text:
pp. 21766-21772
A mode-matching analysis of dielectric-filled resonant cavities coupled to terahertz parallel-plate waveguides
Victoria Astley, Kimberly S. Reichel, Jonathan Jones, Rajind Mendis, and Daniel M. Mittleman
Victoria Astley,1 Kimberly S. Reichel,1 Jonathan Jones,2 Rajind Mendis,1 and Daniel M. Mittleman1,*
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MS-378, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA
*Corresponding author: daniel@rice.edu
V Astley
K Reichel
J Jones
R Mendis
D Mittleman
Victoria Astley, Kimberly S. Reichel, Jonathan Jones, Rajind Mendis, and Daniel M. Mittleman, "A mode-matching analysis of dielectric-filled resonant cavities coupled to terahertz parallel-plate waveguides," Opt. Express 20, 21766-21772 (2012)
Evanescent resonant mode for a T-shaped cavity in a terahertz parallel-plate waveguide
Kai Wang, et al.
Tunable THz notch filter with a single groove inside parallel-plate waveguides
Eui Su Lee, et al.
Analysis of rectangular resonant cavities in terahertz parallel-plate waveguides
Victoria Astley, et al.
Photonic crystals
Split ring resonators
Resonators (230.5750)
Waveguides (230.7370)
Spectroscopy, teraherz (300.6495)
Original Manuscript: July 9, 2012
2. Mode-matching analysis
3. Comparison to experimental data and conclusion
We use the mode-matching technique to study parallel-plate waveguide resonant cavities that are filled with a dielectric. We apply the generalized scattering matrix theory to calculate the power transmission through the waveguide-cavities. We compare the analytical results to experimental data to confirm the validity of this approach.
A research area of particular interest in recent years has been the use of resonant optical sensors as low-volume refractive index sensors. Refractive index sensing is noninvasive, simple to implement, does not require labels or chromophores for detection, and is sensitive to concentration rather than mass or volume, making it an ideal measurement technique for analyzing small volumes of analytes [1]. Resonant refractive index sensors measure the change in resonant behavior when an analyte is introduced to a system, either as a change in the extinction ratio or more frequently as a shift in the resonant frequency. Resonant sensors have been implemented with a wide range of geometries, such as optical ring resonators [1], photonic crystals [2,3], or microsphere resonators [4].
The majority of these designs operate at visible or infrared frequencies. At terahertz (THz) frequencies, refractive index sensing is less well developed. Many of the sensors such as dielectric-coated fibers, metallic meshes, and split-ring resonators have been implemented to sense thin dielectric layers, but the independent variable is the layer thickness rather than the index [5–8]. In contrast, other sensors in the THz range exist that are not sensitive to the layer thickness [9–11]. Further investigated here, the grooved parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) design has been proposed as a high sensitivity sensor for monitoring the refractive index of the material filling the groove in both single-channel [10] and parallel multi-channel geometries [11].
In this approach, the resonant structure is a cavity integrated into a PPWG. A diagram is shown in Fig. 1 . A rectangular groove is machined into the lower plate of the waveguide, which acts as a resonant cavity for THz radiation propagating inside the waveguide in the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode [10]. We note that the more commonly employed TEM mode of the PPWG does not couple efficiently to a cavity of this type, so the use of the TE1 mode is required [12]. This structure acts as a refractive index sensor; when the cavity is filled with a dielectric material, there is a corresponding change in the resonant frequency dependent on the material's refractive index [10]. In previous work we presented an application of mode-matching analysis to understanding the origin of the resonant behavior of the PPWG with an empty cavity [13]. In the work presented here, we expand this analysis to incorporate a dielectric filling in the cavity. This enables an analytical investigation of this waveguide's capability as a microfluidic sensor.
Fig. 1 Diagram of the grooved PPWG showing geometric parameters and the polarization and direction of the incident electric field. The dotted line indicates the (level of the) dielectric filling in the groove.
The mode-matching technique is a form of analysis employing classical waveguide theory and the generalized scattering matrix technique to analyze transmission through waveguides with discontinuous features such as abrupt changes in size, shape, junctions, cavities, etc [14–18]. The technique is discussed in detail in Ref. [15] and in Chapters 9 and 10 of Ref. [18]. In the case of a structure like the grooved waveguide under consideration here, the groove is treated as if it is a section of PPWG with a different plate separation and with its own supported modes. An incoming wave propagates through the ungrooved section, and then at the junction the wave is either transmitted into the various modes of the wider grooved section or reflected back into the ungrooved section. The transmitted waves propagate through the grooved section, before being transmitted or reflected at the junction with the second ungrooved section.
The amount of energy transferred across the (virtual) boundary from one mode to another by reflection or transmission depends on two factors: the impedance mismatch between the modes, and the amount of spatial overlap between the mode patterns. Modes with very similar electric field patterns will have a large spatial overlap and a correspondingly greater coupling efficiency, while modes with very different patterns will have a smaller overlap. If there is a large impedance mismatch at a boundary, energy is more likely to be reflected, while a small impedance mismatch leads to increased transmission.
This technique was used in Ref. [13] to analyze the empty-groove PPWG through the reflection and transmission of various TE modes at the start and end of the groove. The mode-matching technique has essentially the same form when applied to a waveguide with a dielectric-filled groove as to a waveguide with an empty groove: it calculates the reflection and transmission into various modes of the waveguide sections, based on the impedances and the overlap of the mode patterns. To incorporate a dielectric filling into the waveguide, those impedances and mode patterns must be recalculated to reflect the influence of the dielectric material on the field distribution inside the waveguide.
For the mode patterns and impedances in the ungrooved sections, we use the conventional equations for a TE-moded PPWG [19]. The grooved waveguide section can be treated as essentially a waveguide partially filled with a dielectric, and its mode patterns can be derived from those of a partially-filled rectangular waveguide. The mathematics of modes of a partially-filled rectangular waveguides are discussed in detail in Ref. [20]. This analysis can be applied to derive the mode patterns of a partially-filled PPWG by extending the transverse dimension of the rectangular waveguide to infinity. This approach has been previously used to study THz pulse propagation behavior in partially-filled PPWGs [21]. After this extension to the PPWG geometry, the field patterns are described in each region by a set of TE components. Satisfying the boundary conditions of these regions yields a modified TE mode pattern. The resulting electric field distribution inside the dielectric-filled groove is given by:
(1)Exd=-jβZAdεdsin((βyd(b-y))e-jβzz
(2)Ex0=-jβzA0ε0sin(βy0y)e-jβZZ
where d indicates values in the dielectric and 0 indicates values in air, β is the propagation constant in the z or y directions, and the y-axis is defined with y = 0 at the top plate of the waveguide and y = b at the bottom of the groove (Fig. 2 ). Here, x is the coordinate parallel to the air-dielectric interface. βz in the propagation direction is the same in both the air and dielectric and must be determined numerically using the requirements for continuity of Ex and Hz at the dielectric-air interface. Both real and imaginary solutions must be found, as both propagating and attenuating modes are considered in the mode-matching analysis. After solving for βz, the electric field patterns for various modified TE modes can be plotted. Figure 2 shows typical patterns, in which the dielectric is assumed to be a non-absorbing liquid with a refractive index of n = 1.4224, which is the value for tetradecane at room temperature. The index is assumed to be real and independent of frequency, a reasonable approximation for many liquid hydrocarbons, which exhibit very low absorption and almost no dispersion in the THz range [22].
Fig. 2 Electric field patterns for the modified TE1 to TE4 modes of the partially dielectric-filled PPWG, illustrating the distortion of the mode due to the partial dielectric filling. The dielectric in this example is a slab of liquid (tetradecane) of height 412 μm, in a waveguide of total spacing b = 1.409 mm.
These modified mode patterns clearly show that the general shapes of the modes are similar to the ordinary sinusoidal TE modes of the empty waveguide, but there is a concentration of the propagating energy in the dielectric portion, as one might expect. The patterns above are calculated at 270 GHz. Unlike the modes of the empty waveguide, the modes of the partially-filled waveguide exhibit a frequency dependence even though the dielectric is assumed to have a frequency-independent refractive index. This effect is small and is due to the frequency dependence of the phase constant βz. The modified TE mode patterns can be used in the mode-matching analysis to calculate the power transmission of various frequencies through the waveguide and thus the resonant frequency for empty or filled grooved PPWGs. These results can then be used to investigate the performance of the grooved PPWG as a microfluidic sensor. For example, a waveguide with a groove of dimensions 457 μm wide by 406 μm deep that is filled with materials with a wide range of refractive indices can be analyzed with the mode-matching technique to obtain a plot of the shift in the resonant frequency (Fig. 3 ). This analysis yields a quadratic dependence of the resonant shift on the index, as predicted by numerical simulations in previous work [10].
Fig. 3 Plot of the calculated shift in the resonant frequency for a groove of dimensions 457 μm by 406 μm when filled exactly to the top by dielectrics of varying refractive indices.
As an example of the value of the mode-matching technique, we consider the question of the dependence of the resonant frequency on the degree of filling of the cavity. In Fig. 3, the resonance shifts were calculated under the assumption that the groove is perfectly filled by the dielectric – a 406 μm column of liquid in a 406 μm deep groove. However, in reality, the filling level (h in Fig. 2 above) is an experimental variable. By starting with an empty groove and calculating the resonant frequency for the groove as it is slowly filled with a material (tetradecane, as in Fig. 2) at a series of fill heights from 0 μm to 406 μm, and continuing to overfill up to 500 μm, we can investigate the relationship between the fill height and the resonant shift [Fig. 4(a) ]. This result can be used to calibrate the relationship between the fill height and the fluid volume in the groove, which is more easily controlled experimentally. Figure 4(b) is an example of an experimental curve relating the resonant shift to the volume of material introduced into the groove.
Fig. 4 Vertical dashed lines show a full groove filling. (a) Plot of the calculated shift in resonant frequency versus the height of the tetradecane filling in a 457 μm by 406 μm groove. A dashed line marks the height of a perfect fill, 406 μm. (b) Plots of the observed shift in the resonant frequency for a waveguide of the same geometry, as a function of the volume of liquid injected into the cavity, obtained experimentally.
The curve [Fig. 4(a)] indicates that there is a minimum fill height necessary to produce a measurable shift in the resonant frequency. It also indicates a roughly linear dependence on fill height once this minimum level has been reached. This linear dependence continues beyond the point of perfect filling, which is experimentally unrealistic – as the experimental curve [Fig. 4(b)] shows, the groove begins to overflow at some point and the response saturates. Based on this saturated response and on visual observation of the fill, we can estimate the volume required to fill the groove (in this geometry 8.5 μL). The relationship between the height of the fill and the volume is nonlinear due to the experimental geometry, so there is no simple linear transformation between the analytical and experimental curves, but the two can be combined easily for calibration as described later in this paper.
Another curve that is useful for comparison to experiment is the dependence of the resonant shift on the plate spacing. In previous work we have demonstrated the dependence of the resonant frequency of the empty waveguide on the plate spacing [13]. It follows that the resonant frequency when the groove is filled would also depend on the spacing. However, mode-matching analysis allows us to easily determine whether the shift, the difference in those two resonant frequencies, also depends on the plate spacing. The result is plotted in Fig. 5 over the range of plate spacings for which the mode-matching technique has been shown to be accurate. For narrower plate spacings, the change is too abrupt between the grooved and ungrooved waveguide sections and the assumptions governing the mode-matching analysis are no longer valid [13]. We have used a plate separation of b = 0.997 mm for all mode-matching analysis, and a plate separation b = 0.99 mm ± 10 μm for all experimental data.
