text:
ALEXISJOYVIPACCESS
April 1, 2015 Alexis Joy
VIPAccessEXCLUSIVE: Alexisjoyvipaccess Covers The Renowned And Prestigious Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards! RECAP Here!
The orange carpet was rolled out, the coveted blimps were handed out and one of the most legendary nights in award show history took place on March 28, 2015: the one, the only Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards! Nickelodeon is known for making masterpieces – from its brilliant and creative TV shows to of course, its slime filled award ceremonies; and another thing Nickelodeon is known for is putting smiles on everyone's faces. No matter what age you may be – Nickelodeon appeals to all ages and can brighten up a person's day no matter what. History was made on March 28, 2015 as the multi-talented and consummate musician / actor, Nick Jonas took on the stage to host the 2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards at the "Fabulous" Forum in Inglewood, California. Nick Jonas mesmerized everyone with his awe-inspiring opening performance of his hit tracks "Chains" and "Jealous" and also added some slime fun as he drank a cup of slime! The outstanding Iggy Azalea "wowed" the crowd with her indescribable performance of her latest track "Trouble" with Jennifer Hudson and sensation, 5 Seconds of Summer closed out the one of a kind award show with an incredible performance of their song "What I Like About You" and it looks like what they like is loads and loads of slime!
The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards is all about the kids' choice so this year, Nickelodeon opened up even more opportunities for fans to have their voices heard by giving everyone all across the world the opportunity to vote for their favorites to win a coveted Nickelodeon blimp across 21 categories on Nick.com and even by tweeting.
According to the press release, "This year's Kids' Choice Awards proved to be as messy as ever, from Jennifer Lopez presenting Jonas with his award and a surprise sliming; to the Favorite Family TV Show stars of Modern Family getting doused in goo; Jonas chugging a mug of slime in a "Dare or Dare" slime challenge; and a backstage pie fight between Chris Pratt and the cast of Henry Danger.
The stars of The Thundermans cleaned up the special live vote during the show, which garnered over 7 million votes. They beat out the casts of Bella and the Bulldogs and Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn and received the deluxe treatment from the first-ever human slime car wash complete with conveyer, spinning brushes, swinging flaps, spraying nozzles and, of course, tons of slime."
Nickelodeon always manages to make the Kids Choice Awards more and more phenomenal as the years go by and the 2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was like no other and left everyone speechless. Kids, teenagers, and adults all joined together to watch this highly-anticipated night in Hollywood history as celebrities like Angelina Jolie Pitt, Liam Hemsworth and Nick Jonas took home awards. The Kids' Choice Awards was filled with a star-studded attendees list including Nick Jonas, Nick Cannon, Jamie Foxx, Liam Hemsworth, Fifth Harmony, Zendaya, the casts of Nickelodeon shows including The Thundermans, Every Witch Way, The Haunted Hathaways and more!
I, Alexisjoyvipaccess had the absolute and utmost honor of covering the 2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and to cover this event was truly beyond surreal and more than a dream come true! From covering the orange carpet and interviewing the many celebrities at the event to watching the remarkable award show, covering the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was beyond an honor! Check out my VIPAccessEXCLUSIVE photos I took from my coverage at the event and see the list of winners at the 2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards below!
BIG thank you to Nickelodeon for the phenomenal opportunity to have covered the renowned and prestigious Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards!
Favorite Kids TV Show
Favorite TV Actor
Ross Lynch (Austin & Ally)
Favorite TV Actress
Laura Marano (Austin & Ally)
Favorite Cartoon
Favorite Reality Show
Favorite Talent Competition Show
Favorite Family TV Show
Favorite Movie
Favorite Villain
Angelina Jolie Pitt (Maleficent)
Favorite Movie Actor
Ben Stiller (Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb)
Favorite Movie Actress
Emma Stone (The Amazing Spider-Man 2)
Favorite Animated Movie
Favorite Male Action Star
Liam Hemsworth (The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1)
Favorite Female Action Star
Jennifer Lawrence (The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and X-Men: Days of Future Past)
Favorite Music Group
Favorite Male Singer
Favorite Female Singer
Favorite Song Of The Year
"Bang Bang" (Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj)
Favorite New Artist
Most Addicting Game
Diary of a Wimpy Kid series
Follow Nickelodeon on Twitter: @NickelodeonTV
2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Winners
Exclusive Pictures
Interview With Alexisjoyvipaccess
VIP Access Pass
VIP Exclusive
VIP Pass To Style
VIPAccessEXCLUSIVE
VIPAccessEXCLUSIVE Pass To Style
Published by Alexis Joy
Alexis Joy is the creator of alexisjoyvipaccess.com, who covers all things entertainment, fashion and beauty. She enjoys writing, traveling and working on her YouTube channel.	View all posts by Alexis Joy
Previous VIPAccessEXCLUSIVE: "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky And Dawn" Cast Interview With Alexisjoyvipaccess At The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards!
Next Article: IM5 Shares Epic New Tour Promo – Watch Here And Buy Your Tickets For The GROW WILD Tour!
Article: You Have To See Nikki Bella's Unrecognizable Disguise In The Bella Twins' Episode Of Nickelodeon's "The Substitute" Airing On January 31st!
VIPAccessEXCLUSIVE: Netflix's "Family Reunion" Star Jordyn Raya James Spills On Her Fave Episode From The Show In Her Interview With Alexisjoyvipaccess – Watch Part Two Of "Family Reunion" Launching January 20th!
Article: Ariana Grande, Drake, Selena Gomez, Jonas Brothers, Taylor Swift And More Are Nominated At The 2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards – See The Full List Of Nominees Here!
Article: Actor Jason Lewis Had An Exceptional Time At The 9th Annual Australian Academy Of Cinema And Television Arts Awards! (@JasonLewis)
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Jeff Buckley bootlegs in the eTree database.
1994-03-03: The Rain Was Falling On That Day: ?, ?
Note, the above list is based on eTree's data. A much better and more accurate gigography does exist to confirm dates and locations.
Annotation last modified on 2010-10-03 14:01 .


As your local Milgard Certified Dealer, the Screen Shop is proud to help you create the home you and your family deserve. A visit to our showroom will allow you to experience why so many of your neighbors have choosen Milgard windows and doors. You are welcome to browse and operate our award winning products, learn about the latest design and energy efficiency trends or discuss your project with our knowledgeable staff. We are here to answer all your questions and help find the perfect windows and doors for your project.
The Screen Shop is a family owned and operated business located in San Jose for over 70 years. Joe Salamida Sr. started the business in 1945 and third generation family members continue to run it today. We specialize in replacement windows and doors, in either Z-bar retro fit method or new construction installs.
Please call or visit our showroom to speak with our family about your project.
Screen Shop is rated 5.0 out of 5 by 16.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Scott C from The BEST door and window team in the Bay Area The Screen shop has been around a long time- they are a family business and they live on their reputation. Their reputation is quality and customer service. The screen shop has supported remodels and upgrades at x2 homes over the past 10 years with exclusively Milgard doors and windows. The Screen Shop is professional and delivers both world class quality products and service you can count on w/ a company and staff you can trust. If I have any window or door project, John Salamida and the staff at the Screen shop are the only call I make. Over the course of my 10 years of projects, I installed x5 sliding glass doors, 12 replacement windows, 4 new construction windows. My MILGARD windows are flawless and never had an issue. The only shop to call with a door or window project.
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Rated 5 out of 5 by Bailey12 from Great Customer Service and Knowledge of Product This specific dealer was very knowledgable about the product that we purchased. They were very thorough when walking through our home to give us suggestions and quotes based on what we needed and the budget we wanted to stay within. I highly recommend this dealer and would come back to them again if needed.


