Michigan receives thousands of complaints about odor.
BELLEVILLE, Mich. (AP) -- A landfill best known for taking in 1.1 million tons of Toronto's trash each year is bargaining with the state over odors from the disposal of sewage sludge. Michigan has received thousands of odor complaints in the past two years, said Michigan Department of Environmental Quality spokesman Bob McCann. The department is in talks with operators of Carleton Farms in Wayne County's Sumpter Township. The site is about 20 miles southwest of Detroit. McCann said that 10 percent to 20 percent of the 1.8 million tons of solid waste sent to the landfill last year was treated sewage. Neighbors complain of serious odor problems. "It's nasty," said Laura Zajac, who lives in the Whispering Willows subdivision in neighboring Huron Township. "It's embarrassing to have people come over and say, 'Oh wow, what a beautiful house,' then say, 'But what's that smell?' You want to puke." Next month, the environmental agency is expected to rule on an application to increase the size of Carleton Farms by 68 acres to about 500 acres. Matt Neely, Michigan president of landfill owner Republic Services, said the move would not lead to an increase in sludge disposal. "We take this seriously," he told The Detroit News for a story Monday. "We're investigating and want to be responsible." Sumpter Township collects 65 percent of its general fund from $2 million in trash royalties. "We don't love the landfill," township Treasurer John Morgan said at a recent public hearing. "We don't even want it. But we don't have any alternative."


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U.S. Director of National Intelligence James Clapper testify before the Senate Armed Services Committee in Washington, about foreign cyber threats. Admiral Michael Rogers, director, National Security Agency, and Marcel Lettre, undersecretary of defense for intelligence, also are scheduled to testify.
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act is a bipartisan bill which was introduced by the United States Congress on 10 May 2016. The bill was initially entitled the Countering Information Warfare Act.
The bipartisan legislation was written in March 2016 by U.S. Senators Rob Portman (R, OH) and Chris Murphy (D, CT). It was additionally introduced in the United States House of Representatives in a bipartisan fashion; co-sponsors included Congressmen Adam Kinzinger (R, IL) and Ted Lieu (D, CA).
In both the House and Senate the bill was included in the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2017. It passed the House in this fashion in a conference report vote on 2 December 2016. The Senate then passed the measure in a conference report on December 8 by a tally of 92–7.
On 23 December 2016, President Obama signed the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act into law.
This entry was posted in Animated GIF, Education & Information, WWO Multimedia and tagged Congress, Information War, Intelligence, James Clapper, mainstream media, Social Media by Morgan Lesko. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Trump's war on humanity - which side are we on?
Donnachadh McCarthy
| 1st February 2017
Somalian farmer Aden Jama takes one of his few remaining goats out to look for pasture. "In the past the children had milk from the animals. Now they have nothing. They are still ok for now, but you can see them getting weaker. It is almost six months since they ate meat or vegetables." Photo: Oxfam East Africa via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY).
As President Trump gets on with dismantling and defunding environmental regulation in the US and withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, his top environmental advisor has branded the Green movement as 'the greatest threat to freedom and prosperity in the modern world.' We must resist now, writes Donnachadh McCarthy - while we still can!
Trump has not just declared war on Muslims, but on humanity itself and the precious fragile remaining damaged ecosystems on which future generations depend.
The UN, the EU, the US Armed Forces and all the world's major scientific bodies all agree that the climate emergency is the greatest threat facing humanity.
Meanwhile over 7 million people across the globe are dying every year from the air pollution caused by burning fossil fuels.
Yet Trump, with (as usual) zero factual evidence, believes that climate change is a "hoax" invented by China - who by the way have announced a $360 billion investment in clean renewable energy.
In a chilling statement on Monday, President Trump's top environmental transition adviser Myron Ebell declared that the environmental movement is "the greatest threat to freedom and prosperity in the modern world."
So it is not authoritarian Russia;
it is not communist China;
it is not Islamic fundamentalist extremism;
it is not the western corporate takeover of media and democracy;
it is not global tax-evasion by the wealthiest 1%;
and it is not the concentration of over half the world's wealth in the hands of just eight men.
According to Trump's adviser, all of these are nothing when compared to the threat to freedom posed by ... envirionmental NGOs.
According to him, they are our greatest "threat" by working peacefully with civic society and democratic processes to protect people from being poisoned by lead from coal burning, mercury from oil burning, particulates from diesel burning or to protect the what remains of the natural world, with over 60% of it already shamelessly destroyed in just my lifetime.
This is dangerous perverted logic.
But why do I say chilling?
I say it because the oiligarchy of Exxon Mobil and the Koch brothers for whom Trump's adviser is the spokesperson for, now control almost all the levers of power in the US, from the Presidency to Congress to Murdoch's Fox News and most terrifyingly to the US National Security Council, the State Department and the intelligence services.
If Trump's fascist propaganda succeeds in making environmental NGOs and peaceful campaigners the public's top 'enemy of freedom', then all the huge resources of the US security services could rain down on them, a tiny taste of which we have seen at the North Dakota Pipeline Protection Camp.
So what aggressive war actions has Trump already taken?
Declared he would renege on the USA's responsibilities to the global Paris Climate Treaty, humanity's best last hope of averting the worst of the climate disaster.
Appointed the head of Exxon Mobil to head up US State Department, meaning that the oil industry now leads US global foreign policy, giving it the opportunity to trash climate action not only in Trump's USA but across the globe.
Appointed a far-right extremist climate science denier to head up the destruction of the Environmental Protection Agency, and already issued a gagging order on all government employed climate scientists and banned any replacements for retiring scientists.
Announced he will slash energy efficiency standards for fossil fuel car manufacturers.
Removed all climate change references from the White House website.
Said he will support a resurgence in the criminally lethal coal industry, the single largest source of fossil fuel pollution and climate destroying carbon.
Pledged to renege on all US treaty commitments to fund climate change protection and adaptation funding for developing countries via the UN.
The list goes on ...
Make no mistake!
After the hottest year (again),
after the hottest decade (again),
with ice-caps melting before our eyes,
with the permafrost heating up,
with wildfires blazing across the world
and with scientists stating that without truly urgent action, the planet faces temperature rises of up to 6C, which as they say is "incompatible with life as we know it",
Do what can we do? Today I would suggest six things to get started with:
Commit yourself to living as low a carbon lifestyle as you can practically achieve.
Email your MP urgently today, urging them to vote for an amendment today that would grant the British people the final say on Brexit Deal. The UK must stand united with the liberal democracies of Europe, against the Brexit / Trump climate destruction agenda. Really easy to do from this link.
Join the Advertising Action on Climate Projects campaigns to stop the climate action blocking media billoinaires climate denialism propaganda.
Support in whatever way you can, the peaceful climate activists and protests which are on the frontlines now, on the Keystone XL Pipeline, North Dakota Pipeline, Preston Road Fracking Protest (and others around UK), Risingup Heathrow Protests, Stop Killing Cyclists HM Treasury Protest on February 11th, etc etc ...
Sign the huge petition calling for refusal of State Visit to war-mongering President Trump.
What ever other actions, you personally are moved to undertake.
This is the greatest war threat that humanity has faced. But together, we can take on Trump and the oiligarchies in Russia, US and across the globe and win.
The clean renewable energy industry that we created is now nearly a trillion dollar global industry, slashing costs year after year and now employing more people than the dinosaur fossil fuel criminals, even in the USA.
Donnachadh McCarthy is an environmental campaigner and author.
Also by Donnachadh on The Ecologist.
Book: 'The Prostitute State - How Britain's Democracy Has Been Bought' is available as an E-book and paper (100% recycled).
Free ebook version of The Prostitute State, which explains in detail how Murdoch and the UK's five far-right media billionaires are trashing the UK's democracy, is available to Occupiers, Fractivists, Momentum / Green Party members, students and others who cannot afford to buy a copy by emailing contact@3acorns.co.uk.
Wrong way! A climatic baby step forward beats a giant leap back
Systemic Disorder
| 7th June 2017
The Paris Agreement is a severely inadequate response to the climate crisis the world now faces, writes Pete Dolack, full of vague aspirations and devoid of hard, enforceable commitments. But the impending US withdrawal is still bad news for us all - including the Trump-supporting Koch brothers, set to gain billions from their Alberta tarsands holdings. Short-term profits are a poor exchange for a less livable world, even for those making the money.
Never mind Trump - the global energy transition is racing forward
Jeremy Leggett
| 3rd January 2017
As the new year begins, the global clean energy transition is progressing much faster than most people realise, and is probably irreversible, writes Jeremy Leggett. President-elect Trump's prospects of revitalising the US coal industry, and giving the oil and gas industry the expansionist dream ticket it wants, are very low.
President Trump: up Coal Creek without a (solar) panel?
Mark Barteau
Trump has pledged to ditch the Paris Agreement, scrap Obama's clean power plan, get coal miners back to work, and 'make America great again' on the back of a huge expansion of fossil fuel production, writes Mark Barteau. But he will run into serious difficulties, not least states going their own renewable ways, cheap natural gas, and weak international demand for coal.
National funeral for the unknown cyclist
| 22nd August 2019
Campaigners will demand significant investment in comprehensive national cycle network with 7 September 2019 protest.
Stop the UK Treasury's transport carnage!
It's not just that the government does not seem to care about the millions of Britons that have died prematurely from traffic pollution, writes Donnachadh McCarthy. It's that every policy intervention they have made is making the problem worse! Join us this Saturday to demand a sane transport policy that will make our roads safe for people, and our air fit to breathe.
Wake up Britain! A far right coup is under way!
An extreme right-wing coup is unfolding day by day, writes Donnachadh McCarthy, as the government exploits Brexit to justify more huge cuts to public services, extreme deregulation and massive corporate empowerment. A new political leadership must step up to defend our hard-won rights and our children's futures.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I hope you all had a great Valentine's Day and that the year is starting out well. I wanted to drop by to let you know what I've been up to lately. At present, I have two new completed manuscripts, the start of a new standalone series: The Dancing Hills Mystery Series. One of the manuscrips is currently under consideration by a fabulous literary agency. If all goes well, I'll be able to make an announcement soon regarding representation and eventually a book deal. I'm thrilled with the finished products and can't wait to introduce this new work to the world. The stories are full of twists and will keep you turning the pages and one has a paranormal element. In a word, they're both delicious!
On the acting front, I've been auditioning and am hoping to soon land my first gig of 2018. I must give kudos to The Brogan Agency. Shaw Brogan and her team are some of the hardest working agents in Hollywood!
All in all, I'm blessed. Looking over my life, I have to say that being in my fifties is a delight! God truly saved the best for last. My twenties were tumultuous—trying to find myself, battling inner demons, struggling financially. My thirties were transformative—coming to the realization that change was needed, doing something different, but not sure I was on the right track, light at the end of the tunnel. My forties were favorable—marriage, home, travel, stability, still in search of purpose. My fifties—FABULOUS. Living my dream, writing fulltime, and pursuing acting. Enjoying my husband and our lives together. Counting my blessings that are numerous. Grateful, happy, amazed at how my life has turned out. I don't know what the future may bring, but I've learned to live in the moment and enjoy what I have, so that when the storm comes, I can say, I never took peace for granted.
If you're in your twenties, thirties or even forties, and you're feeling overwhelmed with the challenges of life, please know that this too shall past. Life is a journey not a destination. It's full of lessons. Learn from them, grow from them and I promise you, it will get better and there will come a time in your life that what you thought was a big deal, won't be so big anymore, what you thought you wanted, you won't want anymore. There will come a time in your life, that you'll be content and grateful for what you have and joyous when what you dreamed of becomes a reality.


