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I am excited to share with you this week's girl crush, the uber cool, Emmie Cosser. Emmie, a Sydney-born Londoner, spends her days as the Editorial and Social Media Manager of Covetique, an online destination for buying and selling pre-owned luxury pieces.
By night, Emmie is the force behind the incredible blog, The Top 10 Girl, where she shares her curated, you guessed it, top 10 lists for fashion, food and lifestyle. Please join me in getting to know Emmie a little better as today's Girl Crush of the Week.
Style icons? Kate Hudson is my ultimate girl crush, she's so effortlessly fabulous (we will be best friends one day…) I also love Anine Bing's rock-bohemian-model-off-duty style. Plus all the editors of French Vogue!
Favorite style trend of the moment? Sneakers with EVERYTHING but especially some leather pants & a white tee.
Favorite book? I recently finished Arianna Huffington's Thrive; what an inspiration.
Interior design philosophy? White walls, a colour pop couch, some Dyptique candles & you can turn any space into a Pinterest dream!
Your go-to shopping destinations? I work at Covetique, so it's pretty hard to have self control when the most amazing handbags come through our doors at half price & I like to find my jewellery at a little market stalls on Portobello road in Notting Hill.
Must-have beauty product? I have just discovered the Nars Sheer Glow foundation, where has this been all my life? It is amazing, stays on all day & gives you a natural dewy look.
Secret addiction? It's not such a secret but my biggest addiction is coffee, without it I would be evil.
Favorite drink? Frozen Margaritas, champagne, aperol spritz or all three together!
Favorite meal to prepare? Courgetti with brazil nut pesto (it's the only thing I know how to prepare).
Favorite piece of jewelry? A light blue topaz ring my boyfriend gave me in Sicily last summer, every time I look at it it reminds of me of the most amazing holiday.
Best way to unwind? A long bath with candles & some jazz music.
Favorite workout? I go to this bootcamp class where they turn all the lights off & give you glowsticks to hold. You feel like you're in a night club in Ibizia & it is so much fun.
Favorite fitness apparel brand/item? Nike hands down. Come Saturday I am glued to my Nike Frees, I want them in every colour now.


