With the period known as the Bronze Age emerging roughly six thousand years ago, the outlines of what today we regard as 'resource wars' became apparent: globalisation, the 'pull' factor of technology, improving communications, commercial sophistication, empire-building, and of course, the ability to fight.
Bronze is an alloy made principally from copper and tin. Its strength and durability characteristics made it perfect for forging swords, axes and shields. Thus revolutionising warfare from club-wielding skirmishes to mass kinetic encounters that sometimes led to death and occasionally, annihilation. However, not every country is blessed with copper and tin. In such instances, the only option available is to rob these resources by force from other political, and potentially unfriendly powers. This added an additional layer of complexity to the logistics and strategy of the plundering army, as exiting the land with the booty would prove as difficult as entering the forbidden territory in the first place. The discovery of bronze allowed armies to grow and become more heavily armed (including the use of cavalry), made possible through involving complex logistics alongside good leadership.
Nothing has changed since those ancient times about the two simple identities of 'resource wars': they are either i) about plundering and grabbing, or ii) about holding on with force to what you already have. It is here that the problems associated with 'resource wars' emerge, stemming from both identifying the motivation of the parties involved and how to devise an appropriate response to end hostilities.
Until the modern era, economists generally saw a large amount of natural resources as being an advantage; that view changed in the 1980's as new scholarship sparked by Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner focused on what was labelled the 'natural resource curse': this suggested that actually having an abundance of natural resources created a negative impact, as it could lead to slower growth, undemocratic regimes and violent civil conflict; all part of 'resource wars'.[1]
It was this thinking that prompted moves to ban the trade of resources originating from conflict zones, highlighted in 'blood diamonds', 'blood ivory' and so on. This new research also highlighted the concept of 'resource dependency'. This is when a country relies on one or two resources for its income, with obvious contemporary examples being Saudi Arabia and its oil and Botswana and its diamonds.[2]
When looking at resources as a cause of civil wars, several important debates can be identified. Firstly, 'greed or grievance', heavily associated with Paul Collier who saw 'greed' as one form of motivation for the fighters who pursued economic gain, while working on the assumption that the rewards of joining a fight were much greater than if they did not join the fight. 'Grievance', however, was a stronger motivation for Collier, who reckoned that people were much more motivated to fight over issues of identity like ethnicity or religion than being driven solely by 'greed'.[3] However, others view the 'resource curse' totally differently, seeing greater resource wealth as lowering the probability of conflict and not leading to civil war.[4]
The alternative debate centres on the theory that poor environmental conditions forces people to fight to satisfy their basic survival needs, such as cutting down timber, poaching or plundering as an economic resource. This link between 'environmental scarcity' theory and conflict is most heavily associated with Thomas Homer-Dixon and the Toronto School. Sometimes referred to as 'environmental conflicts', where these conflicts typologies originate from human-made disturbances so great that the environment is unable naturally regenerate. Examples include fighting over water that is diminishing due to the construction of a dam upstream, or having land overgrazed to such an extent that competition (over its use?) leads to fighting.[5]
Conflicts that involve natural resources and are caused by physical, geopolitical or socio-economic problems are not environmental conflicts. They are actually traditional conflicts over resource distribution. In the same way, conflicts over agricultural land can only be called an 'environmental conflict' if the land is under contest because of soil erosion, climate-change, or other environmental degradation. Otherwise they are simply 'contests of territory' like any war or conflict that we commonly think of. So far, so confusing. To provide some analytical rigour, the phrase 'resource wars' is restricted to only inter-state conflicts; while distinguishing between the types of resources. A 'resource' is defined as being those elements that are key to human survival. Water, soil, air and eco-systems are defined as Resources-Life, while oil and gas are Resources-Strategic; the latter being the realm of traditional geo-strategic 'high politics'. Here the price is controlled not only by supply/demand, but also by the additional costs relating to the environmental and securitisation impact of changes in the supply, such as the costs tied to the distribution of water in the Jordan Valley.
By contrast, those conflicts linked to resources that are not considered as part of 'high politics' might be given another description – 'commodity conflicts'. Here the identity of a 'commodity' lies in that it is controlled by market-forces that are accompanied by a sliding-scale of 'conflict-risk' that ranges from high (cocaine, coltan, diamonds) to mid-low (copper, gold, rhino horn) to very low (coffee, tea). Additionally, it is important to make a distinction between the illegal and legal forms of 'commodity conflicts': in the former category they would be defined as 'lootable' and the latter as 'extractible'. The basic profile of 'commodity conflicts' is that they have been:
> Localised
> Based on extractive/ 'lootable' commodities.
