text:
Micrograph showing mantle cell lymphoma (bottom of image) in a biopsy of the terminal ileum. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
ICD-O
M9673/3
eMedicine
med/1361
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), comprising about 6% of NHL cases.[1][2] There are only about 15,000 patients presently in the U.S. (The prevalence seems to be somewhat higher in men.)
MCL is a subtype of B-cell lymphoma, due to CD5 positive antigen-naive pregerminal center B-cell within the mantle zone that surrounds normal germinal center follicles. MCL cells generally over-express cyclin D1 due to a t(11:14)[3] chromosomal translocation in the DNA. Specifically, the translocation is at t(11;14)(q13;q32).[4][5]
Lymph nodes of the head and neck, from Gray's Anatomy (click image to enlarge)
At diagnosis, patients typically are in their 60s and present to their physician with advanced disease. About half have either fever, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss (over 10% of body weight). Enlarged lymph nodes (for example, a "bump" on the neck, armpits or groin) or splenomegaly are usually present. Bone marrow, liver and GI tract involvement occurs relatively early in the course of the disease.[6]
MCL, like most malignancies, results from the acquisition of a combination of (non-inherited) genetic mutations in somatic cells. This leads to a clonal expansion of malignant B lymphocytes. The factors that initiate the genetic alterations are typically not identifiable, and usually occur in people with no particular risk factors for lymphoma development. Because it is an acquired genetic disorder, MCL is neither communicable nor inheritable. A defining characteristic of MCL is mutation and overexpression of cyclin D1, a cell cycle gene, that contributes to the abnormal proliferation of the malignant cells. MCL cells may also be resistant to drug-induced apoptosis, making them harder to cure with chemotherapy or radiation. Cells affected by MCL proliferate in a nodular or diffuse pattern with two main cytologic variants, typical or blastic. Typical cases are small to intermediate-sized cells with irregular nuclei. Blastic (aka blastoid) variants have intermediate to large-sized cells with finely dispersed chromatin, and are more aggressive in nature.[7] The tumor cells accumulate in the lymphoid system, including lymph nodes and the spleen, with non-useful cells eventually rendering the system dysfunctional. MCL may also replace normal cells in the bone marrow, which impairs normal blood cell production.
Lymph node with mantle cell lymphoma (low power view, H&E)
Mantle cell lymphoma. Notice the irregular nuclear contours of the medium-sized lymphoma cells and the presence of a pink histiocyte. By immunohistochemistry the lymphoma cells expressed CD20, CD5 and Cyclin D1 (high power view, H&E)
Micrograph of terminal ileum with mantle cell lymphoma (bottom of image). H&E stain.
Micrograph of terminal ileum with mantle cell lymphoma (bottom of image - brown colour). Cyclin D1 immunostain.
Diagnosis generally requires stained slides of a surgically removed part of a lymph node. Other methods are also commonly used, including cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CER3 clonotypic primers are additional methods, but are less often used.
The immunophenotype profile consists of CD5+ (in about 80%),[8] CD10-/+, and it is usually CD5+ and CD10-.[9] CD20+, CD23-/+ (though plus in rare cases). Generally, cyclin D1 is expressed but it may not be required. The workup for Mantle cell lymphoma is similar to the workup for many indolent lymphomas and certain aggressive lymphomas.
Mantle cell lymphoma is a systemic disease with frequent involvement of the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract (generally showing polyposis in the lining). There is also a not-uncommon leukemic phase, marked by presence in the blood. For this reason, both the peripheral blood and bone marrow are evaluated for the presence of malignant cells. Chest, abdominal, and pelvic CT scans are routinely performed.
Since mantle cell lymphoma may present a lymphomatous polyposis coli and colon involvement is common, colonoscopy is now considered a routine part of the evaluation. Upper endoscopy and neck CT scan may be helpful in selected cases. In some patients with the blastic variant, lumbar puncture is done to evaluate the spinal fluid for involvement.
CT scan - Computerized tomography scan yields images of part or whole body. Gives a large number of slices on X-ray image.
PET scan - Generally of the whole body, shows a three-dimensional image of where previously injected radioactive glucose is metabolized at a rapid rate. Faster-than-average metabolism indicates that cancer is likely present. Metabolism of radioactive glucose may give a false positive, particularly if the patient has exercised before the test.
PET scans are much more effective when the information from them is integrated with that from a CT scan to show more precisely where the cancer activity is located and to more accurately measure the size of tumors.
The overall 5-year survival rate for MCL is generally 50%[10] (advanced stage MCL) to 70%[11] (for limited-stage MCL).
Prognosis for individuals with MCL is problematic and indexes do not work as well due to patients presenting with advanced stage disease. Staging is used but is not very informative, since the malignant B-cells can travel freely though the lymphatic system and therefore most patients are at stage III or IV at diagnosis. Prognosis is not strongly affected by staging in MCL and the concept of metastasis does not really apply.
The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) was derived from a data set of 455 advanced stage MCL patients treated in series of clinical trials in Germany/Europe. Of the evaluable population, approximately 18% were treated with high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation in first remission. The MIPI is able to classify patients into three risk groups: low risk (median survival not reached after median 32 mos follow-up and 5-year OS rate of 60%), intermediate risk (median survival 51 months) and high risk (median survival 29 months). In addition to the 4 independent prognostic factors included in the model, the cell proliferation index (Ki-67) was also shown to have additional prognostic relevance. When the Ki67 is available, a biologic MIPI can be calculated.[12]
MCL is one of the few NHLs that can cross the boundary into the brain, yet it can be treated in that event.
There are a number of prognostic indicators that have been studied. There is not universal agreement on their importance or usefulness in prognosis.
Ki-67 is an indicator of how fast cells mature and is expressed in a range from about 10% to 90%. The lower the percentage, the lower the speed of maturity, and the more indolent the disease. Katzenberger et al. Blood 2006;107:3407 graphs survival versus time for subsets of patients with varying Ki-67 indices. He shows median survival times of about one year for 61-90% Ki-67 and nearly 4 years for 5-20% Ki-67 index.
MCL cell types can aid in prognosis in a subjective way. Blastic is a larger cell type. Diffuse is spread through the node. Nodular are small groups of collected cells spread through the node. Diffuse and nodular are similar in behavior. Blastic is faster growing and it is harder to get long remissions. Some thought is that given a long time, some non-blastic MCL transforms to blastic. Although survival of most blastic patients is shorter, some data shows that 25% of blastic MCL patients survive to 5 years. That is longer than diffuse type and almost as long as nodular (almost 7 yrs).
Beta-2 microglobulin is another risk factor in MCL used primarily for transplant patients. Values less than 3 have yielded 95% overall survival to 6 yrs for auto SCT where over 3 yields a median of 44 mos overall survival for auto SCT (Khouri 03). This is not yet fully validated.
Testing for high levels of LDH in NHL patients is useful because LDH is released when body tissues break down for any reason. While it cannot be used as a sole means of diagnosing NHL, it is a surrogate for tracking tumor burden in those diagnosed by other means. The normal range is approximately 100-190.
There are no proven standards of treatment for MCL, and there is no consensus among specialists on how to treat it optimally.[13] Many regimens are available and often get good response rates, but patients almost always get disease progression after chemotherapy. Each relapse is typically more difficult to treat, and relapse is generally faster. Fortunately, regimens are available that will treat relapse, and new approaches are under test. Because of the aforementioned factors, many MCL patients enroll in clinical trials to get the latest treatments.
There are four classes of treatments currently in general use: chemotherapy, immune based therapy, radioimmunotherapy and new biologic agents. The phases of treatment are generally: frontline, following diagnosis, consolidation, after frontline response (to prolong remissions), and relapse. Relapse is usually experienced multiple times.
Chemotherapy is widely used as frontline treatment, and often is not repeated in relapse due to side effects. Alternate chemotherapy is sometimes used at first relapse. For frontline treatment, CHOP with rituximab is the most common chemotherapy, and often given as outpatient by IV. A stronger chemotherapy with greater side effects (mostly hematologic) is HyperCVAD, often given as in-patient, with rituximab and generally to fitter patients (some of which are over 65). HyperCVAD is becoming popular and showing promising results, especially with rituximab. It can be used on some elderly (over 65) patients, but seems only beneficial when the baseline Beta-2-MG blood test was normal. It is showing better complete remissions (CR) and progression free survival (PFS) than CHOP regimens. A less intensive option is bendamustine with rituximab.[14]
Second line treatment may include fludarabine, combined with cyclophosphamide and/or mitoxantrone, usually with rituximab. Cladribine and clofarabine are two other drugs being investigated in MCL. A relatively new regimen that uses old drugs is PEP-C, which includes relatively small, daily doses of prednisone, etoposide, procarbazine, and cyclophosphamide, taken orally, has proven effective for relapsed patients. According to John Leonard, PEP-C may have anti-angiogenetic properties,[15][16] something that he and his colleagues are testing through an ongoing drug trial.[17]