text:
Fewer than a third of countries currently have a military draft; most exclude women
A Russian army conscript leaves Sevastopol on a train during the country's spring 2018 military draft campaign. (Sergei Malgavko/TASS via Getty Images)
A federal judge in Texas made news in February when he ruled that the United States' male-only draft is unconstitutional. Many Americans, though, might not be aware that the U.S. still has a draft.
It does, though mostly just on paper. For nearly four decades, the draft law's only major requirement has been for men – but not women – to register with the Selective Service System within 30 days of their 18th birthday in case conscription is ever brought back.
In fact, the U.S. is one of 23 countries where the military draft is authorized but not currently implemented. An additional 60 countries – fewer than a third of the 191 for which Pew Research Center found reliable information – have some form of an active conscription program. The other 108 countries we examined have no legal provision for compulsory military service; 23 of these don't even have conventional armed forces.
At least 11 of the 60 countries with active conscription programs draft both men and women. (For four countries with conscription – Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Niger and Senegal – we couldn't determine whether or not their draft systems include women.) In addition, some countries, such as Sudan and Vietnam, authorize conscription of women in law but draft only men in practice. And several other countries without active conscription programs – including Burma (Myanmar), Chad, Ivory Coast and Portugal – provide that if they ever do start drafting anyone, men and women would both be subject to call-up.
Conscription takes many forms around the world. The most common is a "universal service" requirement, in which all (or nearly all) of the target population is expected to serve a stint in the armed forces; the Israel Defense Forces, or Tzahal, are a well-known example. The required time ranges from a few months to several years, or even indefinitely.
In "selective service" systems, the military chooses whom to draft from among all those registered based on its personnel needs; for everyone else, the registration itself fulfills their legal obligation.
Besides Israel, five other countries (Eritrea, Mali, Morocco, North Korea and Tunisia) conscript women as part of universal military service schemes; five (Benin, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Norway and Sweden) have selective service systems that encompass men and women.
However, the line between those broad categories can be quite fuzzy. Many countries that have universal service requirements on paper don't actually induct all eligible people, for budgetary or policy reasons. In Norway, for example, the law requires all young people – including, since 2015, women – to serve for 12 months in the armed forces, followed by short "refresher" training periods (adding up to about seven additional months of service) till age 44. In practice, while all Norwegian citizens must register, no one is forced to serve against their will; in any given year, only about one-in-six registrants actually end up being conscripted.
On the other hand, some countries that ostensibly have no conscription have created such strong incentives to enlist that their systems resemble drafts. The Venezuelan Constitution, for example, forbids "forcible recruitment," but also states that everyone has a duty to perform "such civilian or military service as may be necessary for the defense, preservation and development of the country." All citizens, male and female, are required to register, and enlistees are guaranteed permanent access to certain government benefits, such as dental care and life insurance. Those who cannot prove they've served can't attend university, get a driver's license, work for the national or local governments or get state scholarship money.
Several nations have suspended or abolished conscription in recent years, including Albania, Ecuador, Jordan and Poland. Taiwan stopped drafting men last year, although conscription remains on the books and could be reinstated if there aren't enough volunteers.
Other countries have gone in the opposite direction: Sweden reinstated compulsory military service in 2017, seven years after ending it. Morocco ended its draft in 2006 but reintroduced it in 2018. In both of those countries, women as well as men are now subject to being called up.
In 2013, a men's rights group challenged the U.S.'s male-only registration requirement. After wending its way through the federal court system, the case reached a district court judge in Texas, who ruled that since qualified women can now serve in all military roles – including in combat – there's no reason they should be exempt from having to register.
That decision may have surprised many Americans, especially those who came of age after active conscription ended in 1973. The National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service, a bipartisan panel created by Congress in 2016 to study the issue, recently called the current draft registration system "a mystery to most Americans," adding that many "seem to be unaware of the purpose of the system and the process by which they register." The commission also found that many Americans "are surprised that women are currently neither required nor permitted to register for selective service and question the rationale for excluding women from the obligation to defend the nation." (Its final report and recommendations to Congress about how to increase participation in the military and other public service fields is due by March 2020.)
About this analysis
There is no single comprehensive, reliable, up-to-date source for information on countries' conscription policies. This analysis relies on a wide variety of sources, including the CIA's World Factbook, "The Military Balance" from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, and GlobalSecurity.org, an online provider of background information on the world's militaries. We also consulted publications from individual countries' governments, when available, and reports from various nonprofit organizations, think tanks and media outlets.
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5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Русская версия Sign in Search
About Us What's on Repertoire Artists & Staff Plan Your Visit Museum Shop Partners
The People / Bolshoi Ballet /
Jacopo Tissi
Leading Soloist
Etudes. As Principal Dancer. Photo by Mikhail Logvinov.
As Prince Siegfried in Swan Lake. Photo by Mikhail Logvinov.
As Antoine Mistral–Rinaldo in The Flames of Paris.
Photo by Damir Yusupov.
As Nutcracker-Prince in Nutcracker. Evgenia Obraztsova as Marie. Photo by Mikhail Logvinov.
As Prince Desire in The Sleeping Beauty. Photo by Damir Yusupov.
As Solor in La Bayadere. Alyona Kovalyova as Nikia. Photo by Damir Yusupov.
As Jean de Brienne in Raymonda. Maria Allash as Raymonda. Photo by Damir Yusupov.
Nearest performances
Giselle 25 January
Swan Lake 2 February
Romeo and Juliet 8 February
2015 - he was voted The rising talent (2014) by the Italian Danza & Danza magazine.
2016 - Prix BALLET2000, Cannes, Palais des Festivals, ceremony and gala dedicated to Maya Plisetskaya.
Born in 1995 in Landriano (Province of Pavia, Italy). In 2014, he graduated from the Ballet School of the Teatro alla Scala Academy (the main teachers Maurizio Vanadia and Leonid Nikonov).
During the season 2014/15 he danced with the Vienna State Ballet under the direction of Manuel Legris, in the season 2015/16 he joined La Scala Ballet Company under the direction of Makhar Vaziev, having as repetiteurs Vladimir Derevianko and Olga Chenchikova.
Repertoire in Vienna:
Friend (Giselle Rouge to music by P. Tchaikovsky, A. Shnitke, G. Bizet, choreography by B. Eifman)
Le combat des anges to music by G. Fauré (Proust ou les intermittences du coeur, choreography by R. Petit; in the framework of The Young Talents Evening)
Repertoire at La Scala:
Prince Desire (The Sleeping Beauty by P. Tchaikovsky, choreography by M. Petipa and A. Ratmansky in A. Ratmansky version)
gentlemen, Des Grieux (L'histoire de Manon to music by Jules Massenet, choreography by K. MacMillan)
Prince Charming (Cinderella by S. Prokofiev, choreography by M. Bigonzetti)
French Dance (Nutcracker by P. Tchaikovsky, choreography by N. Duato)
Espada (Don Quixote by L. Minkus, choreography by R. Nureyev, L. Hilaire production)
He has already danced opposite world famous ballerinas, such as Svetlana Zakharova, Olga Esina.
In 2017, he joined the Bolshoi Theatre Ballet Company. His coach at the Bolshoi is Alexander Vetrov.
His first performance at the Bolshoi was in Le Spectre de la rose (opposite Evgenia Obraztsova) in the framework of the gala in honor of Maris Liepa jubilee.
REPERTOIRE AT THE BOLSHOI THEATRE
Principal Dancer (Etudes to music by Carl Czerny, choreography by H. Lander)
The Leading Couple in Diamonds (III part of Jewels) to music by P. Tchaikovsky (choreography by G. Balanchine)
Prince Siegfried (Swan Lake by P.Tchaikovsky, second Y. Grigorovich's version)
Soloist in Dance with Fans (A. Adam's Le Corsaire, choreography by M. Petipa, production and new choreography by A. Ratmansky and Y.Burlaka)
Couple in White (Forgotten Land to music by B. Britten, choreography by J. Kylián)
Count Paris (S. Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet, choreography by A. Ratmansky)
Antoine Mistral (B. Asfiev's The Flames of Paris, production and new choreography by A. Ratmansky after V. Vainonen)
Nutcracker-Prince (Nutcracker by P. Tchaikovsky, choreography by Y. Grigorovich)
Solor (La Bayadere by L. Minkus, choreography by M. Petipa, Y. Grigorovich's version)
Jean de Brienne (Raymonda by A.Glazunov, choreography by M. Petipa, Y. Grigorovich's version)
Fisherman (C. Pugni's La Fille du Pharaon, choreography by P. Lacotte after M. Petipa)
Romeo (Romeo and Juliet, choreography by A. Ratmansky)
Count Albrecht (Giselle by A. Adam, choreography by J. Coralli, J. Perrot, M. Petipa, A. Ratmansky's version)
December 2018 – Solor in La Bayadere (choreography by M. Petipa, V. Ponomaryov and V. Chabukiani version, K. Sergeyev production) with Mariinsky Theatre Ballet Company (Svetlana Zakharova as Nikia).
May 2019 – title part in Romeo and Juliet (choreography by K. MacMillan) with Royal Ballet (Marianela Núñez as Juliet).
He regularly participates in Svetlana Zajharova's Amore project performing alongside her a duet from Caravaggio to music by B. Moretti, C. Monteverdi (choreography by M. Bigonzetti).
All in group
Denis Savin
Igor Tsvirko
General sponsor of the Bolshoi Theatre is Ingosstrakh Insurance Company
General partner of the Bolshoi Theatre is investment group Absolute
Privileged sponsor of the Bolshoi Theatre is Credit Suisse bank
Privileged partner of the Bolshoi Theatre is GUM
Bolshoi Ballet Official Sponsor is Nestlé company
Live relays
Young Artists Opera Program
Schedule of Performances
Chamber concerts
Guest Companies
at the Bolshoi
Bolshoi's Tours
Bolshoi Opera
Bolshoi Orchestra
of Trustees
The Bolshoi Foundation
The State Academic Bolshoi Theatre of Russia
Press service: pr@bolshoi.ru
Ticket office: tel. +7 (495) 455-5555, sales@bolshoi.ru
Made in Art. Lebedev Studio


Fossey Taylor are on target to complete two £660,000 gross development value investments this month. This shows our clients have complete confidence in the services we are currently offering. These developments xpands our investment property range, giving credence to our motto that we are the property investor estate agent.
Here at Fossey Taylor we take the stress out of investing in property. As we have mentioned several times before Jesse and his family are investors in property, so they are walking the walk, and want to share their experiences and expertise with fellow property investors. We could write a book on how to invest in property but would much rather explain to you in person for free. We are the property investors real estate agent, we buy houses for our clients, and then through Butterfield and Taylor lettings agency we take care of the complete process.
An example of a typical investor property.
September 2013, we are currently refurbishing twelve new property investments, and three investment properties that completed at the end of August.


SAN DIEGO, California – Imagine a drug that can reduce your need for sleep, increase your concentration and make you smarter, with minimal side effects.
What would such a drug do to society? Would governments ban it, would it become the drug of the rich or become a virtual prerequisite for your workday?
The best answers to those questions, writer Quinn Norton told conference-goers at the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference in San Diego Wednesday, is to be found in the history of another substance: coffee.
Coffee debuted in the late 17th century in Oxford, England – leading to rowdy coffee houses, jittery arguments and even an attempt by King Charles II to ban the substance for inspiring seditious behavior.
The other consequence: the Enlightenment.
A drug like Morvigil could easily do the same, though Quinn thinks its unlikely "people will be popping pills together in a pill house." Instead people taking a smart drug are likely to head to the internet – and to be thinking thoughts that governments around the world will be unhappy with.
Call it a second Enlightenment.
That could lead repressive or puritanical governments to ban the drug – though they'd likely pay a high price for such a ban in a globally competitive world.
While Norton spoke mostly about this hypothetical drug, the question is larger: What modifications to humans are socially acceptable, moral, fair or simply inhuman?
"How do we give ourselves permission to modify?" Norton asked.
Amphetamines are largely banned in the United States, though coffee, which acts in much the same way, is the second only to oil in global trade.
Norton knows more than most about body modifications – she had a sealed magnet embedded in her left ring finger in September 2005.
It acted like a sixth sense, letting her feel the electricity coursing through live phone cords and feel the operation of her laptop in ways most people never will.
The magnet is now gone, but its magnetic field still affects how Norton thinks about Lasik, obesity, erectile dysfunction, depression, elbow surgery for major league baseball pitchers and brainwave controllers for videogames.
"Fundamentally the relationship to the body is changing, which means we are changing, which means society is changing," Norton said.