text:
// Catalano Imaging Learning Library
// The Catalano Framework
//
// Copyright © Diego Catalano, 2015
// diego.catalano at live.com
//
// Copyright © Nayuki Minase, 2014
// nayuki at eigenstate.org
// http://nayuki.eigenstate.org/page/free-small-fft-in-multiple-languages
//
//    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
//    modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
//    License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
//    version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
//    This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
//    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
//    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
//    Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
//    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
//    License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
//    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
//
// Contains functions from the Free FFT and convolution:
// Copyright © Nayuki Minase, 2014
// Original work: http://nayuki.eigenstate.org/page/free-small-fft-in-multiple-languages
//
// Original license is listed below:
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
// this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
// the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
// use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
// the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
// subject to the following conditions:
//
// - The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
//    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
// - The Software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or
//    implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,
//    fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the
//    authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other
//    liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from,
//    out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the
//    Software.

package cn.npt.util.algorithm.transform;

/**
 * Fourier transformation.从Catalano-Framework中提取出来的
 * <br /> The class implements one dimensional and two dimensional Discrete and Fast Fourier Transformation.
 * @author Diego Catalano
 */
public class FourierTransform {

    /**
     * Transformation direction.
     * @author Leonardo
     *
     */
    public enum Direction {

        /**
         * Forward direction of Fourier transformation.
         */
        Forward,
        /**
         * Backward direction of Fourier transformation.
         */
        Backward
    };

    /**
     * 1-D Discrete Fourier Transform.
     * @param data Data to transform.
     * @param direction Transformation direction.
     */
    public static void DFT(ComplexNumber[] data, Direction direction){
        int n = data.length;
        ComplexNumber[] c = new ComplexNumber[n];

        // for each destination element
        for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ){
                c[i] = new ComplexNumber(0, 0);
                double sumRe = 0;
                double sumIm = 0;
                double phim = 2 * Math.PI * i / n;

                // sum source elements
                for ( int j = 0; j < n; j++ ){
                        double gRe = data[j].real;
                        double gIm = data[j].imaginary;
                        double cosw = Math.cos(phim * j);
                        double sinw = Math.sin(phim * j);
                        if(direction == Direction.Backward)
                            sinw = -sinw;

                        sumRe += ( gRe * cosw + data[j].imaginary * sinw );
                        sumIm += ( gIm * cosw - data[j].real * sinw );
                }

                c[i] = new ComplexNumber(sumRe, sumIm);
        }

        if(direction == Direction.Backward){
            for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
                data[i].real = c[i].real / n;
                data[i].imaginary = c[i].imaginary / n;
            }
        }
        else{
            for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
                data[i].real = c[i].real;
                data[i].imaginary = c[i].imaginary;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform.
     * @param data Data to transform.
     * @param direction Transformation direction.
     */
    public static void DFT2(ComplexNumber[][] data, Direction direction){

        int n = data.length;
        int m = data[0].length;
        ComplexNumber[] row = new ComplexNumber[Math.max(m, n)];

        for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ){
                // copy row
                for ( int j = 0; j < n; j++ )
                        row[j] = data[i][j];
                // transform it
                FourierTransform.DFT( row, direction );
                // copy back
                for ( int j = 0; j < n; j++ )
                        data[i][j] = row[j];
        }

        // process columns
        ComplexNumber[]	col = new ComplexNumber[n];

        for ( int j = 0; j < n; j++ ){
                // copy column
                for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
                        col[i] = data[i][j];
                // transform it
                FourierTransform.DFT( col, direction );
                // copy back
                for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
                        data[i][j] = col[i];
        }
    }

    /**
     * 1-D Fast Fourier Transform.结果存储在data中
     * @param data Data to transform.
     * @param direction Transformation direction.
     */
    public static void FFT(ComplexNumber[] data, Direction direction){
        double[] real = ComplexNumber.getReal(data);
        double[] img = ComplexNumber.getImaginary(data);
        if(direction == Direction.Forward)
            FFT(real,img);
        else
            FFT(img, real);
        if(direction == Direction.Forward){
            for (int i = 0; i < real.length; i++) {
                data[i] = new ComplexNumber(real[i], img[i]);
            }
        }
        else{
            int n = real.length;
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                data[i] = new ComplexNumber(real[i] / n, img[i] / n);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 2-D Fast Fourier Transform.结果存储在data中
     * @param data Data to transform.
     * @param direction Transformation direction.
     */
    public static void FFT2(ComplexNumber[][] data, Direction direction){
        int n = data.length;
        int m = data[0].length;
        //ComplexNumber[] row = new ComplexNumber[m];//Math.max(m, n)];

        for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ){
                // copy row
                //for ( int j = 0; j < m; j++ )
                        //row[j] = data[i][j];
                ComplexNumber[] row = data[i];
                // transform it
                FourierTransform.FFT( row, direction );
                // copy back
                for ( int j = 0; j < m; j++ )
                        data[i][j] = row[j];
        }

        // process columns
        ComplexNumber[]	col = new ComplexNumber[n];

        for ( int j = 0; j < m; j++ ){
                // copy column
                for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
                        col[i] = data[i][j];
                // transform it
                FourierTransform.FFT( col, direction );
                // copy back
                for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
                        data[i][j] = col[i];
        }
    }

    /*
     * Computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the given complex vector, storing the result back into the vector.
     * The vector can have any length. This is a wrapper function.
     */
    private static void FFT(double[] real, double[] imag) {
        int n = real.length;
        if (n == 0) {
            return;
        } else if ((n & (n - 1)) == 0)  // Is power of 2
            transformRadix2(real, imag);
        else  // More complicated algorithm for arbitrary sizes
            transformBluestein(real, imag);
    }

    /*
     * Computes the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the given complex vector, storing the result back into the vector.
     * The vector can have any length. This is a wrapper function. This transform does not perform scaling, so the inverse is not a true inverse.
     */
    private static void inverseTransform(double[] real, double[] imag) {
        FFT(imag, real);
    }

    /*
     * Computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the given complex vector, storing the result back into the vector.
     * The vector's length must be a power of 2. Uses the Cooley-Tukey decimation-in-time radix-2 algorithm.
     */
    private static void transformRadix2(double[] real, double[] imag) {
        int n = real.length;
        int levels = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(n);  // Equal to floor(log2(n))
//        if (1 << levels != n)
//            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Length is not a power of 2");
        double[] cosTable = new double[n / 2];
        double[] sinTable = new double[n / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
            cosTable[i] = Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * i / n);
            sinTable[i] = Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * i / n);
        }

        // Bit-reversed addressing permutation
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            int j = Integer.reverse(i) >>> (32 - levels);
            if (j > i) {
                    double temp = real[i];
                    real[i] = real[j];
                    real[j] = temp;
                    temp = imag[i];
                    imag[i] = imag[j];
                    imag[j] = temp;
            }
        }

        // Cooley-Tukey decimation-in-time radix-2 FFT
        for (int size = 2; size <= n; size *= 2) {
            int halfsize = size / 2;
            int tablestep = n / size;
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i += size) {
                for (int j = i, k = 0; j < i + halfsize; j++, k += tablestep) {
                    double tpre =  real[j+halfsize] * cosTable[k] + imag[j+halfsize] * sinTable[k];
                    double tpim = -real[j+halfsize] * sinTable[k] + imag[j+halfsize] * cosTable[k];
                    real[j + halfsize] = real[j] - tpre;
                    imag[j + halfsize] = imag[j] - tpim;
                    real[j] += tpre;
                    imag[j] += tpim;
                }
            }

            // Prevent overflow in 'size *= 2'
            if (size == n)
                break;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the given complex vector, storing the result back into the vector.
     * The vector can have any length. This requires the convolution function, which in turn requires the radix-2 FFT function.
     * Uses Bluestein's chirp z-transform algorithm.
     */
    private static void transformBluestein(double[] real, double[] imag) {
        int n = real.length;
        int m = Integer.highestOneBit(n * 2 + 1) << 1;

        // Trignometric tables
        double[] cosTable = new double[n];
        double[] sinTable = new double[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            int j = (int)((long)i * i % (n * 2));  // This is more accurate than j = i * i
            cosTable[i] = Math.cos(Math.PI * j / n);
            sinTable[i] = Math.sin(Math.PI * j / n);
        }

