We make the world's networks safer.
Corelight is the most powerful network visibility solution for information security professionals. It helps them understand their network traffic and to detect and stop cyber attacks. Our solution is built on Bro, the powerful and widely-used open source framework that provides real-time understanding of all the traffic on your network.
Welcome to the first in a regular series of blog posts on network security monitoring (NSM).
In 2002 Bamm Visscher and I defined NSM as "the collection, analysis, and escalation of indications and warnings to detect and respond to intrusions." We were inspired by our work in the late 1990s and early 2000s at the Air Force Computer Emergency Response Team (AFCERT), and the operations built on the NSM software written by Todd Heberlein. Although NSM methodology applies to any sort of evidence or environment, these posts will largely describe NSM for network traffic in the enterprise.
As might be appropriate for the first post in a series on NSM, I will explain why I believe NSM is the first step one should take when implementing a security program. This may sound like a bold claim. Shouldn't one collect logs from all your devices first, or perhaps roll out a shiny new endpoint detection and response (EDR) agent? While those steps may indeed benefit your security posture, they are not the first steps you should take.
In 2001 Bruce Schneier neatly summarized a shared vision for security: "monitor first". I concur with this strategy, because I advocate basing security decisions on evidence, not faith. In other words, before making changes to one's security posture, it is more efficient and effective to determine what is happening, and address the resulting discoveries first. My 2005 post Soccer Goal Security expands on this concept.
If one accepts the need to gather evidence, and identify what is happening in one's environment as a necessary precursor to making changes, then we must determine how best to gather that evidence. Elsewhere I have advocated for four rough categories of intelligence, which I repeat here. They are ordered by increasing difficulty of implementation, but also likely increasing granularity of information.
The second method, and the focus of this blog series, is network security monitoring. Begin by deploying a NSM sensor collecting, at a minimum, Zeek data at the gateway connecting your environment to the public Internet. This will see so-called "north-south" traffic (visibility for "east-west" traffic will be covered in a later post). By collecting NSM data, one has not interrupted daily IT operations or users, other than perhaps a brief outage to install a network tap. If administrators decide to (temporarily) use a switch SPAN port to see network traffic, users will suffer no interruption of service whatsoever. With a simple deployment, security teams gather a wealth of data about their environment and threat activity. I will address the specific benefits in future posts.
The third method is to collect logs from systems, servers, architecture, and other devices throughout the network. This step requires deploying not only a log management platform to collect, store, and present the data, but also reconfiguring each device to send its logs to the log management platform. Unlike the NSM deployment, installing and configuring a log management system is a demanding project. While the benefits are ultimately worthwhile, the project is much more involved, hence its status as the third step one should take.
The fourth way to learn about threat activity in the enterprise is to instrument the endpoints with an EDR agent. This is even a bigger project than the log collection effort, as the EDR agent could interfere with business operations while trying to observe and possibly interdict malicious activity. As with log management, I am not arguing against EDR. EDR is a tool that yields wonderful benefits for visibility and control. EDR is especially attractive the more mobile and distributed one's workforce is, and the greater the amount of encrypted network traffic one encounters. However, the level of effort and return associated with NSM means I prefer network-centric visibility strategies prior to installing log management or EDR.
Some of you may also ask "how can NSM be first, when I already have a security program?" In that case, I suggest you make "NSM next!" In other words, augment your existing environment with NSM, and let the data help guide future security decisions.
Finally, you might ask if this is a workable solution. Has anyone ever done this? I've used or recommended the methodology in this blog series to dozens of organizations, from small start-ups of less than 100 people, to the largest corporate entities of half a million identities under management with global presence.
In future posts I will expand upon all things NSM. I look forward to you joining me on this journey.
The last BroCon. It'll be Zeek in 2019!
I'm back in San Francisco after the last ever BroCon! Why the last BroCon? Because the Bro Leadership Team has announced a new name for the project. After two years of discussion, no shortage of suggestions, and a final shortlist going through legal review, it was time to commit: It'll be Zeek! For an explanation of the rationale & background behind the choice, make sure to read Vern Paxson's blog post or watch him skillfully revealing the new name at the conference.
By holding BroCon in the Washington DC area this year, we were hoping to broaden participation—and that worked: 260 people attended, up over 35% from last year. We also had the support of eleven corporate sponsors—more than ever!-—which we deeply appreciate. These companies offered attendees a chance to learn about a variety of products and services helping people use and implement Zeek, either in its open source form or as part of commercial offerings.
using SMB logs to find named pipes in the Belgacom attack.
Watching Salesforce and Morgan Stanley stand up and explain how they use Bro to defend themselves was inspirational.
The depth of technical expertise among attendees was really impressive. Folks keep pushing the boundary of how to scale Zeek clusters and come up with clever use cases of its various frameworks.
Selling Bro posters to benefit Girls Who Code was fantastic.
Vern's "Zeek" name reveal moment and the positive reception of the name change by the broader community.
We received permission to record most of the talks and are currently editing the material to synchronize videos with slide sets. As soon as that's finished, we'll upload them to the Bro YouTube channel.
As we look to next year, the Zeek Leadership Team will begin planning the 2019 event soon. If you have attended this year, please take a moment to fill out the attendee survey; you should have received a link to provide us with feedback about program and logistics. In 2019, we'll also do another European workshop as well. Registration details will come soon, but you can save the date already: We'll be at CERN, Switzerland, from April 9-11.
Lastly, it will take some time to really make the change from Bro to Zeek. The soon-to-be-released version 2.6 will still be "Bro"—from then on it'll be "Zeek." Over the coming weeks and months you will start seeing changes, but rest assured we'll be careful: There's a lot to update, and we certainly don't want to break your deployments.
Thanks for attending the last ever BroCon!
One of the first tasks for any incident responder when looking at network logs is to figure out the host names that were associated with an IP address in prior network activity. With Corelight's 1.15 release we help automate the process and I would like to explain how this works.
Zeek (formerly known as Bro) provides a logging framework that gives users great control over summarization and reporting of network activity. Equipped with dozens of logs by default, it provides convenient features to extend these logs with additional fields, filter log entries according to user-defined criteria, create new log types, and hook new activity into logging events. Several log types provide identifiers that allow convenient pivoting from one log type to another, such as conn.log's UID that many other log types use to link app-layer activity to the underlying TCP/IP flows.
Our data analysis shows that for the most relevant addresses — those outside of local networks — Namecache can establish names in more than 90% of log entries. In addition to the conn.log enrichment the feature adds a separate log, reporting operational statistics (powered by the SumStats framework) such as the cache hit rate in various contexts. Starting with the 1.16 release, you'll see local vs non-local hit rates for your network as well.
None of the above required patching the core Zeek distribution. All functionality exists in form of new event handlers and state managed via the scripting language. Nevertheless, implementing Namecache posed some interesting technical challenges. Most immediately, Bro's multiprocessing architecture and flow distribution mean that in a cluster setting (which we do use in our Sensors) the Zeek worker observing a DNS lookup most likely is not the one observing the TCP/IP connection to the resulting IP address. Moreover, since their respective processing is fully asynchronous we also cannot guarantee that processing the DNS query finishes prior to that of the subsequent TCP/IP connection. Finally, to approach global visibility of the address–name mappings, we need to communicate the mappings across the cluster via Bro events, raising questions about event communication patterns, sustainable event rates, and processing races.
One key observation immediately simplified the problem: Zeek writes conn.log entries only when it expires its state for a given flow, i.e., at the very end of the flow's lifetime. This means we have at least several seconds to propagate naming information for this flow across the cluster before needing to access it.
This left the event flow to tackle. In a first iteration we decided to centralize mapping ownership in the manager process: workers communicate new mappings to the manager process, which propagates additions to other workers and tracks mapping size and age. When mapping state needs to get pruned, the manager sends explicit pruning events to the workers. This proved clearly inferior to a distributed approach where the workers manage mappings autonomously, including expirations, and only communicate new mappings to the manager. The manager in turn only relays additions across the workers, saving the memory needed for an extra copy of the mappings. This approach worked quite well but induced a few percent of packet loss on our most heavily loaded AP-1000 appliances. In a final tweak, we tuned the rate at which workers transmit mapping additions. With this change we no longer observed any operational overhead of the activated Namecache feature while preserving its effectiveness.
The Namecache feature is only one example of a wide range of log enrichments we envision. We'll soon migrate the cluster communication to the new Broker framework, add improved multicast DNS support, and we're considering other sources of naming as well as inverse mappings where names get enriched with corresponding IP addresses.
Companies mentioned in the story deny the details, so this post does not debate the merit of the Bloomberg reporters' claims. Rather, I prefer to discuss how a computer incident response team (CIRT) and a chief information security officer (CISO) should handle such a possibility. What should be done when hardware-level attacks enabling remote access via the network are possible?
This is not a new question. I have addressed the architecture and practices needed to mitigate this attack model in previous writings. This scenario is a driving force behind my recommendation for network security monitoring (NSM) for any organization running a network, of any kind. This does not mean endpoint-centric security, or other security models, should be abandoned. Rather, my argument shows why NSM offers unique benefits when facing hardware supply chain attacks.
The problem is one of trust and detectability. The problem here is that one loses trust in the integrity of a computing platform when one suspects a compromised hardware environment. One way to validate whether a computing platform is trustworthy is to monitor outside of it, at places where the hardware cannot know it is being monitored, and cannot interfere with that monitoring. Software installed on the hardware is by definition untrustworthy because the hardware backdoor may have the capability to obscure or degrade the visibility and control provided by an endpoint agent.
Network security monitoring applied outside the hardware platform does not suffer this limitation, if certain safeguards are implemented. NSM suffers limitations unique to its deployment, of course, and they will be outlined shortly. By watching traffic to and from a suspected computing platform, CIRTs have a chance to identify suspicious and malicious activity, such as contact with remote command and control (C2) infrastructure. NSM data on this C2 activity can be collected and stored in many forms, such as any of the seven NSM data types: 1) full content; 2) extracted content; 3) session data; 4) transaction data; 5) statistical data; 6) metadata; and 7) alert data.
Most likely session and transaction data would have been most useful for the case at hand. Once intelligence agencies identified that command and control infrastructure used by the alleged Chinese agents in this example, they could provide that information to the CIRT, who could then query historical NSM data for connectivity between enterprise assets and C2 servers. The results of those queries would help determine if and when an enterprise was victimized by compromised hardware.
The limitations of this approach are worth noting. First, if the intruders never activated their backdoors, then there would be no evidence of communications with C2 servers. Hardware inspection would be the main way to deal with this problem. Second, the intruders may leverage popular Internet services for their C2. Historical examples include command and control via Twitter, domain fronting via Google or other Web sites, and other covert channels. Depending on the nature of the communication, it would be difficult, though not impossible, to deal with this situation, mainly through careful analysis. Third, traditional network-centric monitoring would be challenging if the intruders employed an out-of-band C2 channel, such as a cellular or radio network. This has been seen in the wild but does not appear to be the case in this incident. Technical countermeasures, whereby rooms are swept for unauthorized signals, would have to be employed. Fourth, it's possible, albeit unlikely, that NSM sensors tasked with watching for suspicious and malicious activity are themselves hosted on compromised hardware, making their reporting also untrustworthy.