> Violent in short bursts, sometimes over long periods.
> Difficult for outside forces to quell.
> Often linked to power struggles within the ruling elite.
To provide even greater clarity, another category in the resource-conflict spectrum could be referred to as 'environmental confrontations'. This gathers in the wider spectrum of conflict that has some element of the environment at its core, which range from over-fishing, riparian access, to animal rights, wildlife poaching, illegal timber-felling and environmental campaigns of all types.
Finally, there is a fourth category. This is the most problematic as it contains elements of both resources and commodities, and so makes devising a response especially difficult. It covers five broad issues:
> Food security: food is both a commodity and a resource. For example, the cocoa commodity market was targeted in 2010 by British financier Anthony Ward by developing a hoarding strategy; meanwhile the British investment fund, African Century, are looking to develop fish and chicken farms to provide a major source of food in southern Africa.
> New sources of energy.
> Land sales/rights: land is a resource that is both publicly and privately owned and is often sold as commodity.
> Drugs trade: drugs are a commodity controlled by market-forces for which the suppliers use drug-users as a resource to be exploited, with ramifications of national and global importance.
> Flora and fauna: both are a commodity and a resource (for firewood and eating).
Throughout post-Biblical history wars within the category of Resources-Life have never occurred, and follow the logic that these resources are so crucial that even though war theoretically could rapidly escalate, in practice it is in the interest of all parties to negotiate rather than to fight. This is borne out in the story of the so-called 'water wars', both past and present, where disagreements and confrontations have not erupted into fighting, and from which emerges a school of thought that sees negotiations over water access creating a 'neutral' zone from which wider antagonisms can be discussed, such as in the Middle East.[6]
Regarding conflicts within the category of Resources-Strategic, the two Gulf Wars illustrated the sharp limits to American geo-strategic endurance when its oil supplies in the Middle East were threatened; it was a similar perception from the earlier Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that gave rise to the 1980 Carter Doctrine of 'red-lines' in the sands of the Middle East.[7] Furthermore, there was a surge in 'commodity conflicts' after the post- Cold War euphoria had ebbed and ushered in a new wave of ethnic conflicts with unprecedented dimension and geographical spread. These conflicts, predominately in the global South, often witnessed an overlap between criminal 'lootability' and long-standing ethnic or religious grievances; 'blood diamonds', 'conflict minerals', gold and illegal timber extraction all helped to fuel conflict. In the post-colonial dawn, groups have battled each other for power within the realm of modern globalisation; combining new technological developments in communications and transportation, with market forces and the 'shadow economy' of undeclared and illegal trading.
And the future. The iron rule of the commercial market-place means that some resources and commodities fade due to lack of demand and the rise of others. Who today would think of fighting to control the spice and fur trades as in the past? Instead, today's insatiable need for tantalum capacitors inside mobile-phones and other electronic devices has put a premium on coltan (short for columbite-tantalite). The fact that coltan is found in both developed countries such as Canada, and under-developed countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), has led to the emergence of parallel extractible/regulated and lootable/unregulated markets – buyers make their choice, it's a free market.
The wide range of 'lootable' resources has caused an entwining with the ever-growing 'shadow' economy of transnational criminal networks, especially in countries and areas that have been 'wasted'. These 'wastelands' can either occur through conflict, such as in the DRC, or severe deprivation, as in parts of Mexico and much of Central America. The absence of an effective and centralized authority in these 'wastelands' makes them, in the view of political geographer, Derek Gregory, 'pre-constituted as fallen, violated and damaged, always and everywhere potential targets for a colonising capitalist modernity.' Furthermore, the state's monopoly of violence may have collapsed, meaning for Gregory that 'non state actors (warlords, local and ethnic militia) are able to establish alternative, territorially restricted forms of centralised violence.'[8]
Jasper Humphreys is Director of External Affairs of the Marjan Centre for the Study of War and the Non-Human Sphere in the Department of War Studies, King's College: this centre is unique in studying the overlap of conflict and biodiversity. Formerly, he was a journalist with over thirty years of experience, writing for various national newspapers.
[1] Jeffrey D. Sachs/Andrew M. Warner, 'Natural resource abundance and economic growth', working paper Center for International Development and Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997, accessed 15 December 2011.