        // Temporary vectors and preprocessing
        double[] areal = new double[m];
        double[] aimag = new double[m];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            areal[i] =  real[i] * cosTable[i] + imag[i] * sinTable[i];
            aimag[i] = -real[i] * sinTable[i] + imag[i] * cosTable[i];
        }
        double[] breal = new double[m];
        double[] bimag = new double[m];
        breal[0] = cosTable[0];
        bimag[0] = sinTable[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
            breal[i] = breal[m - i] = cosTable[i];
            bimag[i] = bimag[m - i] = sinTable[i];
        }

        // Convolution
        double[] creal = new double[m];
        double[] cimag = new double[m];
        convolve(areal, aimag, breal, bimag, creal, cimag);

        // Postprocessing
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            real[i] =  creal[i] * cosTable[i] + cimag[i] * sinTable[i];
            imag[i] = -creal[i] * sinTable[i] + cimag[i] * cosTable[i];
        }
    }

    /*
     * Computes the circular convolution of the given real vectors. Each vector's length must be the same.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
	private static void convolve(double[] x, double[] y, double[] out) {
//        if (x.length != y.length || x.length != out.length)
//                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Mismatched lengths");
        int n = x.length;
        convolve(x, new double[n], y, new double[n], out, new double[n]);
    }

    /*
     * Computes the circular convolution of the given complex vectors. Each vector's length must be the same.
     */
    private static void convolve(double[] xreal, double[] ximag, double[] yreal, double[] yimag, double[] outreal, double[] outimag) {
//        if (xreal.length != ximag.length || xreal.length != yreal.length || yreal.length != yimag.length || xreal.length != outreal.length || outreal.length != outimag.length)
//            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Mismatched lengths");

        int n = xreal.length;

        FFT(xreal, ximag);
        FFT(yreal, yimag);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            double temp = xreal[i] * yreal[i] - ximag[i] * yimag[i];
            ximag[i] = ximag[i] * yreal[i] + xreal[i] * yimag[i];
            xreal[i] = temp;
        }
        inverseTransform(xreal, ximag);

        // Scaling (because this FFT implementation omits it)
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            outreal[i] = xreal[i] / n;
            outimag[i] = ximag[i] / n;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.
     * @param x Data.
     * @param direction Transformation direction.
     */
    public static void FFTShift1D(double[] x, Direction direction) {

        if (x.length == 1)
            return;

        double[] temp = x.clone();
        int move = x.length / 2;

        if(direction == Direction.Forward){
            int c = 0;
            for (int i = x.length - move; i < x.length; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];

            for (int i = 0; i < x.length - move; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];

        }
        else{
            int c = 0;
            for (int i = move; i < x.length; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];

            for (int i = 0; i < move; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];

        }
    }

    /**
     * Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.
     * @param <E> Object.
     * @param x Data.
     * @param direction Transformation direction.
     */
    public static <E> void FFTShift1D(E[] x, Direction direction) {

        if (x.length == 1)
            return;

        E[] temp = x.clone();
        int move = x.length / 2;

        if(direction == Direction.Forward){
            int c = 0;
            for (int i = x.length - move; i < x.length; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];

            for (int i = 0; i < x.length - move; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];
        }
        else{
            int c = 0;
            for (int i = move; i < x.length; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];

            for (int i = 0; i < move; i++)
                x[c++] = temp[i];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.
     * @param x Data.
     * @param direction Direction.
     */
    public static void FFTShift2D(double[][] x, Direction direction){
        FFTShift2D(x, direction, 1);
        FFTShift2D(x, direction, 2);
    }

    /**
     * Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.
     * @param x Data.
     * @param direction Direction.
     * @param dimension Dimension.
     */
    public static void FFTShift2D(double[][] x, Direction direction, int dimension){

        //Create a copy
        double[][] temp = new double[x.length][x[0].length];
        for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                temp[i][j] = x[i][j];
            }
        }

        if(direction == Direction.Forward){
            //Perform fftshift in the first dimension
            if(dimension == 1){
                int move =  temp.length / 2;
                for (int i = 0; i < move; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[i][j] = temp[temp.length - move + i][j];
                    }
                }

                for (int i = move; i < x.length; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[i][j] = temp[i - move][j];
                    }
                }

            }

            //Perform fftshift in the second dimension
            if (dimension == 2){
                for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
                    FFTShift1D(x[i], FourierTransform.Direction.Forward);
                }
            }
        }
        else{
            if(dimension == 1){
                int move =  temp.length / 2;
                for (int i = 0; i < x.length - move; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[i][j] = temp[move+i][j];
                    }
                }
                for (int i = 0; i < move; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[x.length-move+i][j] = temp[i][j];
                    }
                }

            }
            if(dimension == 2){
                for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
                    FFTShift1D(x[i], FourierTransform.Direction.Backward);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.
     * @param x Data.
     * @param direction Direction.
     */
    public static <E> void FFTShift2D(E[][] x, Direction direction){
        FFTShift2D(x, direction, 1);
        FFTShift2D(x, direction, 2);
    }

    /**
     * Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.
     * @param x Data.
     * @param direction Direction.
     * @param dimension Dimension.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	public static <E> void FFTShift2D(E[][] x, Direction direction, int dimension){

        //Create a copy
        E[][] temp = (E[][])new Object[x.length][x[0].length];
        for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                temp[i][j] = x[i][j];
            }
        }

        if(direction == Direction.Forward){
            //Perform fftshift in the first dimension
            if(dimension == 1){
                int move =  temp.length / 2;
                for (int i = 0; i < move; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[i][j] = temp[temp.length - move + i][j];
                    }
                }

                for (int i = move; i < x.length; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[i][j] = temp[i - move][j];
                    }
                }

            }

            //Perform fftshift in the second dimension
            if (dimension == 2){
                for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
                    FFTShift1D(x[i], FourierTransform.Direction.Forward);
                }
            }
        }
        else{
            if(dimension == 1){
                int move =  temp.length / 2;
                for (int i = 0; i < x.length - move; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[i][j] = temp[move+i][j];
                    }
                }
                for (int i = 0; i < move; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < x[0].length; j++) {
                        x[x.length-move+i][j] = temp[i][j];
                    }
                }

            }
            if(dimension == 2){
                for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
                    FFTShift1D(x[i], FourierTransform.Direction.Backward);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * =================================================================================
     * 以下部分为后期添加
     */
    /**
     * 将double数组转成ComplexNumber数组。real=v,img=0
     * @param src
     * @return
     */
    public static ComplexNumber[] double2Complex(double[] src){
    	ComplexNumber[] data=new ComplexNumber[src.length];
    	for(int i=0;i<src.length;i++){
    		ComplexNumber cn=new ComplexNumber(src[i], 0);
    		data[i]=cn;
    	}
    	return data;
    }
    /**
     * 将Double数组转成ComplexNumber数组。real=v,img=0
     * @param src
     * @return
     */
    public static ComplexNumber[] double2Complex(Double[] src){
    	ComplexNumber[] data=new ComplexNumber[src.length];
    	for(int i=0;i<src.length;i++){
    		ComplexNumber cn=new ComplexNumber(src[i], 0);
    		data[i]=cn;
    	}
    	return data;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


HELENA – Rep. Dale Mortensen returned to the House floor Monday after missing several weeks of this legislative session, receiving a round of applause from colleagues but unwilling to say publicly what kept him away.
"I'm doing better," the Billings Republican said after the 70-minute floor session in which 15 bills cleared second reading and 30 more passed third reading.
"I'm catching up," he said.
Mortensen said he had missed the time because of "personal illness" and declined to provide details. He said he was respecting the privacy of family members.
House members acknowledged his return.
Lee Enterprises reported in early March that Mortensen had already been away at that time for several weeks.
House Speaker Greg Hertz. Hertz, a Polson Republican, said for medical privacy reasons he would leave it up to Mortensen to explain his departure.
Legislative Services told Lee he continued to receive $462.30 a week in wages and $120.11 a day for living expenses.