Another approach involves using very high doses of chemotherapy, sometimes combined with total body irradiation (TBI), in an attempt to destroy all evidence of the disease. The downside to this is the destruction of the patients' entire immune system as well, requiring rescue by transplantation of a new immune system (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), using either autologous stem cell transplantation, or those from a matched donor (an allogeneic stem cell transplant). A presentation at the December 2007 American Society of Hematology (ASH) conference by Christian Geisler, chairman of the Nordic Lymphoma Group[18] claimed that according to trial results, mantle cell lymphoma is potentially curable with very intensive chemo-immunotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant, when treated upon first presentation of the disease.[19][20]
These results seem to be confirmed by a large trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network indicating that induction regimens containing monoclonal antibodies and high dose ARA-C (Cytarabine) followed by ASCT should become the new standard of care of MCL patients up to approximately 65 years.[21]
A study released in April of 2013 showed that patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoma, bendamustine plus rituximab can be considered as a preferred first-line treatment approach to R-CHOP because of increased progression-free survival and fewer toxic effects.[22]
Immune-based therapy is dominated by the use of the rituximab monoclonal antibody, sold under the trade name Rituxan (or as Mabthera in Europe and Australia). Rituximab may have good activity against MCL as a single agent, but it is typically given in combination with chemotherapies, which prolongs response duration. There are newer variations on monoclonal antibodies combined with radioactive molecules known as Radioimmunotherapy (RIT). These include Zevalin and Bexxar. Rituximab has also been used in small numbers of patients in combination with thalidomide with some effect.[23] In contrast to these antibody-based 'passive' immunotherapies, the field of 'active' immunotherapy tries to activate a patient's immune system to specifically eliminate their own tumor cells. Examples of active immunotherapy include cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, and immunotransplant, which combines vaccination and autologous stem cell transplant. Though no active immunotherapies are currently a standard of care, numerous clinical trials are ongoing.[24][25][26]
In November 2013, ibrutinib was approved by the US FDA for treating MCL.[27] Other targeted agents include the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, mTOR inhibitors such as temsirolimus, and the P110δ inhibitor GS-1101.
6% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases are mantle cell lymphoma.[2] The ratio of males to females affected is about 4:1.[2]
List of hematologic conditions
↑ Mantle Cell Lymphoma Facts
1 2 3 Skarbnik AP, Goy AH (2015). "Mantle cell lymphoma: state of the art". Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 13 (1): 44–55. PMID 25679973. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
↑ t(11;14)(q13;q32)
↑ Li JY, Gaillard F, Moreau A, et al. (May 1999). "Detection of translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) in mantle cell lymphoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Am. J. Pathol. 154 (5): 1449–52. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65399-0. PMC 1866594 . PMID 10329598.
↑ Barouk-Simonet E, Andrieux J, Copin MC, et al. (2002). "TPA stimulation culture for improved detection of t(11;14)(q13;q32) in mantle cell lymphoma". Ann. Genet. 45 (3): 165–8. doi:10.1016/S0003-3995(02)01122-X. PMID 12381451.
↑ Leukemia&Lymphoma Society (2014). "Mantle Cell Lymphoma Facts" (pdf). www.LLS.org.
↑ Mantle Cell Lymphoma: An Update for Clinicians
↑ Stanford School of Medicine: "Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Differential Diagnosis"
↑ Barekman CL, Aguilera NS, Abbondanzo SL (July 2001). "Low-grade B-cell lymphoma with coexpression of both CD5 and CD10. A report of 3 cases". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (7): 951–3. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<0951:LGBCLW>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11419985.
↑ Most recent values in: Herrmann A, Hoster E, Zwingers T, et al. (February 2009). "Improvement of overall survival in advanced stage mantle cell lymphoma". J. Clin. Oncol. 27 (4): 511–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8435. PMID 19075279.
↑ Leitch HA, Gascoyne RD, Chhanabhai M, Voss NJ, Klasa R, Connors JM (October 2003). "Limited-stage mantle-cell lymphoma". Ann. Oncol. 14 (10): 1555–61. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdg414. PMID 14504058.
↑ Hoster E, Dreyling M, Klapper W, et al. (January 2008). "A new prognostic index (MIPI) for patients with advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma". Blood. 111 (2): 558–65. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-06-095331. PMID 17962512.
↑ Rajabi B, Sweetenham JW (2015). "Mantle cell lymphoma: observation to transplantation" (PDF). Ther Adv Hematol. 6: 37–48. doi:10.1177/2040620714561579. PMC 4298490 . PMID 25642314.
↑ http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nhl.pdf
↑ http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+&+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=23&abstractID=104642[]
↑ http://www.mantlecelllymphoma.org/default.asp?pgid=122[]
↑ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00151281?cond=%22Lymphoma%2C+Mantle-Cell%22&rank=55[]
↑ http://www.nordic-lymphoma.org/mcl2eng.htm
↑ http://www.docguide.com/news/content.nsf/news/852571020057CCF6852573AD006260EB?OpenDocument&id=48DDE4A73E09A969852568880078C249&c=Lymphomas&count=10
↑ http://www.abstracts2view.com/hem07/view.php?nu=HEM07L1_6026&terms=[]
↑ http://ash.confex.com/ash/2010/webprogram/Paper30347.html[]
↑ Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. (April 2013). "Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial". Lancet. 381 (9873): 1203–10. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61763-2. PMID 23433739.
↑ Kaufmann H, Raderer M, Wöhrer S, et al. (October 2004). "Antitumor activity of rituximab plus thalidomide in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma". Blood. 104 (8): 2269–71. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-03-1091. PMID 15166030.
↑ "Chemotherapy Plus Vaccination to Treat Mantle Cell Lymphoma – NCT00101101". ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
↑ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm374761.htm[]
A Brief Review of the Biology and Pathophysiology of Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma Consortium
Lymphoma Association – Specialist UK charity providing free information and support to patients, their families, friends and carers
Hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590–9989, C81–C96, 200–208)
Lymphoid/Lymphoproliferative, Lymphomas/Lymphoid leukemias (9590–9739, 9800–9839)
(lymphoma,
leukemia)
(most CD19
CD20)
TdT+
ALL (Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma)
CD5+
naive B cell (CLL/SLL)
mantle zone (Mantle cell)
CD22+
Prolymphocytic
CD11c+ (Hairy cell leukemia)
CD79a+
germinal center/follicular B cell (Follicular
Burkitt's
GCB DLBCL
Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma)
marginal zone/marginal zone B-cell (Splenic marginal zone
Nodal marginal zone
Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma)
RS (CD15+, CD30+)
Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (Nodular sclerosis)
CD20+ (Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma)
PCDs/PP
(CD38+/CD138+)
see immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
By infection
KSHV (Primary effusion)
EBV (Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder)
HIV (AIDS-related lymphoma)
Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma)
Cutaneous
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
Primary cutaneous immunocytoma
Plasmacytoma
Plasmacytosis
Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
T/NK
T cell
(most CD3
CD8)
TdT+: ALL (Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma)
prolymphocyte (Prolymphocytic)
CD30+ (Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
Lymphomatoid papulosis type A)
MF+variants
indolent: Mycosis fungoides
Pagetoid reticulosis
Granulomatous slack skin
aggressive: Sézary disease
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Non-MF
CD30-: Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma
Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma
Lymphomatoid papulosis type B
CD30+: CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma
Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
Hepatosplenic
Angioimmunoblastic
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (Lennert lymphoma)
Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma
HTLV-1 (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)
NK cell/
(most CD56)
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
Blastic NK cell lymphoma
T or NK
EBV (Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma/Angiocentric lymphoma)
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
Lymphoid+
myeloid
Acute biphenotypic leukaemia
Lymphocytosis
Lymphoproliferative disorders (X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome)
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
with bandlike and perivascular patterns
with nodular pattern
Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin
Chromosome abnormalities (Q90–Q99, 758)
Autosomal
Trisomies
Edwards syndrome
Patau syndrome
Trisomy 9
Warkany syndrome 2
Cat eye syndrome/Trisomy 22
Monosomies/deletions
1q21.1 deletion syndrome/1q21.1 duplication syndrome/TAR syndrome
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Cri du chat/Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
Miller–Dieker syndrome/Smith–Magenis syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
22q13 deletion syndrome
genomic imprinting
Angelman syndrome/Prader–Willi syndrome (15)
Distal 18q-/Proximal 18q-
X/Y linked
Monosomy
Turner syndrome (45,X)
Trisomy/tetrasomy,
other karyotypes/mosaics
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
48,XXYY
48,XXXY
49,XXXYY
49,XXXXY
Triple X syndrome (47,XXX)
48,XXXX
49,XXXXX
47,XYY
48,XYYY
49,XYYYY
45,X/46,XY
Translocations
Lymphoid
Burkitt's lymphoma t(8 MYC;14 IGH)
Follicular lymphoma t(14 IGH;18 BCL2)
Mantle cell lymphoma/Multiple myeloma t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma t(2 ALK;5 NPM1)
Philadelphia chromosome t(9 ABL; 22 BCR)
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation t(8 RUNX1T1;21 RUNX1)
Acute promyelocytic leukemia t(15 PML,17 RARA)
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia t(1 RBM15;22 MKL1)
Ewing's sarcoma t(11 FLI1; 22 EWS)
Synovial sarcoma t(x SYT;18 SSX)
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans t(17 COL1A1;22 PDGFB)
Myxoid liposarcoma t(12 DDIT3; 16 FUS)
Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor t(11 WT1; 22 EWS)
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma t(2 PAX3; 13 FOXO1) t (1 PAX7; 13 FOXO1)
Uniparental disomy
XX male syndrome
Ring chromosome (13; 14; 15; 20)