text:
OA in Ireland
The National Research Environment
There are seven universities in Ireland: University College Dublin (UCD), University College Cork (UCC), the National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), the National University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick. St. Patrick's College Maynooth (The Pontifical University) is included by the Irish Higher Education Authority as an eight university.
The National University of Ireland also has five recognised colleges - The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, National College of Art and Design, the Institute of Public Administration, the Shannon College of Hotel Management and St. Angela's College of Education for Home Economics.
In addition to the universities, an important part of the Irish higher education infrastructure is the thirteen Institutes of Technology located throughout the country.
For further details on Irish Higher Education please see: http://www.hea.ie/en/AboutHEA
Major research funders
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food : No Open Access policies as yet
Enterprise Ireland : No Open Access policies as yet
Environmental Protection Agency : No Open Access policies as yet
HEA (Higher Education Authority): OA Mandate from June 30th 2009. Download policy
HRB (Health Research Board): OA Recommendations Download Policy
IRCHSS (Irish Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences): No Open Access policies as yet
IRCSET (Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology): OA Mandate from May 1st 2008. Press release
"This may be the best funder mandate anywhere" - Peter Suber
Marine Institute No Open Access policies as yet
SFI (Science Foundation Ireland): OA Mandate from February 1st 2009. Download policy
EU research funding
From: 'Ireland: major EU achievements in science & research 2004-2009', European Commission, 2009:
"Ireland ranks 3rd for high-tech exports and 6th for FP7 success rate within the EU-27 countries"
The Sixth Framework Programme for Research (FP6), which ran between 2002 and 2006, supported about 200 million Euros of Irish research. Irish researchers were particularly successful in getting funding for research training, career development and mobility schemes, through the 'Human resources and mobility' parts (which are also known as 'Marie Curie Actions') of the programme 'Structuring the European Research Area (ERA)'. Here, 162 Irish research participants received more than 54 million Euros. Elsewhere, Ireland was also successful in areas such as 'Information Society Technologies' (over 42 million Euros); 'Nanotechnology and Nanosciences' (nearly 21 million Euros); and 'Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems' (17 million Euros). Irish organisations were also active in coordinating and participating in projects under FP6. Some 891 Irish organisations were involved in 715 projects; 175 of these were led by Irish organisations.
The Seventh Framework Programme for research and technological development (FP7) is in operation from 2007 and 2013. By October 2008, Irish research organisations had secured EC contributions of around 42 million Euros through FP7. Irish research organisations are particularly successful in the following areas of research: 'Information and Communication Technologies' (20 million Euros), 'Health' (over 5 million Euros), and 'Food, Agriculture, and Biotechnology' (over 3 million Euros). Also, they secured signifcant funding through 'Marie Curie Actions' for research training, career development and researcher mobility schemes (over 3 million Euros), and 'Research Infrastructures', which optimise the use and development of the best and existing research infrastructures in Europe (over 2 million Euros). The Irish are the lead coordinators in 23 FP7 projects and over 160 Irish organisations are involved in 139 projects.
Open Access and Repositories
Awareness of Open Access has increased within the research community nationally, particularly since institutional repositories have been built in each Irish university. Advocacy programmes and funder mandates (IRCSET, SFI, HEA) have had a positive effect. There is still some way to go before the majority of Irish researchers will automatically deposit their papers in their local OA repository. Institutional mandates requiring open access archiving of research publications have been adopted in three institutions to date: Dublin Institute of Technology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth and Trinity College Dublin.
If so, describe any activities or projects underway nationally e.g. funder policies/mandates, OA repositories projects/initiatives, development of OA journals etc.
Open Access projects and initiatives
The Open Access to Irish Research Project
Irish universities received government funding to build institutional repositories in each Irish university and to develop a federated harvesting and discovery service via a national portal. It is intended that this collaboration will be expanded to embrace all Irish research institutions in the future.
This three-year project started in April 2007 and ended in March 2010. The project was directed by the Irish Universities Association and managed by the Irish Universities Association Librarians' Group. A press release on the project from the Irish Universities Association is available at this link. 'Rian', the Ireland's Narional Open Access Research Portal, harvests metadata from the institutional repositories of the Rian partner institutions. Rian was launched in October, 2010.
For further information on Rian please contact John Cox, (Librarian, National University of Ireland, Galway, Chair of the IUA Librarians' Group and of the Rian Steering Group).
DART-Europe
OpenAIRE: Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe
e-InfraNet : European network for co-ordination of policies and programmes on e-infrastructures
Associated National Initiatives:
NDLR (National Digital Learning Repository)
RISE Group (Research Information Systems Exchange)
Open Access repositories
Open Access repositories are currently available in all Irish universities and in a number of other higher education institutions:
Institutional repositories
Dublin Business School
Dublin City University
Dublin Institute of Technology
Dundalk Institute of Technology
Mary Immaculate College
National University of Ireland, Galway
National University of Ireland, Maynooth
Waterford Institute of Technology
Subject repository
Irish Virtual Research Library & Archive, UCD
Government Agency:
Health Service Executive Lenus
All-Ireland electronic Health Library (AIeHL)
Marine Institute
Teagasc
A complete list of Irish OA journals is not immediately available. The following list is a sample only and will be expanded following investigation:
Crossings: Electronic Journal of Art and Technology
Economic and Social Review
Journal of the Society for Musicology in Ireland
Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland
Minerva: an Internet Journal of Philosophy
The Surgeon: Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
Open Access organisations and groups
Rian Steering Group
IUA (Irish Universities Association) Librarian's Group (Coordinating body)
National Steering Group on Open Access Policy
ReSupie (Repositories Support Ireland)
OA@UCD blog
Trinity's Open Access News
Contributors Contact Details
Niamh Brennan, Trinity College Dublin
Normal 0 21 false false false NL-BE X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Health Service Executive Lenus
Last updated on 18 June 2014 .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Domains @astro.lu.se @mah.se
Laboratory oscillator strengths of Sc I in the near-infrared region for astrophysical applications
A. Pehlivan 1Material Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
1asli.pehlivan@mah.se, asli@astro.lu.se 2Lund Observatory, Box 43, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
2 H. Nilsson 2Lund Observatory, Box 43, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
2 H. Hartman 1Material Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
Received 23 June 2015 / Accepted 25 August 2015
Key Words.:
atomic data – methods: laboratory: atomic – techniques: spectroscopic
Context:Atomic data is crucial for astrophysical investigations. To understand the formation and evolution of stars, we need to analyse their observed spectra. Analysing a spectrum of a star requires information about the properties of atomic lines, such as wavelengths and oscillator strengths. However, atomic data of some elements are scarce, particularly in the infrared region, and this paper is part of an effort to improve the situation on near-IR atomic data.
Aims:This paper investigates the spectrum of neutral scandium, Sc I, from laboratory measurements and improves the atomic data of Sc I lines in the infrared region covering lines in R, I, J, and K bands. Especially, we focus on measuring oscillator strengths for Sc I lines connecting the levels with 4p and 4s configurations.
Methods:We combined experimental branching fractions with radiative lifetimes from the literature to derive oscillator strengths (f-values). Intensity-calibrated spectra with high spectral resolution were recorded with Fourier transform spectrometer from a hollow cathode discharge lamp. The spectra were used to derive accurate oscillator strengths and wavelengths for Sc I lines, with emphasis on the infrared region.
Results:This project provides the first set of experimental Sc I lines in the near-infrared region for accurate spectral analysis of astronomical objects. We derived 63 log(gf) values for the lines between 5300\AA and 24300\AA. The uncertainties in the f-values vary from 5% to 20%. The small uncertainties in our values allow for an increased accuracy in astrophysical abundance determinations.
Knowing the Milky Way's chemical composition and its chemical abundance can lead us to understand how the Milky Way has formed and evolved. With time, the amount of heavy elements in a galaxy increases as new stars are born and die. Studies of elemental composition of stars will give information about the environment in which they were born. This, in turn, helps us to construct the evolution history of our Galaxy. For this reason, it is important to derive accurate abundances of stars.
Elemental abundances can be derived by comparing an observed stellar spectrum with a synthetic spectrum. This approach requires atomic data, meaning oscillator strengths (f-values) and wavelengths. The measured equivalent width of a line is directly proportional to the abundance of the element and the f-value. The lack of atomic data makes it difficult to compare the observed and synthetic stellar spectra. Thus, an accurate and complete set of oscillator strengths and wavelengths are crucial for abundance analysis.
In the periodic table, scandium is between the α-elements, e.g. O, Mg, Si, S, Ca, and the iron peak elements, such as V, Cr, Mn, Fe. The formation scenarios of α-elements and iron peak elements have been studied in detail. Stars that end their lives in supernova type II explosions are responsible for producing α-elements, whereas stars that die in supernova type Ia contribute to the formation of iron peak elements and yet there is no clear picture of how scandium is formed (Nissen et al., 2000; François et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2008; Battistini & Bensby, 2015) .
Studies of F and G stars may provide insight into the creation of scandium. However, the abundance varies in these stars. There seems to be a disagreement in the scandium abundance pattern. In some studies, scandium is overabundant relative to iron (Zhao & Magain, 1990; Nissen et al., 2000) , whereas the others found no deviations (Gratton & Sneden, 1991; Prochaska & McWilliam, 2000) . Furthermore, scandium is an important element for understanding Am and Fm stars, which are overabundant in iron peak elements but underabundant in Sc and Ca (Leblanc & Alecian, 2008; Alecian et al., 2013) . In addition to these, some studies cannot be completed owing to the quality of oscillator strengths in the infrared region (Schmidt et al., 2006) . Improved atomic data with small uncertainties in oscillator strengths can help in solving these problems.
The scandium abundance in the Sun was determined by Grevesse et al. (1996) to be 3.18±0.10 dex, and by Zhang et al. (2008) 3.13±0.05 dex and by Asplund et al. (2009) to be 3.15±0.04 dex. These values are consistent within the error bars. A high quality laboratory measurement of oscillator strengths with small uncertainties is a requirement for determining the accurate abundance of scandium in the solar photosphere.
In astrophysical applications, log(gf) values are usually used, where g is the statistical weight of the lower level and f is the oscillator strength (f-value). Parkinson et al. (1976) derived the experimental log(gf) values for Sc I lines involving the ground state in the optical region. Lawler & Dakin (1989) measured experimental log(gf) values for lines in the optical region involving the ground state or to the 4s 4F term. For other transitions, generally semi-empirical values of Kurucz (2009) are the favoured ones. In addition, Öztürk et al. (2014) calculated the oscillator strengths of neutral scandium with the Cowan code and the quantum defect orbital code (CDOT) methods but did not include any near-infrared transitions. To our knowledge, there are no experimental oscillator strengths of Sc I lines in the infrared region.
In recent years, infrared spectroscopy has become important for observing astronomical objects. Both new generation of ground-based telescopes and space telescopes, which work in the infrared region, demand complete and accurate atomic data. Atomic data of scandium are scarce in the infrared region and missing data constrain analysis of a stellar spectrum recorded with new-generation advanced instruments and, as a result, limit the construction of a galactic evolution model.
In this work, we measured accurate wavelengths and oscillator strengths of Sc I lines from high-resolution laboratory measurements in the infrared region from the upper odd parity 4p 4Fo, 4Do, 2Do, 2Po, 4Go, 2Go and even parity 4s 2P, 2S terms. Section 2 describes the branching fraction measurements. In addition, this section includes the experimental setup we used during our measurements, calibration of wavenumbers, and the uncertainty calculations. In section 3 we present our results with their uncertainties and a comparison of our results with previous studies.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Branching fraction measurements
The oscillator strength, f-value, is related to the transition probability for electric dipole transitions by
where gu is the statistical weight of the upper level, gl the statistical weight of the lower level, λ the wavelength of the transition in Å, and Aul the transition probability in s−1 between the upper level u and the lower level l.
The branching fraction (BF) for a given transition from the upper level u to the lower level l is defined as the ratio of the transition probability, Aul, of the transition to the sum of all transitions from the same upper level to all lower states i. The transition probability is proportional to the transition line intensity; therefore,
BFul=Aul∑iAui=Iul∑iIui. (2)
Lifetime measurements are complementary to BF derivations. The radiative lifetime of the upper level, τu, is the inverse sum of all transition probabilities from the same upper level τu=1/∑iAui. The transition probability of a line can be derived by combining experimental BFs and radiative lifetimes;
Aul=BFulτu. (3)
We derived transition probabilities, Aul, with the help of (Eq. 3) and converted these values to f-values using (Eq. 1) .
To derive accurate BFs, all transitions from the same upper level should be included. In this work, some upper energy levels had transitions in two different spectral regions recorded with different detectors. In such cases, because BFs require only the relative intensities, the spectra have to be put on a same relative intensity scale by using a normalisation factor. This normalisation factor was determined from the Sc I lines, which were visible in both spectra.
Fig. 1 shows the partial energy level diagram of Sc I levels. In this figure we have marked the transitions that appeared in our spectra. Transition lines from the same upper level were predicted from the Kurucz (2009) database and from Ben Ahmed & Verges (1977) . These lines were identified in our spectra by using FTS analysis software GFit (Engström, 1998, 2014) .