The remedy for the last instance is easier than that for the previous three. Proper architecture and deployment can radically improve the trust one can place in NSM sensors. First, the sensors should not be able to connect to arbitrary systems on the Internet. The most security conscious administrators apply patches and modifications using direct access to trusted local sources, and do not allow access for any reason other than data retrieval and system maintenance. In other words, no one browses Web sites or checks their email from NSM sensors! Second, this moratorium on arbitrary connections should be enforced by firewalls outside the NSM sensors, and any connection attempts that violate the firewall policy should generate a high-priority alert. It is again theoretically possible for an extremely advanced intruder to circumvent these controls, but this approach increases the likelihood of an adversary tripping a wire at some point, revealing his or her presence.
The bottom line is that NSM must be a part of the detection and response strategy for any organization that runs a network. Collecting and analyzing the core NSM data types, in concert with host-based security, integration with third party intelligence, and infrastructure logging, provides the best chance for CIRTs to detect and respond to the sorts of adversaries who escalate their activities to the level of hardware hacking via the supply chain. Whether or not the Bloomberg story is true, the investment in NSM merits the peace of mind a CISO will enjoy when his or her CIRT is equipped with robust network visibility.
It's hard to beat a mission like transforming government for the 21st Century. That's what I've been doing for more or less my entire professional life. From building information systems in New Orleans both before and after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 to my latest role as Chief Data Officer of San Francisco, my professional life has been dedicated to public service.
So why the private sector? Why now? Why Corelight?
I first met Greg Bell during a meeting in 2011 when he was a division director at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). At that meeting, he turned an aimless discussion into a structured troubleshooting session. I gravitated towards him as a mentor.
Also in 2011, I first heard about open source Bro, the technology that Corelight is built on, when I had to describe how it worked as part of a job interview at Berkeley Lab. My immediate thoughts were a) awesome interview technique b) this technology sounds magical and c) why hasn't someone built a company on top of it?
I spent the next few years working closely with the cyber team at Berkeley Lab and in that time I learned how real cybersecurity works. I discovered that it is something that extended far beyond compliance, checklists and appliance management and into a living system of dynamic response, continuous evolution, and learned resilience.
Bro empowered all of this. Whenever I try to describe Bro, I draw the following diagram. Bro extends well beyond signature based detection (SDS) to behavioral based detection and then to a proactive response. Bro is adaptive and scalable.
Signature based detection (SDS) is a subset of intrusion based detection (IDS). Bro encapsulates both of these and is truly an intrusion protection system (IPS).
Cyber threats are a daily news item. Bro, deployed at scale and with the reliability and ease of Corelight's solution, is uniquely positioned to help our institutions solve the ever mutable threat of cybersecurity so prevalent in our world today. It's a mission with a global scale.
Peter Drucker is quoted with saying "culture eats strategy for lunch." When interviewing at Corelight, it was like a case study in how NOT to be a stereotypical "Silicon Valley" startup (You may have seen the popular HBO show…this isn't that).
Yes, the Corelight team is insanely smart with world-class engineers and one of the founders is Vern Paxson, the inventor of Bro. But that's not the whole story. The ethos of Corelight is meaningful collaboration and low ego. This philosophy is set at the top and reinforced throughout the team. Everyone jumps in and helps. Below are just two emblematic images from my first week at the job.
A broken elevator had everyone chipping in to help with deliveries–including our VP of Finance, Chief Products Officer, and UI Engineer.
Our VP of Engineering brought in some bike oil to tackle our squeaky bathroom door. No more squeaks!
When Greg asked me to help ensure this culture stuck at scale, I could hardly resist. Culture and organizational health are key differentiators in our modern world, where talent is both discerning and mobile.
Corelight's tagline is "illuminate your network." Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines "illuminate" as 'to supply or brighten with light, to make luminous or shining.' Fundamentally, Corelight is about offering a set of tools that empower cybersecurity professionals to do their jobs more effectively and efficiently.
So much of cybersecurity marketing and branding is dominated by fear-mongering: "Do this or you will be in TROUBLE. Bad things are lurking EVERYWHERE. You CAN'T FIX this alone – you need us and we will solve this for you." In contrast, Corelight is about acknowledging the challenge and empowering you to solve it.
Corelight does this by providing our customers with elegant, beautifully structured, comprehensive data for analysis and response (and much more soon). We don't conceal the data to create a dependence on Corelight for insights. Instead, we expose it to the professionals who need it – reflecting our open source heritage in the very nature of our product.
I am really fired up to join Corelight. I've had to keep my involvement with the team a secret since officially starting on July 20th. Why was I so excited about this company? Let me step backwards to help explain my present situation, and forecast the future.
I had misjudged my presumed level of "hacking" knowledge, but I was not mistaken about the exciting life of an AFCERT intrusion detector! I quickly learned the tenets of network security monitoring, enabled by the custom software watching and logging network traffic at every Air Force base. I soon heard there were three organizations that intruders knew to be wary of in the late 1990s: the Fort, i.e. the National Security Agency; the Air Force, thanks to our Automated Security Incident Measurement (ASIM) operation; and the University of California, Berkeley, because of a professor named Vern Paxson and his Bro network security monitoring software.
When I wrote my first book in 2003-2004, The Tao of Network Security Monitoring, I enlisted the help of Christopher Jay Manders to write about Bro 0.8. Bro had the reputation of being very powerful but difficult to stand up. In 2007 I decided to try installing Bro myself, thanks to the introduction of the "brolite" scripts shipped with Bro 1.2.1. That made Bro easier to use, but I didn't do much analysis with it until I attended the 2009 Bro hands-on workshop. There I met Vern, Robin Sommer, Seth Hall, Christian Kreibich, and other Bro users and developers. I was lost most of the class, saved only by my knowledge of standard Unix command line tools like sed, awk, and grep! I was able to integrate Bro traffic analysis and logs into my TCP/IP Weapons School 2.0 class, and subsequent versions, which I taught mainly to Black Hat students. By the time I wrote my last book, The Practice of Network Security Monitoring, in 2013, I was heavily relying on Bro logs to demonstrate many sorts of network activity, thanks to the high-fidelity nature of Bro data.
In July of this year, Seth Hall emailed to ask if I might be interested in keynoting the upcoming Bro users conference in Washington, D.C., on October 10-12. I was in a bad mood due to being unhappy with the job I had at that time, and I told him I was useless as a keynote speaker. I followed up with another message shortly after, explained my depressed mindset, and asked how he liked working at Corelight. That led to interviews with the Corelight team and a job offer. The opportunity to work with people who really understood the need for network security monitoring, and were writing the world's most powerful software to generate NSM data, was so appealing! Now that I'm on the team, I can share how I view Corelight's contribution to the security challenges we face.
For me, Corelight solves the problems I encountered all those years ago when I first looked at Bro. The Corelight embodiment of Bro is ready to go when you deploy it. It's developed and maintained by the people who write the code. Furthermore, Bro is front and center, not buried behind someone else's logo. Why buy this amazing capability from another company when you can work with those who actually conceptualize, develop, and publish the code?
It's also not just Bro, but it's Bro at ridiculous speeds, ingesting and making sense of complex network traffic. We regularly encounter open source Bro users who spend weeks or months struggling to get their open source deployments to run at the speeds they need, typically in the tens or hundreds of Gbps. Corelight's offering is optimized at the hardware level to deliver the highest performance, and our team works with customers who want to push Bro to the even greater levels.
Finally, working at Corelight gives me the chance to take NSM in many exciting new directions. For years we NSM practitioners have worried about challenges to network-centric approaches, such as encryption, cloud environments, and alert fatigue. At Corelight we are working on answers for all of these, beyond the usual approaches — SSL termination, cloud gateways, and SIEM/SOAR solutions. We will have more to say about this in the future, I'm happy to say!
What challenges do you hope Corelight can solve? Leave a comment or let me know via Twitter to @corelight_inc or @taosecurity.
When we founded Corelight in 2013, one of our goals was to build an organization that could sustain open-source Bro development long term. At that time, the core team behind Bro was still funded primarily through grants from the National Science Foundation. One of the underlying assumptions coming with that funding was that, with our work, Bro would become self-supporting: production-quality open-source software could generate a revenue stream to support its own development. Today, five years later, with many of the people who created and maintained Bro over the last two decades working at Corelight, that vision is becoming reality. Corelight is bridging the gap between the open-source software and enterprise environments looking for professional, supported products—they get the expertise of Bro's creators packaged into a high-quality solution. In return, the success of Corelight enables us to invest heavily into advancing open-source Bro. You can rest assured that our team remains as committed to Bro as ever—no change there. In that spirit, I want to take the opportunity here to talk about a few of our more recent contributions to open-source Bro.
One of Corelight's main focus areas over recent months has been the Broker transition for Bro 2.6. While a series of Broker prototypes have existed for a while, the current Bro 2.5 still relies on a decade-old communication framework not designed for today's network loads. Corelight's Jon Siwek worked hard to tie together all the loose ends of this work, getting Broker ready for 2.6. He moved all of Bro's standard scripts over to using Broker, and, during that process, improved many aspects of Broker's API, implementation, documentation, and regression testing. Internally, Corelight is performing a series of tests to ensure that Bro & Broker, and hence the community's Bro clusters, operate as expected.
Jon also spent significant time on the innards of CAF, an actor framework library providing the low-level foundation for Broker. He tracked down and fixed a number of issues that were critically affecting stability & performance of Bro clusters. As Bro is gearing up for 2.6, CAF will be soon releasing a new stable version that incorporates all these changes, so that the trio of Bro, Broker, and CAF will smoothly work together. For easier installation, we also integrated CAF into Bro's source code distribution, so that users don't need to worry about getting a non-standard dependency in place before building Bro.
Corelight recently contributed Johanna Amann's Configuration Framework to Bro, which fills a long-time gap by providing an easy-use-to, unobtrusive infrastructure for changing Bro's script-level tuning options dynamically at run-time.
We've made a number of logging improvements: restructuring DHCP logs (based on a community contribution); expanding connection histories that now capture TCP window closures, and also indicate repeats for a number of situations; and adding rate-limitations of "weirds" to address performance issues when your network exhibits a high level of non-conforming protocol usage. For geo-location, Bro now supports MaxMind's new GeoIP2 databases, replacing their discontinued legacy format. For Bro's TLS analysis, we reimplemented OCSP support, which was still missing from the recently contributed port of the analyzer to OpenSSL 1.1. We also added support for Cisco's FabricPath and PPPoE over QinQ.
We have been working on the scripting language as well: regular expressions can now be case-insensitive, and they can be created dynamically at runtime (which meant tracking down several memory leaks that had previously prevented Bro from allowing this). Sets and vectors have gained new operators, there's support for bitwise operations, and we wrapped up & merged new functionality for type checking and type-safe casting.
Bro's build system now knows to install Bro's header files so that developers can build plugins without needing a copy of a Bro source tree laying around. We also added better support for cross-compiling Bro.
QUIC analyzer/detector parses and detects Google's implementation of QUIC.
Community ID provides a standardized way of labeling traffic flows in network monitors—an approach championed by the Bro and Suricata communities to enable correlation of flows across tools.
HTTP Stalling Detector finds stalling DoS attacks taking advantage of web servers' inability to differentiate legitimate client connecting over slow links from attackers deliberately sending data slowly to cause extra work.
JSON Streaming Logs lets Bro write out JSON logs with additional attributes making life easier for external log shippers such as filebeats, logstash, and splunk_forwarder.
Speaking of community work, the Bro Leadership Team asked Corelight to host BroCon 2018, a task which our Events team has been happy to take on. As Bro's NSF funding winds down, it is becoming quite challenging for the open-source project to organize large events on its own. Corelight employees are also active members of the Bro Leadership Team. In that role, Corelight staff have focused particularly on finding a new name for the project (still ongoing); moving the project back from Software Freedom Conservancy to ICSI; and being a liaison between the open-source project and the BroCon event team, providing history and context.