[2] Kenneth Good; 'Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana', Boydell and Brewer, Rochester, New York, 2008
[3] Paul Collier/Anke Hoeffler, 'On economic causes of civil war', Oxford Economic Papers 50(4),1998.
[4] Christa N. Brunnschweiler/Erwin H. Bulte, 'Natural resources and violent conflict: resource abundance, dependence, and the onset of civil wars', Oxford Economic Papers 61, 2009, pp.651-674.
[5] Thomas Homer-Dixon, Environment, scarcity, and violence (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1999).
[6] Tony Allan; 'The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy', I.B Tauris, London, 2012
[7] Andrew J. Bacevich, 'The Carter doctrine at 30', World Affairs, 1 April 2010.
[8] Derek Gregory, 'War and Peace', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35, 2010, p. 166.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires#/media/File:F-14A_VF-114_over_burning_Kuwaiti_oil_well_1991.JPEG
Filed Under: Blog Article Tagged With: Environmental Conflict, feature, Greed vs. Grievance, Resource conflict, Resource Curse, Strife series
Oil, patronage and corruption in the MENA region: the case of Saudi Arabia
By Ibrahim Gabr:
Saudi Arabia is a country built on oil. By looking at the country through the theoretical lens of the resource curse, we can gain more insights into the relation between political patronage and this 'resource curse.' By examining a case study of patronage in Saudi Arabia, as well as the resource curse and the political patronage and corruption which are associated with it in the Kingdom, it is proposed that economic diversification represents one of the most critical policy avenues for this resource-dependent government. In the context of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the Kingdom has brought about the deep entrenchment of monarchical regimes that use patronage so as to secure the loyalty and quiescence of their domestic populations without making any legitimate efforts towards democratic reform.
On the basis of these realities, and in the context of the resource curse, a clear and negative causal relationship exists between a country's degree of economic diversification and the amount of patronage which occurs in its society. Examining the regional level for a common denominator which serves to perpetuate patronage within the reason, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), as a centralizing force in the MENA region, is potent in allowing these regimes to perpetuate their unhealthy and undemocratic reliance on patronage as a pathway to regime stability. Thus, there is a certain extent to which the boom-bust cycle of the energy market, which is what lies at the crux of the resource curse, facilitates this type of patronage-based governance. On this basis, in spite of significant and publicly-disseminated promises of reform, the occurrence of an endogenous or exogenous shock in the international energy market could completely derail the Monarchy's plans. With this, it would appear that patronage, in the context of the MENA region's oil-producing states, is likely to continue well into the foreseeable future.
The nature of the resource curse and economic diversification as a solution
Many countries which have abundant mineral, gas and oil wealth have suffered from poor economic performance, and entrenched autocratic or dictatorial regimes. The notion of the curse is premised on poor policy because it is a corollary of states misusing the rents, which are accrued from their resource wealth and widespread corruption.[1] Much of this has to do with the fact that natural resources, in developing world contexts, are difficult to manage. As some of the countries' governments do not have far-reaching administrative powers, they are often dependent on foreign oil companies, and have regime-based needs that are different from those of the population; they thus misuse their mineral and oil wealth and thus preclude the country's economic or political development.[2]
In this context, the resource curse is thus a problem that tends to plague states that are newly beginning to produce oil or other mineral wealth, and absent optimal fiscal management, can continue to haunt them across decades of production. In other cases, like that of Saudi Arabia, a wealthy and long-standing oil-producing regime, the consequences of the Oil Curse have more saliently pertained to leading to the entrenchment of sub-optimal forms of governance, and to less effective production paradigms. Writ-large, the oil curse's enduring reality is thus one of sub-optimal natural resource management which precludes both longitudinal economic development and governmental reform. In this context, economic diversification emerges as the key to eliminating patronage in these resource-driven contexts. Because patronage prevents democratization from emerging in these countries, the democratic corollaries of economic diversification are important in building a middle-class capable of pushing for democratic reform.[3] Contra-existing dynamics wherein these patronage-based regimes are capable of buying off important domestic stakeholders, because of wealth concentration, the pursuit of diversification allows for such a middle-class, educated in nature, to make a whole-hearted push for democratization, and the decline of patronage which is attendant to it.[4]
Saudi Arabia – high dependency/high patronage