Fig. 5 The difference between the resonant frequency for the empty waveguide with the 457 μm by 406 μm groove, and the waveguide with the same groove filled with tetradecane, as a function of the spacing between the waveguide plates.
This figure demonstrates the importance of the accurate determination of the plate spacing, because it has a significant effect on the resonant shift observed for a particular refractive index. Higher shifts are observed for narrower waveguides than for waveguides with a wider spacing.
To confirm the validity of this technique, we compare experimental results to the predictions from the mode-matching analysis. The experimental data discussed here have been published previously in Ref. [11]. A parallel-plate microfluidic sensor was demonstrated with two independent grooves of dimensions 457 μm by 406 μm and 711 μm by 406 μm. As part of this demonstration, each channel was filled with a series of straight-chain alkanes (from octane to hexadecane) and the resonant shift for each sample was plotted versus the refractive index (blue squares and red circles in Fig. 6 ).
Fig. 6 Plot of the resonant shift (relative to the empty waveguide) obtained experimentally for a 711 μm by 406 μm groove filled to a height of 350 μm with a range of alkanes (red circles) and a 457 μm by 406 μm groove filled to a height of 420 μm with the same materials (blue squares). The lines are the predicted results from the mode-matching analysis.
To reproduce this behavior analytically, we first model the empty waveguide to obtain the resonant frequency corresponding to each groove. Then we determine the height of the fill in each groove using graphs similar to Fig. 4. For example, a series of experiments filling the 457 μm by 406 μm groove with 8.5 μL of tetradecane yielded a resonant shift of 19 GHz. This corresponds to a fill height of 420 μm according to Fig. 4. The same procedure is done for the 711 μm by 406 μm groove, requiring a slight underfill of 350 μm to match the 34 GHz resonant shift observed for a 11.5 μL fill volume. These fill heights were then used in the mode-matching analysis to generate predictions of the resonant shift expected when the grooves were filled with these volumes of each of the other alkanes. These predicted shifts are plotted as straight lines in Fig. 6. The error bars in experimental data arise from variation of the liquid fill volume between trails. The largest source of error between experiment and analytic solution also arises from the liquid filling, both the consistency of the fill volume, and the varying characteristics among alkanes such as surface tension.
The sensitivities predicted by the mode-matching analysis are slightly lower; 103 GHz/RIU for the 711 μm by 406 μm groove and 94 GHz/RIU for the 457 μm by 406 μm groove, than the experimental measurements of 225 and 170 GHz/RIU respectively obtained by a linear fit of the data. But the general trends agree reasonably well with the experimental data. This verifies the value of the mode matching technique for partially-dielectric-filled grooved PPWGs.
In conclusion, the technique presented here expands the mode-matching analysis to accurately describe the behavior of a grooved PPWG with a dielectric filling and thus provides a simple way to analyze and optimize this waveguide's capabilities as a microfluidic sensor.
This work has been funded in part by the National Science Foundation and by the Air Force Research Laboratory through the CONTACT program.
1. H. Zhu, I. M. White, J. D. Suter, M. Zourob, and X. Fan, "Integrated refractive index optical ring resonator detector for capillary electrophoresis," Anal. Chem. 79(3), 930–937 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. T. Hasek, H. Kurt, D. S. Citrin, and M. Koch, "Photonic crystals for fluid sensing in the subterahertz range," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(17), 173508 (2006). [CrossRef]
3. M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, "Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(26), 4648–4650 (2003). [CrossRef]
4. N. M. Hanumegowda, C. J. Stica, B. C. Patel, I. White, and X. Fan, "Refractometric sensors based on microsphere resonators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(20), 201107 (2005). [CrossRef]
5. B. You, J. Y. Lu, J. H. Liou, C. P. Yu, H. Z. Chen, T. A. Liu, and J. L. Peng, "Subwavelength film sensing based on terahertz anti-resonant reflecting hollow waveguides," Opt. Express 18(18), 19353–19360 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. S. Yoshida, E. Kato, K. Suizu, Y. Nakagomi, Y. Ogawa, and K. Kawase, "Terahertz sensing of thin poly(theylene terephthalate) film thickness using a metallic mesh," Appl. Phys. Express 2(1), 012301 (2009). [CrossRef]
7. C. Debus and P. H. Bolivar, "Frequency selective surfaces for high sensitivity terahertz sensing," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 184102 (2007). [CrossRef]
8. J. F. O'Hara, R. Singh, I. Brener, E. Smirnova, J. Han, A. J. Taylor, and W. Zhang, "Thin-film sensing with planar terahertz metamaterials: sensitivity and limitations," Opt. Express 16(3), 1786–1795 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. C. Rau, G. Torosyan, R. Beigang, and Kh. Nerkararyan, "Prism coupled terahertz waveguide sensor," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(21), 211119 (2005). [CrossRef]
10. R. Mendis, V. Astley, J. Liu, and D. M. Mittleman, "Terahertz microfluidic sensor based on a parallel-plate waveguide resonant cavity," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(17), 171113 (2009). [CrossRef]
11. V. Astley, K. Reichel, J. Jones, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, "Terahertz multichannel microfluidic sensor based on parallel-plate waveguide resonant cavities," Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(23), 231108 (2012). [CrossRef]
12. R. Mendis and D. M. Mittleman, "Comparison of the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) and transverse-magnetic (TEM) modes of the parallel-plate waveguide for terahertz pulse applications," Opt. Express 17(17), 14839–14850 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. V. Astley, B. McCracken, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, "Analysis of rectangular resonant cavities in terahertz parallel-plate waveguides," Opt. Lett. 36(8), 1452–1454 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. A. L. Bingham and D. Grischkowsky, "High Q, one-dimensional terahertz photonic waveguides," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(9), 091105 (2007). [CrossRef]
15. A. Bingham, "Propagation through terahertz waveguides with photonic crystal boundaries," Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University: Stillwater (2007).
16. P. P. Borsboom and H. J. Frankena, "Field analysis of two-dimensional integrated optical gratings," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12(5), 1134–1141 (1995). [CrossRef]
17. T. Thumvongskul and T. Shiozawa, "Reflection characteristics of a metallic waveguide grating with rectangular grooves as a frequency-selective reflector," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 32(6), 414–418 (2002). [CrossRef]
18. T. Itoh, ed., Numerical Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Passive Structures (Wiley, 1989).
19. R. Mendis and D. M. Mittleman, "An investigation of the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode of the parallel-plate waveguide for THz pulse propagation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(9), A6–A13 (2009). [CrossRef]
20. C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics (Wiley, 1989).
21. R. Mendis, "Nature of subpicosecond terahertz pulse propagation in practical dielectric-filled parallel-plate waveguides," Opt. Lett. 31(17), 2643–2645 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. J. P. Laib and D. M. Mittleman, "Temperature-dependent terahertz spectroscopy of liquid n-alkanes," J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 31(9), 1015–1021 (2010). [CrossRef]
H. Zhu, I. M. White, J. D. Suter, M. Zourob, and X. Fan, "Integrated refractive index optical ring resonator detector for capillary electrophoresis," Anal. Chem. 79(3), 930–937 (2007).
T. Hasek, H. Kurt, D. S. Citrin, and M. Koch, "Photonic crystals for fluid sensing in the subterahertz range," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(17), 173508 (2006).
M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, "Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(26), 4648–4650 (2003).
N. M. Hanumegowda, C. J. Stica, B. C. Patel, I. White, and X. Fan, "Refractometric sensors based on microsphere resonators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(20), 201107 (2005).
B. You, J. Y. Lu, J. H. Liou, C. P. Yu, H. Z. Chen, T. A. Liu, and J. L. Peng, "Subwavelength film sensing based on terahertz anti-resonant reflecting hollow waveguides," Opt. Express 18(18), 19353–19360 (2010).
S. Yoshida, E. Kato, K. Suizu, Y. Nakagomi, Y. Ogawa, and K. Kawase, "Terahertz sensing of thin poly(theylene terephthalate) film thickness using a metallic mesh," Appl. Phys. Express 2(1), 012301 (2009).
C. Debus and P. H. Bolivar, "Frequency selective surfaces for high sensitivity terahertz sensing," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 184102 (2007).
J. F. O'Hara, R. Singh, I. Brener, E. Smirnova, J. Han, A. J. Taylor, and W. Zhang, "Thin-film sensing with planar terahertz metamaterials: sensitivity and limitations," Opt. Express 16(3), 1786–1795 (2008).
C. Rau, G. Torosyan, R. Beigang, and Kh. Nerkararyan, "Prism coupled terahertz waveguide sensor," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(21), 211119 (2005).
R. Mendis, V. Astley, J. Liu, and D. M. Mittleman, "Terahertz microfluidic sensor based on a parallel-plate waveguide resonant cavity," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(17), 171113 (2009).
V. Astley, K. Reichel, J. Jones, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, "Terahertz multichannel microfluidic sensor based on parallel-plate waveguide resonant cavities," Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(23), 231108 (2012).
R. Mendis and D. M. Mittleman, "Comparison of the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) and transverse-magnetic (TEM) modes of the parallel-plate waveguide for terahertz pulse applications," Opt. Express 17(17), 14839–14850 (2009).
V. Astley, B. McCracken, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, "Analysis of rectangular resonant cavities in terahertz parallel-plate waveguides," Opt. Lett. 36(8), 1452–1454 (2011).
A. L. Bingham and D. Grischkowsky, "High Q, one-dimensional terahertz photonic waveguides," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(9), 091105 (2007).
A. Bingham, "Propagation through terahertz waveguides with photonic crystal boundaries," Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University: Stillwater (2007).
P. P. Borsboom and H. J. Frankena, "Field analysis of two-dimensional integrated optical gratings," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12(5), 1134–1141 (1995).
T. Thumvongskul and T. Shiozawa, "Reflection characteristics of a metallic waveguide grating with rectangular grooves as a frequency-selective reflector," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 32(6), 414–418 (2002).
T. Itoh, ed., Numerical Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Passive Structures (Wiley, 1989).
R. Mendis and D. M. Mittleman, "An investigation of the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode of the parallel-plate waveguide for THz pulse propagation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(9), A6–A13 (2009).
C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics (Wiley, 1989).
R. Mendis, "Nature of subpicosecond terahertz pulse propagation in practical dielectric-filled parallel-plate waveguides," Opt. Lett. 31(17), 2643–2645 (2006).
J. P. Laib and D. M. Mittleman, "Temperature-dependent terahertz spectroscopy of liquid n-alkanes," J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 31(9), 1015–1021 (2010).
Astley, V.
Beigang, R.
Bingham, A. L.
Bolivar, P. H.
Borsboom, P. P.
Brener, I.
Chen, H. Z.
Citrin, D. S.
Debus, C.
Fan, X.
Frankena, H. J.
Grischkowsky, D.
Han, J.
Hanumegowda, N. M.
Hasek, T.
Jones, J.
Kato, E.
Kawase, K.
Koch, M.
Kurt, H.
Laib, J. P.
Liou, J. H.
Liu, T. A.
Loncar, M.
Lu, J. Y.
McCracken, B.
Mendis, R.
Mittleman, D. M.
Nakagomi, Y.
Nerkararyan, Kh.
O'Hara, J. F.
Ogawa, Y.
Patel, B. C.
Peng, J. L.
Qiu, Y.
Rau, C.
Reichel, K.
Scherer, A.
Shiozawa, T.
Singh, R.
Smirnova, E.
Stica, C. J.
Suizu, K.
Suter, J. D.
Taylor, A. J.
Thumvongskul, T.
Torosyan, G.
White, I.
White, I. M.
Yoshida, S.
You, B.
Yu, C. P.
Zhang, W.
Zhu, H.
Zourob, M.
Anal. Chem. (1)
Appl. Phys. Express (1)
Appl. Phys. Lett. (8)
J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves (1)
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (2)
Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. (1)
(1) E x d = -j β Z A d ε d sin( ( β yd (b-y) ) e -j β z z
(2) E x 0 = -j β z A 0 ε 0 sin( β y0 y) e -j β Z Z