text:
Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition (en español: Pokémon Edición Amarilla: Edición Especial Pikachu), conocido en Japón como: , es la tercera edición (cuarta en Japón) de los primeros videojuegos de Pokémon del género RPG para Game Boy. Es muy similar a Pokémon Red y Blue.
Fue lanzado el 12 de septiembre de 1998 en Japón, y conocido como Pocket Monsters: Pikachu, sin utilizar el color amarillo como identificativo. Popularmente es conocido como "Pokémon Show" por basarse algo más a la serie de televisión, que salió después de los primeros videojuegos. En 2018 salieron los remakes de este juego para la Nintendo Switch llamados Pokémon Let's Go, Pikachu! y Let's Go, Eevee!.

Características

El mapeado, sistema de juego, argumento, historias y aventuras son idénticas a Red y Blue. Hay un total de 151 Pokémon al juego, aun así, el Yellow hay Pokémon que no aparecen en esta versión y sólo se pueden obtener 137. Para los 13 que faltan, hay que intercambiar con Red y Blue, utilizando el cable Link. Los 13 que faltan son estos: Weedle, Kakuna, Beedrill, Ekans (tampoco en Blue), Arbok (tampoco en Blue), Raichu, Meowth (tampoco en Red), Persian (tampoco a Red), Koffing, Weezing, Jynx,  Electabuzz (tampoco a Blue) y Magmar (tampoco en Red). Aunque Pikachu no puede evolucionar en la Edición Amarilla, si se lo transfiere a otra edición (o incluso a otro cartucho de Pokémon  Amarillo), puede evolucionar.

Las diferencias son los pokémon que se puede obtener, una mayor dificultad con los líderes del gimnasio, la cueva donde está el pokémon Mewtwo fue rehecha y el juego presenta ligeras mejoras gráficas aunque a la hora de jugar se hacen notar, así como nuevos dibujos de las criaturas en las batallas. El primer Pokémon es Pikachu sin posibilidad de elegir a otro (aunque Bulbasaur, Squirtle y Charmander se pueden obtener en el mismo juego), el rival tendrá un Eevee que evolucionará según como nuestro personaje vaya en la aventura. Hay algunas referencias al anime como la aparición de Jessie y James, una Chansey al lado de la enfermera en los Centros Pokémon, etc.

Entre otras características hay un minijuego desbloqueable, una nueva pantalla de presentación, Pikachu no puede evolucionar a Raichu en este juego porque se rehúsa, además sigue al entrenador y se puede ver si está contento o triste, tomando elementos del Tamagotchi (mascota virtual). Esto fue tomado para agregar en la segunda generación (Pokémon Oro y Plata) la posibilidad de algunos pokémon de evolucionar por felicidad.

Para los amantes de las batallas, algunos Pokémon aprenden movimientos nuevos, destacando el propio Pikachu que sabrá: Rayo, Pantalla Luz, Látigo, Portazo y Doble Equipo, que irá aprendiendo conforme aumenta su nivel. Mankey sabrá Patada Baja y Chirrido, Charizard podrá aprender Vuelo por MO y muchos otros pokémon sabrán más ataques. Lo que cambia ligeramente las estrategias en las batallas, pero a pesar de estos cambios el juego está plagado de bugs y resulta incomprensible que el tiempo transcurrido entre sus predecesores (dos años), no se haya pulido, el juego sigue siendo igual de lento que rojo y azul, y no aprovecha el Super Game Boy a plenitud.

El modo multijugador también incluye novedades como el nuevo modo de coliseo copa Pikachu y la posibilidad de desbloquear un minijuego en Playa Pikachu si enseñas Surf a tu Pikachu mediante el juego Pokémon Stadium, al sur de Ciudad Fucsia.

Argumento

Como Pokémon Rojo y Azul, Amarillo toma lugar en la región de Kanto, que incluye hábitats para 151 especies de Pokémon. Los objetivos también siguen siendo los mismos, aunque existen algunas diferencias. Por ejemplo, al principio, el jugador no tiene la opción de elegir uno de los tres Pokémon iniciales. En cambio, un Pikachu salvaje que el Profesor Oak atrapa se convierte en el Pokémon inicial del jugador, mientras que el personaje rival atrapa un Eevee. La trama se basa vagamente en la saga de la Liga Indigo del anime, e incluye personajes que no aparecen en el juego o que han sido mejorados para parecerse a sus diseños utilizados en el anime, incluidos Jessie, James, Meowth, Enfermera Joy y Agente Mara/Oficial Jenny. De manera similar al anime, Pikachu se niega a evolucionar. Los jugadores también tienen la oportunidad de obtener los tres titulares originales. A medida que los jugadores siguen buscando, progresivamente van capturando Pokémon para la Pokédex que utilizan para derrotar los ocho líderes del gimnasio y, finalmente, la Elite Four, todos mientras combaten el Team Rocket, una banda dedicada a utilizar Pokémon para hacerse más poderosos. En el momento del encuentro con la Elite Four, el jugador ha tenido la oportunidad de capturar 149 tipos de Pokémon; en el post-juego, después de que la Elite Four haya sido derrotada, el jugador puede entrar en Cueva Celeste, donde se puede encontrar, luchar y capturar a Mewtwo, el Pokémon final del juego. El último Pokémon de la Pokédex, Mew, no se puede capturar durante el juego normal, aunque utilizando errores del juego es posible.

Desarrollo
La concepción del juego Pokémon amarillo se hizo después del desarrollo de la versión japonesa de Pokémon azul, que se desarrolló después de las versiones japonesas de Pokémon verde y rojo. El juego fue desarrollado por Game Freak y editado por Nintendo para la consola portátil Game Boy. Su lanzamiento japonés estaba previsto que coincide con el de la película Pokémon The First Movie: Mewtwo vs. Mew y se retrasó el de Pokémon oro y plata. El 11 de abril de 2020, según un investigador de datos informáticos que descubrió en el código fuente, el juego debería haber tenido un juego hermano como Pokémon rojo y azul titulado Pokémon Pink ('Pokémon Rosa') con los Pokémon Cleffa en la portada. Sin embargo, se desconoce si había o no planes para una versión "Pink" o qué Pokémon habría sido su mascota, aunque se especula que sea también Jigglypuff o Clefairy.