The degree of political patronage and rent-seeking which exists in the country is perhaps one of the most significant in the MENA region. As noted by one regional commentator, the Saudi regime has completely obviated any shift towards economic reform, and has preferred to embrace policies which allow it to maintain a significant degree of control over the international oil market all the while engaging in significant patronage-based expenditures at home. Thus, because the Saudis do not have a legitimate program for the purposes of economic diversification, examining their case requires understanding how the country has sought to perpetuate its policy of regime stability through patronage by stabilizing its ability to meet expenditure needs in the contexts of an international energy market that still functions on the basis of a boom-bust logic.[5]
With this in mind, stabilizing expenditures has always been one of the most significant problems faced by oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia. Due to the boom and bust nature of the oil economy, these countries require strong fiscal policies that are simultaneously responsive, responsible and transparent in nature. With this in mind, some of the best approaches to stabilizing these expenditures lie in creating sources of control, which are external to the state. Thus, one option is to use cash transfers to redistribute oil revenues throughout the population. In doing this, it then becomes possible to create a population that has a stake in the oil economy, and which is thus responsive in pressuring the government to stay responsible. In a similar regard, another option is to privatize domestic oil ownership, and thus create a structure in which the domestic private sector exerts similar fiscal pressure on government so as to create some aura of legitimacy for a government that would be otherwise nothing more than based on its ability to provide rents through patronage.[6]
These solutions are important because stabilization funds have simply not been efficient in precluding the oil curse or the economic suffering which occurs during bust portions of the boom-bust cycle. As all of these oil curse-related variables relate to improper fiscal management of the oil economy, stabilization programs are nothing more than a Band-Aid on a wound that is already infected. Given that some of these countries lack structures of governance needed for proper fiscal management, there is thus no way for their stabilization funds to be well-maintained or appropriately-managed. As such, these do not represent a reliable fix for either the problems of the oil curse or the boom-bust cycle.[7] Even where the potential for such structure exists, in wealthier contexts like Saudi Arabia, the insularity of the regime, combined with its ability to use patronage to buy off potential opponents, creates a context of insularity which detracts from the potential for reform.
In terms of the Saudi Arabian context, its stabilization is, to a very large extent, ensured by the volume of the oil which it exports, and its influential position in terms of international oil diplomacy. In truth, the Kingdom has done very little to diversify or stabilize its economy, especially when compared to a country like Qatar or the UAE. Instead, the Kingdom has relied on its sheer volumes, and the rents captured by the ruling family and dispersed throughout the population, so as to maintain stability in the contexts of downturns. With this, the Saudi strategy has always been to use volume and wealth for stabilization, rather than to embrace the type of domestic economic differentiation and diversification which might represent a solution or buffer vis-à-vis the shocks of the international energy market. Thus, it would appear that Saudi Arabia has not made a legitimate attempt to move away from the dependence on oil which lies at the heart of its patronage-based political system.
The perpetuation of patronage: the US as a facilitating institution
The relationships between the USA and KSA have themselves taken on characteristics analogous to those of client-patron relations. As MENA region oil powers like Saudi Arabia have such strong protectors, in this case in the form of the American hegemon, they do not necessarily face significant exogenous pressure for reform. Indeed, America and Saudi Arabia, as an example, are trapped in a dyad of mutual dependency wherein the Saudis can count on the Americans to protect them from regional or even domestic threats. Simultaneously, the Americans are guaranteed relatively open access to oil markets in periods of crisis inasmuch as they are aware that the Saudis can increase production so as to maintain price stability throughout the international system. Thus, this mutual dependency reinforces these MENA region states' abilities to maintain regimes premised on patronage even in a context where economic diversification would represent a far superior long-term solution to the structural economic and political issues which they face.
In the end, the case of Saudi Arabia demonstrates a clear causal relationship between significant energy reserves, the occurrence of the oil curse, low levels of economic diversification, and the perpetuation of political patronage and corruption. Tangibly, efforts which have been made to bring about diversification and thus endogenous economic growth across these countries have been modest. The likely reason for this continuing reality is that, even in the context of high state expenditures in a boom-bust market, the logic of patronage which underlies the stability of these oil-producing MENA-region regimes is one that is beneficial to their long-term political viability. Thus, absent an endogenous or exogenous shock, either in the form of an Arab Spring analog or a massive global energy disruption, the future of these states, as it pertains to the perpetuation of patronage, is likely very bleak indeed. While some states in the region have already taken anticipatory reforms to preclude the denouement of such revolutionary patterns in their own territories, such exogeneities remain a perpetual vulnerability, and thus dramatically shape the risk profile of the region.