text:
Rajasthan's Agriculture and Crops
May 25, 2022 April 5, 2022 by TheFawx
Before independence, agriculture was the backbone of Rajasthan's economy. Agriculture and animal husbandry employ around 70% of Rajasthan's entire working population, both directly and indirectly. Agriculture and related industries provide for over 52 percent of Rajasthan's total revenue. Rajasthan accounts for 10.2% of India's total agricultural land. The Kharif season sees the sowing of 2/3 of Rajasthan's total cultivated land. Rajasthan's overall agricultural area is irrigated to the tune of 32.4 percent.
Wheat, barley, rice, maize, bajra, jowar, rabi, and Kharif pulses are all grown in Rajasthan.
Rajasthan is India's fourth-largest wheat producer. The state produces 8% of the total wheat produced in India.
Wheat is the Rabi crop that is grown in the biggest quantity and the most irrigated area in Rajasthan.
Wheat is the most widely produced food grain crop in the state.
At the time of sowing wheat, the temperature should be between 8 and 10 degrees Celsius. During the period of ripening, the temperature should be between 15 and 20 degrees Celsius. It ought to be until
50 centimeters It is necessary to keep a distance of 100 cm between you and the rain.
Rajasthan produces the most common wheat (Triticum) and macaroni wheat (red wheat).
Wheat production is concentrated in the districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, and Sawai Madhopur in East and South-East Rajasthan.
Because the Ganganagar district produces the most wheat in Rajasthan, it is known as the "food storage."
Wheat may be grown on nitrogen-rich loamy soil, fine trembling soil, and Chika-dominant soil. The pH level of the soil should be between 5 and 7.5.
Durgapura-65, Kalyan Sona, Mexican, Sonera, Sharbati, Kohinoor, Sonalika, Ganga Sunhari, Mangla, Carnia-65, Lal Bahadur, Chambal-65, Rajasthan-3077, and other types are sown in Rajasthan.
Wheat illnesses include Buttermilk, Karjawa, Rust, and Chepa.
India Mix is wheat, maize, and soybean flour blend.
Gauchani is flour made from wheat, barley, and gram.
2. Barley
Rajasthan has roughly 2.5 lakh hectares of barley production.
Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan is the second-largest producer of barley after.
Rajasthan produces a quarter of India's entire output.
Barley is a Rabi crop that grows in temperate climates.
At the time of seeding barley, the temperature was around 10°C. Temperature is essential, and it should be between 20 and 22 degrees Celsius while cutting.
A dry and sandy mixed loamy soil is ideal for barley.
Jyoti, RS-6, Rajkiran, R.D.- 2503, RS-6, Molva, and other notable barley varieties include Jyoti, RS-6, Rajkiran, R.D.- 2503, RS-6, and Molva.
Jaipur (the highest), Udaipur, Alwar, Bhilwara, and Ajmer are the primary barley-producing areas in Rajasthan.
Bread, diabetes treatment, wine and beer production, and the malt sector all require barley.
3. Bajra
The origins of millet are said to be in Africa.
India produces the majority of the world's millet.
Rajasthan is India's leading producer of Bajra and has the largest Bajra acreage.
Rajasthan produces nearly a third of the millet in the country.
Bajra is the most often planted Kharif crop in Rajasthan.
Millet thrives in a dry climate. In May, June, and July, bajra is planted.
When seeding Bajra, the temperature should be between 35 and 40 degrees Celsius.
Millet grows to a height of 50 cm. It is preferable to have less rainfall. Bajra thrives in a variety of soil types, including sandy, barren, desert, and semi-loamy.
ICTP-8203, WCC-75, Rajasthan-171, RHB-30, RHB-58, RHB-911, and Rajasthan Bajra Chari-2 are the most common Bajra kinds.
Millet is harmed by jogia, green ear, kandua, and other dry diseases.
When the gum (Arakat) is sprayed on the millet crop, it turns poisonous, resulting in abortion, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jaipur, Bikaner, Karauli, and Jaisalmer are among the key Bajra producing districts.
The Central Government has relocated the All India Coordinated Millet Improvement Project and the Millet Directorate from Poona and Chennai to Jodhpur and Jaipur, respectively. Bikaner and Jodhpur have each received a new center.
3. Maize
Rajasthan produces 1/8 of India's total maize production.
Maize is mostly grown during the Kharif season.
Maize thrives in hot, humid environments.
The average temperature at the time of maize sowing should be between 21 and 27 degrees Celsius.
Maize is planted at a height of 50 cm. starting at 80 cm Until rain is needed.
Loamy soil is better for maize because it contains more nitrogen and organic matter.
After wheat, rice, and jowar, maize is the fourth most popular food grain in Rajasthan.
Mahi Kanchan, Mahi Dhaval, Savita (hybrid variety), Navjot, Ganga-2, Ganga-11, Ageti-76, Kiran, and other maize types are popular.
Udaipur (most), Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, and Banswara are the major maize-producing districts in Rajasthan.
Maize green leaves are used to make silage fodder.
According to agricultural specialists, 80 percent of the maize plant's development takes place at night.
Borwar hamlet in Banswara district is home to the Agricultural Research Center. Even during the Rabi season, the Banswara Agricultural Research Center is credited with popularising maize production in southern Rajasthan. The Mahi Kanchan and Mahi Dhawal maize cultivars were produced at this institution.
Maize grains are used to make mandi (starch), glucose, and alcohol.
The main food grain in the Mewar region is maize.
5. Rice
In India, rice is the most widely grown food grain. The state of West Bengal is India's leading rice producer.
Rice is a plant that grows in tropical climates. The temperature should be between 20 and 27 degrees Celsius, with a height of 125 to 200 cm. Rainfall is necessary every year.
Rice grows well on loamy, loamy, clay soils.
In Rajasthan, rice is being grown using the Japanese method.
Kaveri, Jaya, Parmal, Chambal, Gardabasmati, NP-130, BK-190, T-29, Safeda and Lakda, Mahi Sugandha are the main rice types (developed by Agricultural Research Center, Banswara).
Banswara, Bundi, Hanumangarh, Baran, Kota, Udaipur, and Ganganagar are the primary rice-producing districts of Rajasthan.
Only two districts in Rajasthan produce half of the state's rice: Banswara and Hanumangarh.
The district of Hanumangarh in Rajasthan produces the most rice per hectare.
6. Jowar
Jowar is a tropical Kharif crop with an average temperature of 20° to 32° Celsius and a height of 50 to 60 cm. The annual rainfall is enough.
Jowar can be sown in loamy soil, as well as deep or medium black soil.
Rajasthan Chari-1 and Chari-2, two key kinds of jowar, have been prepared for fodder.
Ajmer, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Bharatpur, Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Alwar, Jaipur, and Tonk are the major jowar-producing districts in Rajasthan.
Sorghum and poori ki roti are other names for jowar.
In Rajasthan, jowar covers ten percent of the country's entire land area.
In the Rabi season, the state's key pulse crops are gram, peas, and lentils, while the Kharif season's major pulse crops include Moth, Urad, Moong, Chawla, and Arhar.
Pulse crops are sown on 18% of the land in Rajasthan.
In 1974-75, the Centrally Operated Pulses Development Scheme was established to expand pulse production.
The district of Jodhpur produces the most pulses in Rajasthan.
Rajasthan is the sixth-largest producer of pulses in the country.
The Jaipur district produces the most Arhar and Tuar- Banswara, Moong- Nagaur, Moth- Barmer, Urad- Chittorgarh, Chawla- Sikar, Masoor- Bharatpur, and Matar-paneer in Rajasthan.
1. Gram
Rajasthan accounts for 22.78 percent of India's total gramme area.
After Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan is the second-largest producer of a gramme.
Gram is ranked third in terms of area after millet and wheat.
The average production of gramme per hectare in Rajasthan is higher than the national average, while the average production of practically all other crops is lower.
In Rajasthan, the production of a gramme is the greatest of all pulse crops.
Gram is sown on the most land in the state among the Rabi pulse crops.
When sowing gramme, the temperature should be around 20°C, and when harvesting, the temperature should be between 30° and 35°C.
Gram grows well in light sandy soil with a depth of 50 to 85 cm. Rainfall is necessary every year.
Gram varieties include RSG-2, BJ-209, GNG-16, RS-10, Vardan, Samrat, Kabuli, and others.
Ganganagar, Bikaner, Sikar, Churu, Hanumangarh, and other significant gram-producing districts in Rajasthan.
Chickpeas are used in the production of pulses, animal feed, and the malt industry.
In the local language, sowing gramme with wheat and barley is known as Gochani or Bejhar.
2. Moth
Moth is the most widely planted of the Kharif pulse crops.
Rajasthan is the leading producer of moth in India.
Among pulse crops, the moth is the most drought tolerant.
3. Urad
Urad is a plant that grows in the tropics. This works best in loamy and heavy loamy soils.
Crops for Profit
Sugarcane is an important commercial crop that originated in India.
India is the world's leading producer of sugarcane.
Once sown, the sugarcane crop produces for three years.
Uttar Pradesh is India's top sugarcane producer (40 percent of the country), while Rajasthan produces only 0.04 percent of the country's total sugarcane.
Temperatures of 15° to 24° Celsius and a height of 100 to 200 cm are ideal for sugarcane cultivation. Rainfall is necessary every year.
Sugarcane is grown mostly in the districts of Bundi, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Ganganagar in Rajasthan.
Sugarcane has red rot disease, pyrilla, Khandwa, red cross, and other diseases.
2. Cotton
Cotton is a plant that originated in India. It arose during the Indus Valley Civilization period.
Rajasthan is the eighth-largest producer of cotton in the country. India is the world's second-largest producer of cotton.
Cotton requires a temperature of 20° to 30° centigrade and a length of 50 to 100 cm. It's best to plant on clay or black soil with enough annual rainfall and moisture.
In rural Rajasthan, cotton is referred to as Baniya. It's also known as white gold.
Cotton is planted during May and June.
Due to the high cold, the balbivil worm affects the cotton crop. Okra is its disease-resistant crop.
Cotton is grown mostly in the districts of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Jhalawar, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Pali, Kota, Bundi, and Jhalawar in Rajasthan.
A cotton bale weighs 170 kilograms.
Cotton varieties planted in the state include:-
1. In Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh, Narma is sown.
2. Long fiber cotton is the most abundant in the Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts.
3. Malvi Cotton is grown in the districts of Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Tonk.
4. Cotton from India — This cotton is mostly grown in the districts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Banswara.
5. Maruvikas (Raj.H.H.-16) was Rajasthan's first hybrid cotton type.
6. BT Cotton- Bacillus thragensis seed transplantation (producer of special crystal protein).
With the use of bioengineering procedures, DNA is inserted into the seed's structure. Proteins, carbohydrates, and poisons are formed from the condition of matter.
Cotton is not grown in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer and Churu districts.
3. Tobacco
The Portuguese introduced the tobacco plant to India around 1508.
Temperature should be between 20 and 35 degrees Celsius, with a height of 50 to 100 centimeters for tobacco. Rainfall is necessary every year.
Tobacco is a plant that grows in the tropics.
In Rajasthan, there are two types of tobacco: 1. Nicotina tubecum and Nicotina tubecum Nicotina rustica is a rustic species of Nicotina.
In Rajasthan, the Alwar district produces the most tobacco.
4. Guar
Guar is used in textiles, cosmetics, and explosives manufacturing.
The Agricultural Research Center in Durgapura (Jaipur), Rajasthan, creates better varieties to increase guar production.
Jodhpur is home to the world's largest guar market, as well as the world's largest guar gum business.
In Jodhpur, a Guar Gum Testing Lab has been built.
5. Dates
Carbohydrate content in dates ranges from 70 to 75 percent.
Alkalinity tolerance is a feature of dates.
Bikaner is home to the Date Research Center. The date palm is being grown in the Bikaner region.
Hirani, Menjul, Arabic date, Bahri, Jahindi, and other varieties of dates are the most common.
Grofiola is the most common date palm disease.
In Chopasni, Jodhpur, the country's first and Asia's second-largest date plant laboratory has opened.
5. Isabgol (horse cumin)
Isabgol (horse cumin) is a type of cumin used in
Jalore, Barmer, Sirohi, Nagaur, Pali, and Jodhpur are the key producing districts of Isabgol.
India produces around 80% of the world's isabgol.
The Jalore district produces 40% of India's Isabgol.
Isabgol is used to make pharmaceuticals, clothing dyes, printing, cosmetics, and fiber food.
Isabgol is the subject of research at the Agricultural Research Center in Mandore (Jodhpur).
In Rajasthan, the export of Isabgol is the most important crop for medical purposes.
The Isabgol plant has opened on Abu Road.
7. Cumin
Cumin is a Rabi crop, which means it grows in the spring.
Buttermilk, scorch, udder, and other illnesses are common in cumin.
Cumin comes in two main varieties: RS-1 and SC-43.
In terms of cumin output and area, Rajasthan leads the country.
Cumin is mostly grown in the Jalore district's Bhinmal, Jaswantpura, and Raniwada tehsils.
In Rajasthan, Bhadwasia is home to the largest cumin market (Jodhpur).
Read more : Business and new mushroom cultivation methods.
Seeds of Oil
Rajasthan is the second-largest producer of oilseeds, after Uttar Pradesh.
In Rajasthan, Rabi oilseed crops include mustard, mustard, taramira, and linseed, whereas Kharif oilseed crops include groundnut, soybean, sesame, and castor.
In Rajasthan, there is a steady increase in the production of oilseeds.
1. Mustard
India is the world's largest producer of mustard.
Rajasthan is known as the Mustard State.
Rajasthan has the largest mustard production and productivity area in the country (30 percent).
Among the oilseed rabi crops, mustard has the most land.
Mustard thrives in a cold, dry area with temperatures ranging from 15 to 20 degrees Celsius and rainfall ranging from 75 to 100 cm. Light clay or loamy soils, as well as annual rainfall, are ideal.
Varuna (Most Improved Variety), RH-819, RL-1359, Bio-902, and Pusa Bold are the most common mustard varieties.
Champa (mustard acid), stem rot disease, white rowly, and Alternaria blight are the most common diseases that affect mustard.
The Yellow Revolution (Yellow Revolution) is primarily a mustard revolution. The Green Revolution had the greatest impact on mustard in oilseeds.
Bharatpur (the highest producing district), Alwar, Jaipur, Ganganagar, Dholpur, and Sawai Madhopur are the major mustard producing districts in Rajasthan.
Khal is the pulp left over after extracting the oil from mustard.
The Central Mustard Research Center was created in Sever, Bharatpur district, on October 20, 1993, as part of the Eighth Five Year Plan.
Sumerpur is home to Rajasthan's largest mustard market (Pali).
2. Sesame
Sesame is mostly grown in the Kharif season. This is best done in a hot, humid atmosphere.
Sesame requires a temperature range of 25 to 35 degrees Celsius and a height of 50 to 100 cm. Rainfall is necessary every year.
Light sandy and loamy soil with a high organic matter content are ideal for sesame.
Pali (the majority) and Nagaur are the two most important sesame-producing districts.
Peanuts should be kept at a temperature of 30 to 35 degrees Celsius, at a height of 50 to 75 cm. A calcium-rich soil, light loamy soil, or light black soil are all ideal.
Peanuts are susceptible to diseases such as Tikka disease, Crown rot, Kalra, Bhung, White braid, and others.
Jaipur and Bikaner are the two most important peanut-producing areas in India.
Because of its peanut production, Lunkaransar (Bikaner) is known as Rajasthan's Rajkot.
Rajasthan is the seventh-largest producer of groundnuts in the country.
4. Sunflower
Sunflowers are a Kharif and Rabi season crop.
Sunflowers should be grown at a height of 100 to 120 cm. 135 days are required for annual rainfall and ripening.
Ganganagar, Jhalawar, Kota, Jodhpur, and Bikaner are the key sunflower-producing districts.
MSH – 8, and EC – 68415 are the most common sunflower varieties.
5. Mat Glycine
Temperatures of 15° to 34° Celsius and 60 to 120 cm are ideal for growing soybeans. The annual rainfall is enough.
Soybean is the world's cheapest, easiest, and most nutritious protein source.
Soybean is the most widely grown crop in Rajasthan's Kharif oilseeds.
Rajasthan is the fourth-largest producer of soybeans in the country.
T-1, Punjab-1, Max-13, Gaurav, Pusa-16, and other significant soybean cultivars are available.
6. Castor
In terms of castor output, Rajasthan is third in the country, whereas Gujarat is first.
7. Symondsia chinensis (Hohoba-Jojoba)
Yellow gold is another name for the exotic plant Hohoba-Jojoba.
It's a salt-loving, high-heat-tolerance plant.
Hohoba-Jojoba grows in the deserts of Israel, Mexico, and California, among other places.
In 1965, this plant was transplanted from Israel to Kajri (Jodhpur) for the first time in Rajasthan.
Hohoba-Jojoba oil is used as a lubricant, as well as in the production of cosmetics and adhesives.
Aporge Sansthan has constructed Hohoba-Jojoba farms in Fatehpur (Sikar-70 Ha) and Dhand (Jaipur-5.45 Ha).
In the private sector, the state's largest Jojoba Plantation project in Jhajjar, Bikaner, has begun.
8. Olives
In Rajasthan, olives are grown for the manufacturing of edible olive oil, which aids in the control and reduction of bad cholesterol.
The olive tree in Rajasthan was imported from Israel.
Olive is seen as a peace sign. The United Nations' symbol shows a bird in flight with olive leaves.
Read more : Sesame Cultivation: Improved Varieties and How To Farm Sesame
Floriculture
Pushkar (Ajmer) – The Rajasthan government has built the state's first Pushk Mandi in Pushkar (Ajmer). The state's native rose, Damascus Gulab (Teal Gulab), is grown at Pushkar and Ajmer. Rose India is a rose variety with a unique name.
Damascus/Teal roses are grown in Khamnore (Rajsamand). The finest perfume is a teal rose.
RIICO is constructing a flower park in Khushkheda (Alwar).
Crucial information*
Sialu Kharif is a type of Rajasthani agriculture in which maize, millet, and other grains are sown in Ashadh and harvested in Asoj (Ashwin).
Unalu (Rabi) cultivation in Rajasthan is when wheat, barley, and other grains are planted in Kartik and harvested in Chaitra-Vaishakh.
Ageti, Agawati, and Angato are the names of the crops sown before Deepawali, and Pacheti and Pachhanto are the names of the crops sown after Deepawali in the month of Margashirsh.
Weeding is the process of clearing the shrubs from a field before ploughing them.
In Rajasthan, the districts of Jalore and Sirohi are known for their Isabgol, Cumin, and Tomato agriculture. In the districts of Baran, Kota, Jhalawar, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, and Jaipur, coriander is grown.
Nagaur (Tausar) is known for its Paan Methi manufacture (Green Fenugreek).
Rajasthan's spice output is led by the Kota district.
Swaminathan's efforts to initiate the Green Revolution in India began in 1966-67.
Jhuming system Walra cultivation is practiced in Rajasthan's districts of Dungarpur, Banswara, and Udaipur, among others.
Tilam Sangh (Rajasthan State Cooperative Oilseeds Production Federation Limited) was founded in 1990.
Jodhpur (for guar, mehndi, moth, and spices), Kota (for coriander and medicinal plants), and Ganganagar (for luscious fruits) are the three agricultural export zones in the state.
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Why is my computer turning itself off?
My problem is that my computer will cut off by itself and then it won't cut off for hours on end. I don't know if it is having electrical problems or the fan is messing up. The fan can't be messed up because I bought it over a year ago. I contacted the company but they haven't gotten in touch with me. If you could help me out I would really appreciate it. Thanks.