Figure 1: Partial energy level diagram of Sc I levels showing the observed transitions in the measurements.
Sc I has only one stable isotope, \@element[][45][][]Sc, with a nuclear spin I=7/2, so Sc I lines show hyperfine splitting (hfs). Interaction between the nuclear spin and the total angular momentum splits energy levels into the hyperfine structure. This splitting appears as a resolved line splitting or a line broadening in a spectrum. Unsuccessful treatment of hfs leads to incorrect abundances, as much as several tenths of a dex (Nielsen et al., 2000) . For lines with negligible hfs, one can fit a Voigt profile to the line and measure the central wavenumber and intensity. However, this is not the case for hfs. Having hfs gives rise to a difficulty in fitting a line profile since every fine-structure transition appears as a broadened or multi-component feature. For this reason, we defined the position of lines by the centre of gravity and instead of fitting a Voigt profile, we measured the integrated intensity under each measured line with the help of GFit. We applied this method for the cases in which we have a single line profile i.e. to test the accuracy. In all of these cases, fitting a line profile and taking an integrated intensity gave the same result.
2.2 Experimental setup
A water-cooled hollow cathode discharge lamp (HCL) was used as a source to produce scandium atoms. The HCL consists of a glass tube, anodes on each side, and an iron cathode in the middle. A small solid sample of scandium was placed in the iron cathode. The diameter of the inner cathode was 7 mm and the distance between anode and cathode was 20 mm. The light source was run with a pressure of 1.0 Torr (1.3 mbar), with different applied currents, ranges from 0.10 A to 0.60 A, and with argon or neon as a carrier gas. The best condition, i.e. the strongest lines, for the measurements was achieved with argon gas and with applied current of 0.60 A. The argon lines were used as reference lines for wavenumber calibration as described in section 2.3.
Figure 2: Instrument response function with InSb (solid line) and Si (dashed line) detectors, respectively. Each curve is normalised to its highest point.
The Sc I spectra were recorded using the high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), Bruker IFS 125 HR, at the Lund Observatory (Edlén Laboratory). This instrument has the wavenumber range of 50000−2000 cm−1 (200−5000 nm) and the maximum resolving power of 106 at 2000 cm−1. The resolution of the FTS was set to 0.02 cm−1 during measurements. We recorded the spectra with the indium antimonide (InSb) and silicon (Si) detectors, which are sensitive to different spectral regions.
The optical elements in FTS contribute to the response function of the instrument. Observed line intensities differ from the intrinsic line intensities, due to the wavelength dependent transmission of the spectrometer and optical elements. It was therefore required to find the response functions of two different detectors. After determining the response function, one can acquire the intrinsic line intensities by dividing the observed line intensities with the response function. A common way to determine the response function is to use an intensity calibrated reference. We used a tungsten filament lamp to calibrate the intensities of Sc I lines. This lamp in turn has been calibrated by the Swedish National Laboratory (SP) for spectral radiance in the range 40000−4000 cm−1 (250−2500 nm). If the radiance of the reference is known, one can determine the response function. Fig. 2 shows the response function of the instrument with Si and with InSb detectors.
We recorded the spectrum of the tungsten lamp immediately before and after every scandium recording to verify the response of the instrument did not change during the measurements. For this reason the HCL and tungsten lamp were placed at the same distance from the FTS and a rotating mirror was used in order to change the light source (HCL or the Tungsten lamp) without moving the lamps. There were no changes in the spectra of the tungsten lamp taken before and after the HCL measurements, therefore one response function for each detector was used for calibration. Using intensity calibrated spectra, relative line intensities at the different regions were connected with a normalisation factor. This was done by using the Sc I lines in the overlapping region of the two detectors, see Fig. 2.
The spectra of Sc I lines were recorded with different currents. Higher current values help weaker lines to be visible, but introduce self-absorption. Self-absorption has a negative effect on line intensities e.g. it changes the observed line profile and gives an incorrect intensity. This in turn affects the BF measurements, see Eq. \eqrefeq:eq2. The effect of self-absorption depends on the number density of atoms in the plasma and intensity of the line. The number density of the plasma increases by increasing the current applied to the HCL. The higher concentration of scandium ions in the plasma results in more lines affected by self-absorption. We performed a set of measurements with varying currents to determine if Sc I line intensities were affected by self-absorption at higher currents. Then we plotted normalised integrated intensity ratios of lines from the same upper level versus applied current. Integrated intensity ratios between lines from the same upper level must be same for different applied currents if there is no self-absorption. In our measurements some lines showed effects of self-absorption. In these cases, we extrapolated integrated intensity ratios to zero current, where self-absorption is assumed to be zero, and used these values to obtain correct relative intensities. Sikström et al. (2002) tested this method by comparing the self absorbed Fe I lines intensity ratios at zero current with the ratios derived by Blackwell et al. (1979) using absorption measurement. They found that the extrapolated intensity ratios agree with the Blackwell et al. (1979) intensity ratios. The correction of self-absorption introduce uncertainties in the BF determination.
2.3 Wavenumber calibration
The HeNe laser in the FTS determines the displacement of the FTS moving mirror and gives a multiplicative wavenumber scale to the spectrum. However, a non-parallel alignment with the incoming light beam adds a shift to the measured wavenumber. In addition to this difference, having a finite size aperture may lead to wavenumber shifts (Learner & Thorne, 1988) . The shift introduced by these effects is multiplicative. With a correction factor this shift can be calibrated;
σtrue=σapparent(1+keff). (4)
In Eq. \eqrefeq:eq5, σtrue denotes the corrected wavenumber, σapparent is the measured wavenumber, and keff is the correction factor. We used the wavenumbers of Ar i lines from Whaling et al. (2002) , including the multiplicative correction by Sansonetti (2007) , as a wavenumber standard for the wavenumber calibration of Sc I lines.
In principle, using only one calibration line is enough to fix the multiplicative constant, but several calibration lines can be employed for the purpose of increasing the wavenumber accuracy. We calculated a correction factor for each Ar i line and used the weighted mean of these factors.
We combined the errors in the determination of the multiplicative factor and the errors from centroiding the position of each line to estimate an absolute uncertainty of the observed wavenumbers of u(σ)=±0.001 cm−1.
2.4 Uncertainties
The contribution to the f-value uncertainties comes from the uncertainty of the radiative lifetime and the uncertainty of the branching fractions. The branching fraction uncertainties contain the uncertainty of the intensity calibration lamp and the uncertainty that arises from using two different detectors, i.e. uncertainty of the normalisation factor and the contribution from the self-absorption correction.
The uncertainty of the line intensity (or the integrated intensity) and the uncertainty of the radiative lifetime are uncorrelated. Although BFs are dependent on each other, we treated them as independent in the uncertainty calculations. By including all the uncertainties from different effects described above, one can determine the total uncertainty of the BFs as specified in Sikström et al. (2002) , {align} (u(BF)BF )^2 &= (1-(BF)_k)^2 (u(Ik)Ik )^2
&+ ∑_j ≠k(inP) (BF)_j^2 ( ( u(Ij)Ij )^2 + ( u(cj)cj )^2 )
&+ ∑_j ≠k(inQ) (BF)_j^2 ( ( u(Ij)Ij )^2 + ( u(cj)cj )^2 +(u(nf)nf )^2 ). In the first term on the right-hand side of Eq. 7, BFk denotes the branching fraction of the line in question in the spectral region of the detector P and u(Ik) denotes the uncertainty in the measured intensity of the line k. The second term includes the BFs and measured intensity uncertainties of the other lines from the same upper level in the spectral region of detector P and the uncertainty of the calibration lamp u(cj). The last term contains the BFs and measured intensity uncertainties of the lines in the spectral region of detector Q, the uncertainty of the calibration lamp, and the uncertainty of the normalisation factor, u(nf), between the spectral regions. The uncertainty of the calibration lamp, u(cj), is 7% and the uncertainty of the normalisation factor is u(nf)=5%. We used the uncertainties of the integrated intensity, u(I), from GFit and the relative uncertainty varies between 0.002% for the strong lines and 10% for the two weak lines and self-absorbed lines. The cases in which we had self absorbed lines, we included an uncertainty from self absorption correction as well. This uncertainty varies between 1% and 9%. From Eq. 3, the uncertainty of the f-values or the transition probability becomes
where u(τ) is the uncertainty of the radiative lifetime of the upper level. The derived uncertainties of f-values range between 5% for the strong lines and 20% for the weak lines or for the lines with high uncertainty in their radiative lifetime.
Two different sets of radiative lifetimes were used, one set of experimental lifetimes and one set of semi-empirical lifetimes. The uncertainty of the experimental lifetimes is 5% (Marsden et al., 1988) . For semi-empirical values, we compared the semi-empirical lifetimes (Kurucz, 2009) of the levels that have experimental lifetime values and examined how they differ from the experimental lifetime values. Based on this comparison we adopted 20% relative uncertainty for the semi-empirical lifetimes.
(a) with semi-empirical radiative lifetimes
(b) with experimental radiative lifetimes
Figure 3: Comparison between log(gf) values of this work and the semi-empirical Kurucz (2009) log(gf)K09 values. Upper panel (a) includes the lines with semi-empirical lifetimes, whereas the lower panel (b) includes lines with experimental lifetimes.
(a) with Parkinson et al. (1976) log(gf) values
(b) with Lawler & Dakin (1989) log(gf) values
Figure 4: Comparison between log(gf) values of this work derived from the experimental radiative lifetimes and the previous experimental log(gf)PRK values of Parkinson et al. (1976) and log(gf)LW values of Lawler & Dakin (1989) , in subplot (a) and (b), respectively. These studies do not include infrared transitions.
3 Results and conclusion
We calculated the BFs from observed line intensities from Eq. 2. All the lines from the same upper level should be included to have accurate BFs. For this purpose we recorded several spectra with different detectors, which are sensitive to different regions. We used the lines in the overlapping regions of two different detectors to put lines on the same relative intensity scale. Some of the weak lines were not observed in the spectra. In these cases we used theoretical transition probabilities to estimate the residual value, i.e. the missing BF from the unobserved lines, for these levels. The values are less than one per cent for all levels, except from the 4s 2S1/2 level. Derived log(gf) values for the lines together with their uncertainties and the residual values of missing lines are given in Table 1 and Table 2.
In addition to using different detectors, the HCL was run with different discharge currents. This helped us to find out if the strong lines were affected by self-absorption. In the cases in which there were lines affected by self-absorption, we corrected the measured intensities of these lines. This in turn added an extra uncertainty to the BF of the affected line.
We derived transition probabilities, Aul, by combining BFs and radiative lifetimes. Where available the radiative lifetimes are taken from the measurements of Marsden et al. (1988) and the rest of the lifetimes are semi-empirical values from Kurucz (2009) . The dominating factor in the uncertainty of oscillator strengths comes from the radiative lifetimes, resulting in higher uncertainties for the oscillator strengths derived from the semi-empirical lifetimes. They could be improved with laboratory measurements.
We derived oscillator strengths for 63 lines from 4p 4Fo3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2, 4Do1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2, 2Do3/2,5/2, 2Po3/2, 4Go5/2,7/2,9/2, 2Go9/2, and 4s 2P1/2,3/2, 2S1/2 levels with uncertainties in the f-values between 5% for the strong lines and 20% for the weak lines or for the lines with high uncertainty in their radiative lifetime. These results together with their branching fractions, transition probabilities, and previously published log(gf) values are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. The first column of the previously published log(gf) values is the semi-empirical calculations of Kurucz (2009) and the other two columns are experimental values of Parkinson et al. (1976) and Lawler & Dakin (1989) . These previous measurements only included lines for the optical region and to our knowledge this is the first time that the experimental log(gf) values of Sc I lines in the infrared region were measured. Table 1 shows our results derived from the experimental radiative lifetimes and Table 2 from the semi-empirical radiative lifetimes.
In Figs. 3 and 4, we graphically compare our data with previously published studies. Fig. 3 shows our results compared with Kurucz (2009) semi-empirical log(gf)K09 values and Fig. 4 presents our results compared to experimental log(gf)PRK of Parkinson et al. (1976) and log(gf)LW Lawler & Dakin (1989) . The log(gf) values in Fig. 3a were derived from the semi-empirical radiative lifetimes, and in Fig. 3b they were derived from the experimental values. As seen in Figs. 3a and 3b, the log(gf) values measured in this work agree with the semi-empirical values for high log(gf) values. For lower values the scatter is larger. This can be explained by the difficulties in calculating spin-forbidden lines theoretically, uncertainties in the semi-empirical calculations and by the fact that weaker lines have larger uncertainties than strong lines in the experiments. In Fig. 3(b) and Fig. 3(a), we compared our results derived from the experimental lifetimes with the previous experimental log(gf)PRK values of Parkinson et al. (1976) and log(gf)LW values of Lawler & Dakin (1989) in the optical region. Comparisons with experimental values show very good agreement, especially with Lawler & Dakin (1989) . This supports that our results are accurate in the infrared region. The small uncertainties for the oscillator strengths presented in this work allow for improved stellar abundances.
We acknowledge the grant no 621−2011−4206 from the Swedish Research Council (VR) and support from The Gyllenstierna Krapperup's Foundation. The infrared FTS at the Edlén laboratory is made available through a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. HN acknowledges the funding from the Swedish Research Council through the Linnaeus grant to the Lund Laser Centre.
Alecian et al. (2013) Alecian, G., LeBlanc, F., & Massacrier, G. 2013, A&A, 554, A89
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Join David as he takes a trek through wrestling's past!
Join ARK1 as he travels back in time to review wrestling shows of years past!
Kieran rants on raves on various topics for our enjoyment! Join in on the discussion and egg him on!
Pull up a seat in the wrestling man cave as Chachins takes us through time.
Join Sean as he chronicles wrestling history!
The one and only Mike Poulin reviews some wrestling for us!
A trip through the odds and ends of wrestling.
Hindsight is always 20/20...except when it comes to wrestling!