Ibrahim Gabr is currently an honours undergraduate student in political science at McGill University in Canada.
[1] M.L. Ross, 'The political economy of the resource curse', in World Politics, 51:2 (1999), pp. 297-322.
[2] M.L. Ross, The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013).
[3] A. Gelb, Oil Windfalls: Blessing or curse? (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1988).
[5] M. Al-Rasheed, A History of Saudi Arabia (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
[6] M.L. Ross, 'Will oil drown the Arab Spring? Democracy and the resource curse', in Foreign Affairs (September-October 2011).
[7] Ross, The Oil Curse.
Alexeev, M. & R. Conrad, 'The Elusive Curse of Oil', in The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91:3 (2009), pp. 586-598.
Alhajji, A.F. & D. Huettner, 'OPEC and Other Commodity Cartels: A Comparison', in Energy Policy, 28 (2000), pp. 1151-1164.
Fasano, Ugo & Zubair Iqbal, GCC Countries: From Oil Dependence to Diversification (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2003).
Filed Under: Blog Article Tagged With: Economic Diversification, Middle East, Patronage, Regime Stability, Resource Curse


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Issue 18-story 8.pdf23.02 KB
Law enforcement initiated an investigation into a defendant for operating an unlicensed money transmitting business and assisting the business in the avoidance of Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC) sanctions on a designated country.
The defendant was convicted of violating the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), operating an unlicensed money transmitting business, and making false statements to a federal agency. A federal judge ordered the defendant to forfeit funds and sentenced the defendant to a multi-year prison term.
The defendant provided money transmitting services to residents of a sanctioned country by participating in the operation of a "hawala," a type of informal value transfer system in which money does not physically cross international borders through the banking system. The defendant used the hawala network to receive wire transfers from companies and individuals located in various countries, including some with a high risk for money laundering, into a personal bank account he maintained for this purpose in the United States.
An individual who resided outside the United States arranged the transfers into the defendant's account. The individual was associated with hawala operators in his country of residence. In addition, the individual attempted to move funds from a business and invest them in the United States. To accomplish this, the individual paid the hawala operators millions of dollars in foreign currency, and the hawala operators arranged to have corresponding amounts of U.S. dollars, which were already in the United States or in bank accounts abroad, deposited into defendant's account. The owners of the dollars deposited into the defendant's account were dozens of companies and individuals in the U.S. and abroad who wanted to transfer funds to the country where the individual resided, a jurisdiction subject to OFAC sanctions.
The defendant facilitated these illegal transfers by accepting deposits into his personal bank accounts and then notifying the individual arranging the transfer or an out-of-country hawala operator, so that a corresponding amount of local currency could be disbursed. The hawala operators profited by manipulating the exchange rates to their benefit, and the defendant benefitted by using the millions of dollars he received into his account to purchase real estate and securities, and to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars toward personal expenses.
BSA information was instrumental in identifying the various accounts, wires, deposits, and patterns of activity.
[Published in The SAR Activity Review - Trends, Tips & Issues, Issue 18, October 2010]
Informal Value Transfer Systems
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A mother of two is killed when an SUV runs a red light in Encino. Kim Tobin reports for NBC4 News at 11 p.m. on Oct. 16, 2018.
The victim of a deadly hit and run in Encino is being remembered as an "amazing" mom who was "beautiful inside and out."
Yana Lavrentev, 30, was struck and critically injured Saturday night as she and two friends were crossing Ventura Blvd. in a midblock crosswalk with a signal. The wife and mother of two young children was removed from life support and succumbed Monday, according to family friends.
The vehicle that struck Lavrentev, described as an older SUV, continued without stopping and is now sought by police, along with its driver.
Lavrentev and her husband were among seven couples of friends, all parents enjoying a grown-ups' night out to celebrate a birthday of one. All had become acquainted in Los Angeles since emigrating from Russia or the Ukraine.
Police are looking for the hit-and-run driver who struck a young mother of two last Saturday night in Encino. Patrick Healy reports for the NBC4 News on Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2018.
Cellphone video preserved the broad smile on her face during the party as she danced with her husband.
In addition to being a loving mother, Lavrentev worked as a speech therapist, and also was studying for her MBA in an online program, said longtime friend Olga Viter. She recalled how sometimes she sought parenting advice from Lavrentev, even though she was younger.
"Her whole life was ahead of her," Viter said.