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La journée mondiale sans tabac est une journée internationale qui a lieu chaque année le 31 mai depuis 1988 sous l'égide de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS).

L'OMS a organisé l'événement pour la première fois le 7 avril en 1987 ; l'année suivante la date a été définitivement fixée au . La journée a pour but de faire passer une prise de conscience globale sur les dangers du tabac pour la santé des consommateurs comme de leur entourage : sur 650 millions de fumeurs, cinq millions meurent chaque année à cause de problèmes de santé liés au tabagisme selon l'organisation.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Víceúrovňový setkávací systém neboli systém rendez-vous (obvykle pouze systém RV) je způsob organizace výjezdových skupin a stanovišť záchranné služby v některých evropských zemích, včetně Česka. Poprvé byl využit v Heidelbergu v 70. letech 20. století. Zavedla jej nadace Björn-Steiger-Stiftung.

Princip

Systém RV funguje na principu setkávání dvou typů výjezdových skupin u zásahů:
 rychlá zdravotnická pomoc (RZP) ve složení řidič-záchranář a zdravotnický záchranář (označení v Česku je střední zdravotnický pracovník (SZP), méně přesně také paramedik)
 rychlá lékařská pomoc v systému Rendez-Vous (RV) ve složení řidič-záchranář a lékař
Systém RV vyžaduje vysoký počet výjezdových stanovišť, na nichž slouží výjezdové skupiny RZP a na některých stanovištích skupiny RV. Zatímco skupiny RZP využívají standardní dodávková sanitní vozidla, záchranáři ve výjezdových skupinách RV jezdí v osobních nebo SUV automobilech. Při přijetí tísňové výzvy vyhodnotí operátorka na zdravotnickém operačním středisku, zda vyslat k případu pouze samostatně skupinu RZP nebo obě skupiny zároveň. V praxi to pak vypadá tak, že se obě skupiny setkají na místě zásahu a pacient je ošetřen kvalifikovaným lékařem. Do zdravotnického zařízení bývá obvykle transportován výjezdovou skupinou RZP a vozidlo s lékařem je opět volné. Při kritickém stavu pacienta může jet lékař se skupinou RZP. Pokud dorazí na místo zásahu pouze skupina RZP a stav pacienta se náhle zhorší, přivolají záchranáři na místo skupinu RV. Jelikož jsou skupiny RV umístěny jen na některých stanovištích, setkávají se často u zásahu skupiny z různých výjezdových stanovišť. Operátor nebo operátorka na zdravotnickém operačním středisku má právo posádku RV přesměrovat na jiné místo v případě, že je indikace k zásahu urgentnější. Do systému nebývají zařazovány standardní výjezdové skupiny rychlé lékařské pomoci s lékařem ve velkém sanitním vozidle.

Rychlá zdravotnická pomoc
Výjezdová skupina rychlé zdravotnické pomoci pracuje ve dvoučlenném složení, a to řidič-záchranář a zdravotnický záchranář (střední zdravotnický pracovník; SZP). Součástí skupiny RZP není lékař. K zásahům využívá sanitní vozidla třídy B nebo C. Veškeré vybavení je shodné s vozidly rychlé lékařské pomoci. Skupin RZP je zpravidla v oblastech se systémem RV výrazně více než skupin RV.

Někdy bývá střední zdravotnický pracovník označován jako paramedik. Takové označení není v Česku zcela přesné; SZP nemá v Česku tak rozsáhlé pravomoci v poskytování odborné přednemocniční neodkladné péče jako paramedici v Kanadě či USA.