Another Zelda Quilt Done! I Just Love These!
It's already that time of the year for Christmas present commissions. No sleep for the next 4 months, but it will be so worth it! I get to be so creative this time of year. I just hop I'll have a little time for projects I want. Wish me luck!


text:
Chantiers Navals Français (CNF) – francuska stocznia z początku XX wieku, specjalizująca się w budowie małych jednostek, w tym okrętów podwodnych. Mieściła się w porcie Caen, w miejscowości Blainville-sur-Orne, nad rzeką Orne. W stoczni tej został wybudowany m.in. polski okręt podwodny typu Wilk - ORP "Żbik", a także niszczyciel ORP "Burza" i statki z serii "francuzów" (SS Poznań, SS Wilno, SS Kraków, SS Katowice oraz SS Toruń).

Bibliografia

Stocznie okrętów podwodnych
Francuskie stocznie okrętowe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Carriage Horse Collapses, Dies in Midtown; Animal Rights Activists Up in Arms
A carriage horse keeled over and died in midtown Sunday morning - and animal rights activists have saddled up for another fight against the buggy business.
The stout white equine collapsed on W. 54th St. near Eighth Ave. as it trotted toward Central Park to begin its shift about 9:30 a.m., said Stacy Wolf, chief legal counsel of the ASPCA's enforcement unit.
"The ASPCA has long believed that carriage horses were never meant to live and work in today's urban setting," Wolf said."A healthy horse doesn't just die on the street," said Elizabeth Forel of the Coalition to Ban Horse-Drawn Carriages. "We are asking for an investigation."
The ASPCA said a necropsy will be performed to determine the cause of death.
"It's a tragedy," said a spokesman for the Horse and Carriage Association of New York. "It's not something that happens regularly. ... Our horses are taken care of."
By Trevor Kapp & Joe Kemp
Photo by Matthew Miller


The Johnson Controls Manufacturing System has contributed to higher employee engagement at the Cienaga Recycling Center in Mexico, reaching one of the highest levels throughout the Johnson Controls enterprise.
Two Johnson Controls battery plants in Mexico have transformed the way they operate as part of a newly implemented manufacturing system that is leading to increased productivity, higher customer satisfaction and employee engagement.
The approach, called the Johnson Controls Manufacturing System (JCMS), includes baseline assessments, embedded metrics and best practices that encompass everything from workplace safety and material control to continuous improvement culture, sustainability and empowered employees. It has been adopted by more than 325 Johnson Controls plants worldwide.
Over the course of 20 months, the Optima plant increased productivity by 12 percent.
Both plants improved customer satisfaction with the Cienaga Recycling plant achieving five years without a single customer complaint.
Employee engagement has also increased at both plants, with Cienaga Recycling hitting one of the highest levels throughout the Johnson Controls enterprise.
"JCMS is much more than a set of rules and instructions. It's really become part of our plant's DNA. It shapes our schedule, meetings, goals, our behaviors and you start to see a big difference in what our people can achieve," said Gerardo Garcia, OPTIMA plant manager.
In fact, employee engagement has been one of the keys to the plants' success. A main element of JCMS is to empower plant employees to make decisions, solve problems and own their daily roles and responsibilities to create greater efficiencies. Another success factor is the plants' focus on Total Productive Maintenance which optimizes equipment effectiveness by maximizing availability, performance and quality.
JCMS is one element of a larger initiative the company launched in 2014 called the Johnson Controls Operating System, which includes a common set of tools and processes to drive growth across its global operations.
"All our plants have embraced JCMS but I am very proud to see Cienega and OPTIMA plants be the first to achieve level 3 in Power Solutions, and only the 3rd and 4th out of all of Johnson Controls," said Ron Weller, VP & GM Components & ISC, Johnson Controls.


Every time I travel, I always bring US Dollars with me for the reason that it can be easily exchanged anywhere in the world and it is usually the basis of conversion for any currency. If you check the conversion of USD to AUD in any Foreign Exchange site, USD has greater value than AUD. However, it's not the case when you exchange USD to AUD in Australia. AUD here has greater value than USD. Banks and Money Changers would change USD to AUD somewhere between 1USD = .96AUD or 1USD = .90AUD. Over and above the devaluated USD is the fact that banks charge 10-12AUD commission per transaction. For example, 100USD becomes 96AUD minus 12AUD bank commission equals 84AUD. Hence, 100USD is worth only 84AUD! Thus, if you change USD to AUD, make it one time to save on the 10-12AUD bank commission/charge. Better yet, when traveling to Australia, bring already Australian Dollars. As to bank charge and exchange rate on ATM and Credit Card withdraws, I haven't tried and I won't try. It is logical to say that it works the same way.
I have to admit that food is great in Australia. Food here is very much American. The past few days remind me of American restaurants and American foods – burger, bread, fries, sausage, pies, steak, potato, pasta, salad, and the list goes on. By being great comes with a price. Now, what about the fastfood chains like Mc Donald's and KFC? In Mc Donald's say for instance, one Burger Meal is about 11AUD, 1 medium coffee is almost 5AUD – that's the same price as 1 grande Starbucks Coffee! Meals with servings of rice is only available in local restaurants and not in fastfood chains. Of course, Asian, Chinese, Indian, Mediterranean and other restaurants can be found just anywhere. Bottled water on the other hand costs 2AUD.
Make sure to bring electrical adaptor that fits the Australian electrical socket. Australia and New Zealand have different electrical sockets. American, Singaporean, European and all other sockets do not work here. And say if you failed to bring one, it's available in electrical shops for 12AUD. I failed to bring one myself. Note that it's not easy to look for one.
I will come up with Part 2 or 3 of Travel Tips When Visiting Australia as soon as I get new experiences to share.
Never been to Australia, these are great tips… Will take note of all of these….(n_n) more!!


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Using a series of digital test beds.
The Australian Digital Health Agency is set to test new models of healthcare that are enabled or enhanced by the forthcoming personal e-health record.
The operator of the record system said it is looking to fund a series of test bed projects in partnership with industry and academia to feed into the creation of digitally-enabled services and new models of healthcare.
It will use the projects both to test digital technologies and to "produce evidence of the positive impact" new services or models of care might provide.
This is in line with the national digital health strategy 2018-2022, which proposes "test[ing] evidence-based digital empowerment of key health priorities" and "solving any technical obstacles".
The strategy outlines seven "strategic priorities" for digital health in Australia, including the shift to a default electronic My Health Record for every Australian by the end of this year.
The projects will initially use the My Health Record system to focus on addressing priority health areas.
They will "especially" focus on enhancing consumer participation and empowerment, as well as on integrated care, patient experience and chronic disease management.
The agency is currently calling for proposals.
The first tranche of test beds incorporating the use of the My Health Record system will be expected to have "baseline measures" in place by the start of November this year.
"This is with a view to leveraging the significant efforts underway in 2018 to raise awareness of the My Health Record and expand participation, and to use this national infrastructure as a platform for innovation," tender documents state.
The agency also wants to use the projects to inform the "development of a test bed framework ... for implement[ing] and evaluat[ing] the use of digital health technologies".
The "co-operative model of delivery" will see the agency match put up to $600,000 towards each test bed.