We have been invited back to the Idaho Falls Public Library again this year to do the 2nd annual JANE AUSTEN BALL! It is exciting to remember that this is where our group started just last year!
People are welcome to come to any of our three practices and/or our ball. Come to all of them or one of them. There will be instruction each night. with new dances.
Here is a youtube playlist of dances we will be doing. We do variations of them not these exact dances. For example on Sir Roger De Coverley we do not weave between the couples, for Upon a Summers Day we do not do different variations each time we just repeat the last variation 3 times. I also took the liberty of removing one step from Mr. Beveridges Maggot so that the dance could be executed as a group. We also do Ships cook differently. All these changes I made so that the dances can be more easily learned in a small amount of time, and to make them easier so that every person not just trained dancers can join us with ease. I hope you come, we have a delightsome time together and would enjoy your company!


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Medieval Theories of Causality
Causality plays an important role in medieval philosophical writing: the dominant genre of medieval academic writing was the commentary on an authoritative work, very often a work of Aristotle. Of the works of Aristotle thus commented on, the Physics plays a central role. Other of Aristotle's scientific works -- On the Heavens and the Earth, On Generation and Corruption - are also significant: so there is a rather daunting body of work to survey.
One might, though, be tempted to argue that this concentration on causality is simply an effect of reading Aristotle, but this would be too hasty. Medieval thinkers were attracted to the problem of causality long before most of Aristotle's texts became available in the thirteenth century: already in the twelfth century the created universe was seen as a rational manifestation of God (Wetherbee 1988, p. 25), and, consequently, the rational investigation of the universe was seen as a way of approaching God: "In the creation of things", says William of Conches, "divine power, wisdom and goodness are beheld" (William of Conches, Glosa super Platonem, p. 60).
Even apart from direct literary influence, the nature of the philosophical and theological themes which were popular in the Middle Ages also led to an emphasis on causality. Writers studied the interrelationship of divine grace and natural processes, the role of the will in ethics, free will and determinism: all of these problems have an important causal component. These questions were often handled by methods which might seem to us to be extraordinarily naturalistic - naturalistic, of course, in the sense of the modes of natural investigation which were current at the time. It comes as no surprise to know that many medieval thinkers discussed the question of whether divine grace can increase: what is surprising is that many of the discussions use the technical tools of Aristotle's physical and biological works, tools which were originally developed to discuss problems of continuity and change in the natural world. What is even more surprising is the technical proficiency of many of these discussions: fourteenth-century work on this topic gave rise to very acute analyses of the variation of continuous quantities (see Murdoch 1975).
What should become evident during this survey is the extremely tight and complex interconnection between medieval causal theories and medieval ontology. After Aristotle's texts had been assimilated, almost all medieval academic theories had an ontology which was basically hylomorphic: substances were composites of matter and form, and change was described as the loss of one form and the acquisition of another. Form was not merely shape, but an active principle: the form of a thing was responsible for its causal role (White 1984). Furthermore, in any causal interaction, the allocation of active and passive roles to the individuals involved tended to be thought of as unproblematic. Although many aspects of Aristotle's causal theories were extensively and critically debated, this basic hylomorphism persisted throughout; and it is this, rather than anything more arcane, which often poses the greatest problems in assimilating, or evaluating, medieval thought on these topics.
Causality and Motion
Causality, Self-Motion, and the Will
Causal Accounts of Perception
Causality, Knowledge and Necessity
Final Causality
The term 'motion', in Aristotelean philosophy, can stand for a wide range of changes of state, and not simply changes of place (the latter is usually known as local motion). Aristotle's Physics is basically an exhaustive study of motion in this very wide sense. However, local motion is an interesting topic, and we shall start with it.
Motions are, in Aristotle's physics, classified into natural and violent. A paradigmatic example of natural (local) motion is the motion of a freely falling body, whereas an example of violent (local) motion would be the motion of a thrown body. If we throw a body, then it is relatively unproblematic to account for the motion when it is in contact with our hand: what is difficult is to account for its continued motion thereafter. Aristotle's theory accounts for it by saying that, when it is moving, a temporary vacuum is caused behind it, and, in order to fill in this vacuum, air rushes around from the front, thus leaving a void in front of the projectile which is filled by the continued motion of the projectile. This explanation was vulnerable to a large number of objections -- for example, it is clearly easier to throw a moderately heavy object, such as a stone, than a light object, such as a bean, whereas light objects ought to be more susceptible than others to motions of the air. And Aristotle's theory, when confronted with the example of two stones thrown in opposite directions so as to pass near to one another, cannot consistently say how the air is supposed to move in the neighbourhood of their close encounter. These objections were made by numerous medieval authors, most significantly by John Buridan (De Caelo et Mundo III, qu. 22, pp. 227ff.) and Nicole Oresme (Du ciel et du monde II, ch. 25ff., pp. 525ff.).
This critique of Aristotle's theory of projectile motion did not come out of nowhere. Aristotle relied on a concept of natural motion, and that, in turn, relied on a concept of natural place: natural motion was motion towards the natural place of a body (i.e. motion downwards in the case of earth, and motion upwards in the case of fire). (Aristotle, Physics IV.5, 212b30-213a5) Ockham is already quite equivocal about the concept of natural place: and this is for several reasons.
One is that -- as we shall see later -- he is generally quite suspicious about teleology, and the concept of natural place is basically a teleological one. Correspondingly, Ockham attempts -- not very successfully -- to explain the kinematics associated with natural place in terms of efficient causality. (Ockham, Expositio Physicorum IV, c6: Opera Philosophica V, p. 78; Goddu 1984, pp. 122ff.).
Another reason is because of several examples which tend to undermine the difference between rest and motion. Ockham, and many other medievals, have reductionist accounts of place in terms of contact between bodies; the place of a body is just the surfaces of the bodies surrounding it (Ockham, Expositio Physicorum IV, c6: Opera Philosophica V, pp. 55ff.). So, if we have a ship in a river, which is flowing, is the place of the ship the surface of the surrounding water? Is this, then, a moving place? And what, then, would be the relation between that moving place and fixed places? Ockham eventually decides that there are only fixed places, but his arguments are not very strong, and one is left with the impression that the very ideas of rest and motion have become somewhat problematic. (Ockham, Expositio Physicorum IV, c7: Opera Philosophica V, pp. 79ff.)
The final reason is motivated by a theological example: we can suppose that God could create another world than this, but, in that case, what would the earth of that world do? Would it move towards the centre of this world (which seems to us to be the natural place of earth)? Or towards the centre of the other world? (Ockham, I Sent., d. 44: Opera Theologica IV, pp. 655-56; Goddu 1984, p. 124. See also Marsilius of Inghen, Si essent plures mundi.)
Correspondingly, both Buridan and Oresme are sceptical, not only about Aristotle's theory of projectile motion, but also about the related notions of natural place, motion, and rest. They both state -- Oresme far more emphatically -- that it would be consistent with all we observe if the earth were to rotate while the heavens remained at rest; Oresme and Buridan have, on these grounds, been described as "precursors of Galileo".
However, what is more interesting for us are the alternative causal accounts that Buridan and Oresme adopted: they both said that projectiles move violently because of a form inherent in them, which led them to move in a non-natural direction, and which naturally decayed. This form was known as 'impetus', and was a common theme in the philosophy of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; some version of an impetus theory goes back to the early thirteenth century (Wood 1992). There was, especially in the fourteenth century, a considerable amount of quantitative work on impetus which attempted to establish such things as the law according to which impetus decayed (Weisheipl 1982, pp. 535ff.).
What is significant here is that -- despite the radical changes in cosmology -- this is is still an extremely medieval theory: causation is due to forms inhering in substances, and there is a division of the substances involved into agents and patients. Instead of there being a single form involved in projectile motion -- the form of heaviness, responsible for natural motion downwards -- there are two, weight and impetus, and the two conflict. The basic ontology is still the same, and the division into agents and patients, though its details may have changed, still persists. Furthermore, despite persistent doubts, there is still something of a distinction between motion and rest, and motion can only be the result of agency. Contrast this with Galileo's or -- still more -- Newton's account: here uniform motion and rest are treated on an equal footing, and, consequently, there can be no unequivocal distinction between motion and rest. So, although Buridan and Galileo are -- in some sense -- precursors of Galileo, their causal ontology is still, in important respects, thoroughly medieval (Maier 1964)
An example of motion in the wider sense is an act of the will: it is a change of state of some entity (namely the mind or soul), but would not have been thought of as local motion by most medieval thinkers -- thought and will were generally regarded as immaterial processes (see Cross 1999, p. 75).
Aristotle has a picture of willed action in which actions are caused by combinations of beliefs and desires: these belief-desire states are not, of course, themselves actions (Normore 1998). This picture of the will fits with one of Aristotle's major causal doctrines: that nothing causes a change in itself.
However, Aristotle's picture of the will was not undisputed in the Middle Ages: as early as the twelfth century, Anselm had outlined a theory in which the will was a self-mover, and in which moral conflict was explained by the presence of two wills in the same person (Normore 1998, p. 28). This position was later taken up, in conscious opposition to Aristotle, by thinkers in the Franciscan school -- Peter Olivi, and then Scotus and Ockham.
Scotus follows a modified Anselmian line, speaking of a single will, with two inclinations: one towards self-fulfillment, the other towards justice). It is the presence of these two inclinations which distinguishes willed causes from natural causes: natural causes are determined to perform their acts (unless impeded), whereas the will is not thus determined (Scotus, Metaphysics IV, 9: in Scotus, On the Will and Morality, pp. 136ff.; Lee 1998; Cross 1999, pp. 84ff.). The will is thus self-determining, rather than determined by its end, and so Scotus affirms self-motion in psychology. In fact, he goes further, and admits self-motion in physical cases as well: for example, a falling object is actively moving towards its goal, and its motion is caused by itself (because it is heavy); so this, too, is an instance of self-motion (Effler 1962).
Ockham expands on Scotus's theory of the will to deny that actions are properly explained by their ends: we are influenced by ends, but our actions are not necessitated by them and thus not caused by them (Ockham, Quodlibet I, qu. 16: Opera Theologica IX, pp. 87ff.). A free agent is one which, under exactly the same circumstances, could have chosen otherwise; and so a free agent can reject the Beatific Vision (and, in fact, actively turn to any other object whatever). (Ockham, Quodlibet IV, q. 1: Opera Theologica IX, pp. 292ff.).
Perception was, throughout the Middle Ages, a contentious topic, and it was also a topic in which the answers to strictly causal questions could influence philosophical positions in other areas (for example, on whether certain knowledge of external entities was attainable). The "traditional" view, dating back to Roger Bacon in the mid-thirteenth century, was that physical objects were known because they caused a succession of likenesses, or species, first in the medium between the object and the perceiver, then in the senses, and finally in the intellect, of the perceiver (Tachau 1988, pp. 3ff.). This position was attacked by thinkers such as Henry of Ghent, Peter Olivi, and Duns Scotus. Interestingly, many of these criticisms tend towards a relational account of perception, in which -- although species still play a role -- the role that they play is to be a means by which we know things, and in which the species themselves are not known directly but only by reflection. (Tachau 1988, p. 66)
Ockham then radicalised these critiques by denying that there are any such species at all: perception and other phenomena which were usually explained by species -- the sun heating or illuminating physical objects, for example -- were now explained by action at a distance (Tachau 1988, pp. 130ff.). There was a similar debate about the causal mechanisms behind memory, where, again, Ockham denied a species-based account; however, in the case of memory, he replaced species not with action at a distance but with habits (Wolter and Adams 1993).