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Federico Damian "Freddie" Colloca (born February 14, 1975) is an Argentine-American Christian musician, pianist, and worship leader. He has released several noteworthy studio albums including, Dance El Ritmo, in 2001, and Unconditional, in 2002, both with One Voice Music. He was nominated for a GMA Dove Award in 2002.

Early life and background
Federico Damian Colloca was born on February 14, 1975, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the son of Roberto Colloca, a preacher, and his wife. He immigrated to Miami, Florida, when he was young with his family, where his father pastors, Iglesia Vida Abundante. His music acumen developed at ten years old, playing the piano and being a worship leader in his fathers church.

Music career
His music career began in the late 80's playing keyboard for the Vida Abundante Church worship team, founded by his parents, Pastors Roberto and Mirta Colloca. His solo music recording career began with the independently produced album, Shiloh. His following solo release was another independently produced and recorded album, Realidad, in 1996. In the year 2000 he was signed to the One Voice Music record label and recorded his first studio album, Más Que Un Sentimiento, followed by Dance El Ritmo, released on May 1, 2001. Colloca got nominated at the 33rd GMA Dove Awards for Rap/Hip Hop/Dance Recorded Song of the Year. The subsequent studio album, Unconditional, was released on April 16, 2002, with One Voice Music.

Discography
Studio albums
Shiloh (1994)
Realidad (1996)
Más Que Un Sentimiento (2000, One Voice)
Dance El Ritmo (May 1, 2001, One Voice)
Unconditional (April 16, 2002, One Voice)
Canción de Mi Corazón (2003, One Voice)
Tomado de la Mano (2004)
The Best of Freddie Colloca (2005)
Changeover (2008)
Cambio de Escenario (2008)
Anthology (2016)
Avivemos (2018, OneHope)
Song of My Heart (2019, Awake Music Group)

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
American people of Argentine descent
Argentine Protestants
American performers of Christian music
Musicians from Buenos Aires
Musicians from Miami
Songwriters from Florida

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How can I stop Google App Engine(GAE) from CloudFunctions I'd like to stop GAE instance from CloudFunctions(node.js 8)
I refered to the following documents.
https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/admin-api/reference/rest/v1beta5/apps.services.versions/patch?hl=JA
I wrote below code
        var requestdata = {
            appsId: PROJECT_NAME,
            servicesId: SERVICE_ID,
            versionsId: VERSION_ID,
            auth: authClient,
            automaticScaling: {
                standardSchedulerSettings:
              {
                maxInstances: 0,
                minInstances: 0
              }
            },
        }
        appengine.apps.services.versions.patch(requestdata);

But it is not work well.
I encounter this error message.
Error: function crashed. Details:
Invalid JSON payload received. Unknown name "automaticScaling[standardSchedulerSettings][maxInstances]": Cannot bind query parameter. Field 'automaticScaling[standardSchedulerSettings][maxInstances]' could not be found in request message.
Invalid JSON payload received. Unknown name "automaticScaling[standardSchedulerSettings][minInstances]": Cannot bind query parameter. Field 'automaticScaling[standardSchedulerSettings][minInstances]' could not be found in request message.

I do not know how to solve the problem.
If you have any advice, please let me know.

A: This is because standardSchedulerSettings is not a valid parameter as it does not exist in v1beta5.
As of January 2019, the Admin API was upgraded from v1beta -> V1.

The v1beta4 and v1beta5 versions of the API are no longer supported and scheduled for shut down on January 14, 2019.

To resolve this just update any old dependencies you may have to the latest version and make sure to follow the latest V1 apps.services.versions.patch documentation .
This worked for me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


My sister and I were on our way to a picnic on Saturday when we came across a sale at a school. We decided to pop in quickly and I found a cute little settee. There were actually 2 of them, but my sister's sports car is so small that one wouldn't even fit in it, so I told the people I would pick it up later. When we got to the picnic my other sister and niece were there and I told my niece we should go back quickly to see if she wanted the other settee. Score! I was so excited to reupholster mine that I forgot to take a before picture. Here is how it turned out. I already had the pillow made from before, so I threw it on.
I bought 6 vintage chairs from a friend last year. I sold 2 of them and put the others in storage. After my mister made my table top out of reclaimed wood, I asked him to use some of the leftover wood to repurpose a chair to match the table. I think it is amazing!
Look around in blogs and on Tumbler and you'll see lots of cactus. Perfect when you live in the desert! I have been collecting little cactus of all shapes and tiny sizes. My mister made this cute little box to hold my cactus. Love it!
I was in Phoenix this last weekend and I visited a Kirkland's store for the first time. I found the cutest kitchenware! My favorites were the Katie Mandy measuring cup and the mixing spoon. It just makes baking so much more fun!
The top of this table is made from reclaimed flooring from a late 1800's steam locomotive. I had the iron stand in storage and I thought old wood would be so cool on the top. Yep, my mister had a stash of old wood and he helped me (he did it all) make the table top. Here is the really neat thing about the project, the top can come off and act as tray. The possibilities are endless! It could be a desk, a side table, bathroom stand, garden table....you get the idea!
I am madly making new items for my Etsy shop! I have almost finished this pretty pillow. It's a feather pillow with beige linen and a beautiful piece of handwork added from the 1930's. I finished it with some pretty fringe around the outside to make it oh so feminine!
For the Love of Old Wood!
This weekend I found an old bench made of weathered wood. I could not pass it up. I really do love things made of old wood. I took a picture of it, and then walked around two rooms in our house and took pictures of things I have decorated with that are made of old wood. Some of the things my husband made for me and others are things I've picked up along the way.
This is the bench I picked up this weekend!
My mister made this to hold my Bell jars that are filled with flour, sugar, salt, etc.
This old box is used for extra storage in my kitchen nook. The little wood box was a gift made by my mister! He is very handy!
This little nook has 3 wood trunks and an antique butter churn that belonged to my Uncle Al. The wood printer tray displays lots of old collectables.
My sweet mister made this box out of old wood and an antique hand drill.
Ok, you get the message. I love old wood! There are pieces all over our home. It is fun to decorate with and brings a bit of whimsy to each room.
I was in charge of making all the badges for our class reunion. I ordered badge-a-minit. It works very well, especially when you follow the directions with pictures of every step. So anyway, I completed my reunion task and am still the proud owner of the badge maker. Today I decided to make some badges with embroidered fabric instead of photos. They turned our so well! I think they would be pretty attached to a gift or some pretty fabric! You could also make badges with pretty paper or an announcement. I think I may have fun playing with this tool!
Do you have a place in your home that makes you happy just to be there? Mine is right outside our bedroom. This little balcony space is calm, quiet and peaceful. I like to drink my coffee here in the morning, read in the afternoon, and have a glass of wine in the evening with my mister. It is a space that makes me happy!


This song expresses the power and glory of man's oneness with God. Lyrics inspired by Mary Baker Eddy.
God. The Great I am.
All Knowing, All Seeing, All Wise.
God. The Great, I am.
All Acting, All Loving, and eternal.
Which is true and perfect.
All Substance, Life, Truth and Love.


On nice summer days, all the nice cars start coming out of the woodwork, especially on the Eastside. The day in March in question, it was gloriously blue skied out and the red 1984 Aurora Cobra 289 stood out from the lush green spring foliage and the clear skies.
This 2,300 pound car, with a 45/55 front to rear balance, is powered by a Ford 302 V8 belting out around 368 horsepower at 6,500 rpm. The transmission is a 5-speed overdrive manual connected to 4-wheel independent suspension with coilovers through a Salisbury differential, with a 3:27 to 1 ratio, and inboard disc brakes.
To say its quick is a vast understatement.
Back in 1980's, Canadian car company Aurora wanted to build a tribute to the Shelby Cobra and came up with the hand-welded tube frame and hand-laid fiberglass body, created by C&C Yatchs' custom division, of the Cobra 289. Ford supplied the engines and Shelby provided the inspiration.
What came out is a legendary, and inexpensive, classic car that will keep you smiling until the end of the road and then back again.
Sherman has owned his since 1987, making it a long and loving relationship between man and machine.
There's something unique and fun about small, lightweight cars, wheather heavily powered or lightly powered. They're fun, they're fast, and they're nimble.
And on a drive up north with him through Eddison, Washington, up Chuckanut Drive, and across Bellingham to the roads around Lake Whatcom, I knew what he was talking about.
Cars like his come alive on the curves, rather than the straights. The engine gives it great power, while the chassis stays as flat as the road's surface, tires gripping the corners. It's incredible to see it on the road, curvy or not, solely because it's rare to see such vintage cars outside garages or concours.
"A buy and hold car guy. I find something that works for me and keep it forever, improve it over time as it ages," Sherman said. "I more appreciate something like that than the guys who buy something different every year or two. [There's] something to be said for 27 years of ownership. As long as it works for you and you enjoy it why do anything else?