Anyone who's used Waze is familiar with the navigation app's insistence on making left turns on busy streets where there's no signal to stop traffic. Waze actually has a name for these types of situations: "difficult intersections." And a new feature will become the default setting on the app to help drivers avoid them—something Waze says will make streets safer.
For the past few years, Waze's community network has been working to identify these intersections like the "risky left" described above. Now drivers will be given an alternative route, like going to the closest signal instead, or using a series of right turns to make turning left easier. This might add travel time in some cases, and not every single difficult intersection can be avoided. Drivers can also disable the new feature if they would rather make their way across a multi-lane road, Frogger-style.
A less stressful commute for drivers also means safer streets for the other users. Left turns are particularly dangerous for pedestrians, which is why LA's big crosswalk redesign stops traffic in all directions to let cars turn left. "For people walking in Los Angeles, left-turning drivers pose a serious threat," said Emilia Crotty, policy and program manager for Los Angeles Walks. The largest portion of traffic collisions that kill or seriously injure people walking or biking on LA's streets are from left turns—about 12 percent. That's more than speeding (10.8 percent) and red light running (5.2 percent).


The Netherlands has a civil law tradition that is partially based on the French and partially based on the German system. This tradition lays emphasis on codification in which case law is merely an interpretation of statutory law. The rules of civil procedure are laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure. The Code is complemented by (litigation regulations) procedural rules of the courts.
There are 11 courts of first instance. The courts have a kanton subdivision for small claims, regarding labour, tenancy, agency and consumer sales and loan disputes. Furthermore, there are four courts of second instance (i.e. appeal court).
The Enterprise and Business Court of the Amsterdam Court of Appeal (Enterprise Chamber) has exclusive competence to hear matters involving mismanagement and similar corporate issues. The Netherlands Commercial Court (NCC) is expected to open its doors in 2019 and will adjudicate commercial disputes between international (as well as national) companies. The NCC will consist of specialised judges and the proceedings, which are intended to be of a short duration throughout, will be conducted in English.
In addition, certain district courts accommodate divisions that are specialised in certain areas of law, such as intellectual property (The Hague) and shipping and transport (Rotterdam). Provided that certain statutory requirements are met, parties have the right to appeal to one of the four courts of appeal. Judgments of a court of appeal may be challenged in cassation at the Supreme Court.
Claims lodged in ordinary civil proceedings are initiated by a writ of summons (statement of claim). Subsequently, the defendant files a statement of defence within 6–12 weeks. Thereupon the court will either order parties to appear before the court or (standard in complex cases) to submit additional written statements (timeframe: 12–24 weeks). An interim or a final judgment takes another 6–24 weeks. In case of motions, interim judgments and the rendering of evidence have varying timeframes. A provisional judgment in preliminary relief proceedings is obtained considerably more quickly, varying from the hearing or within one day (in cases of extreme urgency) to a couple of weeks.
With some courts, civil proceedings can be conducted already digitally. This is based on a quality and innovation programme (in Dutch: Kwaliteit en Innovatie Rechtspraak, KEI). This programme intends to bring increased efficiency with a stronger case management role for the court and its judge. As a consequence, shorter timeframes may apply for some stages in civil proceedings.
Both the EU Regulation Brussels I (recast) and the Dutch Code for Civil Procedure allow for exclusive jurisdiction clauses, provided that they are agreed in writing. An exclusive jurisdiction clause is not allowed, or its application is limited in certain cases, including cases relating to the validity of registrations at public registries and in labour cases.
Both the claimant and the defendant have to pay, within four weeks after (first) appearance, court fees that are contingent on the value of the claim. Parties pay for their own costs; the losing party is usually ordered to cover the litigation costs of the prevailing party (court fees, witness and expert fees and fixed legal fees, based on limited amounts for standard activities). The actual costs and attorney fees incurred by the prevailing party are seldom covered by the amount awarded (see also question 9.2).
Dutch attorneys are required under the Rules of Professional Conduct to discuss the financial consequences of their engagement and of any action. Because it is difficult to predict all eventualities, estimates are often used for well-defined procedural steps.
Litigation funding by third parties is permitted in the Netherlands, except for funding by law firms. There are no particular rules on civil procedure regulating such funding. Lawyers in the Netherlands are prohibited under the Rules of Conduct from providing a 'no win, no fee' service. Alternative 'fee arrangements' that are dependent on the outcome of the case (such as basic fee and success fee) are permitted, but have to be reasonable, and the attorney's hourly wage must be cost-effective.
Claims can be assigned to third parties subject to the conditions stipulated in Dutch substantive law. The right to assign a claim may be limited by contract. Third-party financing is allowed except for law firms.
A security deposit can only be required from non-EU plaintiffs that reside in a country without a treaty with the Netherlands, prohibiting the action for a security deposit. Treaties prohibiting such an action include the Hague Convention on Civil Procedure and the Hague Treaty on International Access to Justice.
Dutch law does not require any particular formality that the claimant must comply with before he initiates proceedings, except for payment of the court fee in advance. A notice of default will often be required in order to enforce one's rights. Pre-trial correspondence is required in cases of mismanagement brought before the Enterprise Chamber (section 2:349 Dutch Civil Code (DCC)) and class actions (section 3:305a DCC).
The right to claim specific performance or payment of consideration becomes time-barred after five years after the claim became due and eligible (two years in a consumer sale). The right to claim damages or a contractual penalty becomes time-barred after five years from the day after the injured person became aware of (a) the damage inflicted, and (b) the identity of the person liable. The right to demand the annulment of a resolution of a constituent body of a legal entity becomes time-barred after one year following the publication or notification thereof. Unless otherwise provided by law, a claim becomes time-barred after 20 years. Time limits are treated as a substantive law issue.
There are two main types of civil proceedings in the Netherlands: initiated by summons (dagvaarding); or by an application (verzoekschrift). The proceedings by summons is used for ordinary civil suits, and the proceedings by application is used in disputes involving employment, leases, family and certain corporate matters.
The claimant is responsible for ensuring that service takes place. A bailiff serves the summons on the defendant, thereby formally notifying the defendant of the lawsuit. Subsequently, the claimant must file the summons with the Court Registrar before the last business day prior to the date of the formal court appearance as stipulated in the summons.
Once a dispute is pending before the court, each party has the possibility of initiating an interim action or applying for injunctive relief. Examples of interim actions are: a motion contesting jurisdiction; inspection of documents or copies thereof; third-party claims; a request for joinder and intervention; referral and consolidation of cases; and provision of security for litigation costs. It is also possible to claim interim relief (a measure of a provisional nature) for the duration of the dispute and/or to claim an advance payment. Interim remedies can also be lodged in summary proceedings.
Besides the fulfilment of formalities and statutory required notifications, the pleadings must provide for a detailed description of the nature of the dispute describing the relevant facts, the legal grounds on which the claim is based and the relief sought, as well as setting out and refuting all arguments put forward by the defendant unless these are unknown to the claimant. The claimant must also indicate what evidence is available to support the claim, and list possible witnesses. The claimant must put forward everything important to the case.
Pleadings can be amended at any stage. The claim can be unilaterally decreased up to the moment the court is about to render judgment. The claim and its merits can be amended, adjusted or increased at any stage, unless opposed by the other parties, in which case the court will rule whether the adjustment is contrary to the due process of law and accordingly is not allowed.
Pleadings can be withdrawn at any stage with the consent of all parties. The claimant can unilaterally withdraw its pleadings, bearing the costs of the proceedings, unless judgment is scheduled.
The statement of defence contains all reasoned formal and substantive defences as to the alleged facts, rights and points of law. It has to state all available evidence to the defendant, including witnesses. Any alleged pact of right that the defendant does not deny will be assumed to be correct. The defendant may forfeit the right to bring forward formal or substantive defences if he fails to do so in the statement of defence.
Motions for an impleader, to join cases and for referral to a different court have to be filed ultimately with the statement of defence. The statement of defence may contain a motion bar, an interim judgment and counterclaims.
The defendant may bring a counterclaim, to be filed together with the statement of defence, provided that the defendant in the counterclaim is sued, in the same capacity as it appears in the initial claim. The defence of set-off can be brought forward at any stage of the proceedings.
The statement of defence has to be filed with the court within six weeks after the pleadings have been lodged. In ordinary standard proceedings, postponement for another six weeks will be allowed with the consent of all parties for compelling reasons or in case of force majeure. In the latter cases and also in complex proceedings, normally further postponements are granted.
The defendant may implead a third party in indemnification proceedings. A request to this extent is granted if it is conceivable that there is a legal relationship with this third party, based on which this party has a duty to indemnify the impleading party. No substantive connection between the claim in the main proceedings and the claim in the indemnification proceedings is required. The main proceedings and indemnification proceedings remain separate.
A claimant may obtain a default judgment if the defendant fails to appear in court on the date of the formal court appearance. As long as the default judgment has not been rendered, the defendant may still appear in court and defend its case. The court will issue a default judgment awarding the claims of the claimant unless: (i) the claimant did not comply with the formalities; or (ii) the claim is considered to be prima facie unlawful or unfounded. If a default judgment is rendered, objection may be lodged within four weeks with the court that entered the default judgment by the defendant ruled against.
The defendant can lodge a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. This motion must be lodged prior to the statement of defence on the merits, or ultimately together with the statement of defence.
By impleader, a third party can be involuntarily summoned by one of the parties in a separate third-party proceedings, which is dealt with concurrently with the ongoing proceedings (see question 4.3).
A third party who has an interest in the ongoing proceedings may apply for permission to join the lawsuit or to intervene in it in a joinder; the interested third party supports the position of one of the parties. In the case of an intervention, the interested third party takes up its own position in respect of both the claimant and the defendant.
Proceedings between the same parties can be joined (consolidated) if they concern the same subject matter. The same applies in the event of a close connection between proceedings, whether or not the same parties are involved. For consolidation, the proceedings need to be pending before the same court. If different courts are involved, the case may be referred to the other court. Such request for reference may be succeeded by a request for consolidation.
Although this possibility is not frequently used, bifurcation of proceedings has been developed in case law. Matters may be split for reasons of efficiency.
As a general rule, cases are allocated in first instance to one of the 11 courts by geographical competence (derived from the residence of the defendant). Within the court, there is an allocation between the kanton division for small claims and particular disputes (see question 1.2) and the commercial division. Cases that fall within the competence of a specialised chamber are allocated to these divisions.