While not especially visible, Corelight has probably spent the greatest portion of its time on all the routine maintenance work that—while often hard to notice—is critical for any popular open-source project: fixing bugs & security issues; shepherding and merging community contributions; improving documentation & regression testing; and, crucially, providing users & developers with answers to questions. You can track much of this work on Bro's public channels, such as mailing lists, the issue tracker, and Git repositories. Some work has to remain behind the scenes, however, such as discussion of security issues as well as interactions involving specifics of peoples' environments.
We have never been more excited about the project, and are continually gratified and amazed at the way it has grown. Bro has always been popular among its fans, and we strongly believe that as it gets more usable and capable, deployment of Bro will continue to accelerate and really become a fundamental part of the modern security stack.
Incident response, threat hunting and cybersecurity in general relies on great data. Just like the rest of the world where virtually everything these days is data-driven, from self-driving cars to personalized medicine, effective security strategies also need to be data-driven.
Whatever security solution, service or business process you implement, it probably relies on data from just four sources: logs, networks, hosts and third party intelligence feeds. Some or all of that data is fed into an analytics stack like Apache Spark™ where advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning and other techniques can be applied.
When it comes to the data about network traffic though, most organizations are stuck between "not enough data" and "way too much." The former is normally NetFlow data that provides basic information about network traffic, source / destination IPs, time and date, bytes sent / received and few other important (but sparse) pieces of information. The latter is typically PCAP (packet capture) where every bit on the wire is stored. Since big networks carry a tremendous amount of data, storing it all is non-trivial and can become expensive and cumbersome.
So what's the alternative? Well for over 20 years, an open source project called Bro has been used in production at some of the world's largest organizations and biggest networks, namely government agencies, research universities and very large / web-scale companies.
Bro is a network monitoring framework that ingests a copy of all traffic on a network, parses and analyzes it in real time using its event processing engines and scripts, and then outputs data ("Bro logs") to some external analytics system like Spark. There are dozens of Bro logs for most common protocols like SMTP, SSL, SMB, DHCP, DNS and many others. Each Bro log contains 10 to 40 fields describing that part of the network traffic.
Furthermore, Bro logs include key pivot points in the data that allow incident responders to follow their instincts or observations by taking advantage of unique identifiers for critical aspects of network traffic: all connections (Connection UID) and files (FUID) are uniquely identified. Along with consistent and precise timestamps across all logs, Bro gives incident responders access to everything they'll need to resolve most security incidents quickly without having to resort to PCAP except in rare instances.
Corelight was founded by the creators of Bro to deliver network security solutions built on this powerful and widely used framework. Since Corelight does not provide an analytics application, we are excited to work with leading companies like Databricks to combine the power of Bro data with the intelligence of Apache Spark and all of its analytic capability.
Companies deploy logging and monitoring devices across their networks, end-user devices and production machines to help detect suspicious behavior. These tools produce petabytes of log data that need to be contextualized and analyzed in real-time. Processing petabytes of data takes significant computing power. Unfortunately, most SIEM tools were built for on-premises environments requiring significant build-outs to meet processing demands. Additionally, most SIEM tools charge customers per GB of data ingested. This makes scaling threat detection tools for large volumes of data incredibly cost-prohibitive.
Identifying a cybersecurity breach as soon as it happens is critical to minimizing data theft, damages, and creation of backlogs. As soon as an event occurs, security analysts need to conduct deep historic analyses to fully investigate the validity and breadth of an attack. Without a means to efficiently scale existing tools most security teams only have access to a few weeks of historical data. This limits the ability of security teams to identify attacks over long time horizons or conduct forensic reviews in real-time.
Another common challenge is the high volume of false positives produced by SIEM tools. The massive amounts of data captured in OS logs, cloud infrastructure logs, intrusion detection systems and other monitoring devices produce events that in isolation or in connection with other events may signify a compromised network. Most events need further investigation to determine if the threat is legitimate. Relying on individuals to review hundreds of alerts including a large number of false positives results in alert fatigue. Eventually, overwhelmed security teams disregard or overlook events that are in actuality legitimate threats.
In order to effectively detect and remediate threats in today's environment, security teams need to find a better way to process and correlate massive amounts of real-time and historical data, detect patterns that exist outside pre-defined rules and reduce the number of false positives.
Databricks offers security teams a new set of tools to combat the growing challenges of big data and sophisticated threats. Where existing tools fall short, the Databricks Unified Analytics Platform fills the void with a platform for data scientists and cybersecurity analysts to easily build, scale, and deploy real-time analytics and machine learning models in minutes, leading to better detection and remediation.
Native to the cloud and built on Apache Spark by the original creators of Apache Spark, Databricks is optimized to process large volumes of streaming and historical data for real-time threat analysis and review. Security teams can query petabytes of historical data stretching months or years into the past, making it possible to profile long-term threats and conduct deep forensic reviews to uncover backdoors left behind by hackers. Security teams can also integrate all types of enterprise data – SIEM logs, cloud logs, system security logs, threat feeds, etc – for a more complete view of the threat environment.
Databricks enables security teams to build predictive threat intelligence with a powerful, easy-to-use platform for developing AI and machine learning models. Data scientists can build machine learning models that better score alerts from SIEM tools reducing reviewer fatigue caused by too many false positives. Data scientists can also use Databricks to build machine learning models that detect anomalous behaviors that exist outside pre-defined rules and known threat patterns.
Interactive notebooks and dashboards enable data scientists, analysts and security teams to collaborate in real-time. Multiple users can run queries, share visualizations and make comments within the same workspace to keep investigations moving forward without interruption.
The Databricks platform is fully managed in the cloud with cost-efficient pricing designed for big data processing. Security teams don't need to absorb the costly burden of building and maintaining a homegrown cybersecurity analytics platform or paying per GB of data ingested and retained.
A leading technology company employs a large cybersecurity operations center to monitor, analyze and investigate trillions of threat signals each day. Data flows in from a diverse set of sources including intrusion detection systems, network infrastructure and server logs, application logs and more, totaling petabytes in size.
As an example of how customers are using advanced cybersecurity analytics, check out this recent video from Apple.
For another more general explanation of how Corelight and Databricks can be deployed together, Databricks produced this video that includes an explanation of how they ingest Bro logs as part of their security solution.
Using the Databricks Unified Analytics platform the company was able to put their new architecture into production in just two weeks with a team of five engineers.
Their new architecture is simple and performant. End-to-end latency is low (seconds to minutes) and the threat response team saw up to 100x query speed improvements over open source Apache Spark on Parquet. Moreover, using Databricks, the team is now able to run interactive queries on all its historical data — not just two weeks worth — making it possible to better detect threats over longer time horizons and conduct deep forensic reviews. They also gain the ability to leverage Apache Spark for machine learning and advanced analytics.
As cybercriminals continue to evolve their techniques, so do cybersecurity teams need to evolve how they detect and prevent threats. Comprehensive network traffic extracted by Bro is the highest quality data available to incident responders and threat hunters, and an essential ingredient to the Databricks analytics platform for cybersecurity. Big data analytics and AI offer a new hope for organizations looking to improve their security posture, but choosing the right platform is critical to success.
Download our Cybersecurity Analytics Solution Brief or watch the replay of our recent webinar "Enhancing Threat Detection with Big Data and AI" to learn how Databricks can enhance your security posture, including ingestion of Bro logs for network traffic monitoring.
If you're not familiar at all with Bro, watch Corelight's two-minute video here.
Bro provides enriched network visibility for top organizations around the world, and there are many use cases for Bro logs. The security field uses Bro data for incident response and cyber threat hunting. But Bro log use cases don't always have to involve finding bad actors, identifying breaches or attack blueprints. The clean, structured, and enriched data from Bro can also be used to simply provide necessary protocol information not otherwise easily obtained from servers.
In this example, we show how a company can obtain DNS visibility and extend the lifespan of a large production deployment of DNS servers via a few Corelight sensors that generate Bro DNS logs. This use case features a utility company with over 50 DNS servers worldwide. A federal governing body told them that there were DNS lookups going to known cyber threat sites originating from their network and therefore they weren't sufficiently self-governing their DNS activity. Given the importance and focus on safeguarding utility companies from cyber attacks, getting in front of this DNS issue was of paramount importance.
The company had limited DNS network visibility because their DNS servers could not effectively log activity. The DNS logging service on their servers didn't give enough functional information – and therefore visibility – to identify these malicious communications. Moreover, the data their DNS servers did provide was a flat file with too much noise and the logging mechanism also had a negative impact on the DNS servers' overall performance.
They considered upgrading all their DNS servers, but given the cost they discarded this option. They determined that a more comprehensive, faster, and cost-effective solution was to deploy Corelight sensors in their main data centers to obtain enriched Bro DNS logs. With Corelight and Bro they could easily capture both DNS requests and answers to queries and quickly stream them to a SIEM. The benefit was immediately clear when an analyst who had previously tried to identify non-authoritative DNS lookup records was able to easily achieve this with the logs provided by Corelight sensors.
The utility company used packet broker to distribute raw traffic to the Corelight sensors which then do the heavy lifting of extracting the DNS information into a log or data stream for export to their SIEM. The solution architecture is simply network taps sending traffic into a packet broker. Behind the broker is a Corelight sensor. The packet broker filters are configured to send only DNS traffic to the Corelight Sensor. The enriched logs are spooled from the Corelight sensor to a datastore and ultimately consumed in a SIEM. Problem solved, customer happy, money saved and the technology team are now heroes. Their security team is now looking at network logs and will look at expanding their use to the SOC.
Thinking more broadly beyond DNS, consider other crucial network services and the struggle to keep accurate time stamped logs and your ability to get enriched data from these services? What if network service logging for DHCP, Kerberos, or Radius is set to OFF, FATAL, WARN or ERROR – i.e. not nearly enough data? Or, ALL, DEBUG or TRACE – too much noise? What if INFO misses the data you need? What if there is only one logging service level and therefore not configurable? Bro provides better network data that can spare operational cycles and extend the life of network services, thereby saving money and just as importantly reducing operational headaches.
Another cool thing about Bro: SMB analysis!
If you're reading this blog, you probably know that Bro can uncover indicators of compromise and discover adversary lateral movement by monitoring east-west traffic within the enterprise. But you may not know about one of the best sources of data for this purpose, the Bro server message block (SMB) logs. Bro's SMB protocol analyzer has undergone several iterations, and it is now a built-in feature that many Bro users might have overlooked. If you are running Bro 2.5, all that is needed is to manually load the SMB policy.
SMB is used for many purposes. Most users of Windows networks rely on SMB every day when accessing files on network drives, and network administrators use the same protocol when they perform remote administration. Unfortunately the adversary, whether script kiddies or nation-state actors, also uses SMB! By the way, do you know whether SMBv1 is running on your network… and how can you be sure?
The video that accompanies this blog provides an introduction to the power of Corelight's advanced filtering and the content contained in Bro's SMB logs to monitor SMB usage for remote scheduled tasks and file access. If you use Bro to monitor SMB, please share tips here so others can benefit – if you don't use Bro, would you like to learn how it transforms raw network traffic into comprehensive, organized logs? If you are interested in learning more detail about Bro's ability to detect malicious activity hidden in SMB, this SANS paper is a great place to start.
I hope you enjoy this short introductory video. Good luck and good hunting!
Corelight is the most powerful network visibility solution for information security professionals.
We provide real-time data that organizations use to understand, detect, and prevent cyber attacks. Our solution is built on Bro, the powerful and widely-used open source monitoring framework, created by our founders.