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075. Laurent Blanc
French central defender Laurent Blanc is recognised as one of the finest players in his position in the later years of the twentieth century. He enjoyed a long and distinguished club career lasting twenty years, and won nearly 100 caps for his country in an equally successful international career.
Blanc started his club career at Montpellier in 1983, when the club was in the Franch Second Division, and helped them to reach the top flight four years later. During his stay at the club, Montpellier became contenders for major honours and Blanc won the first trophy of his career in the French Cup in 1990, the year in which he was named French Footballer of the Year.
In 1991, Blanc moved to Italy to play for Napoli, but failed to settle in Serie A and a year later returned to France and signed for Nîmes after playing for France in the 1992 European Championship. After moving on to Saint Étienne in 1993, it was a transfer to AJ Auxerre in 1995 that brought about the most successful season of Blanc's career in 1995-96. He played a crucial part in helping to achieve a league and cup double in his only season at the club.
After playing in his second European Championship in 1996, Blanc moved to Spain where he won a Spanish Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup in one season with Barcelona. Moving to Olympique de Marseille in 1997, he played a major part in France's World Cup winning squad of 1998. After scoring the World Cup's first ever golden goal against Paraguay, Blanc missed out on the final through suspension but still claimed a winner's medal.
Returning to Italy to play for Internazionale in 1999, Blanc enjoyed more international success in the 2000 European Championship as France added that title to the World Cup, bringing the curtain down on his international career. In 2001, he made the final move of his club career when he signed for Manchester United, winning a Premier League title in 2003 before ending his playing career. In 2007, Blanc embarked on a coaching career when he took charge of Girondins de Bordeaux.


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Tag: legislation
Really America—this again?
It's State Legislative Session season! While we are working here in Washington to strengthen Protection Orders and secure paid sick and safe leave, others are dealing with something entirely different: Bills that codify discrimination. From Arizona to Georgia to Missouri, states are introducing legislation that would allow businesses and employees to refuse goods and services to those they feel live contrary to their religious beliefs.
My dear home state of Georgia is trying to pass a bill with one of the broadest scopes of any of its counterparts. It could not only mean state sanctioned discrimination for the LGBTQ community, but also that women would have a tougher time accessing contraceptives and other family planning services.
Growing up in the South, even 20 years after Jim Crow laws, the lasting effect of these laws was palpable. I can still see today how the rhetoric and treatment of African Americans during that time influences my parents (and many others). Wasn't that a lesson learned, America? Can we take a moment to reflect on how discrimination breeds hate and violence, and then choose to not go there again?
But what about religious freedoms? After all, the justification behind most of these bills is an outcry about religious liberties being infringed upon. Freedom of religion is an extremely important value to protect. But I don't buy the argument that it justifies denying someone else their rights or basic dignity. Rev. Emily C. Heath outlines how we can determine if our religious liberties are actually at stake.
To me, these bills feel like a call for superiority for a particular group—not freedom. The messages they send, if they become law, will seep into our communities. Harmful messages about LGBTQ individuals, women, and any other group that might face discrimination because of them. They will worm their way into our lives and our relationships eating away at love, respect, and understanding. It's one (bad) thing when our lives are invalidated and demonized by individuals. It's another (even worse) thing when our government says that they think that discriminatory behavior is totally cool.
Love, respect, understanding. These are the things that will strengthen our relationships and dissolve violence. Part of me becomes deflated when I think about these discriminatory bills, but a bigger part of me is actually hopeful. I think they are an indicator of change and are the growing pains that happen before something beautiful emerges.
Author Traci UnderwoodPosted on March 4, 2014 February 28, 2014 Categories PoliticsTags discrimination, Jim Crow, legislation, LGBTQ, liberties, Protection Orders, relationships, religion, Rev. Emily Heath, sick leave, women
Not our VAWA
This morning we issued this press release by Grace Huang, our public policy coordinator.
The Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence (WSCADV) is deeply disappointed by the outcome of the House of Representatives' vote to pass H.R. 4970, a bill to reauthorize a new version of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). This legislation weakens or deletes entirely some of the vital improvements in the "real VAWA" S. 1925, passed by the Senate last month by a resounding bipartisan vote of 68-31, including both Washington senators.
The House bill excludes Native women and LGBT people from protections from abuse, and includes devastating provisions that will endanger vulnerable immigrant victims. This bill would weaken crucial protections for battered immigrants that have been a part of VAWA for nearly 20 years, by allowing immigration officers to consider uncorroborated statements from abusive spouses in immigration cases, putting victims at serious risk. H.R. 4970 would also limit the protections that allow immigrant victims who cooperate with law enforcement to eventually qualify for a green card, undermining law enforcement's efforts and threatening public safety.
Domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking impact us all. The Violence Against Women Act should have remained a bipartisan bill that makes communities safer. We hope to continue to work with our delegation towards a strong, bipartisan final bill that builds on VAWA's long history of successes and strengthens protections for all victims of violence.
Author Guest BloggerPosted on May 17, 2012 Categories PoliticsTags domestic violence, House of Representatives, immigrants, law enforcement, legislation, LGBT, Native women, safety, Senate, sexual assault, stalking, VAWA2 Comments on Not our VAWA
What next? Part 2
Earlier this year, our executive director, Nan Stoops, was invited to be the keynote speaker at a conference organized by the Hawai'i State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Her assignment: outline a five-point plan for ending violence against women and girls.
Here is the next installment of her speech. (Or jump to: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6)
Point #1: Bring the past forward
Our work to end violence against women is rooted in the women's liberation movement of the 1960's, in particular the efforts to secure reproductive rights. Early organizing strategies were learned from the Civil Rights, Labor, and Anti-War movements, where work was launched by personal testimony about violence, oppression, and dehumanization. Many of us remember the 60's and 70's as an angry, energetic, and passionate time.
I think we are in another period of unrest. While the big issues have evolved into the 21st century, they appear to be very familiar. And we have a great opportunity to bring what we've learned into the present with a more nimble and visionary approach to our social justice work.
We must remain vigilant about reproductive rights. There are three times as many anti-choice bills in state legislation this year as there were in 2010. Anti-choice campaigns are controlling and hateful, and shameless in their strategic manipulation of race, class, and immigration.
The wars are taking a tremendous toll on our communities. Not only are we faced with the devastating effects of war on families, we are also suffering from the economic and political fallout caused by years of troop buildup and declining morale. Women around the world continue to be both the victims and tools of men's war against each other. I hope we are working to support the families of returning troops, and I also hope we are joining in global organizing against militarization and U.S. domination.
Civil rights for immigrants are being dismantled. The war on poverty has been completely lost. And technology has added elements of speed, invisibility, and recklessness to the exploitation and abuse of women and children.
Over the past 30 years, we have developed an increasingly complicated rhetoric about our work to end violence against women. It's so complicated that sometimes I'm not really sure what I'm talking about. So I want to suggest that we return to plain talk. Plain talk about what happens to women. Plain talk about what we are doing and what we want in our future. We need not care about being impressive. We need only care about being heard.
Author Nan StoopsPosted on November 29, 2011 December 27, 2011 Categories Domestic Violence AdvocacyTags civil rights, class, immigration, labor movement, legislation, oppression, race, reproductive rights, social justice, violence against women and girls, war, women's liberation7 Comments on What next? Part 2