Dutch courts have extensive management powers. Courts can instruct for a hearing at any stage in the proceedings.
In proceedings on the merits, the court may set a case management hearing (regiezitting) at the request of the parties or ex officio. This occurs mainly in complex and extensive civil disputes, involving multiple litigants. Issues which may be discussed are, for example: the order of the procedural actions; party rulings regarding preliminary questions; and continuing legal proceedings on party issues where additional investigation/taking of evidence such as witness examinations is desired.
The court is not bound to party applications except for the request of a plea, which has to be granted when parties did not forward a plea earlier in the proceedings.
Every substantive order other than payment can be reinforced by penalty payments, which are forfeited to the claimant if the order is not performed (in time). Procedural orders cannot be reinforced by penalty payments. The court is allowed to draw the conclusions that it deems appropriate as to merits of the case if a party disobeys such an order.
The courts may dismiss a case or strike out part of a statement of a case if the claim is inadmissible; for example, if the plaintiff does not have a cause of action. As a general rule, the court will dismiss a case in its final judgment after having followed the entire proceedings.
The summary judges can render summary judgments providing injunctive relief. Moreover, an injunction for the duration of the dispute may be requested in proceedings on the merits already pending (see question 3.2).
The courts are obliged to render a judgment in all areas that are brought before them. The court can stay proceedings in the interest of the proper administration of justice. It can discontinue a case that has been stayed for over half a year. Discontinued cases can be reopened at the motion of one of the parties.
There are no discovery or disclosure procedures comparable to common law systems in the Dutch judicial system. However, there are instruments available for obtaining further information aimed at establishing the truth.
Interested parties may request inspection of (or copies or extracts from) documents, including electronic documents, from those who have these documents at their disposal. This action may be instituted in summary proceedings or as an interim action in ongoing proceedings. A request can be granted provided: (i) the requesting party has a legitimate interest in obtaining the information; (ii) the existence of the requested specific documents has been established to a sufficient extent (in order to prevent fishing expeditions); and (iii) the records concern a legal relationship to which the requesting party is a party.
The rules on disclosure acknowledge professional (legal, medical and religious) privilege. In addition, the request for inspection of documents may be refused pursuant to serious reasons, which could, in a particular case, result in a privilege based on a statutory duty of confidentiality.
By way of exception, the application for the production of exhibits may also be extended to a third party, provided that the requirements as set out in question 7.1 are met.
The court will assess the fulfilment of the requirements set forth in question 7.1. It may order additional conditions for certain disclosures, e.g. to protect confidential information, such as depositing documents at the court registry, the blacklining of documents, penalty clauses in case of breach of confidentiality, etc.
The court may, on the basis of substantial grounds brought forward by the opposing party, order certain conditions for disclosure (see question 7.5). If no such specific conditions apply, in general, the disclosed and obtained documents can be used in the proceedings without restrictions.
A party relying on legal consequences of facts or rights asserted by it will bear the burden of proving these facts or rights, unless a particular rule or the requirements of reasonableness and fairness entail a different division of the burden of proof, provided that the opposing party has challenged stated facts or rights. The claimant needs to provide evidence to substantiate its statements and bears the risk that its evidence is not conclusive in proving the existence of that fact or right. The opposing party has the right to provide refuting evidence. The procedural timing of sufficiently prompt and specific offers of proving (or refuting evidence) is extremely precise. The court has great discretionary power in the assessment of the evidence. For some kinds of evidence, exceptional statutory files apply.
In principle, all forms of evidence are admissible in civil lawsuits, even if these have been obtained unlawfully. Expert evidence may be furnished by submitting written expert evidence by one of the parties, or by having an expert examined as a witness. The court may, at the request of the parties or on its own motion, order an expert to provide an expert report or to be heard.
Witnesses have a duty to appear and render their truthful testimony. If a witness fails to appear, the court can issue a warrant for their arrest. Witnesses enjoy several privileges, including professional privilege, the privilege from self-incrimination and from incrimination of relatives. Witnesses are questioned under oath by the presiding judge and by the parties. The court will draw up an official report of the questioning and a summary of relevant statements, to be signed by the witness.
A court-appointed expert has the duty to fulfil his appointment impartially and to the best of his ability. He must allow parties to comment on the draft report and to make requests; said comments and requests have to be included in the report, which needs to be reasoned.
Furthermore, parties have a duty to cooperate with the investigation of the expert. The court is free to weigh the expert report(s) and there are no specific rules regarding concurrent expert evidence.
■ an authorisation for the claimant to procure the performance of the counterparty, at the latter's expense.
The courts may issue summary and default judgments as well as interim and final judgments.
Only compensatory damages are available; punitive damages are not available. The parties may mutually agree to a penalty clause, which can also be enforced via the court. Damages are in the form of money. At the request of the injured party, the court may rule compensation in another form, including restoration. The court can reduce damages if fairness so requires, but never to an amount lower than the amount of insurance coverage of the party against whom the order has been given.
Interest is, generally speaking, owed from the date that the obligation ought to have been fulfilled, even if that date was (long) before the judgment of the court. The rate of interest is statutory unless the parties have agreed to a different rate of interest.
The court may order the losing party to cover the litigation costs of the prevailing party, such as court, witness and expert fees, and may force compensation for legal fees (see question 1.5).
In civil and commercial matters, the recognition and enforcement of judgments from EU Member States (except for Denmark) is laid down by the recast Brussels I Regulation and some other EU regulations. The recast Brussels I Regulation provides for enforcement without any requirement for declaration of enforceability.
Appeals are lodged by the complainant by serving a notice of appeal to the other party within three months, calculated from the date of the judgment. The appeal period in preliminary relief proceedings is four weeks. The notice of appeal is not required to already contain the reasons for the appeal (grounds for the appeal). The defendants may lodge a cross-appeal, irrespective of whether the appeal period has already lapsed.
The appeal may be used by complainants both to complain about inaccuracies in the judgment of the lower court, and to rectify their own failings in the previous legal proceedings. Both parties may put forward new facts and new arguments on appeal, unless this has been explicitly waived in the previous proceedings.
The only complaint that can be raised on appeal in cassation at the Supreme Court is that the appellate court interpreted or applied the rules of law incorrectly in its judgment, or that the judgment of the appellate court is incomprehensible in view of what the parties advanced at this court. There is, therefore, no place for new arguments or a discussion of the facts in cassation.
Judges are expected to encourage a settlement. The court regularly orders a hearing to inquire about possible settlement at any stage of the proceedings. An out-of-court settlement can be recorded in an enforceable court record. The court facilitates parties in this, but does not grant any approval.
In addition, the Dutch system provides for a specific collective arrangement for the settlement of large-scale loss on the condition of court approval (WCAM). Agreements between collective interest groups and the party causing the large-scale loss can be declared generally binding at the Amsterdam Court of Appeal. This (published) generally binding declaration binds the entire group of injured parties, both in the Netherlands and abroad, and enables a settlement with an undetermined number of injured parties. There is no requirement that either the party causing the loss or the injured parties must have a tie with the Netherlands. WCAM proceedings thus can be, and have been, used for global settlements with no far-reaching connection to the Netherlands.
Most arbitration cases are administered and facilitated by well-organised arbitration institutes, such as the Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI) or one of the many specialised arbitration institutes or those aimed at certain market segments, such as the court of arbitration for the building industry (RvA), the arbitration institution for the metal industry and trade, for transport and maritime cases (TAMARA), and recently for complex financial disputes (PRIME Finance). The procedure of binding opinions is organised in a similar manner and is facilitated by many of the aforesaid institutes. In addition, there are registers of advisers, with a specific background and expertise, charged with giving a binding opinion, such as, for example, the Register Valuators (affiliated with NIVR).
Aforementioned arbitration institutes apply regulations, provide options and advocate contract clauses to be used by the parties. In addition, the parties can opt for an international arbitral tribunal.
The NAI can also be requested by parties to administer and facilitate regulated ending opinions and mediation procedures.
In case of a legal relationship which can be determined solely by the parties, parties are in principle at liberty to opt for a form of extrajudicial (alternative) dispute resolution. In certain branches and in the area of consumer disputes, alternative dispute resolution – e.g., via the general terms and conditions – is regularly prescribed. An example of the area that is exclusively the province of the ordinary courts is the inquiry proceedings before the Enterprise Chamber. Inquiry law concerns an exceptional process in law that may result in a direct intervention in the structure of a company. The powers granted exclusively to the Enterprise Chamber may therefore not be placed in the hands of an arbitrator.
Since 2007, the Netherlands has fulfilled a pioneering route in the area of court-annexed mediation, and incorporates on a regular basis a provision permitting reference to mediation that applies to nearly all courts.
As to the enforceability of mediation and other types of mediation/negotiation clauses, such clauses have the status of a 'gentlemen's agreement' to be observed in good faith.
If an arbitration clause has been agreed, the civil court declares that it lacks jurisdiction. An agreement for arbitration does not prevent access to the civil court in order, for example, to impose a prejudgment attachment or to initiate a provisional hearing of witnesses or experts.
In respect of dispute resolution, clauses that have been declared applicable or that have been agreed on. There is tension between the pacta sunt servanda principle (that parties must do what they have agreed to do), and Article 17 of the Dutch Constitution and Article 6 ECHR, that guarantee the right of recourse to the ordinary courts.
In the event of an arbitration clause, the sanction for a party addressing a court directly is clear: in principle, the court must declare itself as lacking competence to hear the dispute (Article 1022 (1) DCCP).
It is established case law that where a court is directly or indirectly approached in a situation where a binding advice clause operates, the claimant will be disqualified from presenting its claims.
Complications may arise when a party finds itself obliged to take protective or urgent measures, for which the alternative dispute resolution scheme makes no provision. In such a case, cutting across the scheme, the option of recourse to a court (if needed in summary proceedings) must remain open to a party.
A clause stipulating the route to an amicable settlement/a mediator is generally seen as an 'additional' form of dispute treatment, and not as an interim exclusion of the regular legal approaches to law that are available.
See section II, question 1.1: the Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI); specialised arbitration institutes, such as the court of arbitration for the building industry (RvA); for the metal industry and trade; for transport and maritime cases (TAMARA); and for complex financial disputes (PRIME Finance). Accredited (certified) mediators are registered with the Netherlands Mediation Federation, to mediate business disputes.