Rendez-Vous
Výjezdové skupiny RV bývají obvykle umístěny ve městech a vyjíždějí v osobních automobilech. Jedná se o speciální sanitní vozidla, která mají veškeré vybavení k ošetření pacienta shodné s velkými sanitními vozidly, ale nedisponují mobilizačním vybavením. Výbava takových vozidel se řídí podle vyhlášky Ministerstva zdravotnictví České republiky 92/2012 Sb. Výhodou je především rychlost. Ve velkých městech se dostane osobní automobil k případu často rychleji než velká sanitka. Lékař se ihned po příjezdu věnuje ošetření pacienta a vyčkává na příjezd skupiny RZP. Pacient bývá pak transportován do nemocnice skupinou RZP. Pokud je nutná spolupráce lékaře i při transportu pacienta, jedou obě vozidla do nemocnice, přičemž lékař se přesune do velké sanitky. Těchto případů je však méně než 10 % z celkového počtu zásahů.

Výhody
 Rychlost – vozidla RV se dostávají k pacientovi rychleji než velké sanitky a lékař může včasně poskytnout odbornou přednemocniční neodkladnou péči.
 Flexibilita – k méně závažným případům postačuje vyslat samostatně skupinu RZP a lékař je připraven stále k výjezdu. V případě, že se setkají obě skupiny na místě, bývá pacient transportován do nemocnice velkou sanitkou a lékař je opět volný k dalšímu zásahu.
 Počet lékařů – systém RV vyžaduje nižší počet lékařů, kteří jsou využiti na velký počet zásahů. Tento způsob bývá však také nevýhodou. Pokud je lékař na výjezdu a je potřeba dalšího lékaře, dochází ke komplikacím. K zásahu musí přijet skupina RV z větší vzdálenosti.

Nevýhody
 Pravomoce středních zdravotnických pracovníků – pravděpodobně největším problémem jsou v systému RV pravomoce záchranářů. V Česku nemohou SZP podávat bez indikace lékařů léky s opiáty. Často se tak stává, že lékař vyjede k zásahu pouze proto, aby podal pacientovi léky. Dalším problémem je také nemožnost rozhodnout o zanechání pacienta na místě. Pokud si stav pacienta nevyžaduje transport do zdravotnického zařízení, musí o ponechání pacienta na místě zásahu rozhodnout lékař.
 Počet stanovišť – systém RV vyžaduje hustou síť výjezdových stanovišť.
 Veřejnost – laická veřejnost není vždy spokojena se systémem RV. V povědomí občanů v některých oblastech je rozšířen názor, že členové skupin RZP nedokáží poskytnout tak kvalifikovanou odbornou přednemocniční neodkladnou péči, jako lékař. V některých oblastech Česka je systém RV kritizován, např. v okolí Holic, kde byl zaveden systém RV a došlo tak k omezení provozu standardní výjezdové skupiny rychlé lékařské pomoci.

Systém RV v Česku
Celoplošně využívá systém RV pouze Zdravotnická záchranná služba hlavního města Prahy. Ta jej také zavedla v roce 1987 jako první záchranná služba v Česku.
Zatím jediný kraj, kde doposud nebyl systém RV spuštěn, je Ústecký kraj. Zde vyjíždějí na celém území pouze skupiny rychlé zdravotnické pomoci a rychlé lékařské pomoci s lékařem ve velké sanitce. Některá větší města (Brno, Ostrava) využívají jak systém RV, tak také standardní výjezdové skupiny RLP. Tato kombinace je ve velkých městských aglomeracích výhodná. V Česku bývá systém RV s výhodou využíván právě ve velkých městech nebo naopak v řídce osídlených oblastech. Zdravotnická záchranná služba Zlínského kraje má na výjezdovém stanovišti ve Slavičíně speciálně upravené vozidlo RV, které může v případě potřeby transportovat pacienta. Primárně k tomu ale určeno není. Do budoucna lze očekávat postupné zavádění systému RV stále častěji. Téměř všechna nová stanoviště záchranné služby v Česku jsou již budována pouze pro skupiny RZP, kde dojíždí skupiny RV odjinud. Do prosince 2010 fungoval systém RV v Královéhradeckém kraji, jehož specifikem bylo, že lékař vyjížděl ve velkém sanitním vozidle. Na místě zásahu se tak mohly setkat až dvě velké sanitky najednou. Od prosince 2010 je pro RV nasazeno vozidlo Volkswagen Touareg.

Vozový park
V systému RV vyjíždějí v Česku nejčastěji vozidla Škoda Kodiaq, Škoda Octavia a Škoda Yeti. Volkswagen Touareg využívají Zdravotnická záchranná služba Královéhradeckého kraje, Zdravotnická záchranná služba Moravskoslezského kraje a Zdravotnická záchranná služba Olomouckého kraje. V Olomouckém kraji je pak do systému RV zařazeno vozidlo Volkswagen Tiguan. Ve Středočeském a Libereckém kraji jsou využita vozidla Subaru Forester. Opava disponuje vozidlem Nissan X-Trail, ve Slavičíně vyjíždí Nissan Pathfinder. V Libereckém kraji jezdí také dva kusy Renault Koleos s červenobílou battenburskou šachovnicí. V Praze jsou do systému zařazena vozidla Mercedes-Benz ML. Zdravotnická záchranná služba Plzeňského kraje využívá vozidla Honda CR-V. 19. ledna 2011 byla slavnostně Zdravotnické záchranné službě Středočeského kraje předána čtyři nová vozidla Škoda Yeti, která jsou zařazena do systému RV. Tento typ vozidel začala využívat jako první záchranná služba v Česku.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

  Základní standard primárního zásahu ZZS v systému Rendez-Vous
  Strašiak na radne - systém Rendez-vous článek o možnostech zavedení systému Rendez-Vous na Slovensku
  Příklad rozložení výjezdových skupin v Královéhradeckém kraji na stránkách Zdravotnické záchranné služby Královéhradeckého kraje

Zdravotnictví
Integrovaný záchranný systém


Paolo Schianchi is now considered by many to be one of the best Italian musicians of his generation. He plays all existing variations of the guitar. He is a musician, composer, researcher and inventor. He has more than one degree with honours and has received numerous national and international awards both as guitarist and composer, gaining experience with several of the world's most renowned guitarists.
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He has been awarded first prize at several prestigious national and international competitions (Giovani Talenti, Rovere D'Oro, with 350 participants from all over the world, Ermo Colle) both as solo guitarist and composer.
In 2006 he published a research thesis entitled "Santino Garsi da Parma – Un Musicista da riscoprire" (Santino Garsi da Parma - A Musician to be rediscovered). With this work, virtuosic and counterpoint compositions by this Parmesan Renaissance composer (which those in the musicological sphere believed were lost) are brought to light, recovered and restored for the first time in modern history.
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Without a doubt the most popular CMS we use (and on planet Earth). It's especially great when coupled with WooCommerce for businesses requiring an online store and shopping cart. WordPress 'looks pretty' from the inside and, because it's so popular, there's a heap of functionality that can be plugged in to your website for added functionality.
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✓ Fourth most popular CMS, according to W3Techs in 2016, with 2.8% of the market share.
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Adobe Business Catalyst (BC) is a fantastic customer relationship management (CRM) system, with a built in https security certificate. If your business has many customers that require regular interactions with you – for example a secure 'log in member zone', to book for events/courses, teaching/training areas – then certainly consider BC. It's a SaaS CMS solution, meaning that you must host with Adobe for the functionality to work (i.e. you cannot bring your own hosting plan). It has a built-in newsletter tool, so you can manage your own EDM mailout campaigns and examine a bunch of statistics. We love their web apps (a bit like making your own plugins), to enable all sorts of things for our clients.
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text:
UT Austin Students Earn Diversity Leadership Awards
By Nick Nobel
The University of Texas at Austin community members won several Emerging Leaders Spotlight Awards during the recent chapter meeting of the Texas Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education (TADOHE). The inaugural awards seek to highlight and acknowledge individuals in higher education who actively support TADOHE's mission and diversity, equity, accessibility and inclusion (DEAI) as a whole.
Catherine Schlichting, M.Ed. won 2021's Emerging Leader of the Year Award. The award recognizes a student leader who most noticeably demonstrates initiative, motivation and potential for continued leadership within their community or organization. Catherine serves as senior administrative associate in the College of Pharmacy's Office of Student Affairs and recently earned her Master's degree in educational leadership and policy from UT's College of Education. She actively participates in DEAI events and programs across campus and contributes ideas that advance these themes in the professional Pharm.D. program. She also coordinates the college's Project Engage Pharmacy Program.
The Exceptional Student Leader Award went to student pharmacist Grace A. Akinyemi. Grace helps with the active recruitment of diverse students in the College of Pharmacy by being a student planner and facilitator for Pharm.D. admissions over the past two years. Grace also has developed educational programs that respond to current events and traumas associated with race-based violence through her leadership role in UT's student affiliate of the National Pharmaceutical Association (SNPhA). The award recognizes a student who has had a positive influence on the student body and made an exceptional contribution to the community.
Student pharmacist Farhana Hossain earned the Most Involved Leader Award. Farhana has participated in and facilitated several programs and workshops in UT Pharmacy that speak to her commitment for employing inclusive practices and promoting an informed cultural awareness of social justice. In Farhana's role as co-chair for a Student Diversity, Equity, Accessibility and Inclusion Committee, she developed insightful programs, assisted in creating focus group opportunities and presented to a historically underrepresented student organization of roughly 100 undergraduate students to encourage their exploration of a career in pharmacy. The award recognizes a student leader who publicly shows involvement in college events aimed at justice, equity, diversity, inclusion and accessibility.
Hollie Yang, M.Ed. won the Unsung Leader Award. Hollie is a Ph.D. candidate for higher education leadership in the College of Education and a co-staff chair for the Asian/Asian American Faculty Staff Association. She has also worked with the vice president of student affairs to discuss ways the division can be more intentional and intersectional when it comes to supporting communities that are not always centered in conversation. The Unsung Leader Award recognizes a student leader who isn't always recognized for their amazing contribution to their organization or community.
The Texas Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education is a chapter of the National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education (NADOHE) and is aimed at leading higher education toward inclusive excellence through institutional change as well as supporting its membership of professionals through support and community. College of Pharmacy Assistant Dean of Diversity and Inclusion Skyller Walkes, Ph.D. was recently elected TADOHE president.
News category:
Skyller Walkes, Ph.D.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It took some time for humanity to get the hang of smelting.
Despite the name, there was iron in the Bronze Age. It was just extremely rare. Most famously, the pharaoh Tutankhamun had a headrest, bracelet and dagger made of iron. Other iron artifacts from the same time have also been found around the globe. The existence of these artifacts has led to an archaeological debate: was there, in fact, iron smelting in the Bronze Age?
According to a new chemical analysis, the answer is no. The iron humans had during the Bronze Age came from space.
Albert Jambon, a researcher at the University Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris, surveyed all the Bronze Age iron objects he could with a portable x-ray fluorescence scanner. The scanner could break down the composition of each object non-invasively, allowing for him to determine origin. Specifically, Jambon was looking for evidence of nickel and cobalt. Nickel is one of the biggest differences between space-based iron and man-made, as the element is not present in smelted iron.
Jambon looked at King Tut's space dagger, as well as Egyptian beads, a Turkish dagger, a Syrian axe and pendant, as well as artifacts from China. They were all from 1300 to 3200 B.C., generally considered to be the Bronze Age. While some of these places, especially the land we know today as Syria, were crucial in the history of smelting, the results were the same each and every time. The iron contained meteoric amounts of nickel.
In his paper's abstract, Jambon says that his analysis "opens the possibility of tracking when and where the first smelting operations happened, the threshold of a new era."