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The Fathers and the Mothers. Films reviewed: The Goddess of Fortune, Zappa
Posted in 1960s, Cold War, documentary, Family, Gay, Italy, L.A., LGBT, Music, Romance by CulturalMining.com on November 26, 2020
https://danielgarber.files.wordpress.com/2020/12/garber-november-27-20-review1.mp3
In Toronto, we're locked up at home, while in the States they're huddled around Covid-lit fires eating turkey as Rome burns. This week I'm looking at an two new movies, an Italian drama and an American documentary. We've got impromptu fathers in Rome, and the mothers of invention in LA.
The Goddess of Fortune
Wri/Dir: Ferzan Ozpetek
Arturo and Allesandro (Stefano Accorsi, Edoardo Leo) are a happy Italian couple in a long-term relationship. Arturo is an academic translator who works at home, while Allesandro is a plumber. There relationship is strong but missing some of it's original pizzazz. They still sleep together in the same bed, but the don't "sleep together". Allesandro settles for quickies on the sly, while Arturo is celibate. But they still have their friends and neighbours, a close-knit family that spans the straight and LGBT world in all its aspects, ethnicities and languages.
But their lives are disrupted by an unexpected arrival. Annamaria (Jasmine Trinca: The Son's Room, The Best of Youth) is a single mom with two kids, the stern Martina and the innocent Sandro. She was dating Allesandro when he met Arturo, but remains close after they broke up. Now she's visiting Rome for medical tests – she suffers from extreme migraines – and is leaving the kids with them for a few days. Allesandro takes Sandro on his plumbing trips, teaching him how to fix pipes, while Arturo serves as a temporary teacher for Martina. But the idyllic relationship begins to fade as jealousies and suspicions rise to the surface. Is Arturo having a secret affair? Is Sandro Allesandro's biological son? Is Annamaria's ailment more dangerous than they thought? And if things get worse, who will take care of the kids?
The Goddess of Fortune is a warm-and-fuzzy gay family drama with great characters and some surprising plot turns. With an attractive cast, it's beautifully shot amidst the decaying palaces and frescos of Palermo, Sicily, which gives parts of the film a spooky feel. The director, Ferzan Ozpetek, is well known to Toronto audiences – originally from Istanbul, he's been making romantic dramas in Italy, usually with a gay theme, for 20 years now. If you like his films, or just feel-good dramas in general, let The Goddess of Fortune shine bright on you.
Dir: Alex Winter
Frank Zappa was an American composer, musician and prominent counter-culture figure. He is known for his driven personality, his prolific output, and his innovations in the field of experimental music, as well as for his hit singles and albums. His music is uncategorizeable, but is simultaneously both frenetic and precise, with a subversive feel, far outside the mainstream. This new documentary looks at his entire life and career, using largely unseen super-8, video, TV and film from Zappa's vast collection.
Frank Zappa was born into an Italian-American family in Baltimore during WWII. His dad worked in an arms factory making nerve gas and chemical weapons. The beakers and gas masks his dad brought home for the kids to play with instilled in young Frank a love of explosives and both a fascination with and repulsion toward the macabre US arms industry, a view that stayed with him for most of his life. (He was also a fan of Spike Jones and Ernie Kovacs.) The family moved to small-town California in his teens where he started composing and performing music. His entry into the avant-garde was spurred by a Look magazine article mentioning Edgard Varese, described as an unlistenable composer (reason enough for him to want to hear more). He later worked as a greeting card artist, and wrote the scores for low-budget films. He was driven out of Cucamonga in a vice-squad sting that accused him of making porn movies.
But when he arrived in LA in the 60s, he found his stride. He began performing at the Whiskey a Go Go, where he met his wife Gail. And with his band, The Mothers of Invention, began recording and touring his music. Classic songs like Dynamo Hum, placed him within the "sexual revolution". He was also a hero within the psychedelic drug movement, though he said he didn't touch the stuff. While never a huge hit, his albums sold well, he had a devoted fan base, and was respected by other musicians. To give you an idea of his eclectic nature, Zappa performed with or alongside people like Lenny Bruce, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Flo and Eddie of The Turtles, violinist Jean-Luc Ponty and conductor Zubin Mehta. The members of The Mothers changed over the years, but all were accomplished musicians whom Zappa directed with an iron grip. He was not known for showing emotions and had no tolerance of imprecise performances. (He was a mean mofo.)
In the 1980s he left the establishment and formed his own independent record company. Ironically, he hit his first commercial success and had his only top 10 hit with a novelty song, Valley Girl, where his daughter, Moon Unit Zappa, provided a perfect imitation of the San Fernando dialect. Later he became an outspoken critic of government censorship, including the classifying of popular music using warning labels. He was also invited to perform in Prague just as Czechoslovakia (where he was considered a national hero) threw off Soviet control. He died of cancer in the early 1990s.
This documentary film by Alex Winter is an overwhelming panoply, a barrage of audio and visual images, both public and private, as well as new interviews with musicians he worked with. It's less concerned with Zappa's private life than his astoundingly prolific career and his innovations in experimental music. It's produced by his son Ahmet and features a lengthy interview with his late wife Gail, so, while not a white-washed hagiography, it's not a scandal-doc, either.
Whether or not you're a fan of his music, Zappa is a must-see documentary, an unforgettable look at the man, the era he lived in, and the influence he had.
Zappa is available on VOD and in selected theatres starting today; and The Goddess of Fortune is on VOD beginning next week.
This is Daniel Garber at the Movies each Friday morning on CIUT 89.5 FM and on my website culturalmining.com.
Tagged with: Alex Winter, Breaking Glass Pictures, Ferzan Ozpetek, Mongrel Media, The Goddess of Fortune, Zappa
« Experiences. Films reviewed: The Painted Bird, Avengers: S.T.A.T.I.O.N., Martin Eden
Daniel Garber talks with Michael Allcock about his new doc Fear of Dancing »


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Posted at 2:48 pm on July 19, 2015 by Jacob B.
Oliver Willis has a problem with Ann Romney publishing her new book "In This Together," which is set to be released later this year. It will chronicle her battle with multiple sclerosis.
Why is Willis upset about this? A favorite argument on the Left: She has too many books already.
@owillis Maybe having a terminal illness drives her to get things down now while she can?
Good point. To which, the noted medical expert responded.
@owillis Your compassion for a woman with MS warms my heart.


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CHS leader: Expect both good times and volatility to continue in ag
John Johnson has had a great run at CHS. U.S. farmers also are enjoying a great run, one that likely will continue, says Johnson, chief executive officer of CHS, But the ongoing success will come with considerable volatility, he predicts. "Get re...
By Jonathan Knutson
John Johnson has had a great run at CHS.
U.S. farmers also are enjoying a great run, one that likely will continue, says Johnson, chief executive officer of CHS,
But the ongoing success will come with considerable volatility, he predicts.
"Get ready for a wild ride," he says. "I think this (volatility) is a place we're going to live for quite some time"
His advice: "Just get used to this volatility. It's there to stay."
Johnson spoke Dec. 9 at the Prairie Grains Conference in Grand Forks, N.D. About 700 people attended the annual event, which was sponsored by several agricultural groups.
Johnson, a farm kid from Rhame, N.D., has spent 34 years with CHS, the past 16 years as CEO. He began as a feed salesman and worked his way up into management.
He will retire at year's end.
Under his watch, CHS -- a Twins Cities-based energy, grains and foods company -- has grown into one of the nation's largest businesses. It has a major presence from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Northwest and from the Canadian border to Texas.
Farmers on the Northern Plains, on balance, have enjoyed strong success in recent years, he says.
Combined annual revenue for the eight top crops, measured by acres, has tripled over the past decade, he says.
Improving yields contribute to that, he says.
Yields for the eight top crops in the U.S. have increased by 2 to 3 percentage points annually in the past decade, he says.
But even if that rate of growth continues, there may not be enough food for the world's growing population, he says.
"By 2050, we potentially could double the size of the world (population). That's a lot of new mouths we're going to feed over a 40-year period," he says.
The improving quality of people's diets, especially in China, also is driving the need for more and better foods.
China has huge impact
China, which accounts for about half of the world's pork consumption, has quadrupled its soybean imports since 2000.
Many of those soybeans were grown in North Dakota and western soybeans, Johnson notes.
Soybeans produce meal fed to livestock and poultry as well as oil for cooking and food manufacturing business, he says.
Chinese demand for U.S. beans is unlikely to decline anytime soon. As China becomes more urban and less rural and agrarian, its leaders are increasingly anxious to keep grocery store shelves filled, he says.
Johnson thinks the trend of growing Chinese food imports will continue, but that "you've got to be real careful."
Any "hiccup" in the Chinese economy could cause major problems for its trading partners, he says.
CHS has seven foreign offices, includes ones in Hong Kong and Shanghai, China.
"This is a global business. We can't be single-dimensional only in North America," Johnson says.
Having a global presence helps CHS manage risk, he says.
Given the increased volatility in U.S. agriculture, farmers need to find ways to better manage their risk, too, he says.
But while volatility is a challenge, farmers should put current conditions in perspective, he says.
"I'd rather have volatility at $5 corn than volatility at $2 corn," he says.
Political outlook
Sara Wyant, president of Agri-Pulse Communications, a weekly report of agricultural news, farm policy, and rural policy, also spoke at the Prairie Grains Conference.
Her topic was the changing political landscape for U.S. ag.
Her predictions include:
- Continued political polarization in Washington, D.C.,
- More government emphasis on regulation and less on legislation.
- The huge federal budget deficit will intensify pressure to reduce spending on U.S. farm programs, with farm-state legislators facing difficult choices on where and how to make the cuts.
Risk management, research and rural development are key areas to watch, Wyant says.
Related Topics: CROPSFAMILYLIVESTOCK
Plain Living


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Navy conducting review of physiological episodes
From Chief of Naval Operations Public Affairs
T-45C Goshawk training aircraft file photo. (U.S. Navy/MC3 Nathan T. Beard)
WASHINGTON - The Navy today announced it is conducting a comprehensive review of the facts, circumstances and processes surrounding the recent physiological episodes involving T-45 and F/A-18 aircrew, to include how these issues have been addressed.
On April 21, Vice Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Bill Moran directed Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet Adm. Scott Swift to lead the review and determine the composition of the review team. It is expected that at the completion of the review, Swift will be able to validate current actions and recommend additional actions, if any, that need to be taken.
In the tasking memo Moran wrote, "The seriousness in which I view these incidents is reflected in the seniority of those leading this review. They will provide a full and open accounting to our aviation community, their families and the public."
Physiological episodes occur when aircrew experience a decrease in performance due to the cabin pressure fluctuations, contamination of breathing air, or other factors in the flight environment. The Naval Aviation Enterprise and Navy leadership view PEs as the number one aviation safety priority and are taking an "unconstrained resource" approach to finding solutions.
Swift will provide the results of the review to Moran within 30 days.
CSG-1, JMSDF ships refine maritime skills while transiting Western Pacific
USS Michigan visits Busan, strengthens partnership with ROK Navy


When the term 'ghost' gets a mention, I don't know if I'm alone here but the words 'Casper' and 'friendly' seem to come to mind along with visions of Patrick Swayze in his hey day. At first mention,I just don't associate ghosts the same way as I do other obviously spine-chilling suspects like zombies, vampires and aliens. Maybe it's because they aren't usually visually terrifying (obviously the pesky devils are invisible or transparent and so don't have the demented 'I'm gonna hurt you' look down).