Pokémon amarillo salió en Japón el 12 de septiembre de 1998 con la mascota Pikachu de cubierta en pose alegre y jovial. El juego se lanzó el día 3 de septiembre de 1999 en Australia, el 19 de octubre de 1999 en Norteamérica, así como el 16 de junio de 2000 en Europa. La mascota de la cubierta del juego, Pikachu, éste toma un aire más enfadado, en comparación con la versión japonesa.

Lanzamiento
El lanzamiento de Pokémon amarillo se hizo coincidir con el estreno de Pokémon: The First Movie. El futuro presidente de Nintendo Satoru Iwata más tarde comentó que probablemente la gente sentía que amarillo sería innecesario debido a la próxima publicación de Pokémon oro y plata, que estaba previsto que se estrenara el mismo año. Fue lanzado en Japón el 12 de septiembre de 1998, en Australia el 3 de septiembre de 1999, en América del Norte, el 19 de octubre de 1999, y en Europa, el 16 de junio de 2000. Fue publicado por Nintendo. El 25 de octubre de 1999 se lanzó en América del Norte una promoción de la Game Boy Color con temática Pikachu. Para promover la publicación Pokémon amarillo, Volkswagen y Nintendo colaboraron para crear un Volkswagen New Beetle amarillo con algunas de sus características inspiradas en Pikachu. Nintendo World Report citó que Pokémon amarillo como una de las notables lanzamientos para consolas portátiles de 1999. Pokémon amarillo fue el título definitivo publicado por Nintendo para la Game Boy original en América del Norte y Europa.

Reediciones
Durante la presentación de Nintendo Direct el 12 de noviembre de 2015, se anunció que Pokémon amarillo, juntamente con rojo y azul, sería liberado para el servicio de Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console el 27 de febrero de 2016 con motivo del 20 aniversario de la franquicia de Pokémon. Además de conservar sus gráficos y música originales, los tres juegos disponen de funciones inalámbricas locales para permitir el intercambio y la lucha con otros jugadores a través del uso del sistema de comunicación inalámbrica de la 3DS. El juego se incluyó con una versión amarilla especial del Nintendo 2DS en Japón. Aunque las versiones internacionales del juego eran un título de Game Boy Color, la versión japonesa sólo se lanzó en formato Game Boy en blanco y negro, ya que se lanzó originalmente en Japón aproximadamente un mes antes de la Game Boy Color en esta región. Las funciones de la Game Boy Printer no funcionan en la versión de Pokémon amarillo de la consola virtual 3DS. La versión de la consola virtual es compatible con Pokémon Bank, permitiendo a los jugadores transferir sus criaturas capturadas en Pokémon Sol y Luna.

Recepción

Crítica

Pokémon amarillo ha sido bien recibido por la crítica, con una puntuación agregada del 85% de GameRankings basado en 16 reseñas, lo que lo convierte en el quinto juego de Game Boy mejor valorado de todos los tiempos. Nintendo Power le dio un 8 de 10, mientras que Game Informer le dio un 6,5 de 10. Electric Playground le dio un 7,5 de 10. El Sarasota Herald-Tribune recomendó amarillo como buen juego para niños. RPGFan lo llamó "tan revolucionariamente adictivo que cualquier jugador no tiene más remedio que 'atraparlos todos'". También tildó amarillo como "insultante" de cómo limitados fueron "rojo" y "azul". Craig Harris de IGN elogió la mecánica del juego, comentando que amarillo fue el mejor juego de los tres para empezar. Le dio una puntuación perfecta.

Cameron Davis de GameSpot categorizó el juego de "estanco" para apaciguar los jugadores hasta el lanzamiento de oro y plata, comentando que "los nuevos retos son suficientes para llenar el agujero, pero sólo con justeza". Chris Buffa de GameDaily lo clasificó como uno de los mejores juegos de Pokémon, y comentó que, aunque se trataba de una revisión, bastaba de nuevo para justificar el juego. Brad Cook de Allgame comentó que para los que no jugaron a rojo y azul, amarillo era bueno; pero en caso contrario, aconsejó que esperaran hasta oro y plata. Steve Boxer de The Daily Telegraph comentó que, aunque tenía una buena mecánica de juego, se vio frenado por la falta de funciones. Describió las acciones de Nintendo como avaros y comentó que amarillo "marca el punto en el que Pokémon deja de convertirse en un juego y se convierte en un ejercicio de marketing/satisfacción de la obsesión".

Pokémon amarillo recibió dos nominaciones a "Juego del Año" y "Juego de la Consola del Año" durante la 3ª AIAS Interactive Achievement Awards (ahora conocido como los D.I.C.E. Awards).

Ventas
Antes de su lanzamiento, Nintendo preveía que les ganaría 75 millones de dólares la temporada de vacaciones de 1999. La promoción Pokémon amarillo con la Game Boy Color se predijo que sería el segundo juguete más popular de la temporada de vacaciones. El ejecutivo de Nintendo George Harrison predijo que las ventas de amarillo superarían los 3 millones de ventas y también superaría Donkey Kong 64 en el proceso, otro título que Nintendo esperaba vender bien. En América del Norte, el juego recibió aproximadamente 150 000 reservas. La promoción debutó en el número 2 en ventas de videojuegos y alcanzó el puesto número 1 una semana después. Para el mes de diciembre, amarillo superó en ventas tanto de Donkey Kong 64 como de Gran Turismo 2. El cartucho estándar vendió más de 600 000 unidades la primera semana y más de un millón de copias la próxima semana, convirtiéndose en el juego portátil más vendido de todos los tiempos cuando se lanzó. Amarillo también fue el título de Pokémon más vendido en el Reino Unido. Pokémon: The First Movie, una película estrenada a la vez que amarillo, se esperaba que diera un impulso de ventas. Un portavoz de Nintendo atribuyó la elevada demanda de Game Boy Color durante la temporada de Navidad de 1999 a amarillo.

Gwenn Friss de Cape Cod Times lo llamó uno de los productos más "calientes" de la temporada de Navidad de 1999, al compararlo con las populares juguetes navideños de años anteriores, tales como Furby y Tickle me Elmo. Thomas Content de USA Today reiteró la comparación, comentando que estaba "a punto de pisarlos". Añadió que, junto con rojo y azul, fueron los responsables del aumento de las ventas de Game Boy de 3,5 millones en 1998 a 8 millones en 1999. The Idaho Statesman lo llamó el "nuevo título más popular de la Game Boy Color". Amarillo fue el tercer videojuego más vendido en América del Norte en 1999, con los otros cuatro lugares ocupados por otros títulos de Pokémon. La demanda de amarillo resultó que la cadena Target emitiera disculpas por no poder atender la "demanda sin precedentes". Una encuesta realizada por CNET también encontró que ninguna de las tiendas con las que contactó tenía amarillo en stock. Un portavoz de FuncoLand atribuyó una caída de las ventas a la falta de Game Boy Color y Pokémon amarillo.

Legado

Remakes

 y  son remakes mejorados de Pokémon amarillo, lanzados en noviembre de 2018 para Nintendo Switch. Estaban dirigidos a los recién llegados de la serie Pokémon, e incorporar mecánica de Pokémon Go. Los juegos tienen lugar en la región de Kanto y sólo incluyen los 151 Pokémon originales de la primera generación de Pokémon. Vuelve la posibilidad de que un Pokémon acompañe al protagonista en el mundo, una característica vista por última vez en Pokémon HeartGold y SoulSilver de la Nintendo DS. Aunque, sólo se podría escoger un Pokémon para seguir previamente al protagonista, irán acompañados adicionalmente para el inicio de Pikachu o Eevee en Let's Go, Pikachu! o Let's Go, Eevee!, respectivamente.

Han combinado ventas mundiales de más de 13 millones de ejemplares.

Compatibilidad
 Pokémon Rojo y Azul: sus versiones "hermanas" de Gameboy.
 Pokémon Stadium: juego de Nintendo 64 que permite combates en 3D, se requiere un Transfer Pak.
 Pokémon Stadium 2: segunda edición de este popular juego.
 Accesorio Game Boy Printer.
 Pokémon Oro, Plata y Cristal.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 FAQ de la página oficial.