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pastorview03
Aloving Wife: the Ultimate Convenience!
We guys sometimes receive a bad rap. Nearly all girls love shopping. There's no one and just definition of an Australian girl because Australia is a huge country that attracts people from all around the world. A stunning Australian woman is someone who will make you breathless and, on top of this, will result in a partner who is independent, free spirited, and pleasurable! Daughter, you're a gorgeous and clever young woman.
As my mom started to pass off I thought maybe she doesn't want to go. She was a very sensitive and compassionate individual. You've been a superb mother to our kids. You are my son and you must stay and handle your dad. A daughter would be the best blend of love, wonder and joy. You're a fantastic daughter and my best achievement.
Gossip, Lies and Aloving Wife
Love is an action, not a sense. It doesn't ask you to continue a relationship. It is the absence of anxiety. It's critical that you're in a position to acquire the love that is offerred to you by him otherwise it quickly dies.
On the other end, you've got love. It's hard to say love reluctantly if we don't feel our own awareness of self-worth. Love varies in how it's expressed and accepted. It's no room for jealousy. It does not believe their nearest and dearest are wrong. Your love isn't conditional, it's not based on any distinctive qualities. True love has confidence in the grade of their relationship.
My present doesn't have any wrapper because I need to wrap you with my love and relaxation. In the event that you cannot afford to dedicate much on the gift at the moment, do not worry. A personalized and distinctive gift is maybe the best method to create your lovely wife feel special. Such gifts are expensive but they're certainly worth every penny spent on them. A personalized gift is among the best approaches to inform her that you love her. Locating the ideal birthday present for someone is tough and as soon as it comes to locating a present for your wife, things may find a bit harder. A kid's birthday is a exceptional occasion, and picking the ideal birthday message can be hard.
Top Choices of Aloving Wife
If you think that your relationship is unhealthy, it's important to consider your safety now. Obviously it requires two to earn a joyful and productive relationship. If you're still unsure whether you are in a healthful relationship, our Healthy Relationships Quiz will assist you. Particular individuals define relationships in distinct ways. If you steer clear of blaming your spouse and rather speak about what you feel, believe, and what's important for you and why, it's likely your spouse will respond positively.
The Start of Aloving Wife
You will opt-out at any moment. THer time isn't her own. There was not any indication of life. Thank you for everything you're in my entire life! Keep focused on what is genuinely important, not only if your life is simple, but if it's difficult too. Another is finding a style of coping with life that doesn't push love away. On the surface the way we've lived our own lives might seem contrary.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hornachuelos är en kommunhuvudort i Spanien.   Den ligger i provinsen Province of Córdoba och regionen Andalusien, i den södra delen av landet,  km söder om huvudstaden Madrid. Hornachuelos ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Hornachuelos är kuperad västerut, men österut är den platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km norr om Hornachuelos. Runt Hornachuelos är det ganska glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Palma del Río,  km söder om Hornachuelos. Trakten runt Hornachuelos består till största delen av jordbruksmark.

Medelhavsklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är november, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är juli, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Externa länkar

Orter i Andalusien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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MÜV Blog
Cannabis 101: The Endocannabinoid System
Danyal Swan
It's hard to believe that much of what we know about the cannabis sativa plant has been discovered in the last 50-60 years. Marijuana has grown naturally for millennia and been used by humans for thousands of years, but it wasn't until the early 1900s that CBD, the compound associated with anti-inflammation and anti-anxiety benefits, was isolated and the 1960s that the compound THC was isolated and structurally defined. CBD and THC, or the compound found in the marijuana plant that provides the psychoactive or "high" feeling associated with marijuana, was dubbed a cannabinoid. The discovery of cannabinoids begged the question – how exactly do they interact with the body?
Marijuana and cannabinoids
Cannabinoids act as neurotransmitters to send signals to the brain to stimulate different effects throughout the body.
The question allowed for further exploration and, eventually, the discovery of a receptor with which THC interacts in 1992. This receptor was labeled as CB1 and led to the discovery of anandamide; the chemical produced by the human body that also interacts with the CB1 receptor. Anandamide was labeled as an endocannabinoid, endo- as it is produced within the body, -cannabinoid as it is similar in structure to the compound produced in the cannabis plant.
It didn't take long for yet another endocannabinoid receptor to be identified, aptly named CB2. Both receptors were found throughout the body and are now accepted as compromising the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids, through the endocannabinoid system, act as a neurotransmitters, meaning they send nerve signals to the brain to stimulate different effects on the body. These signals sent through the endocannabinoid system regulate processes in the human body, helping the body to achieve homeostasis, or balance between all internal systems. This includes the central nervous, immune, reproductive and cardiovascular systems as well as gastrointestinal tract and endocrine network.
To best visualize this interaction, think of the receptor as a lock with endocannabinoids and cannabinoids being the key. THC binds to while CBD interacts with the receptors, causing the effects commonly associated with these compounds. While THC binds to the CB1 receptor to produce effects such as diminishing perceived pain and increasing appetite, the CBD merely interacts with the CBD2 receptor to produce effects such as reduced inflammation.
CB1 and CB2 receptors are dispersed widely throughout the body and, as a result, impact a multitude of the body's functions.
Now, back to the receptors.
While CB1 and CB2 receptors are found throughout the body, they are not exclusively found together. CB1 receptors reside primarily in the central nervous system in areas of the brain that control learning, memory, movement, coordination, and responses to stress; their presence in the central nervous system is the reason that cannabis has psychoactive properties. CB1 receptors are also widely distributed in the gut. CB2 receptors, on the other hand, essentially reside outside of the nervous system. CB2 receptors help to regulate the immune system, gastrointestinal function, nerves located outside of the nervous system, bone health and more.
Because the CB1 and CB2 receptors are distributed widely throughout the body and impact a multitude of vital systems, the therapeutic potential of plant-derived cannabinoids is limitless.
Enough science - where's the research on marijuana?
While it truly is hard to believe that what we know about marijuana stems from the last 50-60 years of research, it's also easy. Controlled clinical trials are the gold standard in the United States for assessing the benefits and risks of medical treatment but for medical cannabis, these trials are limited due to existing federal and state regulations.
Hang tight, we're about to get technical.
For research that is conducted, the efficacy of results is hampered due to the Controlled Substances Act, which requires researchers to obtain marijuana only from cultivators approved by the DEA. The University of Mississippi has been the only approved cultivator for the last 50 years, a point of contention for cannabis researcher Dr. Sue Sisley, who recently sued the DEA due to the lack of consistency and quality of the cannabis obtained for her research targeting cannabis as a potential treatment for PTSD in veterans.
Despite these challenges, the past decade has brought an increase in the number, scope and rigor of trials for medical cannabis. One such study was conducted by the University of California Center for Cannabis Research, with an analysis published in the Open Neurology Journal in 2012. The study sought the short-term efficacy of smoked cannabis for neuropathic pain in a series of randomized clinical trials.
THC is a known antispasmodic compound while CBD is known to benefit those with mood disorders and inflammation.
Participants were randomized and given cannabis cigarettes containing 1-8% THC by weight or placebo cigarettes from which THC had been extracted to smoke. Two of these trials enrolled patients with painful HIV peripheral neuropathy, or nerve damage that occurs outside of the brain and spine; one consisted of mixed neuropathic pain (complex regional pain syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, and traumatic focal nerve or spinal cord injury). Results consistently indicated that cannabis significantly reduced pain intensity, from a 34-40% decrease with cannabis compared to a 17-20% decrease with placebo. Significantly more participants reported at least a 30% reduction in pain with cannabis compared to the placebo, a threshold which is generally associated with reports of improved quality of life.
As cannabis delivery methods have expanded, research, too has expanded to include these new technologies. Outside of the United States, sublingual delivery of marijuana plant extract is utilized via metered spray devices that deliver measured doses of THC and recommended for cancer pain and neuropathic pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Nabiximols, or oral sprays containing THC, CBD, minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids, trials are ongoing in the United States.
A recent meta-analysis looking at nabiximols in over 600 patients with spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) showed that the intensity of patient-rated spasticity was significantly reduced compared to placebo; here, too, cannabis met the threshold generally considered as an improvement of quality of life (37% on nabiximols vs. 26% on placebo). The improvement appeared to be maintained over 1 year of follow-up. The University of California Center for Cannabis Research also conducted a study comparing smoked cannabis vs. placebo cannabis in those with MS-associated spasticity and found a significant reduction among those receiving active cannabis.
Okay, enough with the technical, let's get to the anecdotal evidence.
Despite the scarcity of clinical trial data, there is anecdotal evidence galore. A simple Google search of "cannabis success stories" generates 20 million results of patients touting how they benefited from marijuana for various ailments. These include intractable seizure disorders, inflammatory diseases, chronic pain, spasticity associated with muscular dystrophy, mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and others. Basic scientific research, which looks at the biology of cannabinoids and their receptors, provides data that supports the therapeutic potential of medical cannabis, and offers insights into the potential mechanisms for the benefits anecdotally reported by patients.
With new research methods available to medical cannabis operators, this anecdotal evidence is becoming real-time data. Strainprint™, the mobile cannabis journaling app, tracks the efficacy of medical cannabis products in real-time. At signup, patients indicate the ailments they suffer from and the symptoms that occur with it.When tracking a medicating session, patients indicate the product used and format (flower, vape, edible, etc.) used, and the symptom they are treating, including its severity on a scale of 1-10. After roughly 20 minutes (or longer, depending on delivery method), patients then indicate any change in the symptom severity. Through Strainprint, patients report 76% efficacy when treating depression symptoms with MÜV Püre Maui Wowie and 77% efficacy when mitigating insomnia with MÜV RSO EnCaps™. These efficacies are significant when compared to the average efficacy of cannabis for symptom management, which is 51% for depression and 50% for insomnia.
So, where do we go from here?
There are still challenges to be faced in collecting the clinical research necessary to further advance cannabis as medicine. Progress has been made, in that the United Nations recently declassified marijuana, though non-medical and non-scientific use remains illegal. The House of Representatives of the United States, too, took the major step of voting to decriminalize and reschedule marijuana (it is currently at a Schedule 1, or a substance with no medical use with a high potential of abuse). While the vote by the House is historic, it still needs to pass in the Senate. These declassifications would have major implications on research as it would open the door to scientists nation- and worldwide.
The growing body of evidence, both anecdotal and clinical, in addition to the wider acceptance and declassification of cannabis is driving renewed and significant interest among researchers. Already, hundreds of minor cannabinoids have been identified, and scientists are working to confirm their potential therapeutic benefit, as well as the possible existence of other cannabinoid receptors. This work could reveal a wide range of potential therapeutic uses for cannabis, from diseases or disorders impacting the central nervous system, like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease.
As is the case with all attempts to provide medicines to patients needing them, the focus is on moving the science of medical cannabis forward and making treatments available to those who will derive benefit while upholding the Hippocratic Oath – to "do no harm."
A brief history of legal cannabis.
Danyal Swan is a Content Editor and Writer for MÜV Florida. Swan is a true believer in the healing power of cannabis, so much so that she moved across the country to join the MÜV Florida team. She quickly grew from her roles as Receptionist and Medtender due to her continuous dedication to self-education on the cannabis plant. Swan holds a degree in Journalism and Mass Communications from the University of Iowa.
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Police Use of Force: The Need for the Objective Reasonableness Standard
March 24, 2017	| Michael Ranalli
Editor's note: This article originally appeared in The Chief's Chronicle; New York State Association of Chiefs of Police
The public debate over police use of force continues, with some advocating legal changes. Agencies are revisiting their policies, and some are asking for public comment. This is what the Chicago Police Department did in November 2016 after posting their draft revised use of force policies. Comments posted by two law professors, Sheila Bedi and Craig Futterman, during this period will serve as the focal point for this article.(1)
Photo credit: Lilac Mountain / Shutterstock.com
Bedi and Futterman state:
The policy should delete terms such as "reasonably believes" or "reasonably necessary" because they are confusing and fail to provide clear guidance to officers. The policy should instead read: "The use of deadly force is a measure of last resort that is permissible only when necessary to protect against an imminent threat to life or great bodily injury. As such, an officer may use deadly force only when such force is necessary to prevent: (a) death or great bodily harm from an immediate threat posed to the sworn member or another person, or (b) an arrest from being defeated by resistance or escape, and the person poses an immediate threat of death or great bodily harm to a sworn member or another person unless arrested without delay." [emphasis added]
To the average reader, this suggested policy language may appear reasonable. But it is contrary to the law and completely ignores the fact that things are not always as they appear. This language assumes that human beings – police officers – will 1) immediately have all the information necessary to them to make a decision and 2) have the mental capacity under stress to make the correct decision.
The language "reasonably believes" or "reasonably necessary" flows from the Supreme Court of the United States and the seminal decision of Graham v. Connor.(2) The court recognized that officers need to make split-second, life-or-death decisions that are not capable of precise definition or mechanical application. Such decisions are to be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene and not with the benefit of hindsight. The objective reasonableness standard accepts the reality that officers must make the best call they can with whatever information is available to them, and sometimes that call will turn out to be wrong. The language proposed by the professors would reject this reality and make officers strictly liable should they reasonably but mistakenly perceive a threat.
Human Limitations and Inadequate Training
In so many areas of our society, we tacitly take for granted that humans are prone to mistakes when faced with rapidly evolving situations. So why do so many people fail to consider human error when evaluating police use of force?
Think about it: The existence of instant replay in professional football, baseball and basketball is an outright acknowledgment that humans are fallible. Even without instant replay, professional referees and umpires already have an advantage that police officers do not – the ability to confer and consult with each other after a call is made, and reverse the call if appropriate.
There are some who will bristle at this comparison: "The police can take a life; how can you compare that situation with a game?" But the fact that a use of force decision can have life-or-death consequences does not change the reality of human fallibility, especially when under stress. The question really should be, how can we place police officers in such critical situations and hold them strictly accountable for reasonable perceptions when we are surrounded in everyday life by the reality of human shortcomings?
"But the police are trained to make such decisions!" Oh, really – are they? Most high school athletes will receive more skills training in their sport than most police officers will receive in their entire career. In New York, we give officers about six months of basic training, which includes 40 to 48 hours of defensive tactics training, 48 hours of firearms training, and, depending upon the size of the agency and/or the academy, limited scenario-based role playing and decision making. To be generous, call it about 140 hours of skills training. Then, officers graduate and face the realities of police work in which those skills are infrequently used. As they are perishable skills, officers may not have sufficient mastery to efficiently and effectively apply a necessary skill. If we are going to start holding our officers strictly accountable, then perhaps we need to follow the special forces model and require officers to attend an additional 18 months of specialized training. This would not be a popular option in an environment where there are multiple demands upon tax dollars.
Inattention Blindness
During a recent NFL playoff game between the Seattle Seahawks and the Detroit Lions, Seattle had driven up the field and was on the one-yard line. Russell Wilson floated a pass toward the back of the end zone and receiver Paul Richardson made an incredible one-handed catch for a touchdown.
But several things happened very quickly on this play and not everything was caught by the officials. First, the defender interfered with Richardson, for which an official threw a penalty flag. After calling the penalty, the officials then focused on what they are supposed to primarily focus on – did Richardson catch and control the ball and did he land in-bounds? The answer to these questions was yes, and the play was ruled a touchdown. What the officials did not see, however, since their attention was focused on the catch, was very clear in the subsequent instant replays: While Richardson was reaching out with his left hand for the ball, his right hand was locked onto the defender's facemask, pulling the defender's head toward the back of the end zone. This should have resulted in a facemask penalty that would have offset the defender's penalty, thus negating the touchdown and resulting in a replay of the down. The NFL rules, however, do not allow for review of missed penalty calls in such a situation. So, the play stood as called.
How can a highly-trained NFL official miss such an obvious penalty at such a critical moment? This is likely an example of a phenomenon called "inattention blindness," which was originally discovered in 1975 and subsequently made famous by the "invisible gorilla" video.(3) In the video, six persons in two teams of three were passing a basketball back and forth. Team members were dressed in either a black or white t-shirt and the subjects watching the video were instructed to count the number of passes made by the team in white. During the video, a person dressed in a gorilla suit passed through the players and pounded his chest. The typical result of this experiment is that half of the study participants do not see the gorilla at all.
How can that be? The subjects were engaged in a specific search task. Our attentional load is limited, and when faced with complex tasks or situations we must decide what to attend to and when.(4) It is not only entirely conceivable, but it is also predictable that NFL officials facing a complex play, with so many different things to try to pay attention to, will miss something. Police officers, when faced with potentially dangerous situations, have the same attentional load limitations. There is only so much that they can "see," and, as frequently happens in real-life examples, officers can miss things that are obvious with hindsight. To hold them strictly accountable by policy language will not change the reality that their attentional load is limited. And this does not even take into consideration other environmental factors an officer may face that can impact decision making, such as inadequate lighting, inclement weather and the presence of factors known to the officer entering the situation (e.g., encountering a person near the scene of a "shots fired" call).
Environmental Stress
To add to the problems of limited attentional load, there is also the impact of stress on human physiology. Professional umpires and referees work under periodic mild to moderate stress, but police officers involved in deadly force incidents are subject to extreme stress.
When we perceive a threat, a complex process immediately commences in the brain, resulting in, among other things, the release of adrenaline and cortisol. This is what prepares the body for fight or flight, a response that has allowed our species to survive predatory attacks.(5) But side effects of this process can impede an officer's ability to properly perceive all available stimulus. Side effects of the fight or flight response include:
Selective attention, also known as tunnel vision. There will be an immediate tendency to focus on the perceived threat, to the exclusion of all other stimuli. As a result, the officer may fail to perceive peripheral activities.
Auditory exclusion. This is the hearing equivalent of tunnel vision. People operating in high-stress situations may hear sounds and voices as muffled or distant—or may lose hearing entirely.
Loss of motor skills. As a person's emotional arousal increases, they begin to lose their fine motor skills and, eventually, their complex motor skills, which can compromise an officer's ability to effectively use their firearm or apply some type of defensive tactic technique.
Some proponents of restricting police use of force advocate that use of force policies should list situations where use of force would be strictly prohibited. Again, this may sound reasonable, but once you consider the phenomenon of inattention blindness and the human body's reaction to stress, it is not realistic to expect that any officer would be able to safely call up for mental review the list of prohibited situations and apply that to what he or she is facing. We simply do not have sufficient attentional resources to handle such demands.
Misguided Changes
Reviewing our use of force policies is a good exercise, especially following incidents that draw public scrutiny. But proposals to restrict use of force policies by eliminating any reference to the objective reasonableness legal standard are misguided and pose a significant legal threat to officers and departments. The objective reasonableness standard exists as an acceptance of the realities officers face when involved in high-stress, use of force encounters. Removing it will not have the desired effect on officer's behavior. Instead, agencies should focus their time and efforts on providing the needed training to help officers make sound tactical decisions when engaging in certain incidents.
References/Notes
Bedi, Sheila A & Futterman, Craig. Comments on the Chicago Police Department's Proposed Use of Force Guidelines. Accessed January 11, 2017.
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989)
Chabris, C. & Simons, D. (2010) The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us. New York, Crown Publishing Group.
For a discussion of attention, generally: Schmidt, Richard A. and Lee, Timothy D. (2014) Motor Performance and Learning, 5th Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, Chapter 3.
This article is only intended to be an overview of the relevant issues pertaining to the response to stress. For a general overview, see chapters 1 and 2 of: Sharps, M. (2010) Processing Under Pressure: Stress, Memory and Decision-Making in Law Enforcement. Flushing, NY: Looseleaf Law Publications, Inc. There are also numerous other sources on the topic and some can be find through the Force Science Institute website.
MIKE RANALLI, ESQ., is a Program Manager II for Lexipol. He retired in 2016 after 10 years as chief of the Glenville (N.Y.) Police Department. He began his career in 1984 with the Colonie (N.Y.) Police Department and held the ranks of patrol officer, sergeant, detective sergeant and lieutenant. Mike is also an attorney and is a frequent presenter on various legal issues including search and seizure, use of force, legal aspects of interrogations and confessions, wrongful convictions, and civil liability. He is a consultant and instructor on police legal issues to the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services, and has taught officers around New York State for the last 15 years in that capacity. Mike is also a past president of the New York State Association of Chiefs of Police, a member of the IACP Professional Standards, Image & Ethics Committee, and the former Chairman of the New York State Police Law Enforcement Accreditation Council. He is a graduate of the 2009 F.B.I.-Mid-Atlantic Law Enforcement Executive Development Seminar and is a Certified Force Science Analyst.
Use of Force Policy
Sarah (Wilson) Handler
Rick Samples
6 Types of Confidential Sources for Patrol Officers
Michael Ranalli
Keep Asking Why: Root Cause Analysis of a Contemporary Tragedy
Ken Wallentine
Failure to Follow Training Isn't a Monell Claim
The Monell Claim Story Hour
Child-Molesting Grandpa's Phone Admissible
Vehicle Frisk Suppression Reversed, Creating New Rule for Frisks