Ockham denies species not on the basis of empirical evidence, or on the basis of epistemological arguments, but purely and simply on the basis of his razor: if we deny species, then we can give an account of the phenomena which uses fewer entities, because species are entities. Although this position of Ockham's did not have much influence on his contemporaries or followers -- it is, after all, extremely implausible -- it is a good example of how causal reasoning is affected by tacit ontological assumptions: the fact that species were seen as entities and the fact that Ockham had a programme of reducing the number of entities, led to an account of perception which tried to do away with species. On the other hand, action at a distance was, despite its implausibility, entirely unaffected by Ockham's critique. And, similarly, Ockham's account was not noticeably simpler than the accounts it criticised, which shows how far Ockham's own razor was from the principles of simplicity and the like, which are usually considered to be its modern equivalents.
There is a persistent supposition -- see, for example, (Gilson 1937) - that Ockham, and many of his fourteenth-century followers, had a basically Humean position on causality; this supposition has deep historical roots (Nadler 1996), but is inaccurate (Adams 1987, pp. 741ff.).
The supposedly Humean position has three basic assertions: that there is nothing more to causality than the regular sequence of phenomena, that such a regular sequence cannot give a necessary connection, and that, consequently, we can have no certain knowledge of causal relations.
One item in this chain of argument has some textual support in Ockham: he did not believe that the relation of efficient causality was a thing distinct from its relata (Ockham, Quodlibet VI, qu. 12: Opera Theologica IX, pp. 629ff.) However, one can still believe this and hold that causality is a real relation, and Ockham did so believe (Adams 1987, p. 744; White 1990b). So this link in the chain is not found in Ockham.
The "Humean" argument, in addition, makes a detour through psychology: as Adams analyses it, it relies on a premise like "There can be nothing more in concepts than there actually is in intuitions" (Adams 1987, p. 744). But such a detour through psychology, though widely practiced in the eighteenth century, was somewhat foreign to medieval thought (White 1990a).
Even though pseudo-Humean arguments of this sort cannot reasonably be ascribed to Ockham or to most other medieval thinkers -- with the possible exception of Nicholas of Autrecourt -- there still remains the question of what their views on these questions actually were. Since the medievals generally did not conflate ontological and epistemological issues, there are two questions: first about the necessity of causality, and second about whether we can know causal propositions with certainty.
Causality and Necessity
Medieval thinkers believed that the world was created by God, and so a question like "Is proposition P contingent?" were seen as equivalent to the question "Could God have created a world in which P does not hold?". So our question can be reduced to one about divine power.
A very common theme in medieval thought is the distinction between God's absolute and ordered, or ordained, power (potentia absoluta and potentia ordinata). This distinction goes back to early medieval thought (Moonan 1994), and was extensively used in later medieval philosophy (Courtenay 1971; Adams 1987, pp. 1186ff.).
God's absolute power is unrestricted power. According to this power, God can create a huge variety of possible worlds. One frequently used principle is this: given two distinct entities, God can create a world in which one of them, but not the other, exists, or, in this world, God can destroy one of them, leaving the other intact. We should note that this is not exactly innocuous; ontologically, it amounts to some sort of logical atomism. See (White 1990b).
But God will, in practice, not exercise absolute power: as Aquinas puts it, "what is attributed to the divine power insofar as the command of a just will executes it, God is said to be able to do with respect to His ordered power". (Aquinas, Summa theologiae I, qu. 25, a. 5, ad 1) So there are limits to God's ordained power (which come from the concept of a just agent): inside the space of worlds which God could create by absolute power, there is a space of worlds which could be created by ordered power. It is this smaller space of worlds which is relevant for our question of the necessity of causal connections. And, with respect to God's ordered power, there was a wide range of causal assertions which were regarded as necessary by medieval thinkers.
Knowing Causal Propositions: Demonstration
As far as our knowledge of causal propositions is concerned, we can again draw a distinction. One question is this: do medieval thinkers, in practice, establish causal propositions on the basis of argument? And the other is this: what sort of metatheory of causal argument do the medievals have?
The answer to the first question is quite straightforward. Ockham, like other fourteenth-century theologians, frequently gives instances where we can make reliable causal inferences and come to know causal propositions on the basis of experience (Ockham, Ordinatio Prologue, qu. 2: Opera Theologica I, p. 87) These arguments frequently rely on a theory of natural kinds: for example, Ockham writes
Because someone sees that, after eating such an herb, health follows for someone with a fever, and because he can eliminate all other causes of health for that person, he knows evidently that that herb was the cause of health; and thus he has knowledge (experimentum) in the singular case. It is, however, obvious to him that all individuals of the same kind have an effect of the same kind in a patient of the same kind; and thus he assents evidently, as to a principle, that every herb of such a kind cures fever. (Ockham, Ordinatio prologue, qu. 2: Opera Theologica I, p. 87)
The second question is that of a metatheory. Here the story becomes somewhat more complicated. There was a generally accepted metatheory, namely that of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, according to which scientific demonstrations were syllogistic proofs, based on necessary and self-evident premises. There were two sorts of these: proofs of the simple fact (demonstrationes quia) and proofs of the reasoned fact (demonstrationes propter quid). In the latter, the syllogisms involved must have middle terms that are causes of the state of affairs which is to be demonstrated. This gives a theory of scientific reasoning in which the structure of the arguments is intimately tied up with the structure of the causal chains that they demonstrate.
There is, indeed, an extensive literature of medieval commentaries on the Posterior Analytics, and much of this literature is very important; we find in it a great deal of material on the authors' attitudes to necessity, the structure of science, the relation between various sciences, the autonomy of philosophy vis-�-vis theology, and the like. However, it cannot be taken to be automatically relevant to the practice of reasoning in the Middle Ages: the logical metatheory (that of the syllogism) is far too restrictive, and the conditions placed on scientific demonstrations are far too stringent, for it to be a plausible description of very many actual processes of reasoning, in the Middle Ages or at any other time.
Final Causes
We often find in Aristotle and in the literature influenced by him an enumeration of four types of cause: formal, material, efficient and final. The first two are uses of 'cause' in a somewhat wider sense than is current nowadays: the term here simply means 'explanation in general' (Ockham, Expositio Physicorum II, c11: Opera Philosophica IV, p. 348), and explanations by means of matter and form were common both in Aristotle and in the literature. Efficient causes are what we would now simply call 'causes'. Final causes, however, are problematic: a final cause is an end or a purpose, and, whereas it is clear that rational agents act for the sake of ends, it is not clear that much else does. Furthermore, it also seems clear to us that the causality of a rationally pursued goal can be reduced to efficient causality.
Aristotle, however, has a much stronger position on final causality: he believes that there are processes in nature (the growing of a tree, for example) which are completed and regulated by a final state, or end, towards which they tend. As Adams puts it,
According to Aristotelian metaphysics, natures are complexes of powers. When appropriately coordinated, the collective exercise of such powers converges on an end. In the sublunary world, elemental powers are simple and deterministic. Even where more complex living things are concerned, the "coordination" of their powers is "built-in" in such a fashion that -- given relevant circumstances -- they function to achieve their end. (Adams 1996, p. 499)
Aristotle's natural science tends to be governed by the biological paradigm, and it is clear that, for him, final causes in this strong sense are extremely pervasive. He also argues in the Physics that natural processes cannot all be explained by final causality alone, which implies that final causality cannot, in general, be reduced to efficient causality.
The medieval literature is far from unanimous on these questions. William of Ockham, for example, who wrote several commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, and who discusses these questions at numerous places in his commentary on Aristotle's Physics, hardly has a uniform position. He is quite happy with explanations of natural phenomena by means of efficient causes in general, but he will also often speak of final causes: what is unclear is whether the final causes he speaks of (with varying degrees of strength in different works) have any explanatory role to play that cannot be reduced to efficient causality (Adams 1998).
John Buridan (1942), Quaestiones super Libros Quattuor de Caelo et Mundo, ed. E. A. Moody, Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America.
John Duns Scotus (1997), On the Will and Morality, selected and translated by Allan B. Wolter, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
Marsilius of Inghen (1992), "Si essent plures mundi, (Quaestiones libri de caelo et mundo I, qu. xiv)," in Braakhuis and Hoenen (1992), 108-116.
Nicole Oresme (1968), Le Livre du ciel et du monde, tr. A. J. Menut, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Thomas Aquinas (1952-6), Summa Theologiae, Turin: Marietti.
William of Conches (1965), Glosa super Platonem, ed. F. Jeauneau, Paris: Vrin.
William of Ockham (1985), Expositio in Libros Physicorum Aristotelis, in Opera Philosophica IV-V, St. Bonaventure, NY: St. Bonaventure University Press.
William of Ockham (1984), de Fine ("Utrum ex hoc quod aliquid moveat ut finis sequatur ipsum habere aliquod esse reale extra animam"), in Opera Theologica VIII, St. Bonaventure, NY: St. Bonaventure University Press, pp. 98-154.
William of Ockham (1967-77), Scriptum in Librum Primum Sententiarum: Ordinatio, in Opera Theologica I-IV, St. Bonaventure, NY: St. Bonaventure University Press.
William of Ockham (1980), Quodlibeta, in Opera Theologica IX, St. Bonaventure: St. Bonaventure University Press.
Secondary Literature
Adams, Marilyn McCord (1979), "Was Ockham a Humean about Efficient Causality?," Franciscan Studies 39, 5-48.
Adams, Marilyn McCord (1987), William Ockham, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Adams, Marilyn McCord (1996), "Scotus and Ockham on the Connection of the Virtues," in Honnefelder et al. 1996, 499-522
Adams, Marilyn McCord (1998), "Ockham on Final Causality: Muddying the Waters" Franciscan Studies 56, 1-46 Mediaeval Academy of America.
Braakhuis, H. A. G. and M. J. F. M. Hoenen (1992), Marsilius of Inghen: Acts of the International Marsilius of Inghen Symposium Nijmegen: Ingenium.
Courtenay, William J. (1971), "Covenant and Causality in Pierre d'Ailly," Speculum 46, 94-119. Reprinted in William J. Courtenay, Covenant and Causality in Medieval Thought, London: Variorum Reprints.
Craig, William Lane (1980), The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz, London: Macmillan.
Cross, Richard (1999), Duns Scotus, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Effler, Roy R. (1962), John Duns Scotus and the Principle "Omne quod movetur ab alio movetur," St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute.
Gilson, E. (1937), The Unity of Philosophical Experience New York: Scribners.
Honnefelder, L., R. Wood, and M. Dreyer (1996), John Duns Scotus: Metaphysics and Ethics, Leiden: Brill.
Goddu, A. (1984), The Physics of William of Ockham, Leiden: Brill.
Kretzmann, N., A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (1982), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Sukjae (1998), "Scotus on the Will: The Rational Power and the Dual Affections," Vivarium 36, 40-54.
Maier, Anneliese (1964), "'Ergebnisse' der Spätscholastischen Naturphilosophie," in Ausgehendes Mittelalter: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Geistesgeschichte des 14. Jahrhunderts, Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 425-57.
Moonan, Lawrence (1994), Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Murdoch, John E. (1975), "From Social into Intellectual Factors: An Aspect of the Unitary Character of Medieval Learning," in The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning, ed. John E. Murdoch and Edith Sylla, Dordrecht: Reidel, 271-348.
Nadler, Steven (1996), "'No Necessary Connection': The Medieval Roots of the Occasionalist Roots of Hume," The Monist 79, 448-466.
Normore, Calvin (1998), "Picking and Choosing: Anselm and Ockham on Choice," Vivarium 36, 23-39.
Tachau, Katherine H. (1988), Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham, Leiden: Brill.
Weisheipl, J. (1982), "The Interpretation of Aristotle's Physics and the Science of Motion," in Kretzmann et al. 1982, 521-536.
Wetherbee, Winthrop (1988), "Philosophy, Cosmology and the Renaissance," in A History of Twelfth-Century Philosophy, ed. Peter Dronke, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 21-53.
Wolter, A. B., and M. M. Adams (1993), "Memory and Intuition: A Focal Debate in Fourteenth Century Cognitive Psychology," Franciscan Studies 53, 175-230.
White, Graham (1990a), "Ockham and Hume's Question," in Knowledge and the Sciences in Medieval Philosophy. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of the SIEPM, ed. Simo Knuuttila, Reijo Ty�rinoja, and Sten Ebbesen, Helsinki: Yliopistopaino.
White, Graham (1990b), "Ockham and Wittgenstein", in Die Gegenwart Ockhams, ed. W. Vossenkuhl & R. Schönberger, Weinheim, 165-188.
White, Graham (1984), "Ockham's Real Distinction Between Form and Matter," Franciscan Studies 44, 211-25.
Wood, Rega (1992), "Richard Rufus of Cornwall and Aristotle's Physics", Franciscan Studies 52, 247-281.
Buridan, John [Jean] | Duns Scotus, John | Marsilius of Inghen | Ockham [Occam], William | Olivi, Peter John | Oresme, Nicole
Graham White
graham@dcs.qmw.ac.uk