Is your car battery flat and are you unsure how to jump-start it? Grab your jump leads, and watch our guide on how to jump-start a car.
Halfords. We Fit. We Service. We Repair.
Park the car with the charged battery opposite the car that has a flat battery so the bonnets are facing one another. Pop the hand brake on.
Next open both bonnets and check the jump-leads reach between the cars.Find the 'positive' terminal on the working car. It should look like this.
Connect the red 'positive' jump-lead to the 'positive' terminal on the working car,checking that the teeth grip the terminal properly.
Then connect the other end of the red jump-lead to the 'positive' terminal on the car with the flat battery.
Next, attach the black jump-lead to the working car's 'negative' terminal.
Head to the car with the flat battery but don't attach the other end of the lead to the 'negative' terminal. You'll need to find a piece of solid metal, like this, far away from the fuel system and battery to attach the black lead to. In some cars this is a specific 'earthing rod' – check your handbook to find out if your car has one.
Now all four jump-leads are connected, wait five minutes.
Now start the charged car's engine and let it run for one minute.
Leave the engine running and try to start your car. If it doesn't start within 5 seconds, give it 2 more minutes and try again.
Finally, leave the previously uncharged car running for twenty minutes or, take it for a 30-minute spin before parking it for the day.
Don't fancy getting your hands dirty?
Here's a quick, easy rundown of everything you need to know about charging bikes, your bike battery and e-bike charger.
Here's a quick rundown of everything you need to know about charging your e-bike.
Firstly, the exact method of charging your e-bike battery can vary depending on the make and model, so before anything, check your Owner's Manual.
It's important to only use a charger that has come straight from the manufacturer – not doing so poses a potential risk to yourself and the battery.
Now, if you've just bought an e-bike, you're going to need to give it a full charge before riding. This can take up to 24 hours. Though after your initial charge, your battery will fully charge within 3-8 hours going forwards.
As with all charges, we recommend you do this inside. Performing a charge outside, especially in the cold, runs the risk of reducing the power capacity of the battery.
Not maintaining the charging level can affect your warranty.
If you're not going to use your bike for a while, it's best to store the battery inside, check it at least once a month and try to keep it above 60%. And remember to only use the charger that came with the bike.
Finally, don't forget after charging to leave the battery for 10-15 minutes before refitting it to your bike.
If you have any questions about charging you E-bike's battery, pop into your local Halfords where a member of the team will be happy to assist you. To see our E-bike range head to the Halfords website.
Keeping your car's battery healthy and happy is crucial if you don't fancy getting stranded – watch this quick guide to learn how to get it charged and ready to go.
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"EZ Battery Reconditioning" program contains simple reconditioning tactics that not only can be used personal, but some people have even started their own business around what they learned, given how much in demand battery reconditioning services are in. The program makes it so that even if users revive only 1 out of 3 of their batteries, it is worth getting or useless batteries are disposed of otherwise.
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Xnuoyo 20000mAh portable power bank is suitable for iPhone, iPad, Samsung, Huawei, HTC, Xiaomi, MP3, PSP and other smart devices.