This single hole square basin mixer tap was designed with Mandun Cartridge, so far it is not changable due to faucet instructure. the version here is brushed stainless teel square basin mixer tap. it is the top rated square bathroom faucet, firstly the price is cheaper, secondly the corner was polished deeper to get a better touch feeling.


I will sing of the steadfast love of the Lord, forever; with my mouth I will make known your faithfulness to all generations.2 For I said, "Steadfast love will be built up forever; in the heavens you will establish your faithfulness". 3 You have said, "I have made a covenant with my chosen one; I have sworn to David my servant: 4 I will establish your offspring forever and build your throne for all generations". Selah 5 Let the heavens praise your wonders, O Lord, your faithfulness in the assembly of the holy ones! 6 For who in the skies can be compared to the Lord? Who among the heavenly beings is like the Lord, 7 a God greatly to be feared in the council of the holy ones and awesome above all who are around him? 8 O Lord God of hosts, who is mighty as you are, O Lord, with your faithfulness all around you? 9 You rule the raging of the sea; when its waves rise, you still them.10 You crushed Rahab like a carcass; you scattered your enemies with your mighty arm. 11 The heavens are yours; the earth also is yours; the world and all that is in it, you have founded them. 12 The north and the south, you have created them;Tabor and Hermon joyously praise your name. 13 You have a mighty arm; strong is your hand, high your right hand. 14 Righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne; steadfast love and faithfulness go before you. 15 Blessed are the people who know the festal shout, who walk, O Lord, in the light of your face, 16 who exult in your name all the day and in your righteousness are exalted. 17 For you are the glory of their strength; by your favor our horn is exalted. 18 For our shield belongs to the Lord, our king to the Holy One of Israel. 19 Of old you spoke in a vision to your godly one and said: "I have granted help to one who is mighty; I have exalted one chosen from the people. 20 I have found David, my servant; with my holy oil I have anointed him, 21 so that my hand shall be established with him; my arm also shall strengthen him. 22 The enemy shall not outwit him; the wicked shall not humble him. 23 I will crush his foes before him and strike down those who hate him. 24 My faithfulness and my steadfast love shall be with him and in my name shall his horn be exalted. 25 I will set his hand on the sea and his right hand on the rivers. 26 He shall cry to me, You are my Father, my God and the Rock of my salvation. 27 And I will make him the firstborn, the highest of the kings of the earth. 28 My steadfast love I will keep for him forever and my covenant will stand firm for him. 29 I will establish his offspring forever and his throne as the days of the heavens. 30 If his children forsake my law and do not walk according to my rules, 31 if they violate my statutes and do not keep my commandments, 32 then I will punish their transgression with the rod and their iniquity with stripes, 33 but I will not remove from him my steadfast love or be false to my faithfulness. 34 I will not violate my covenant or alter the word that went forth from my lips. 35 Once for all I have sworn by my holiness; I will not lie to David. 36 His offspring shall endure forever, his throne as long as the sun before me. 37 Like the moon it shall be established forever, a faithful witness in the skies". Selah 38 But now you have cast off and rejected; you are full of wrath against your anointed. 39 You have renounced the covenant with your servant; you have defiled his crown in the dust. 40 You have breached all his walls; you have laid his strongholds in ruins. 41 All who pass by plunder him; he has become the scorn of his neighbors. 42 You have exalted the right hand of his foes; you have made all his enemies rejoice. 43 You have also turned back the edge of his sword and you have not made him stand in battle. 44 You have made his splendor to cease and cast his throne to the ground. 45 You have cut short the days of his youth; you have covered him with shame. Selah 46 How long, O Lord? Will you hide yourself forever? How long will your wrath burn like fire? 47 Remember how short my time is! For what vanity you have created all the children of man! 48 What man can live and never see death? Who can deliver his soul from the power of Sheol? Selah 49 Lord, where is your steadfast love of old, which by your faithfulness you swore to David? 50 Remember, O Lord, how your servants are mocked and how I bear in my heart the insults of all the many nations, 51 with which your enemies mock, O Lord, with which they mock the footsteps of your anointed. 52 Blessed be the Lord forever! Amen and Amen.


Cover: Camera Austria International 138, 2017.
After the loss of the majority of certainties in the understanding of photography, after all of the excessive accessing of photographic images, it seems appropriate to ask the question: how did it get this far? Which "turns"—the historiographic, the archival, the research, and the postcolonial turns—have served to affect, change, revamp? What can be said about photographic images in a time of the post-documentary, and the post-photographic? What comes after the unease about representation, and what disquiet has seized the photographic images of today?
A glimpse into the archive at Camera Austria attempts to trace several of these winding paths of "the photographic." In this special issue, which consists of image material from Camera Austria's archive and an essay by Reinhard Braun (artistic director and publisher of Camera Austria), we revisit some turning points in the debate about the photographic image—not as knowledge that has been set aside, but in an attempt to hold on to that which Walter Benjamin called the incompleteness of the past.
This archive for instance also accommodates the artists' invitation to the Symposium on Photography XV devoted to the topic "Archive," documented in issue 51/52 from the year 1995: "Using the term archive, we correlate artistic methods and their underlying concepts with cultural systems of rules and approaches taken … This broadening of the term archive denotes not only the approaches themselves—the activities of recording, collecting, and storing knowledge—but also a social dispositif (Michel Foucault): it links strategies of appropriation and safekeeping with those related to the creation of order, with demarcation and dislocation. In this sense, the archive represents and signifies the constant disciplining and structuring of the world." However, it was in the 1990s especially that the concept of the archive—as an objective source and system of structuring knowledge—began to destabilize and to dissolve the bonds between archive, documentation, and memory. The return of the real (Hal Foster) and the ethnographic "turn" of the 1990s then moved the issue of documentation in directions that were simultaneously more speculative, provisional, and political. The archive went from being an institution to being a process, with artistic practices not only critically addressing existing archives, but now also themselves creating archive-like collections of documents and narratives. The archive was ultimately to become a shared space for producing dispersed knowledge over the course of digitalization.
Furthermore the issue of the archive in the scope of artistic practices often deals with the "blind spots" of history—blind spots which, however, are certainly no less meaningful. Rather, they represent nodes of various narratives that, in turn, have not been granted consideration by official archives. "Ghostly 'voices' draw their tenacious presence from what is left unsaid, unrepresented, from the blank spaces, the lost or never-told stories … These 'ghosts' demand entry into our texts, our systems of inscription and our representations, despite the frequent claims that apparitions are nothing but sensory illusions, even hallucinations" (Peggy Buth). The Camera Austria archive is neither the result of artistic practices, nor can it be stylized as an archive of suppressed or political nature. Yet it can be assumed that there are zones of visibility and of invisibility in this archive as well, that certain associations more clearly rise to the fore than others, and that it is permeated by gaps.
Some trails in this preliminary and immanently incomplete archive might point out to us "that, in order to move forward, we must first take a few steps back, so as to embark upon previously abandoned paths" (Allan Sekula). However, embarking upon such previously abandoned paths only makes sense if we don't try to smooth out contradictions that we encounter, but rather engage in work with the archive without "having an answer at the ready, before the complexity of the question is understood" (Karen Knorr).