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Understanding PEDV Diagnostic Tests and Tools
Compiled from faculty from the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory by Kent Schwartz | Sep 29, 2014
Porcine epidemic diarrhea – the disease (PED) and the virus that causes it (PEDV) – currently dominate pork producers' concerns as colder months approach. Detecting evidence for presence of the virus is done by using any of a number of different diagnostic tests. Diagnostic tests can be viewed as "diagnostic tools." Like a mechanic's shop, some of the tools are better suited for certain jobs than others, and not every shop has the same repertoire of tools.
There are three general tool types:
Those that detect the agent to answer the question, "Is it there?" For example, to confirm PEDV is present in a clinical specimen, or to try to confirm a negative in a nonclinical surveillance specimen.
Tests that find the agent in a lesion to answer the question, "Is it causing disease in this animal today?"
To determine if animals were previously infected via detection of an antibody and answer the question, "Has this animal been previously infected?"
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Test
PCR is a common test used to detect segments of nucleic acid (genes) to answer the question, "Is it there?" Depending on application, the design, target and method of a PCR test can be quite different. For example, PCR for PEDV may target one of several different genes (S gene, N gene or M gene), and can be performed as "real-time," "gel-based," or "nested." It is important to recognize that there are differences and underscores the risk in comparing results between laboratories. Laboratories often use different PCR tests and those test results can be interpreted differently depending on sample type, test used and context of sampling. Because PCR only detects a small portion of the PEDV genome, a positive test does not confirm that the sample contains live, viable or infective virus. It is important to note that currently bioassay (feeding some of the sample to susceptible piglets) is about the only way to answer the question "Does this sample contain live, infective PED virus?"
The commonly used "real-time PCR" test results are reported as positive or negative, often in conjunction with a cycle threshold (Ct) number. The "Ct" is the number of times that the PCR machine has to magnify the target (cycles) until it becomes detectable (threshold). Each number increment is a two-fold difference in amount of targeted nucleic acid within the sample. The lower the Ct, the more genomic copies (virus) are present. Each Ct unit is two-fold difference in quantity of virus. For example, there is twice as much target in a sample with Ct of 25 than there is in a sample with Ct of 26. A Ct of 20 is considered quite positive, and a Ct=20 has 1,000x more target in the sample than does a Ct=30. Ct>37 is current considered negative for the target by the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL).
PCR is very sensitive and very specific, perhaps able to detect a single molecule of the target within a test sample. Pigs usually shed PEDV for about 21 days (+/- 10 days) after infection and the virus can be detected in contaminated materials for days, weeks or even months depending on the conditions.
There are two general themes for PCR test application, to confirm PEDV is present when there is disease ("diagnostic mode") and to attempt to prove PEDV is not present in pigs, environment, feed or substance ("surveillance mode"). These two general applications are at the extremes in the expected amount of virus present in samples. With clinical disease, a large amount of virus is shed whereas in surveillance, one is attempting the impossible – to "prove a negative."
PCR confirmation of presence of PEDV when there are clinical diarrhea laboratory submissions are straightforward in that very few samples, usually of feces, rectal swabs or oral fluids, are required to be tested to confirm disease. However, when in "surveillance mode," that is trying to confirm animals or environment (feed, pit, surfaces, transport vehicles, etc.) are negative for virus, many samples of several different sample types may need be tested negative to have confidence that the virus is not there. Consult your veterinarian and/or diagnostic laboratory for appropriate sampling techniques and strategies.
PCR samples should be preserved by immediate refrigeration or freezing. Sample types are many, but most commonly samples will be submitted as tissues, feces, rectal swabs, oral fluids (to confirm clinical disease) as well as environmental wipes, feed, water, manure, etc., surveillance. Please be clean in packaging and shipping samples. Contamination during unpacking of soiled or leaky containers or submission materials can compromise the accuracy of your results as well as results of others.
IHC (immunohistochemistry) and Histopathology
IHC is a useful diagnostic tool which detects antigen within infected cells in formalin-fixed tissues. This technique is often used to answer the question, "Is it important?" The IHC test is much less sensitive in detecting PEDV than is PCR, but it has an advantage in detecting the virus within tissue lesions thereby confirming a role in disease. With PED, the PEDV will be detectable in sections of intestine for five to 10 days (for examples see Figures 1 and 2).
Histopathology and IHC are excellent quality assurance tools that add confidence that the agent(s) detected are actually causing disease. Histopathology can implicate a role for insult types not originally considered, including rotaviruses, E. coli, TGE, coccidia, Salmonella, clostridia or non-infectious contributors. It is important that multiple sections of small intestine (at least six pieces, 1-in. long) from acutely affected pigs be placed in 10% formalin immediately after euthanasia. Be gentle while removing and placing the intestine in formalin as artifacts and distortion can hinder interpretation of lesions and testing.
Figure 1: Early PEDV infection (~8 hrs Post-Infection) in neonatal pig. Infected cells (brown stain) line the villi.
Figure 2: Later PEDV infection (~36 hrs PI): where only a few infected cells remain (brown stain).
Antibody Detection (Serology)
Another set of tools in the diagnostic toolkit are those that detect antibody specific for PEDV. Antibody is formed as part of an immune response and becomes detectable after disease subsides. Antibody testing, sometimes referred to as "serology," answers the question, "Has it been there?" A positive result suggests that an animal was previously infected (or in young animals, antibody passively acquired via colostrum) but should not be interpreted as predicting animals are "immune" to disease. Similarly, the absence of antibody in serum does not mean there is no immunity, particularly for mucosal pathogens such as PEDV. In general, antibody detectable in serum for PEDV is relatively short-lived, meaning it does not survive three to five months. Samples that contain antibody and may be used for testing are usually serum, but oral fluids, colostrum and milk may also be sometimes used IF the particular test is designed and validated for this.
Following the successful isolation and propagation of PEDV in cell culture at the ISU-VDL, an indirect immunofluorescence assay test (IFAT) was developed and implemented in September 2013 for the detection of PEDV antibodies in swine serum. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of IFA is estimated to be 95.6% and 98.7%, respectively, using a dilution of ≥ 1:40 as cut-off. However, as noted above, IFAT has been found to have a relatively short duration of positivity (e.g. two months as demonstrated in Table 1). Several ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay) tests have been evaluated and are available at various laboratories. Similar to the IFAT, most of the ELISA tests only detect antibody for a relatively short time after infection.
In September 2014, a new whole-virus ELISA test to measure IgG (WV IgG ELISA) became available at ISU-VDL which offers advantages over IFAT, including: amenable to handling large number of samples, rapid turn-around and greater diagnostic sensitivity. The performance of the PEDV WV IgG ELISA was compared to the PEDV IFAT using serum samples collected from four-week-old pigs inoculated with PEDV USA/Iowa/18984/2013 under research conditions (Table 1). Anti-PEDV IgG serum antibody was detected between seven (ELISA) and 10 (IFAT) days post-inoculation (DPI). All animals were positive by DPI 21, but the detection rate and sensitivity of the IFAT declined over time. Thus, the IFAT and ELISA have similar detection rates at early stages of the infection, but the PED WV IgG ELISA test detected antibody longer than the IFAT.
The diagnostic specificity of the PEDV WV ELISA was further evaluated using +500 serum samples collected in December 2011 and January 2012, i.e., these samples were collected when the U.S. swine herd was still free of PEDV. Diagnostic specificity of the ELISA was estimated to be 98.5% in that sample set. Currently, during the onboarding process of this new assay, the ISU VDL is further evaluating the utility of this assay as a PEDV antibody screening assay in serum, oral fluids, milk, colostrum and feces but continues to use the PEDV IFAT as confirmatory test when needed. There is an expectation that the PEDV WV ELISA will be validated for milk, colostrum and oral fluids soon.
SHIC 2020 progress report details efforts to protect U.S. swine herd health
Analyzing the relationship between pig body weight and variation
Analyzing pig movements within production