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Stunning Video Is the First to Show CRISPR Editing DNA in Real Time
Kristen V. Brown
Despite sounding like an off-brand breakfast cereal, the genetic engineering technique CRISPR has infiltrated the vocabulary of the general public, stoking fierce ethics debates, imaginative renderings of the future and even inspiring a novel and a J.Lo-backed TV series. That's because CRISPR truly is amazing, allowing human beings to alter genetic code with a level of precision never before achieved. And now there's actual video footage documenting just how amazing CRISPR really is.
Scientists have already accomplished the incredible with CRISPR, from making allergy-free gluten to editing a human embryo. But, as often is the case in science, the nitty gritty details of exactly how CRISPR works has been a bit of a mystery. Now, a new paper published in Nature Communications Friday provides real-time, molecule-scale footage of CRISPR cleaving a strand of DNA in two.
The video is grainy and dark, but it provides an astonishing first look at CRISPR in action. A team from Kanazawa University and University of Tokyo in Japan used a technique called high-speed atomic-force microscopy to capture the shape of Cas9, the enzyme that actually does the cutting. A tiny needle moves back and forth, rendering details about the enzyme's shape, moving so quickly that it produces a moving image.
The video took the science world by storm over the weekend, racking up more than 1,500 retweets and thousands of likes. CRISPR is definitely a pop star of the science world—and we've only begun to scratch the surface of its potential.
Senior Writer, Gizmodo.
dark-star
People smart enough to edit DNA yet not smart enough to film in 1080p when 4k is now widely available. That's amazing!