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Marx's Capital volume 1 - 12-session course
Submitted by martin on 3 September, 2021 - 3:36 Author: Martin Thomas
Format of each session (which we'll vary slightly from week to week):
- Quick outline of the passages of Capital covered, and questions - 15 minutes
- Work in "breakout rooms" on discussing selected extracts and comments - 30 minutes
- Report-back on that work, and discussion - 20 minutes
- Review of discussion points - 25 minutes
Running from 3 October 2021 to 3 April 2022, every other Sunday at 18:30-20:00 London time, skipping 28 November and 26 December.
Zoomlink: bit.ly/capi-z Eventbrite bit.ly/capi-ebrite
The basic reading is Otto Rühle's abridgement of Capital volume 1
https://www.workersliberty.org/capital-abridgement or https://www.marxists.org/archive/ruhle/1939/capital.htm
We also look at Marx's Wages, Price, and Profit, a short pamphlet written around the same time as he was finalising Capital volume 1.
Better, of course, if you can read the whole of Marx's book. Do not worry about which translation you use (Fowkes, Moore-Aveling, or Eden and Cedar Paul): it's good to have people using different translations in the group, because then you can check what you find difficult passages against different translations (or we can check them against the German and French). Make sure, however, that the edition of Capital you have is the whole book, not an abridgement. Lots of second-hand copies of Capital are available quite cheap. Capital is also available as audiobook at https://librivox.org/capital-volume-1-by-karl-marx/
The more you can read beyond that, the better, of course.
Some options:
Ben Fine and Alfredo Saad-Filho, Marx's Capital
Michael Heinrich, How to Read Marx's Capital: Commentary and Explanations on the Beginning Chapters
Karl Kautsky, The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx
See also http://www.workersliberty.org/study#capital. The chapters of Rühle's abridgement correspond roughly, but not exactly, to Marx's chapters, so under each session below the relevant parts of Rühle are indicated where they are numbered differently from the relevant chapters from Marx.
Session 1 - The value problem. Chapter 1 sections 1 and 2. Rühle ditto
Extracts/ comments
1. "The exchange values of commodities must be reduced to a common element, of which they represent a greater or a lesser quantity... The exchange relation of commodities is characterised precisely by its abstraction from their use-values... If we disregard the use-value of commodities, only one property remains, that of being products of labour. But even the product of labour has already been transformed in our hands... [with] the disappearance of the different concrete forms of labour. They can no longer be distinguished, but are all together reduced to the same kind of labour, human labour in the abstract" - Capital ch.1 sec.1.
2. "Labour seems a quite simple category. The conception of labour in this general form - as labour as such - is also immeasurably old... [Only] in the most modern form of existence of bourgeois society - in the United States... for the first time, the point of departure of modern economics, namely the abstraction of the category 'labour', 'labour as such', labour pure and simple becomes true in practice" - Marx, Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy.
3. "I was the first to point out and examine critically this twofold nature of the labour contained in commodities... This point is crucial to an understanding of political economy" - Capital ch.1 sec.2
4. "The interpretation which is very widespread on the left... that only by employing the category of value can the existence of capitalist exploitation be demonstrated and that to demonstrate this is the point of Marx's value theory... Marx does not, however, seem to have shared this view. '... It is a tautology to say that labour is the only source of exchange-value, and accordingly of wealth in so far as this consists of exchange-value... It would be wrong to say that labour which produces use-values is the only source of... material wealth'." - Diane Elson, "Value: the representation of labour in capitalism", p.115.
Discussion points
1. How would you define:
- commodity
- use-value
- exchange-value
- abstract labour, or average social labour?
2. Why is average social labour the substance of value? What arguments against this theory do you know, and how would you answer them?
3. Can you think of any useful things which are products of human labour but not commodities?
4. What is 'the twofold nature of the labour embodied in commodities'? Why do you think Marx believed that this was 'the pivot on which a clear comprehension of political economy turns'?
Session 2 - Commodity fetishism. Chapter 1, section 4. Rühle ditto
1. "To the producers... social relations between their private labours appear as what they are, i.e. they do not appear as direct social relations between persons in their work, but rather as material relations between persons and social relations between things" - Capital ch.1 sec.4
2. "Political economy has indeed analysed value and its magnitude... But it has never once asked the question why this content has assumed that particular form, that is to say, why labour is expressed in value, and why the measurement of labour by its duration is expressed in the magnitude of the value of the product" - Capital ch.1 sec.4
3. "The chapter in Capital entitled The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof seems to us one of the most important in the book, to which every student ought to pay special attention. It is precisely this chapter which has been most neglected by the opponents, and even by the supporters, of the Marxian doctrines... It is this fetishism which makes it difficult to perceive the peculiarities of the commodity, and, until its importance has been properly appreciated, it is impossible to reach a clear understanding of commodity-value" - Karl Kautsky, The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx.
4. "Pre-bourgeois forms of the social organisation of production are treated by political economy in much the same way as the Fathers of the Church treated pre-Christian religions" - Capital ch.1 sec.4
1. Can you think of any examples of commodity fetishism in everyday speech?
2. How does commodity fetishism help to maintain a widespread acceptance of bourgeois ideas in the working class?
3. How does Marx's critical analysis of commodity fetishism contribute to communist politics?
4. Can you prove the labour theory of value?
Session 3 - Value-forms and money. Chapter 1, section 3, and chapters 2 and 3. Rühle ditto.
1. A world of general commodity exchange, by its own logic, divides commodities into two categories: money on one side, all other commodities on the other. "To show the origin of this money-form, we have to trace the development of the expression of value from its simplest, almost imperceptible outline to the dazzling money-form" - Capital, chapter 1, section 3.
2. That world of general commodity exchange generates hoards of money and possible imbalances between supply and demand - "When one commodity replaces another, the money-commodity always sticks to the hands of some third person. Circulation sweats money from every pore. Nothing can be more childish than the dogma, that because every sale is a purchase, and every purchase a sale, therefore the circulation of commodities necessarily implies an equilibrium of sales and purchases... No one is forthwith bound to purchase, because he has just sold" - Capital, ch.3.
3. Money and price are the only manifestations in the world of commodities of labour-time. But they are inescapably skewed manifestations. A "labour money" directly reflecting labour-time is impossible) - "Owen's 'labour money'... is no more 'money' than a theatre ticket is. Owen presupposes directly socialised labour, a form of production diametrically opposed to the production of commodities" - Capital, chapter 3.
4. Abstract labour is a social relation, even if built on a fact of nature - "An important fact... prevented Aristotle from seeing that, to attribute value to commodities, is merely a mode of expressing all labour as equal human labour, and consequently as labour of equal quality. Greek society was founded upon slavery, and had, therefore, for its natural basis, the inequality of men and of their labour powers. The secret of the expression of value, namely, that all kinds of labour are equal and equivalent, because, and so far as they are human labour in general, cannot be deciphered, until the notion of human equality has already acquired the fixity of a popular prejudice. This, however, is possible only in a society in which the great mass of the produce of labour takes the form of commodities" - Capital, chapter 1, section 3
1. List the forms of value that Marx analyses and give a short definition of each one.
2. How does money represent labour?
3. What's wrong with the usual economist's explanation of money as a mere convention to make exchange easier than it would be with pure barter?
Session 4 - Capital and labour-power. Chapters 4 to 6. Rühle chapter 4
1. "Use-values must therefore never be looked upon as the real aim of the capitalist; neither must the profit on any single transaction. The restless never-ending process of profit-making alone is what he aims at. This boundless greed after riches, this passionate chase after exchange-value, is common to the capitalist and the miser; but while the miser is merely a capitalist gone mad, the capitalist is a rational miser" - Capital, chapter 4.
2. "Living labour itself appears as alien vis-a-vis living labour capacity, whose labour it is, whose own life's expression it is, for it has been surrendered to capital... Labour capacity relates to its labour as an alien... Just as the worker relates to the product of his labour as an alien thing, so does he relate to... his own labour as an expression of his life, which, although it belongs to him, is alien to him and coerced from him... Capital is the existence of social labour" - Marx, Grundrisse.
3. "The worker cannot become rich in this exchange, since, in exchange for his labour capacity as a fixed, available magnitude, he surrenders its creative power, like Esau his birthright for a mess of pottage. Rather, he necessarily impoverishes himself... because the creative power of his labour establishes itself as the power of capital, as an alien power confronting him" - Marx, Grundrisse.
4. "This sphere... within whose boundaries the sale and purchase of labour-power goes on, is in fact a very Eden of the innate rights of man. There alone rule Freedom, Equality, Property and Bentham... On leaving this sphere of simple circulation... we think we can perceive a change in the physiognomy of our dramatis personae. He, who before was the money-owner, now strides in front as capitalist; the possessor of labour-power follows as his labourer. The one with an air of importance, smirking, intent on business; the other, timid and holding back, like one who is bringing his own hide to market and has nothing to expect but — a hiding" - Capital chapter 6.
1. What is the driving force of the circuit C-M-C?
2. What is the driving force of the circuit M-C-M'?
3. Where do profits come from?
4. Are workers paid a fair wage? If so, how can we talk about exploitation?
5. Why say labour-power is bought and sold, rather than just labour?
6. What is wrong with the academic economists' definition of capital? 'Capital, in sum, is any previously produced input or asset of a business firm or any other producer' (Baumol).
Session 5 - Interlude: Wages, Price, and Profit
1. "If in one country the rate of wages is higher than in another, in the United States, for example, than in England, you must explain this difference... The will of the capitalist is certainly to take as much as possible. What we have to do is not to talk about his will, but to enquire into his power, the limits of that power, and the character of those limits" - WPP.
2. [With a rise in wages] "the consequent rise in the rate of profit in some, and the consequent fall in the rate of profit in other branches of industry will produce a change in the distribution of capital and labour, going on until the supply is brought up to the increased demand in the one department of industry, and brought down to the diminished demand in the other departments of industry... The general rise in the rate of wages will ultimately result in nothing else but a general fall in the rate of profit" - WPP.
3. "The English factory operatives, miners, shipbuilders, and so forth, whose labour is relatively high-priced, undersell by the cheapness of their produce all other nations; while the English agricultural labourer... whose labour is relatively low-priced, is undersold by almost every other nation because of the dearness of his produce. By comparing article with article in the same country, and the commodities of different countries, I might show, apart from some exceptions more apparent than real, that on an average the high-priced labour produces the low-priced, and low priced labour produces the high-priced commodities" - WPP.
4. "An immense scale of variations is possible [in profit rates]. The fixation of its actual degree is only settled by the continuous struggle between capital and labour... The matter resolves itself into a question of the respective powers of the combatants... [If workers did not press for higher wages when they can] by cowardly giving way in their everyday conflict with capital, they would certainly disqualify themselves for the initiating of any larger movement" - WPP.
(No separate discussion points for this session)
Session 6 - The working day. Capital chapters 7-11. Rühle chapters 5-9.
1. "Our capitalist... exclaims: 'Oh! but I advanced my money for the express purpose of making more money'. The way to Hell is paved with good intentions, and he might just as easily have intended to make money, without producing at all... He tries persuasion. 'Consider my abstinence; I might have played ducks and drakes with the 15 shillings; but instead of that I consumed it productively, and made yarn with it'. Very well, and by way of reward he is now in possession of good yarn instead of a bad conscience" - Capital ch.7
2. "It is every bit as important, for a correct understanding of surplus-value, to conceive it as a mere congelation of surplus labour-time, as nothing but materialised surplus-labour, as it is, for a proper comprehension of value, to conceive it as a mere congelation of so many hours of labour, as nothing but materialised labour. The essential difference between the various economic forms of society, between, for instance, a society based on slave-labour, and one based on wage-labour, lies only in the mode in which this surplus-labour is in each case extracted from the actual producer, the labourer" - Capital ch.9
3. "For protection... the labourers must put their heads together, and, as a class, compel the passing of a law, an all-powerful social barrier that shall prevent the very workers from selling. by voluntary contract with capital, themselves and their families into slavery and death. In place of the pompous catalogue of the 'inalienable rights of man' comes the modest Magna Charta of a legally limited working-day, which shall make clear 'when the time which the worker sells is ended, and when his own begins" - Capital ch.10
4. "Life for [the worker] begins where this activity [labour] ceases, at the table, at the tavern, in bed. The 12 hours' work... has no meaning for him as weaving, spinning, boring, and so on, but only as earnings, which enable him to sit down at a table, to take his seat in the tavern, and to lie down in a bed" - Marx, Wage Labour and Capital.
1. What's wrong with the idea that profits come from the capitalist's 'abstinence' in investing his wealth in production rather than consuming it straight off?
2. During what period was the working day increased, and why?
3. During what period was the working day reduced, and why?
4. Marx's analysis depends on making a sharp distinction between human labour and the labour of other animals. If a farmer can produce more by e.g. using horses, Marx regards that as an increase in the productivity of the farmer's labour, rather than a surplus gained by the farmer exploiting the horses' labour. Why?
5. What are constant and variable capital? And why does Marx call them that?
6. Why can't machines and raw materials add more than their own value to the product?
Session 7 - The capitalist workplace. Capital chapters 12-14. Rühle chapters 10-12
1. "The productive power developed by the labourer when working in co-operation, is the productive power of capital. This power is developed gratuitously, whenever the workmen are placed under given conditions, and it is capital that places them under such conditions. Because this power costs capital nothing, and because, on the other hand, the labourer himself does not develop it before his labour belongs to capital, it appears as a power with which capital is endowed by Nature — a productive power that is immanent in capital" - Capital, ch.13