An adventure that eventually would lead to Natural Valley Ranch in Brownsburg, Indiana, started with a pair of red cowboy boots. Several years ago, my son who lives in the Western U.S., noticed during my visits to him my admiration for cowboy boots, particularly red ones since that is my favorite color. He offered to buy some for me as a gift. I kept putting him off with the disclaimer, "They cost too much. Where would I wear them in Indiana? I live in town and don't own a horse!" This year for Mother's Day he surprised me by mailing me a pair of gorgeous red cowboy boots with no warning. I should have protested (the protests have gotten weaker as I've gotten older). But since they were lovely (yes, cowboy boots can be lovely!) and fit (Thank you God!), I graciously accepted them and wore them to church and to a party with a Wild West theme. It was fun though I still felt a little like an impostor. Imagine my excitement when I actually wore my gorgeous boots recently while horseback riding! My husband, daughter and I booked a morning ride at Natural Valley Ranch. When I stepped out of my car wearing the boots and saw our guide Marie Damler wearing boots too, I felt at home. Marie's quick smile put us at ease. After discovering we rode horses yearly on vacation, she gave us some directions about guiding our steeds. Then we walked our horses on a leisurely ride through Natural Valley Ranch which included a woods and luscious verdant fields filled with grasses and some wildflowers. The temps were perfect in the low 70s. Our horses were well-trained and cooperative. Having been on horses that did not respond well to directions, I was impressed. It had rained the night before so my boots became mud-spattered. At the end of the ride, they looked broken in properly, and I was so proud to look like a real cowboy! I even took a photo to send to my son! After the hour-long ride, Marie took us on a tour of her ranch that includes a picnic shelter next to a lovely pond. "It can be rented for weddings, birthday parties or receptions," she said. It looked large enough to hold a crowd. What fun that would be to have a party here under the stars on a summer evening! Marie's family is adding a lodge that looks lovely enough to live in! Natural Valley Ranch is a gem of Brownsburg that should not be missed. Riders of all ages and experience levels would feel comfortable on Marie's horses. And you don't even need red cowboy boots to enjoy the ride!
Kayleen Reusser has written children's books and Chicken Soup stories. She writes for newspapers. She loves to travel and write about her experiences at her website: www.KayleenR.com.


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Free Books / Travel / Concise Gazetteer Of The World /
Nanaimo - Narva
This section is from the book "Chambers's Concise Gazetteer Of The World", by David Patrick. Also available from Amazon: Chambers's Concise Gazetteer Of The World.
Nanaimo (Nany'mo), a town on the east coast of Vancouver Island, 74 miles by rail NNW. of Victoria. There are large coal-mines in the district, which has a pop. of 6600.
Nanda Devi. See Himalaya.
Nandidrug
Nandidrug. See Nundydroog.
Nanticoke, a mining borough of Pennsylvania, in the Wyoming Valley, 24 miles S\V. of Scran-ton. Pop. 13,000.
Nantuck'et, an island (15 miles long) off the SB. coast of Massachusetts. On the N. shore is Nantucket town (pop. 3027), with a nearly landlocked harbour. Once a great seat of the whale-fishery, it is now mainly a summer-resort.
Nantwich, a market-town of Cheshire, on the Weaver, 4 miles SW. of Crewe. It has some quaint old timber houses ; a fine cruciform parish church, with a central octagonal tower, 110 feet high ; a Gothic town-hall (1858); a market-hall (1867); a grammar-school (1611); and brine-baths (1883). The Halen Gwyn ('white salt town') of the Welsh, Nantwich was once the second largest town in Cheshire, the seat of 300 salt-works in Leland's day, since when the industry has gradually quite died out. Boot and shoe making now is the principal industry. A great fire (1583), and its siege by the royalists under Lord Byron (1644) are the chief events in the history of Nantwich. Pop. (1851) 5424; (1901) 7722. See works by Platt (1818) and Hall (1885).
Napier, chief port and city of the provincial district of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, on the east coast of the North Island. Port Ahuriri (or Scinde Island) is within the municipal boundary. Timber, wool, and tinned and frozen meat are exported. Napier is the seat of the bishop of Waiapu. Pop. 9341.
Narbada
Narbada. See Nerbudda.
Narberth, one of the Pembroke boroughs, 11 1/2 miles NE. of Pembroke. Pop. 1071.
Narbonne (Narbonn'), a town in the French dep. of Aude, on the La Robine branch of the Canal du Midi, 8 miles from the Mediterranean, and 93 by rail ESB. of Toulouse. The removal since 1865 of the fortifications has been an improvement, but the place remains dirty and unattractive, with only three noteworthy buildings. These are the Romanesque church of St Paul (1229); the quondam cathedral of St Just (1272-1332), only the line Gothic choir of which, 131 feet high, has been completed; and the former archbishop's palace, now the hotel-de-ville, in one of whose three old towers Louis XIII. in 1642 signed the order to arrest Cinq Mars, and in which are a museum, library, and picture-gallery. The white heather-honey of arbonne maintains its ancient celebrity; the wine is chiefly used for blending purposes. Pop. 28,200 ; (1901) 27,185. Narbonne was the earliest Roman colony (118 b.c.) beyond the Alps. Varro and Montfaucou were natives.
Nariad
Nariad, a town of Bombay, 29 miles SE. of Ahmadabad by rail. Pop. 31,500.
Narragansett Bay
Narragansett Bay. See Rhode Island.
Narva, a Russian town, 101 miles WSW. of St Petersburg, on the Narova, 10 miles from its mouth in the Gulf of Finland. Charles XII. won a great victory here in 1700. Pop. 16,600.
prev: Nagoya - Namur
next: Narvik - Nauheim


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Home Entertainment The House of the Dragon: We love to hate Daemon, but Aegon...
The House of the Dragon: We love to hate Daemon, but Aegon is the new Joffrey and we explain his future importance
Warning: This article contains spoilers for the sixth episode of The House of the Dragon.
When we last saw Prince Aegon he was just a little thing, a little boy. Now, thanks to a hefty 10-year time jump, we see teenage Aegon in all of his hideous, rotten teenage glory. And with Aegon's pompous and cruel attitude comes what was missing from the House of the Dragon: a completely disgusting character.
Daemon has done some miserable and selfish things, but the series has threaded the story together to make his actions feel more complex and understandable. He is a layered character. Teenage Aegon? Well, he is a despicable being. Much like Prince/King Joffrey in Game of Thrones– A pretentious narcissist totally devoid of heart and soul. At least that's how Aegon is presented now. Unlike the adolescent Joffrey, Aegon has a big and important future ahead of him and is completely integral to the Dance of Dragons war.
the prince promised
Sometimes you just need a horrible person to direct your hate at in a family drama. Someone who can always be trusted to do their worst. So far, to be fair, Aegon hasn't done anything too unforgivable. In Game of Thrones, Joffrey was a malicious monster from the start. He almost immediately lied and had Arya's friend and Sansa's direwolf killed. It is later revealed that he derived (most likely sexual) pleasure from seeing, or causing, physical pain in others (the worst of which was slowly killing Ros with crossbow bolts). Aegon isn't that far yet. Right now, at the midpoint of the first season, it's a complete headache, but it hasn't gone beyond that.
He cruelly mocked his younger brother Aemond (Leo Ashton), fought dirty during a sparring session with Rhaenyra's eldest son, Jacaerys Velaryon (Leo Hart), and (perhaps most tellingly about his essential character) made a "Patriot" about citizenship of King's Landing.
See also The entire DC motion pictures and collection which are at risk from Warner Bros. after canceling Batgirl
And if you don't watch Amazon's The Boys and aren't familiar with the brilliantly brutal "what if Superman was evil?" by Antony Starr, we mean Aegon standing on his window sill, stark naked and in full view of the world, pleasuring himself. Of course, it makes sense that someone who is deplorable to both his cousin and his brother also have such great contempt for all commoners.
Unfortunately, Queen Alicent is well aware of Aegon's bad blood, while she is the only one who is severe and firm with him. In that sense, Aegon is also like Joffrey (and, if you think about it, Patriot) in that the only one capable of pulling the reins with them is his mother. They more or less have absent fathers in the form of a king, so his mother is the only one aware of his inner evil. Their respective mothers have also had to learn to be pragmatic and political in everything, just to survive.
King Viserys, now even closer to death's door, recognized Aegon's inner villainy, but his attempts to talk to Alicent about it don't get very far. Viserys is so close to disappearing that the queen has gotten used to running things herself while Viserys spends most of his time trying to get the separate factions of Rhaenyra and Alicent to play fair for the good of the family. A desperate appeaser to the end.
So, did Aegon grow up like this because he thinks he's not in line to the throne (since the succession, for now, remains to Rhaenyra and then Jacaerys) or did he become a dirty fiend because he knows he'll be king one day and why? So you don't have to worry about repercussions of any kind? Alicent gives everything for his children, so surely he has grown up knowing this … so perhaps his abysmal estrangement comes simply from apathy and a general disinterest in his family's politics.
See also House of the Dragon: El spinoff ficha a Rhys Ifans de Spider-Man
The House of the Dragon: what lies ahead
This new episode featured lots of new faces. Not all the roles are necessarily new, as some are simply new actors playing established characters. The most important are Olivia Cooke as Alicent and Emma D'Arcy as Rhaenyra. Other smaller roles, now important (at least in this episode), are those of Ser Harwin Strong and Lady Laena Velaryon, but only one of them is new. Harwin is still Ryan Corr, while Laena is now the third actress for that character, Nanna Blondell.
We've already covered Ty Tennant's teenage Aegon, so let's go over the rest of the kids. Aside from baby Joffrey Velaryon, who was just born to Rhaenyra in this episode, there is Alicent's second son, Aemond, played by Leo Ashton. Aemond, who, not having yet joined a dragon of his own, was teased by his brother and his cousins, now seems overly concerned with proving himself to others for it.
Then there are Rhaenyra's two eldest children, Princes Jacaerys and Lucerys, played by Leo Hart and Harvey Sadler. Although their true DNA is suggested, they are the current future of Westeros under his mother's heir appointment. It's worth noting the spate of offspring in this episode since A: we don't know how long these particular actors are going to appear, and B: everyone is an integral part of the violence that is coming. And that includes Daemon's children as well…his daughters born to his second wife, the dragon Lady Laena Velaryon.
In this episode, Baela Targaryen and her younger sister Rhaena were played by Shani Smethurst and Eva Ossei-Gerning, respectively. Baela and Rhaena have largely grown up outside of Westeros, as their absent-minded and aloof father Daemon is in (self?) exile. Now that her mother, Laena, has died, they are both left with a father who has largely ignored them. What will become of Daemon and his daughters now? His marriage to Laena was not rancorous like his union with Lady Rhea Royce, but neither was it a love match, properly speaking.
See also BioWare gives information concerning the construction of Dragon Age 4, which loses any other of its essential individuals
Lastly, from the next generation, there is Alicent's daughter, Helaena Targaryen, played by Evie Allen. Helaena feels oblivious to all the nonsense of the court (along with shared reality, in general) and seems uncomfortable around her own mother. Rhaenyra, trying to protect the family from her, proposed a marriage between Helaena and Jacaerys, though it was an idea the queen did not contemplate.
The end of the sixth episode of House of the Dragon shows how Rhaenyra, after the parentage of her children was publicly questioned thanks to an outburst by Harwin Strong, took her family to Dragonstone to escape the chaos. Will Daemon and his daughters join him there? The Dance of the Dragons has not yet come to an end, but all its players are already on the board. Except baby Joffrey, of course.
However, one thing is for sure now. Viewers can join in his intense dislike for Aegon. Will the series keep him totally obnoxious or will there be attempts to soften him up and seek sympathy?
Previous articleHBO Max shows the first official trailer for The Last of Us series, with a first look at various characters and dangers
Next articleThe director of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever reveals the question that is the central development of the film