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Q: Connected components in organized 3d point cloud data Hy!
I have organized point clouds from a Kinect sensor. Let's say I have a organized point cloud of a sofa with a table in front. What I would like the get are two clouds: sofa and table
I am searching for some algorithm to get the connected components.
Does anyone have some pseudo code or papers? Or maybe some code (Matlab)
My idea at the moment: I could use the 2D information to get neighboring pixels of a point.
Next I could check the euclidean distance to the neighboring pixels. If the distance is below a threshold, the pixel belongs to the same cluster. ...
Thanks

A: As @Amro pointed out, DBSCAN is the algorithm you should study. It is a clustering based on ''density-connected'' components.
Also note the GDBSCAN variant (Generalized DBSCAN). You are not restricted to primitive distances such as Euclidean, but you can make your "neighborhood" definition as complex as you'd like.
Matlab probably is not the best choice. For DBSCAN to be really fast, you need support for index acceleration. Recent scikit-learn (0.14 to be precise) just got basic index acceleration for DBSCAN, and ELKI has had it for years. ELKI seems to be more ''flexible'' wrt. to having GDBSCAN and having index structures that are easy to extend with custom distance functions. sklearn probably only accelerates a few built-in distances.

A: you can use the connected component segmentation plugin from "Tools>Segmentation>label connected component" from cloudcompare software

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text:
Q: djstripe customer subscription deletion webhook event not working properly I have configured the djstripe webhook subscription deletion webhook to save subscriptions with cancel status.
from djstripe import webhooks
import djstripe.model

@webhooks.handler("customer.subscription.deleted")
def subscription_deletion_handler(event, **kwargs):
    data = event.data.get("object", {})
    djstripe_subs_status = data.get('status')
    djstripe_subs_id = data.get('id')

    djstripe_subscription = djstripe.models.Subscription.objects.get(id=djstripe_subs_id)
    djstripe_subscription.status = djstripe_subs_status
    djstripe_subscription.save()

But while getting subscription object it throws
djstripe.models.billing.subscription.DoesNotExist exception and automatically deleted object from database. Please correct me and let me know if there is any issue in the above code.


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text:
Super Special Korean Emotions?
I used to live in Korea and was recently reading something about a description for Korean emotion called 'Chung'. I am not sure of the spelling of this, so am hopefully not confusing you. I skimmed through the article and saved it for later, only to discover I saved the wrong thing. Do you know anything about this? I asked a Korean friend, and didn't get very far on account of his English not being 'all that'.
Dear Elizabeth,
The spelling was good enough, since the Korean got the idea. Technically the correct Romanization rule would make the word transliterated as jeong, but not even Korean people are fully versed in Romanization rules anyway. Jeong is a word that denotes a mixture of affection and attachment.
Especially with pets, jeong is closer to "attachment". The word is frequently used in parents' attempt to get their child let go of a stray cat – as in, "get rid of it before you develop jeong for it." It is equivalent to "get rid of it before you get attached." In a similar sense, a person with a lot of jeong is a person who gets attached to people/animals easily.
With other situations, jeong is closer to "affection". Various actions are considered to be "with" or "without" jeong. For example, when you are serving rice from the pot into the bowl, you are supposed to serve it in two small scoops instead of one large scoop, because serving only once does not show affection. It is an action without jeong.
But beyond the ordinary use of the word, what Koreans believe to be unique about jeong is largely in two ways: (1) to describe random acts of kindness between people who barely know each other or total strangers; (2) to describe Korean people's preference for informal processes.
In the first sense, jeong is especially used to describe the action of giving small, gratuitous gift – such action is full of jeong. A particularly close neighborhood is described as full of jeong, in which the neighbors act in a way that displays jeong – i.e. helping out and being nice to each other.
In fact, this is the marketing pitch for one of the most successful Korean exports, namely Choco-Pie. Vintage Choco-Pie commercials would show various situations where a small packet of Choco-Pie is given as a gift. (For example, a "good job" gift from teacher to student; "keep up the good work" gift from a passerby to a hard-working street sweeper, etc.) The last second of the commercial would give this line in a soft tone: "Choco-Pie is jeong."
Another way in which Koreans claim that jeong is special to Koreans is that, compared to America and other Western societies, Koreans are more likely to rely on informal processes. For example, if a Korean person screws up in a job, the boss would yell at him first. But later the boss would take the employee out for dinners and drinks, to establish a bond (= jeong) and show that nothing personal was involved.
Whereas in America and other Western societies, (at least in the images in Korean people's head,) your performance would be evaluated on a dry piece of paper, and you are fired mercilessly if you cannot measure up, no matter how well you built a personal bond with your boss and coworkers. The entire process is heartless, and no jeong is involved.
But the Korean disagrees that jeong is anything particular to Koreans. The fact that Koreans believe so only highlights how narrow-minded stereotypes (about themselves no less!) continue to live on.
Jeong in the first sense can be found almost anywhere in the world. Anyone who traveled extensively would know that random acts of kindness are not particularly difficult to find. Even in New York, which has a reputation to be brusque city, the Korean has no difficulty finding strangers helping each other out. In short, jeong is not anything specific to Koreans; it is human nature.
Jeong in the second sense is even less defensible as uniquely Korean. In an example that the Korean gave, top-flight Korean companies like Samsung already employs the same heartless system that any American firm would. Formal process is a natural outcome of a society that pursues greater economic efficiency. It is also a natural outcome of a society that is increasingly individualized because of economic growth. After all, when people are forced to interact with complete strangers all the time, formal process is the only process people can turn to.
More broadly, the Korean believes that there is no such thing as "uniquely [insert culture's name here] emotion". Humans are all the same, and they are all capable of the same range of emotions. The only difference is the circumstances in which a particular group of humans are placed that generate such emotions. Then only thing that is unique about a "uniquely Korean emotion" is the experience that generated that emotion.
But a student of world history knows that, at the end of the day, the experience of the Korean people is not truly unique. Sure, Koreans were historically oppressed; but that oppression is nothing compared to the oppression suffered by, say, the Irish. And sure enough, Irish literature has a flavor that is strongly like Korean literature.
Bottom line: There is no point discussing a "uniquely Korean emotion". A Korean who talks about that nonsense is someone who has not traveled or read enough to realize that it is all crap. It is a meaningless label in an attempt to distinguish Koreans from others somehow.
Got a question or a comment for the Korean? Ask away at askakorean@hotmail.com.
Calvin 4/28/2008 2:21 PM
In a Western Cowboy themed movie(don't know the title) that I watched long time ago, there's a sequence where someone asks a cowboy for a cigar.
The cowboy breaks his last cigar in half for the stranger and tells his fellow, "if I give him the entire cigar, he may think the cigar is worthless to me. By giving him half of it, he knows that I value the cigar and appreciates it more."
That's the same idea as using two half-spoons vs one full-spoon for sharing rice, and it's obviously not unique to Koreans.
rscherm 4/29/2008 1:46 PM
As usual your detailed discussion of a Korea-related topic entertains and informs.
In this case, while it is another opportunity for you to argue that Koreans aren't that much different than anyone else, it is notable that the culture has distilled a word for the concept of jeong. Like the Japanese "shibumi" or German "Gemultlicheit", "jeong" may not be unique to the culture that created the word.
However, if a society has crafted a word that gives its members a shorthand to recall and refer to valuable state of mind, then it's a time celebrate their culture (to the degree just shy of fueling any latent racist tendencies, of course).
rscherm,
Very astute. But the Korean feels that by insisting on a "special Korean emotion", Koreans do exactly what you suggested -- namely, feeding their own latent racist tendencies.
Essentially, Koreans want to say to outsiders that "we have this special something that no one else has, and no one else would understand without considerable amount of time and effort." It simultaneously elevates Koreans to a special status and forecloses Koreans from looking beyond themselves.
Duncan 6/04/2008 2:29 AM
Great blog, love it.
Reading the jeong piece made me recall how a Korean co-worker tried to define it for me when I asked him way back when:
"Jeong is, well....it's like when you've been married forever, and you can't stand your wife and really you wish she would just go away or shut up. But you'd be destroyed if she ever left, and you'd feel sick to your stomach if you found out she had cancer or something."
I'm not saying it's the correct definition, just colorful!