2. "Co-operation itself appears to be a historical form peculiar to, and specifically distinguishing, the capitalist process of production. Just as the social productive power of labour that is developed by co-operation, appears to be the productive power of capital, so co-operation itself, contrasted with the process of production carried on by isolated independent labourers, or even by small employers, appears to be a specific form of the capitalist process of production. It is the first change experienced by the actual labour-process, when subjected to capital" - Capital, ch.13
3. "The collective labourer, formed by the combination of a number of detail labourers, is the machinery specially characteristic of the manufacturing period... Manufacture, therefore, develops a hierarchy of labour-powers, to which there corresponds a scale of wages. If, on the one hand, the individual labourers are appropriated and annexed for life by a limited function; on the other hand, the various operations of the hierarchy are parcelled out among the labourers" - Capital, ch.14
4. "It is very characteristic that the enthusiastic apologists of the factory system have nothing more damning to urge against a general organisation of the labour of society, than that it would turn all society into one immense factory" - Capital, ch.14
1. After scattered handicraft production, Marx identifies two further stages of development of capitalist production prior to machine industry. How are each of these three stages defined?
2. Increased productivity of labour is, on the face of it, a good thing. Why is it not as simple as that for the workers?
3. Does capitalism promote or hinder routine large-scale cooperation in social production? Does that cooperation promote or hinder capitalism?
4. Why do the creative powers of the collective worker appear as the property of capital?
5. How can they come to appear as the workers' own property?
Session 8 - Developed capitalist industry. Capital chapter 15. Rühle chapter 13.
1. "By means of its conversion into an automaton, the instrument of labour confronts the labourer, during the labour-process, in the shape of capital, of dead labour, that dominates, and pumps dry, living labour-power... The special skill of each individual insignificant factory operative vanishes as an infinitesimal quantity before the science, the gigantic physical forces, and the mass of labour that are embodied in the factory mechanism and, together with that mechanism, constitute the power of the 'master™ - Capital, ch.15
2. "The production of luxuries increases... Entirely new branches of production, creating new fields of labour, are also formed, as the direct result either of machinery or of the general industrial changes brought about by it... Lastly, the extraordinary productiveness of modern industry, accompanied as it is by both a more extensive and a more intense exploitation of labour-power in all other spheres of production, allows of the unproductive employment of a larger and larger part of the working-class, and the consequent reproduction, on a constantly extending scale, of the ancient domestic slaves under the name of a servant class" - Capital, ch.15
3. "The social character inherent in its capitalistic form, dispels all fixity and security in the situation of the labourer... But if, on the one hand, variation of work at present imposes itself after the manner of an overpowering natural law, and with the blindly destructive action of a natural law... modern industry, on the other hand, through its catastrophes imposes the necessity of recognising, as a fundamental law of production, variation of work, consequently fitness of the labourer for varied work, consequently the greatest possible development of his varied aptitudes... Modern Industry, indeed, compels society, under penalty of death, to replace the detail-worker of today, grappled by life-long repetition of one and the same trivial operation, and thus reduced to the mere fragment of a man, by the fully developed individual, fit for a variety of labours, ready to face any change of production, and to whom the different social functions he performs, are but so many modes of giving free scope to his own natural and acquired powers" - Capital, ch.15
4. "(Machine industry] also generalises the direct opposition to this sway. While in each individual workshop it enforces uniformity, regularity, order, and economy, it increases by the immense spur which the limitation and regulation of the working-day give to technical improvement, the anarchy and the catastrophes of capitalist production as a whole, the intensity of labour, and the competition of machinery with the labourer... By maturing the material conditions, and the combination on a social scale of the processes of production, it matures the contradictions and antagonisms of the capitalist form of production, and thereby provides, along with the elements for the formation of a new society, the forces for exploding the old one" - Capital, ch.15
1. What is the difference between a tool and a machine?
2. In his analysis of 'manufacture', Marx argues that it creates a workforce of narrowly specialised workers. Does modern machine industry do the same?
3. How does modern machine industry make 'abstract labour' a social reality rather than just one way of looking at labour?
4. If machinery enables less labour to produce more products, how is it that machine industry also enables and drives capitalists to lengthen the working day (as we saw in week 5) and intensify it?
5. In any social order, new technologies would devalue old skills, and cause difficulties for the workers specialising in those skills. So what is so special about capital's use of new technologies that under it 'the instrument of labour strikes down the labourer?'
6. In chapter 14 (in a passage not included in Rühle) Marx writes sarcastically against free-marketeer opponents of labour protection laws that: 'It is very characteristic that the enthusiastic apologists of the factory system have nothing more damning to urge against a general organisation of labour in society than that it would turn all society into one immense factory'. Does Marx himself want to turn all society into one immense factory?
7. Of modern industry Marx writes that: 'By maturing the material conditions, and the combination on a social scale of the processes of production, it matures the contradictions and antagonisms of the capitalist form of production, and thereby provides, along with the elements for the formation of a new society, the forces for exploding the old one'. Which elements? which forces?
Session 9 - Productive and unproductive labour. Forms of wages. Chapters 16-22. Rühle chapters 14-20.
1. "That labourer alone is productive, who produces surplus-value for the capitalist, and thus works for the self-expansion of capital. If we may take an example from outside the sphere of production of material objects, a schoolmaster is a productive labourer when, in addition to belabouring the heads of his scholars, he works like a horse to enrich the school proprietor. That the latter has laid out his capital in a teaching factory, instead of in a sausage factory, does not alter the relation" - Capital ch.16
2. "The capitalist mode of production... arises and develops itself spontaneously on the foundation afforded by the formal subjection of labour to capital. In the course of this development, the formal subjection is replaced by the real subjection of labour to capital" - Capital, ch.16
3. "... the decisive importance of the transformation of value and price of labour-power into the form of wages, or into the value and price of labour itself. This phenomenal form, which makes the actual relation invisible, and, indeed, shows the direct opposite of that relation, forms the basis of all the juridical notions of both labourer and capitalist, of all the mystifications of the capitalistic mode of production, of all its illusions as to liberty, of all the apologetic shifts of the vulgar economists" - Capital, ch.19
4. "Piece-wage is the form of wages most in harmony with the capitalist mode of production" - Capital, ch.21
1. How does Marx define productive and unproductive labour?
(See start of Rühle 14, or chapter 16).
2. Which are unproductive?
a) A nurse in an NHS hospital
b) A nurse in a private hospital
c) A station supervisor on the London Underground
d) A bank clerk.
3. What is the value of labour?
4. In Capital (a passage not included in Rühle), Marx writes:
'Hence we may understand the decisive importance of the transformation of value and price of labour-power into the form of wages, or into the value and price of labour itself. This phenomenal form, which makes the actual relation invisible, and, indeed, shows the direct opposite of that relation, forms the basis of all the juridical notions of both labourer and capitalist, of all the mystifications of the capitalist mode of production, of all its illusions as to liberty, of all the apologetic shifts of the vulgar economists'.
(See Rühle 17, or chapter 19).
5. Which is better for the worker, time-wages or piece-wages?
(See Rühle 18 and 19, chapters 20 and 21).
Session 10 - How capitalist production reproduces capitalist class relations. Chapters 23-25 and 32. Rühle chapters 21-22 and end of 24.
1. "Capitalist production, therefore, under its aspect of a continuous connected process, of a process of reproduction, produces not only commodities, not only surplus-value, but it also produces and reproduces the capitalist relation; on the one side the capitalist, on the other the wage labourer" - Capital, ch.23
2. "'I substitute', he [bourgeois economist Nassau Senior] proudly says, 'for the word capital, considered as an instrument of production, the word abstinence'. All the conditions for carrying on the labour process are suddenly converted into so many acts of abstinence on the part of the capitalist. If the corn is not all eaten, but part of it also sown - abstinence of the capitalist. If the wine gets time to mature - abstinence of the capitalist. The capitalist robs his own self, whenever he 'lends (!) the instruments of production to the labourer'... instead of eating them up, steam-engines, cotton, railways, manure, horses, and all; or as the vulgar economist childishly puts it, instead of dissipating 'their value' in luxuries... How the capitalists as a class are to perform that feat, is a secret that vulgar economy has hitherto obstinately refused to divulge. Enough, that the world still jogs on, solely through the self-chastisement of this modern penitent of Vishnu, the capitalist" - Capital, ch.24
3. "Capital works on both sides at the same time. If its accumulation, on the one hand, increases the demand for labour, it increases on the other the supply of labourers by the 'setting free' of them, whilst at the same time the pressure of the unemployed compels those that are employed to furnish more labour, and therefore makes the supply of labour, to a certain extent, independent of the supply of labourers. The action of the law of supply and demand of labour on this basis completes the despotism of capital" - Capital, ch.25
4. "Along with the constantly diminishing number of the magnates of capital, who usurp and monopolise all advantages of this process of transformation, grows the mass of misery, oppression, slavery, degradation, exploitation; but with this too grows the revolt of the working class, a class always increasing in numbers, and disciplined, united, organised by the very mechanism of the process of capitalist production itself... The knell of capitalist private property sounds. The expropriators are expropriated" - Capital, ch.32
1. What does the process of capitalist production, repeated week after week, year after year, yield for the workers? And for the capitalists?
(See Rühle 21, chapter 23).
2. Why does capitalism have a constant tendency towards mass unemployment?
3. How does capitalist prepare the way for socialist revolution?
(See end of Rühle 24, chapter 32).
Session 11 - The origins of capitalism. Chapters 26-31 and 33. Rühle chapter 24
1. "The historical movement which changes the producers into wage-workers, appears, on the one hand, as their emancipation from serfdom and from the fetters of the guilds, and this side alone exists for our bourgeois historians. But, on the other hand, these new freedmen became sellers of themselves only after they had been robbed of all their own means of production, and of all the guarantees of existence afforded by the old feudal arrangements" - Capital, ch.26
2. "We come across the first beginnings of capitalist production as early as the 14th or 15th century, sporadically, in certain towns of the Mediterranean... the capitalistic era dates from the 16th century. Wherever it appears, the abolition of serfdom has been long effected, and the highest development of the middle ages, the existence of sovereign towns, has been long on the wane" - Capital, ch.26
3. "The dull compulsion of economic relations completes the subjection of the labourer to the capitalist. Direct force, outside economic conditions, is of course still used, but only exceptionally... It is otherwise during the historic genesis of capitalist production. The bourgeoisie, at its rise, wants and uses the power of the state to 'regulate' wages, i.e., to force them within the limits suitable for surplus-value making, to lengthen the working-day..." - Capital, ch.28
4. "A systematical combination, embracing the colonies, the national debt, the modern mode of taxation, and the protectionist system... These methods depend in part on brute force, e.g., the colonial system. But, they all employ the power of the State, the concentrated and organised force of society, to hasten, hot-house fashion, the process of transformation of the feudal mode of production into the capitalist mode, and to shorten the transition. Force is the midwife of every old society pregnant with a new one. It is itself an economic power" - Capital, ch.31
1. Compared to the feudal serf, the wage worker is more free in a straightforward sense. How? And also more free in a sarcastic or ironic sense. How?
2. Marx argues that the rise of the capitalist farmer and of the industrial capitalist involve different stages and factors. Which different stages and factors?
3. Why is it only half-true to present the rise of bourgeois society as a battle for liberty against feudal and guild restrictions?
4. When did capitalism first appear? In what ways was it then not fully-fledged?
5. Were there capitalists and capital before capitalism?
Session 12 - Marx's political economy vs orthodox economics
For this it's useful to read a classic and crisp statement of the "orthodox" case from Stanley Jevons: here, and Marx from Capital volume 3 on the "Trinity Formula.
Discussion points taken from Jevons
1. Value is decided by marginal utility (the utility of the last extra bit of a commodity consumed), not by labour-time. The more apples (or diamonds) are produced, the more people get to the point where they really would prefer lots of other things to more apples (or diamonds), and the lower the average 'marginal utility' of apples falls. When it falls as low as the cost of production, then supply equals demand, and marginal utility equals cost of production equals price.
2. The production of wealth needs land, labour and capital, not just labour.
3. The owner of each factor of production - land, labour, or capital - must be paid for his factor's contribution to production. How much they are paid is determined by supply and demand, not by any process of exploitation.
4. "A capitalist, then, must have some inducement for running into these disagreeable risks; by lending his capital to the government he might get interest for it, and be nearly sure not to lose. If, then, he puts it into trade, and runs the risk of loss, he must have a recompense for the risk. This ought to be at least enough to make the profits of the successful business balance the losses of the unfortunate ones, so that on the average capitalists will get the interest of capital and the wages of superintendence free from loss. We may say, then, that: profit = wages of superintendence + interest + recompense for risk"
Use the coming weeks to study
The end of December and start of January are a good time to catch up on reading.
"Metabolism", "metabolic rift", and Marx - debate
Articles from a debate about the implications, usefulness, and meanings of "metabolism"...
The coral atoll and the iPhone
Another contribution to the debate on "metabolic rift"
Pedantic, empty and false on "metabolic rift"
More debate on Marx and ecology.
The USSR's drive for crude growth
More debate on the nature of growth in Stalinist systems.
Karl Marx Economics


06979341 is referenced by 212 patents and cites 85 patents.
An expandable structure made from an elastomer material is preformed to a desired geometry by exposure to heat and pressure. The structure undergoes controlled expansion and further distention in cancellous bone, with controlled deformation and without stress failure.