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Holiday Season Fundraising: Employees of Toshiba America, Inc. raise more than $15,000 to support local charities
Funds will be distributed to City Harvest of New York City and
Serving People in Need of Orange County, CA.
NEW YORK, NY, December 21, 2021 – In response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the burden it is placing on so many Americans this holiday season, 30 generous employees of Toshiba America, Inc. have raised $15,240 to support local charities. The funds will be distributed to City Harvest of New York City and Serving People In Need, Orange County, CA, two locations hard hit by Covid-19 and homelessness and where the majority of these employees work.
Toshiba America, Inc., held a holiday donation drive from November 23rd thru December 17th encouraging employees to participate in an act of collective generosity that benefits local communities and improves the lives of others. Employees were permitted to donate up to 40 hours of paid time off (PTO) that was converted to a cash equivalent, or paycheck deductions and one-time donations towards the program.
Ryuji Maruyama, Toshiba America, Inc. Chairman & CEO, said "With the holiday season upon us, and so many Americans in need of assistance, I am very proud of our employees for stepping up and supporting this initiative that will benefit our communities, and I'm pleased to announce that the company will also contribute an additional $4,000 to this employee led fundraising program."
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Prices look a lot better then the retarded prices some of the bigger brands are trying to charge this year.
However, the longevity of the product is its Achilles heal. The production group needs to do some serious work in this area, to reflect the technology gains.
However, the longevity of the product is its alkalise heal. The production group needs to do some serious work in this area, to reflect the technology gains.
Hi Mineral Loft have move to a new Production facility for 2010 so Im looking forward to seeing the new line of sails and how they look. Personally Ive never had any problems with my sails the 8.5 being 2 years old now and prob my most used sail as well . Hopefully my new Blades turn up next month.
Maybe I just got two duds on the 08 Loft 02'S I was kind of hoping that they would run 3-4 seasons at least.
Be keen to see how the new ones stack up, in material wise.
I wish they'd publish the weights of sails.
NotWal, they feel lighter than the NP Hellcats. I switched this season to NP's and the NP's do feel heavier. I haven't verified but the Loft felt light on the hands.
Monty said they'll be publishing the weights in January.
woohoo Santa come early this year just unwrapped a new loft 2010 5.2 Lip wave and O2 sail today . First impression wow these look pretty cool . The finish & quality is impeccable, even comes with a quality assured label on it .
They have really done a great job this year.
Hopefully I post some pics tom .
Try something for me: with the sail in the bag, pick up the bag by the handle and tell me if they've figured out that the handle belongs above the centre of gravity of the sail yet.
are loft known for making great wave sails?
Im not an expert wave sailor but the lips waves feel great and have a super range.
Ive use the 5.2 from 20-35 knots.
Ludo just recieved his new Blades and they look sweet,not long to go now.
What's the Pentax LE version ?
Pay peanuts and you get monkeys !


Make a mark with your brand with this unique set of writing tools. Your brand is highlighted on the front case with plenty of room for your message.
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April is national volunteer month, and a great opportunity to celebrate the people and organizations that provided approximately 35,000 hours of volunteer service on our campus in the past year.
For the third year in a row, Outback Steakhouse partnered with BRC in hosting an annual volunteer recognition celebration on April 10.
More than 100 BRC volunteers attended.
"Our theme—Our volunteers make a world of difference—says it all," explains Laura Ipock Powell, BRC Director of Volunteer Services.
In fiscal year 2018, 34,049 hours of volunteer service at BRC were documented.
That's the equivalent of about 17 full-time team members working 40 hours a week. What an impact!
Learn more about our Volunteer Spotlight for April.


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Carriera

Giocatore
Fratello minore di un altro giocatore professionista, Tiny Thompson, Paul Thompson in NHL ha vestito le maglie di New York Rangers (1926-1931) e Chicago Blackhawks (1931-1939), vincendo con entrambe la Stanley Cup: nel 1927 a New York, nel 1934 e nel 1938 a Chicago.

Allenatore
Pochi mesi dopo il ritiro da giocatore nel 1939, venne chiamato a guidare i Chicago Blackhawks, con cui rimase fino alla stagione 1944-1945, durante la quale venne sollevato dall'incarico.

Tra il 1945 e il 1947 fu l'allenatore dei Vancouver Canucks, all'epoca militanti in PCHL.

Palmarès

New York Rangers: 1927
Chicago Blackhawks: 1934 e 1938

Collegamenti esterni


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Auction News | All | Movie & TV memorabilia
Intimate Audrey Hepburn letters up for sale at Bonhams
A collection of rare personal letters written by screen icon Audrey Hepburn will be offered for sale at Bonhams later this month.
The letters were written between 1951 and 1960, as Hepburn went from a relative unknown to one of the world's biggest stars, and offer an intimate insight into her personal life.
They were written by Hepburn to Sir Felix Aylmer, an English Shakespearean actor who served as both an elocution coach and a father figure to Hepburn during the early days of her career.
In 1951 Hepburn landed a small role in the film Monte Carlo Baby, having previously performed in the chorus line of several West End shows. She writes to Aylmer: "Would you believe it, I'm in Monte Carlo working on a French picture. The place is heavenly and this is the best thing that's ever happened to me."
It was during filming that she was spotted in a Monte Carlo hotel by the French novelist Colette, who decided to cast Hepburn in the title role in her Broadway adaptation Gigi – the role which set her on the way to stardom.
The letters document Hepburn's struggles to balance her soaring career with her personal life, and the heartbreak she suffered after her engagement to socialite James Hanson was called off.
"I fear I thought it possible to make our combined lives and careers work out," she writes in 1953, after Hanson was photographed leaving nightclubs in London with a variety of women, as Hepburn filmed her movie breakthrough Roman Holiday on location with Gregory Peck.
She also wrote to Aylmer regarding her relationship with actor Mel Ferrer, after the pair met at a party in London. "We want to keep it a dark secret in order to have it without the 'press'," she wrote in 1954, a few weeks before the couple married in Switzerland "in a tiny chapel with a wedding breakfast after".
Sadly Hepburn suffered two miscarriages between 1955 and 1959, but the final letter in the collection expresses her delight in giving birth to her son Sean in 1960. "Sean is truly a dream', she exclaimed, 'I find it hard to believe he is really ours to keep. I long to show him to you. We all three send our love and kisses, Audrey."
The collection of personal and insightful letters are expected to sell for £3,000-£4,000 ($4,240-$5,650) when they cross the block at Bonhams, as part of the Entertainment memorabilia sale in London on June 29.
Posted in: Auction News, Movie & TV memorabilia
Tagged: Bonhams
Johnny Depp's Basquiat collection to lead Christie's contemporary art sale
Star Wars X-Wing miniature for sale at Profiles in History
Harry Houdini's original escape tricks set to auction at Bonhams
Steve McQueen's Thomas Crown Affair Rolls Royce to auction at Bonhams
Glinda the Good Witch's Wizard of Oz wand to auction at Bonhams