Videojuegos para Game Boy
Videojuegos de Nintendo
Videojuegos de Game Freak
amarillo
Videojuegos de 2000
Videojuegos de Consola Virtual
Videojuegos de Consola Virtual para Nintendo 3DS
Videojuegos con versiones alternativas
Nuevas versiones de videojuegos

ja:ポケットモンスター 赤・緑#ポケットモンスター ピカチュウ

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Syracuse University Institute of National Security and Counterterrorism, and The Dr. Rafil Dhafir and Help the Needy Case
Posted by k under Civil Liberties , Katherine's Writing
By Katherine Hughes Syracuse Peace Council Newsletter June 2008
The April 2008 Peace Newsletter started a much-needed discussion about Syracuse University and its National Security programs. I would like to draw attention to one occasion involving Syracuse University Law School, the Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism (INSCT), and local Doctor Rafil Dhafir.
Dr. Dhafir is an Iraqi-born Muslim, an oncologist, founding member of the local mosque, and an esteemed member of the Syracuse Muslim community. He has been an American citizen for 30 years. As a direct response to the humanitarian catastrophe created by the Gulf War and US- and U.K.-sponsored UN sanctions on Iraq, he founded the charity Help The Needy (HTN). For 13 years he worked tirelessly to help publicize the plight of the Iraqi people and to raise funds to help them – UN statistics showed that, due to the embargo, 6,000 children under the age of five were dying every month throughout the 1990s.
According to the US government, over the years, Dr. Dhafir donated $1.25 million of his own money. As an oncologist, he was also concerned about the effects of depleted uranium on the Iraqi population that was experiencing a spike in cancer rates. For the crime of sending food and medicine to starving Iraqi civilians, he was convicted of violating the International Economic Emergency Powers Act (IEEPA) and of committing white-collar crime. On October 27, 2005, after being held without bail for 31 months, he was sentenced to 22 years in prison.
S.U. Law School Lecture
On November 15, 2005, just weeks after Dr. Dhafir's sentencing, INSCT sponsored a lecture on "terrorist financing" in which he and the Help the Needy case were highlighted. Jeff Breinholt, then-Deputy Chief of the Counterterrorism Section at the US Department of Justice and INSCT Research and Practice Associate (currently a Senior Fellow and Director of National Security Law at the International Assessment and Strategy Center, IASC), and Greg West, one of the Help the Needy prosecutors, presented the lecture. The other two HTN prosecutors, Michael Olmsted and Steve Green, were also present, along with students and law school faculty.
The lecture occurred despite the fact Dr. Dhafir never faced any charges of terrorism in a court of law. Indeed, the government prevented him from challenging this "charge" in court by securing an in limine motion that precluded the defense from arguing or presenting evidence at trial concerning the government's "alleged motives in investigating and prosecuting" the case, the "integrity and/or credibility of the government's investigation," and "related issues."
Breinholt told students the HTN case had been "under-prosecuted." In the context of the lecture title – "A Law Enforcement Approach to Terrorist Financing" – the implication was clear. Breinholt explained that because the "American public won't tolerate anything less than the rule of law," creative ways had to be figured out to draft laws that can be used to prosecute what the government is trying to prevent. He told students about the statutes being used as powerful tools for prosecution of terrorist financing and explained that these tools were not widely known even among prosecutors. And he voiced hope that law schools could serve as a kind of farm system educating students in this new field of law and that this in turn would create lawyers who could use these new prosecution tools.
A major tool that has emerged to gain convictions in "terrorist" financing cases is the use of IEEPA violations. Breinholt said that to convict under IEEPA all that was necessary was to build a chain of inferences from available circumstantial evidence. West explained that one of the biggest frustrations of his career was having access to intelligence and not being able to share it.
Neither Breinholt nor West told the class that these "powerful prosecution tools" are being used mostly against Muslim charities and individuals associated with those charities. Nor did they mention that violations by large corporations like Halliburton, which did billions of dollars worth of business in defiance of IEEPA, go largely unpunished. At the most these corporations have gotten a slap on the wrist and a fine, but no individual board member or officer has ever faced prosecution. And although many non-Muslim charities work in the same troubled regions of the world as Muslim charities, not a single non-Muslim charity has been closed. None of this was mentioned at the lecture.
By hosting this lecture on Dr. Dhafir and the HTN case, Syracuse University Law School gave credence to a charge never brought, and in doing so it became an accomplice in the government's subterfuge. After the lecture I requested that American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) court watchers who attended the trial be provided with "equal time." Syracuse Law School Dean Hannah Arterian denied this request.
A Lesson From History
We are right to question National Security programs at Syracuse University when we see how academic programs like these have been used in the past. Raul Hilberg, in his meticulously documented "The Destruction of the European Jews" shows to what nefarious uses such scholarship can be put. According to Hilberg, in order to build up a storehouse of propaganda against the Jews, "'Research institutes' were formed, doctoral dissertations were written, and volumes of propaganda literature were printed by every conceivable agency." The picture drawn by this propaganda was of "an international Jewry ruling the world and plotting the destruction of Germany and German life."
In the post 9/11 United States, it is obvious that Arabs and Muslims are not being afforded the protections the Bill of Rights guarantees to all and, in many arenas, are being demonized. INSCT describes its mission as studying "how governments can confront threats to their citizens posed by terrorism while safeguarding constitutional liberties and human rights." Yet when contacted in summer 2005 about denial of due process in the HTN case, it had no interest in the case.
We must challenge programs like INSCT to live up to all parts of its mission. While furthering "a research agenda in security and terrorism," it must not do so at the cost of respect for civil liberties and due process for all.
Katherine has degrees in Religion and Depth Psychology (B.A., 1991), and Ceramics (B.F.A., 2007) from Syracuse University. In 2004/5 she attended nearly every day of the 17-week Help the Needy trial. She is a member of the Dr. Dhafir Support Committee and for the last three and a half years she has tried to educate people about Dr. Dhafir's case and the plight of Islamic charities in the US. See her website: www.dhafirtrial.net
1. Peace Newsletter, April 2008: http://www.peacecouncil.net/pnl/CurrentPNL.html
2. John Pilger, "Impact of Sanctions," http://www.johnpilger.com/page.asp?partid=115
3. American Friends Service Committee (AFSC): http://www.afsc.org/newengland/bigcat/tpc.php?TID=036
4. I attended the lecture, which was advertised and open to the public.
5. The lecture drew on a 2003 paper Breinholt wrote in which Dr. Dhafir and HTN, and other Muslim charities, were listed under "clean money" cases (as opposed to "dirty money" cases). Jeff Breinholt, "Terrorist Financing," U.S. Attorney Bulletin, July 2003, Volume 51, number 4, page 20: http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usab5104.pdf. See also my article, "Denial of Due Process to Muslims Disgraces Us All," in "Guild Practitioner," Volume 64, No. 2, November 2007:
http://www.dhafirtrial.net/2007/11/24/denial-of-due-process-to-muslims-disgraces-us-all/#more-1272 The article speaks directly to Breinholt's paper.
6. Opening Brief of Appellant Dhafir, filed 02/08/08: http://jvbline.org/dhafirbrief1.pdf
7. "A Law Enforcement Approach to Terrorist Financing," November 15, 2005:
http://insct.syr.edu/Events_and_Lectures/Research_SWP0506.htm
8. Katherine Hughes, "Criminalizing Compassion in the War on Terror: Muslim Charities and the Case of Dr. Rafil A. Dhafir," Fellowship Magazine, November/December 2006: http://www.forusa.org/fellowship/nov-dec06/KatherineHughes.html
9. Katherine Hughes, email to Dean Hannah Arterian: http://www.dhafirtrial.net/2005/11/27/email-from-me-to-the-dean-of-the-lawschool-requesting-that-aclu-courtwatchers-be-provided-with-a-forum-to-speak/
10. Raul Hilberg, "The Destruction of the European Jews," Octagon Books, New York, 1978 p. 654
11. Idem.
12. INSCT: A Statement from the Director: http://insct.syr.edu/Miscellaneous%20Pages/a_statement_from_the_director.htm
13. Katherine Hughes, "A Response to 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer: Syracuse University Enlists in the Global War on Terror,'" 8/07/07:
http://www.dhafirtrial.net/2007/08/07/a-response-to-maxwells-silver-hammer-syracuse-university-enlists-in-the-global-war-on-terror/
14. INSCT: Mission Statement:
http://insct.syr.edu/About/Mission%20Statement.htm
Saturday, May 31st, 2008 at 5:51 pm
Civil Liberties and Katherine's Writing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


C7 Christmas Light Strings in green or white wire. 25', 50', 100' and 150' lengths available in a variety of spacing. E12 Base Sockets & Strings fits any bulbs with an E12/Candelabra Base (C7,G20,G40). Bulbs are sold separately.