Saturday night, after dining in a restaurant in Encino's Plaza de Oro, the group decided to cross the boulevard to another restaurant for coffee. Lavrentev and two other women went ahead to get a table, according to Yaroslava Markov, one of the two walking with Lavrentov.
They were halfway way across in the median, and still had time on the walk countdown, Markov said, when Lavrentov stepped forward and was struck and thrown by the SUV.
They did not see or hear the vehicle coming, Markov said, and after the impact, the SUV "didn't slow down." It appeared to her that the suv was traveling well above the speed limit of 35 miles per hour.
The vehicle may be a pre-2000 Toyota 4Runner, gray or silver, according to what has been learned by detectives at LAPD's Valley Traffic Division.
Anyone with information is being asked to contact Det. Lisset Fuentes at 818-644-8021 or Det. Dan Menesez at 818-644-8028.


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Shahrukh Khan, the King Khan of Bollywood film industry, is the king of everyone. The Superstar is humble, and he loves all of his fans just as they love him. And he gave a perfect example of his kind-heartedness on Wednesday.
As it was the 24th birthday of Alia Bhatt, the co-star of SRK in Dear Zindagi. Shahrukh Khan came to give his best wishes to Alia Bhatt on her Birthday Bash. It was expected, the Raees actor was welcomed by many photographers. But Unluckily one of the photographers was injured by SRK's car in the excitement of clicking the pictures of SRK. This incident took place when SRK was going to Alia's residence, and all the photographers noticed him and ran to click his pictures.
According to the reports, the photographer who was injured is a new and got excited after seeing his favorite star and rushed to take pictures. While clicking pictures, he didn't notice the speed of the car and the car's tyre ran over his foot. As soon as Shahrukh saw the incident, he came out of his car to see that the lensman is fine. He called his bodyguard to take the photographer to the Nanavati hospital and also said everyone to take care of him and all the medical bills.
Next Post:Kunal Kapoor's Fitness Transformation Will Make You Want To Hit GYM Right Now!


Why we asked Mike: Randleman has been in the wedding business since 1992 and has played for around 1,000 weddings. He has also had careers in on-air radio broadcasting, nightclub performing and is currently spins ballroom music for dancers in Colorado.
Advice for picking songs: "Pick your absolute must plays, and leave some room for guest's requests and disk jockey discretion to keep the party moving," says Randleman.
Top requests for recent songs: Randleman has received tons of requests for "Without You" by David Guetta feat. Usher and anything from Taio Cruz or the Black Eyed Peas because of the lyrical content, happy nature and the uptempo beat of the songs.
Why we asked Dave: Kreider's DJ business specializes in weddings, he's never missed an event, and after performing at an average of 45 weddings a year for 22 years, the DJ has heard it all.
Advice for hiring a wedding DJ: "Personality and compatibility is key to the success of your program. You want to like the person that you hire," says Kreider. Other top pieces of advice from the DJ include checking references, checking the DJ's liability insurance policy and asking about the kind of equipment your DJ will bring along.
Top requests for recent songs: "Give Me Everything" by Pitbull feat. Ne-Yo because, "It's almost always met with an enthusiastic response… I love using this song as the one before the last dance of the night as it's very upbeat and helps segue into the final dance with a lot of energy," says Kreider. The DJ also favors the a cappella mashup of "I'm Yours" and "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" by Straight No Chaser for couples looking for something traditional, yet different and upbeat.
Why we asked Jay: The professional wedding disc jockey has been working in the industry since 1989 and was named "Colorado Major Market Evening Disk Jockey of the Year" in 2000, 2001 and 2005. Kacik often meets with his clients 2-3 times prior to each event to create a personalized playlist and memorable wedding receptions.
Advice for hiring a wedding DJ: Kacik encourages couples to meet with prospective DJs in person or over the phone. "When you find the one that you like and are ready to book, get their name on the contract. You need this to guarantee that the DJ you met with and liked is going to be the same person at your wedding," he recommends.
Worst song ever for a wedding: "Any song that the bride or groom hates. Some couples request songs from me that other couples can't stand and wouldn't have near their wedding. It's all about the couple's style," says Kacik.
I've played at dozens of weddings and I have seen it all. Music defines the bride and groom. They choose music that fits their personalities.
Every cusotmer wants soomething unique. That's why you cannot dedicate yourself only to the list of the top three djs. In order to make things simple, Michigan Wedding DJs recommend you to provide a creative unique touch to your music each and every time.