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Jonas Salk's Magic Vaccine
Marcus Tyler Founder - Brainwave
If you want something you've never had, you have to do something you've never done.
Jonas Salk developed the first effective vaccine against polio. Before the Salk vaccine was released in 1955, American parents were terrorized by devastating summer polio epidemics, which seemed to increase in severity each year, to the point where 300,000 cases and 58,000 deaths were reported in 1952. Many victims were paralyzed for life.
Salk, with funding from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now the March of Dimes Foundation), used virology techniques developed by John Enders to develop a "killed" polio vaccine, in which the virus was still intact enough to trigger an immune response. On April 12, 1955, the day the vaccine was declared "safe and effective," Salk became a national hero in a way that no scientist previously had, or has since.
According to one historian, "April 12th had almost become a national holiday: people observed moments of silence, rang bells, honked horns, blew factory whistles, fired salutes, kept their red lights red in brief periods of tribute, took the rest of the day off, closed their schools or convoked fervid assemblies therein, drank toasts, hugged children, attended church, smiled at strangers, and forgave enemies."
Within two years of the vaccine's release, over 100 million Americans had been immunized, as well as millions more around the globe. Naturally occurring polio was eliminated in the U.S. in 1979, and due to both Salk's killed vaccine and Albert Sabin's live vaccine, it has been nearly eradicated from the world, with the exception of a few thousand cases isolated in a few countries.
During the first half of the 20th century, no illness inspired more dread and panic than did polio. It came in epidemics and mainly infected children in the summer, creating great scares for parents.
Jonas Salk, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, grew up and got his education in New York City before going to Michigan to work on a flu vaccine. He joined the University of Pittsburgh Medical School in 1947, and proceeded to collaborate with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now the March of Dimes Foundation). The foundation agreed to fund Salk's investigation of a polio vaccine and he dedicated the next several years to his pursuit. Salk took advantage of the new tissue culture methods developed by John Enders and his team, who had discovered how to grow large quantities of viruses in test tubes.
Following successful testing of his vaccine on monkeys, Salk turned to human testing. He conducted his first clinical trials at the D.T. Watson Home for Crippled Children, a school dedicated to the care and education of children with disabilities. The tests were successful, and Salk next tested the vaccine on volunteers - including himself, his wife, and his children. In 1954, he began a nationwide clinical trial involving two million children between the ages of six and nine.
For parents, the Salk vaccine was a godsend, with active polio cases plummeting by almost 90 percent in the first two years following its introduction. Polio has now been virtually eradicated in countries using Salk's vaccine. The last cases of naturally occurring paralytic polio in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak struck several Amish communities in the Midwest. In 1963 Salk established the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies. The center is a world-class research facility that concentrates on molecular biology and genetics, neurosciences, and plant biology. Salk died on June 23, 1995 and spent much of his last years searching for a vaccine for AIDS.
www.scienceheroes.com
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text:
PAMIR TIMES
Voices of the Mountain Communities
Impact of AKU-IED on Personal Transformation and Social Change
1 year ago Pamir Times
By: Dr Tajuddin Sharar, Assistant Professor of Education, University of Chitral
The main function of a university is shaping of individual lives and transformation of a society. The evaluation of the impact of Aga Khan University-Institute for Educational Development (AKU-IED) in multi-faceted transformation of its graduates and society is significantly visible. This paper is a reflection on the contribution of AKU-IED's educational programs in making a difference in the lives of its graduates in particular and its critical role in social change in general through quality education.
As a role model educational institute in Pakistan, the role of AKU-IED has been instrumental in my personal transformation. This great alma mater provided me a unique opportunity to interact with diverse scholars and educators from around the world in a pluralistic organizational culture. The exposure made me self-critical to identify my ethnocentric worldviews and failure to recognize multiple perspectives around an issue. Subsequently, the exposure ingrained in me the value of forbearance, open mindedness and value the vantage points of others while developing my life skills of being more accommodative and adaptable.
This Alma matter also developed in me a new paradigmatic lens to see educational issues and processes from a different vantage point, subsequently transforming my conceptualization of the nature of knowledge as an inevitable reality to be swallowed by students without any appropriation into a social construction fallible to contextual appropriation and modification. AKU-IED also transformed my conceptualization of teaching as an artistic profession requiring intellectual capability and skills instead of a technical process of indoctrinating students with the transmission and reproduction of bookish knowledge and convergent thinking. This personal and professional paradigm shift led to the drastic changes in my educational practices.
Similarly, the social role of AKU-IED is also reflective from changed educational services and practices in educational processes of different public and private educational institutes in Pakistan introduced by its graduates. For instance, as a graduate of AKU-IED, I have always tried to introduce new educational approaches, new ways of pedagogies, alternative ways of assessment, learner-centered pedagogical approaches and a learning friendly classroom environment in my class with prospective teachers. I also have contributed in enrichment and revision of teacher education curricula in different universities and workplaces. I introduce best educational practices such as critical pedagogy, reflective practice and classroom action research which are prerequisite for the transformation of teacher education in Pakistan. Capitalizing on my specialization and expertise, I also strive to make teacher education programs relevant for students' needs and responsive to the challenges and changes of the 21st century through the introduction of new and emerging courses such as Education for Sustainable Development, Global Education and Issues-based Education.
The role of AKU-IED in social change can also be evaluated in terms of its capacity to generate new knowledge and disseminate it to the consumers of knowledge. This is a pragmatic approach to minimize the dichotomous gap between theory and practice. This institute has thus earned the credit of introducing best educational research based practices and services in Pakistan by developing graduates of various programs as educational leaders, planners, managers and educational researchers. These graduates of AKU-IED serve in different educational organizations in different capacities in general and educational researchers in particular.
The role of AKU-IED in promoting educational services and practices in teacher education through educational research is also reflective from the contribution of its graduates. Like other AKU-IED graduates, I teach research methods courses and supervise research scholars at post-graduate levels in doing thesis and I conduct classroom research. In my doctoral study, I identified limitations in global education theoretical framework to foster global perspectives and world mindedness among students. I added in the body of global education literature a new seven-dimensional theoretical framework/model of global education with the additional dimensions required for fostering global perspectives and world mindedness among students of 21st century. The findings of my doctoral study have also led to the initiation of a debate among scholars to revisit theoretical framework of western version of global education in order to promote world thinking among students. The proposed seven-dimensional theoretical framework as a contribution of my doctoral study also has the potential to inform national policy actions with reference to the development/revision of teacher/global education curricula for preparing students of 21st century living in the world full of issues.
The social role of AKU-IED can also be counted with reference to its attempts to address issues of social equity by providing educational opportunities for candidates coming from disadvantaged areas to achieve elite or middle class positions. The creation of opportunities for students of disadvantaged areas directly shakes hegemonic structures of opportunities and inequalities prevalent in our society. Thus, AKU-IED has been instrumental in socio-economic transformation of its graduates by providing equal opportunity to candidates regardless to economic status which often is the basis of social stratification. It unlocks potential and helps talented students to gain advanced training regardless to their socio-economic background and develop them as a key national resource. My admission in AKU-IED was based on merit rather than my ability to pay. I received financial assistance in the form of grants covering all my educational expenses. Otherwise, it would not have been possible for me to think of university education of international standard in one of the best educational institutes of the world. Thus, AKU-IED played a critical role in my personal and professional transformation by giving me access to quality education unlocking my potentials to achieve higher status and social mobility. Because of the social equity policy of AKU-IED, I managed to reach top leadership positions as a Head of Education Department and Provost in University of Chitral which itself is an evidence of the impact of AKU-IED is making in the lives of its graduates.
The contribution of AKU-IED can also be viewed in terms of close match between preparation of its graduates and work place requirements. The institute prepares students for work, providing them employment-related knowledge, skill and competencies to increase the chances of their employability and better life chances. AKU-IED invests and innovates to ensure their courses equipping graduates with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the modern time to improve their future employment prospects.
Thousands of its graduates including me are working in public and private sector educational institutes and face no difficulty in getting a job and or changing their institution. My induction in three different private and public sector universities within a short span of three years in different provinces of Pakistan is one of the strongest evidence of the claim that the institute makes a difference in the lives of its graduates by preparing them for the world of work and increasing the chances of their employability.
The conclusion is that AKU-IED transforms lives at individual level while inculcating pluralistic values in graduates and raises their standards of lives in multiple ways. AKU-IED also transforms lives while equipping its graduates with the knowledge and skills required in the market and enhancing the chances of their employability. The great Alma matter also makes impact at society level by preparing and empowering its graduates to make a difference in the lives of thousands of others through improved educational practices and services.
pamir.times@gmail.com
http://pamirtimes.net/
Pamir Times is the pioneering community news and views portal of Gilgit – Baltistan, Kohistan, Chitral and the surrounding mountain areas. It is a voluntary, not-for-profit, non-partisan and independent venture initiated by the youth.
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