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Baowu on steel capacity concentration in Northwest China
Source:Mysteel Nov 26, 2020 09:30 See Full-size Table Here
China Baowu Steel Group (Baowu), China's and also the world's top steel producer in capacity, has been taking no break in its expansion in capacity and inner strength enhancement at the same time, with the latest move to solidify its footing in Northwest China via acquiring existing steel mill and iron ore mines, Mysteel Global noted.
On November 25 Baowu, via its subsidiary in Northwest China's Xinjiang, Xinjiang Tianshan Iron & Steel (Tianshan Steel), took over about 77% stake in Yili Iron and Steel Group (Yili Steel) at Yuan 1.45 billion ($2.2 million) from the latter's 31 individual shareholders, shortly after its acquisition of the full ownership of Xinxing Ductile Iron Pipes Xinjiang Co (Xinxing Ductile) at a price of Yuan 2.2 billion on November 19, according to the related official statements.
Tianshan Steel is the joint venture between Baowu and its two other subsidiaries including Bayi Steel, set up in April, serving as a steel asset acquisition and management arm of Baowu in consolidating the blast-furnace steel capacities in Xinjiang, Xinjiang Bayi Iron & Steel (Bayi Steel), Baowu's other Shanghai-listed arm, explained in a notice on November 24.
Bayi Steel is holding a 20% stake in Yili Steel.
Tianshan Steel targets to accomplish the mission in three years relying on the market forces and economic means, thus enabling Bayi Steel to raise its steel capacity utilization, optimize resource distribution, reduce logistics costs and unnecessary pricing competition among local producers, and to safeguard Bayi Steel's local market share, Bayi Steel elaborated.
In five years, Tianshan Steel and Bayi Steel will resort to various means such as consolidation and asset swaps to eliminate their internal competition in steel operations.
The Xinjiang authorities approved a series of new steel projects around 2007-2008, which led to serious overcapacity in steel due to the limited demand from the local market or in general in Northwest China due to the comparatively backward regional economy, while steel sales to other regions is lacking pricing competitiveness when the logistics costs are added, Mysteel Global understands.
"Tianshan Steel has taken on the responsibility of efficiently dissolving the excess steel capacity in Xinjiang, nurturing a fair and orderly local steel market, and it has been progressing according to the plan in consolidating the steel mills in Xinjiang," Bayi Steel stated in another release on November 25.
Bayi Iron & Steel became Baowu's subsidiary in 2007, boasting about 10 million tonnes/year of steel capacity, and Xinxing Ductile is the one of the two manufacturers of earthquake-resistance and high-strength reinforcement bars in the Xinjiang area, accounting for a 30% steel market share in Xinjiang, according to the companies.
Yili Group is with about 2.2 million t/y molten iron capacity, is an integrated mill with its own iron ore mining operation, according to the company's website.
"Baowu's all-out integration of steel enterprises in Xinjiang is fast and unique, mainly because of the autonomous region's geographical location, as its local steel market is rather independent and exclusive," Xu Xiangchun, Mysteel's senior analyst from Beijing office, commented.
"Most of steel mills in Xinjiang are small in scale, making the whole integration easy to fulfil, and Bayi Steel, the largest steel mill in the region, is no doubt the ideal producer to take all the others in," he elaborated, adding, "in other parts of China, such a blanket takeover is unlikely to realize."
Baowu's latest action in Xinjiang is almost in parallel with its internal strength enhancement, as on November 20 Baowu renamed Shaoguan Iron & Steel Co, one of its subsidiaries in South China's Guangdong province, as Central South China Iron & Steel Co (literal translation) or Zhongnan (in pinyin) Steel, which is meant to consolidate the group's steel assets management in different regions of China for higher efficiency, as reported.
As of November, Baowu already boasts a combined steelmaking capacity at 110 million t/y, as Mysteel Global calculates, based on the available data, achieving the capacity target at 100 million t/y one year in advance, but it seems that Baowu's domestic mergers and acquisitions in China's steel industry will proceed for efficiency and competitiveness in the long run.
Written by Victoria Zou, zyongjia@mysteel.com
Edited by Hongmei Li, li.hongmei@mysteel.com
Jan 19 2021 Rio Tinto's 2020 copper output down 9% on year


Can You actually Win Money With Online Gambling?
Your Blog » Can You actually Win Money With Online Gambling?
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Oprah Teases TV Talk Show Reboot
By Anecdote Staff @theanecdotemag · On June 24, 2019
(Don't-Call-Her-Auntie Oprah is returning to TV…maybe.
Eight years after bidding farewell to airwaves, Oprah Winfrey admits she's thought about a talk show reboot.
The legendary talk show host was on tour in Toronto, Canada to promote her new book, The Path Made Clear: Discovering Your Life's Direction and Purpose, and spoke to ET Canada's Cheryl Hickey about "aha" moment and the day her path in the world was made clear.
"My path became clear the moment, I remember it actually, when I flew into Chicago," she said. "I thought, 'If the show isn't successful, then I'm going to go into advertising.'"
As she reminisced about her days on air, Hickey asked if fans can get her back on daytime television. Surprisingly, she said it's not a bad idea.
"I would love to make that happen, let me tell you. But maybe not every day," said Oprah. "For 25 years, it was perfect."
She continued, "The only time I missed it was during the election or when something really big happens in the news. I think, 'Oh, gee, I wish I had a show.'"
As for what hat "aha" story will mark her return, fans will have to wait and see.
Oprah WinfreyThe Oprah Winfrey ShowTV Reboot
Anecdote Staff
Roseanne Barr Reminds Fans 'I Ain't Dead B-tches' After 'The Conners' Series Premiere
Whoopi Goldberg Tells Judge Jeanine Pirro to Get Off 'The View' Set


The last problem is simply that it is only available in Japan so far, so in addition to the fifty odd dollars you will be paying for the keyboard itself, you can expect a noticeable amount for shipping as well. But definitely a very cool idea. Could really turn into something functional if the design is streamlined a bit and the availability issue is taken care of. Like these mice with in-built fans we discussed recently.
LG G-Slate spotted in Korean music video, 3D cameras and all?
Do this keyboard has any adjustment for the heating fans?