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Home > English > Resources > ... > Fauna > Mammals
By Tobi McIntyre
Common in many North American cities, the raccoon will eat practically any type of food — plant or animal. Many people see the raccoon's distinctive facial fur colouring as looking like a burglar's mask, which fits with the common perception of raccoons as pests. Highly social and intelligent animals, raccoons inhabit every Canadian province except the island of Newfoundland.
Raccoon Fact File
Scientific name: Procyon lotor
Length: About 80 centimetres
Weight: Six to eight kilograms
Appearance: Although its fur can vary from white to black or brown, it is usually a grizzled grey colour. The tail is marked by five to 10 alternating black and brown rings.
Habitat: The highly adaptable raccoon's only apparent habitat requirements are a source of water and food and a protected area for denning. Home ranges vary greatly between 50 square kilometres in some rural areas to less than one-tenth of a square kilometre in many cities.
The name raccoon is derived from the Algonquian word arakun, meaning "he scratches with his hand."
There are about 1.1 million raccoons in southern Ontario alone.
Because the animal can spread its front toes widely, it can use its forepaws to handle food and other objects.
There are six species of raccoon in North, Central and South America as well as on some of the Caribbean islands.
A family consists of the adult female and her three to seven young. Family members are sociable, hunting for food together during the night and denning together during the day.
The average lifespan of raccoons in the wild is three to five years.
Raccoons' major predator is human. Other predators include pumas, bobcats, coyotes, foxes, dogs, wolves, great horned owls and fishers.
To create habitat for raccoons, provide denning sites such as hollow trees and logs.


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Q: Downloading a file from a link address using python I was able to download the CSV file from the link address but it gives me different data.
My question is. Is it possible to download the file from a link address without affecting its data, filename, and extension?
actual link https://bboxx.slack.com/stats/export?type=users&date_range=all&cols=name%2Cuser_id%2Cusername%2Cemail%2Caccount_type%2Caccount_created%2Cis_billable_seat%2Cdays_active%2Cchats_sent&sort_prefix=name&sort_dir=asc
This is the data that I get whenever I use the download link.

import requests
from slacker import Slacker
import wget
auth='xxxx', 'xxxxx'
slack = Slacker('xxxx')

url = 'https://bboxx.slack.com/stats/export?type=users&date_range=all&cols=name%2Cuser_id%2Cusername%2Cemail%2Caccount_type%2Caccount_created%2Cis_billable_seat%2Cdays_active%2Cchats_sent&sort_prefix=name&sort_dir=asc'

wget.download(url, 'C:/Users/IanJay/Desktop/asda.csv')

.........

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What you've posted isn't a lot to go on. Are you doing an Ext.Ajax.request() and wanting to get the data from the response? You're working with a model directly? This is the response passed to a store's proxy?
Can you give more details on what you're trying to accomplish?
Am using Ext.Ajax.request() in that am giving like this rootproperty:'Response' am getting values firstname and etc but am not able to get 'stauscode' and "staustext"
Can you share your code with the Ajax.request() and the code you're using to try and get access to the various properties in the JSON response?


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The email list Swimming pools - construction and maintenance was successfully added to the cart!
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A career in aircraft maintenance engineering provides an exciting way to put analytical, critical thinking, and engineering knowledge to work in a well-paying, interesting job. An aircraft maintenance engineer job involves maintaining aircraft, inspecting and testing aircraft, troubleshooting issues, reporting unsafe conditions, developing innovative solutions for aviation systems, completing paperwork related to all work, managing a team of technicians and communicating regularly about all maintenance activities.
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The job market for aircraft maintenance engineer jobs in Canada includes opportunities across all provinces with private, commercial, and charter airline companies as well as manufacturing facilities for aircrafts. There are numerous types of aircraft and aviation systems to choose from, including working with various aerospace manufacturers on new types of aircraft. Many aircraft maintenance engineer jobs require a valid Restricted Area Identity Card because the aircraft or aerospace projects are secretive and contain proprietary information. This may mean that only a citizen of Canada or someone that can gain security clearance can apply for these types of jobs.
Salaries for aircraft maintenance engineers are typically calculated in Canada on hourly rates. Depending on experience and the company, an aircraft manager engineer can make anywhere from C$18.12 to C$35.09 per hour with sizable overtime pay rates and the potential for bonuses.


Today I reached a personal best for both distance and time/pace in my preparation for the Dublin City marathon at the end of October 2018. When you put your body under that strain for that amount of time, knowing how to recover from that bodily stress will help you start walking properly again in no time!
Recovery from a long run actually starts in the run itself. Minimise your dehydration levels by taking small sips of water mixed with coconut water often (every 2-3 miles works well for me) to quickly replenish lost salts and electrolytes as you sweat. Always run on grass where available – you will cut your risk of injury in half.
Recovery from a long run actually starts in the run itself.
Epsom salts. When you get home, run a piping hot bath and throw 1-2 cupfuls of these amazing little minerals into it before you get in. The two main ingredients here are the minerals magnesium and sulfate which are both readily absorbed through the skin. They help to ease pain and reduce inflammation which will help your sore muscles recover faster. Plus you will really enjoy a soak in the tub after all that road time. You can get a big tub (4kg) in any pharmacy for about €12-€15. I use the UltraPure range below at the moment and find it really helpful.
Try to eat within 1.5 hrs of finishing your run. For me, this is a tough one as it takes at least that amount of time for my appetite to return but when it does I turn into a caveman. You will need a mix of complex carbs and good quality protein for recovery. Right now I am really enjoying a halloumi burger with sweet potato fries as my post-run reward meal. Delish!
Have a beer or whatever is your tipple of choice that evening. Small reward systems are important and should not be overlooked as they improve the psychological experience of what you are doing. You deserve it!
Rest is the best performance enhancer on the market today. Underrated and omitted from today's "hack" culture, getting good quality sleep both before and after a long distance run can make all the difference in terms of how you feel and your recovery. Sleep your way to improvement.
The next day, go for a small run. I know this may be the last thing you want to do but trust me this little step will pay off in spades when you go for your next proper run. I usually do 0.5 to 1 mile run with my kids the next day and have some fun with it. It helps to loosen up the body and get rid of any remaining lactic acid in the joints. Trust me on this one.
Apply these tips to avoid this.
Next month I am aiming to complete my 2nd marathon in 2 years and I am really looking forward to it. I only started running properly in mid-2016 when I was offered a redundancy package and took some time off to spend with my family. It was during this time that I decided to take on a challenge that seemed to me to be way outside my comfort zone at that time and the marathon ticked all those boxes. But once I made the decision to do it – this is the critical part – I made a commitment to myself to complete the training, to prioritize the activities and above all else, to enjoy the process and the journey. Going into that challenge with that mindset helped me enormously not only to complete the marathon last year but also to finish it strongly which left me with a taste for more running.
I am 7 weeks out from the marathon day itself, with about 10 weeks of training completed at this point. So far so good, the body is feeling healthy, the mind is in a positive state and I feel the fitness and recovery are both improving steadily.
As I write this I want to make one point very clear: the training for this event is hard. There is no way around it. You must put in the hard work to enable yourself to complete the distance and enjoy the race on the day. Obviously, you can't just turn up on the day and run a marathon but I hear plenty of stories of would be marathon runners short cutting the training or trying to condense the plan e.g. shorter duration, higher miles. I don't believe any of these "hacks" will yield the same kind of results as when you build your fitness slowly, have patience with the plan and stick to your goals, even when you really really don't want to. Hasten slowly is the best advice I have ever gotten when it comes to marathon training.
For example, as part of my plan, I run to work a few mornings a week. This is about a 6.5 mile run down the N11 dual carriageway into the city centre. It involves running on lots of grass verges, dodging cyclists, navigating traffic and pedestrians. It takes me about an hour to run it and I have a shower in work when I'm done. I run past hundreds of cars stuck in traffic. I don't have any food beforehand, I just get up, get dressed into my running gear, kiss my kids and wife goodbye and off I set. Anyone I tell this routine to thinks I am crazy. I can't think of anything worse, one person said to me. For me, it works as I can build the running into my day (tip number 1 for success) and I can come home from work in the evening and spend fun time with my kids before bedtime (tip 2 for life enjoyment). But some mornings, like this morning, I woke up tired and lying in bed I came up with lots of really good reasons not to pull on the runners and open the door. In hindsight, this was just procrastination and once you become aware of it, you can cut through it. I cut through it this morning by just pulling on the runners. That was enough to get me moving in the right direction.
I have chosen (and it is your choice too) to embrace the long road of marathon running, to hasten slowly and steadily and to enjoy the changes it is bringing into my life (body, fitness, mood, enjoyment). The hacks might work for a little while but for sustainable and real change, the long road is the only road.
If you can relate, leave a comment below, would be great to hear from you.
On my way home from work today, I was waiting for a train. A couple of things struck me as I observed the goings on around me.
How obsessed (read possessed) we, as humans, have become with our phones. I would estimate that about 90% of the people I observed had their face well and truly planted into a smartphone, oblivious to the world going on around them. Hard to be mindful when you are so far away from the now.
A lot of people are carrying some extra weight – I would guess if they had their BMI assessed, they would either be in the overweight or obese category – mostly office workers given the location and attire I'm guessing.
There is no judgement in any of this, we are where we are as a society, but it is interesting to pause and observe the world around you and make yourself more aware.
While we do, as humans, need to be aware of our own body weight, it is only one factor in your overall health picture. In today's society, there is an overemphasis on weight loss, created by gyms, slimming clubs and fad diet marketing, I feel the focus should be more on health gain. Once you gain health, your body will manage its weight just fine and you won't have to worry about counting calories or points or any of the things that the short term unsustainable quick fix weight loss programs advocate.
Focus your precious attention and energy on long-term, sustainable lifestyle changes that will stack the health deck in your favour and issues like weight loss will fade into the background and become a side effect of you improving your overall health and well-being. This means setting different goals that don't revolve around losing x pounds but more focus on activities and healthy habit creation. You are what you habitually do.
Forget losing weight and focus on gaining your health.