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By Kingswood Dingley Village
Kingswood Plans On Show: Have Your Say
Plans for the proposed residential redevelopment of Kingswood golf course in Dingley Village go on public exhibition from 19 July until 30 August 2018, providing an opportunity for all interested stakeholders to study them and make comment.
The Kingswood Project Team is encouraging individuals and groups to view the proposal and make submissions to Kingston Council during the exhibition period.
Plans were first submitted to Kingston Council in March 2016 and the Project team has worked with Council planners since then to ensure the proposal meets all council officer requirements.
The proposal and plans can be viewed on the Council's website www.yourkingstonyoursay.com.au and public submissions can be emailed to strategic.planning@kingston.vic.gov.au quoting Amendment C151 in the subject line.
The project's Senior Development Manager, Anna Martiniello, urged people to study the plans carefully and make individual submissions.
"The proposal is very detailed and meets all the performance requirements sought of the project by Council officers, and exceeds industry best practice," Ms Martiniello said.
"We are proposing a master-planned residential community, with 760 individual lots. The development will include a mixture of low-density and medium-density housing, more than 14.6 per cent of the site dedicated to usable open space (20.7 per cent in total), flood retention works for some 62,000m3 of stormwater (more than five times the statutory requirement), a financial contribution to council of $7525 per dwelling, and a dedicated financial contribution towards affordable housing.
"In addition, our proposal provides parks and passive recreation areas for the whole community to enjoy freely, wetlands and wildlife habitat for birds and other animals, and the possibility of much-needed community assets such as a child-care and/or aged-care facility."
Ms Martiniello said the proposal did NOT include plans for apartments or flats, or plans for multi-storey developments. All buildings will be designed to perform to high environmental performance standards.
She said the development had been carefully designed to blend with the existing Dingley Village streetscapes and community.
"This is the opportunity for the public to give Council their thoughts about the project and how they think it will affect Dingley Village and the surrounding community," she said.
Submissions must be received by Council no later than 30 August.
Summaries of the proposal's key points can be found in simple fact sheets on this website www.kingswooddingleyvillage.com.au/fact-sheets/
© 2015 Kingswood Dingley Village. All rights reserved.