Alibaba released the 2019 Spring Festival Economic Report Monday, showing that retail and catering consumption saw a big growth during Spring Festival holiday. In addition, international travel rose 28 percent from the same time 2018 period and entertainment consumption demonstrate upgrades in China. For example, the movie Wandering Earth tops Chinese box office as Spring Festival holiday ends.


We do allow our campers to bring their phones and other electronic devices to XUK Camps, however they can only be used during free time!
Challenge yourself this summer to only use your phone when you really need to - to call home, swap contact details with your new friends at the end of the week and to capture those special moments as photos.
During your free time, let the magic of camp steal your attention rather than social media! You'll find it a lot easier to make friends if the other campers can see your happy face rather than the top of your head because you are looking down at your phone! Spend time in our Common Rooms playing Table Tennis, have a kick about on our fields or make friendship bracelets to hand out to your new camp BFFs.
Everybody has their favourites in life whether that's favourite meals, places or bands. It's easy to get into a habit of only experiences the same things, things we are comfortable with... At our camps we will have lots of activities on offer that you might not have tried before! Why not mix up every afternoon with something you love as one of your choices and something new as your second?
Who knows, you might try something new and find you have a real talent or decide you would really like it as a hobby when you get back home! And what's the worst that's going to happen? You pick an activity that doesn't really float your boat, but it's only an hour and a half - you'll never know unless you try it!
Some of our campers come alone to our camps and others come with a friend, sibling or cousin... You will have a much better time with us if you branch out and speak to lots of different people. Making friends from all over the world has it bonuses - you will learn about their cultures and who knows when you're older be able to visit their cities!
Always remind yourself that some campers find it a bit more challenging to make friends so if you do see somebody looking a little bit lonely, go over to them and welcome them into your friendship group!
Our camps and summer school are very international, we are very proud of this! Last year we had campers attending from over 60 different countries... That's a lot of different languages which could be spoken around camp! We ask that all of our campers communicate in English as it is our common language that we all understand - even if that is just the basics!
Speaking in English will make you much more approachable to other campers who do not speak your mother tongue and everyone will feel included!
It can be very tempting when you are on our whole camp trips to just shop 'til you drop. Remind yourself that you can spend entire days shopping when you aren't at camp and most of the shops in England are in most countries around the world.
Make the most of being in the UK and soak up the British culture, swap Primark for a museum and Topshop for a walk along a beautiful river!
Your Dorm Leader is going to be your camp mum/dad/big sister/big brother for the week. They will be your first 'port of call'. We only employ the best staff each summer, who we know will be there to help you, look after you and be there for your throughout your stay with us.
Make the most of them - if you have a problem, speak to your Dorm Leader. There is no need to call home and worry your family at home when somebody at camp can help you!
Your time at XUK Camps will fly by and before you know it, it will be September and you'll be counting down the days until you are back again.
There will be lots of opportunities for you to take during your time at camp. You will have the chance to perform in our weekly Talent Show, try new activities during our afternoon choice sessions and if you are 16 or 17 be able to participate in our LIT (Leader in Training) programme.
We can promise you right here, right now that there will be lots of people on camp missing home. It might be there first time away from home or their tenth, they might be eight years old or they could be twenty years old and part of our staff team - it doesn't matter. You will not be the only person!
Missing home won't stop you from having the time of your life with us if you talk about it! Don't suffer in silence... we all have our different ways of dealing with homesickness! For some campers calling home is the best medicine, for others it is the worst. Others might just need a hug or to talk about how they are feeling and need a few positive words of encouragement!
Being away from home, from your parents or carers is the best way to gain independence. Start your journey before you leave home - take control of your packing and decide what YOU are going to bring, pack your own things so you know exactly what you have and where it is when you arrive at camp!
Try your best to use your own initiative before asking for help (unless you are in danger of course)!
So there you have it, just some of the tips we will be sharing with you to make the most of out of your time at XUK Camps! We know you are going to have the summer of your life... See you in 10 weeks!


Central Asia is justifiably famous for its textiles, which include rugs and tribal trappings, elaborate embroideries and colorful ikats. Textile production spans the extremes of rich, urban court centers to the open, nomadic steppes, and bridges Europe and China. Cultural influences have migrated along the trade routes across this region for millennia. We have lived on the edge of this region, and been exposed to and able to collect a sampling of its textile wealth. Here we offer a small portion of our collection.


You can add an extra layer of security to your Audiense account by turning on two-factor authentication (2FA) also known as two-step verification. 2FA means that, even if your password is compromised or stolen, only you can log in to your account.
This feature uses the Google Authenticator mobile app and it requires you to sign in to your Audiense account not only with your username and password but also with a Google Authenticator code from your mobile device. Each code has a one-time use and a new code is generated every 30 seconds.
Follow Google's Install Google Authenticator guide to complete installation on your device.
1. Click the cogwheel icon on the right of the top menu bar to open the settings menu. Open the security tab and click get started.
2. Open the Google Authenticator app on your mobile device and scan the QR code or manually enter your secret code into the app.
3. Enter the 6-digit code received from the app into the code field in your Audiense dashboard and then click submit.
4. You will see verification that 2FA has been implemented successfully.
5. IMPORTANT. Click copy your recovery codes to a text file to see alternative recovery codes that will allow you to access your account if, for whatever reason, your phone is not available. Make sure you print or save these codes in a secure location.
2. Enter your Audiense username and password and click sign in.
3. Open Google Authenticator on your mobile device and then enter your 6-digit authentication code into the two-factor authentication panel and click verify.
If your mobile device is unavailable for any reason, e.g. broken, lost, stolen, left at home, you can still sign in to Audiense using a recovery code.
Enter your Audiense username and password and click sign in.
Click enter a two-factor recovery code and enter one of your recovery codes you saved in Step 2.5 above.
You can disable 2FA for your Audiense account at any time. To do this click the cogwheel icon on the right of the top menu bar to open settings. Click the security tab and then click the revoke access button.
For Android users. If your Google Authenticator codes aren't working, you may need to sync the app on your mobile device.
Open the main menu in the Google Authenticator app.
If you require us to deactivate 2FA because of accessibility problems (perhaps you have changed phone and lost 2FA parameters and don't have your recovery codes) then you will need to prove your identity to us. This is for your benefit and will prevent a hacker from supplanting your identity and gaining control of your Audiense account. To verify your identity we require a photo of your identity card or similar.


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Q: unable to run example of OpenCV in beagleBone Black I am trying to run a program using OpenCV in beaglebone black as described at the end of the link https://solarianprogrammer.com/2014/04/21/opencv-beaglebone-black-ubuntu/
I had some compilation issues which I resolved using
g++ pkg-config --cflags --libs opencv test_2.cpp -o test_2
It successfully compiles, but when I try to run using
./test_2
I get the error:
Ipc_start: LAD_connect() failed: 4
test_2: /build/ti-opencl-zdvBAC/ti-opencl-01.01.06.00/host/src/core/dsp/mbox_impl_msgq.cpp:59: MBoxMsgQ::MBoxMsgQ(Coal::DSPDevice*): Assertion `status == (0) || status == (1)' failed.
Aborted

I am not sure why I am getting this, and I've been unable to resolve it for a few days already. Please guide me into right direction.
Regards

A: This stems from the use of OpenCL under the covers. The bypass that works for me is to disable opencl by setting:
export OPENCV_OPENCL_RUNTIME=qqq
Optionally, if you're (cross) compiling OpenCV you can add -DWITH_OPENCL=OFF to your Cmake options to remove OpenCL from the build.

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