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I am as sad as I have ever been in my 55 years and with the heaviest heart! Our Dog Tori, our not so old GSP chap died, at home in front of the fire, peacefully and with complete dignity, in both Catherine and my arms last Friday morning at 9.15. He was diagnosed with lung tumours and other underlying cancers a few months ago and we embarked upon a series of Chemotherapy to reduce his tumours and make him more comfortable and this it did! He subsequently became a house dog, with his own front door and a smoking jacket to boot! A position from which he could run out to do what comes naturally, but more importantly meet and greet Catherine and I, coming home every work-day evening!
There are times in our very short lives, when we may be sufficiently lucky, or privileged enough to touch upon something very special indeed, a symbiotic relationship, tens of thousands of years in the making, that grew from the wolf coming to the shelter and warmth of the fire provided by the early human, bringing their canine hunting ability, allegiance and security. Tori, was always, body and soul, Catherine's shadow and the ultimate devoted companion, never to be found more than a few feet away, unless of course he was out in front of the Gun or Rifle, on the scent of a feather or fur, or more recently down under in Aotearoa, a Wallaby! This relationship and his utter loyalty could not have been more meaningfully expressed, or more gratefully recognised, than during the period when I left for New Zealand in 2009. I reluctantly departed Dunragit (Scotland) for the new life we planned in South Island NZ, leaving Catherine with the business to sell and single-handedly run in the interim, and the worst winter the UK had seen in many, many, years! Tori instinctively and intuitively expanded to fill that companionship void, with even more of his particular individual canine brand of loyalty, duty and security, absolutely attuned to Catherine!
Tori's accolades included: Championship show awards; he'd been to Crufts; he'd won working awards in both sides of the globe, latterly a Field trial in NZ in 2013!
The accolades Tori tried to forget (part of a very long list): World's naughtiest Puppy; The Crufts faux-pas (to keep the other competitors away from his mum he cocked his leg on the 'House of Bruar' ¾ length brown suede ensemble in front of the UK and World television audiences; The World's Best Canine Scree-run Slide of Death and Drop into the ravine (whilst on the trail of some desperate Wild Pigs in Cass NZ, his Dad and Uncle Rob took Tori on an unforgettable 'head them varmints off at the pass' short-cut, during which, Tori, momentarily, believed he could fly, until his paws came to ground alongside the equally battered and bruised human companions); and The Fox pooh Affair (Tori was being Chauffeur driven back to Scotland by his 'Uncle Trevor and Auntie Judith', and understandably tired and emotional after a number of 'Stud appearances' in England an error of judgement was made. He decided that, before getting into the car, a roll in fox pooh would be just the thing, the aroma of which could be savoured by all parties on the long, long trip North, but surprisingly enough, not appreciated by any of the other occupants of the car!
As anybody who had been to our homes, in either hemisphere, would attest, he would be first to bark to forewarn and the first to bring his raggy-toy or any convenient shoe as a tribute to any guest! The dog we were proud to have represent the finest attributes of our GSP lines!
Loyal, Noble, Dutiful, Dignified Friend!
I am hopeful we will see his like again, but could we ever be that fortunate?!!
Tony & Catherine