The name of "Maroilles" is imortalised as a square-shaped strong-tasting cheese with an orange rind.
See the background page on "cheeses" for more information.
The famous cheese is still made in one local farm, which you can visit.
The town is also the centre for the new Avenois Regional Natural Park. The Maison du Park on the banks of the river is in the Dimière Grange, the remains of the ancient Abbey where the cheese was first made.
The Maison du Parc has exhibitions and organises excursions on themes such as nature, the countryside, regional products.
La Flamiche au Maroilles is a local version of the regional speciality, Tarte au Fromage, is made in Maroilles using the local cheese. It's similar to a Quiche Lorraine - an open pastry pie, filled with a mixture of milk, grated cheese, butter, eggs, and a pinch of salt; and baked in a wood-fired oven.


I have previously written about the changes to derivative markets and the ways they are accommodating and adjusting to replacing Libor. Trades which reference Libor and other like benchmarks are gradually being replaced with RFR trades across many currencies and products as 2021 draws ever nearer.
In this blog I will look at some recent regulatory developments and the ways markets are adapting. I will also touch briefly on the Term RFRs (TRFRs) again and how these are also developing.
On 28th January 2019 Edwin Schooling Latter, Director of Markets and Wholesale Policy at the FCA, delivered an important speech at the ISDA Annual Legal Forum.
For those who missed the live speech, you can read it at this link.
This important speech continues the FCA message on Libor cessation and is well worth the read. In particular, Schooling Latter points out that SONIA volumes are now greater than GBP Libor volumes. However, the duration-adjusted numbers still have Libor leading SONIA: I discuss this a little later in the blog.
The key message in the speech is to transition from Libor to SONIA ahead of 2021 before fallbacks are triggered in derivative, loan or any other contract or product. Waiting for the fallbacks to trigger can have undesirable consequences and should be avoided. Risks (market, operational and accounting) can be substantial unless participants make an orderly move away from Libor before cessation.
As this transition occurs, we should be able to observe more trading volumes and longer-dated SONIA trades in the data sets. This is a likely trend worth watching in 2019.
The FCA analysis considered cleared volumes only. Using CCPView I looked at the last 2 years of data for GBP and USD at LCH SwapClear. I filtered on LCH because, as the 2018 CCP Market Share Statistics blog shows, the vast majority of derivative volume is within this CCP.
The following charts show the GBP OIS and IRS volumes as well as the percentage of trade volume under 2 year maturity.
The OIS trade volumes are consistently higher than IRS for the past year and have grown significantly. But over 95% of the OIS volume is less than 2 year maturity.
Similar results are shown for USD derivatives in the following charts, in this case the USD OIS are FedFunds and not SOFR, which are only just starting to trade.
Again, the percentage of USD OIS (Fedfunds) traded volume less than 2 years maturity is over 95%. The total volumes of OIS and IRS are comparable with OIS just edging ahead.
Clearly the OIS markets are very liquid but very concentrated in shorter tenors.
For wider participation (buy and sell side) in RFR benchmarks to occur, we will need to see OIS volumes in longer tenors catch and overtake the IRS. The more liquid the longer maturities in OIS trading become, the more likely the wider market will adopt RFR benchmarks.
The FCA does point this out in the recent speech. Liquidity in longer tenors will have to improve to entice buy side participants to switch from Libor to RFRs.
I commented in my December 2018 blog that recent consultations have highlighted that many participants and customers find TRFRs much more appropriate than the compounded RFR (settled in arrears) approach used in SONIA, FedFunds and SOFR OIS markets.
ICE have started to provide indicative TRFRs for GBP, USD and JPY. These are currently derived from futures, with a place holder for swaps derived. The portal is worth a visit and I expect it will play an important part in making RFR markets much more accessible to participants across many products and markets.
TRFRs are under development and are an important step towards a transition from Libor as recommended by FCA.
I will be watching this development closely over the next few months.
Finalisation of the ISDA documentation for fallbacks for the first four currencies (GBP, JPY, CHF and AUD).
This will create contractual and model certainty for the derivative markets and provide a template for loan and security documentation.
Establishment of TRFRs to widen the appeal of RFR benchmarks.
Many market participants have expressed a clear preference for a rate set at the start of the relevant period rather than compounded in arrears. TRFRs will have to be based on actual trades or committed bids and offers to avoid the Libor issues of 'expert judgement'. But this can be achieved as Futures and OIS trading continues to grow.
Increasing the OIS traded volumes at longer maturities.
Liquidity attracts liquidity: the more trading takes place in longer maturities, the more market participants will find confidence in the RFR benchmarks and accelerate the transition from Libor to SONIA, for example.
The transition from Libor to RFRs has to happen but the market needs some critical developments.
This will be something to watch closely in 2019 and beyond.


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