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Kansas Supreme Court rejects lawmakers' school finance changes, threatens in new ruling to close schools
Peter Hancock
Kansas Supreme Court Justice Marla Luckert, center, asks a question to the state as they make their arguments in front of the Kansas Supreme Court, Tuesday May 10, 2016, in Topeka, Kan. The court was hearing arguments Tuesday on whether the technical changes approved by lawmakers earlier this year are fair enough to poor districts that the justices can abandon a threat to shut down public schools. (Chris Neal/The Topeka Capital-Journal via AP)
TOPEKA — The Kansas Supreme Court late Friday ruled that the Legislature failed to fix the constitutional problems in the state's school finance formula and renewed its threat to close public schools on July 1 if lawmakers do not solve the problems by then.
"As we explained in more detail in (February), the inability of Kansas schools to operate would not be because this court would have ordered them closed," the court said in a 47-page near-unanimous decision. "Rather it would be because this court would have performed its sworn duty to the people of Kansas under their constitution to review the legislature's enactments and ensure the legislature's compliance with its own duty under Article 6."
Alan Rupe, lead attorney for the plaintiffs in the case, said the decision was what he expected.
"Simply put, the state legislature's unconstitutional enactment is void; it has not performed its duty," Rupe said in a written statement shortly after the opinion was released.
But Gov. Sam Brownback was harshly critical of the decision.
"It is unfortunate that the Kansas Supreme Court has put at risk the education of Kansas students by threatening to close schools on June 30," Brownback said. "The court is engaging in political brinkmanship with this ruling, and the cost will be borne by our children."
"We will carefully consider the implications of the Court's ruling and its disregard for the proper role of the Kansas Legislature," he said.
Friday's opinion in the long-running case of Gannon v. Kansas dealt only with the question of whether school funding is distributed equitably among all 286 districts. It specifically dealt with so-called "equalization aid" that is used to subsidize the capital outlay and local option budgets of districts with less property wealth than others so they don't have to levy higher property taxes to raise comparable amounts of money.
The lawsuit was filed in 2010 by the Dodge City, Hutchinson, Wichita and Kansas City, Kan., districts and followed up on one in 1999 that forced lawmakers to promise big increases in annual spending on public schools, which now tops $4 billion. Legislators kept their promises at first but backed off during the Great Recession.
The court has repeatedly said the Kansas Constitution requires lawmakers to finance a suitable education for every child.
The court on Friday struck down changes lawmakers made this year to the local option budget formula. It also struck down a so-called "severability" clause that said if any part of the formula is found unconstitutional, the court should assume that the Legislature would have passed the rest of the bill anyway.
Local option budgets allow districts to raise additional money on their own, above and beyond what the state provides in block grants. All told, when local and state dollars are put together, local option budgets add up to about $1 billion, or 25 percent of the entire K-12 school funding budget.
"Based on the record before us, this court cannot conclude that the legislature would have passed the (school funding bill) without the inclusion of the unconstitutional provisions," the court said.
Justices Carol Beier and Caleb Stegall have both recused themselves from the Gannon case — Stegall because he served as Brownback's chief counsel before he was appointed to the Kansas Court of Appeals in 2014; Beier did not provide a reason for her recusal.
Senior Judge Michael Malone of Lawrence and Riley County District Court Judge David Stutzman have served in their place on the Supreme Court.
Justice Lee Johnson filed a separate opinion, agreeing with the majority that the local option budget provision is unconstitutional, but saying the court should have gone further by implementing the remedy that was previously ordered by a three-judge district court panel.
That panel called for repealing all of the changes that lawmakers made to the school funding formula last year and returning it to its pre-2015 provisions.
Lawmakers are scheduled to reconvene Wednesday for what is normally a brief ceremony to officially close out the 2016 session. And while they are expected to take up a few other issues before adjourning, it was not immediately clear whether they would try to address the court's decision at that time.
No matter how lawmakers respond, the decision is sure to have political implications in the upcoming 2016 elections. Earlier this month, the Kansas Republican Party adopted a new plank in its party platform calling for four of the justices who are up for retention this year to be ousted.
Those include Beier, Chief Justice Lawton Nuss and Associate Justices Dan Biles and Marla Luckert.
Republican House Speaker Ray Merrick, of Stilwell, was quick to point that out in his statement responding to the decision.
"The court has yet again demonstrated it is the most political body in the state of Kansas," he said. "Dumping the ruling at 5 p.m. the day before a long weekend and holding children hostage. This despite the fact that the legislature acted in good faith to equalize the record amounts of money going to schools. This court is planning to shut down schools over less than 1 percent of the total education budget. Frankly, I find their actions disgraceful and hope Kansas voters will remember this in November when deciding whether these Justices should be retained."
In its earlier ruling in February, the court suggested the Legislature could cure the inequities by reinstating the old formula for local option budgets and fully funding it, which would have cost about $43 million in additional funding.
But lawmakers chose instead to reshuffle the money that they had already budgeted, taking some equalization aid away from wealthier districts and shifting it to poorer ones. But it also included a "hold harmless" clause that made sure the wealthier districts received larger block grants to make up for the loss of equalization aid.
Lawmakers had intended this year's bill to be a "one-year fix" to the funding formula, which they plan to completely rewrite during the 2017 session.
House Democratic Leader Tom Burroughs, of Kansas City, called on Republican leaders to do whatever is necessary to keep schools open this year.
"For years, Gov. Brownback and his Republican allies in the Legislature have refused to adequately fund our schools," he said. "Today, the Supreme Court finally said enough is enough. Kansas school children deserve better. The Legislature should take whatever action is necessary to keep our schools open, something Democrats have been calling for all along."
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Week two is now in the books, for better or worse, and what a wild time it has been for fantasy owners. Josh Gordon gets benched and nearly cut from the Browns, only to join the Belichick mafia in New England by Monday for a fifth-round pick. Kansas City has the most explosive offense in football, Le'Veon Bell has 0 fantasy points and the Buccaneers are undefeated.
These are lively and unpredictable times for fantasy owners, which is why we turn to one another for guidance—who to start, who to sit, where will the points land next week? Here are some intriguing matchups that savvy owners might exploit and some less favorable looks to maybe let sit for a week.
The Jaguars lived up to the smack-talk from Jalen Ramsey and kept a lid on the New England offense. They also managed to light up the scoreboard against the typically reliable Patriot's defense. This week they face off against a Titans' D that has been just slightly above average so far. The Jaguars defense announced itself last week, I think that Bortles is due to flex his muscles this week. If you're looking for a fill-in this week, give Blake a look.
After a brief stumble under the weight of his own offense's reliance on him—Stafford bounced back last week against a better-than-advertised 49ers defense. This week he's hoping to carry that momentum into a tough matchup against the Patriots—who seemed to struggle to contain the Jaguars' three-receiver sets. Three-receiver sets just happen to be the pride of the Lions and a reloaded Patriots offense ought to keep Stafford looking deep and throwing often throughout all four quarters.
The Cowboys offense has gone off like a lead balloon in 2018 and the young studs from last year are struggling under the weight of it. The weapons that made Dallas a preseason favorite are still in place and the Legion of Boom has been looking more like the Legion of Bums. These two teams are both headed to the bottom of their respective divisions, and in this contest, I think that the East wins out.
Newton looked sharp in week 2 but the Bengals defense is very tough and more equipped than Atlanta to deal with Newton's mobility. I think that Newton is due to feel the loss of Greg Olsen in a much more meaningful way in week 3 and will struggle to escape the pocket.
In the battle of the LA teams, the Rams top-notch secondary is going to make Rivers a less desirable option.
Thus far the Bengals offense is rolling like a well-oiled machine—almost as if players and coaches thrive on consistency. In a season full of shake-ups, the Bengals have done an exceptional job of retaining talent at key positions and it's paying off this season. With Joe Mixon injured and unlikely to play in week three, good ole' Gio is going to see his opportunities skyrocket against a Carolina defense who are likely to blitz Andy Dalton early and often, opening up the flats where Bernard is known to thrive.
With the addition of Khalil Mack, the Bears seem to have found their identity for 2018, while the Cardinals are still in search of one. I like the Bears to lead for most of this matchup, which benefits their backfield and Arizona hasn't shown much in terms of a run stuff so far.
Just because Detroit's offense seems to have rounded a corner doesn't mean that their defense is stopping anyone. Matt Breida had a debut party against a Detroit defense who were routinely unable to stop him. Knowing the Patriots tendency to focus on their opponent's weakness, expect a lot of hand-offs and dump offs to keep Matt Stafford off the field.
If the 'Skins fall behind, which seems likely, Peterson is likely to see his opportunities decline pretty steeply.
Johnson is likely to see eight-man fronts any time he's on the field and Khalil Mack is a bad matchup for anyone.
Thomas has had a tough time acclimating to the Case Keenum iteration of the Broncos offense, but his eleven targets last week ought to indicate that it's a priority for them to get him the ball. Two games in, the Ravens defense is on pace for an up and down year. A.J. Green snatched three touchdowns in the first half against this secondary, I like Thomas' odds of getting his groove back this week.
Even with Ben Roethlisberger's Herculean performance in week two, the Steelers secondary still managed to get beaten enough that they fell short. The Steelers are certainly vulnerable deep and Jackson has still got the quicks to beat his man off the line. It won't take many receptions for Jackson to put together a huge game catching deep fade routes.
The Giants also don't have a secondary known for lockdown coverage and with the safeties cheating toward DeAndre Hopkins, Deshaun Watson has shown an affinity for targeting Fuller. I like him to continue his success from week 2.
Yes, he makes an exciting play this week, but the Patriots playbook is notoriously complex and while I think that Gordon will be an excellent start in a few weeks, I have doubts as to how well he's going to know the playbook after one week and will more likely be used as a diversion.
There are just too many moving parts in this offense to securely bet on anyone not named Aaron Rodgers or Davante Adams. Cobb, Geronimo Allison, and Jimmy Graham are squabbling over enough looks to support one. Week to week it's anybody's guess who the guy will be.
Another integral part of the Buccaneers aerial assault with a cherry matchup against the Steelers. Howard is a huge red zone target who is a matchup nightmare. The Buc's are still learning just how useful he is, this week should give a clearer view of a reasonable ceiling for Howard.
A co-star of the Hard Knocks television series, David Njoku hasn't lived up to his expectations yet, but facing a Jets defense with vulnerabilities in the middle of the field, with Josh Gordon out of the picture, I could see Njoku really getting turned loose downfield if and when the Browns fall behind.
Engram had a big week 2, but almost all of that production came in garbage time. I don't foresee that repeating itself in week 3.
So the Arizona Cardinals are a mess right now and it's not going to get better against a rejuvenated Bears' D. I think that Arizona decides to give the rookie a run at some point in this game which will only make things better for Chicago's D.
I think that this D is very underrated and very worth rostering in the future—but this game has shootout written all over it and the '9ers stats are going to take a hit this week.